gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digitally tunable laser based on the integration of a waveguide grating multiplexer and an optical amplifier (1994)

A novel monolithic semiconductor laser is demonstrated. The optical cavity comprises a 1/spl times/N waveguide grating multiplexer connected to N optical amplifiers. By driving a specific output port, laser oscillation is obtained at the wavelength determined by the wavelength path through the multiplexer. Such a laser is very useful for WDM systems because it is capable of producing a comb of precisely spaced frequencies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Elasticity and Damping of Porous Materials and Impregnated Materials (1984)

Earlier, a method was developed by the present author which predicts the elastic moduli of isotropic two‐phase materials with arbitrary phase geometry. The primary scope of the present article is to demonstrate how this method works when used to predict elasticity (Young's modulus) and damping (loss tangent) of porous materials and impregnated materials made of elastic and/or viscoelastic Components. Simple equations are developed which are directly applicable to practical situations. Their qualities are tested successfully against a number of experimental data.
Controlled release of dry reagents in porous media for tunable temporal and spatial distribution upon rehydration (2012)

Novel methods are demonstrated that enable controlled spatial and temporal rehydration of dried reagents in a porous matrix. These methods can be used in paper-based microfluidic assays to define reagent concentrations over time at zones downstream for improved performance, and can reduce costs by simplifying the manufacturing process with the use of a single porous substrate. First, the creation of uniform reagent pulses from patterned arrays of dried reagent is demonstrated. Second, reagents are stored dry in separate regions of the porous matrix so that they can be combined upon rehydration for immediate use in the device. Third, reagents are reconstituted sequentially from dry storage depots with tunable delivery times. Fourth, the total time for dissolution is varied to achieve a range of reagent delivery times to a downstream region. Finally, the utility of these control methods is demonstrated in the context of real-time reagent rehydration and mixing on a porous device.
Therapeutic Modulation of Apoptosis: Targeting the BCL-2 Family at the Interface of the Mitochondrial Membrane (2008)

A vast portion of human disease results when the process of apoptosis is defective. Disorders resulting from inappropriate cell death range from autoimmune and neurodegenerative conditions to heart disease. Conversely, prevention of apoptosis is the hallmark of cancer and confounds the efficacy of cancer therapeutics. In the search for optimal targets that would enable the control of apoptosis, members of the BCL-2 family of anti- and pro-apoptotic factors have figured prominently. Development of BCL-2 antisense approaches, small molecules, and BH3 peptidomimetics has met with both success and failure. Success-because BCL-2 proteins play essential roles in apoptosis. Failure-because single targets for drug development have limited scope. By examining the activity of the BCL-2 proteins in relation to the mitochondrial landscape and drawing attention to the significant mitochondrial membrane alterations that ensue during apoptosis, we demonstrate the need for a broader based multi-disciplinary approach for the design of novel apoptosis-modulating compounds in the treatment of human disease.
Famciclovir and Penciclovir. The Mode of Action of Famciclovir Including Its Conversion to Penciclovir (1993)

Famciclovir is the oral form of penciclovir, a highly selective antiherpesvirus agent. Both famciclovir and penciclovir are being evaluated in clinical studies. This review covers the conversion of famciclovir to penciclovir, the formation and stability of penciclovir-triphosphate, its effect on herpesvirus DNA polymerases and the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis in cell cultures. The conversion of famciclovir into penciclovir is described, emphasising work with human tissues and including the elucidation of the structures of its chiral monoacetylated derivatives. To reflect its metabolism during oral absorption, famciclovir was incubated in duodenal contents, extracts of intestinal wall and liver, and in blood. The major metabolic route was by de-acetylation followed by oxidation of the purine to form penciclovir. This work with human tissues was predictive of the major metabolic pathway in humans. Penciclovir is phosphorylated much more efficiently than acyclovir in herpesvirus-infected cells yet the host cell kinases phosphorylate the two compounds to a small but comparable extent. This highly preferential metabolism in herpesvirus infected cells is a major factor in its selective antiviral activity. The ( S) enantiomer of penciclovir-triphosphate is the major metabolite and it has good stability in HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV infected cells. At the high concentrations found in infected cells, penciclovir-triphosphate was an effective inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases and of viral DNA synthesis. The efficient entrapment of the active moiety can account for the markedly better antiviral activity of penciclovir than acyclovir when infected cell cultures were treated for a short time. Such assays reflect more closely the clinical situation after oral dosing than do standard assays in which the test compounds are present continuously. The role of these studies in compound selection and development is discussed.
LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES AND THEIR RECEPTORS (1986)

