gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Matrix Metalloproteinases: The Clue to Intervertebral Disc Degeneration? (1998)

This field of application is of particular interest because conventional treatments are disappointing in chronic low back pain. Clinical trials with specific inhibitors of metalloproteinases are beginning in osteoarthritis.
Resettlement policy framework : Widawa transfer channel and Popowice Koaznow dike (2005)

The Odra River Basin (ORB) Flood Protection Project seeks to reduce the extreme flood peaks, by storing excess water flows in a dry polder, upstream of Raciborz town, thus enabling a reduction of the flood peak downstream of the reservoir, and allowing better control of the river system operation, and conversely, by increasing the flood capacity within the Odra River channels, around Wroclaw. The Project would protect more than 2.5 million people against flooding in several towns such as Raciborz, Kedzierzyn, Kozle, Krapkowice, Opole, Brzeg, Olawa and Wroclaw, and settlements in Slaskie, Opolskie and Dolnoslaskie. However, and despite benefits, it is foreseen land acquisition and resettlement shall occur. This Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) in line with Poland's legislation determines that compensation shall be governed by the Real Estate Management Act (1997), which stipulates that: the amount of compensation is to be determined according to the market value. Thus compensation will be in the form of: cash compensation; land for land and cash compensation; agricultural or farming land replacement, or cash compensation; and, housing compensation for physical structures lost. Given no procedure is defined in reference to losses due to: location of employment and/or source of income; location of products and services disruptions, the Bank's operational directive on resettlement will govern, which states employment and income losses should be paid for the period of losses, and employment generation pursued, as well as income restoration. Vulnerable groups (i.e., people not holding property titles) should be provided housing assistance to restore their livelihoods. Moving expenses will be provided, and, grievance mechanisms will be in place should conflict occur.
V(D)J recombinase-mediated transposition of the BCL2gene to the IGH locus in follicular lymphoma (2000)

Using DNA fiber fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and 3-color interphase FISH, 2 cases of follicular lymphoma were identified in which the BCL2 gene was excised from 18q21 and inserted into the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus at 14q32. Both the insertion breakpoint at 14q32 and the deletion breakpoint at 18q21 were cloned using inverse polymerase chain reaction. Sequence analysis showed that the JH sequences were juxtaposed to the 5′-side of BCL2, and the DH sequences were juxtaposed to the 3′-side of BCL2. There were breakpoints at both the JH and DH recombination signal sequences, and N-nucleotides were present at all breakpoint junctions. At theBCL2 locus, the 3′-breakpoints in both cases were localized at exactly the same nucleotide position, 6.2 kilobase downstream of the major breakpoint region, directly adjacent to a complete cryptic recombination signal sequence (RSS) consisting of a heptamer, a nonamer, and a 23–base pair (bp) spacer. The BCL25′-breakpoints were approximately 600 bp upstream of the gene, within the CA repeats. Although less evident than for the BCL23′-breakpoints, cryptic RSSs were also identified at these breakpoints, with a 12-bp spacer. On the basis of structural characteristics of these rearrangements, a model is proposed in which the BCL2 gene is deleted from its locus by recombination activation gene-1/-2 (RAG-1/-2)–mediated excision. The gene is subsequently inserted into the recombiningIGH locus, a process involving the formation of hybrid joints between the IGH coding ends and theBCL2 signal ends.
Adaptive Optics Microperimetry and OCT Images Show Preserved Function and Recovery of Cone Visibility in Macular Telangiectasia Type 2 Retinal Lesions (2015)

Visual sensitivity and recovery of cone visibility in areas of apparent focal cone loss suggests that MacTel type 2 lesions with a preserved ELM may contain functioning cones with abnormal scattering and/or waveguiding characteristics. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00254605.).
Direct Oxygen Supply with Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) Membranes Induces a Spontaneous Organization of Thick Heterogeneous Liver Tissues from Rat Fetal Liver Cells in Vitro (2012)

Oxygen is a vital nutrient for growth and maturation of in vitro cells (e.g., adult hepatocytes). We previously demonstrated that direct oxygenation through a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane increases the oxygen supply to cell cultures and improves hepatocyte functions. In this study, we removed limits on oxygen supply to fetal rat liver cells through the use of direct oxygenation through a PDMS membrane to investigate in vitro growth and maturation. We chose fetal liver cells because they are considered a feasible source of liver progenitor cells for regenerative medicine therapy due to their highly efficient maturation and proliferation. Cells from 17-day-old pregnant rats were cultured under 5% and 21% oxygen atmospheres. Some cells were first cultured under 5% oxygen, and then switched to a 21% oxygen atmosphere. When oxygen supply was enhanced by a PDMS membrane, the rat fetal liver cells organized into a complex tissue composed of an epithelium of hepatocytes above a mesenchyme-like tissue. The thickness of this supportive tissue was directly correlated to oxygen concentration and was thicker under 5% oxygen. When cultures were switched from 5% to 21% oxygen, lumen-containing structures were formed in the thick mesenchymal-like tissue and the albumin secretion rate increased. In addition, cells adapted their glycolytic activity to the oxygen concentrations. This system promoted the formation of a functional and organized thick tissue suitable for use in regenerative medicine.
Retinoic acid treatment partially rescues failed septation in rats and in mice (2000)

