gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The bovine papillomavirus origin of replication requires a binding site for the E2 transcriptional activator. (1993)

The bovine papillomavirus type I transcriptional activator E2 is essential for replication of bovine papillomavirus DNA, yet most of the high-affinity binding sites for E2 are dispensable. Here we demonstrate an absolute requirement for a binding site for the E2 polypeptide as a cis-acting replication element, establishing that site-specific binding of E2 to the origin is a prerequisite for bovine papillomavirus replication in vivo. The position and distance of the E2 binding site relative to the other origin of replication components are flexible, but function at a distance requires high-affinity E2 binding sites. Thus, low-affinity binding sites function only when located close to the origin of replication, while activity at greater distances requires multimerized high-affinity E2 binding sites. The requirement for E2, although different in some respects, shows distinct similarities to what has been termed replication enhancers and may provide insight into the function of this class of DNA replication element.
Monitoring extensions for component-based distributed software (2000)

This paper defines a generic class of monitoring extensions to component-based distributed enterprise software. Introducing a monitoring extension to a legacy application system can be very cost-ineffective. In this paper, we identify the minimum support for application monitoring within the generic components of a distributed system, necessary for rapid development of new monitoring extensions. Furthermore, this paper offers an approach for design and implementation of monitoring extensions at reduced cost. A framework of basic facilities supporting the monitoring extensions is presented. These facilities handle different aspects critical to the monitoring process, such as ordering of the generated monitoring events, decoupling of the application components from the components of the monitoring extensions, delivery of the monitoring events to multiple consumers, etc. The work presented in this paper is being validated in the prototype of a large distributed system, where a specific monitoring extension is built as a tool for debugging and testing the application behaviour. 1.
Recent Advances on P,N-Containing Ligands for Transition-Metal Homogeneous Catalysis (2008)

Phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing ligands are among the most important and widely used ligands for transition-metal homogeneous catalysis (asymmetric or not). The present review combines information on the recent advances for the syntheses of these heterodentate ligands, their coordination chemistry with transition-metals, and their applications to homogeneous catalysis. Keywords: P,N-ligands, hybrid ligands, hemilabile ligands, transition-metal homogeneous catalysis, chiral ligands, asymmetric catalysis
Monocytes control natural killer cell differentiation to effector phenotypes (2011)

Natural killer (NK) cells play a major role in immunologic surveillance of cancer. Whether NK-cell subsets have specific roles during antitumor responses and what the signals are that drive their terminal maturation remain unclear. Using an in vivo model of tumor immunity, we show here that CD11b(hi)CD27(low) NK cells migrate to the tumor site to reject major histocompatibility complex class I negative tumors, a response that is severely impaired in Txb21(-/-) mice. The phenotypical analysis of Txb21-deficient mice shows that, in the absence of Txb21, NK-cell differentiation is arrested specifically at the CD11b(hi)CD27(hi) stage, resulting in the complete absence of terminally differentiated CD11b(hi)CD27(low) NK cells. Adoptive transfer experiments and radiation bone marrow chimera reveal that a Txb21(+/+) environment rescues the CD11b(hi)CD27(hi) to CD11b(hi)CD27(low) transition of Txb21(-/-) NK cells. Furthermore, in vivo depletion of myeloid cells and in vitro coculture experiments demonstrate that spleen monocytes mediate the terminal differentiation of peripheral NK cells in a Txb21- and IL-15Rα-dependent manner. Together, these data reveal a novel, unrecognized role for Txb21 expression in monocytes in promoting NK-cell development and help appreciate how various NK-cell subsets are generated and participate in antitumor immunity.
Toward 3D Solid-State Batteries via Atomic Layer Deposition Approach (2018)

Three-dimensional (3D) solid-state batteries are receiving great attentions as on-board power supply systems for small-dimension devices, due to their high power and energy densities. However, the fabrication of 3D solid-state batteries has been a formidable challenge due to the limitation of conventional thin film techniques. Recently, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has emerged as a powerful approach towards 3D solid-state batteries, because of its exclusive advantage of coating uniform, pinhole-free, and conformal functional thin films on high-aspect-ratio substrates. Herein, we review the most recent progress in the utilization of ALD for fabricating 3D solid-state batteries. Specifically, two aspects will be highlighted: the development of glassy solid-state electrolytes (especially LiPON), and the fabrication of 3D solid-state batteries in half-cell and full-cell configurations via ALD approach. Based on this, the perspectives for further research will be discussed.
Modeling the population dynamics of baculovirus‐infected insect cells: Optimizing infection strategies for enhanced recombinant protein yields (1992)

