gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy models for pattern recognition (1994)

FUZZY sets were introduced in 1965 by Lotfi Zadeh as a new way to represent vagueness in everyday life. They are a generalization of conventional set theory, one of the basic structures underlying computational mathematics and models. Computational pattern recognition has played a central role in the development of fuzzy models because fuzzy interpretations of data structures are a very natural and intuitively plausible way to formulate and solve various problems. Fuzzy control theory has also provided a wide variety of real, fielded system applications of fuzzy technology. We shall have little more to say about the growth of fuzzy models in control, except to the extent that pattern recognition algorithms and methods described in this book impact control systems. Collected here are many of the seminal papers in the field. There will be, of course, omissions that are neither by intent nor ignorance; we cannot reproduce all of the important papers that have helped in the evolution of fuzzy pattern recognition (there may be as many as five hundred) even in this narrow application domain. We will attempt, in each chapter introduction, to comment on some of the important papers that not been included and we ask both readersmore » and authors to understand that a book such as this simply cannot {open_quotes}contain everything.{close_quotes} Our objective in Chapter 1 is to describe the basic structure of fuzzy sets theory as it applies to the major problems encountered in the design of a pattern recognition system.« less
Evaluation of Rhesus Rotavirus Vaccine (MMU 18006) in Infants and Young Children (1986)

Orally administered rhesus rotavirus vaccine was evaluated in a placebo-controlled study in young children and infants (ages, eight months to 61 months). Thirteen children received the rotavirus vaccine, and ten children served as the control group. The vaccine was well tolerated. There were no significant differences between the vaccine recipients and the control group in the number of child-days with temperatures greater than or equal to 37.8 C, vomiting, diarrhea, or cough. There were significantly more child-days of rhinorrhea among the vaccine recipients than there were among the control group. The vaccine recipients under two years of age passed a larger number of stools than did the children in the control group, and vaccine recipients had significantly more semiformed and unformed stools than did the children receiving the placebo. All twelve of the children tested were positive for viral shedding. Peak viral shedding occurred on days three and five postvaccination. On day eight, over one-half of the children from whom a stool specimen was obtained were still shedding rotavirus. Children less than two years old shed more rotavirus in their stool than did children more than two years old. All 13 vaccine recipients had a fourfold or greater rise in titer of antibody as measured by plaque reduction, tube neutralization, complement fixation, and/or immune adherence hemagglutination.
Cyclosporine Increases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vector Transduction of Primary Mouse Cells (2006)

Murine primary cells are poorly permissive to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vector infection. Retroviral infectivity is influenced by dominant inhibitors such as TRIM5alpha. Sensitivity to TRIM5alpha is altered by interactions between cyclophilin A and the HIV-1 capsid. Here we demonstrate that competitive inhibitors of cyclophilins, cyclosporine or the related Debio-025, stimulate HIV-1 vector transduction of primary murine cells, including bone marrow and macrophages, up to 20-fold. Unexpectedly, the infectivity of an HIV-1 mutant or a simian lentivirus that does not recruit cyclophilin A is also stimulated by these drugs. We propose that cyclosporine and related compounds will be useful tools for experimental infection of murine primary cells. It is possible that HIV-1 infection of murine cells is inhibited by dominant factors related to immunophilins.
China's R&D/innovation-Growing Fast (2005)

As we enter an era of global innovation, what role will China play? Will it match the European Union, Japan and the United States in RD in fact, its R&D expenditures grew sufficiently to put it into third place behind the United States and Japan by 2001 (2). In 2003, Chinese R&D expenditures reached $84 billion, up from $21 billion in 1996 (PPP dollars). Though considerably lower than U.S. expenditures at $282 billion and Japanese at $104 billion, China's investment surpassed those of other technological powerhouses such as Germany's $54 billion (PPP dollars). China in 2003 was responsible for approximately 10 percent of the global R&D, behind only the United States (35 percent) and Japan (14 percent). U.S. companies contributed to the increase, expanding their R&D investments in China from $7 million in 1994 to $506 million in 2000 (the latest year with reliable data). Japanese direct investment also is growing. The Magic 2% One method of gauging a country's commitment to R&D is by looking at the percentage of its GDP devoted to R&D and how fast that percentage is increasing. Many countries see 2 percent as the magic number that characterizes the world's most technologically sophisticated nations and which will help ensure technology-led economic growth. Some countries, especially smaller developed countries, have recently seen 3 percent as even more desirable to maintain their global position. …
Fusion Protein of Mutant B7-DC and Fc Enhances the Antitumor Immune Effect of GM-CSF-secreting Whole-cell Vaccine (2014)

