gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological efficiency: How relevant is this concept to beef cows in a mixed livestock, seasonal pasture supply context? (1994)

Efficiency, defined as the ratio of output to input, can be calculated for any product, and for any of the resources employed to generate fhat particular product. “Weight of calf weaned per unit cow liveweight” is commonly used to measure biological efficiency in the beef cow herd, based partly on the assumption that feed intakes and hence costs are related to liveweight. A more direct measure, and the one used here, is “weight of carcass produced per unit of feed intake”. The biological efficiency of the traditional beef breeding cow, determined in this manner, is low compared to that of other beef cow systems (e.g. twinning cows, once-bred heifers). This is primarily because of the relatively low reproductive rate in traditional cow herds and the high proportion of annual feed consumption used to maintain the breeding female and her replacements. A simple output/input ratio may not, however, be appropriate for the mixed sheep and cattle systems which are widely used in New Zealand. For these systems, where a competitive or complementary relationship may exist between enterprises, a more complex efficiency ratio that contains elements of the whole farm system is likely to be more appropriate. Furthermore, in a seasonal pasture production system, where the supply of feed is likely to limit production at certain times of the year, feed does not have a fixed value. Feed costs therefore become an important component of the efficiency equation. Utilisation by other livestock of a scarce resource (e.g. winter feed) is also likely to have an influence on the economic efficiency of the system. For example, if biological efficiency is ignored then output (weight of calf weaned) may be increased simply by increasing cow size but with no consideration of the extra feed inputs necessary to maintain larger cows, or the pressure that additional feed requirements may place on other components of the system at particular times of the year. In this paper, the relevance of biological efficiency is explored by comparing both biological and economic efficiencies of four cattle systems - traditional beef cows, beef x dairy cows (with and without twinning) and once-bred heifers - alone and in mixed sheep and cattle policies. We conclude that biological efficiency is a relevant concept, primarily because its components (carcass weight and feed consumed) are also important determinants of economic efficiency. However marked differences between systems in the value of the carcass produced and/or feed consumed can lead to a poor correlation between the efficiency ranking of systems by biological and economic criteria.
PHOSPHOINOSITIDE KINASES (1998)

Phosphatidylinositol, a component of eukaryotic cell membranes, is unique among phospholipids in that its head group can be phosphorylated at multiple free hydroxyls. Several phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol, collectively termed phosphoinositides, have been identified in eukaryotic cells from yeast to mammals. Phosphoinositides are involved in the regulation of diverse cellular processes, including proliferation, survival, cytoskeletal organization, vesicle trafficking, glucose transport, and platelet function. The enzymes that phosphorylate phosphatidylinositol and its derivatives are termed phosphoinositide kinases. Recent advances have challenged previous hypotheses about the substrate selectivity of different phosphoinositide kinase families. Here we re-examine the pathways of phosphoinositide synthesis and the enzymes involved.
Immobilization ofAspergillus FicuumPhktase: Product Characterization of this Bioreactor (1988)

Aspergillus ficuum phytase was covalently immobilized on Fractogel TSK HW-75 containing 2-oxy-l-alkylpyridinium salts. A packed-bed bioreactor was constructed with the immobilized phytase. An HPLC ion-exchange method was used to analyze the enzymatic products of the bioreactor. Immobilized fungal phytase was able to hydrolyze myo-inositol Hexa-, penta-, tetra-, tri-, and diphosphates. When the substrate solution was recirculated for 5 hr in the bioreactor about 50% inorganic orthophosphate was released and myo-inositol-diphosphate and mono-phosphate were the only remaining products.
Homogeneous Catalysis: The Applications and Chemistry of Catalysis by Soluble Transition Metal Complexes (1980)

Trends in Homogeneous Catalysis in Industry. Isomerization of Olefins. Reactions of Olefins and Dienes--Hydrogenation and HY Additions. Polymerization and Oligomerization of Olefins and Dienes. Reactions of Carbon Monoxide. Oxidation of Olefins and Dienes. Arene Reactions. Reactions of Acetylenes. Carbene Complexes in Olefin Metathesis and Ring-Forming Reactions. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons by Oxygen. Esterification, Polycondensation, and Related Processes. Homogeneous Catalysis in Halocarbon Chemistry. Appendix. Index.
Fc alpha-receptor expression on the myelomonocytic cell line THP-1: comparison with human alveolar macrophages (1994)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) and alveolar macrophages are two important components of the immune system in the respiratory tract. Fc alpha-receptors (Fc alpha R) are present on neutrophils, eosinophils and a series of human mononuclear phagocytes, including monocytes, alveolar macrophages and leukaemia cell lines (U-937). In the present study, using idiotypes and anti-idiotypic antibodies, we report that THP-1 cells, a myelomonocytic cell line, constitutively express Fc alpha R and that all IgA preparations used bind the receptor. Of the stimuli used (phorbol myristate acetate, retinoic acid, calcitriol), only calcitriol can induce differentiation of THP-1 cells, as assessed by CD14 expression. The expression of Fc alpha R appears to be independent of cell differentiation, since calcitriol pretreatment has no effect on IgA-binding. Finally, My43, a monoclonal antibody recognizing the Fc alpha R on U-937 cells, does not bind to THP-1 cells or to human alveolar macrophages. In addition, preincubation of THP-1 cells or human alveolar macrophages with My43 does not diminish IgA-binding to these cells. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) encoding the Fc alpha R isolated from U-937 is expressed, although possibly at a lower level, in alveolar macrophages and THP-1 cells. In conclusion, Fc alpha R are constitutively expressed on THP-1 cells and share some characteristics with the Fc alpha R described in human alveolar macrophages. THP-1 cells, therefore, may represent a reasonable model for further investigation of the interaction of immunoglobulin A and tissue macrophages.
Midkine in the plasma as a novel breast cancer marker. (2010)

