gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic actuated interference filters as optical switches for projection display applications (2004)

Optical elements for modulating light based on switchable interference filters are described. Such types of elements could be designed for use in reflection and, unlike micro mirrors, in transmission as well, which often simplifies the design of optical systems. Switching elements based on LPCVD silicon nitride membranes were developed for use in reflection. The switches show optimum performance around the wavelength they are designed for. Efficiencies (fractions of the incident light that is passing the switch) of bout 70% were measured for the design wavelength. First samples for use in trans-mission have been manufactured on quartz substrates.
Noncovalent interactions of peptides with porphyrins in aqueous solution: Conformational study using vibrational CD spectroscopy (2001)

Noncovalent interactions of poly(L-lysine) (PL), oligopeptides L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine and (L-lysyl-L-alanyl-L-alanine)2 with meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS), and poly(L-glutamic acid) (PLGA) with meso-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphine tetra-p-tosylate (TMPyP) in aqueous solutions have been studied using combination of spectroscopic methods: Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy in the mid-infrared region provides a direct information on conformational changes of the polypeptides and oligopeptides caused by interactions with porphyrins; ultraviolet-visible absorption, fluorescence, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) reveal the aggregation characterization of the porphyrin part of the complexes. Interactions of TPPS with tripeptide, hexapeptide, and PL containing about ten amino acid residues in the molecular chain are accompanied with the changes of VCD patterns in the amide I′ region. In these cases, the conformation of the oligopeptide part of complexes is obviously influenced by interactions with TPPS and partial changes of random coil structure are observed in VCD. When PL was composed of the hundreds of lysine residues, just a weak intensity decrease was detected and the shape of VCD spectrum typical for the random coil structure was preserved. As follows from the uv-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, porphyrin molecules are attached to peptides by electrostatic interaction as a monomer or dimer and interaction between porphyrin and peptide depends on the polypeptide chain length. For the PLGA-TMPyP system with PLGA containing from tens to hundreds of glutamic acid residues in the chain, the VCD spectra were unchanged when TMPyP was presented in the aqueous solution of PLGA and random coil conformation of PLGA-TMPyP aggregates was preserved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 60: 307–316, 2001
Change in the frequency of apoptosis after low- and high-dose X-irradiation of human lymphocytes (1992)

The purpose of the present study was to correlate the type and frequency of cell death in human lymphocytes receiving variable doses of X-irradiation. Monocyte-depleted lymphocyte fractions were exposed in vitro to variable doses of X-rays of 0-20 Gy (0-2000 rads) and incubated for 4 and 16 h. An assessment of the mode of cell death (apoptosis vs. classical necrosis) was carefully evaluated using a multidisciplinary approach using light, fluorescence and electron microscopy (EM), and dye exclusion assays. Eosin Y exclusion assays indicated the absence of classical necrosis occurring in short-term cultures (4 h postirradiation). An assessment of cell counts, however, revealed a mean decrease of 4% at 0 Gy and 13% at 10-20 Gy (1000-2000 rads). The predominant mode of cell death was apoptosis, but the percent apoptotic cells (determined by EM) did not parallel this increase in cell loss with increasing radiation and actually decreased at doses above 5 Gy (500 rads). The discrepancy between percent cell loss and percent apoptosis was explained by a proposed change in overall duration of the apoptotic process. In long-term cultures (16 h postirradiation), a combination of classical necrosis, classical apoptosis, and combined apoptosis and necrosis (secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells) was apparent and was associated with a marked decrease in viability. Irradiation effects on lymphocytes showing none of the morphologic features of apoptosis or classical necrosis in short-term culture were evidenced by an increase in nuclear lobation. The results of this study indicate that the vast majority of peripheral blood lymphocytes are radioresistant. The use of irradiation in an in vitro model to study the biochemical events of the apoptotic process is also evaluated.
High-throughput preparation methods of crude extract for robust cell-free protein synthesis (2015)