Pulmonary alveoli are formed in part by subdivision (septation) of the gas-exchange saccules of the immature lung. Septation results in smaller, more numerous structures (alveoli) and is developmentally regulated in mammals including humans, rats, and mice; if it fails to occur at the appropriate time, there is no spontaneous post hoc septation nor has there been a means of inducing septation after it has failed to occur. We measured lung volume, the volume of individual alveoli, and alveolar surface area and calculated alveolar number in neonatal rats in which septation had been blocked by treatment with a glucocorticosteroid hormone and in adult tight-skin mice that have a genetic failure of septation. We tested the hypothesis that treatment with all-trans retinoic acid induces post hoc septation. In both models of failed septation, hence in two species, and in immature and adult animals, treatment with all-trans retinoic acid induced post hoc septation, offering the possibility of a similar effect in premature infants.
Comparative study of subthreshold leakage in CNFET & MOSFET @ 32-nm technology node (2016)

Traditional MOS technology has served the industry for years but now, it has become very difficult to continue Moore's law using Dennard's scaling principles. One of the major reasons which limit the scaling of MOS devices is the dramatic increase in the leakage currents. Thus, researchers are continuously trying to develop new technologies to extend Moore's law beyond 22-nm technology node. One of these newly emerging technologies is carbon nanotube field effect transistor which is very promising alternative owing to the desirable electrical, physical and mechanical properties of the carbon nanotube. This paper presents a comparative study of the subthreshold leakage current and the various factors affecting it in a CNFET and a MOS device at 32-nm technology node. All the simulations have been carried out in SPICE circuit simulator.
Nitric Oxide and Synaptic Function (1994)

The free radical gas nitric oxide (NO) is a recently identified neuronal messenger that carries out diverse signaling tasks in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Whereas most neurotransmitters are packaged in synaptic vesicles and secreted in a Ca2+-dependent manner from specialized nerve endings, NO is an unconventional transmitter which is not packaged in vesicles, but rather diffuses from its site of production in the absence of any specialized release machinery. The lack of a requirement for release apparatus raises the possibility that NO can be released from both pre- and postsynaptic neuronal elements. In addition, because NO is gaseous and extremely membrane permeant, it can bypass normal signal transduction routes involving interactions with synaptic membrane receptors. Although the targets of NO have not yet been completely described, it is known that NO can bind to the iron contained in heine groups, leading to conformational changes in associated proteins, such as guanylyl cyclase.
Influence of the zeolite matrix on the optical properties and the stability of hosted PbS nano‐particles (1997)

Abstract The formation of PbS nano‐particles with narrow size‐distribution in zeolite X is reported. By control of the degree of ion exchange the mean diameters of the particles can be varied between 3 and 8 nm. Particles exceeding the dimension of the zeolitic supercages are hosted in intra‐zeolitic mesopores which are formed in dependence on the growth of the particles. It is demonstrated that for zeolite‐hosted PdS nano‐particles the width of the optical band gap depends on size‐quantiation effects and on interactions between the particles and the host. As a consequence of its anionic character the zeolite framework generates extra charges (defect electrons) in the particles leading to an optical Burstein shift. From XPS it can be concluded that the polarisation of the Pb‐S bonds is the more pronounced the smaller the particles are. This results also in a decrease of their thermal stability.
Reducing Complexity of Software Deployment with Delta Configuration (2007)

Deploying a modern software service usually involves installing several software components, and configuring these components properly to realize the complex interdependencies between them. This process, which accounts for a significant portion of information technology (IT) cost, is complex and error-prone. In this paper, we propose delta configuration - an approach that reduces the cost of software deployment by eliminating a large number of choices on parameter values that administrators have to make during deployment. In delta configuration, the complex software stack of a distributed service is first installed and tested in a test environment. The resulting software images are then captured and used for deployment in production environments. To deploy a software service, we only need to copy these pre-configured software images into a production environment and modify them to account for the difference between the test environment and a production environment. We have implemented a prototype system that achieves software deployment using delta configuration of the configuration state captured inside virtual machines. We perform a case study to demonstrate that our scheme leads to substantial reduction in complexity for the customer, over the traditional software deployment method.
Treatment of Insulin-Resistant Diabetic Ketoacidosis with Insulin-like Growth Factor I in an Adolescent with Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (1992)

