gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Reducing Sugars on the Chemical Stability of Human Relaxin in the Lyophilized State (1996)

Sugars and polyols have been used routinely with lyophilized proteins and peptides as bulking agents, cryoprotectants, and lyoprotectants. However, reducing sugars may present a problem as excipients since they are potentially reactive with proteins. In this stability study of recombinant human relaxin (Rix) with various sugars as excipients in lyophilized formulations, we observed rapid covalent modifications of the protein in the presence of glucose. Analysis of the protein by LC/MS and tryptic mapping indicated two major degradation pathways. Covalent adducts of glucose with amino groups on the side chains of the protein (i.e., Lys and Arg) formed via the Maillard reaction. In addition, a significant amount of Ser cleavage from the C-terminal of the B-chain of relaxin was also identified when glucose was used as the excipient. It was observed that the latter reaction occurred to a greater extent in the solid state than in solution. We proposed a mechanism for this reaction involving an initial reaction of the Ser hydroxyl group with glucose followed by subsequent hydrolysis of the Trp-Ser amide bond via a cyclic intermediate. In contrast to glucose, mannitol (polyhydric alcohol) and trehalose (nonreducing sugar) produced stable, lyophilized formulations of Rix.
Chemical methods of thin film deposition: Chemical vapor deposition, atomic layer deposition, and related technologies (2003)

This article provides a brief overview of thin film growth utilizing the reactive processes of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). In CVD, thin films are deposited upon the chemical reaction of vapor phase precursors with a solid surface. ALD is a surface reaction-controlled variant of CVD in which the chemical precursors are introduced in a sequential, pulsed manner, resulting in the growth of a self-limited monolayer (or less) film for each pulse step. The aim of both methodologies is the controlled growth of thin films with desired and reproducible properties. Emphasis is given to the latest advancements and future directions, and the processes and precursors commonly used to achieve controlled deposition.
Nuclear Equivalence, Nuclear Transfer, and the Cell Cycle (1999)

The last 20 years have seen the development of techniques for the production of mammals by nuclear transfer. Originally limited to the swapping of pronuclei and the use of early cleavage-stage embryos as nuclear donors, nuclear transfer came of age in 1995 with the birth of 2 Welsh Mountain lambs, Megan and Morag, that were produced using cultured differentiated cells as donors of genetic material. In 1996, Dolly was the first animal to be produced using the genetic material from an adult-derived somatic cell. The techniques used in the production of these animals have now been reproduced in both sheep and cattle, and as predicted, successful development has been obtained using donor cells taken directly ex vivo. This article reviews the current status of mammalian nuclear transfer and the biological background to these successes.
Designed hybrid scaffolds consisting of polycaprolactone microstrands and electrospun collagen‐nanofibers for bone tissue regeneration (2011)

Biomedical scaffolds used in bone tissue engineering should have various properties including appropriate bioactivity, mechanical strength, and morphologically optimized pore structures. Collagen has been well known as a good biomaterial for various types of tissue regeneration, but its usage has been limited due to its low mechanical property and rapid degradation. In this work, a new hybrid scaffold consisting of polycaprolactone (PCL) and collagen is proposed for bone tissue regeneration. The PCL enhances the mechanical properties of the hybrid scaffold and controls the pore structure. Layered collagen nanofibers were used to enhance the initial cell attachment and proliferation. The results showed that the hybrid scaffold yielded better mechanical properties of pure PCL scaffold as well as enhanced biological activity than the pure PCL scaffold did. The effect of pore size on bone regeneration was investigated using two hybrid scaffolds with pore sizes of 200 ± 20 and 300 ± 27 μm. After post-seeding for 7 days, the cell proliferation with pore size, 200 ± 20 μm, was greater than that with pore size, 300 ± 27 μm, due to the high surface area of the scaffold.
SherLoc: high-accuracy prediction of protein subcellular localization by integrating text and protein sequence data (2007)

SherLoc, along with Supplementary Information, is available at: http://www-bs.informatik.uni-tuebingen.de/Services/SherLoc/
Desensitization of AMPA Receptors Limits the Amplitude of EPSPs and the Excitability of Motoneurons of the Rat Isolated Spinal Cord (1995)

