gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cell Surface Receptor-Targeted Therapy of Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Review (2000)

Combination chemotherapy produces remissions in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, the majority of patients ultimately relapse and die with cytotoxic drug resistant blasts. Novel agents which circumvent resistance are needed. One such class are AML-cell surface targeted proteins. These genetically engineered polypeptides are hybrid molecules composed of two moieties--a haptophore which triggers AML cell binding and a toxophore which kills the cell. The haptophore or ligand portion consists of a monoclonal antibody or antibody fragment or a cytokine. These peptides react with cell surface receptors or antigens on AML cells. The haptophore is genetically or chemically linked to the toxophore. The toxophore may consist of an antibody Fc domain which triggers antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, a DNA-damaging cytotoxic drug, a radionuclide or a protein synthesis-inactivating peptide toxin. The toxophore may provide a cell death signal that overcomes standard resistance phenotypes. Further, the targeting provided by the haptophore may reduce normal tissue toxicities. This review describes some of the properties of the cell surface molecular targets, the reactive haptophores and toxophores and how these functional peptides have been optimally combined to kill leukemic blasts in patients with AML.
Seven-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2008)

These findings, which have never been shown on conventional fields of MRI, not only allow for direct evidence of vascular pathogenesis in MS in vivo but also have important implications for monitoring lesion activity and therapeutic response.
Tissue Engineering of Skin (1998)

The skin plays a crucial role in protecting the integrity of the body's internal milieu. The loss of this largest organ is incompatible with sustained life. In reconstructive surgery or burn management, substitution of the skin is often necessary. In addition to traditional approaches such as split- or full-thickness skin grafts, tissue flaps and free-tissue transfers, skin bioengineering in vitro or in vivo has been developing over the past decades. It applies the principles and methods of both engineering and life sciences toward the development of substitutes to restore and maintain skin structure and function. Currently, these methods are valuable alternatives or complements to other techniques in reconstructive surgery. This review article deals with the evolution and current approaches to the development of in vitro and in vivo epidermis and dermis.
Transgenerational Plasticity Is Adaptive in the Wild (2007)

Plants exhibit adaptive responses to light, but it is not known whether parental plants transmit environmental cues that elicit adaptive responses in offspring. We show that offspring life history (annual versus biennial) is influenced by the maternal light environment (understory versus light gap). This transgenerational plasticity is adaptive when offspring are grown in their maternal light environment, where seeds typically disperse. Projections of population growth show that plants that are appropriately cued for their light environment through maternal effects have 3.4 times greater fitness than otherwise. Transgenerational plasticity has evolved in response to natural variation in light and provides a flexible mechanism by which sedentary organisms cope with heterogeneous environments.
Alternate Polyadenylation in Human mRNAs: A Large-Scale Analysis by EST Clustering (1998)

Alternate polyadenylation is an important post-transcriptional regulatory process now open to large-scale analysis by use of cDNA databases. We clustered 164,000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) into approximately 15,000 groups and aligned each group to a putative mRNA 3' end. By use of stringent criteria to discard artifactual mRNA extremities, clear evidence for alternate polyadenylation was obtained in 189 of the 1000 EST clusters studied. A number of previously unreported polyadenylation sites were identified, together with possible instances of tissue-specific differential polyadenylation. This study demonstrates that, besides quantitative aspects of gene expression, the distribution of alternate mRNA forms can be analyzed through EST sampling.
Microwave Optoelectronic Oscillator with Optical Gain (2007)

Optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) are unique compared to radio-frequency (RF) oscillators in that they do not fundamentally require a RF gain element in order to satisfy the amplitude threshold condition for oscillation. All of the energy required for oscillation can be obtained from the optical carrier. This, however, was not initially possible, due to the inefficiency and power limitations on the optical components used in the OEO. Recent improvements driven by the need for optical-RF links have improved modulator and detector technology. Electro-optic modulators (EOM) with ultra-low half-wave voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pi</sub> ), and high optical power capabilities, when coupled with high-power photodetectors, have achieved optical links with gain. With sufficient gain from the photonic components in the OEO, the RF loop amplifier becomes unnecessary. Eliminating this amplifier removes one of the major noise contributing elements of the oscillator. Here we present designs and phase noise results of several OEOs, operating at RF frequencies up to 10 GHz, constructed with only optical gain.
I kappa B/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-kappa B p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding. (1992)