Crude extract based cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) has emerged as a powerful technology platform for high-throughput protein production and genetic part characterization. Unfortunately, robust preparation of highly active extracts generally requires specialized and costly equipment and can be labor and time intensive. Moreover, cell lysis procedures can be hard to standardize, leading to different extract performance across laboratories. These challenges limit new entrants to the field and new applications, such as comprehensive genome engineering programs to improve extract performance. To address these challenges, we developed a generalizable and easily accessible high-throughput crude extract preparation method for CFPS based on sonication. To validate our approach, we investigated two Escherichia coli strains: BL21 Star™ (DE3) and a K12 MG1655 variant, achieving similar productivity (defined as CFPS yield in g/L) by varying only a few parameters. In addition, we observed identical productivity of cell extracts generated from culture volumes spanning three orders of magnitude (10 mL culture tubes to 10 L fermentation). We anticipate that our rapid and robust extract preparation method will speed-up screening of genomically engineered strains for CFPS applications, make possible highly active extracts from non-model organisms, and promote a more general use of CFPS in synthetic biology and biotechnology.
Identification of New Antigenic Peptide Presented by HLA-Cw7 and Encoded by Several MAGE Genes Using Dendritic Cells Transduced with Lentiviruses (2004)

Antigens encoded by MAGE genes are of particular interest for cancer immunotherapy because they are tumor specific and shared by tumors of different histological types. Several clinical trials are in progress with MAGE peptides, proteins, recombinant poxviruses, and dendritic cells (DC) pulsed with peptides or proteins. The use of gene-modified DC would offer the major advantage of a long-lasting expression of the transgene and a large array of antigenic peptides that fit into the different HLA molecules of the patient. In this study, we tested the ability of gene-modified DC to prime rare Ag-specific T cells, and we identified a new antigenic peptide of clinical interest. CD8(+) T lymphocytes from an individual without cancer were stimulated with monocyte-derived DC, which were infected with a second-generation lentiviral vector encoding MAGE-3. A CTL clone was isolated that recognized peptide EGDCAPEEK presented by HLA-Cw7 molecules, which are expressed by >40% of Caucasians. Interestingly, this new tumor-specific antigenic peptide corresponds to position 212-220 of MAGE-2, -3, -6, and -12. HLA-Cw7 tumor cell lines expressing one of these MAGE genes were lysed by the CTL, indicating that the peptide is efficiently processed in tumor cells and can therefore be used as target for antitumoral vaccination. The risk of tumor escape due to appearance of Ag-loss variants should be reduced by the fact that the peptide is encoded by several MAGE genes.
Nitazoxanide, a Potential Drug for Eradication of Helicobacter pylori with No Cross-Resistance to Metronidazole (1998)

Nitazoxanide, a thiazolide compound, and its desacetyl derivative, tizoxanide, have antimicrobial properties against anaerobic bacteria, as well as against helminths and protozoa. Because the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection may be jeopardized by metronidazole resistance, nitazoxanide and tizoxanide were tested in vitro against these bacteria. The MICs of these two compounds were determined by agar dilution and were compared to those of metronidazole. Exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of nitazoxanide was also carried out by the method of Szybalski (W. Szybalski and V. Bryson, J. Bacteriol. 64:489-499, 1952). The MICs of nitazoxanide and tizoxanide for 103 strains ranged from 0.25 to 8 microg/ml, with the MIC at which 50% of strains are inhibited (MIC50) being 1 microg/ml and the MIC90 being 4 microg/ml, and no resistant strain was detected, whereas strains resistant to metronidazole were detected. When 10 strains were successively subcultured on medium containing nitazoxanide, no significant change in the MICs of this compound was observed. A pilot study of nitazoxanide for the treatment of H. pylori infection was carried out with 86 patients in association with 20 mg of omeprazole. An eradication rate of 83% (95% confidence interval, 64% to 94%) was obtained in a per-protocol analysis in the group receiving 1 g of nitazoxanide orally twice daily, and a few side effects were observed. The failures could not be explained by the selection of resistant strains since the MICs of nitazoxanide were similar for six pairs of isolates (proven to be the same strain by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis in four cases) cultured before and after the treatment failure. Nitazoxanide exhibits good antimicrobial activity against H. pylori without the problem of acquired resistance which is encountered with metronidazole and has been demonstrated to have a satisfactory effect in a dose-ranging pilot study. It is therefore a good candidate to be included in treatment regimens aimed at the eradication of H. pylori.
EXPRESSION AND ACTIVATION OF THE BMP-SIGNALING COMPONENTS IN HUMAN FRACTURE NONUNIONS (2002)

