gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene activation in somatic nuclei after injection into amphibian oocytes. (1977)

Genes that are unexpressed in somatic cells have been activated by injecting cultured cell nuclei of the frog Xenopus laevis into oocytes of the newt Pleurodeles waltlii. The genes that were activated are normally expressed in oocytes but not in cultured cells. Conversely, genes that are normally expressed in cultured cells but not in oocytes became inactive when cultured cell nuclei were injected into oocytes. These changes in gene activity were detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins synthesized by oocytes injected with nuclei. Controls, which included the use of alpha-amanitin, showed that these changes in protein synthesis are dependent on gene transcription. We conclude that genes that become inactive during cell differentiation can be reactivated, in the absence of cell division, by normal components of oocyte cytoplasm.
Structure, Function, and Regulation of the Three β‐Adrenergic Receptors (1995)

Abstract Three β‐adrenergic receptor subtypes are now known to be functionally expressed in mammals. All three belong to the R 7 G family of receptors coupled to G‐proteins, and characterized by an extracellular glycosylated N‐terminal and an intracellular C‐terminal region and seven transmembrane domains, linked by three exta‐ and three intracellular loops. The catecholamine ligand binding domain, studied using affinity‐labeling and site‐directed mutagenesis, is a pocket lined by residues belonging to the transmembrane domains. The region responsible for the interaction with the Gs protein which, when activated, stimulates adenylyl cyclase, is composed of residues belonging to the parts most proximal to the membrane of intracellular loop i 3 and the C‐terminal region. The pharmacology of the three subtypes is quite distinct: in fact most of the potent β 1 /β 2 antagonists (the well known β blockers) act as agonists on β 3 . The subtype is resistant to short‐term desensitization mediated by phosphorylation through PKA or βARK, in stark contrast to the β 1 or β 2 subtypes. Various compounds (dexamethasone, butyrate, insulin) up regulate β 1 or β 1 subtypes while down‐regulating β 3 whose expression strictly correlates with differentiation of 3T3‐F442A fibroblasts into adipocytes, thus confirming that the expression of the three subtypes may each be regulated independently to exert a specific physiologic role in different tissues or at different stages of development.
Increased T Cell Autoreactivity in the Absence of CD40-CD40 Ligand Interactions: A Role of CD40 in Regulatory T Cell Development (2001)

Mutations in the CD40 ligand (CD40L) gene lead to X-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM, which is often associated with autoimmune diseases. To determine the contribution of defective CD40-CD40L interactions to T cell autoreactivity, we reconstituted CD40-CD40L interactions by transferring T cells from CD40-deficient mice to syngenic athymic nude mice and assessed autoimmunity. T cells from CD40-deficient mice triggered autoimmune diseases accompanied with elevations of various autoantibodies, while those from wild-type mice did not. In CD40-deficient mice, the CD25(+) CD45RB(low) CD4(+) subpopulation which regulates T cell autoreactivity was markedly reduced. CD40-deficient APCs failed to induce T regulatory cells 1 producing high levels of an inhibitory cytokine, IL-10 in vitro. Furthermore, autoimmune development was inhibited when T cells from CD40-deficient mice were cotransferred with CD45RB(low) CD4(+) T cells from wild-type mice or with T regulatory cells 1 induced on CD40-expressing APCs. Collectively, our results indicate that CD40-CD40L interactions contribute to negative regulation of T cell autoreactivity and that defective interactions can lead to autoimmunity.
Regrowth of Severed Axons in the Neonatal Central Nervous System: Establishment of Normal Connections (1979)

When pyramidal tract axons are cut in the adult hamster, fibers degenerate in both anterograde and retrograde directions from the lesion. If the same operation is performed on infant hamsters, however, there is massive regrowth of the severed axons via a new brainstem pathway to their appropriate terminal sites in the medulla and spinal cord. In contrast to previous studies, these results suggest that axons in the mammalian central nervous system damaged early in life may regenerate in a functionally useful way.
Inhibition of corneal angiogenesis by local application of vasostatin. (2005)

