gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Specific Mechanism of Activation of Human Plasminogen to Plasmin (1967)

Abstract The activation of human plasminogen in a 25% glycerol medium was carried out with low molar ratios of urokinase, streptokinase, trypsin, and pig heart activator. Starch gel electrophoresis in 8 m urea at pH 3.2 showed that each of the four plasmins possessed the same electrophoretic mobility. Upon reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol in 8 m urea, each plasmin was found to contain two major, electrophoretically unique components. Determination of the aminoterminal and the carboxyl-terminal amino acid residues of these plasmins indicated, in accordance with our previous studies, that the activation of human plasminogen proceeds primarily through the cleavage of a single arginyl-valine bond. Each of the plasmins contains two polypeptide chains connected by a disulfide bond.
Inosamycin, a complex of new aminoglycoside antibiotics. I. Production, isolation and properties. (1985)

A strain of Streptomyces hygroscopicus No. J296-21 (ATCC 39150) was found to produce a complex of new antibiotics, called inosamycins, which consisted of components A, B, C, D and E. They are novel aminocyclitol antibiotics structurally related to neomycin, paromomycin and ribostamycin. The antibiotic complex and each component of inosamycin exhibit a broad antibacterial spectrum but they are inactive against most of the aminoglycoside-resistant organisms. The antibacterial activity of inosamycin A, the major component of the complex, is comparable to that of neomycin but its acute toxicity is significantly lower (ca. 1/3) than that of neomycin.
Overexpression of the Ras-related TC21/R-Ras2 protein may contribute to the development of human breast cancers. (1996)

Although experimental studies suggest that aberrant Ras function can promote the malignant progression of human breast epithelial cells, the occurrence of mutated ras genes in breast tumors is infrequent. One possible explanation for this apparent paradox is that aberrant function of the Ras-related protein TC21/R-Ras2, which causes malignant transformation of NIH 3T3 cells via upregulation of the Ras signal transduction pathway, may contribute to breast tumor development in the absence of Ras mutations. To address this possibility, we utilized two complementary approaches. First, we determined that aberrant TC21 function caused transformation of the MCF-10A human breast epithelial cell line. TC21-transformed MCF-10A cells exhibited altered cellular morphology associated with a disruption of cell-cell adherens junctions, formed colonies in soft agar, and showed enhanced motility in vitro. These alterations were similar to, but more dramatic than, those observed with oncogenic Ras-transformed MCF-10A cells. Furthermore, overexpression of normal TC21, but not Ras, also caused transformation of these cells. Second, we observed that TC21 protein expression was greatly elevated in 7 of 9 breast tumor lines when compared to untransformed MCF-10A cells. Taken together, these results support the possibility that overexpression of TC21 may contribute to aberrant growth properties of breast carcinoma cells.
Ambiguity Of Doppler Centroid In Synthetic-Aperture Radar (1991)

Paper discusses performances of two algorithms for resolution of ambiguity in estimated Doppler centroid frequency of echoes in synthetic-aperture radar. One based on range-cross-correlation technique, other based on multiple-pulse-repetition-frequency technique.
Indexing in video databases (1995)

A video database provides content based access to video. This is achieved by organizing or indexing video data based on some set of features. This paper defines the problem of video indexing based on video data models. The procedure required to index video data is outlined. The use of semi-automatic techniques to speed up the indexing processes are explored. These techniques use image motion features to aid in the indexing process. The techniques developed have been applied to video data from cable television feed.
Evolutionary genomics reveals conserved structural determinants of signaling and adaptation in microbial chemoreceptors (2007)