The immunohistochemical localization of all seven BMP-signaling components was demonstrated in seventeen (81%) of the twenty-one patients. The remaining four patients lacked one or more of the components. Areas of newly formed bone had the highest percentage of positively staining cells, with the staining generally decreasing in areas remote from bone formation. However, even in areas of dense fibrous tissue and in specimens that lacked newly formed bone, immunostaining was still present. The staining patterns showed co-localization of the BMP-2, BMP-4, and BMP-7 proteins with the BMP receptors. The presence of pSmad1 signified the activated state of the BMP receptors, which implies that the BMP signal is transduced inside the cell.
Improved Surface Chemistries, Thin Film Deposition Techniques, and Stamp Designs for Nanotransfer Printing (2004)

Nanotransfer printing represents an additive approach for patterning thin layers of solid materials with nanometer resolution. The surface chemistries, thin film deposition techniques, and stamp designs are all important for the proper operation of this method. This paper presents some details concerning processing procedures and other considerations needed for patterning two- and three-dimensional nanostructures with low density of defects and minimal distortions.
Effect of Volume of Semen, Number of Sperm and Drugs on Transport of Sperm in Artificially Inseminated Gilts (1968)

The effects of volume inseminated (20, 100 or 200 ml.) and number of sperm (1×109, 5×109 or 10×109) in all combinations on the transport of sperm and fertilization were studied. Effects were determined by recovering sperm and eggs from oviducts of gilts 6 or 8 hr. after experimentally controlled ovulation and 12 or 16 hr. after insemination, respectively. Sperm recovered from the oviducts and on the eggs were counted and fertility rate of eggs was determined. Gilts inseminated with 100 ml. of semen 12 hr. before egg recovery had a significantly (P<0.01) higher proportion of eggs fertilized and more (P<0.01) sperm attached to the zona pellucida of the eggs than gilts inseminated with 20 or 200 ml. of semen. Gilts inseminated 16 hr. before egg recovery with 5×109 or 10×109 sperm had significantly (P<0.05) more sperm in the oviducts and a higher proportion of eggs fertilized than those inseminated with 1×109 sperm. The addition of carbacholine or oxytocin had no effect on transport of sperm when inseminated in 20 ml. of semen. Carbacholine, when inseminated in 100 ml. of semen, increased significantly (P<0.05) the number of sperm recovered from the oviducts, but oxytocin had no effect. Volume of semen apparently affects the proportion of gilts in which sperm reach the site of fertilization, while the number of sperm found in the oviduct is affected by the concentration of sperm inseminated. This suggests that some minimum volume of semen must be inseminated to achieve optimum fertility, and the concentration of sperm must also be maintained above some minimum value.
Synthetic Peptidoglycan Motifs for Germination of Bacterial Spores (2010)

Spore cheat: Certain important pathogenic bacteria can produce spores, which are a dormant cell type that is able to resist and survive unfavorable conditions. Environmental factors stimulate the germination of spores and result in regeneration of the bacterium. Minimal bacterial peptidoglycan motifs, prepared herein in multistep syntheses, potently stimulated spore germination in the low-nanomolar range (see scheme). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A genome scan of schizophrenia (1996)

S: 1996 World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics: II. LINKAGE AND CANDIDATE LOCI FOR THE PSYCHOSES: EMPHASIS ON SCHIZOPHRENIA: PDF Only
Lysine epsilon-aminotransferase, the initial enzyme of cephalosporin biosynthesis in actinomycetes. (1997)

Streptomyces clavuligerus, Streptomyces lipmanii and Nocardia (formerly Streptomyces) lactamdurans are Gram-positive mycelial bacteria that produce medically important beta-lactam antibiotics (penicillins and cephalosporins including cephamycins) that are synthesized through a series of reactions starting from lysine, cysteine and valine. L-lysine epsilon-aminotransferase (LAT) is the initial enzyme in the two-step conversion of L-lysine to L-alpha-aminoadipic acid, a specific precursor of all penicillins and cephalosporins. Whereas S. clavuligerus uses LAT for cephalosporin production, it uses the cadaverine pathway for catabolism when lysine is the nitrogen source for growth. Although the cadaverine path is present in all examined streptomycetes, the LAT pathway appears to exist only in beta-lactam-producing strains. Genetically increasing the level of LAT enhances the production of cephamycin. LAT is the key rate-limiting enzyme in cephalosporin biosynthesis in S. clavuligerus strain NRRL 3585. This review will summarize information on this important enzyme.
Nucleotide Sequence of Oat (Avena sativaL.) cDNA Encoding an Auxin-binding Protein (ABP1) (1998)

