gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Product-Induced Distortion of a Metalloporphyrin Host:  Implications for Acceleration of Diels−Alder Reactions (2000)

New cyclic metalloporphyrin hosts, 6 and 7, have been prepared. At 0.33 mM in dichloromethane at 25 °C, they accelerate 65-fold and 840-fold respectively the reaction of diene 1 and dienophile 2 and also bind the hetero Diels−Alder product 3 very strongly. More importantly, small single crystals of solvated 6, 7, and the 6.3 complex were grown and their structures were determined. As the Diels−Alder product resembles the Diels−Alder transition state, the structures of the product-free host 6 and the 6·3 host−product complex allow, for the first time for synthetic receptors, a detailed structural analysis of the geometrical changes imposed on an accelerating agent on binding of a Diels−Alder product. Comparison of these structures reveals that when the Diels−Alder product 3 is bound within the cavity, it induces significant structural changes in 6. This provides the first crystallographic structural evidence that accelerated product formation can be accompanied by substantial host distortion. Desolvation of host and guests emerges as another factor, implying that solvent stabilization is not as significant for the host-accelerated reaction as in the control (host free) reaction.
Neoepitope Immunoassay: An Assay for Human Interleukin 1β Based on an Antibody Induced Conformational Change (1996)

A secondary monoclonal antibody (mAb2) was generated by immunization with immune complexes of human IL-1 beta and a primary monoclonal (mAb1). mAb2 bound to a neoepitope on the IL-1 beta/mAb1-complex with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 26 pM but not to uncomplexed IL-1 beta. As assessed by the binding of labeled IL-1 beta and neutralization of bioactivity, mAb2 enhanced the affinity of IL-1 beta to mAb1; Kd-values were 108 pM in absence and 5.4 pM in presence of mAb2. By analyzing a series of mutants of IL-1 where surface loops had been exchanged with the corresponding loops of human IL-1 receptor antagonist protein, a critical region responsible for mAb2 binding was localized to the C-terminal region. In addition to mAb1/IL-1 beta-complexes, mAb2 bound pro-IL-1 beta/mAb1 complexes as well as pro-IL-1 beta suggesting that mAb2 recognized a conformation of IL-1 beta resembling that of pro-IL-1 beta. Using this pair of mAbs, chemiluminescent and enzyme linked assays with detection limits of 2 pg/ml hIL-1 beta have been established.
High-performance SiGe epitaxial base bipolar transistors produced by a reduced-pressure CVD reactor (1993)

High-performance Si and SiGe epitaxial base bipolar transistors have been fabricated using a commercially available, reduced pressure, epitaxial reactor. The SiGe devices exhibit exceptional Early voltages in the range of 400-500 V, and an f/sub T/ of 31 GHz with a BV/sub CEO/ of 7.6 V and BV/sub CBO/ of 16 V. These results demonstrate that SiGe has potential as a commercially viable technology for analog, digital, and mixed-signal applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Tau Phosphorylation Sites Work in Concert to Promote Neurotoxicity In Vivo (2007)

Tau is a microtubule binding protein implicated in a number of human neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Phosphorylation of serine-proline/threonine-proline sites, targeted by proline-directed kinases, coincides temporally with neurodegeneration in the human diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that this unique group of serines and threonines has a critical role in controlling tau toxicity in a Drosophila model of tauopathy. Here, we use a combination of genetic and biochemical approaches to examine these sites individually and to determine which of them is primarily responsible for controlling tau neurotoxicity. Despite the importance placed on individual phosphoepitopes and their contributions to disease pathogenesis, our results indicate that no single phosphorylation residue plays a dominant role in controlling tau toxicity. These findings suggest that serine-proline/threonine-proline sites cooperate to mediate neurodegeneration in vivo.
Raney Nickel Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Aniline and Benzidine with Alcohols (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRaney Nickel Catalyzed N-Alkylation of Aniline and Benzidine with AlcoholsRip G. Rice and Earl J. KohnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 15, 4052–4054Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01620a026RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views837Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (386 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Decentralized Robust Control for Damping Inter-area Oscillations in Power Systems (2017)

As power systems become more and more interconnected, the inter-area oscillations has become a serious factor limiting large power transfer among different areas. Underdamped (Undamped) inter-area oscillations may cause system breakup and even lead to large-scale blackout. Traditional damping controllers include Power System Stabilizer (PSS) and Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controller, which adds additional damping to the inter-area oscillation modes by affecting the real power in an indirect manner. However, the effectiveness of these controllers is restricted to the neighborhood of a prescribed set of operating conditions. In this paper, decentralized robust controllers are developed to improve the damping ratios of the inter-area oscillation modes by directly affecting the real power through the turbine governing system. The proposed control strategy requires only local signals and is robust to the variations in operation condition and system topology. The effectiveness of the proposed robust controllers is illustrated by detailed case studies on two different test systems.
Real-World Cognitive--and Metacognitive--Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: A New Approach for Measuring (and Remediating) More "Right Stuff" (2006)

