gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Active mesh-a feature seeking and tracking image sequence representation scheme (1994)

This paper introduces a representation scheme for image sequences using nonuniform samples embedded in a deformable mesh structure. It describes a sequence by nodal positions and colors in a starting frame, followed by nodal displacements in the following frames. The nodal points in the mesh are more densely distributed in regions containing interesting features such as edges and corners; and are dynamically updated to follow the same features in successive frames. They are determined automatically by maximizing feature (e.g., gradient) magnitudes at nodal points, while minimizing interpolation errors within individual elements, and matching errors between corresponding elements. In order to avoid the mesh elements becoming overly deformed, a penalty term is also incorporated, which measures the irregularity of the mesh structure. The notions of shape functions and master elements commonly used in the finite element method have been applied to simplify the numerical calculation of the energy functions and their gradients. The proposed representation is motivated by the active contour or snake model proposed by Kass, Witkin, and Terzopoulos (1988). The current representation retains the salient merit of the original model as a feature tracker based on local and collective information, while facilitating more accurate image interpolation and prediction. Our computer simulations have shown that the proposed scheme can successfully track facial feature movements in head-and-shoulder type of sequences, and more generally, interframe changes that can be modeled as elastic deformation. The treatment for the starting frame also constitutes an efficient representation of arbitrary still images.
Carbonic anhydrase IV expression in rat and human gastrointestinal tract regional, cellular, and subcellular localization. (1995)

Carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked isozyme previously identified on the surface of renal tubular epithelium and certain populations of vascular endothelium. This report identifies the regional, cellular, and subcellular localization of CA IV in the rat gut. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses demonstrated little CA IV expression in stomach or proximal small intestine, but abundant expression in distal small and large intestine. In contrast, CA II mRNA was abundant in stomach, decreased in proximal small intestine, low in distal small intestine, and abundant in large intestine. CA I mRNA was detected only in large intestine. The regional distribution of CA IV activity correlated with distribution of CA IV mRNA. Immunohistochemistry localized CA IV to the apical plasma membrane of the mucosal epithelium in distal small intestine and large intestine. Signal intensity was greatest in colon. CA IV was additionally found in submucosal capillary endothelium of all gastrointestinal regions. Immunohistochemical findings in human stomach and colon paralleled those in the rat. These studies demonstrate pre-translational isozyme-specific regulation of CA expression along the cranial-caudal axis of the gastrointestinal tract. The regional, cellular, and subcellular localizations are consistent with participation of CA IV in the extensive ion and fluid transport in the distal small and large intestine.
Virtual reality on five dollars a day (1991)

using head-mounted displays and glove input are gaining popularity but their cost prohibits widespread use. We have developed a system using an 80386 IBM-PCY, a Polhemus 3Space Isotrakm, two Reflection Technology Private Eyem displays, and a Mattel Power Glovem. For less than $5,000, we have created an effective vehicle for developing interaction techniques in virtual reality. Our system displays monochrome wire frames of objects with a spatial resolution of 720 by 280, the highest resolution head-mounted system published to date. We have confirmed findings by other researchers that lowlatency interaction is significantly more important than high-quality graphics or stereoscope. We have also found it useful to display reference objects to our user, specifically a ground plane for reference and a vehicle containing the user.
Transfection with the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene suppresses tumorigenicity and abrogates metastasis by K-1735 murine melanoma cells. (1995)

