gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interrelationship of outcome measures and process variables in early rheumatoid arthritis. A comparison of radiologic damage, physical disability, joint counts, and acute phase reactants. (1994)

In early RA, joint swelling and acute phase reactants appear to be the most appropriate process variables for the prediction of radiological outcome, whereas joint tenderness is a strong determinant of physical disability (HAQ).
Prospective Study of C-Reactive Protein, Homocysteine, and Plasma Lipid Levels as Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death (2002)

These prospective data suggest that CRP levels may be useful in identifying apparently healthy men who are at an increased long-term risk of SCD.
Microencapsulating and Banking Living Cells for Cell‐Based Medicine (2011)

A major challenge to the eventual success of the emerging cell-based medicine such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and cell transplantation is the limited availability of the desired cell sources. This challenge can be addressed by cell microencapsulation to overcome the undesired immune response (i.e., to achieve immunoisolation) so that non-autologous cells can be used to treat human diseases, and by cell/tissue preservation to bank living cells for wide distribution to end users so that they are readily available when needed in the future. This review summarizes the status quo of research in both cell microencapsulation and banking the microencapsulated cells. It is concluded with a brief outlook of future research directions in this important field.
Catalysis and Mechanistic Insights into Sirtuin Activation (2010)

SIRT1 is a member of the Sir2 family of NAD(+)-dependent protein deacetylases. The central role of SIRT1 in multiple metabolic and age-related pathways has pushed SIRT1 to the forefront to discover small-molecule activators. Promising compounds, including resveratrol and SRT1720 have been reported, however, whether these compounds are direct activators and the mechanism by which they activate remains poorly defined. This review examines the current debate surrounding purported activators, and will focus on the assays used in screening compounds, sirtuin catalysis, and the mechanistic basis for their actions. We discuss the potential pathways of SIRT1 activation that could be exploited for the development of novel therapeutics for treating type II diabetes, neurodegeneration, and diseases associated with aging.
Optimal Histograms with Quality Guarantees (1998)

Histograms are commonly used to capture attribute value distribution statistics for query optimizers. More recently, histograms have also been considered as a way to produce quick approximate answers to decision support queries. This widespread interest in histograms motivates the problem of computing histograms that are good under a given error metric. In particular, we are interested in an efficient algorithm for choosing the bucket boundaries in a way that either minimizes the estimation error for a given amount of space (number of buckets) or, conversely, minimizes the space needed for a given upper bound on the error. Under the assumption that finding optimal bucket boundaries is computationally inefficient, previous research has focused on heuristics with no provable bounds on the quality of the solutions. In this paper, we present algorithms for computing optimal bucket boundaries in time proportional to the square of the number of distinct data values, for a ...
Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor-β1–driven Lung Fibrosis by Galectin-3 (2011)

This study identifies galectin-3 as an important regulator of lung fibrosis and provides a proof of principle for galectin-3 inhibition as a potential novel therapeutic strategy for IPF.
Impulse-based simulation of rigid bodies (1995)

We introduce a promising new approach to rigid body dynamic simulation called impulse-based simulation. The method is well suited to modeling physical systems with large numbers of collisions, or with contact modes that change frequently. All types of contact (colliding, rolling, sliding, and resting) are modeled through a series of collision impulses between the objects in contact, hence the method is simpler and faster than constraint-based simulation. We have implemented an impulse-based simulator that can currently achieve interactive simulation times, and real time simulation seems within reach. In addition, the simulator has produced physically accurate results in several qualitative and quantitative experiments. After giving an overview of impulse-based dynamic simulation, we discuss collision detection and collision response in this context, and present results from several experiments.
Co-induction of the heat shock response ameliorates disease progression in a mouse model of human spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy: implications for therapy (2013)

Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy, also known as Kennedy's disease, is an adult-onset hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion of the polyglutamine repeat in the first exon in the androgen receptor gene. Pathologically, the disease is defined by selective loss of spinal and bulbar motor neurons causing bulbar, facial and limb weakness. Although the precise disease pathophysiology is largely unknown, it appears to be related to abnormal accumulation of the pathogenic androgen receptor protein within the nucleus, leading to disruption of cellular processes. Using a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy that exhibits many of the characteristic features of the human disease, in vivo physiological assessment of muscle function revealed that mice with the pathogenic expansion of the androgen receptor develop a motor deficit characterized by a reduction in muscle force, abnormal muscle contractile characteristics, loss of functional motor units and motor neuron degeneration. We have previously shown that treatment with arimoclomol, a co-inducer of the heat shock stress response, delays disease progression in the mutant superoxide dismutase 1 mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a fatal motor neuron disease. We therefore evaluated the therapeutic potential of arimoclomol in mice with spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Arimoclomol was administered orally, in drinking water, from symptom onset and the effects established at 18 months of age, a late stage of disease. Arimoclomol significantly improved hindlimb muscle force and contractile characteristics, rescued motor units and, importantly, improved motor neuron survival and upregulated the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor which possess neurotrophic activity. These results provide evidence that upregulation of the heat shock response by treatment with arimoclomol may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy and may also be a possible approach for the treatment of other neurodegenerative diseases.
Simultaneous dual-species matter-wave accelerometer (2013)

