gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIV: Epidemiology and Strategies for Therapy and Vaccination (2002)

In the decades since its discovery, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome AIDS has developed into one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with a dramatic situation in many countries of subsaharan Africa. A large body of knowledge has been acquired regarding the molecular biology and replication properties of the causative agent of AIDS, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, despite these advances the global spread of HIV and especially its spread in developing countries continues almost unabated. During the last decade, drugs inhibiting HIV replication have been introduced into clinical use and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) using a combination of several drugs has been proven to slow or halt the course of the disease in most patients. However, HAART is currently only available in countries of the developed world and the emergence of resistant variants may rapidly lead to a partial loss of this therapeutic arsenal. Thus, the development of a prophylactic vaccine against HIV must be the ultimate goal to control the global pandemic of AIDS. This minireview summarises the state of the epidemic and discusses current treatment strategies as well as future developments. Finally, strategies towards the development of a vaccine against HIV are presented and recent studies using prime-boost regimens to achieve protection from disease in animal models while not preventing infection with the challenge virus are discussed.
Positive and negative regulatory elements contribute to CpG oligonucleotide-mediated regulation of human IL-6 gene expression (2000)

Oligonucleotides (ODN) expressing immunostimulatory "CpG motifs" activate human RPMI 8226 myeloma cells to secrete IL-6. Using deletion and site-directed mutagenesis of the human (h)IL-6 promoter region, two positive regulatory elements (the binding sites for the 5'-CCAAT / enhancer binding protein-beta and NF-kappaB) were identified. Two negative regulatory elements, the 3'-retinoblastoma control element (RCE) and the binding site for Epstein-Barr virus C-promoter binding factor 1 (CBF1), also contributed to CpG ODN induction of hIL-6 gene expression. Of interest, CpG ODN treatment induced the dissociation of a repressor protein from its 3'-RCE binding site. Thus, CpG ODN regulation of hIL-6 gene expression involves both enhancer and derepression mechanisms.
CP-724714, a novel erbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor for cancer therapy (2004)

4637 The erbB2 (neu/HER2) proto-oncogene is over-expressed in various tumor types such as carcinomas of breast, ovary, and stomach. Herceptin, an erbB2 targeted humanized monoclonal antibody produces an increase in survival for patients with breast cancers that overexpress erbB2, and has been approved by the FDA for that indication. CP-724,714 was identified as a potent and selective inhibitor of the erbB2 RTK (IC50 3.8 ng/ml). CP-724714 inhibits erbB2 receptor autophosphorylation in NIH 3T3 cells expressing a chimeric receptor consisting of the EGFR extracellular domain and the erbB2 intracellular domain (IC50 15 ng/ml) and in vitro growth of SKBr3 cells (IC50 25 ng/ml). It inhibits erbB2 autophosphorylation in vivo (ED50 ∼ 19 mg/kg, EC50 ∼ 980 ng/ml), after PO administration to athymic mice bearing FRE erbB2 tumors (Fisher rat embryonic fibroblasts transformed by activated erbB2). Oral administration (QD or BID) of CP-724714 inhibits the growth of FRE erbB2 tumors and human tumor xenografts in athymic female mice. The combination of CP-724,714 and Herceptin provided better anti-tumor efficacy than treatment by either agent alone in the BT-474 human breast carcinoma model. CP-724714 is an orally bio-available, well-tolerated compound that has progressed into clinical development.
Growth kinetics and cellulase biosynthesis in the continuous culture of Trichoderma viride (1977)

Continuous culture studies have been carried out growing Trichoderma viride QM 9123 in a 10 liter stirred fermentor on a medium containing commercial glucose as the carbon source. Experiments were carried out at 30 degrees C and at three controlled pH values of 2.5, 3.0, and 4.0 over a range of dilution rates from 0.01 to 0.11 hr-1. Steady-state values of cell, glucose, and cellulase concentration oxygen tension, and outlet gas oxygen partial pressure were recorded. Values of maximum specific growth rate, endogenous metabolism coefficient, Michaelis-Menten coefficient, yield and maintenance coefficient for glucose were derived and correlated the effect of the hydrogen ion concentration. Specific oxygen uptake rates were correlated with specific growth rates and absorption coefficients were shown to be a function of dilution rate independent of pH. Some data on cellulase biosynthesis were examined and correlated in terms of a maturation time model.
The Machinery of Mitochondrial Inheritance and Behavior (1999)