As an important model for transmembrane signaling, methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs) have been extensively studied by using genetic, biochemical, and structural techniques. However, details of the molecular mechanism of signaling are still not well understood. The availability of genomic information for hundreds of species enables the identification of features in protein sequences that are conserved over long evolutionary distances and thus are critically important for function. We carried out a large-scale comparative genomic analysis of the MCP signaling and adaptation domain family and identified features that appear to be critical for receptor structure and function. Based on domain length and sequence conservation, we identified seven major MCP classes and three distinct structural regions within the cytoplasmic domain: signaling, methylation, and flexible bundle subdomains. The flexible bundle subdomain, not previously recognized in MCPs, is a conserved element that appears to be important for signal transduction. Remarkably, the N- and C-terminal helical arms of the cytoplasmic domain maintain symmetry in length and register despite dramatic variation, from 24 to 64 7-aa heptads in overall domain length. Loss of symmetry is observed in some MCPs, where it is concomitant with specific changes in the sensory module. Each major MCP class has a distinct pattern of predicted methylation sites that is well supported by experimental data. Our findings indicate that signaling and adaptation functions within the MCP cytoplasmic domain are tightly coupled, and that their coevolution has contributed to the significant diversity in chemotaxis mechanisms among different organisms.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in human hindmilk are stable throughout 12-months of lactation and provide a sustained intake to the infant during exclusive breastfeeding: an Italian study (2000)

While a wealth of data on the fatty acid composition of mature human milk has been published, limited information is available on the quantities of individual fatty acids supplied to the suckling infant with maternal milk, through the whole first year of life. Our aim was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the fatty acid composition of human milk from Italian mothers, throughout extended lactation with particular emphasis on the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. We have thus measured the total fat content and the concentrations of major fatty acids by quantitative GLC in pooled breast hindmilk collected from all feedings over 24 h at colostrum, 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months in ten mothers recruited after delivery of full-term infants. Total saturated fatty acids progressively increase and total monounsaturated progressively decrease as percentage levels, while among long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, percentages of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decrease from colostrum up to the third month. Hindmilk total lipids (mg/dl) rise more than twofold up to 3 months, and then remain stable. The amounts (mg/dl) of linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid progressively increase, following the trend of total fat, while arachidonic and docosahexaenoic concentrations (mg/dl) remain stable throughout the whole nursing period. Assessment of the intakes per kg body weight shows different trends for the individual major long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplied to the infant from hindmilk during exclusive breast-feeding (3 months). This information may be useful for the evaluation of infant intakes during extended lactation.
1,2-O-isopropylidene furanoses as chiral precursors for α-methylene-γ-butyrolactones (1980)

T. F. Tam and B. Fraser-Reid, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1980, 556 DOI: 10.1039/C39800000556
Site-directed mutagenesis defines the individual roles of the glycosylation sites on follicle-stimulating hormone. (1994)

To determine the specific role of each follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) oligosaccharide, we mutated Asn to Gln at each glycosylation site (alpha Gln52, alpha Gln78, alpha Gln52-78, beta Gln7, beta Gln24, and beta Gln7-24) to selectively inhibit oligosaccharide attachment. For wild-type and mutant FSH, we determined the binding affinity to homogenized rat Sertoli cells and the signal-transducing activity in cultured rat granulosa cells. The binding affinity of FSH lacking any one of the oligosaccharides was increased over wild-type FSH, while the signal-transducing activity of FSH lacking the oligosaccharide at alpha Asn52 (alpha Gln52 FSH) was markedly reduced, and that of FSH lacking either beta oligosaccharide (beta Gln7 and beta Gln24 FSH) was slightly reduced. At each FSH beta glycosylation site, we made a second amino acid substitution to inhibit glycosylation (beta Tyr9 and beta Tyr26) and an amino acid substitution that preserved glycosylation (beta Ser9 and beta Ser26). The amino acid sequence of the second beta subunit glycosylation site was important for signal transduction, regardless of the presence or absence of the oligosaccharide. Thus, while each FSH oligosaccharide has a similar impact on binding affinity, the alpha 52 oligosaccharide has a disproportionate role in signal transduction, and the amino acid sequence at beta Asn24 functions in both binding and signal transduction.
Review of large‐scale explosion experiments (1992)

Abstract The content and bounds of this paper must be understood in the context of the workshop as a whole and of the specific mandate the author was given. The other presentation topics were: “Effect of Turbulence and Confinement”, “Detonations in Vapor Clouds and Explosion Mitigation”, “Application of Blast Estimation Techniques”, “Characteristics of Blast Effects” and “Overview of Analytical and Numerical Computational Methods for Predicting Blast Effects from Vapor Cloud Explosions”. The author's specific mandate was to review the key experiments, to identify their principal findings and conclusions and to discuss applicability to real world situations.
Particle swarm optimization: developments, applications and resources (2001)