The present study effectively demonstrated the potential feasibility of local application of VS for treatment of corneal angiogenesis.
Influence of purified recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor in mice. (1993)

The endotoxin-resistant strain of mouse, C3H/Hej, was assessed for hematological responsiveness to multiple injections of high dosages of purified recombinant human macrophage colony stimulating factor (rhu-M-CSF). Mice were administered the rhu M-CSF i.p. at dosages of 40 micrograms per injection, 2 or 3 times per day for 4 days. This resulted in significant increases in circulating leukocytes compared to control mice given sterile pyrogen-free saline. Assessment of the marrow and spleen of these mice on the 5th day noted a significant reduction in the numbers of marrow hematopoietic progenitor cells, with no change in their cycling rates. In contrast, splenic granulocyte-macrophage and erythroid progenitor cell numbers were markedly increased and the cycling rates of these progenitors plus those of multipotential progenitors were significantly enhanced. Marrow and splenic early myeloid cells (blasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes) and macrophages were increased, while marrow and splenic PMN were decreased. The results suggest that multiple injections of high dosages of rhu-M-CSF to previously untreated mice for a short period of time has a modest enhancing effect on blood leukocyte levels. This is associated with a shift of hematopoietic cell activity from the marrow to the spleen.
The efficiency factor (2011)

In theory, technology is great for harnessing the power of information and achieving strong efficiency gains. Stephen Easton asks industry IT experts and providers, who have successfully adopted clinical IT, how they have achieved real improvements to care quality and productivity.
DOC1R: a MAP kinase substrate that control microtubule organization of metaphase II mouse oocytes (2003)

For the success of fertilization, spindles of vertebrate oocytes must remain stable and correctly organized during the arrest in metaphase II of meiosis. Using a two-hybrid screen with MAPK as a bait, we have recently identified MISS (MAPK interacting and spindle stabilizing) which controls mouse oocyte metaphase II spindle stability. Using the same screen, we identify another MAPK partner, DOC1R (Deleted in oral cancer one related), a murine homologue of a potential human tumor suppressor gene. We characterize DOC1R during mouse oocyte meiosis resumption. DOC1R is regulated by phosphorylation during meiotic maturation by MPF (M-phase promoting factor) and by the MOS/./MAPK pathway. DOC1R and a DOC1R-GFP fusion localize to microtubules during meiotic maturation. Consistent with this microtubular localization, we show, by antisense and double-stranded RNA injection, that depletion of DOC1R induces microtubule defects in metaphase II oocytes. These defects are rescued by overexpressing a Xenopus DOC1R, showing that they are specific to DOC1R. Thus, the discovery of DOC1R, a substrate of MAPK that regulates microtubule organization of metaphase II mouse oocytes, reinforces the importance of this pathway in the control of spindle stability during the metaphase II arrest.
The Lack of Evidence for PET or PET/CT Surveillance of Patients with Treated Lymphoma, Colorectal Cancer, and Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review (2013)

There is insufficient evidence to draw conclusions on the clinical impact of PET or PET/CT surveillance for these cancers. The lack of standard definitions for surveillance, heterogeneous scanning protocols, and inconsistencies in reporting test accuracy preclude making an informed judgment on the value of PET for this potential indication.
Nanostructured hybrid materials for bone-tooth unit regeneration (2013)

As a part of regenerative medicine, biomaterials are largely used in this field of nanotechnology and tissue engineering research. We have recently developed a new scaffold using electrospun nanofibers of Poly (ε-caprolactone), PCL which is able to mimic the collagen extracellular matrix of cells. The aim of this study was to engineer a biological and implantable structure leading the regeneration of the tooth-bone unit. For this aim, we have cultured mouse osteoblasts embedded in a collagen gel on the nanofibrous membrane and coupled this structure with an embryonic dental germ before implantation. To follow bone and tooth regeneration, we have performed RT-PCR, histology and immunofluorescence analysis. We showed here that this leaving implantable structure represents an accurate strategy for bone-tooth unit regeneration. We report here the first demonstration of bone-tooth unit regeneration by using a strategy based on a synthetic nanostructured membrane. This electrospun membrane is manufactured by using an FDA approved polymer, PCL and functionalized with osteoblasts before incorporation of the tooth germs at ED14 (the first lower molars) to generate bone-tooth unit in vivo after implantation in mice. Our technology represents an excellent platform on which other sophisticated products could be based.
Transcriptional Activation of the Human Glutathione Peroxidase Promoter by p53 (1999)

Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) is a primary antioxidant enzyme that scavenges hydrogen peroxide or organic hydroperoxides. We have recently found that GPX is induced by etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor and a p53 activator. In a search for a cis-element that confers potential p53 regulation of GPX, we identified a p53 binding site in the promoter of the GPX gene. This site bound to purified p53 as well as p53 in nuclear extract activated by etoposide. A luciferase reporter driven by a 262-base pair GPX promoter fragment was transcriptionally activated by wild type p53 in a p53 binding site-dependent manner. The same reporter was also activated in a p53 binding site-independent manner by several p53 mutants. The p53 binding and transactivation of the GPX promoter were enhanced by etoposide in p53-positive U2-OS cells. Etoposide-induced transactivation was blocked by a dominant negative p53 mutant, indicating that endogenous wild type p53, upon activation by etoposide, transactivated the GPX promoter. Furthermore, expression of endogenous GPX was induced significantly at both mRNA and enzyme activity levels by etoposide in U2-OS cells but not in p53-negative Saos-2 cells. This is the first report demonstrating that GPX is a novel p53 target gene. The finding links the p53 tumor suppressor to an antioxidant enzyme and will facilitate study of the p53 signaling pathway and antioxidant enzyme regulation.
CD8+ T-Cells: Function and Response to HIV Infection (2004)

CD8+ T-cells are a critical component of the cellular immune response and they play an important role in the control of viral infection. During HIV infection, CD8+ T-cells are able to recognize infected cells through an MHC-I dependent process and are able to lyse cells harboring viral infection by the secretion of perforin and granzymes. These cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) can also eliminate virally infected cells through the engagement of death-inducing ligands expressed by CD8+ T-cells with death receptors on the surface of the infected cell. In addition, CD8+ CTL secrete soluble factors such as beta-chemokines and the CD8+ antiviral factor (CAF) that suppress viral binding and transcription, respectively. In order for HIV to survive the pressures placed upon it by the immune system, the virus has adopted numerous strategies to evade the CD8+ T-cell response. The high mutation rate of HIV has allowed the virus to escape CD8+ T-cell recognition in addition to its ability to down-regulate surface MHC-I expression from infected cells. Also, by altering the pattern of cytokine production and engagement of cellular receptors, HIV disrupts proper CD8+ T-cell signaling. The resultant improper T-cell receptor (TcR) stimulation creates an anergic state in these cells. By affecting the function of CD4+ T-cells and antigen presenting cells that are required for proper CD8+ T-cell maturation, HIV is able to decrease the circulating pool of effector and memory CD8+ T-cells that are able to combat viral infection. The end result is the aberration of CD8+ T-cell function.
Doxorubicin-Tethered Responsive Gold Nanoparticles Facilitate Intracellular Drug Delivery for Overcoming Multidrug Resistance in Cancer Cells (2011)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major impediment to the success of cancer chemotherapy. Through the development of a drug delivery system that tethers doxorubicin onto the surface of gold nanoparticles with a poly(ethylene glycol) spacer via an acid-labile linkage (DOX-Hyd@AuNPs), we have demonstrated that multidrug resistance in cancer cells can be significantly overcome by a combination of highly efficient cellular entry and a responsive intracellular release of doxorubicin from the gold nanoparticles in acidic organelles. DOX-Hyd@AuNPs achieved enhanced drug accumulation and retention in multidrug resistant MCF-7/ADR cancer cells when it was compared with free doxorubicin. It released doxorubicin in response to the pH of acidic organelles following endocytosis, opposite to the noneffective drug release from doxorubicin-tethered gold nanoparticles via the carbamate linkage (DOX-Cbm@AuNPs), which was shown by the recovered fluorescence of doxorubicin from quenching due to the nanosurface energy transfer between the doxorubicinyl groups and the gold nanoparticles. DOX-Hyd@AuNPs therefore significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and induced elevated apoptosis of MCF-7/ADR cancer cells. With a combined therapeutic potential and ability to probe drug release, DOX-Hyd@AuNPs represent a model with dual roles in overcoming MDR in cancer cells and probing the intracellular release of drug from its delivery system.
Identification of Novel Protein Biomarkers of Preterm Birth in Human Cervical−Vaginal Fluid (2007)

Spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) is a major contributor to perinatal morbidity and mortality. However, the diagnosis of preterm labor (PTL) that leads to preterm birth is difficult, and there is a pressing need for improved diagnosis. We utilized multidimensional liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC-MS/MS; MudPIT) and Fluorescence two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to identify potential biomarkers of PTL and SPTB. MudPIT analysis identified 205 proteins in cervical-vaginal fluid (CVF), 28 of which exhibited significant differences in pairwise and progressive comparisons. Calgranulins, annexins, S100 calcium-binding protein A7, and epidermal fatty acid binding protein were abundant in CVF and differentially present in PTL and SPTB samples, as were the serum proteins alpha-1-antitrypsin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, haptoglobin, serotransferrin, and vitamin D binding protein. 2D-DIGE identified 17 proteins that were significantly differentially present in PTL and SPTB. Immunoblotting with specific antibodies confirmed the differences and trends of selected markers. Further characterization and quantification of these markers in a larger cohort of subjects may provide the basis for new tests for the early, noninvasive positive prediction of SPTB.
Computing the aspect graph for line drawings of polyhedral objects (2003)

J.J. Koenderink and A.J. van Doorn (1979) introduced aspect graphs as a way of representing 3-D shape for object recognition. The set of viewpoints on the Gaussian sphere is partitioned into regions such that in each region, the qualitative structure of the line drawing remains the same. The viewing data of an object are the partition of the Gaussian sphere and representative line drawings for each region of the partition. An algorithm is presented for computing the viewing data of polyhedral objects. A full catalog of the visual events that occur for polyhedral objects is provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Trajectory parsing by cluster sampling in spatio-temporal graph (2009)

The objective of this paper is to parse object trajectories in surveillance video against occlusion, interruption, and background clutter. We present a spatio-temporal graph (ST-Graph) representation and a cluster sampling algorithm via deferred inference. An object trajectory in the ST-Graph is represented by a bundle of “motion primitives”, each of which consists of a small number of matched features (interesting patches) generated by adaptive feature pursuit and a tracking process. Each motion primitive is a graph vertex and has six bonds connecting to neighboring vertices. Based on the ST-Graph, we jointly solve three tasks: 1)spatial segmentation; 2)temporal correspondence and 3)object recognition, by flipping the labels of the motion primitives. We also adapt the scene geometric and statistical information as strong prior. Then the inference computation is formulated in a Markov Chain and solved by an efficient cluster sampling. We apply the proposed approach to various challenging videos from a number of public datasets and show it outperform other state of the art methods.
Robotic hands with rheological surfaces (2005)

The purpose of this paper is to analyze, in some depth, the processes involved in the manipulation of solid objects using robotic hands. Such an analysis has implications for design, control, and motion planning. We make a case for the use of finger surfaces which have a distributed compliance and show how such surfaces may be realized by fluid filled pods. The arguments given are based on an analysis of the complexity of the kinematic programming problem, an enumeration of the number of independent feedback control channels necessary for achieving a firm grasp and an examination of frictional forces. We emphasize the necessity of dealing with models which lead to well-posed problems throughout the grasping process and point out some of the ways that earlier models lead to ambiguous situations.
Service creation, INAP and basic network interworking-what is their relationship concerning competitive services? (2002)