B7-DC [also known as programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2)] is a costimulatory molecule expressed predominantly on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. In addition to its coinhibitory receptor, programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), evidence suggests that B7-DC interacts with an unidentified costimulatory receptor on T cells. B7-DC mutants with selective binding capacity for the costimulatory receptor may be effective in stimulating antitumor immune responses, while avoiding the inhibitory effects of PD-1. In this study, we concomitantly administered a GM-CSF-secreting whole-cell vaccine together with a fusion protein of mutant B7-DC and Fc portion (mB7-DC-Fc), which binds selectively to the costimulatory receptor. This lead to an increased number of tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes both in the spleen and at the tumor site and complete elimination of established tumors in vivo. In addition, mB7-DC-Fc increased IFN-γ and IL-2 production and decreased IL-4 and IL-10 production in vitro, indicating that mB7-DC-Fc tips the Th1/Th2 balance toward Th1 dominance, which is more favorable for antitumor immunity. Furthermore, mB7-DC-Fc decreased the PD-1(+) proportion of CD8(+) T cells in vitro and tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in vivo, suggesting that mB7-DC-Fc may maintain tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells in a nonexhausted state. In conclusion, mB7-DC-Fc administration during the T-cell priming phase enhances antitumor effects of vaccine by generating more tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and leading to their accumulation at the tumor site. We suggest that this combination approach may be a promising strategy for antitumor immunotherapy.
The human neurokinin A (substance K) receptor. Molecular cloning of the gene, chromosome localization, and isolation of cDNA from tracheal and gastric tissues (1990)

Neurokinin A (substance K) is a peptide neurotransmitter of the tachykinin family with potential as a major mediator in human airway and gastrointestinal tissues. Neurokinin A acts via a receptor (the NK-2 receptor) believed to be localized on smooth muscle cells and pharmacologically coupled to a GTP-binding protein. To characterize the human NK-2 receptor, we prepared a partial cDNA from human tracheal RNA using the polymerase chain reaction with oligonucleotide primers derived from the bovine NK-2 receptor cDNA sequence (Masu, Y., Nakayama, K., Tamaki, H., Harada, Y., Kuno, M., Nakanishi, S. (1987) Nature 329, 836-838). This partial human NK-2 receptor cDNA was used to screen a human genomic DNA library and yielded a clone, NGNK-2, of approximately 25 kilobases. Analysis of NGNK-2 indicates that it contains the entire coding sequence of the NK-2 receptor as well as 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences. The gene is organized with five exons interrupted by four introns. The complete sequence of the exons and the intron-exon junctions was determined, as were the transcription initiation site and the 3'-polyadenylation signal. Analysis of EcoRI digests of genomic DNA from human-mouse cell hybrids indicates a single gene for the human NK-2 receptor localized to chromosome 10. Sequence analysis of exons 1 and 5, where major differences occur between the human and animal species, provided information for polymerase chain reaction primers which allowed us to prepare full-length cDNA for the human NK-2 receptor. The protein predicted from the gene sequence is extended by 14 amino acids at the COOH terminus compared to the bovine and 9 residues compared to the rat molecules. The seven membrane-spanning regions are encoded by exons 1-4 and none is interrupted by introns. These regions are highly conserved among the species studied, suggesting stringent evolutionary control over these molecules.
MMP-2: Expression, Activation and Inhibition (1996)