While the role of impaired cognition in accounting for functional outcome in schizophrenia is generally established by now, the overlap is far from complete. Moreover, little is known about the potential mechanisms that bridge between cognition and functional outcome. The aim of this article is to aid in closing this gap by presenting a novel, more ecologically valid approach for neuropsychological assessment. The new approach is motivated by the view that metacognitive processes of self-monitoring and self-regulation are fundamental determinants of competent functioning in the real world. The new approach incorporates experimental psychological concepts and paradigms used to study metacognition into current standard neuropsychological assessment procedures. Preliminary empirical data that support and demonstrate the utility of the new approach for assessment, as well as remediation efforts, in schizophrenia are presented and discussed.
Chemoselective Pd(0)-Catalyzed Peptide Coupling in Water (2001)

[reaction: see text] Highly charged peptides ranging in length from 17 to 33 residues have been efficiently tricoupled to a trialkyne nucleus by using a Sonogashira Pd(0) coupling strategy under both acidic (pH 5.0) and basic (pH 7.5) conditions. These results demonstrate the utility of Pd(0) to construct protein-sized structures (12,000 mol wt) in aqueous milieu.
A multiscale representation including opponent color features for texture recognition (1998)

We introduce a representation for color texture using unichrome and opponent features computed from Gabor filter outputs. The unichrome features are computed from the spectral bands independently while the opponent features combine information across different spectral bands at different scales. Opponent features are motivated by color opponent mechanisms in human vision. We present a method for efficiently implementing these filters, which is of particular interest for processing the additional information present in color images. Using a data base of 2560 image regions, we show that the multiscale approach using opponent features provides better recognition accuracy than other approaches.
A Dynamic Framework for e-Commerce Portals (2006)

Summary The objective of this paper is to enhance advanced e-commerce framework by supporting a complete customization of the data structure and layout presentation via portals technologies. This paper introduces a scheme using the generic data model in the database structure and interface-design toolkits, which allow the users to make modifications on the data attributes while the application has the ability to adapt these changes in the templates and layout presentation. The approach achieves greater adaptability, extensibility and reusability of database structure in the e-commerce applications. In addition, it discusses the integration of Content Management System and Business-toBusiness web services compositions. This is achieved by three main portals: Business-to-Consumer portals, Content Management System (CMS) portals and Business-to-Business portals (optional/additional services).
Linearized Reference Tissue Parametric Imaging Methods: Application to [11C]DASB Positron Emission Tomography Studies of the Serotonin Transporter in Human Brain (2003)

The authors developed and applied two new linearized reference tissue models for parametric images of binding potential (BP) and relative delivery (R1) for [11C]DASB positron emission tomography imaging of serotonin transporters in human brain. The original multilinear reference tissue model (MRTM(O)) was modified (MRTM) and used to estimate a clearance rate (k'2) from the cerebellum (reference). Then, the number of parameters was reduced from three (MRTM) to two (MRTM2) by fixing k'2. The resulting BP and R1 estimates were compared with the corresponding nonlinear reference tissue models, SRTM and SRTM2, and one-tissue kinetic analysis (1TKA), for simulated and actual [11C]DASB data. MRTM gave k'2 estimates with little bias (<1%) and small variability (<6%). MRTM2 was effectively identical to SRTM2 and 1TKA, reducing BP bias markedly over MRTM(O) from 12-70% to 1-4% at the expense of somewhat increased variability. MRTM2 substantially reduced BP variability by a factor of two or three over MRTM or SRTM. MRTM2, SRTM2, and 1TKA had R1 bias <0.3% and variability at least a factor of two lower than MRTM or SRTM. MRTM2 allowed rapid generation of parametric images with the noise reductions consistent with the simulations. Rapid parametric imaging by MRTM2 should be a useful method for human [11C]DASB positron emission tomography studies.
Risk of cancer in patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis (2010)

This cohort study did not demonstrate any increased risk for malignancy in subjects with biopsy-proven GCA.
Discrete-Time Processing of Speech Signals (1999)