1142 Background: Midkine, a heparin-binding growth factor, is up-regulated in many types of cancer. The aim of this study is to measure plasma midkine levels in patients with breast cancer and to assess its clinical significance in breast cancer. Methods: We examined plasma midkine levels in 95 healthy volunteers, 11 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 111 patients with primary invasive breast cancer without distant metastasis (PIBC) and 25 patients with distant metastatic breast cancer (MBC), using an automatic immunoasssay analyzer (TOSOH AIA system). Results: In PIBC, we studied the correlation between plasma midkine levels and clinicopathological factors. Immunoreactive midkine was detectable in the plasma of healthy volunteers, and a cut-off level of 750 pg/ml was established. In patients with breast cancer, plasma midkine levels were increased above normal values. These elevated levels of midkine were seen in 1 (9.1%) of 11 patients with DCIS, 36 (32.4%) of 111 patients with PIBC, and 16 (64.0%) of 25 patients with MBC. Increased levels of midkine were correlated with menopausal status (p=0.0497) and nuclear grade (p=0.0343) in PIBC. Cancer detection rates based on midkine levels were higher than those based on three conventional markers including CA15-3 (p<0.0001), CEA (p=0.0077) and NCCST-439 (p<0.0001). Detection rates of breast cancer using combination of two conventional tumor markers (CA15-3/CEA, CA15-3/NCCST-439 or CEA/NCCST-439) with midkine is significantly higher than those using combination of three conventional tumor markers. Conclusions: Midkine may be a useful novel tumor marker for detection of breast cancer, superior to conventional tumor markers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Role of carboplatin in endometrial and cervical carcinomas. (1992)

The role of carboplatin in cervical and endometrial cancers is being assessed through clinical trials. Preliminary results indicate some activity against both of these gynecologic tumors. Carboplatin is also being integrated into combination regimens with other active drugs. In the treatment of cervical cancer, it is used as part of combined-modality regimens prior to radiotherapy. Patients have shown better subjective tolerance to carboplatin than to cisplatin. This finding may facilitate the widespread implementation of carboplatin-based combinations.
Tendon-healing in a bone tunnel. A biomechanical and histological study in the dog. (1993)

Our study evaluated tendon-to-bone healing in a dog model. Twenty adult mongrel dogs had a transplantation of the long digital extensor tendon into a 4.8-millimeter drill-hole in the proximal tibial metaphysis. Four dogs were killed at each of five time-periods (two, four, eight, twelve, and twenty-six weeks after the transplantation), and the histological and biomechanical characteristics of the tendon-bone interface were evaluated. Serial histological analysis revealed progressive reestablishment of collagen-fiber continuity between the bone and the tendon. A layer of cellular, fibrous tissue was noted between the tendon and the bone, along the length of the bone tunnel; this layer progressively matured and reorganized during the healing process. The collagen fibers that attached the tendon to the bone resembled Sharpey fibers. High-resolution radiographs showed remodeling of the trabecular bone that surrounded the tendon. At the two, four, and eight-week time-periods, all specimens had failed by pull-out of the tendon from the bone tunnel. The strength of the interface was noted to have significantly and progressively increased between the second and the twelfth week after the transplantation. At the twelve and twenty-six-week time-periods, all specimens had failed by pull-out of the tendon from the clamp or by mid-substance rupture of the tendon. The progressive increase in strength was correlated with the degree of bone ingrowth, mineralization, and maturation of the healing tissue, noted histologically.
Liver Transplantation in Japanese and Australian/New Zealand Children with Biliary Atresia: a 10-year Comparative Study (1999)

liver transplantation should be done as soon as possible for children with biliary atresia to maximise survival and growth.
Class II MHC molecules and the HIV gp 120 envelope protein interact with functionally distinct regions of the CD4 molecule. (1989)