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which occurs during many physiological and pathological processes, is one of the requisite events of cellular invasion. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteases that are responsible for proteolytic degradation of specific ECM components. Regulating the activity of the MMPs at both mRNA and/or protein levels modulates the degradation of the ECM components which in turn alter cellular invasion. Although most MMPs are regulated via similar mechanisms at the mRNA and protein levels, the modulation of gelatinase A is unique. Understanding the mechanisms that regulate gelatinase A is important since expression and activation of this particular MMP is consistently correlated with a majority of malignant phenotypes. In this report, we will contrast the mechanisms that regulate the expression, activation and inhibition of gelatinase A with the mechanisms that modulate the rest the MMP family.
Monoclonal antibodies against bovine tissue factor, which block interaction with factor VIIa (1985)

Two monoclonal antibodies that recognize bovine tissue factor (coagulation factor III) have been obtained following the fusion of hyperimmune mouse spleen cells with NS-1 plasmacytoma cells. Both antibodies, TF1-E2 and TF1-F7, have gamma 1 heavy chains and lambda light chains. TF1-E2 and TF1-F7 have each been used to purify bovine tissue factor from a crude detergent extract of bovine brain by immunoaffinity chromatography. Both antibodies inhibit tissue factor procoagulant activity and block the association of factor VIIa with tissue factor. The association of TF1-F7 and tissue factor solubilized in Triton X-100 was measured under equilibrium conditions. The Kd for this antibody-antigen interaction was 2.1 +/- 0.2 nmol/L. TF1-E2 effectively competes with TF1-F7 for tissue factor binding, indicating that the monoclonal antibodies recognize overlapping sites on the protein. These antibodies will be useful reagents for large-scale purification and for structure-function studies of bovine tissue factor. In particular, since they appear to bind to the same region of the tissue factor molecule as factor VIIa, they will be useful as specific probes for studying the kinetics of tissue factor-initiated coagulation and for immunocytochemical localization of tissue factor in bovine cells.
NLRP3 inflammasome is required in murine asthma in the absence of aluminum adjuvant (2011)

NLRP3 inflammasome activation leading to IL-1 production is critical for the induction of a Th2 inflammatory allergic response.
Isolation of Coralmycins A and B, Potent Anti-Gram Negative Compounds from the Myxobacteria Corallococcus coralloides M23 (2016)

Two new potent anti-Gram negative compounds, coralmycins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from cultures of the myxobacteria Corallococcus coralloides M23, together with another derivative (3) that was identified as the very recently reported cystobactamid 919-2. Their structures including the relative stereochemistry were elucidated by interpretation of spectroscopic, optical rotation, and CD data. The relative stereochemistry of 3 was revised to "S*R*" by NMR analysis. The antibacterial activity of 1 was most potent against Gram-negative pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumanii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with MICs of 0.1-4 μg/mL; these MICs were 4-10 and 40-100 times stronger than the antibacterial activities of 3 and 2, respectively. Thus, these data indicated that the β-methoxyasparagine unit and the hydroxy group of the benzoic acid unit were critical for antibacterial activity.
Robotic Partial Nephrectomy Using Robotic Bulldog Clamps (2011)

Use of robotically applied bulldog clamps is a safe and feasible method of hilar occlusion during robotic partial nephrectomy; they perform at least as well as laparoscopic bulldog clamps while allowing the console surgeon greater autonomy and precision for hilar clamping.
Complement Factor H: Physiology and Pathophysiology (2001)

The human plasma protein factor H, which is a multifunctional, multidomain protein, acts as a central regulator of the complement system. In addition to its complement regulatory activities, factor H has multiple physiological activities and 1) acts as an extracellular matrix component, 2) binds to cellular receptors of the integrin type, and 3) interacts with a wide selection of ligands, such as the C-reactive protein, thrombospondin, bone sialoprotein, osteopontin, and heparin. Recent genetic reports, which show involvement of factor H in the human disease hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS), have attracted the attention of both clinicians and basic complement researchers to the role of factor H in the pathophysiology of HUS.
Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is serologically highly variable and is expressed by all clinically important capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae (1990)