This review is limited to discussion of synthesis and transport of lysosomal&#13;\nenzymes in mammalian tissues. We focus on the processing of the oligosaccharides&#13;\nin lysosomal enzymes, on the mannose 6-phosphate-specific receptor&#13;\n(MPR), and on its role in the transport of lysosomal enzymes. The transport of&#13;\nlysosomal enzymes and the function of mannose 6-phosphate-specific receptors&#13;\nhave been the subject of recent reviews (3-5).
Evidence for apoptotic cell death in Huntington disease and excitotoxic animal models (1995)

Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder characterized by selective death of striatal medium spiny neurons. Intrastriatal injections of glutamate receptor agonists (excitotoxins) recapitulate some neuropathological features of this disorder. Although this model suggests that excitotoxic injury may be involved in HD, the exact mechanisms of cell death in HD and its models are unknown. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that HD can develop via the activation of an apoptotic mechanism of cell death and to examine whether excitotoxic striatal lesions with quinolinic acid in rats represent accurate models of HD. To characterize cell death, we employed DNA electrophoresis, electron microscopy (EM), and the terminal transferase-mediated (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (d-UTP)-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) method for the in situ detection of DNA strand breaks. In the neostriatum of individuals with HD, patterns of distribution of TUNEL-positive neurons and glia were reminiscent of those seen in apoptotic cell death during normal development of the nervous system; in the same areas, nonrandom DNA fragmentation was detected occasionally. Following excitotoxic injury of the rat striatum, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation (evidence of apoptosis) was seen at early time intervals and random DNA fragmentation (evidence of necrosis) at later time points. In addition, EM detected necrotic profiles of medium spiny neurons in the lesioned rats. In concert, these results suggest that apoptosis occurs in both HD and excitotoxic animal models and that apoptotic and necrotic mechanisms of neuronal death may occur simultaneously within individual dying cells in the excitotoxically injured brain. However, the distribution of dying neurons in the neostriatum, the degree of glial degeneration, and the involvement of striatofugal pathways are very different between HD and excitotoxically damaged striatum. The present study suggests that multiple methods should be employed for a proper characterization of neuronal cell death in vivo.
A Preclinical Study in Rhesus Macaques for Cystic Fibrosis to Assess Gene Transfer and Transduction by AAV1 and AAV5 with a Dual-Luciferase Reporter System (2017)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease that is potentially treatable by gene therapy. Since the identification of the gene encoding CF transmembrane conductance regulator, a number of preclinical and clinical trials have been conducted using the first generation of adeno-associated virus, AAV2. All these studies showed that AAV gene therapy for CF is safe, but clinical benefit was not clearly demonstrated. Thus, a new generation of AAV vectors based on other serotypes is needed to move the field forward. This study tested two AAV serotypes (AAV1 and AAV5) using a dual-luciferase reporter system with firefly and Renilla luciferase genes packaged into AAV1 or AAV5, respectively. Two male and two female Rhesus macaques were each instilled in their lungs with both serotypes using a Penn-Century microsprayer. Both AAV1 and AAV5 vector genomes were detected in all the lung samples when measured at the time of necropsy, 45 days after instillation. However, the vector genome number for AAV1 was at least 10-fold higher than for AAV5. Likewise, luciferase activity was also detected in the same samples at 45 days. AAV1-derived activity was not statistically greater than that derived from AAV5. These data suggest that gene transfer is greater for AAV1 than for AAV5 in macaque lungs. Serum neutralizing antibodies were increased dramatically against both serotypes but were less abundant with AAV1 than with AAV5. No adverse events were noted, again indicating that AAV gene therapy is safe. These results suggest that with more lung-tropic serotypes such as AAV1, new clinical studies of gene therapy using AAV are warranted.
Tall oil fatty acids (1979)