We report the realization of a matter-wave interferometer based on Raman transitions which simultaneously interrogates two different atomic species (${}^{87}$Rb and ${}^{85}$Rb). The simultaneous aspect of our experiment presents encouraging preliminary results for future dual-species atom interferometry projects and seems very promising by taking advantage of a differential acceleration measurement. Indeed, the resolution of our differential accelerometer remains lower than $3.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\text{g}$ even with vibration levels up to $1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\text{g}$ thanks to common-mode vibration noise rejection. An atom-based test of the weak equivalence principle has also been carried out leading to a differential free fall measurement between both isotopes of $\ensuremath{\Delta}g/g=(1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}7}$.
Optical properties of organic dye monolayers by surface plasmon spectroscopy (1978)

The spectroscopic properties of dye monolayers on silver films were determined by using the technique of attenuated total reflection (ATR). The dyes N,N′-di(methyloctadecyl) squarylium and N,N′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine were deposited on silver films by the Langmuir–Blodgett monolayer technique. From a least squares fit of the experimental ATR curves to the exact reflection formula, the dielectric function of the dye monolayers was determined in the visible wavelength region. It was found that squarylium forms ordered layers with a regular array of molecules and a film thickness equal to the length of the molecule (2.66 nm). These films were characterized by a strong absorption band at λs=530 nm (dimer band) and were highly anisotropic, the transition dipole moment lying in the plane of the monolayer film. Undiluted cyanine dye films on silver, on the other hand, showed a thickness less than that expected from the length of the molecule and a high degree of disorder. Increasing regularity in arrangement and growing thickness were observed when the cyanine dye was diluted with cadmium arachidate. For both the pure and diluted cyanine dye monolayers, two absorption bands have been measured in the visible region (a monomer band at λs=500 nm and a dimer band at λs=464 nm) and it was confirmed that their relative intensities depended on the mixing ratio of cyanine dye to Cd–arachidate.
Chlamydia pneumoniae-specific circulating immune complexes in patients with chronic coronary heart disease. (1993)

The results suggest that the majority of the patients with chronic coronary heart disease have a chronic C. pneumoniae infection in which chlamydial components have an easy access to circulation to form immune complexes with preexisting antibodies. These findings give further evidence for the association of chronic C. pneumoniae infection with coronary heart disease.
Gd‐DTPA2− as a measure of cartilage degradation (1996)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are the main source of tissue fixed charge density (FCD) in cartilage, and are lost early in arthritic diseases. We tested the hypothesis that, like Na+, the charged contrast agent Gd-DTPA2- (and hence proton T1) could be used to measure tissue FCD and hence GAG concentration. NMR spectroscopy studies of cartilage explants demonstrated that there was a strong correlation (r > 0.96) between proton T1 in the presence of Gd-DTPA2- and tissue sodium and GAG concentrations. An ideal one-compartment electrochemical (Donnan) equilibrium model was examined as a means of quantifying FCD from Gd-DTPA2- concentration, yielding a value 50% less but linearly correlated with the validated method of quantifying FCD from Na+. These data could be used as the basis of an empirical model with which to quantify FCD from Gd-DTPA2- concentration, or a more sophisticated physical model could be developed. Spatial distributions of FCD were easily observed in T1-weighted MRI studies of trypsin and interleukin-1 induced cartilage degradation, with good histological correlation. Therefore, equilibration of the tissue in Gd-DTPA2- gives us the opportunity to directly image (through T1 weighting) the concentration of GAG, a major and critically important macromolecule in cartilage. Pilot clinical studies demonstrated Gd-DTPA2- penetration into cartilage, suggesting that this technique is clinically feasible.
Ear-phone (2010)

A noise map facilitates monitoring of environmental noise pollution in urban areas. It can raise citizen awareness of noise pollution levels, and aid in the development of mitigation strategies to cope with the adverse effects. However, state-of-the-art techniques for rendering noise maps in urban areas are expensive and rarely updated (months or even years), as they rely on population and traffic models rather than on real data. Participatory urban sensing can be leveraged to create an open and inexpensive platform for rendering up-to-date noise maps.
The Interaction between α‐Chymotrypsin and Pancreatic Trypsin Inhibitor (Kunitz Inhibitor) (1973)

