gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional Role of Residues Corresponding to Helical Domain II (Amino Acids 35 to 46) of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vpr (2000)

Vpr, encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome, contains 96 amino acids and is a multifunctional protein with features which include cell cycle arrest at G(2), nuclear localization, participation in transport of the preintegration complex, cation channel activity, oligomerization, and interaction with cellular proteins, in addition to its incorporation into the virus particles. Recently, structural studies based on nuclear magnetic resonance and circular dichroism spectroscopy showed that Vpr contains a helix (HI)-turn-helix (HII) core at the amino terminus and an amphipathic helix (HIII) in the middle region. Though the importance of helical domains HI and HIII has been defined with respect to Vpr functions, the role of helical domain HII is not known. To address this issue, we constructed a series of mutants in which the HII domain was altered by deletion, insertion, and/or substitution mutagenesis. To enable the detection of Vpr, the sequence corresponding to the Flag epitope (DYKDDDDK) was added, in frame, to the Vpr coding sequences. Mutants, expressed through the in vitro transcription/translation system and in cells, showed an altered migration corresponding to deletions in Vpr. Substitution mutational analysis of residues in HII showed reduced stability for VprW38S-FL, VprL42G-FL, and VprH45W-FL. An assay involving cotransfection of NLDeltaVpr proviral DNA and a Vpr expression plasmid was employed to analyze the virion incorporation property of Vpr. Mutant Vpr containing deletions and specific substitutions (VprW38S-FL, VprL39G-FL, VprL42G-FL, VprG43P-FL, and VprI46G-FL) exhibited a negative virion incorporation phenotype. Further, mutant Vpr-FL containing deletions also failed to associate with wild-type Vpr, indicating a possible defect in the oligomerization feature of Vpr. Subcellular localization studies indicated that mutants VprDelta35-50-H-FL, VprR36W-FL, VprL39G-FL, and VprI46G-FL exhibited both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, unlike other mutants and control Vpr-FL. While wild-type Vpr registered cell cycle arrest at G(2), mutant Vpr showed an intermediary effect with the exception of VprDelta35-50 and VprDelta35-50-H. These results suggest that residues in the HII domain are essential for Vpr functions.
Improved tumor contrast achieved by single time point dual-reporter fluorescence imaging (2012)

In this study, we demonstrate a method to quantify biomarker expression that uses an exogenous dual-reporter imaging approach to improve tumor signal detection. The uptake of two fluorophores, one nonspecific and one targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), were imaged at 1 h in three types of xenograft tumors spanning a range of EGFR expression levels (n=6 in each group). Using this dual-reporter imaging methodology, tumor contrast-to-noise ratio was amplified by >6 times at 1 h postinjection and >2 times at 24 h. Furthermore, by as early as 20 min postinjection, the dual-reporter imaging signal in the tumor correlated significantly with a validated marker of receptor density (P<0.05, r=0.93). Dual-reporter imaging can improve sensitivity and specificity over conventional fluorescence imaging in applications such as fluorescence-guided surgery and directly approximates the receptor status of the tumor, a measure that could be used to inform choices of biological therapies.
24 The Bone Induction Principle (1967)

URIST, MARSHALL R. M.D.; SILVERMAN, BARRY F. M.D.; DÜRING, KLAS M.D.; DUBUC, FRANCOIS L. M.D.; ROSENBERG, JOEL M. B.S. Author Information
Learning an appearance-based gaze estimator from one million synthesised images (2016)

Learning-based methods for appearance-based gaze estimation achieve state-of-the-art performance in challenging real-world settings but require large amounts of labelled training data. Learning-by-synthesis was proposed as a promising solution to this problem but current methods are limited with respect to speed, appearance variability, and the head pose and gaze angle distribution they can synthesize. We present UnityEyes, a novel method to rapidly synthesize large amounts of variable eye region images as training data. Our method combines a novel generative 3D model of the human eye region with a real-time rendering framework. The model is based on high-resolution 3D face scans and uses real-time approximations for complex eyeball materials and structures as well as anatomically inspired procedural geometry methods for eyelid animation. We show that these synthesized images can be used to estimate gaze in difficult in-the-wild scenarios, even for extreme gaze angles or in cases in which the pupil is fully occluded. We also demonstrate competitive gaze estimation results on a benchmark in-the-wild dataset, despite only using a light-weight nearest-neighbor algorithm. We are making our UnityEyes synthesis framework available online for the benefit of the research community.
Loops and Links: Structural Insights into the Remarkable Function of the Agouti‐Related Protein (2003)