Intracellular recording was used to study the effect of cyclothiazide, a selective blocker of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate (AMPA) receptor desensitization, on lumbar motoneurons of the rat isolated spinal cord. Cyclothiazide (25 microM) enhanced the responses to AMPA in a tetrodotoxin-insensitive fashion, without affecting those produced by N-methyl-D-aspartate or gamma-aminobutyric acid. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by dorsal root stimulation were strongly potentiated in amplitude while paired-pulse depression (produced by applying pairs of pulses at 2 s interval) of the EPSP was decreased. In the presence of cyclothiazide the frequency of spontaneous synaptic events was greatly increased and network-driven bursting activity developed with eventual loss of electrical excitability. The present results suggest that pharmacological block of AMPA receptor desensitization led to strong excitation of motoneurons and indicate a physiological role of desensitization in protecting these nerve cells from overactivity.
Immune therapy for human papillomaviruses-related cancers (2014)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are a large family of double strand DNA viruses comprising more than 180 types. Infection with HPV is very common and it is associated with benign and malignant proliferation of skin and squamous mucosae. Many HPVs, considered low-risk such as HPV 6 and 11, produce warts; while high-risk viruses, such as HPVs 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, and 58, induce tumors. About 5% of all cancers in men and women are associated with HPV infection. Because there are not antiviral drugs for HPV infection, current therapies for low-risk HPV infections involve physical removal of the lesion by cryotherapy, trichloracetic acid, laser, or surgical removal. Surgical procedures are effective in the treatment of pre-cancerous lesions, however after these procedures, many recurrences appear due to new re-infections, or to failure of the procedure to eliminate the HPV. In addition, HPV can inhibit recognition of malignant cells by the immune system, leading to the development of cancer lesions. When this occurs, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are then used. Unfortunately, about 50% of the HPV-cancer patients still die. In the past decade, a better knowledge of the natural history of the virus-host interaction and of the immune response against this viral infection has brought new therapeutic strategies geared to modulate the immune system to generate an efficient virus-specific cytotoxic response. Novel HPV protein-expressing vaccines have shown some significant clinical efficacy and systemic HPV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. This review will describe the current status of the several therapeutic strategies used to treat HPV-induced lesions, and discuss the various new therapies now being tested.
White organic electroluminescence devices (1996)

Thin film organic electroluminescent devices are described which employ a blue-emitting species as a layer sandwiched between the hole transporter bis(triphenyl)diamine and the light emitting electron transporter tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum to obtain bright (≳4700 cd/ m2) efficient (0.5 lm/W) white emission.
Effects of fluctuation in air hole radii and positions on optical characteristics in photonic crystal heterostructure nanocavities (2009)

We investigate the influence of the nanometer-scale variations in the radii and positions of air holes on the optical characteristics for photonic crystal heterostructure nanocavities. The change in the quality factor, the resonant wavelength, the near-field image, and the polarization property are examined using three-dimensional finite difference time domain calculation with random fluctuation patterns. The variations with a standard deviation as small as 1 nm have a clear effect on these optical characteristics, whose magnitudes are strongly dependent on the fluctuation patterns. To prevent this deterioration, the accuracy of the 50 air holes nearest to the nanocavity is the most important.
Submicron-sized spherical yttrium oxide based phosphors prepared by supercritical CO2-assisted aerosolization and pyrolysis (1997)

The synthesis of Eu(III)- and Tb(III)-doped yttrium oxide phosphor powders by supercritical CO2-assisted aerosolization and pyrolysis (at 1010 °C) from aqueous solutions of Y(NO3)3, Eu(NO3)3, and Tb(NO3)3 is presented. Dense, submicron aerosols are formed by contacting aqueous solutions of the precursor metal nitrates with supercritical CO2 at 1500 psi, and decompressing the mixture through a restrictor nozzle into a heated tube. X-ray diffraction data indicate that the powders are crystalline, and consist of a single phase. Scanning electron microscope shows that they are spherical in morphology and less than 1 μm in size with average diameters of ∼0.2 μm. The cathodoluminescence intensity of the Y1.91Eu0.09O3 powders, annealed at 1200 °C for 1 h, is more than twice greater than that of the industrial standard (P56, 3–10 μm in diameter) phosphor. The phosphors synthesized by this method are promising candidates for use in high-resolution low-voltage flat panel displays.
Microcolony Survival Assay for Cells of Mouse Intestinal Mucosa Exposed to Radiation (1970)

SummaryA microcolony technique for assaying the survival of small proportions of the clonogenic cells of the mucosa of the small intestine of mice is described. The radiosensitivity of intestinal crypt cells measured by the technique is the same as that measured by a macrocolony method. However, the microcolony technique has the special advantage of being useful for assaying cell survival after whole-body radiation.
Hybrid quantum-classical hierarchy for mitigation of decoherence and determination of excited states (2017)

Using quantum devices supported by classical computational resources is a promising approach to quantum-enabled computation. One powerful example of such a hybrid quantum-classical approach optimized for classically intractable eigenvalue problems is the variational quantum eigensolver, built to utilize quantum resources for the solution of eigenvalue problems and optimizations with minimal coherence time requirements by leveraging classical computational resources. These algorithms have been placed as leaders among the candidates for the first to achieve supremacy over classical computation. Here, we provide evidence for the conjecture that variational approaches can automatically suppress even nonsystematic decoherence errors by introducing an exactly solvable channel model of variational state preparation. Moreover, we develop a more general hierarchy of measurement and classical computation that allows one to obtain increasingly accurate solutions by leveraging additional measurements and classical resources. We demonstrate numerically on a sample electronic system that this method both allows for the accurate determination of excited electronic states as well as reduces the impact of decoherence, without using any additional quantum coherence time or formal error-correction codes.
Regulation of gene expression by alternative promoters (1996)