Abstract About 1949, with the advent of effective fractional distillation, the tall oil industry came of age, and tall oil fatty acids (TOFA), generally any product containing 90% or more fatty acids and 10% or less of rosin, have grown in annual volume ever since, until they amount to 398.8 million pounds annual production in the U.S. in 1978. Crude tall oil is a byproduct of the Kraft process for producing wood pulp from pine wood. Crude tall oil is about 50% fatty acids and 40% rosin acids, the remainder unsaps and residues; actually, a national average recovery of about 1–2% of tall oil is obtained from wood. On a pulp basis, each ton of pulp affords 140–220 pounds black liquor soaps, which yields 70–110 pounds crude tall oil, yielding 30–50 pounds of TOFA. Separative and upgrading technology involves: (a) recovery of the tall oil; (b) acid refining; (c) fractionation of tall oil; and occasionally (d) conversion to derivatives. TOFA of good quality and color of Gardner 2 corresponds to above 97% fatty acids with the composition of 1.6% palmitic &amp; stearic acid, 49.3% oleic acid, 45.1% linoleic acid, 1.1% miscellaneous acids, 1.2% rosin acids, and 1.7% unsaponifiables.
Structural Maturation of the Transmissible Gastroenteritis Coronavirus (1999)

During the life cycle of the transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV), two types of virus-related particles are detected in infected swine testis cells: large annular viruses and small dense viruses. We have studied the relationships between these two types of particles. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that they are closely related, since both large and small particles reacted equally with polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific for TGEV proteins. Monensin, a drug that selectively affects the Golgi complex, caused an accumulation of large annular viral particles in perinuclear elements of the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment. A partial reversion of the monensin blockade was obtained in both the absence and presence of cycloheximide, a drug that prevented the formation of new viral particles. After removal of monensin, the Golgi complex recovered its perinuclear location, and a decrease in the number of perinuclear large viral particles was observed. The release of small dense viral particles into secretory vesicles and the extracellular medium was also observed, as was a partial recovery of infectivity in culture supernatants. Small viral particles started to be seen between the third and the fourth Golgi cisternae of normally infected cells. All of these data strongly indicate that the large annular particles are the immature precursors of the small dense viruses, which are the infectious TGEV virions. The immature viral particles need to reach a particular location at the trans side of the Golgi stack to complete their morphological maturation.
Highly Integrated and Tunable RF Front Ends for Reconfigurable Multiband Transceivers: A Tutorial (2011)

Architectural and circuit techniques to integrate the RF front end passive components, namely the SAW filters and duplexers that are traditionally implemented off chip, are presented. Intended for software-defined and cognitive radio platforms, tunable high-Q filters realized by CMOS switches and linear or MOS capacitors allow the integration of highly reconfigurable transceiver front ends that are robust to in-band and out-of-band blockers. Furthermore, duplexer techniques based on electrical balance concepts are introduced to enable highly integrated and programmable radios for full-duplex applications such as 3/4G transceivers. Several case studies are presented that offer highly linear and low-noise transceiver front ends that satisfy the challenging requirements of cellular standards, yet offer considerably lower cost and size compared to the state-of-the-art transceivers available today.
Analysing gene expression : a handbook of methods : possibilities and pitfalls (2003)