The distribution of mitochondria to daughter cells during cell division is an essential feature of cell proliferation. Until recently, it was commonly believed that inheritance of mitochondria and other organelles was a passive process, a consequence of their random diffusion throughout the cytoplasm. A growing recognition of the reticular morphology of mitochondria in many living cells, the association of mitochondria with the cytoskeleton, and the coordinated movements of mitochondria during cellular division and differentiation has illuminated the necessity for a cellular machinery that mediates mitochondrial behavior. Characterization of the underlying molecular components of this machinery is providing insight into mechanisms regulating mitochondrial morphology and distribution.
Ubiquitous computing and android (2008)

This paper discusses the properties of ubiquitous systems and brings to light the software requirements for such systems. Our study has shown that the primary principle behind all ubiquitous applications is to provide the users with intelligent learning systems that supplement their everyday activities. This is the primary consideration on which a ubiquitous application can be evaluated. This paper also discusses various features of Android operating system in the light of the ubiquitous system requirements. It also highlights how Android fulfills the subject requirements and considerations.
Olanzapine as Long-Term Adjunctive Therapy in Treatment-Resistant Bipolar Disorder (2001)

The aim of this study was to estimate the long-term effectiveness of olanzapine as adjunctive therapy in patients with bipolar disorder who exhibited an inadequate response to mood stabilizers. Twenty-three Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) patients with bipolar I and II were assessed by means of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia and entered if they gave their consent to participate. All of them had experienced frequent relapses, residual subsyndromal symptoms, and inadequate responses to other drugs, such as lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine. While maintaining other drugs, they all received open-label, increasing doses of olanzapine, until achieving clinical response. Other drugs were maintained. The patients were assessed several consecutive times from baseline to the endpoint with the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale for use in bipolar illness. Records of recurrences, hospitalizations, and side effects were also collected. The last-observation-carried-forward analysis showed that there was a significant reduction of CGI scores after the introduction of olanzapine, either in manic symptoms (p = 0.0015), depressive symptoms (p = 0.0063), or global symptoms (p = 0.0003). The most frequent adverse events were somnolence (17%) and weight gain (13%). The mean dose of olanzapine at the end of the 43-week follow-up was 8.1 mg/day. Olanzapine may be a useful medication for the long-term adjunctive treatment of patients with bipolar disorder who exhibit a poor response to mood stabilizers, such as lithium, valproate, or carbamazepine. These results suggest mood-stablizing properties of olanzapine.
Effect of 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, on cultured tumor cells. (1994)

By catalyzing posttranslational modifications of nuclear proteins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) controls their functions and therefore constitutes an enzyme of crucial importance in tumor development. In this study, we have investigated the action of 6(5H)-phenanthridinone, an isoquinoline derivative and one of the most potent PARP inhibitors described so far, on RDM4 murine lymphoma cells in culture. We also examined whether this compound could act synergistically with an antineoplastic drug in tumor-cell destruction. Our results demonstrate that a marked inhibition of PARP activity can be obtained in whole cells after a short incubation, and that this compound, when associated with an alkylating agent, dichloro-2,2' N-methyldiethylamine (chloromethine), leads to a marked drop in the RDM4 proliferation, indicative of a synergy between the two compounds.
High-affinity oligonucleotide ligands to human IgE inhibit binding to Fc ε receptor I (1996)

Using the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) method, we have identified oligonucleotides that bind to human IgE with high affinities and high specificity. These ligands were isolated from three pools of oligonucleotides, each representing 10(15) molecules: two pools contained 2'-NH2 pyrimidine-modified RNA with either 40 or 60 randomized sequence positions, and the third pool contained ssDNA with 40 randomized sequence positions. Based on sequence and structure similarities, these oligonucleotide IgE ligands were grouped into three families: 2'-NH2 RNA group A ligands are represented by the 35-nucleotide truncate IGEL1.2 (Kd = 30 nM); 2'-NH2 RNA group B ligands by the 25-nucleotide truncate IGEL2.2 (Kd = 35 nM); and the ssDNA group ligands by the 37-nucleotide truncate DI 7.4 (Kd = 10nM). Secondary structure analysis suggests G quartets for the 2'-NH2 RNA ligands, whereas the ssDNA ligands appear to form stem-loop structures. Using rat basophilic leukemia cells transfected with the human high-affinity IgE receptor Fc epsilon RI, we demonstrate that ligands IGEL1.2 and D17.4 competitively inhibit the interaction of human IgE with Fc1 epsilon RI. Furthermore, this inhibition is sufficient to dose-dependently block IgE-mediated serotonin release from cells triggered with IgE-specific Ag or anti-IgE Abs. Therefore, these oligonucleotide ligands represent a novel class of IgE inhibitors that may prove useful in the fight against allergic diseases.
A Review of Computer-Based Simulators for Ultrasound Training (2013)