The available versions of the IN application protocol were specified by standardisation bodies to a large extend without explicit consideration of service creation aspects due to the restricted scope of the related IN capability sets. So CS1 does not comprise service creation and furthermore it does not consider the SMF at all. The activities concerning service creation and service management in the scope of CS2/CS3 work seem to be carried out a little bit independent on the 'lower' layer of the IN architecture, i.e. the underlying network. It is obvious from the perspective of real IN systems that service creation is heavily impacted by the available capabilities of the socket to the underlying network, i.e. the INAP, because the created services have to run using that INAP platform. There is no way to create services which exceed the capabilities of the underlying INAP. Comprehensive studies of the interworking between IN and the underlying network already identified capabilities, which are to be provided by the network. Especially for competitive services, which will exceed the capabilities of the currently standardised INAP platform, additional requirements apply to the capabilities of the underlying network. This paper discusses example service features to identify some of the network requirements.
Scintillation-proximity assay of antigen-antibody binding kinetics: concise communication. (1979)

Tritiated latex particles and scintillant latex particles have been covalently coated with an antigen (human albumin) and both types of particles are than combined in dilute aqueous suspensions. The formation of antibody-induced dimer and higher-order aggregation resulted in scintillations that could be measured in a standard liquid-scintillation counter, energy-gated for H-3. Rabbit anti-human antiserum was easily detected at a titer of 1:10(6). Human albumin, in the inhibition mode, was also easily detected at 0.1 ng/ml. Since the samples are nondestructively assased, it was possible to examine the kinetics of aggregation under a variety of conditions.
Novel Sulfonamide Derivatives as Inhibitors of Histone Deacetylase (2005)

Abstract Inhibition of the enzyme histone deacetylase (HDAC) is emerging as a novel approach to the treatment of cancer. A series of novel sulfonamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit human HDAC. Compounds were identified which are potent enzyme inhibitors, with IC 50 values in the low nanomolar range against enzyme obtained from HeLa cell extracts, and with antiproliferative effects in cell culture. Extensive characterization of the structure–activity relationships of this series identified key requirements for activity. These include the direction of the sulfonamide bond and substitution patterns on the central phenyl ring. The alkyl spacer between the aromatic head group and the sulfonamide functionality also influenced the HDAC inhibitory activity. One of these compounds, m 11.1 , also designated PXD101, has entered clinical trials for solid tumors and haematological malignancies.
Staging during anion-exchange intercalation into [LiAl2(OH)6]Cl·yH2O: structural and mechanistic insights (2007)

A series of experiments has been performed to seek more insight into the staging process that occurs during anion-exchange intercalation of some organic carboxylates and phosphonates into the layered double hydroxide [LiAl2(OH)6]Cl.yH2O. High resolution transmission electron microscopy has been employed to gain additional insight into the second-stage intermediates, providing strong evidence that the Rüdorff model of staging is applicable. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used to study the very early stages of the intercalation of succinate into [LiAl2(OH)6]Cl.yH2O: it was observed that the only species present during the reaction were the host, a second-stage intermediate and the first-stage product. The influence of temperature and solvent on the reaction mechanism was investigated. Staging was observed only at low temperatures (T<60 degrees C), and found to be confined largely to aqueous systems. Reactions performed in a 95:5 (v/v) mixture of water and a second non-aqueous solvent such as ethanol, acetone, THF or formamide proceeded via a second-stage intermediate, whereas for those undertaken in 50:50 (v/v) mixtures a direct transformation from host to product was usually observed.
Credit-based flow control for ATM networks (1994)

This paper presents three new results concerning credit-based flow control for ATM networks: (1) a simple and robust credit update protocol (CUP) suited for relatively inexpensive hardware/software implementation; (2) automatic adaptation of credit buffer allocation for virtual circuits (VCs) sharing the same buffer pool; (3) use of credit-based flow control to improve the effectiveness of statistical multiplexing in minimizing switch memory. These results have been substantiated by analysis, simulation and implementation.