VOLUME 1.Foreword.Preface.Table of Contents.List of Contributors.1. Basic concepts of gene expression.2. Sample preparation and supplementary tools.3. Methods for analysing mRNA expression.VOLUME 2.4. High-throughput and industrial methods for mRNA expression analysis.5. Protein expression analysis.6. Methods for mRNA and protein expression analysis in situ and in vivo.7. Computational methods and bioinformatic tools.Index.
Inkjet printing of single-walled carbon nanotube/RuO2 nanowire supercapacitors on cloth fabrics and flexible substrates (2010)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin film electrodes have been printed on flexible substrates and cloth fabrics by using SWNT inks and an off-the-shelf inkjet printer, with features of controlled pattern geometry (0.4–6 cm2), location, controllable thickness (20–200 nm), and tunable electrical conductivity. The as-printed SWNT films were then sandwiched together with a piece of printable polymer electrolyte to form flexible and wearable supercapacitors, which displayed good capacitive behavior even after 1,000 charge/discharge cycles. Furthermore, a simple and efficient route to produce ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanowire/SWNT hybrid films has been developed, and it was found that the knee frequency of the hybrid thin film electrodes can reach 1,500 Hz, which is much higher than the knee frequency of the bare SWNT electrodes (˜158 Hz). In addition, with the integration of RuO2 nanowires, the performance of the printed SWNT supercapacitor was significantly improved in terms of its specific capacitance of 138 F/g, power density of 96 kW/kg, and energy density of 18.8 Wh/kg. The results indicate the potential of printable energy storage devices and their significant promise for application in wearable energy storage devices.
The Study on Developing an Integrated Early Childhood Music Education Program Using Storytelling Songs and Exploring Its Effects (2012)

The purpose of this study was to develop an integrated early childhood music education program using storytelling songs and to examine its possible effects by analyzing musical expression ability, language expression ability and creativity. In order to verify the effect of the program developed in the study, 68 4-year old preschoolers were selected from 2 preschools to be divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group was given the integrated music education program 16 times in total (two times a week for 8 weeks). The data were analyzed by t-test. The results of this study were : First, it was found that the integrated early childhood music education program using storytelling songs had a positive effect on children's musical expression ability and linguistic expression ability. Second, it was found that the integrated early childhood music education program using storytelling songs had a positive influence among the sub-areas of creativity.
Quicksort (1962)

A description is given of a new method of sorting in the random-access store of a computer. The method compares very favourably with other known methods in speed, in economy of storage, and in ease of programming. Certain refinements of the method, which may be useful in the optimization of inner loops, are described in the second part of the paper.
Radiohalogen-labeled imaging agents. 3. Compounds for measurement of brain blood flow by emission tomography (1984)

The radioiodine-labeled amines currently available as brain-imaging agents, based on our previous work and that of others, are prepared either by exchange labeling or by direct iodination of a protected intermediate. The intrinsic slowness of these processes limits their potential for use with the positron-emitting 122I, as it has a half-life of only 3.6 min. This isotope has advantages of a low dose to the patient and availability from a generator containing the parent 20-h 122Xe. To develop a radiopharmaceutical in which 122I could be utilized, we prepared a number of secondary and tertiary amines (maintaining the 2,5-dimethoxy substitution pattern which allows direct iodination at the 4-position) with 131I. The organ distributions of these compounds were studied, and the best properties were found in the N,N-dimethyl homologue (2,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethyl-4-iodoamphetamine). This compound was successfully synthesized in a matter of seconds, with a chemical yield and radioactive purity both in excess of 90% and an incorporation efficiency of radioiodine of about 40%.
Renin, Prorenin and the Putative (Pro)renin Receptor (2005)

