gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/Akt pathway for the treatment of cancer. (2005)

Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt is overactivated in a wide range of tumor types, and this triggers a cascade of responses, from cell growth and proliferation to survival, motility, epithelial-mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. Therefore, this pathway presents an exciting target for molecular therapeutics. In addition, ectopic expression of PI3K or Akt, especially constitutively activated PI3K (p110alpha) or Akt, is sufficient to induce the oncogenic transformation of cells and tumor formation in transgenic mice, as well as the development of chemoresistance. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling induces apoptosis and inhibits the growth of tumor cells that have elevated Akt levels. The dependence of certain tumors on PI3K/Akt signaling for survival and growth has wide implications for cancer therapy, offering the potential for preferential tumor cell killing. In the past few years, a number of inhibitors of the Akt pathway have been identified by combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput and virtual screening, or traditional medicinal chemistry. This review focuses on ongoing translational efforts to therapeutically target the PI3K/Akt pathway.
LWR fuel power transient testing at SCK•CEN (2011)

For many years, a lot of transient tests have been performed in the BR2 reactor at SCK•CEN with a Pressurized Water Capsule (PWC) embedded in the so-called Calibration and Cycling Device (CCD). The PWC/CCD device, aiming at performing fast power transients on fuel pins in BWR- or PWR-like conditions was put into operation in 1977, has been continuously improved and is still operational. In 2010, PWC/CCD has undergone its periodic (every 5 years) requalification. To optimally control the power ramp, the transient fuel tests are realized exclusively by the variation of the BR2 power: the fuel rod heating rate is adjusted by varying the BR2 reactor power during dedicated short reactor cycles. Some typical results obtained from transient tests illustrate the performances of this facility and the accuracy of the power determination.
Softmax Q-Distribution Estimation for Structured Prediction: A Theoretical Interpretation for RAML (2017)

Reward augmented maximum likelihood (RAML), a simple and effective learning framework to directly optimize towards the reward function in structured prediction tasks, has led to a number of impressive empirical successes. RAML incorporates task-specific reward by performing maximum-likelihood updates on candidate outputs sampled according to an exponentiated payoff distribution, which gives higher probabilities to candidates that are close to the reference output. While RAML is notable for its simplicity, efficiency, and its impressive empirical successes, the theoretical properties of RAML, especially the behavior of the exponentiated payoff distribution, has not been examined thoroughly. In this work, we introduce softmax Q-distribution estimation, a novel theoretical interpretation of RAML, which reveals the relation between RAML and Bayesian decision theory. The softmax Q-distribution can be regarded as a smooth approximation of the Bayes decision boundary, and the Bayes decision rule is achieved by decoding with this Q-distribution. We further show that RAML is equivalent to approximately estimating the softmax Q-distribution, with the temperature $τ$ controlling approximation error. We perform two experiments, one on synthetic data of multi-class classification and one on real data of image captioning, to demonstrate the relationship between RAML and the proposed softmax Q-distribution estimation method, verifying our theoretical analysis. Additional experiments on three structured prediction tasks with rewards defined on sequential (named entity recognition), tree-based (dependency parsing) and irregular (machine translation) structures show notable improvements over maximum likelihood baselines.
Subepidermal moisture surrounding pressure ulcers in persons with a spinal cord injury: A pilot study (2014)

SEM differentiates PrUs from intact skin. Future study designs must take into account order, angular, and site effects on this measure. This information will inform designers of future studies of SEM in healing of PrUs.
A new hydroxy fatty acid sophoroside from Candida bogoriensis (1968)

When cultured in stirred fermentors the yeast Candida bogoriensis produces extracellular glycolipids in yields of 0.5 to 1 g/l. The principal component of these is a crystalline sophorosyl hydroxy fatty acid, the structure of which has been established as 13-[(2′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-oxy]docosanoic acid 6′,6″-diacetate. The hydroxy acid portion of the molecule probably has the L-configuration. A monoacetyl glycolipid is also present as a minor component.
Upregulation of c-Fos in Activated T Lymphoid and Monocytic Cells by Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat Protein (1997)