Commercial applications of speech processing and recognition are fast becoming a growth industry that will shape the next decade. Now students and practicing engineers of signal processing can find in a single volume the fundamentals essential to understanding this rapidly developing field. IEEE Press is pleased to publish a classic reissue of Discrete-Time Processing of Speech Signals. Specially featured in this reissue is the addition of valuable World Wide Web links to the latest speech data references. This landmark book offers a balanced discussion of both the mathematical theory of digital speech signal processing and critical contemporary applications. The authors provide a comprehensive view of all major modern speech processing areas: speech production physiology and modeling, signal analysis techniques, coding, enhancement, quality assessment, and recognition. You will learn the principles needed to understand advanced technologies in speech processing -- from speech coding for communications systems to biomedical applications of speech analysis and recognition. Ideal for self-study or as a course text, this far-reaching reference book offers an extensive historical context for concepts under discussion, end-of-chapter problems, and practical algorithms. Discrete-Time Processing of Speech Signals is the definitive resource for students, engineers, and scientists in the speech processing field. An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available upon request from the Wiley Makerting Department
Transient Gene Expression Analysis in Electroporated Maize Protoplasts (2003)

Direct DNA transformation is currently the method of choice for obtaining transformed cereals, such as Zea mays, owing to the inherent host limitations of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. This soil bacterium, which naturally acts by transferring its own genes into a host plant, is commonly engineered for transferring foreign genes into plants, but its host range is limited mainly to dicots and noncereal monocots, and generally cannot be used to transfer foreign genes into maize (1,2). Among the methods for direct (Agrobacterium-independent) gene transfer, electroporation has proven to be an extremely efficient and general mechanism for introducing DNA, RNA, and other macromolecules into maize protoplasts (cells in which the cell wall is enzymatically removed prior to electroporation).
Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation by Spin Labels (1989)

Inhibition of lipid peroxidation by nitroxide radicals and their corresponding hydroxylamines was investigated. The nitroxides were either oxazolidines or piperidines, differing in substitution of the backbone of the molecule (a five or six-membered ring structure, respectively). Concentration requirements for 50% inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation varied from 340 to 6 microM for the nitroxides, and from 120 to 3 microM for the hydroxylamines, correlating with lipophilicity and chemical structure. Intramembrane concentrations required for 50% inhibition was independent of lipophilicity when peroxidation was initiated with ADP-Fe2+ but increased with lipophilicity when peroxidation was initiated with t-butylhydroperoxide. During studies of the kinetics of the inhibition, two modes were seen: a delay or a decreased rate of the process. The former mode was seen with the more lipophilic inhibitors. The mechanism of inhibition was similar for all nitroxides and consisted of the following three major components: blocking of primary initiation, prevention of secondary (peroxide-dependent) initiation, and scavenging of various lipoid radicals in the membrane, the major mode of action of the hydroxylamines. Inhibitory efficiency was interpreted in terms of steric hindrance, diffusibility, regeneration of inhibitor, and ability to interact with hydrophilic sites in a hydrophobic environment.
Logging and Perforating of Horizontal Wells: An Innovative Approach (1991)

ABSTRACT This paper describes a system designed by Pan Canadian Petroleum Ltd., Jet Research Centre Inc., Halliburton Logging Services and Halliburton Services Ltd. to perforate a horizontal well in East Central Alberta. This system is unique in that it allows circulation to the bottom of the tool string throughout the logging and perforating operations (ie. before and after detonation). Foam was used as the circulation fluid to remove sand from the horizontal section and allow the logging and perforating tools to be run. These tools were attached to reeled tubing with electric line inside to facilitate running in the horizontal section with energized fluid.
Quantifying Cathepsin S Activity in Antigen Presenting Cells Using a Novel Specific Substrate (2008)

Cathepsin S (CatS) is a lysosomal cysteine protease belonging to the papain superfamily. Because of the relatively broad substrate specificity of this family, a specific substrate for CatS is not yet known. Based on a detailed study of the CatS endopeptidase specificity, using six series of internally quenched fluorescent peptides, we were able to design a specific substrate for CatS. The peptide series was based on the sequence GRWHTVGLRWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2, which shows only one single cleavage site between Gly and Leu and where every substrate position between P-3 and P-3' was substituted with up to 15 different amino acids. The endopeptidase specificity of CatS was mainly determined by the P-2, P-1', and the P-3' substrate positions. Based on this result, systematically modified substrates were synthesized. Two of these modified substrates, Mca-GRWPPMGLPWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2 and Mca-GRWHPMGAPWE-Lys(Dnp)-DArg-NH2, did not react with the purified cysteine proteases cathepsin B (CatB) and cathepsin L (CatL). Using a specific CatS inhibitor, we could further show that these two peptides were not cleaved by endosomal fractions of antigen presenting cells (APCs), when CatS was inhibited and related cysteine proteases cathepsin B, H, L and X were still active. Although aspartic proteases like cathepsin E and cathepsin D were also present, our substrates were suitable to quantify cathepsin S activity specifically in APCs, including B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells without the use of any protease inhibitor. We find that CatS activity differs significantly not only between the three types of professional APCs but also between endosomal and lysosomal compartments.
Confinement of Surface State Electrons in Fabry-Pérot Resonators (1998)