The active nuclear form of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex is composed of two DNA binding subunits, NF-kappa B p65 and NF-kappa B p50, both of which share extensive N-terminal sequence homology with the v-rel oncogene product. The NF-kappa B p65 subunit provides the transactivation activity in this complex and serves as an intracellular receptor for a cytoplasmic inhibitor of NF-kappa B, termed I kappa B. In contrast, NF-kappa B p50 alone fails to stimulate kappa B-directed transcription, and based on prior in vitro studies, is not directly regulated by I kappa B. To investigate the molecular basis for the critical regulatory interaction between NF-kappa B and I kappa B/MAD-3, a series of human NF-kappa B p65 mutants was identified that functionally segregated DNA binding, I kappa B-mediated inhibition, and I kappa B-induced nuclear exclusion of this transcription factor. Results from in vivo expression studies performed with these NF-kappa B p65 mutants revealed the following: 1) I kappa B/MAD-3 completely inhibits NF-kappa B p65-dependent transcriptional activation mediated through the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 kappa B enhancer in human T lymphocytes, 2) the binding of I kappa B/MAD-3 to NF-kappa B p65 is sufficient to retarget NF-kappa B p65 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, 3) selective deletion of the functional nuclear localization signal present in the Rel homology domain of NF-kappa B p65 disrupts its ability to engage I kappa B/MAD-3, and 4) the unique C-terminus of NF-kappa B p65 attenuates its own nuclear localization and contains sequences that are required for I kappa B-mediated inhibition of NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding activity. Together, these findings suggest that the nuclear localization signal and transactivation domain of NF-kappa B p65 constitute a bipartite system that is critically involved in the inhibitory function of I kappa B/MAD-3. Unexpectedly, our in vivo studies also demonstrate that I kappa B/MAD-3 binds directly to NF-kappa B p50. This interaction is functional as it leads to retargeting of NF-kappa B p50 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. However, no loss of DNA binding activity is observed, presumably reflecting the unique C-terminal domain that is distinct from that present in NF-kappa B p65.
Using bayesian priors to combine classifiers for adaptive filtering (2004)

An adaptive information filtering system monitors a document stream to identify the documents that match information needs specified by user profiles. As the system filters, it also refines its knowledge about the user's information needs based on long-term observations of the document stream and periodic feedback(training data) from the user. Low variance profile learning algorithms, such as Rocchio, work well at the early stage of filtering when the system has very few training data. Low bias profile learning algorithms, such as Logistic Regression, work well at the later stage of filtering when the system has accumulated enough training data.However, an empirical system needs to works well consistently at all stages of filtering process. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a new technique to combine different text classification algorithms via a constrained maximum likelihood Bayesian prior. This technique provides a trade off between bias and variance, and the combined classifier may achieve a consistent good performance at different stages of filtering. We implemented the proposed technique to combine two complementary classification algorithms: Rocchio and logistic regression. The new algorithm is shown to compare favorably with Rocchio, Logistic Regression, and the best methods in the TREC-9 and TREC-11 adaptive filtering tracks.
Disruption of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae FAT1 Gene Decreases Very Long-chain Fatty Acyl-CoA Synthetase Activity and Elevates Intracellular Very Long-chain Fatty Acid Concentrations (1998)

Activation of fatty acids to their coenzyme A derivatives is necessary for subsequent metabolism. Very long-chain fatty acids, which accumulate in tissues of patients with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, are activated by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (VLCS) normally found in peroxisomes and microsomes. We identified a candidate yeast VLCS gene (FAT1), previously identified as encoding a fatty acid transport protein, by its homology to rat liver peroxisomal VLCS. Disruption of this gene decreased, but did not abolish, cellular VLCS activity. Fractionation studies showed that VLCS activity, but not long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase activity, was reduced to about 40% of wild-type level in both 27,000 x g supernatant and pellet fractions. Separation of organelles in the pellet fraction by density gradient centrifugation revealed that VLCS activity was associated with peroxisomes and microsomes but not mitochondria. FAT1 deletion strains exhibited decreased growth on medium containing dextrose, oleic acid, and cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis. FAT1 deletion strains grown on either dextrose or oleic acid medium accumulated very long-chain fatty acids. Compared with wild-type yeast, C22:0, C24:0, and C26:0 levels were increased approximately 20-, 18-, and 3-fold in deletion strains grown on dextrose, and 2-, 7-, and 5-fold in deletion strains grown on oleate. Long-chain fatty acid levels in wild-type and deletion strains were not significantly different. All biochemical defects in FAT1 deletion strains were restored to normal after functional complementation with the FAT1 gene. The level of VLCS activity measured in both wild-type and deletion yeast strains transformed with FAT1 cDNA paralleled the level of expression of the transgene. The extent of both the decrease in peroxisomal VLCS activity and the very long-chain fatty acid accumulation in the yeast FAT1 deletion model resembles that observed in cells from X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy patients. These studies suggest that the FAT1 gene product has VLCS activity that is essential for normal cellular very long-chain fatty acid homeostasis.
Abnormal differentiation of memory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus (2006)