The regulatory Tat protein of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) is essential for viral replication and also shows pleiotropic activities on various cell functions. To get further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activity of Tat, we investigated the effect of endogenous and exogenous Tat protein on c-fos gene expression in T lymphoblastoid (Jurkat) and monocytic (U937) cell lines, as well as in primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Transient cotransfection of tat cDNA in sense orientation (tat/S), together with a plasmid containing the c-fos promoter (FC3, from -711 to +42) in front of the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene significantly enhanced CAT activity in Jurkat cells activated by the addition of 15% fetal calf serum (FCS) or 5 micrograms/mL phytohemagglutinin plus 10(-7) mol/L phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and U937 cells activated by 15% FCS or 10(-7) mol/L PMA. This effect was specifically due to Tat, since Jurkat and U937 cells cotransfected either with tat cDNA in antisense orientation (tat/AS), tat carrying a mutation in the aminoacid cys22-gly22 (tat 22/S) or with the backbone vector alone (pRPneo-SL3) did not show any significant difference in c-fos promoter activity as compared to cells transfected with FC3 plasmid alone. By using deletion mutants of the c-fos promoter, we found that the minimal DNA sequence required for Tat activity was located between nucleotides -404/-220 and that the serum responsive element (SRE, -317/-288), present within this region, was still responsive to Tat. A single point mutation in the SRE completely abrogated the responsiveness to tat/S. Exogenous recombinant Tat protein was also able to upregulate c-fos promoter activity in serum-activated Jurkat and U937 cells, as well as endogenous c-fos mRNA expression and c-Fos protein synthesis in both serum-activated cell lines and primary PBMC. c-Fos protein was shown essential for an optimal transactivation of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) by Tat: incubation of Jurkat cells with antisense, but not sense, c-fos oligonucleotides significantly reduced either the Tat-enhanced expression of an LTR-CAT reporter construct or the levels of gag p24 in the culture supernatants of Jurkat cells and PBMC acutely infected with HIV-1. Our data suggest that the c-fos upregulation mediated by Tat might play a significant role in the control of viral gene transactivation.
Bimetallic phenylene-bridged Cp/amide titanium complexes and their olefin polymerization (2007)

Bimetallic dichlorotitanium complexes, {2,6-[eta(5)-2,5-Me2C5H2](2)-4-R-C6H2N-microN}{Ti(IV)Cl2}2 (, R=Me; , R=F) and 4,4'-A[{2-(eta(5)-2,3,5-Me3C5H)C6H3NC6H11-kappaN}Ti(IV)Cl2]2 (, A=CH2; , A=O; , A=ortho-C6H4) are prepared via a key step of the Suzuki-coupling reaction of 2-dihydroxyboryl-3-methyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one () with dibromo-compounds. The solid state structure of was determined by X-ray crystallography. Complexes and are not active for ethylene/1-hexene copolymerization. Meanwhile, the complexes are highly active and their activities are higher than that of the mononuclear analogue, {2-(eta(5)-2,3,5-Me3C5H)C6H3NC6H11-kappaN}Ti(IV)Cl2 (). The molecular weights of the polymers obtained with the bimetallic complexes are higher than that of the polymer obtained using . Slightly higher contents of long-chain-branching are observed for the copolymers obtained using the bimetallic system.
Characterization of factor VII association with tissue factor in solution. High and low affinity calcium binding sites in factor VII contribute to functionally distinct interactions (1991)

Protein-phospholipid as well as protein-protein interactions may be critical for tight binding of the serine protease factor VIIa (VIIa) to its receptor cofactor tissue factor (TF). To elucidate the role of protein-protein interactions, we analyzed the interaction of VII/VIIa with TF in the absence of phospholipid. Binding of VII occurred with similar affinity to solubilized and phospholipid-reconstituted TF. Lack of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-domain (des-(1-38)-VIIa) resulted in a 10- to 30-fold increase of the Kd for the interaction, as did blocking the Gla-domain by Fab fragments of a specific monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that the VII Gla-domain can participate in protein-protein interaction with the TF molecule per se rather than only in interactions with the charged phospholipid surface. Gla-domain-independent, low affinity binding of VII to TF required micromolar Ca2+, indicating involvement of high affinity calcium ion binding sites suggested to be localized in VII rather than TF. Interference with Gla-domain-dependent interactions with TF did not alter the TF. VIIa-dependent cleavage of a small peptidyl substrate, whereas the proteolytic activation of the protein substrate factor X was markedly decreased, suggesting that the VIIa Gla-domain not only participates in the formation of a more stable TF. VIIa complex but contributes to extended substrate recognition.
Gold Nanorods Grown Directly on Surfaces from Microscale Patterns of Gold Seeds (2005)