This paper focuses on the engineering and computer science aspects of developments, applications, and resources related to particle swarm optimization. Developments in the particle swarm algorithm since its origin in 1995 are reviewed. Included are brief discussions of constriction factors, inertia weights, and tracking dynamic systems. Applications, both those already developed, and promising future application areas, are reviewed. Finally, resources related to particle swarm optimization are listed, including books, Web sites, and software. A particle swarm optimization bibliography is at the end of the paper.
Training a Feedback Loop for Hand Pose Estimation (2015)

We propose an entirely data-driven approach to estimating the 3D pose of a hand given a depth image. We show that we can correct the mistakes made by a Convolutional Neural Network trained to predict an estimate of the 3D pose by using a feedback loop. The components of this feedback loop are also Deep Networks, optimized using training data. They remove the need for fitting a 3D model to the input data, which requires both a carefully designed fitting function and algorithm. We show that our approach outperforms state-of-the-art methods, and is efficient as our implementation runs at over 400 fps on a single GPU.
Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. (1989)

Vascular permeability factor (VPF) is an Mr 40-kD protein that has been purified from the conditioned medium of guinea pig line 10 tumor cells grown in vitro, and increases fluid permeability from blood vessels when injected intradermally. Addition of VPF to cultures of vascular endothelial cells in vitro unexpectedly stimulated cellular proliferation. VPF promoted the growth of new blood vessels when administered into healing rabbit bone grafts or rat corneas. The identity of the growth factor activity with VPF was established in four ways: (a) the molecular weight of the activity in preparative SDS-PAGE was the same as VPF (Mr approximately 40 kD); (b) multiple isoforms (pI greater than or equal to 8) for both VPF and the growth-promoting activity were observed; (c) a single, unique NH2-terminal amino acid sequence was obtained; (d) both growth factor and permeability-enhancing activities were immunoadsorbed using antipeptide IgG that recognized the amino terminus of VPF. Furthermore, 125I-VPF was shown to bind specifically and with high affinity to endothelial cells in vitro and could be chemically cross-linked to a high-molecular weight cell surface receptor, thus demonstrating a mechanism whereby VPF can interact directly with endothelial cells. Unlike other endothelial cell growth factors, VPF did not stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation or promote growth of other cell types including mouse 3T3 fibroblasts or bovine smooth muscle cells. VPF, therefore, appears to be unique in its ability to specifically promote increased vascular permeability, endothelial cell growth, and angio-genesis.
An image-directed robotic system for hip replacemetn surgery. (1990)

We have developed an image-directed robotic system to augment the performance of human surgeons in precise bone machining procedures in orthopaedic surgery, initially targeted at cementless total hip replacement surgery. The total system consists of an interactive CT-based presurgical planning component and a surgical system consisting of a robot, redundant motion monitoring, and manmachine interface components. In-vitro experiments conducted with this system have demonstrated an order-of-magnitude improvement in implant fit and placement accuracy, compared to standard manual preparation techniques. A clinical trial on dogs needing hip replacements has begun.
Plasma Surface Engineering of Plastics (1994)

Abstract This article provides an overview of plasma surface treatments for plastics. It covers the equipment and methods used in plasma processing, providing detailed explanations of the plasma discharge reactions and how they affect surface state and topography. It also provides information on contamination removal, plasma surface modification, plasma-induced grafting, and plasma film deposition.
Channel routing of multiterminal nets (1994)

This paper presents new upper bounds for channel routing of multiterminal nets, which answers the long-standing open question whether or not multiterminal problems really require channels two times wider than 2-terminal problems. We transform any multiterminal problem of density d into a so-called extended simple channel routing problem (ESCRP) of density 3d /2 + O√ d log d) . We then descibe routing algorithms for solving ESCRPs in three different models. The channel width w is ≤ 3d/2 +O(√d log d) in the knock-knee and unit-vertical-overlap models, and w ≤ 3d/2 + O√d log d) + O(ƒ) in the Manhattan model, where f is the flux of the problem. In all three cases, we improve the best-known upper bounds.
[Substrate specificity of T4 RNA-ligase. The effect of the nucleotide composition of substrates and the size of phosphate donor on the effectiveness of intermolecular ligation]. (1989)