We isolated and determined a nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding a protein homologous to maize major auxin-binding protein (ABP1) from a cDNA library of oat coleoptiles. The deduced amino acid sequence of this clone contained an N-linked glycosylation signal and an ER-retention signal. Furthermore, two domains that were important to interact with auxins, were conserved in this clone at amino acid level.
Biosensors: Blockbuster or Bomb? Electrochemical Biosensors for Diabetes Monitoring (1998)

Convenience is an expectation of life these days, from bank machines to cellular phones to fast food. The medical world is not immune to this drive. There is a continual effort to push testing to the lowest level of professional skill possible, in order to allow patients easy access to the information they need to live their lives more fully. The ultimate in this battle is to make systems that patients can use by themselves, at home.
A Virus-Encoded Inhibitor That Blocks RNA Interference in Mammalian Cells (2005)

Nodamura virus (NoV) is a small RNA virus that is infectious for insect and mammalian hosts. We have developed a highly sensitive assay of RNA interference (RNAi) in mammalian cells that shows that the NoV B2 protein functions as an inhibitor of RNAi triggered by either short hairpin RNAs or small interfering RNAs. In the cell, NoV B2 binds to pre-Dicer substrate RNA and RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-processed RNAs and inhibits the Dicer cleavage reaction and, potentially, one or more post-Dicer activities. In vitro, NoV B2 inhibits Dicer-mediated RNA cleavage in the absence of any other host factors and specifically binds double-stranded RNAs corresponding in structure to Dicer substrates and products. Its abilities to bind to Dicer precursor and post-Dicer RISC-processed RNAs suggest a mechanism of inhibition that is unique among known viral inhibitors of RNAi.
Reconstruction of fiber grating refractive-index profiles from complex Bragg reflection spectra (1999)

Reconstruction of the refractive-index profiles of fiber gratings from their complex Bragg reflection spectra is experimentally demonstrated. The amplitude and phase of the complex reflection spectrum were measured with a balanced Michelson interferometer. By integrating the coupled-mode equations, we built the relationship between the complex coupling coefficient and the complex reflection spectrum as an iterative algorithm for reconstructing the index profile. This method is expected to be useful for reconstructing the index profiles of fiber gratings with any apodization, chirp, or dc structures. An apodized chirped grating and a uniform grating with a depression of index modulation were used to demonstrate the technique.
IgM receptors on human lymphocytes: detection by direct binding. (1979)

Radioiodinated IgM isolated from a patient with Waldenström macroglobulinemia binds with high avidity (apparent Ka = 2.5 x 10(9) M-1) to freshly isolated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Binding occurred through the Fc region of the molecule and involved a receptor specific for immunoglobulins of the IgM class. The avidity and specificity of this binding are consistent with a biologic role for IgM receptors on lymphocytes.
Proboscis Conditioning Experiments with Honeybees,Apis Mellifera Caucasica,with Butyric Acid and DEET Mixture as Conditioned and Unconditioned Stimuli (2010)

Three experiments are described investigating whether olfactory repellents DEET and butyric acid can support the classical conditioning of proboscis extension in the honeybee, Apis mellifera caucasica (Hymenoptera: Apidae). In the first experiment DEET and butyric acid readily led to standard acquisition and extinction effects, which are comparable to the use of cinnamon as a conditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that the odor of DEET or butyric acid is not intrinsically repellent to honey bees. In a second experiment, with DEET and butyric acid mixed with sucrose as an unconditioned stimulus, proboscis conditioning was not established. After several trials, few animals responded to the unconditioned stimulus. These results demonstrate that these chemicals are gustatory repellents when in direct contact. In the last experiment a conditioned suppression paradigm was used. Exposing animals to butyric acid or DEET when the proboscis was extended by direct sucrose stimulation or by learning revealed that retraction of the proboscis was similar to another novel odor, lavender, and in all cases greatest when the animal was not permitted to feed. These results again demonstrate that DEET or butyric acid are not olfactory repellents, and in addition, conditioned suppression is influenced by feeding state of the bee.
Prospects of Therapy for Infections with Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type III (1985)