We report a strategy for patterning surfaces with high aspect ratio gold nanorods (Au NRs) by using a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp to microcontact print 3−5 nm diameter gold nanoparticle (Au NP) “seeds” onto mercaptan-functionalized Si/SiOx surfaces and subsequently grow the seeds into Au NRs via seed-mediated reduction of HAuCl4 with ascorbic acid in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The patterns also contain a large number of spherical particles, which are largely removed and separated from NRs using adhesive tape. The same PDMS stamp was used more than 30 times to produce well-defined patterns without reinking with Au NP seeds. Controlled patterning of Au NRs on surfaces is important for electronics, sensing, optical, and plasmonic applications.
Studies on SP6 promoter using a new plasmid vector that allow gene insertion at the transcription initiation site (1987)

All the phage-promoter containing subcloning vectors available for in vitro transcription reactions contain a polylinker away from the transcription initiation site. A new SP6 transcription subcloning vector, pCKSP6, has been constructed, in which a gene can be inserted precisely at the transcription initiation site. This was achieved by bringing the BamHI cleavage site into the initiation site. When DNA ends of both insert gene and BamHI cleaved pCKSP6 are made blunt-ended using a single strand specific nuclease, the in vitro transcripts of the recombinant DNA by SP6 RNA polymerase will contain only the gene sequence immediately after the initiation base G. Mung bean nuclease was used to generate a series of mutants resulting from step-wise deletion of single base pairs around the initiation site. Transcription assays with these SP6 promoter mutants revealed that not only the sequence immediately upstream of the initiation site but also the six base pairs from position +1 to +6 are important elements for promoter binding and/or transcription initiation activity. Furthermore, there appears to be a hierarchy of importance of each base pair in the order of position +1 greater than +2 greater than +3 greater than +4, +5, +6, -1, -2.
1H‐NMR study of polyisoprenes (1979)

Abstract 1 H‐NMR spectra of polyisoprene were assigned using polymers of isoprene‐1,1,4,4‐ d 4 , isoprene‐1,1,5,5,5‐ d 5 , and isoprene‐4,4‐ d 2 polymerized with various catalysts. The methylene‐proton signal at 2.1 ppm in cis ‐1,4 ‐ and trans ‐1,4‐polyisoprenes was divided into H 4 ‐ and H 1 ‐proton signals; H 4 resonated at 2.21 ppm in both cis‐1,4 and trans‐1,4 units whereas H 1 resonated at 2.05, 2.21, and 2.15 ppm. Splitting due to the dyad sequences of 1,4 and 3,4 units was apparent. The methine‐proton (H 3 ) in a 3,4 unit showed a broad peak centered around 1.5 ppm in C 6 D 6 . The overlapping of this signal with the methyl‐proton signals at 1.73 and 1.63 ppm resulted in some uncertainty in the determination of the microstructure of polyisoprene which contained a considerable amount of 3,4 unit.
IgE Antibodies to Bacteria in Patients with Bronchial Asthma (1980)