The agouti-related protein (AGRP) is an endogenous antagonist of the melanocortin receptors MC3R and MC4R found in the hypothalamus and exhibits potent orexigenic activity. The cysteine-rich C-terminal domain of this protein, corresponding to AGRP(87-132), exhibits receptor binding affinity and antagonism equivalent to that of the full-length protein. We recently determined the NMR structure of AGRP(87-132) and demonstrated that a portion of the domain adopts the inhibitor cystine-knot fold. Remarkably, this is the first identification of a mammalian protein with this specific architecture. Further analysis of the structure suggests that melanocortin receptor contacts are made primarily by two loops presented within the cystine knot. (10) To test this hypothesis we designed a 34-residue AGRP analogue corresponding to only the cystine knot. We found that this designed miniprotein folds to a homogeneous product, retains the desired cystine-knot architecture, functions as a potent antagonist, and maintains the melanocortin receptor pharmacological profile of AGRP(87-132). (26) The AGRP-like activity of this molecule supports the hypothesis that indeed the cystine-knot region possesses the melanocortin receptor contacts. Based on these design and structure studies, we propose that the N-terminal loop of AGRP(87-132) makes contact with a receptor exoloop and helps confer AGRP's selectivity for the central MCRs.
학부에서의 번역이론 교육 (2010)

The number of Korean universities running departments of or offering courses on interpretation/translation has significantly increased in recent...
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. (1988)

Introduction To Clinical Medicine Cardinal Manifestations Of Disease Genetics And Disease Clinical Pharmacology Nutrition Infectious Disease Disorders Of The Cardiovascular System Disorders Of The Kidney And Urinary Tract Disorders Of The Gastrointestinal System Disorders Of The Immune System, Connective Tissue And Joints Hematology And Oncology Endocrinology And Metabolism Neurologic Disorders Environmental And Occupational Hazards.
Diffraction grating structures in solar cells (2002)

Sub-wavelength periodic texturing (gratings) of crystalline-silicon (c-Si) surfaces for solar cell applications can be designed for maximizing optical absorption in thin c-Si films. The authors have investigated c-Si grating structures using rigorous modeling, hemispherical reflectance and internal quantum efficiency measurements. Model calculations predict almost /spl sim/100% energy coupling into obliquely propagating diffraction orders. By fabrication and optical characterization of a wide range of 1D and 2D c-Si grating structures, they have achieved broadband, low (/spl sim/5%) reflectance without an antireflection film. By integrating grating structures into conventional solar cell designs, they have demonstrated short-circuit current density enhancements of 3.4 and 4.1 mA/cm/sup 2/ for rectangular and triangular 1D grating structures compared to planar controls. The effective path length enhancements due to these gratings were 2.2 and 1.7, respectively. Optimized 2D gratings are expected to have even better performance.
The Dependence of Retention Time on Gate Length in UTBOX FBRAM With Different Source/Drain Junction Engineering (2012)

The floating-body-RAM sense margin and retention-time dependence on the gate length is investigated in UTBOX devices using BJT programming combined with a positive back bias (so-called <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> th feedback). It is shown that the sense margin and the retention time can be kept constant versus the gate length by using a positive back bias. Nevertheless, below a critical <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</i> , there is no room for optimization, and the memory performances suddenly drop. The mechanism behind this degradation is attributed to GIDL current amplification by the lateral bipolar transistor with a narrow base. The gate length can be further scaled using underlap junctions.
Isoform-Specific Complementation of the Yeast sac6 Null Mutation by Human Fimbrin (1995)