Previous studies from our laboratory demonstrated an inverse relationship between the expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and the metastatic potential of murine K-1735 melanoma cells. The purpose of this study was to provide direct evidence that the expression of iNOS suppresses metastatic potential of melanoma cells. Highly metastatic K-1735 clone 4 cells (C4.P), which express low levels of iNOS, were transfected with a functional iNOS (C4.L8), inactive-mutated iNOS (C4.S2), or neomycin-resistance (C4.Neo) genes in medium containing 3 mM NG-methyl-L-arginine (NMA). Positive transfectants were identified by Southern and Northern blot analyses and homogeneous staining with a specific anti-iNOS monoclonal antibody. Semiconfluent cultures of C4.P (parental), C4.Neo.3 (control transfection), C4.S2.3 (inactive iNOS), and C4.L8.5 (functional iNOS) were harvested, and viable cells were injected intravenously into syngeneic C3H/HeN mice and allogeneic BALB/c nude mice. C4.P, C4.Neo.3, and C4.S2.3 cells were highly metastatic whereas C4.L8.5 cells were not metastatic. Experiments with [125I]dUrd-labeled tumor cells demonstrated that the initial arrest in the lung microvasculature did not differ among the lines, but that C4.L8.5 cells died by 48-72 h after injection. Enhanced survival of all K-1735 C4 cells (including C4.L8.5) was found in mice given twice daily injections of 20 mg NMA. The C4.L8.5 cells produced slow growing subcutaneous tumors in nude mice, whereas the other three lines produced fast growing tumors. In vitro studies confirmed that in the absence of NMA the expression of iNOS in C4.L8.5 cells induced apoptosis. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the expression of recombinant iNOS in melanoma cells is associated with apoptosis, suppression of tumorigenicity, and abrogation of metastasis.
Phosphatidylserine-Containing Membranes Alter the Thermal Stability of Prothrombin's Catalytic Domain: A Differential Scanning Calorimetric Study (1994)

Denaturation profiles of bovine prothrombin and its isolated fragments were examined in the presence of Na2EDTA, 5 mM CaCl2, and CaCl2 plus membranes containing 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-3-sn-phosphatidylcholine (POPC) in combination with bovine brain phosphatidylserine (PS). We have shown previously [Lentz, B. R., Wu, J. R., Sorrentino, A. M., & Carleton, J. A. (1991) Biophys. J. 60, 70] that binding to PS/POPC (25/75) large unilamellar vesicles resulted in an enthalpy loss in the main endotherm of prothrombin denaturation (Tm approximately 57-58 degrees C) and a comparable enthalpy gain in a minor endotherm (Tm approximately 59 degrees C) accompanying an upward shift in peak temperature (Tm approximately 73 degrees C). This minor endotherm was also responsive to Ca2+ binding and, in the absence of PS/POPC membranes, corresponded to melting of the N-terminal, Ca2+ and membrane binding domain (fragment 1). Peak deconvolution analysis of the prothrombin denaturation profile and extensive studies of the denaturation of isolated prothrombin domains in the presence and absence of PS/POPC vesicles suggested that membrane binding induced changes in the C-terminal catalytic domain of prothrombin (prethrombin 2) and in a domain that links fragment 1 with the catalytic domain (fragment 2). Specifically, the results have confirmed that the fragment 2 domain interacts with the stabilizes the prethrombin 2 domain and also have shown that fragment 2 interacts directly with the membrane. In addition, the results have demonstrated a heretofore unrecognized interaction between the catalytic and membrane binding domains. This interaction can account for another portion of the denaturation enthalpy that appears at high temperatures in the presence of membranes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Rheological properties and foam processability for blends of linear and crosslinked polyethylenes (2001)

Abstract The effect of blending crosslinked linear low‐density polyethylene (cLLDPE) on the rheological properties and foam processability of linear low‐density polyethylene was studied. A small addition of cLLDPE, which had a low density of crosslink points, enhanced strain‐hardening behavior in the elongational viscosity to a great degree, although it had little effect on the steady‐state shear viscosity. The enhanced strain hardening reduced heterogeneous deformation during foaming. As a result, a foam with a uniform cell size distribution was obtained. © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2159–2167, 2001
Reversible Inhibition of Cytomegalovirus Replication by Phosphonoformate (1980)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV Ad. 169)-induced late antigens are specifically inhibited by phosphonoformate (PFA). Four fresh isolates of CMV were also inhibited by PFA to varying degrees. The kinetics of CMV immediate early antigens (IEA) and early nuclear antigens (EA) produced in the presence of PFA were compared to the early phase of the replicative infection. After anticomplement immunofluorescence with anti-IEA and anti-EA, microimmunofluorometry of individual CMV-infected nuclei was performed. CMV-induced antigens had a two-wave appearance, with maxima at 6 and 24 h postinfection. The same was seen in the presence of PFA. CMV EA-containing cells persisted for more than 5 weeks in the presence of PFA, but decreased in frequency and antigen content. The inhibition of virus replication was reversible after all incubation periods assayed. After PFA release, IEA and EA appeared again in many cells, and the kinetics were similar to that of initial infection. The results suggest that the input CMV genome persists in most initially infected cells, survives PFA incubation, and is active again after PFA release. This differs from abortive CMV infections.
The relationship between mechanical and physiological energy estimates (1985)