Bacterial respiratory infections, especially with Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae , are frequently associated with an increase of airways obstruction in patients with bronchial asthma. The possible involvement of immediate hypersensitivity in this phenomenon was studied. IgE antibodies to Haemophilus influenzae (HI) and Streptococcus pheumoniae (SPn) were investigated in the serum of 190 adult patients with bronchial asthma. The IgE antibodies were measured using a solid phase radioimmunoassay method. Living bacteria were used as solid phase. A correction of the non‐specific binding of IgE was necessary. IgE antibodies to one or both bacteria were present in 55 of the 190 patients (29%). Eighteen patients were sensitive to HI, 33 to SPn and four to both bacteria. Significantly more IgE antibodies to bacteria were found in patients with demonstrable IgE antibodies to various inhalant allergens. However, the IgE antibodies to one or both bacteria were also present in 22% of patients with no other demonstrable IgE mediated hypersensitivity. The total serum IgE level in patients with IgE antibodies to bacteria was not significantly higher than in patients without hypersensitivity to these bacteria. From these data we concluded that immediate hypersensitivity to bacteria may play a role in the infectious exacerbations of bronchial asthma.
Interleukin-10 induces immunoglobulin G isotype switch recombination in human CD40-activated naive B lymphocytes. (1996)

Upon activation, B lymphocytes can change the isotype of the antibody they express by immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switch recombination. In previous studies on the regulation of human IgG expression, we demonstrated that interleukin 10 (IL-10) could stimulate IgG1 and IgG3 secretion by human CD40-activated naive (sIgD+) tonsillar B cells. To assess whether IL-10 actually promotes the DNA recombination underlying switching to these isotypes, we examined the effect of IL-10 on the generation of reciprocal products that form DNA circles as by-products of switch recombination. The content of reciprocal products characteristic of mu-gamma recombination was elevated after culture of CD40-activated tonsillar sIgD+ B cells with either IL-4 or IL-10, although high levels of IgG secretion were observed only with IL-10. Unlike IL-4, IL-10 did not induce reciprocal products of mu-epsilon and gamma-epsilon switch recombination. These results demonstrate that IL-10 promotes both switching to gamma and IgG secretion.
Synthesis of High Purity SiC Powder for High-resistivity SiC Single Crystals Growth (2007)

High purity silicon carbide (SiC) powder was synthesized in-situ by chemical reaction between silicon and carbon powder. In order to ensure that the impurity concentration of the resulting SiC powder is suitable for high-resistivity SiC single crystal growth, the preparation technology of SiC powder is different from that of SiC ceramic. The influence of the shape and size of carbon particles on the morphology and phase composition of the obtained SiC powder were discussed. The phase composition and morphology of the products were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman microspectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the composition of resulting SiC by in-situ synthesis from Si/C mixture strongly depends on the nature of the carbon source, which corresponds to the particle size and shape, as well as the preparation temperature. In the experimental conditions, flake graphite is more suitable for the synthesis of SiC powder than activated carbon because of its relatively smaller particle size and flake shape, which make the conversion more complete. The major phase composition of the full conversion products is belta-SiC, with traces of alpha-SiC. Glow discharge mass spectroscopy measurements indicated that SiC powder synthesized with this chemical reaction method can meet the purity demand for the growth of high-resistivity SiC single crystals.
Optimality of single-carrier zero-padded block transmissions (2003)

We consider the class of linear precoded (LP) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. We first show that single-carrier zero-padded transmissions, termed ZP-only, can be viewed as a special case of LP-OFDM. By resorting to the pair-wise error probability analysis, we establish the optimality of ZP-only among the LP-OFDM class in terms of its performance in random frequency-selective channels. It is shown that ZP-only enjoys maximum diversity and coding gains. We also consider various decoding options for ZP-only, and compare them in terms of performance and complexity.
EEG dipole source localization using artificial neural networks (2000)

Localization of focal electrical activity in the brain using dipole source analysis of the electroencephalogram (EEG), is usually performed by iteratively determining the location and orientation of the dipole source, until optimal correspondence is reached between the dipole source and the measured potential distribution on the head. In this paper, we investigate the use of feed-forward layered artificial neural networks (ANNs) to replace the iterative localization procedure, in order to decrease the calculation time. The localization accuracy of the ANN approach is studied within spherical and realistic head models. Additionally, we investigate the robustness of both the iterative and the ANN approach by observing the influence on the localization error of both noise in the scalp potentials and scalp electrode mislocalizations. Finally, after choosing the ANN structure and size that provides a good trade off between low localization errors and short computation times, we compare the calculation times involved with both the iterative and ANN methods. An average localization error of about 3.5 mm is obtained for both spherical and realistic head models. Moreover, the ANN localization approach appears to be robust to noise and electrode mislocations. In comparison with the iterative localization, the ANN provides a major speed-up of dipole source localization. We conclude that an artificial neural network is a very suitable alternative for iterative dipole source localization in applications where large numbers of dipole localizations have to be performed, provided that an increase of the localization errors by a few millimetres is acceptable.
Selectin inhibition: synthesis and evaluation of novel sialylated, sulfated and fucosylated oligosaccharides, including the major capping group of GlyCAM-1 (1997)