INSULIN plays a central part in the regulation of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism. Severe insulin resistance, in which treatment with large doses of insulin does not result in adequate metabolic control, is uncommon. Such resistance occurs in the presence of circulating insulin or insulin-receptor antibodies,1 , 2 insulin-receptor abnormalities,3 and episodically in patients with previously typical insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).4 The therapeutic options in patients with severe insulin resistance have been limited, since insulin has been the only available hormone with insulin-like metabolic effects. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), which shares considerable sequence homology as well as biologic properties . . .
Applications of monoclonal antibodies and recombinant cytokines for the treatment of human colorectal and other carcinomas (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which recognize a human tumor antigen, termed tumor-associated glycoprotein-72 (TAG-72), have successfully been used to localize primary as well as metastatic colorectal tumor lesions in patients. The localization of the anti-TAG-72 MAbs has also been exploited intraoperatively using a hand-held gamma probe. That procedure, termed radioimmunoguided surgery (RIGS), has identified occult tumors which were not detected using standard external imaging techniques. In another clinical trial, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) was administered intraperitoneally to patients diagnosed with either gastrointestinal or ovarian carcinoma with secondary ascites. Analysis of the tumor cells isolated from the malignant ascites revealed a substantial increase in TAG-72 expression on the surface of tumor cells isolated from seven of eight patients. The results provide evidence that the combination of an anti-carcinoma MAb with the administration of a cytokine, such as IFN-gamma, may be an effective approach for the detection and subsequent treatment, of colorectal carcinoma.
NeuralWISP: A Wirelessly Powered Neural Interface With 1-m Range (2009)

We present the NeuralWISP, a wireless neural interface operating from far-field radio-frequency RF energy. The NeuralWISP is compatible with commercial RF identification readers and operates at a range up to 1 m. It includes a custom low-noise, low-power amplifier integrated circuit for processing the neural signal and an analog spike detection circuit for reducing digital computational requirements and communications bandwidth. Our system monitors the neural signal and periodically transmits the spike density in a user-programmable time window. The entire system draws an average 20 muA from the harvested 1.8-V supply.
Formation and pH-controlled assembly of amphiphilic gold nanoparticles (2000)

Alkanethiolate-protected gold nanoclusters are solublized through place exchange reaction with ω-thiocarboxylic acids.
Altered binding of mutated presenilin with cytoskeleton‐interacting proteins1 (1999)

The majority of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases are linked to mutations on presenilin 1 and 2 genes (PS1 and PS2). The normal function of the proteins and the mechanisms underlying early-onset AD are currently unknown. To address this, we screened an expression library for proteins that bind differentially to the wild-type PS1 and mutant in the large cytoplasmic loop (PS1L). Thus we isolated the C-terminal tail of the 170 kDa cytoplasmic linker protein (CLIP-170) and Reed-Sternberg cells of Hodgkin's disease-expressed intermediate filament-associated protein (Restin), cytoplasmic proteins linking vesicles to the cytoskeleton. PS1L binding to CLIP-170/restin requires Ca(2+). Treating cells with thapsigargin or ionomycin increased the mutated PS1 in CLIP-170 immunoprecipitates. Further, PS1 and CLIP-170 co-localize in transfected cells and neuronal cultures.
Homocysteine Trials — Clear Outcomes for Complex Reasons (2006)

In 1969, McCully first proposed that homocysteine causes atherosclerosis.1 His hypothesis was based on the finding of atherosclerotic plaque at autopsies of young people with homocystinuria. This hypothesis was later modified to include a broader population, positing that mild hyperhomocysteinemia caused by dietary deficiencies of the vitamin cofactors required for the metabolism of homocysteine — folic acid, vitamin B12, and vitamin B6 — is a risk factor for atherothrombosis. In developed countries, these vitamins are partially removed from foods during processing,2 and typical diets are rich in the precursor amino acid methionine (which is derived from animal . . .
In vivoassessment of lung inflammatory cell activity in patients with COPD and asthma (2003)

The involvement of inflammatory cells in the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma is well established. This study aimed to quantify differences in inflammatory cell function in situ in these patients as compared to normal subjects. Positron emission tomography was used to assess neutrophil activity (18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG)) and macrophage accumulation (11C-PK11195) in six patients with COPD, six chronic asthmatics and five age-matched normal control subjects. 18FDG uptake was greater in COPD than in normal subjects, with no increase in asthmatics. The mean slope of 18FDG uptake, corrected for volume of distribution, was 4.0 min(-1) in COPD patients compared with 1.5 min(-1) in control subjects and 1.7 min(-1) in asthmatics. Mean 11C-PK11195 uptake (plateau tissue:plasma) was higher in four of six COPD patients (10.8) and three of five asthmatics (11.8) than the maximum value in control subjects (6.2). From this preliminary study the authors conclude that positron emission tomography may be useful to assess polymorphonuclear neutrophil and macrophage activity in vivo in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, and may reveal differences in cell behaviour between the study groups. In addition, positron emission tomography may provide indices of disease activity for future therapeutic studies.
Coordination of Phytochrome Levels in phyB Mutants of Arabidopsis as Revealed by Apoprotein-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies (1998)