Promoters have been defined as modulatory DNA structures containing a complex array of cis-acting regulatory elements required for accurate and efficient initiation of transcription and for controlling expression of a gene. It is becoming increasingly evident that they also constitute prime target elements through which diversity and flexibility in the complex patterns of gene expression in multicellular organisms are created. The use of multiple promoters and transcription start sites is apparently a frequently used mechanism, whereas at the same time there is considerable variation and complexity in the patterns of alternative promoter usage. This review discusses the use of alternative promoters as a versatile mechanism to create diversity and flexibility in the regulation of gene expression. Alternative promoter usage can influence gene expression in very diverse ways. The level of transcription initiation can vary between alternative promoters, the turnover or translation efficiency of mRNA isoforms with different leader exons can differ, alternative promoters can have different tissue specificity and react differently to some signals, and finally, alternative promoter usage can lead to the generation of protein isoforms differing at the amino terminus.
Crizotinib versus Chemotherapy in Advanced ALK -Positive Lung Cancer (2013)

Crizotinib is superior to standard chemotherapy in patients with previously treated, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with ALK rearrangement. (Funded by Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00932893.).
Evolution and Optimality: Feathers, Bowling Balls, and the Thesis of Adaptationism (1996)

This paper discusses the thesis of adaptationism in evolutionary biology. It is argued that there is a serious scientific question here whose answer is not yet in hand. The truth or falsity of adaptationism is a substantive question about the history of life that must be decided on a trait by trait basis.
NADPH Oxidase 4 Induces Cardiac Fibrosis and Hypertrophy Through Activating Akt/mTOR and NFκB Signaling Pathways (2015)

Upregulation of Nox4 in the myocardium causes cardiac remodeling through activating Akt-mTOR and NFκB signaling pathways. Inhibition of Nox4 has therapeutic potential to treat cardiac remodeling.
Generation and Characterization of a Third Party GMP Grade Bank of CMV Specific T-Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy of CMV Infections in Recipients of HSCT from Cord Blood or Seronegative Donors (2014)

Adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cells (CTLs) from HLA partially matched 3rdparty donors can effectively treat EBV, CMV or Adv infections in recipients of HSCT from seronegative or cord blood donors. However, in vitro generated CTLs selectively react against 1-3 immunodominant (ID) epitopes (eps) presented by 1-2 HLA alleles. Therefore, to be effective, it is critical that administered CTLs respond to eps presented by HLA alleles shared by the recipient. To address this, we established a bank of 123 GMP grade CMV-CTLs generated using CMVpp65 peptide pool loaded autologous APCs. Each CTL was characterized as to eps specificity and restricting HLA allele. The pool of CTL donors inherited HLA alleles in frequencies similar to those in caucasian and black populations, with certain alleles overrepresented. In 55% of the CTL lines, the ID T-cell response (TCr) was restricted (restr.) by 3 HLA alleles: A0201(25%), B0702(21%) and B 3501-11(9%); 45% of CTL lines were restr. by other class-I alleles, and 17/123(14%) were restr. by class-II alleles. Certain CMVpp65 15 mers contained overlapping eps presented by both class-I and class-II, which elicited more robust TCr. CTLs from all B0702+ donors (26/26) were restr. by B0702. In comparison, CTLs from 30/39(77%) A0201+ donors and 9/19 (47%) HLA B3501-11+ donors were restr. by A0201 and B3501-11 respectively. Donors co-inheriting A0201 and B 0702 (9/9) universally demonstrated B0702 restr. ID TCr. In comparison, 11/12 (91.6%) donors co-inheriting A0201 and B 4401-04 demonstrated HLA A0201 restr. CTLs. Strikingly, only 1/123 and 0/123 A1101+ and A0301+ donors respectively demonstrated CTLs restr. by these commonly inherited class –I alleles. This analysis thus indicates an immunodominance hierarchy for CMVpp65 eps and their presenting HLA alleles. In a series of 239 MUD, 137 MMUD, and 100 DUCB consecutive HSCT at MSKCC, we could identify an immediately available CMVpp65 specific CTL line matched with the patient at 2-3 alleles and restr. by a shared HLA allele in this GMP-CTL bank in 86%, 89% and 80% cases respectively. This CTL bank thus provides a clinical reagent for the treatment of CMV infections in HSCT recipients. The delineated immunodominance hierarchy for CMVpp65 may also facilitate selection of an appropriately restr. CTL line for treatment with predicted activity in the recipient. We can also successfully generate CMV-CTLs against subdominant CMVpp65 eps presented prevalent HLA alleles using a panel of artificial antigen presenting cells (AAPCs). Expansion of this bank with CTLs generated with AAPCs can broaden its applicability to almost all HSCT recipients.
Phase Behavior and Morphological Characteristics of Compositionally Symmetric Diblock Copolymer Blends (1996)