The insect cell-baculovirus model presented here is capable of simulating cell population dynamics, extracellular virion densities, and heterologous product titers in reasonable agreement with experimental data for a wide rang of multiplicities of infection (MOI) and times of infection. The model accounts for the infection of a single cell by multiple virions and the consequences on the time course of infection. The probability of infection by more than one virion was approximated using the Poisson distribution, which proved to be a refinement over second-order kinetics. The model tracks initiation and duration of important events in the progression of infected cell development (virus replication, recombinant protein synthesis, and cell lysis) for subpopulations delineated by the time and extent of their initial infection. The model suggests infection strategies, weighing the importance of MOI and infection time. Maximum product titers result from infection in the early exponential growth phase with low MOI.
Developmental Regulation of Expression and Activity of Multiple Forms of the Drosophila RAC Protein Kinase (1995)

We have characterized the Drosophila homologue of the proto-oncogenic RAC protein kinase (DRAC-PK). The DRAC-PK gene gives rise to two transcripts with the same coding potential, generated by the use of two different polyadenylation signals. Each transcript encodes two polypeptides because of the presence of a weaker initiator ACG codon, upstream from the major AUG, such that the larger protein contains an N-terminal extension. Like the human isoforms, DRAC-PKs possess a novel signaling region, the pleckstrin homology domain. DRAC-PK proteins have a similar expression pattern, being regulated both maternally and zygotically, and are expressed throughout Drosophila development. Antisera specific for recombinant DRAC-PK and for its C terminus detected two polypeptides of 66 and 85 kDa in Drosophila extracts. The antirecombinant antisera also recognized a polypeptide of 120 kDa from Drosophila, which apparently shared an epitope related to DRAC-PK sequences. The role of p120 appears to be restricted compared with that of DRAC-PK, since it was not detected in larvae or adult flies. There was no spatial restriction of DRAC-PK expression during embryogenesis, suggesting that localized activation might be a regulatory mechanism for its function. DRAC-PK possesses an intrinsic kinase activity that is approximately 8-fold higher in adult flies than in 0-3-h embryos undergoing rapid mitotic cycles.
Breast secretion in finnish women: A metabolic epidemiologic study (1981)

Breast fluid was collected from 244 nonlactating Finnish women with no known breast disease and analyzed with respect to various epidemiologic and hormonal parameters commonly associated with breast cancer risk. The data obtained permit characterization of women with breast secretory ability and provide fundamental information on the hormone composition of breast fluid in a nondiseased population. No association was found between any epidemiologic variables (e.g., age, marital status, the number of pregnancies, the age of first pregnancy) and the ability to secrete a measurable amount of breast fluid. In addition, there appeared to be no correlation between prolactin and estrogen levels in serum and those in breast fluid within individual subjects. However, the median breast fluid prolactin level was approximately two-fold greater and the median breast fluid estrogen level was about six-fold greater than the corresponding serum values. It appears that breast ductal epithelial cells can actively transport both steroid and polypeptide hormones across a concentration barrier. Further metabolic epidemiologic investigations of hormones and potential carcinogens in the breast fluid from populations with high and low risks for breast cancer are suggested.
The microstructural influence of nitrogen incorporation in dilute nitride semiconductors (2004)

The influence of nitrogen incorporation on the microstructure of dilute nitride films and quantum wells has been investigated using cross-section scanning transmission electron microscopy. The elemental distributions of Ga, In, N and As in GaInNAs and GaAsN films have been mapped by energy dispersive x-ray analysis. Below the solubility limit for nitrogen, homogeneous GaAsN and GaInNAs compositions are obtained of good crystalline quality near to the epilayer/GaAs interface. In GaAsN films containing nitrogen above the solubility limit a graded transition from arsenide-like to nitride-like material occurs after some 50 nm of growth. GaInNAs films containing nitrogen exceeding the solubility limit exhibit a 'cellular' microstructure consisting of a gallium-depleted InGaAs centre with walls of a GaN-like composition. A similar segregation effect is observed in GaInNAs quantum wells containing nitrogen around and above the solubility limit. The formation of In-rich regions occurs within the wells, which causes three-dimensional growth at higher nitrogen contents, with the consequent initiation of growth defects. The electronic structure of GaInNAs quantum wells has been investigated by mapping the variation in the plasmon frequency using electron energy loss spectrometry on a dedicated scanning transmission electron microscope. Kramers–Kronig analysis of the singly scattered low-loss region yields a measure of the local effective valence electron density.
Muscarinic Receptor Subtypes (1989)

CHOLINERGIC neurons affect tissues by releasing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which stimulates acetylcholine receptors on the cell surface. These receptors are classified as nicotinic or muscarinic receptors on the basis of their response to the alkaloids nicotine and muscarine.1 The nicotinic receptors are widely distributed in tissues and mediate the actions of acetylcholine in the neurons of striated muscles, autonomic ganglia, and the central nervous system.2 Muscarinic receptors are key participants in many physiologic processes, such as nerve-to-nerve transmission, smooth-muscle contraction, and exocrine and endocrine secretion. Clinically, they have a major role in many pathologic processes. Muscarinic agonists and antagonists, popularly . . .
InGaAs/GaAs strained quantum wells with a 1.3 μm band edge at room temperature (1989)