The physiological energy expenditure involved in common activities such as running, walking, or cycling can be influenced by a variety of biomechanical factors. In evaluating changes in mechanical energy in order to derive a measure of mechanical power which is more directly related to metabolic energy cost, it is necessary to be able to identify the source of these changes. Factors such as concentric and eccentric muscular contractions, transfer of energy, elastic storage and reuse of energy, and joint range of motion limitations can all change the mechanical energy of a segment, but each involves a different metabolic energy expenditure. While a number of computational methods have been suggested for the calculation of mechanical power, each incorporates a different set of assumptions involving the factors just mentioned, and widely varying results for mechanical power have been obtained. The lack of definitive information concerning the relationship between mechanical and physiological energy changes limits the accuracy, meaningfulness, and usefulness of measures of mechanical power and muscular efficiency.
An octagonal geometry compactor (2003)

Layout compactors have been widely adopted by symbolic layout systems to compact circuit layout. A common limitation among current state-of-the-art compactors is that they can only compact orthogonal geometries. The author describes a one-dimensional compactor that can compact arbitrary octagonal geometries. The compactor is based on the constraint graph approach. The octagonal geometry compactor offers significant area saving over the orthogonal geometry compactors when 45 degrees -angle wires and edges are involved. The algorithms to compact 45- and 90 degrees -angle geometries are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
In Vivo Selection of T-Cell Receptor Junctional Region Sequences by HLA-A2 Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Tax11-19 Peptide Complexes (2001)

Using HLA-peptide tetrameric complexes, we isolated human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 Tax peptide-specific CD8(+) T cells ex vivo. Antigen-specific amino acid motifs were identified in the T-cell receptor Vbeta CDR3 region of clonally expanded CD8(+) T cells. This result directly confirms the importance of the CDR3 region in determining the antigen specificity in vivo.
Diagnostic Value of Procalcitonin, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-8 in Critically Ill Patients Admitted with Suspected Sepsis (2001)

Abstract To assess the diagnostic value of procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and standard measurements in identifying critically ill patients with sepsis, we performed prospective measurements in 78 consecutive patients admitted with acute systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and suspected infection. We estimated the relevance of the different parameters by using multivariable regression modeling, likelihood-ratio tests, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). The final diagnosis was SIRS in 18 patients, sepsis in 14, severe sepsis in 21, and septic shock in 25. PCT yielded the highest discriminative value, with an AUC of 0.92 (CI, 0.85 to 1.0), followed by IL-6 (0.75; CI, 0.63 to 0.87), and IL-8 (0.71; CI, 0.59 to 0.83; p &amp;lt; 0.001). At a cutoff of 1.1 ng / ml, PCT yielded a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 78% to differentiate patients with SIRS from those with sepsis-related conditions. Median PCT concentrations on admission (ng / ml, range) were 0.6 (0 to 5.3) for SIRS; 3.5 (0.4 to 6.7) for sepsis; 6.2 (2.2 to 85) for severe sepsis; and 21.3 (1.2 to 654) for septic shock (p &amp;lt; 0.001). The addition of PCT to a model based solely on standard indicators improved the predictive power of detecting sepsis (likelihood ratio test; p = 0.001) and increased the AUC value for the routine value-based model from 0.77 (CI, 0.64 to 0.89) to 0.94 (CI, 0.89 to 0.99; p = 0.002). In contrast, no additive effect was seen for IL-6 (p = 0.56) or IL-8 (p = 0.14). Elevated PCT concentrations appear to be a promising indicator of sepsis in newly admitted, critically ill patients capable of complementing clinical signs and routine laboratory parameters suggestive of severe infection.
The Incidence of Ulcerative Keratitis among Users of Daily-Wear and Extended-Wear Soft Contact Lenses (1989)