Human T-lymphotropic virus type III is susceptible to attack at various sites during its replicative cycle. Inhibitors of reverse transcriptase activity, including suramin, antimoniotungstate (HPA-23), and trisodium phosphonoformate, have shown in-vitro activity against the virus in early clinical trials. Other significant antiviral agents are recombinant interferon alpha-A, ribavirin, and ansamycin. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of interferon alpha, which inhibits viral replication at easily achievable serum levels, are underway. The development of optimal therapeutic regimens will require carefully controlled, multicenter collaborative trials with standardized criteria for evaluating responses. Prolonged treatment with combinations of antiviral and immunomodulating agents may be necessary for control of HTLV-III replication and for effective treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
새 국어,한문과 교육과정의 개정 중점과 방향 : 2007년 개정 한문과 교육과정의 특징과 그 위상(位相) (2007)

이 연구는 2007년 개정 한문과 교육과정의 특징과 그 위상을 성격과 목표에 기술된 한문과의 교과적 정체성, 내용 체계와 영역별 내용의 특징, 그리고 편제와 시간 배당 기준에 나타난 한문과의 위상 변화 등의 측면에서 기술, 의론하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 연구 결과, 2007년 개정 한문과 교육과정은 학습자의 ``한문 능력``을 통한 한문 독해 능력 신장과 언어 활용 능력을 강조한 점, 내용 체계의 영역 설정 및 범주화·구조화 측면에서 교과의 학문적 특성과 언어적 특질에 기초하여 새로운 기준과 원리를 구현했다는 점, 위계성·계열성을 고려하여 영역, 내용 요소, 학습 내용을 선정, 조직했다는 점 등의 측면에서 이전 교육과정에 비해 진전된 양상을 보여 주고 있다. 그러나 ``편제와 시간 배당 기준``에 나타난 한문과의 위상은, ``선택 과목에로의 고착화(固着化)``의 길로 전락(轉落)했음을 알 수 있었다. 한문과의 위상 제고를 위해 한문교육학 구성원들은 무엇을, 어떻게 해야 하는지에 대한 논의가 필요하다. 논의의 방향은 교과 내적에로의 역량 결집과 교과를 둘러 싼 교과 외적 환경 변화와 도전에 대응 논리를 마련하는 것일 터이다. 그런데, 한문과를 에워 싼 제반 도전에 대한 응전(應戰)의 논리와 힘의 근원은, 필자의 생각으론, 한문과의 교과적 정체성 확립과 한문교육학의 학문적 정립에 기초한다고 믿고 있다. 이 연구는 이를 위한 기초 연구의 하나라고 할 수 있다.
Development of a low-cost integrated 20-kW-AC solar tracking subarray for grid-connected PV power system applications. Final technical report (1998)

This report chronicles Utility Power Group's (UPG) successful two-year Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) Phase 4A1 work effort which began in July, 1995. During this period, UPG completed design, fabrication, testing and demonstration of a modular and fully integrated 15-kW-ac, solar tracking PV power system sub-array. The two key and innovative components which were developed are a Modular Panel which optimizes factory assembly of PV modules into a large area, field-deployable, structurally-integrated PV panel, and an Integrated Power Processing Unit which combines all dc and ac power collection, conversion and control functions within a single, field-deployable structurally-integrated electrical enclosure. These two key sub-array elements, when combined with a number of other electrical, mechanical, and structural components, create a low-cost and high-performance PV power system. This system, or sub-array, can be deployed in individual units, or paralleled with any number of other sub-arrays, to construct multi-megawatt P fields. 21 figs.
N^|^#945; Selective Acetylation of Peptides (2012)

A chemical tag at the peptide N-terminus, in combination with MS, can be useful for quantitative analysis, N-terminal peptide identification, or peptide sequencing. Here we report on the N (α) selective acetylation of a peptide using acetic anhydride, a popular reagent for the modification of amino groups, without the need for the blocking of lysine side-chain ε-amino groups, which is usually required for N (α) selective acetylation. By controlling the amount of acetic anhydride used and running the reaction at 0°C, it is possible to preferentially acetylate the α-amino group. As a typical application of the method, a tryptic digest of an N-terminally blocked protein, cytochrome c, was directly acetylated using the present method. When deuterated acetic anhydride was used as the reagent, the N-terminal blocked peptide could be easily identified as a non-labeled ion peak while the N (α)-acetyl groups of all the other peptides were deuterated.