Accumulating evidence indicates that individual members of the phytochrome family of photoreceptors have differential but interactive roles in controlling plant responses to light. To investigate possible cross-regulation of these receptors, we have identified monoclonal antibodies that specifically detect each of the five Arabidopsis phytochromes, phyA to phyE (phytochrome A holoprotein; PHYA, phytochrome A apoprotein; PHYA, phytochrome A gene; phyA, mutant allele of phytochrome A gene), on immunoblots and have used them to analyze the effects of phyA and phyB null mutations on the levels of all five family members. In phyB mutants, but not in phyA mutants, a four- to six-fold reduction in the level of phyC is observed in tissues grown either in the dark or in the light. Coordinate expression of phyB and phyC is induced in the phyB mutant background by the presence of a complementing PHYB transgene. However, in transgenic lines that overexpress phyB 15- to 20-fold, phyC is not similarly overexpressed. In these overexpressor lines, the levels of phyA, phyC, and phyD are increased two- to four-fold over normal in light-grown but not dark-grown seedlings. These observations indicate that molecular mechanisms for coordination or cross-regulation of phytochrome levels are active in Arabidopsis and have implications for the interpretation of phytochrome mutants and overexpressor lines.
Back to the future: dynamic hierarchical clustering (2002)

Describes a new method for dynamically clustering hierarchical data which maintains good clustering within disk pages in the presence of insertions and deletions. This simple but effective method, which we call Enc, encodes the insertion order of children with respect to their parents and concatenates the insertion numbers to form a compact key for the data. This compact key is stored only in the indexing structure and does not affect the logical database schema. Experimental results show that our Enc method is very efficient for hierarchical queries and performs reasonably well for random access queries.
Critical current density in superconducting Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O wires and coils (1990)

The critical current density (Jc) of Ag-clad Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O wire has been measured to be 11900 A cm-2 at 77 K in a zero field. A coil of diameter 35 mm made from the wire had a Jc of 1913 A cm-2 at 77 K over the full length (one metre) of the coil. The high Jc is attributed to a combination of elimination of the poisoning effect of Ag on superconductivity through optimal heat treatment, crystal alignment through cold rolling, and enhancement of flux pinning through chemical doping and processing of high-purity powder by freeze drying. The critical current followed a power law of (1-T/Tc)3/2 in the temperature range near Tc, indicating that the weak link structure acts as a proximity effect junction.
Inhibition of Cell Proliferation by an Anti-EGFR Aptamer (2011)

Aptamers continue to receive interest as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of diseases, including cancer. In order to determine whether aptamers might eventually prove to be as useful as other clinical biopolymers, such as antibodies, we selected aptamers against an important clinical target, human epidermal growth factor receptor (hEGFR). The initial selection yielded only a single clone that could bind to hEGFR, but further mutation and optimization yielded a family of tight-binding aptamers. One of the selected aptamers, E07, bound tightly to the wild-type receptor (K(d) = 2.4 nM). This aptamer can compete with EGF for binding, binds to a novel epitope on EGFR, and also binds a deletion mutant, EGFRvIII, that is commonly found in breast and lung cancers, and especially in grade IV glioblastoma multiforme, a cancer which has for the most part proved unresponsive to current therapies. The aptamer binds to cells expressing EGFR, blocks receptor autophosphorylation, and prevents proliferation of tumor cells in three-dimensional matrices. In short, the aptamer is a promising candidate for further development as an anti-tumor therapeutic. In addition, Aptamer E07 is readily internalized into EGFR-expressing cells, raising the possibility that it might be used to escort other anti-tumor or contrast agents.
Regulatory circuits controlling white versus brown adipocyte differentiation (2006)

Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ that exerts a profound influence on whole-body homoeostasis. Two types of adipose tissue exist in mammals: WAT (white adipose tissue) and BAT (brown adipose tissue). WAT stores energy and is the largest energy reserve in mammals, whereas BAT, expressing UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1), can dissipate energy through adaptive thermogenesis. In rodents, ample evidence supports BAT as an organ counteracting obesity, whereas less is known about the presence and significance of BAT in humans. Despite the different functions of white and brown adipocytes, knowledge of factors differentially influencing the formation of white and brown fat cells is sparse. Here we summarize recent progress in the molecular understanding of white versus brown adipocyte differentiation, including novel insights into transcriptional and signal transduction pathways. Since expression of UCP1 is the hallmark of BAT and a key factor determining energy expenditure, we also review conditions associated with enhanced energy expenditure and UCP1 expression in WAT that may provide information on processes involved in brown adipocyte differentiation.