Together these data indicate an increased degree of in vivo T cell stimulation in SLE, resulting in the accumulation of terminally differentiated memory T cells with a decreased proliferative capacity and an increased tendency to undergo apoptosis upon stimulation.
Nociceptin and the ORL‐1 ligand [Phe1ψ (CH2‐NH)Gly2]nociceptin(1‐13)NH2 exert anti‐opioid effects in the Freund's adjuvant‐induced arthritic rat model of chronic pain (1999)

1 Stimulation of the opioid receptor-like1 (ORL-1) receptor by nociceptin (NC) produces hyperalgesia and reverses the antinociceptive effects induced by opioids. Most studies concerning the central effects of NC were conducted using acute pain models. The role NC may play in chronic inflammation remains unelucidated. 2 The present study was undertaken to assess the action of NC in the Freund's adjuvant-induced monoarthritic rat model. The effects of drugs known to act as analgesics in this model were evaluated. The effects of NC, NCNH2, and the ORL-1 ligand, [Phe1psi(CH2-NH)Gly2]NC(1-13)NH2 ([F/G]NC(1-13)NH2), were also studied alone or in association with morphine. 3 NC (1 - 30 nmol, i. c.v.) was inactive, whilst NCNH2 (10 nmol, i.c.v.) exerted hyperalgesic effects (-4.5+/-0.9 vs -0.7+/-0.8 s of vehicle-treated animals). [F/G]NC(1-13)NH2 (0.01 - 10 nmol, i.c.v.) induced hyperalgesia in the arthritic paw (-3.3+/-0.6 vs -0.3+/-0.5 s of vehicle-treated animals; 10 nmol). 4 Both NC (0.01 - 10 nmol, i.c.v. ) and [F/G]NC(1-13)NH2 (0.01 - 1 nmol, i.c.v), 30 min after morphine (3 mg kg-1, s.c.) induced an immediate and short-lived reversal of morphine effects (2.6+/-0.3 vs 10.4+/-1.0 and 1.2+/-1.5 vs 9.3+/-1.1 s of morphine alone, respectively), therefore displaying anti-opioid activity. 5 In the Freund's adjuvant-induced rat model of arthritis, both NC and [F/G]NC(1-13)NH2 act as anti-opioid peptides. Furthermore, NCNH2 and [F/G]NC(1-13)NH2 induce hyperalgesia when given alone. Further investigations and the identification of a centrally acting ORL-1 antagonist are necessary to better understand the role of NC in pain mechanisms.
Sheet geometry enhanced giant piezoelectric coefficients (2006)

The authors report a giant piezoelectric coefficient, −d31=2000pm∕V in substrate-free polycrystalline (Pb(Mg1∕3Nb2∕3)O3)0.63(PbTiO3)0.37 (PMN-37PT) sheets at E⩾7kV∕cm, larger than the −d31=930pm∕V exhibited by specially cut commercial PMN-PT single crystals and 300–500pm∕V of polycrystalline bulk PMN-37PT. X-ray diffraction indicated due to the thin sheet geometry the present PMN-37PT sheets contained about 60vol% of the tetragonal a and rhombohedral domains even after poling. At large fields, these tetragonal a and rhombohedral domains switched to the tetragonal c domains to result in the giant d31 enhancement at high fields.
Interaction of the receptor tyrosine kinase p145c‐kit with the p210bcr/abl kinase in myeloid cells (1996)