The fabrication of long-wavelength optoelectronic devices on GaAs substrates is an attractive method for monolithic integration of optical and electronic devices on a single chip for applications in telecommunications. In this letter we describe our studies of one such scheme using a novel structure for spatially separating a portion of the biaxial compressive stress due to lattice mismatch of the layers from the well layer, and demonstrate its feasibility. High quality pseudomorphic strained InGaAs quantum wells were grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy with a band edge between 1.3 and 1.4 μm at room temperature. Low-temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy as well as polarization-dependent absorption measurements in a waveguide geometry was used to characterize the structures.
Repair of Calvarial Nonunions by Osteogenin, a Bone-Inductive Protein (1990)

Efforts were taken to determine the dose of bovine osteogenin (OG) that would induce more bone than that induced by 20 mg of rat particulate demineralized bone matrix (DBM), the amount allowed by the confines of an 8-mm rat craniotomy defect. Dose-response studies were performed for demineralized bone matrix alone and osteogenin, partially purified from bovine demineralized bone matrix, plus rat insoluble collagenous bone matrix (M). Demineralized bone matrix alone (2.5, 5.0, 10, 20, or 40 mg) or osteogenin (0.0625, 0.125, 0.250, 0.50, or 1.0 mg) plus 25 mg insoluble collagenous bone matrix was implanted into the pectoralis muscle for 3, 5, and 7 weeks. Both materials induced time- and dose-dependent formation of bone. The three highest dosages of osteogenin (plus insoluble collagenous bone matrix) induced more bone than 20 mg demineralized bone matrix and seemed to accelerate bone repair. However, when implanted into the 8-mm rat craniotomy defect for 4 weeks, 20 mg demineralized bone matrix and 0.5 mg osteogenin (plus insoluble collagenous bone matrix) induced comparable amounts of bone. These results suggest different mechanisms for bone formation in heterotopic and orthotopic sites.
Modification of the carboxy-terminal flanking region of a universal influenza epitope alters CD4+ T-cell repertoire selection (2012)

Human CD4(+) αβ T cells are activated via T-cell receptor recognition of peptide epitopes presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (MHC-II). The open ends of the MHC-II binding groove allow peptide epitopes to extend beyond a central nonamer core region at both the amino- and carboxy-terminus. We have previously found that these non-bound C-terminal residues can alter T cell activation in an MHC allele-transcending fashion, although the mechanism for this effect remained unclear. Here we show that modification of the C-terminal peptide-flanking region of an influenza hemagglutinin (HA(305-320)) epitope can alter T-cell receptor binding affinity, T-cell activation and repertoire selection of influenza-specific CD4(+) T cells expanded from peripheral blood. These data provide the first demonstration that changes in the C-terminus of the peptide-flanking region can substantially alter T-cell receptor binding affinity, and indicate a mechanism through which peptide flanking residues could influence repertoire selection.
Cycling of immune responses to a syngeneic murine mammary adenocarcinoma. (1980)

Fischer rats immunized i.p. with 103 to 107 syngeneic 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma tumor cells develop a biphasic cytolytic response to the tumor in the spleen. The first (early) cytolytic phase, detected within 4 days of tumor inoculation, peaks on Day 7 and decreases by Day 9. The second (late) cytolytic phase is detected 13 or more days after tumor injection and is maintained until death. Spleen cells obtained 9 to 13 days after inoculation of the 13762A mammary adenocarcinoma lack cytolytic activity and specifically inhibit in vitro generation of cytolytic lymphocytes. The magnitude of either splenic cytotoxicity or suppression is independent of the initial tumor dose. Both early and late cytolytic cells are T-lymphocytes. Cytolysis by early spleen cells is less specific than that by late cytolytic cells, since early lymphocytes lyse a second unrelated F344 mammary adenocarcinoma, R3230. Neither spleen cell population lyses a Moloney sarcoma-induced tumor or a fibrosarcoma from syngeneic rats.

Serological blocking factors are detected in 13762A tumorbearing rats within 4 days following injection of 104 tumor cells. Blocking activity in Day 12 serum appears on Sephacryl S-200 in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) (M.W. 160,000) and low-molecular-weight (M.W. < 70,000) fractions. Blocking activity in Day 20 serum is more polydispersed, separating into the high-molecular-weight (M.W. ≥ 200,000), IgG, and low-molecular-weight fractions. The high-molecular-weight and low-molecular-weight blocking factors probably represent immune complexes and free tumor antigen, respectively; both factors similarly inhibit early and late cytolytic cells. The IgG blocking factor in Day 12 serum, tentatively identified as an anti-receptor antibody, preferentially inhibits the early cytolytic cells; Day 20 IgG preferentially inhibits the late cytolytic cells. Finally, Day 11 suppressor cells preferentially inhibit generation of cytolytic lymphocytes from the early spleen cell population.