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) has been shown previously to elicit antibodies protective against pneumococcal infection and to be necessary for full pneumococcal virulence in mice. The protein was originally defined by the two mouse monoclonal antibodies Xi64 and Xi126, which together recognized PspA on 14% of pneumococcal isolates. Some PspA molecules reacted with both antibodies, but most reacted with only one or the other. In the present study we demonstrated that PspA is produced by all pneumococci, confirming our hypothesis that there are variants of PspA which are not detected by Xi64 and Xi126. We produced a rabbit antiserum and five additional monoclonal antibodies specific for PspA for these studies. The rabbit antiserum reacted with each of 95 pneumococcal isolated tested, comprising 16 capsular serotypes. One or more of the seven monoclonal anti-PspA antibodies reacted with 95% (53 of 57) of pneumococcal isolates tested. The specificity of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to PspA was confirmed in two ways: (i) by detection of molecules on wild-type pneumococci that are identical in molecular weight to those detected in Western blots (immunoblots) with Xi64 and Xi126 and (ii) by the use of mutants of Streptococcus pneumoniae that fail to produce PspA or that produce a truncated form of PspA. By using the seven monoclonal antibodies, we observed 31 PspA types among the 57 isolates. When the 53 strains reactive with the monoclonal antibodies were analyzed by capsular type as well as by serologic type and molecular weight of PspA, we observed 50 different clonotypes of pneumococci.
Neurochemical Aftermath of Amateur Boxing (2006)

Amateur boxing is associated with acute neuronal and astroglial injury. If verified in longitudinal studies with extensive follow-up regarding the clinical outcome, analyses of cerebrospinal fluid may provide a scientific basis for medical counseling of athletes after boxing or head injury.
Conserved and variable elements in RNA genomes of potexviruses (1988)

The nucleotide sequences of genomic RNAs and predicted amino acid sequences of two strains of potato virus X and white clover mosaic potexvirus were compared to each other, and the proteins of different plus-RNA-containing plant viruses. The predicted non-virion proteins of potexviruses have direct sequence homology and common structural peculiarities with those of several 'Sindbis-like' plant viruses. The most conserved amino acid sequences were found to be located in the polypeptide encoded by the long 5'-proximal open reading frame (ORF1). The putative polypeptide encoded by the ORF2 starting beyond the ORF1 stop codon is clearly related to the presumptive NTP-binding domain of the ORF1-coded polypeptide. These results suggest possible functions for all of the potexvirus proteins and also indicate that potexviruses have a genome organization which is considerably different from that of other plant viruses.
Expanding the Scope of Prefetching through Inter-Application Cooperation (2001)

uires some form of predictive information. This information can be derived from user behavior, though web documents are special because inline links make them selfreferential. These links represent requests that the user might make in the future. Even when a specific web page cannot be prefetched because it cannot be cached, other related items , such as DNS records, can still be prefetched. This is useful because there are a large number of web documents for which prefetching is not productive, such as dynamic pages. While DNS prefetching relies heavily on web context, it is not web prefetching. Instead, information from web documents is used to predict future use and trigger prefetching across semantic domains. The web cache provides predictive information that was previously unavailable to the DNS. Cooperation with the web cache widens the scope of the DNS cache and enables prefetching as a new optimization. Like a DNS cache, a web cache can find new predictive information by incl
Multi‐Resolution Meshes for Feature‐Aware Hardware Tessellation (2016)

Abstract Hardware tessellation is de facto the preferred mechanism to adaptively control mesh resolution with maximal performances. However, owing to its fixed and uniform pattern, leveraging tessellation for feature‐aware LOD rendering remains a challenging problem. We relax this fundamental constraint by introducing a new spatial and temporal blending mechanism of tessellation levels, which is built on top of a novel hierarchical representation of multi‐resolution meshes. This mechanism allows to finely control topological changes so that vertices can be removed or added at the most appropriate location to preserve geometric features in a continuous and artifact‐free manner. We then show how to extend edge‐collapse based decimation methods to build feature‐aware multi‐resolution meshes that match the tessellation patterns. Our approach is fully compatible with current hardware tessellators and only adds a small overhead on memory consumption and tessellation cost.
Severe Cholestasis Induced by Cholic Acid Feeding in Knockout Mice of Sister of P–Glycoprotein (2003)