Ag(111) surface state electrons have been confined in symmetric and asymmetric Fabry-P\'erot resonators formed by two atomically parallel step edges. The local density of states in the resonators has been measured by means of low-temperature scanning tunneling spectroscopy and can perfectly be explained with a simple Fabry-P\'erot-like model. The energy dependent reflection amplitudes and scattering phase shifts of the different kinds of Ag(111) step edges have been determined with high accuracy. The model character of the resonators opens up quantitative electron scattering experiments at test structures brought into the resonator.
Effect of the nonreducing end of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 O-specific oligosaccharides on their immunogenicity as conjugates in mice (2007)

Endemic and epidemic shigellosis, an acute invasive disease of the lower intestines, afflicts millions of people worldwide with an estimated one million fatalities per annum at a low infectious dose. Our approach to vaccine development against Shigella is based on the hypothesis that serum IgG antibodies to the O-specific polysaccharide (O-SP) domains of the LPS of these organisms confer protection to infection. The synthetic oligosaccharides corresponding to the tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the O-SP of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 covalently linked to human serum albumin elicited O-SP-specific IgG in mice. The antibody levels were a function of both the saccharide chain length and their loading on the protein. These synthetic saccharide conjugates elicited significantly higher levels of IgG anti O-SP than conjugates prepared with the O-SP from the bacteria. Here, we evaluated the influence of the nonreducing terminal monosaccharide on the serum antibody response. To this end, we prepared synthetic oligosaccharides comprising hexa- to tridecasaccharide fragments of the native O-SP, having one of the four monosaccharide residues that constitute the repeating unit at their termini and bound them to BSA by a single-point attachment. The conjugates contained an average of 19 saccharide chains per BSA. The synthetic oligosaccharides inhibited the binding of serum raised against whole bacteria to its LPS to a similar extent but lower than the native O-SP. The highest anti-LPS levels were elicited by conjugates having N-acetylglucosamine (10-mer) or galactose residues (7- and 11-mers) at their nonreducing termini.
A Sub-Sampling-Assisted Phase-Frequency Detector for Low-Noise PLLs With Robust Operation Under Supply Interference (2014)

Sub-sampling phase detectors (SSPDs) have recently been demonstrated to enable phase-locked loop (PLL) realizations with very low in-band noise. However, the PLL becomes susceptible to disturbances or interference via substrate or power supply coupling as experienced in systems on chip (SOCs), which could put the PLL out of lock. A tri-state phase-frequency detector with a dead-zone is traditionally added to act as an auxiliary frequency-locked loop (FLL) to enable the PLL to regain lock, albeit after a long delay. We propose a different solution to combine a tri-state PFD with an SSPD wherein the PLL is prevented from losing its lock while simultaneously achieving an improved in-band phase noise performance. A 2.2 GHz integer-N PLL has been prototyped in a 65 nm CMOS process to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed combined phase detector. It was experimentally verified that the PLL is more robust to disturbances than a PLL with a sub-sampling phase detector; it achieves a measured in-band phase noise of -122 dBc/Hz when operating with the proposed combined PD from a 1.1 V supply voltage.
Update in atherothrombotic disease. (2004)

Crucial advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis, defined as atherosclerosis and its thrombotic complications, have been achieved during the past two decades. The historical hypothesis of pathogenesis ("lipid accumulation") has evolved to integrate several factors contributing to the initiation and evolution of this complex disease. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be the earliest event in atherogenesis. Inflammation and apoptosis play critical roles in its progression and onset. Tissue factor is postulated to be a central actor in determining plaque thrombogenicity. A hyperreactive state of the blood ("vulnerable blood") may be responsible for one-third of all the acute coronary syndromes. This review will discuss emerging concepts in the pathogenesis of and therapeutic approaches to atherothrombotic disease.
Novel macrophage receptor for glucose-modified proteins is distinct from previously described scavenger receptors. (1986)

A high-affinity macrophage receptor has been identified that recognizes proteins modified by a common in vivo process, long-term nonenzymatic reaction of glucose with proteins (AGE proteins). This receptor for glucose-modified proteins is now shown to be distinct from previously described scavenger receptors, using competition and crosscompetition experiments between AGE-modified protein and a variety of in vitro-modified scavenger receptor ligands, including unmodified BSA, unmodified low-density lipoproteins (LDL), acetyl-LDL, maleyl-BSA, and formaldehyde-treated BSA. Furthermore, the specific pattern of AGE-protein receptor inhibition by the polyanionic compounds polyinosinic acid, polyadenylic acid, polyglutamic acid, polycytidylic acid, fucoidin, and heparin was distinctly different from that of acetyl-LDL. By thus selectively recognizing a time-dependent in vivo protein modification, macrophages may preferentially degrade senescent macromolecules, thereby having an important role in the regulation of extracellular protein turnover.