The actin cytoskeleton is a fundamental component of eukaryotic cells, with both structural and motile roles. Actin and many of the actin-binding proteins found in different cell types are highly conserved, showing considerable similarity in both primary structure and biochemical properties. To make detailed comparisons between homologous proteins, it is necessary to know whether the various proteins are functionally, as well as structurally, conserved. Fimbrin is an example of a cytoskeletal component that, as shown by sequence determinations and biochemical characterizations, is conserved between organisms as diverse as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and humans. In this study, we examined whether the human homolog can substitute for the yeast protein in vivo. We report here that two isoforms of human fimbrin, also referred to as T- and L-plastin, can both substitute in vivo for yeast fimbrin, also known as Sac6p, whereas a third isoform, I-fimbrin (or I-plastin), cannot. We demonstrate that the human T- and L-fimbrins, in addition to complementing the temperature-sensitive growth defect of the sac6 null mutant, restore both normal cytoskeletal organization and cell shape to the mutant cells. In addition, we show that human T- and L-fimbrins can complement a sporulation defect caused by the sac6 null mutation. These findings indicate that there is a high degree of functional conservation in the cytoskeleton, even between organisms as diverse as S. cerevisiae and humans.
Design of a Single-Chip pH Sensor Using a Conventional 0.6-&lt;tex&gt;$muhbox m$&lt;/tex&gt;CMOS Process (2004)

A pH sensor fabricated on a single chip by an unmodified, commercial 0.6-/spl mu/m CMOS process is presented. The sensor comprises a circuit for making differential measurements between an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) and a reference FET (REFET). The ISFET has a floating-gate structure and uses the silicon nitride passivation layer as a pH-sensitive insulator. As fabricated, it has a large threshold voltage that is postulated to be caused by a trapped charge on the floating gate. Ultraviolet radiation and bulk-substrate biasing is used to permanently modify the threshold voltage so that the ISFET can be used in a battery-operated circuit. A novel post-processing method using a single layer of photoresist is used to define the sensing areas and to provide robust encapsulation for the chip. The complete circuit, operating from a single 3-V supply, provides an output voltage proportional to pH and can be powered down when not required.
Human transforming growth factor. Production by a melanoma cell line, purification, and initial characterization. (1982)

A low molecular weight human transforming growth factor (hTGFs) was isolated from serum-free medium conditioned by a human metastatic melanoma tumor line, A2058. The purification of hTGFs was achieved by gel permeation chromatography of the acid-soluble growth-promoting activity on Bio-Gel P-10 in 1 M acetic acid, followed by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography on muBondapak C18 support using a linear gradient of acetonitrile in 0.045% trifluoroacetic acid, and subsequently by rechromatography of the human transforming growth factor-containing fractions with a linear 1-propanol gradient in 0.035% trifluoroacetic acid on the same column. The estimated molecular weight of hTGFs is 7400. It is a single chain polypeptide with three intrachain disulfide bridges and no free sulfhydryl groups. Lacking tyrosine and methionine, but containing three phenylalanine residues, hTGFs is unlike human and mouse epidermal growth factor (EGF). hTGFs competes with 125I-labeled EGF for binding to A431 human carcinoma cells completely and equivalently, and thus is functionally related to EGF. In contrast, hTGFs enabled normal anchorage-dependent rat kidney cells to grow in soft agar, whereas EGF did not stimulate growth of these cells in semisolid medium. The half-maximal growth-stimulating response of hTGFs was reached with one EGF-competing unit or 1.1 ng of hTGFs.
Spectral phase correlation of coded femtosecond pulses by second-harmonic generation in thick nonlinear crystals (2000)

We demonstrate a novel all-optical scheme for measuring the correlation of spectrally phase-coded ultrashort optical waveforms that uses second-harmonic generation (SHG) in long, periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. The SHG yield can be controlled over a range of ~30 dB, depending on the correlation of the applied phase codes. Such a spectral phase correlator has applications for ultrashort-pulse optical code-division multiple-access networking and could serve as a nonlinear optical but classical analog for certain schemes for coherent quantum control of multiphoton processes.
[Synthesis and properties of DNA duplexes containing hydrocarbon bridges instead of a nucleoside residue]. (1988)