The wearing of contact lenses has increased dramatically in the past decade; over 4 million people in the United States now use extended-wear soft contact lenses, and 9 million use daily-wear soft contact lenses. Numerous reports have caused concern that the use of soft contact lenses, especially extended-wear lenses, may result in a substantial risk of ulcerative keratitis. To examine this issue, we conducted a prospective study in five New England states to estimate the incidence of ulcerative keratitis among those who use cosmetic extended-wear and daily-wear soft contact lenses. To obtain the numerator for each estimate of incidence, we surveyed all practicing ophthalmologists in the study area to identify all new cases diagnosed over a four-month period. To provide the denominator, we conducted a survey of 4178 households to estimate the number of persons who wore each type of soft contact lens. The annualized incidence of ulcerative keratitis was estimated to be 20.9 per 10,000 persons using extended-wear soft contact lenses for cosmetic purposes and 4.1 per 10,000 persons using daily-wear soft contact lenses for cosmetic purposes (P less than 0.00001).
The stability of amoxycillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole in gastric juice: relevance to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection (1997)

Although omeprazole is an important component in anti-Helicobacter pylori therapeutic regimes using clarithromycin, amoxycillin and metronidazole, the mechanism by which it enhances antimicrobial action is unknown. One potential explanation for this effect is increased antibiotic chemical stability resulting from gastric pH changes induced by co-administration of omeprazole. The chemical stability of clarithromycin, amoxycillin and metronidazole was investigated in aqueous solutions and in human gastric juice collected before and after a 7-day course of omeprazole. Amoxycillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole were prepared in buffered aqueous solutions of pH 1.0 to 8.0 and in gastric juice of pH 2.0 and 7.0. The gastric juice samples were obtained from fasted H. pylori-negative volunteers before and after they had received a 7-day course of omeprazole. All the samples were incubated at 37 degrees C and analysed at intervals by HPLC. Amoxycillin, clarithromycin and metronidazole were stable in aqueous solutions of pH 4.0-7.0, pH 5.0-8.0 and pH 2.0-7.0, respectively. At pH 2.0, the degradation half-lives were 19.0 +/- 0.2 h, 1.3 +/- 0.05 h and 2200 +/- 1100 h, respectively. In gastric juice samples of pH 2.0, the degradation half-lives were 15.2 +/- 0.3 h, 1.0 +/- 0.04 h and > or = 800 h, respectively. The half-lives of the drugs in the gastric juice samples of pH 7.0 were all > 68 h. The co-administration of omeprazole with amoxycillin or clarithromycin is likely to increase the chemical stability of amoxycillin and clarithromycin in gastric juice. Clarithromycin degrades rapidly at normal gastric pH (1.0-2.0) but amoxycillin and metronidazole are sufficiently stable at this pH to maintain an antibacterial concentration in the stomach.
Characterization of the procollagen IV cleavage products produced by a specific tumor collagenase. (1984)

The specific mammalian collagenase isolated from cultures of metastatic mouse PMT sarcoma cells cleaves murine procollagen IV into two segments, of approximate mass ratio 3:1. These fragments were separated by velocity sedimentation, visualized by electron microscopy, and analyzed. The longer COOH-terminal procollagen segment has a 270-nm collagenous portion with a knob at one end. This knob consists of the three previously identified, noncollagenous carboxyl propeptides, of approximately 30,000 daltons each. These carboxyl propeptides are chain-specific, and the three chains of each segment have the same amino to carboxyl orientation. The collagenase cuts through all three chains at one site, and the three-component chains of both the longer COOH-terminal procollagen segment and the shorter NH2-terminal procollagen segment are linked by interchain disulfide bridges. The enzyme cuts off the same COOH-terminal procollagen segment from procollagen IV monomers and tetramers, and the flexibility of this segment is similar to that of interstitial collagen helices. The amino ends of the NH2-terminal procollagen segments derived from tetramers remain joined as the 32-nm long "7 S collagen" junctional complex, and the remaining 89-nm long projecting threads are significantly more flexible than the COOH-terminal procollagen segment. The electrophoretic mobilities of the enzyme cleavage products are consistent with a heterotrimeric composition of this procollagen IV.
Pilot-Plant-Scale Outdoor Mixotrophic Cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Using Glycerol in Vertical Bubble Column and Airlift Photobioreactors: Studies in Fed-Batch Mode (2004)