The chimaeric bcr/abl oncogene is detected in virtually all cases of chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). It encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase of 210 kDalton, p210bcr/abl, which stimulates a variety of cytosolic signalling intermediates. The effects of bcr/abl on the activity of growth factor receptors are less well known. In order to investigate interaction of p210bcr/abl with the receptor tyrosine kinase p145c-kit, we used two myeloid, factor-dependent cell lines, MO7 and 32D, to generate bcr/abl positive sublines, MO7p210 and 32Dp210, by transfection with the bcr/abl gene. Since 32D and 32Dp210 cells did not express p145c-kit, a c-kit retrovirus was used to generate c-kit positive cell lines (32Dkit, 32Dp210kit). In contrast to MO7 and 32Dkit cells, MO7p210 and 32Dp210kit cells were factor independent and did not respond to the growth-promoting effects of recombinant human Steel factor (rhSF). Preincubation with a monoclonal antibody (MAb) neutralizing the binding of SF to p145c-kit did not affect the growth of MO7p210 cells, thus eliminating the possibility of an autocrine SF secretion. 32Dkit cells transfected with bcr/abl containing an inactivating point mutation (Lys-->Arg271) in the Abl kinase domain (32Dp210(Arg271)kit) retained their responsiveness to the effects of rhSF. Immune complex kinase assays showed that the kinase activity of p145c-kit was several-fold higher in MO7p210 and 32Dp210kit cells than in MO7, 32Dkit and 32Dp210(Arg271)kit cells, suggesting that Abl kinase activity was necessary to activate p145c-kit. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments with anti-Kit and anti-Abl MAbs demonstrated that p145c-kit and p210bcr/abl were associated in an intracellular complex in human bcr/abl positive, c-kit positive cell lines (MO7p210; GM/SO). Finally, colony assays with bone marrow from bcr/abl positive CML patients showed that the haemopoietic progenitors of three of four patients did not respond to rhSF. Taken together, the results suggest that p145c-kit can be activated by p210bcr/abl via an Abl-kinase dependent mechanism involving the complex formation of both proteins. These findings could explain some clinical features (basophilia, increase of immature myeloid cells) of chronic-phase CML.
Synthese von Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidinen (1975)

Abstract Es wird über eine einfache Synthese für Pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidine berichtet, die von 2‐Amino‐3‐cyanopyrrolen ausgeht und in guten bis sehr guten Ausbeuten zum Ziel führt.
[Neuraminidase activity of staphylococci]. (1984)

141 S. aureus and S. epidermidis strains, isolated from the personnel of obstetric wards by taking smears from the anterior sections of the nose, have been tested for their capacity for neuraminidase production. The test has been carried out by the thiobarbiturate method in a medium with ovomucin added. Neuraminidase activity has been found to be characteristic mostly of S. aureus strains isolated from constant carriers.
Eradication of interleukin 5-transfected J558L plasmacytomas in mice by hydrogen peroxide-generating Stealth liposomes. (1996)