Nucleoside 2' (3'),5'-diphosphates, dinucleotides pApA, pApC, pApU, pGpC, pCpC, pUpU (phosphate donors), and trinucleoside diphosphates, such as NpCpC, NpCpU, NpUpC, NpUpU and GpApN (N = U, C, A or G; phosphate acceptors) were used to study the substrate specificity of T4 RNA ligase. Relative efficiency of the mono- and dinucleotide donors depends on the 5'-terminal nucleoside moiety of the dinucleotide: upon ligation with the minimal phosphate acceptor GpUpC, dinucleotides pApA, pApC, and pApU are more effective than nucleotide diphosphate pAp; pGpC is more effective than pGp; efficiencies of pCpC and pCp are almost identical, and efficiency of pUpU is slightly lower than that of pUp. In relative efficiency, dinucleotide donors, varying only in 5'-terminal unit, do not correspond to mononucleotides: pApC greater than pCpC greater than pGpC and pCp greater than pUp approximately pAp much greater than pGp. The effects observed for homooligomeric substrates cannot be extra-polated on heterooligomers.
Evidence that the newly cloned low‐density‐lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) is the α2‐macroglobulin receptor (1990)

The human placental receptor (alpha 2MR) for alpha 2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes contains 3 polypeptides of approx. 500 kDa, 85 kDa, and 40 kDa. N-terminal sequence analysis of the 500 kDa and 85 kDa polypeptides, analysis of a random selection of peptides convering 536 residues from these polypeptides, and analysis of a 1772 bp cDNA encoding part of the 500 kDa polypeptide provide evidence that the 500 kDa and 85 kDa chains are the alpha- and beta-subunits, respectively, of a recently cloned hepatic membrane protein, termed the low density lipoprotein receptor related protein (LRP) (Herz, J., Hamann, U., Rogne, S., Myklebost, O., Gausepohl, H. and Stanley, K.K. (1988) EMBO J. 7, 4119-4127; Herz, J., Kowal, R.C., Goldstein, J.L. and Brown, M.S. (1990) EMBO J. 9, 1769-1776). N-terminal sequence analysis of the 40 kDa polypeptide shows that it is of distinct genetic origin. It is suggested that LRP is the functional receptor for alpha 2-macroglobulin-proteinase complexes (alpha 2MR) and in addition may have as yet unsettled functions in lipoprotein metabolism.
Cytokine Pathways and Joint Inflammation in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2001)

Rheumatoid arthritis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive arthropathy that cannot be cured and that has substantial personal, social, and economic costs. The long-term prognosis is poor: 80 percent of affected patients are disabled after 20 years,1 and life expectancy is reduced by an average of 3 to 18 years.2 The medical cost of rheumatoid arthritis averages $5,919 per case per year in the United States3 and approximately £2,600 per case per year in the United Kingdom.4 Current slow-acting antirheumatic drugs have limited efficacy and many side effects. Moreover, they do not improve the long-term prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis. . . .
Expression of neu protein, epidermal growth factor receptor, and transforming growth factor alpha in breast cancer. Correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. (1991)

The major objectives of this study were twofold: to determine 1) if growth factors or growth factor receptors were expressed similarly or differently in a clinically well-characterized group of breast cancer patients and 2) if these phenotypic characteristics were associated with any of the commonly used prognostic parameters. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissue from 51 node-positive breast cancer patients were analyzed for the expression of neu, epidermal growth factor-receptor (EGF-R), and transforming growth factor alpha (TGF alpha) using immunoperoxidase staining. Positive membranous staining for neu was observed in 15 (29%) tumors. Over-expression of neu was observed in high-grade, estrogen-receptor-negative tumors (P less than 0.05). Epidermal growth factor receptor was expressed in 22 (43%) of the tumors analyzed and found to a greater degree in estrogen-receptor-negative and high-grade tumors (P less than 0.025). A significant correlation between neu and EGF-R expression was also noted. Tumors expressing membranous staining of neu had a greater than 70% chance of expressing EGF-R (P less than 0.01). Expression of TGF alpha was found in 68% of tumors and TGF alpha was detected in grade 1 and 2 tumor to a greater degree than EGF-R. The authors conclude that assaying tumors for these antigens may give additional phenotypic characteristics that can give further insight into the biology of breast cancer.
Filefish‐Inspired Surface Design for Anisotropic Underwater Oleophobicity (2013)