Pilot-scale (0.19 m column diameter, 2 m tall, and 60 L working volume) outdoor vertical bubble column (BC) and airlift photobioreactors (a split-cylinder (SC) and a draft-tube airlift device (DT)) were compared for fed-batch mixotrophic culture of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum UTEX 640. The cultures were started photoautotrophically until the onset of a quasi-steady-state biomass concentration of 3.4 g L(-)(1). After this, the cultures were supplemented with organic nutrient (glycerol 0.1 M) and a reduced nitrogen source, resulting in an immediate growth rate boost, which was repeated with successive additions of nutrients in all three photobioreactors. During this period the biomass productivity was enhanced compared to photoautotrophic cultures in the three reactors, although differences were found among them. These could be attributed to the different hydrodynamic behavior influencing the transport phenomena inside the cultures. A 25.4 g L(-)(1) maximum biomass concentration was attained in the SC. Further additions of nutrients did not promote any more growth. The consumption of glycerol was quantitative in the first additions but slowed at high biomass concentration, suggesting that a minimum amount of light is needed to sustain growth. No significant effect of the supplied organic nutrient on carotenoids and chlorophylls content was observed, although it had a profound effect on the fatty acid composition. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content was increased up to 3% (DW) in mixotrophic growth, giving a productivity of 56 mg L(-)(1) d(-)(1), a significant increase compared to the photoautotrophic control, which yielded a maximum EPA content of 1.9% (DW) and a productivity of 18 mg L(-)(1) d(-)(1). The maximum biomass and EPA volumetric yields obtained in this work are comparable with those reported for commercial photoautotrophic monoculture of large quantities of P. tricornutum in closed continuous-run tubular loop bioreactors with tubes that are typically less than 0.08 m in diameter. When the comparison is established in terms of productivities based on the land area occupied, the vertical airlift and bubble-column bioreactors are extraordinarily more productive.
SLAMF6 as a Regulator of Exhausted CD8+ T Cells in Cancer (2019)

The tumor microenvironment in leukemia and solid tumors induces a shift of activated CD8<sup>+</sup> cytotoxic T cells to an exhausted state, characterized by loss of proliferative capacity and impaired immunologic synapse formation. Efficient strategies and targets need to be identified to overcome T-cell exhaustion and further improve overall responses in the clinic. Here, we took advantage of the Eμ-TCL1 chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B16 melanoma mouse models to assess the role of the homophilic cell-surface receptor SLAMF6 as an immune-checkpoint regulator. The transfer of SLAMF6<sup>+</sup> Eμ-TCL1 cells into SLAMF6<sup>-/-</sup> recipients, in contrast to wild-type (WT) recipients, significantly induced expansion of a PD-1<sup>+</sup> subpopulation among CD3<sup>+</sup>CD44<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells, which had impaired cytotoxic functions. Conversely, administering anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced the leukemic burden in Eμ-TCL1 recipient WT mice concomitantly with a loss of PD-1<sup>+</sup>CD3<sup>+</sup>CD44<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells with significantly increased effector functions. Anti-SLAMF6 significantly reduced leukemic burden in the peritoneal cavity, a niche where antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) is impaired, possibly through activation of CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells. Targeting of SLAMF6 affected tumor growth not only in B cell-related leukemia and lymphomas but also in nonhematopoietic tumors such as B16 melanoma, where SLAMF6 is not expressed. <i>In vitro</i> exhausted CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells showed increased degranulation when anti-human SLAMF6 was added in culture. Taken together, anti-SLAMF6 both effectively corrected CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell dysfunction and had a direct effect on tumor progression. The outcomes of our studies suggest that targeting SLAMF6 is a potential therapeutic strategy.