1. The association constant, K a , of the 1:1 complex formed between α‐chymotrypsin and the pancreatic trypsin inhibitor is 110 μM −1 at pH 8.0 and 25 °C. The second‐order rate constant for the association, k a , is 110 mM −1 s −1 and the first‐order rate constant for the dissociation, k d , is 10 −3 s −1 under the same conditions. Thermodynamic parameters for complex formation at 25 °C, pH 8.0 are Δ G a 0 = ‐11.0 kcal×mol −1 , Δ H a 0 = 3 kcal×mol −1 and Δ S a 0 = 48 cal. · mol −1 · K −1 . 2. Temperature and pH‐dependences of the rate constants k a and k d have been studied. 3. The difference in stability between the α‐chymotrypsin · inhibitor complex and the trypsin · inhibitor complex ( K a = 16 pM −1 , Δ G a 0 =–18.1 kcal×mol −1 ) is due essentially to differences of k d values. The dissociation of the α‐chymotrypsin · inhibitor complex is 1.5×10 4 times faster than that of the trypsin · inhibitor complex. Differences in K a and k d values are discussed in terms of differences in stabilizing interactions. 4. The Cys 14 ‐Cys 38 disulfide bridge of the inhibitor, which is highly succeptible to reduction when the inhibitor is free, is masked in the α‐chymotrypsin · inhibitor complex. Reduction of the Cys 14 ‐Cys 38 bridge in the free inhibitor does not prevent association with α‐chymotrypsin. Values of k a and k d for the formation of the 1:1 α‐chymotrypsin · reduced‐inhibitor complex and for the complex formed with the native inhibitor are very similar. This situation differs from that observed with the trypsin · pancreatic‐inhibitor complex. In that case, reduction of Cys 14 ‐Cys 38 bridge considerably decreases the stability of the complex formed with trypsin; K a is decreased by a factor of 3×10 4 and k d is increased by a factor of 8.6×10 3 .
Mutation and Cancer: Statistical Study of Retinoblastoma (1971)

Based upon observations on 48 cases of retinoblastoma and published reports, the hypothesis is developed that retinoblastoma is a cancer caused by two mutational events. In the dominantly inherited form, one mutation is inherited via the germinal cells and the second occurs in somatic cells. In the nonhereditary form, both mutations occur in somatic cells. The second mutation produces an average of three retinoblastomas per individual inheriting the first mutation. Using Poisson statistics, one can calculate that this number (three) can explain the occasional gene carrier who gets no tumor, those who develop only unilateral tumors, and those who develop bilateral tumors, as well as explaining instances of multiple tumors in one eye. This value for the mean number of tumors occurring in genetic carriers may be used to estimate the mutation rate for each mutation. The germinal and somatic rates for the first, and the somatic rate for the second, mutation, are approximately equal. The germinal mutation may arise in some instances from a delayed mutation.
Sewage Stabilisation Ponds in Arabia and Kenya (1987)

Experience of pond design and operation in Arabia and Kenya is described. In Saudi Arabia major stabilisation pond installations were built for the Three Cities Project at Hofuf, Buraidah and Qatif. Summaries of results, comment on performance achieved and implications for future stabilisation pond design are noted. Recently commissioned ponds in Aden for both domestic and industrial sewages are featured and points of interest indicated. The basis of the most recent designs now ready for tender for applications in Aden and Seiyun, P.D.R. Yemen are provided. Conclusions are drawn regarding the future potential of pond treatment for disposal of waste water for re-use in irrigation.
Lithium-Doped Metal-Organic Frameworks for Reversible H2 Storage at Ambient Temperature (2007)

To maximize reversible H2 storage near room temperature and modest pressures, we propose Li doping of the metal-organic framework (MOFs) structures developed by the Yaghi group at UCLA (constructed using octahedral Zn−O−C clusters with aromatic carbon ring linkers). We tested this design using grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations with first-principles derived force fields and predict that at −30 °C and 100 bar the Li−MOF-C30 leads gravimetric H2 uptake of 6.0 wt %, reaching the 2010 Department of Energy target (6.0 wt % in the temperature ranges of −30 to 80 °C and pressures ≤100 bar). Thus this promising material for practical hydrogen storage is worthy of developing experimental procedures for synthesis and characterization.
Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan Activate Dendritic Cells via Toll-like Receptor 4 (2002)

Low molecular weight fragmentation products of the polysaccharide of Hyaluronic acid (sHA) produced during inflammation have been shown to be potent activators of immunocompetent cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Here we report that sHA induces maturation of DCs via the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, a receptor complex associated with innate immunity and host defense against bacterial infection. Bone marrow-derived DCs from C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr mice carrying mutant TLR-4 alleles were nonresponsive to sHA-induced phenotypic and functional maturation. Conversely, DCs from TLR-2-deficient mice were still susceptible to sHA. In accordance, addition of an anti-TLR-4 mAb to human monocyte-derived DCs blocked sHA-induced tumor necrosis factor alpha production. Western blot analysis revealed that sHA treatment resulted in distinct phosphorylation of p38/p42/44 MAP-kinases and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, all components of the TLR-4 signaling pathway. Blockade of this pathway by specific inhibitors completely abrogated the sHA-induced DC maturation. Finally, intravenous injection of sHA-induced DC emigration from the skin and their phenotypic and functional maturation in the spleen, again depending on the expression of TLR-4. In conclusion, this is the first report that polysaccharide degradation products of the extracellular matrix produced during inflammation might serve as an endogenous ligand for the TLR-4 complex on DCs.
Nitric oxide and bone (2010)