DNA duplexes 14 bp long containing an EcoRII and MvaI restriction site in which a nucleoside is substituted by 1,3-diaminopropane or 1,3-propanediol residue have been chemically synthesized. Diaminopropane bridge was introduced by the chemical ligation, whereas the oligonucleotide containing propanediol was prepared by automatic solid phase phosphoroamidite method on "Victoria-4M" synthesizer. As CD and UV spectra show, the modification destabilises the duplex by 18-20 degrees C without essential distortion of the double helix, except for increase of the conformational mobility in the modified site.
Oncolytic herpes viruses, chemotherapeutics, and other cancer drugs (2013)

Oncolytic viruses are emerging as a potential new way of treating cancers. They are selectively replication-competent viruses that propagate only in actively dividing tumor cells but not in normal cells and, as a result, destroy the tumor cells by consequence of lytic infection. At least six different oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSVs) have undergone clinical trials worldwide to date, and they have demonstrated an excellent safety profile and intimations of efficacy. The first pivotal Phase III trial with an oHSV, talimogene laherparepvec (T-Vec [OncoVex(GM-CSF)]), is almost complete, with extremely positive early results reported. Intuitively, therapeutically beneficial interactions between oHSV and chemotherapeutic and targeted therapeutic drugs would be limited as the virus requires actively dividing cells for maximum replication efficiency and most anticancer agents are cytotoxic or cytostatic. However, combinations of such agents display a range of responses, with antagonistic, additive, or, perhaps most surprisingly, synergistic enhancement of antitumor activity. When synergistic interactions in cancer cell killing are observed, chemotherapy dose reductions that achieve the same overall efficacy may be possible, resulting in a valuable reduction of adverse side effects. Therefore, the combination of an oHSV with "standard-of-care" drugs makes a logical and reasonable approach to improved therapy, and the addition of a targeted oncolytic therapy with "standard-of-care" drugs merits further investigation, both preclinically and in the clinic. Numerous publications report such studies of oncolytic HSV in combination with other drugs, and we review their findings here. Viral interactions with cellular hosts are complex and frequently involve intracellular signaling networks, thus creating diverse opportunities for synergistic or additive combinations with many anticancer drugs. We discuss potential mechanisms that may lead to synergistic interactions.
Mild Aerobic Oxidative Palladium (II) Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalization:  Regioselective and Switchable C−H Alkenylation and Annulation of Pyrroles (2006)

A palladium catalyzed C-H bond functionalization system that operates under ambient and aerobic conditions can be used to alkenylate pyrroles with control of regioselectivty. A steric and electronic control strategy can be used to influence positional control in the C-H bond functionalization process that results in either the C2 or C3 alkenylated products. Air, molecular oxygen, or tBuOOBz can be used as reoxidant in this mild process, and the reaction works on a range of substrates. Finally a catalytic aerobic annulation strategy is described that can be controlled to produce cyclization at either the C2 or C3 positions, thus forming diverse pyrrole products.
Inhibition ofChlamydia pneumoniaeReplication in HEp‐2 Cells by Interferon‐g: Role of Tryptophan Catabolism (1998)

Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) induces tryptophan catabolism in HEp-2 cells, possibly via stimulation of host cell indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase activity, in a dose-dependent (12.5-1600 U/mL) fashion after 24 h, resulting in a 99% conversion to its metabolites at 1600 U/mL. Replication of Chlamydia pneumoniae isolates A-03 and BAL-16 was inhibited in HEp-2 cells following treatment with 50 and 100 U/mL IFN-gamma, respectively; however, addition of excess L-tryptophan (200 microg/mL) to monolayers infected with C. pneumoniae resulted in unrestricted growth of both isolates up to 1600 U/mL IFN-gamma. C. pneumoniae could be recovered from IFN-gamma-treated monolayers, indicating the potential for this bacterium to undergo an altered life cycle, in vitro, analogous to that described in detail for Chlamydia trachomatis. The ability of C. pneumoniae to persist in host tissue despite an immunologic response would be an important attribute in order to cause or exacerbate chronic infections.
Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells (2015)