Computer-based simulators for ultrasound training are a topic of recent interest. During the last 15 years, many different systems and methods have been proposed. This article provides an overview and classification of systems in this domain and a discussion of their advantages. Systems are classified and discussed according to the image simulation method, user interactions and medical applications. Computer simulation of ultrasound has one key advantage over traditional training. It enables novel training concepts, for example, through advanced visualization, case databases, and automatically generated feedback. Qualitative evaluations have mainly shown positive learning effects. However, few quantitative evaluations have been performed and long-term effects have to be examined.
IL-10 is necessary for the expression of airway hyperresponsiveness but not pulmonary inflammation after allergic sensitization (2000)

Cytokines play an important role in modulating inflammatory responses and, as a result, airway tone. IL-10 is a regulatory cytokine that has been suggested for treatment of asthma because of its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast to these suggestions, we demonstrate in a model of allergic sensitization that mice deficient in IL-10 (IL-10-/-) develop a pulmonary inflammatory response but fail to exhibit airway hyperresponsiveness in both in vitro and in vivo assessments of lung function. Reconstitution of these deficient mice with the IL-10 gene fully restores development of airway hyperresponsiveness comparable to control mice. These results identify an important role of IL-10, downstream of the inflammatory cascade, in regulating the tone of the airways after allergic sensitization and challenge.
Cloning and characterization of human histone deacetylase 8 (2000)

To date, seven different human histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been identified, which fall into two distinct classes. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA encoding a novel human HDAC, which we name HDAC8. HDAC8 shows a high degree of sequence similarity to HDAC1 and HDAC2 and thus belongs to the class I of HDACs. HDAC8 is expressed in a variety of tissues. Human cells overexpressing HDAC8 localize the protein in sub-nuclear compartments whereas HDAC1 shows an even nuclear distribution. In addition, the HDAC8 gene is localized on the X chromosome at position q13, which is close to the XIST gene and chromosomal breakpoints associated with preleukemia.
A distributed location system for the active office (1994)

Distributed systems for locating people and equipment will be at the heart of tomorrow's active offices. Computer and communications systems continue to proliferate in the office and home. Systems are varied and complex, involving wireless networks and mobile computers. However, systems are underused because the choices of control mechanisms and application interfaces are too diverse. It is therefore pertinent to consider which mechanisms might allow the user to manipulate systems in simple and ubiquitous ways, and how computers can be made more aware of the facilities in their surroundings. Knowledge of the location of people and equipment within an organization is such a mechanism. Annotating a resource database with location information allows location-based heuristics for control and interaction to be constructed. This approach is particularly attractive because location techniques can be devised that are physically unobtrusive and do not rely on explicit user action. The article describes the technology of a system for locating people and equipment, and the design of a distributed system service supporting access to that information. The application interfaces made possible by or that benefit from this facility are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
α2 and α3 helices of dystrophin R16 and R17 frame a microdomain in the α1 helix of dystrophin R17 for neuronal NOS binding (2012)

Homologous spectrin-like repeats can mediate specific protein interaction. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Dystrophin contains 24 spectrin-like repeats. However, only repeats 16 and 17 (R16/17) are required for anchoring neuronal NOS (nNOS) to the sarcolemma. Through an adeno-associated virus-based in vivo binding assay, we found that membrane expression of correctly phased R16/17 was sufficient to recruit nNOS to the sarcolemma in mouse muscle. Utrophin R15/16 is homologous to dystrophin R16/17. Substitution of dystrophin R16/17 microdomains with the corresponding regions of utrophin R15/16 suggests that the nNOS binding site is located in a 10-residue fragment in dystrophin R17 α1 helix. Interestingly, swapping this microdomain back into utrophin did not convey the nNOS binding activity. To identify other structural features that are required for nNOS interaction, we replaced an individual α-helix of dystrophin R16/17 with an equivalent α-helix from another dystrophin repeat. In vitro study with yeast two-hybrid suggests that most α-helices of R16/17, except for the R17 α1 helix, were dispensable for nNOS interaction. Surprisingly, in vivo binding assay showed that α2 and α3 helices of both R16 and R17 were essential for nNOS binding in muscle. We concluded that a microdomain in the α1 helix of dystrophin R17 binds to nNOS in a way uniquely defined by two pairs of the flanking helices. Our results provide an explanation for how structurally similar spectrin-like repeats in dystrophin display selective interaction with nNOS. The results also open new therapeutic avenues to restore defective nNOS homeostasis in dystrophin-null Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Synchronization of a TDMA-OFDM frequency hopping system (2002)