Certain human tumors are extensively infiltrated by eosinophils and contain extracellular deposits of eosinophil peroxidase, which uses hydrogen peroxide as a substrate to produce highly toxic hypohalous acids. We hypothesized that J558L HI, an interleukin 5-transfected murine plasmacytoma that is infiltrated by numerous degranulating eosinophils, would be especially sensitive to killing by hydrogen peroxide generated by glucose oxidase (beta-D-glucose:oxygen-oxido reductase; EC 1.13.4). Here we report that 4 i.v. injections of 0.5 ml of hydrogen peroxide-generating, anionic Stealth liposomes containing 50 micrograms of glucose oxidase eradicated s.c. implants of 10(6) J558L HI plasmacytoma cells in 6 of 13 mice. By contrast, the J558L HI tumors grew rapidly in 13 of 13 untreated mice and in 10 of 10 mice treated with daily i.v. injections of 50 micrograms of unencapsulated (free) glucose oxidase (P = 0.002 by log-rank test of survival curves constructed using the Kaplan-Meier method). Antisense transfected J558L tumors that did not contain eosinophils were not eradicated by the peroxide-generating liposomes in any of the 10 mice that were tested. Treatment with the liposomes was well tolerated for the first three doses (given on days 3, 4, and 5 after tumor inoculation). The fourth dose given on day 10 produced significant allergic toxicity and was, therefore, omitted in a second trial with only minimal reduction in the therapeutic response. We conclude that peroxide-generating, anionic Stealth liposomes can eradicate plasmacytomas infiltrated by eosinophils in mice. Our results, therefore, suggest that peroxide-generating compounds may be a useful experimental approach for treating those human tumors that are naturally infiltrated by eosinophils but resistant to conventional therapies.
Investigation of Engine Oil Base Stock Effects on Low Speed Pre-Ignition in a Turbocharged Direct Injection SI Engine (2016)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Low speed pre-ignition (LSPI) is a type of engine knocking specific to turbocharged direct injection engines. There are numerous factors that affect the amount of LSPI produced by an engine. Some of these factors are related to engine hardware; others are specific to the fuel and engine oil. In this paper we focus on the effect of the engine oil base stock on LSPI. We conducted experiments in a stationary engine operating at conditions chosen to accentuate pre-ignition. Our results indicate that base stock viscosity has a statistically significant effect on the amount of low speed pre-ignition. Directionally, we found that engine oils formulated with higher viscosity base stocks produced more pre-ignition events. We measured the effect of base stock quality (defined by either Viscosity Index or concentration of aromatic species) to be small and statistically insignificant in our experimental data. In the course of our experimentation we detected a drift in the LSPI results from our test engines, and instituted an engine-hours correction on our results to compensate. We recommend that other researchers be wary of such a drift.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
Exopolysaccharide Production Is Required for Development of Escherichia coli K-12 Biofilm Architecture (2000)

Although exopolysaccharides (EPSs) are a large component of bacterial biofilms, their contribution to biofilm structure and function has been examined for only a few organisms. In each of these cases EPS has been shown to be required for cellular attachment to abiotic surfaces. Here, we undertook a genetic approach to examine the potential role of colanic acid, an EPS of Escherichia coli K-12, in biofilm formation. Strains either proficient or deficient in colanic acid production were grown and allowed to adhere to abiotic surfaces and were then examined both macroscopically and microscopically. Surprisingly, we found that colanic acid production is not required for surface attachment. Rather, colanic acid is critical for the formation of the complex three-dimensional structure and depth of E. coli biofilms.
Production of the Positional Isomers of .ALPHA.-Galactobiose by the Reverse Reaction of .ALPHA.-Galactosidase from Candida guilliermondii H-404. (2001)

Time course of the positional isomers of α-galactobiose in α-linked galactooligosaccharide (α-GOS A) synthesized from galactose by the reverse reaction of α-galactosidase from Candida guilliermondii H-404 was analyzed by using p-aminobenzoic ethyl ester (ABEE)-conversion method. α-Galactobioses in α-GOS A consisted of α-1, 6-, 1, 3-, and 1, 2-galactobioses. α-1, 6-Galactobiose was the main product from an early reaction stage. α-1, 6-, 1, 3-, and 1, 2-Galactobioses were prepared from α-GOS A by an activated carbon chromatography.
Autologous Fat Transfer National Consensus Survey: Trends in Techniques for Harvest, Preparation, and Application, and Perception of Short- and Long-Term Results (2006)

Background: Despite a perceived interest in autologous fat transfer, there is no consensus as to the best technique or the level of success. The purpose of the present study was to determine the national trends in techniques for harvest, preparation, and application of autologous fat, as well as the success perceived by practitioners. Methods: Comprehensive surveys were sent to 650 randomly selected members of the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. The survey was aimed at determining whether autologous fat transfer is a commonly performed procedure and, if so, the specific methods involved and the subjective perception of short- and long-term results. Results: The results of the national consensus survey from 508 surgeons (78 percent return rate) showed the following: (1) autologous fat transfer is a relatively common procedure (57 percent perform >10 annually), but few perform it in high volume (only 23 percent perform >30 annually); (2) techniques for harvest, preparation, and injection rarely deviate from methods discussed in the literature (microcannula, 54 percent; centrifugation, 75 percent; injection in nasolabial fold > lips > nasojugal folds); (3) most physicians believe that at least some graft survival is clinically evident (93 percent); and (4) patients are pleased with the short-term results (good to excellent, 84 percent), despite a lower rate of long-term patient satisfaction (fair to good, 80 percent). Conclusion: Currently, plastic surgeons across the country report a uniformity of autologous fat grafting techniques with acceptable patient satisfaction.