Intrahepatic cholestasis is often associated with impairment of biliary bile acid secretion, a process mediated by the sister of P-glycoprotein (Spgp or Abcb11) also known as the bile salt export pump (Bsep). In humans, mutations in the Spgp gene are associated with a fatal childhood disease, type 2 progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC2). However in mice, the "knockout" of Spgp only results in mild cholestasis. In this study, we fed spgp(-/-) knockout mice with a cholic acid (CA)-supplemented diet to determine whether a more pronounced PFIC2-like phenotype could be induced. Such mice developed severe cholestasis characterized by jaundice, weight loss, elevated plasma bile acid, elevated transaminase, cholangiopathy (proliferation of bile ductules and cholangitis), liver necrosis, high mortality, and wide-ranging changes in the mRNA expression of major liver genes (16/36 examined). A surprising observation was that the bile acid output and bile flow in CA-fed mutant mice was significantly higher than anticipated. This suggests that the spgp(-/-) mice are able to utilize an alternative bile salt transport system. However, unlike Spgp, this system is insufficient to protect the knockout mice from cholestasis despite its high capacity. In conclusion, the spgp(-/-) mice provide a unique model to investigate molecular pathways associated with cholestasis and related diseases.
Bispecific antibodies that mediate killing of cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus of any strain. (1991)

Although AIDS patients lose human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific cytotoxic T cells, their remaining CD8-positive T lymphocytes maintain cytotoxic function. To exploit this fact we have constructed bispecific antibodies that direct cytotoxic T lymphocytes of any specificity to cells that express gp120 of HIV. These bispecific antibodies comprise one heavy/light chain pair from an antibody to CD3, linked to a heavy chain whose variable region has been replaced with sequences from CD4 plus a second light chain. CD3 is part of the antigen receptor on T cells and is responsible for signal transduction. In the presence of these bispecific antibodies, T cells of irrelevant specificity effectively lyse HIV-infected cells in vitro.
Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase. (1986)

DNA coding for bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase was ligated to a vaccinia virus transcriptional promoter and integrated within the vaccinia virus genome. The recombinant vaccinia virus retained infectivity and stably expressed T7 RNA polymerase in mammalian cells. Target genes were constructed by inserting DNA segments that code for beta-galactosidase or chloramphenicol acetyltransferase into a plasmid with bacteriophage T7 promoter and terminator regions. When cells were infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus and transfected with plasmids containing the target genes, the latter were expressed at high levels. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity was 400-600 times greater than that observed with conventional mammalian transient-expression systems regulated either by the enhancer and promoter regions of the Rous sarcoma virus long terminal repeat or by the simian virus 40 early region. The vaccinia/T7 hybrid virus forms the basis of a simple, rapid, widely applicable, and efficient mammalian expression system.
Expression Cloning of Human EGF Receptor Complementary DNA: Gene Amplification and Three Related Messenger RNA Products in A431 Cells (1984)

In order to further define the mechanisms by which polypeptide growth factors regulate gene transcription and cellular growth, expression cloning techniques were used to select human epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor complementary DNA clones. The EGF 3' coding domain shows striking homology to the transforming gene product of avian erythroblastosis virus (v-erbB). Over-expression of EGF receptors in A431 cell lines correlates with increased EGF receptor mRNA levels and amplification (up to 110 times) of the apparently singular EGF receptor gene. There appear to be three cytoplasmic polyadenylated RNA products of EGF receptor gene expression in A431 cells, one of which contains only 5' (EGF binding domain) sequences and is postulated to encode the secreted EGF receptor-related protein.