Contains fulltext : 47666.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)
Cowpea Mosaic Virus (1978)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of small, non-coding RNAs that can regulate the gene expression in various diseases. MicroRNA-203 (miRNA-203 or miR-203) has previously shown significant alteration in a number of cancers. However, the clinical value of miR-203 in melanoma is rarely reported. The present study aimed to clarify the expression pattern and prognostic role of miR-203 in melanoma patients. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was used to characterize the expression level of miR-203 in 148 cases of melanoma tissues and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Results showed that miR-203 expression was significantly decreased in melanoma tissues compared with that in adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.05). Additionally, chi-square was performed to analyze the relationship between miR-203 and clinicopathological features and the down-regulation of miR-203 was significantly associated with tumor thickness and tumor stage (P<0.05). Moreover, Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that low miR-203 expression was associated with short overall survival time of patients. Multivariate analysis indicated that miR-203 could be an independent prognostic marker (P=0.003, HR=2.851, 95% CI=1.439-5.650) in melanoma This study for the first time provided evidence that miR-203 could be an independent potential prognostic marker for patients with melanoma, and might even become a new therapeutic target for the treatment of melanoma.
Intent Classification of Short-Text on Social Media (2015)

Social media platforms facilitate the emergence of citizen communities that discuss real-world events. Their content reflects a variety of intent ranging from social good (e.g., volunteering to help) to commercial interest (e.g., criticizing product features). Hence, mining intent from social data can aid in filtering social media to support organizations, such as an emergency management unit for resource planning. However, effective intent mining is inherently challenging due to ambiguity in interpretation, and sparsity of relevant behaviors in social data. In this paper, we address the problem of multiclass classification of intent with a use-case of social data generated during crisis events. Our novel method exploits a hybrid feature representation created by combining top-down processing using knowledge-guided patterns with bottom-up processing using a bag-of-tokens model. We employ pattern-set creation from a variety of knowledge sources including psycholinguistics to tackle the ambiguity challenge, social behavior about conversations to enrich context, and contrast patterns to tackle the sparsity challenge. Our results show a significant absolute gain up to 7% in the F1 score relative to a baseline using bottom-up processing alone, within the popular multiclass frameworks of One-vs-One and One-vs-All. Intent mining can help design efficient cooperative information systems between citizens and organizations for serving organizational information needs.
Cholestyramine in Type II Hyperlipoproteinemia (1973)

The efficacy of cholestyramine (16 g/day) was compared with that of placebo in 47 outpatients with primary type II hyperlipoproteinemia (39 with type IIa) on isocaloric low-cholesterol diets over 14 weeks, by a random, crossover, double-blind design. Cholestyramine significantly (P < 0.005) lowered the plasma levels of cholesterol and of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol from means of 333 ± 54 mg/100 ml and 265 ± 49 mg/100 ml, respectively, to 264 ± 48 mg/100 ml and 193 ± 45 mg/100 ml; these were reductions of 20.6% and 27.3%. Cholestyramine had its greatest lipid-lowering effect during week 1 of therapy, although cholesterol levels continued to fall to week 4. With cholestyramine withdrawal, cholesterols returned to within 10% of base-line levels by week 1, but some effect persisted to week 4. Despite significant differences (P < 0.05) in base-line cholesterol levels between patients with and without xanthomas, between women and men, and between those above and those below 40 years of age, no significant differences were observed in lipid lowering. There was a direct relation (P < 0.05) between the initial cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein levels and the absolute cholesterol fall.
Reaction between N-alkylpyrroles and alkyl-lithium reagents. The role of nitrogen substituent, solvent, alkyl-lithium, and complexing agents (1979)

Six N-alkylpyrroles have been metallated with BunLi under a variety of conditions. As the bulk of the nitrogen substituent increases, the total yield of lithiopyrroles decreases and the ratio of 2,4- to 2,5-disubstitution increases. Change of solvent from hexane to ethers generally accelerates metallation in the order hexane < diethyl ether < 2,5dimethyl-THF < 2-methyl-THF < THF, though this is accompanied by increased solvent cleavage, especially at elevated temperatures. Metallation is also accelerated by the addition of complexing agents, the order of effectiveness being NNN′N′-tetramethylethylenediamine > diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane > tris(dimethylamino)phosphine > 1,4,8,11-tetramethyl-1,4,8,11-tetra-azacyclotetradecane. Change of lithiating agent from BunLi to ButLi leads to increased overall metallation.