Surfaces with anisotropic wettability, widely found in nature, have inspired the development of one‐dimensional water control on surfaces relying on the well‐arranged surface features. Controlling the wetting behavior of organic liquids, especially the motion of oil fluid on surfaces, is of great importance for a broad range of applications including oil transportation, oil‐repellent coatings, and water/oil separation. However, anisotropic oil‐wetting surfaces remain unexplored. Here, the unique skin of a filefish Navodon septentrionalis shows anisotropic oleophobicity under water. On the rough skin of N. septentrionalis , oil droplets tend to roll off in a head‐to‐tail direction, but pin in the opposite direction. This pronounced wetting anisotropy results from the oriented hook‐like spines arrayed on the fish skin. It inspires further exploration of the artificial anisotropic underwater oleophobic surfaces: By mimicking the oriented hook‐like microstructure on a polydimethylsiloxane layer via soft lithography and subsequent oxygen‐plasma treatment to make the PDMS hydrophilic, artificial fish skin is fabricated which has similar anisotropic underwater oleophobicity. Drawn from the processing of artificial fish skin, a simple principle is proposed to achieve anisotropic underwater oleophobicity by adjusting the hydrophilicity of surface composition and the anisotropic microtextures. This principle can guide the simple mass manufacturing of various inexpensive high surface‐energy materials, and the principle is demonstrated on commercial cloth corduroy. This study will profit broad applications involving low‐energy, low‐expense oil transportation, underwater oil collection, and oil‐repellant coatings on ship hulls and oil pipelines.
Noninvasive Prenatal Determination of Twin Zygosity by Maternal Plasma DNA Analysis (2012)

Noninvasive prenatal determination of twin zygosity by maternal plasma DNA sequencing is feasible. It is also possible to determine the relative fractional fetal DNA concentrations for each fetus for dizygotic twin pregnancies.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues—A Review (2006)

Abstract Fluorescence of the skin, enamel, dentin, and bone are reviewed. Fluorescence spectroscopy is one of the noninvasive methods that can identify diseases and promote increasing the knowledge in medical diagnosis. The microstructure and composition of biological tissues are presented, followed by a description of chromophores, fluorophores as identified by use of applied fluorescence techniques.
Nuclear Receptors and Lipid Physiology: Opening the X-Files (2001)

Cholesterol, fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, and other lipids present in our diets are not only nutritionally important but serve as precursors for ligands that bind to receptors in the nucleus. To become biologically active, these lipids must first be absorbed by the intestine and transformed by metabolic enzymes before they are delivered to their sites of action in the body. Ultimately, the lipids must be eliminated to maintain a normal physiological state. The need to coordinate this entire lipid-based metabolic signaling cascade raises important questions regarding the mechanisms that govern these pathways. Specifically, what is the nature of communication between these bioactive lipids and their receptors, binding proteins, transporters, and metabolizing enzymes that links them physiologically and speaks to a higher level of metabolic control? Some general principles that govern the actions of this class of bioactive lipids and their nuclear receptors are considered here, and the scheme that emerges reveals a complex molecular script at work.
PALLADIUM POLYPYRAZOLYLBORATE COMPLEXES CONTAINING A Pd–C BOND (1976)

Abstract (N,N-Dimethylbenzylamine,2-C,N)(BPz4)Pd(II) (Pz=1-pyrazolyl), (2-phenylpyridine,2′-C,N)(BPz4)Pd(II), (azobenzene,2-C,N)(BPz4)Pd(II), [benzo(h)quinoline,2-C,N](BPz4)Pd(II), and (N,N-dimethylbenzylamine, 2-C,N)(HBPz3)Pd(II) were prepared. Pyrazolyl groups of these complexes were found to show a fluxional behavior on the basis of 1H-NMR spectra.