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. Vector-mediated transmission of ZIKV is initiated when a blood-feeding female Aedes mosquito injects the virus into the skin of its mammalian host, followed by infection of permissive cells via specific receptors. Indeed, skin immune cells, including dermal fibroblasts, epidermal keratinocytes, and immature dendritic cells, were all found to be permissive to ZIKV infection. The results also show a major role for the phosphatidylserine receptor AXL as a ZIKV entry receptor and for cellular autophagy in enhancing ZIKV replication in permissive cells. ZIKV replication leads to activation of an antiviral innate immune response and the production of type I interferons in infected cells. Taken together, these results provide the first general insights into the interaction between ZIKV and its mammalian host.
Preparation and Evaluation of Temperature-sensitive Magnetic Thin Film with Low Curie Temperature (1998)

Up to now, a bulk and a thick film as a temperature-sensitive substance has been provided. However, the sensitivity of these substances with a large heat capacity are low level for minute temperature detection. The development of a thin film following the tendency of a miniaturization and lightweight of an electronic system has been required. The preparation of a temperature-sensitive magnetic thin film (TMF) has not yet been proposed because the adjustment of the mixture ratio on the TMF's materials which are metal oxides of Fe, Mn and Zn is very difficult. Then, the authors investigated a method fabricating the TMF via an annealing treatment after the sputtering of a temperature-sensitive ferrite with low Curie temperature as a target. The method has two step profile that after depositing metal components of a temperature-sensitive ferrite on the substrate by sputtering, a high temperature annealing treatment is performed pouring argon gas in a tank including oxygen, as result a ferrite thin film (thickness: 1.5μm) with spinel structure can be prepared. The TMF reproduced faithfully a component of a temperature-sensitive ferrite has the remarkable temperature dependence and a small heat capacity, so responds sharply to a minute temperature variation of 10-1°C degree. There fore, the TMF is expected to be applied to a pyromagnetic sensor, an optimized artificial sensor as well as a biosensor.
Classification of cultured mammalian cells by shape analysis and pattern recognition. (1980)

We have developed a method for classifying cultured cells on the basis of shape characteristics. High-resolution optical information on three-dimensional shape was obtained by anodic oxide interferometry. Each interference order formed in a cell was considered as a closed figure; measurement of 37 mathematical descriptors was carried out for each figure. The individual cells were classified according to the values of their descriptors. We used standard principles of pattern recognition, such as hierarchical cluster analysis and nearest neighbor analysis, as a basis for ordering the cells into groups. Alternatively, linear discriminant functions could be used, but they provided only a slight improvement in correct classification of the cells. We anticipate that the method will be appropriate for classification of cultured cell lines and for determination of the magnitude and direction of cell shape changes implicated in various biological processes.
Dystrophic muscle improvement in zebrafish via increased heme oxygenase signaling (2013)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is caused by a lack of the dystrophin protein and has no effective treatment at present. Zebrafish provide a powerful in vivo tool for high-throughput therapeutic drug screening for the improvement of muscle phenotypes caused by dystrophin deficiency. Using the dystrophin-deficient zebrafish, sapje, we have screened a total of 2640 compounds with known modes of action from three drug libraries to identify modulators of the disease progression. Six compounds that target heme oxygenase signaling were found to rescue the abnormal muscle phenotype in sapje and sapje-like, while upregulating the inducible heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1) at the protein level. Direct Hmox1 overexpression by injection of zebrafish Hmox1 mRNA into fertilized eggs was found to be sufficient for a dystrophin-independent restoration of normal muscle via an upregulation of cGMP levels. In addition, treatment of mdx(5cv) mice with the PDE5 inhibitor, sildenafil, which was one of the six drugs impacting the Hmox1 pathway in zebrafish, significantly increased the expression of Hmox1 protein, thus making Hmox1 a novel target for the improvement of dystrophic symptoms. These results demonstrate the translational relevance of our zebrafish model to mammalian models and support the use of zebrafish to screen for new drugs to treat human DMD. The discovery of a small molecule and a specific therapeutic pathway that might mitigate DMD disease progression could lead to significant clinical implications.