Selectins interact with glycoconjugate ligands in important normal and pathological situations. While high affinity recognition of natural ligands is associated with alpha 1-3(4)fucosylated, alpha 2-3sialylated (and/or sulfated) lactosamine sequences, small oligosaccharides that potently inhibit the selectins have not been found. One possibility suggested by other investigators is that high affinity may require unusual sequences not yet tested, for example, the "major capping group" (6'-sulfo-sialyl Le(x)) of the L-selectin ligand GlyCAM-1. To explore this possibility, we synthesized a spectrum of novel synthetic and semisynthetic oligosaccharides related to those on natural ligands. In studying these molecules, we noted that binding of recombinant soluble selectins to immobilized sialyl Le(a) or 3'-sulfo-Le(x) is markedly inhibited by concentrations of chloride above the physiological range. This indicates the ionic nature of the interactions, and shows that buffers typically used in screening assays for inhibitors are not optimal. Using parameters that more closely approximate physiological conditions, we confirmed that alpha 2-3-linked sialic acids, and alpha 1-3(4)fucosylation are important for recognition. Similar results obtained with both types of immobilized targets for the three selectins indicated that the binding sites for sialic acid and sulfate are very close, or identical. While O-sulfate esters mostly improved L- and P-selectin recognition, effects depended upon their position and number. Furthermore, sulfation can also impart some "negative" specificity: the major capping group does not interact with E-selectin. The branched Core 2 sequence seemed to enhance L- and P-selectin binding, however, the best inhibitors still appeared to be sialyl Le(a) and 3'-sulfo-Le(x), with the aglycone group of the latter affecting binding. Of particular note, the "major capping group" of GlyCAM-1 was not an unusually potent nor highly selective inhibitor of L-selectin, even when studying the interaction of L-selectin with native GlyCAM-1 itself.
Genioglossus reflex inhibition to upper‐airway negative‐pressure stimuli during wakefulness and sleep in healthy males (2007)

During wakefulness, obstructive sleep apnoea patients appear to compensate for an anatomically narrow upper airway by increasing upper airway dilator muscle activity, e.g. genioglossus, at least partly via a negative-pressure reflex that may be diminished in sleep. Previous studies have assessed the negative-pressure reflex using multi-unit, rectified, moving-time-average EMG recordings during brief pulses of negative upper-airway pressure. However, moving-time averaging probably obscures the true time-related reflex morphology, potentially masking transient excitatory and inhibitory components. This study aimed to re-examine the genioglossus negative-pressure reflex in detail, without moving-time averaging. Bipolar fine-wire electrodes were inserted per orally into the genioglossus muscle in 17 healthy subjects. Two upper airway pressure catheters were inserted per nasally. Genioglossus EMG reflex responses were generated via negative-pressure stimuli (approximately -10 cmH2O at the choanae, 250 ms duration) delivered during wakefulness and sleep. Ensemble-averaged, rectified, genioglossus EMG recordings demonstrated reflex activation (onset latency 26+/-1 ms; peak amplitude 231+/-29% of baseline) followed by a previously unreported suppression (peak latency 71+/-4 ms; 67+/-8% of baseline). Single-motor-unit activity, clearly identifiable in approximately 10% of trials in six subjects, showed a concomitant increase in the interspike interval from baseline (26+/-9 ms, P=0.01). Genioglossus negative-pressure reflex morphology and amplitude of the initial peak were maintained in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep but suppression amplitude was more pronounced during NREM and declined further during REM sleep compared to wakefulness. These data indicate there are both excitatory and inhibitory components to the genioglossus negative-pressure reflex which are differentially affected by state.