These results suggest that the host response to this syngeneic tumor is complex and alternates between phase of cytolytic activity and suppression of the immune response. The cytolytic cells obtained during different phases appear to vary in their ability to be inhibited by both the IgG blocking factors and suppressor cells.
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor Antagonists: New Therapeutic Agents for Migraine (2014)

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent neuromodulator and vasodilator. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of migraine by a number of lines of evidence, although its precise role has yet to be fully defined. Compelling evidence for the importance of CGRP in migraine has been provided by clinical trials with multiple small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists. These clinical studies have shown that blockade of the CGRP receptor can produce antimigraine efficacy comparable to that of the gold standard triptan class of drugs with an incidence of adverse events that appears to be relatively low. The present review describes the discovery and development of these new antimigraine agents and highlights the challenges of identifying orally acting drugs that target a family B G-protein-coupled receptor.
Comparison of the SRK II™ formula and other second generation formulas (1988)

A simple modification of the SRK formula was developed for use with extreme axial length cases (short and long eyes) to maximize prediction accuracy in these groups. For "average" eyes (over 75% of all cases), SRK needed no modifications to maintain maximum predictive accuracy. The new, modified SRK formula (SRK II) was compared with current second generation formulas and the Binkhorst formula. The SRK II formula, while maintaining the simplicity and ease of the SRK, was comparable to and in some cases superior to the other formulas. Overall, 80.0% of 2,068 posterior chamber intraocular lenses from seven different manufacturers demonstrated less than one diopter of prediction error and only 0.5% had three or more diopters of error. In short eyes (less than 22 mm), 74.0% were corrected to within one diopter and less than 2.0% had three or more diopters of error. In long eyes (greater than or equal to 24.5 mm), 78.0% of cases demonstrated less than one diopter of error and less than 1.0% had three or more diopters of error. Although the SRK II formula is incorporated in most new A-scan units, the modifications are so simple that surgeons can take the standard SRK predictions and mentally calculate the modifications for extreme cases.
The pressure-amorphized state in zirconium tungstate: a precursor to decomposition (2004)

In contrast to widely accepted view that pressure-induced amorphization arises due to kinetic hindrance of equilibrium phase transitions, here we provide evidence that the metastable pressure-amorphized state in zirconium tungstate is a precursor to decomposition of the compound into a mixture of simple oxides.This is from the volume collapse V across amorphization, which is obtained for the first time by measuring linear dimensions of irreversibly amorphized samples during their recovery to the original cubic phase upon isochronal annealing up to 1000 K.The anomalously large V of 25.7 ± 1.2% being the same as that expected for the decomposition indicates that this amorphous state is probably a precursor to kinetically hindered decomposition.A P-T diagram of the compound is also proposed.
Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty in a patient with four glaucoma tubes. (2010)

Descemet's stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) is an increasingly popular techniquefor transplanting corneal endothelial cells. The presence of glaucoma, and especially glaucoma tubes, however, renders the DSAEK procedure more challenging. Here, we present a case of DSAEK in a patient with quadruple glaucoma tubes.
A dose‐dependent facilitation and inhibition of peripheral nerve regeneration by brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (2002)

The time-dependent decline in the ability of motoneurons to regenerate their axons after axotomy is one of the principle contributing factors to poor functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. A decline in neurotrophic support may be partially responsible for this effect. The up-regulation of BDNF after injury, both in denervated Schwann cells and in axotomized motoneurons, suggests its importance in motor axonal regeneration. In adult female Sprague-Dawley rats, we counted the number of freshly injured or chronically axotomized tibial motoneurons that had regenerated their axons 1 month after surgical suture to a freshly denervated common peroneal distal nerve stump. Motor axonal regeneration was evaluated by applying fluorescent retrograde neurotracers to the common peroneal nerve 20 mm distal to the injury site and counting the number of fluorescently labelled motoneurons in the T11-L1 region of the spinal cord. We report that low doses of BDNF (0.5-2 microg/day for 28 days) had no detectable effect on axonal regeneration after immediate nerve repair, but promoted axonal regeneration of motoneurons whose regenerative capacity was reduced by chronic axotomy 2 months prior to nerve resuture, completely reversing the negative effects of delayed nerve repair. In contrast, high doses of BDNF (12-20 microg/day for 28 days) significantly inhibited motor axonal regeneration, after both immediate nerve repair and nerve repair after chronic axotomy. The inhibitory actions of high dose BDNF could be reversed by functional blockade of p75 receptors, thus implicating these receptors as mediators of the inhibitory effects of high dose exogenous BDNF.