Age-associated decrease in nitric oxide (NO) production may be related to an increase in cardiovascular events, sexual dysfunction, and osteoporosis. Relative NO deficiency is a plausible biological basis for NO replacement therapy. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) enhances local NO production and rectifies NO deficiency in postmenopausal women. However, excess local production of NO aggravates bone destruction in inflammatory arthropathies. In addition to its use in alleviating angina and erectile dysfunction, NO compounds could be a valuable supplemental therapy for chronic conditions including osteoporosis. Estrogen mediates its beneficial effects in bone, in part via the NO/cGMP pathway; hence NO donor therapy is an alternative to estrogen, estrogen agonists-antagonists, and androgen receptor modulator therapy in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Large numbers of animal studies and human pilot studies support the concept of using NO donors for preventing bone loss. Administration of exogenous NO or prolonging endogenous NO activity are practical ways to supplement NO.
A cyclodextrin dimer with a photocleavable linker as a possible carrier for the photosensitizer in photodynamic tumor therapy (1999)

A cyclodextrin dimer has been synthesized with two beta-cyclodextrins linked by a flexible chain containing a carbon-carbon double bond. This dimer binds and solubilizes a phthalocyanine-based photosensitizer that generates singlet oxygen on irradiation. When the complex is irradiated, the singlet oxygen cleaves the carbon-carbon link, and the cyclodextrins are released, liberating the photosensitizer into the light path. Ideas about how this phenomenon could be used to make photodynamic tumor therapy into a more selective process are described.
Russell and Rubinstein's pathology of tumors of the nervous system (1998)

Classification of tumors of the nervous system Epidemiology of brain tumors: incidence, survivial and risk factors Nervous system tumors and atomic bomb experience of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Diffuse astrocytoma Anaplastic astrocytoma Astrocytoma of brain Stem Astrocytomas of the spinal cord Glioblastoma multiforme Pilocytic astrocytoma and pilomyxoid astrocytomas Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytomas Astroblastoma Oligodendrogliomas Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and mixed gliomas Ependymomas, subependymomas, myxopapillary ependymomas Monomorphous angiocentric glioma/angiocentric neuroepithelial tumor Chordoid glioma of III ventricle Choroid plexus tumors Medulloblastoma Cerebellar liponeurocytoma Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor of infancy Olfactory neuroblastoma Medulloepitheliomas SPNET - neuroblastomas, ganglioneuroblastoma, malignant neuroblastic-glial tumors and ependymoblastomas Ganglion Cell Tumors: gangliocytoma, ganglioglioma and anaplastic ganglioglioma Desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma/desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma Extraventricular neurocytomas and unconventional glioneuronal tumors Central neurocytoma Dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor Dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (Lhermittea Duclos disease) Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma Paragangliomas of the spine and skull base Tumours of pineal parenchymal and glial cells Meningiomas Solitary fibrous tumors Primary meningeal sarcoma Hemangiopericytoma Capillary haemangioblastoma Cerebral sarcomas Rhabdo- and leiomyosarcoma Angiosarcomas and Kaposia (TM)s sarcoma Hemangioendotheliomas Meningeal melanocytoma, neurocutaneous melanosis and primary meningeal melanoma Germ cell tumors Totipotential cells of the distal spinal cord Dermoid cyst, epidermoid cyst, and dermal sinus Intracranial cysts of endodermal or respiratory epithelial origin Lipomas and rare lipomatous tumours Arachnoid cysts Neuroepithelial cysts of the IV ventricle and extraventricular ependymal cysts Ectopias and hamartomas Tumours of the retina Gliomas of the optic nerve and chiasm Neoplasms of the sellar region Chordoma and related lesions, chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma of the calvarium Primary tumors of cranial, spinal and peripheral nerves Nervous system involvement by lymphoma, leukemia and other hematopoietic Cell Proliferations Neurofibramotisis Type 1 Neurofibramotisis Type 2 Von Hippel-Lindau Disease Lia Fraumeni syndrome and the p53 tumor suppressor pathway Neuropathologic features of tuberous sclerosis PTEN hamartomatous tumor syndromes Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome Hereditary colorectal cancer and brain tumor syndromes Metastases Appendix 1: Invasion and metastasis Appendix 2: Molecular biology and genetic models of gliomas and medulloblastomas