Recent experimental and theoretical efforts suggest that ordered diblock copolymer blends can be approximated as single-component systems of average composition or molecular weight (or both) if the constituent copolymers are closely matched with respect to composition and molecular weight. In this work, we explore the phase behavior and morphological characteristics of five series of poly(styrene-b-isoprene) (SI) diblock copolymer blends in which all of the constituent copolymers are compositionally symmetric (50/50 w/w S/I) so that only copolymer molecular weight disparity is varied. Every blend consists of a copolymer with a number-average molecular weight of 120 000 and a second copolymer with a molecular weight between 12 000 and 68 000. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) have been performed to identify the phase(s) present, as well as to quantitate lamellar spacings and phase compositions as functions of blend composition, in each series. Results obtained from both techniques are in reasonably favorable agreement with each other and with predictions from a theoretical formalism proposed for strongly segregated lamellar diblock copolymer blends.
Depth profiling of laser-heated chromophores in biological tissues by pulsed photothermal radiometry (1995)

A solution method is proposed to the inverse problem of determining the unknown initial temperature distribution in a laser-exposed test material from measurements provided by infrared radiometry. A Fredholm integral equation of the first kind is derived that relates the temporal evolution of the infrared signal amplitude to the unknown initial temperature distribution in the exposed test material. The singular-value decomposition is used to demonstrate the severely ill-posed nature of the derived inverse problem. Three inversion methods are used to estimate solutions for the initial temperature distribution. A nonnegatively constrained conjugate-gradient algorithm using early termination is found superior to unconstrained inversion methods and is applied to image the depth of laser-heated chromophores in human skin.
Combination immunotherapy and photodynamic therapy for cancer (2006)

Cancer is a leading cause of death among modern people largely due to metastatic disease. The ideal cancer treatment should target both the primary tumor and the metastases with minimal toxicity towards normal tissue. This is best accomplished by priming the body's immune system to recognize the tumor antigens so that after the primary tumor is destroyed, distant metastases will also be eradicated. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the IV administration of photosensitizers followed by illumination of the tumor with red light producing reactive oxygen species leading to vascular shutdown and tumor cell death. Anti-tumor immunity is stimulated after PDT due to the acute inflammatory response, generation of tumor-specific antigens, and induction of heat-shock proteins. Combination regimens using PDT and immunostimulating treatments are likely to even further enhance post-PDT immunity. These immunostimulants are likely to include products derived from pathogenic microorganisms that are effectively recognized by Toll-like receptors and lead to upregulation of transcription factors for cytokines and inflammatory mediators. The following cascade of events causes activation of macrophages, dendritic and natural killer cells. Exogenous cytokine administration can be another way to increase PDT-induced immunity as well as treatment with a low dose of cyclophosphamide that selectively reduces T-regulatory cells. Although so far these combination therapies have only been used in animal models, their use in clinical trials should receive careful consideration.
High titer of antibody to the Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen in sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. (1989)

Sera from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) contained more antibody to the Epstein-Barr virus membrane antigen (EBV MA) than sera from healthy controls. Since antibody titer to EBV MA closely correlates with viral neutralization, it was inferred that these patients were frequently exposed to infectious EBV, producing high titers of neutralizing antibody.
I.H.P. SAW technology and its application to microacoustic components (Invited) (2017)

Various characteristics for RF filters in mobile terminals are required corresponding to expansion of mobile terminals. I.H.P. SAW (Incredible High-performance SAW) with high Q and temperature stability has been developed to resolve these challenges. In this paper, its high Q mechanism of the new multi-layered structure (LiTaO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> / SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> / AlN / Si substrate) has been studied numerically in terms of acoustic energy confinement by using wave propagation analysis in real-space and wavenumber domains. One-port resonators employing I.H.P. SAW were fabricated after optimizing the multi-layered structure. Experimental results show higher Bode-Q values over 6000 at 0.9 GHz to 1900 at 3.5GHz successfully, which are over 3 times higher than those of conventional 42YX-LT SAW resonators. Very small TCF of -8 ppm/°C is also realized, and wider bandwidth and superior heat dissipation performance have been achieved. A new Wi-Fi filter with very narrow adjacent gaps and a new Band 25 / 66 / 30 hexaplexer, one of the most difficult multiplexers, have been developed using I.H.P. SAW technology, which show low insertion loss, steep cut-off, deep attenuation and extremely high isolation characteristics.