We present a time division multiple access-orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (TDMA-OFDM)-based radio interface proposal for the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). We focus on synchronization and present an implementable algorithm for the tracking of the mobiles' time and frequency offsets at the base station in the uplink. This algorithm is based on estimation methods that use redundancy introduced by the cyclic prefix. A modified maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is used to meet both the implementational and performance requirements for frequency-selective fading multiuser environments. Simulation results for a typical UMTS mobile channel environment show that the uncoded symbol error rate of a coherently modulated system using our synchronization scheme is virtually indistinguishable from that of a system with no time and frequency offset.
Nonpolar and Semipolar III-Nitride Light-Emitting Diodes: Achievements and Challenges (2009)

It has been several years since InGaN/GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on nonpolar and semipolar orientations were first demonstrated. Prominent performance and inherent potential of these crystallographic orientations have been revealed as bulk-GaN substrates of arbitrary orientations became available for epitaxial device growth. At this point in time, we intend to survey the progress made to date and prospect the future requirements for further device improvements. The discussion begins with a historical background: how nonpolar/semipolar orientations were introduced to III-nitride LEDs and why they are beneficial. The discussion then provides information on elementary crystallography and piezoelectricity in addition to the electronic band structure of wurtzite crystals. Later in this paper, LED reports are collected to develop comprehensive knowledge of the past research efforts and trends. Nonpolar and semipolar orientations provide not only high LED performances, e.g., optical output power and wavelength ranges, but also unique functions, e.g., polarized light emission, which will explore new fields of applications.
Planar and distorted indigo as the core motif in novel chromophoric liquid crystals (2015)

The phase behaviour of calamitic indigoid liquid crystals was investigated and rationalised on the basis of a crystal structure analysis.
Parallel database processing on a 100 Node PC cluster (1997)

We developed a PC cluster system consists of 100 PCs. Each PC employs the 200MHz Pentium Pro CPU and is connected with others through an ATM switch. We picked up two kinds of data intensive applications. One is decision support query processing. And the other is data mining, specifically, association rule mining.As a high speed network, ATM technology has recently come to be a de facto standard. While other high performance network standards are also available, ATM networks are widely used from local area to widely distributed environments. One of the problems of the ATM networks is its high latencies, in contrast to their higher bandwidths. This is usually considered a serious flaw of ATM in composing high performance massively parallel processors. However, applications such as large scale database analyses are insensitive to the communication latency, requiring only the bandwidth.On the other hand, the performance of personal computers is increasing rapidly these days while the prices of PCs continue to fall at a much faster rate than workstations'. The 200MHz Pentium Pro CPU is competitive in integer performance to the processor chips found in workstations. Although it is still weak at floating point operations, they are not frequently used in database applications.Thus, by combining PCs and ATM switches we can construct a large scale parallel platform very easily and very inexpensively. In this paper, we examine how such a system can help the data warehouse processing, which currently runs on expensive high-end mainframes and/or workstation servers.In our first experiment, we used the most complex query of the standard benchmark, TPC-D, on a 100 GB database to evaluate the system compared with commercial parallel systems. Our PC cluster exhibited much higher performance compared with those in current TPC benchmark reports. Second, we parallelized association rule mining and ran large scale data mining on the PC cluster. Sufficiently high linearity was obtained. Thus we believe that such commodity based PC clusters will play a very important role in large scale database processing.
Editable graphical histories (2003)

The authors have designed a testbed system that creates a series of automatically generated panels that depict in chronological order the important events in the history of a users session with Chimera, a graphical editor. The authors' system heuristically determines the contents of each panel and the actions that it illustrates. The user can scroll through the sequence of panels, reviewing actions at different levels of detail, and selectively undoing, modifying, and redoing previous actions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells: An Interstrain Comparison (2001)

CD1d-restricted Valpha14-Jalpha281 invariant alphabetaTCR(+) (NKT) cells are well defined in the C57BL/6 mouse strain, but they remain poorly characterized in non-NK1.1-expressing strains. Surrogate markers for NKT cells such as alphabetaTCR(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) and DX5(+)CD3(+) have been used in many studies, although their effectiveness in defining this lineage remains to be verified. Here, we compare NKT cells among C57BL/6, NK1.1-congenic BALB/c, and NK1.1-congenic nonobese diabetic mice. NKT cells were identified and compared using a range of approaches: NK1.1 expression, surrogate phenotypes used in previous studies, labeling with CD1d/alpha-galactosylceramide tetramers, and cytokine production. Our results demonstrate that NKT cells and their CD4/CD8-defined subsets are present in all three strains, and confirm that nonobese diabetic mice have a numerical and functional deficiency in these cells. We also highlight the hazards of using surrogate phenotypes, none of which accurately identify NKT cells, and one in particular (DX5(+)CD3(+)) actually excludes these cells. Finally, our results support the concept that NK1.1 expression may not be an ideal marker for CD1d-restricted NKT cells, many of which are NK1.1-negative, especially within the CD4(+) subset and particularly in NK1.1-congenic BALB/c mice.