A murine T cell hybridoma with a receptor specific for the class I molecule H-2 Dd was transfected with an expressible cDNA for human CD4. Expression of the human class II MHC molecule HLA-DP on Dd-positive murine fibroblasts resulted in a greatly enhanced response of the CD4-positive T cell hybridoma, measured either by lymphokine production or by rosette formation. Inhibition of these functional assays with anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies implicated the two amino-terminal domains of CD4 in an interaction with the HLA-DP molecule. This interaction was blocked by incubation with recombinant gp120 envelope protein of HIV. In contrast, recombinant soluble CD4 did not inhibit and was able to prevent the inhibition by gp120. Anti-CD4 antibody blocking experiments clearly indicated that distinct regions of CD4 interact respectively with gp120 and with class II MHC molecules.
Precise excision of the cellulose binding domains from two Cellulomonas fimi cellulases by a homologous protease and the effect on catalysis. (1988)

An endo-beta-1,4-glucanase (CenA) and an exo-beta-1,4-glucanase (Cex) were prepared from Escherichia coli expressing recombinant DNA of the cellulolytic bacterium Cellulomonas fimi. Purification was facilitated by the high affinities of these enzymes for cellulose. An extracellular C. fimi protease cleaved both enzymes in vivo in a highly specific manner. The affinity of the parent enzyme for cellulose was contained independently in an amino-terminal fragment (p20) of CenA and a carboxyl-terminal fragment (p8) of Cex. These fragments contained homologous amino acid sequences which were proposed to comprise cellulose binding domains. Corresponding fragments, p30 from CenA and p35 from Cex, which were unable to bind to cellulose, contained catalytic domains. In both enzymes, the two functional domains were joined by a hinge region consisting solely of prolyl and threonyl residues. The binding domain was excised from CenA by proteolytic cleavage immediately adjacent to the carboxyl terminus of this hinge. Cex was cleaved at an exactly analogous site. p30 and p35 retained several of the catalytic functions of their parent enzymes. However, p30 was less active than intact CenA against microcrystalline cellulose implying a critical role for the binding domain of CenA in the hydrolysis of crystalline substrate.
Molecular cloning and chromosomal mapping of a human galactoside-binding protein. (1991)

A human galactoside-binding protein with an Mr of 31,000 was cloned from the human HT-1080 fibrosarcoma complementary DNA library. A partial complementary DNA clone containing the complete coding region was characterized and the deduced sequence encodes a polypeptide of 242 amino acids with the characteristics of a carbohydrate-binding protein. The gene coding for the human galactoside-binding protein was mapped to the chromosomal band 1p13. The deduced amino acid sequence of the human galactoside-binding protein revealed 95 residues at the amino terminus, homologous to the predicted amino acid sequence of the second exon of the human L-myc gene.
Safety and Efficacy of Intratumoral Injections of Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer (2017)

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are synthetic molecules that provide new specificities to T cells. Although successful in treatment of hematologic malignancies, CAR T cells are ineffective for solid tumors to date. We found that the cell-surface molecule c-Met was expressed in ∼50% of breast tumors, prompting the construction of a CAR T cell specific for c-Met, which halted tumor growth in immune-incompetent mice with tumor xenografts. We then evaluated the safety and feasibility of treating metastatic breast cancer with intratumoral administration of mRNA-transfected c-Met-CAR T cells in a phase 0 clinical trial (NCT01837602). Introducing the CAR construct via mRNA ensured safety by limiting the nontumor cell effects (on-target/off-tumor) of targeting c-Met. Patients with metastatic breast cancer with accessible cutaneous or lymph node metastases received a single intratumoral injection of 3 × 10<sup>7</sup> or 3 × 10<sup>8</sup> cells. CAR T mRNA was detectable in peripheral blood and in the injected tumor tissues after intratumoral injection in 2 and 4 patients, respectively. mRNA c-Met-CAR T cell injections were well tolerated, as none of the patients had study drug-related adverse effects greater than grade 1. Tumors treated with intratumoral injected mRNA c-Met-CAR T cells were excised and analyzed by immunohistochemistry, revealing extensive tumor necrosis at the injection site, cellular debris, loss of c-Met immunoreactivity, all surrounded by macrophages at the leading edges and within necrotic zones. We conclude that intratumoral injections of mRNA c-Met-CAR T cells are well tolerated and evoke an inflammatory response within tumors. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 5(12); 1152-61. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Convex Optimization for Deformable Surface 3-D Tracking (2007)

3-D shape recovery of non-rigid surfaces from 3-D to 2-D correspondences is an under-constrained problem that requires prior knowledge of the possible deformations. State-of-the-art solutions involve enforcing smoothness constraints that limit their applicability and prevent the recovery of sharply folding and creasing surfaces. Here, we propose a method that does not require such smoothness constraints. Instead, we represent surfaces as triangulated meshes and, assuming the pose in the first frame to be known, disallow large changes of edge orientation between consecutive frames, which is a generally applicable constraint when tracking surfaces in a 25 frames- per-second video sequence. We will show that tracking under these constraints can be formulated as a Second Order Cone Programming feasibility problem. This yields a convex optimization problem with stable solutions for a wide range of surfaces with very different physical properties.
Development of transparent polycrystalline beta-silicon carbide (2013)

Transparent beta-SiC is of great interest because its high strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion, very high thermal conductivity, and cubic crystal structure give it a very high thermal shock resistance. A transparent, polycrystalline beta-SiC window will find applications in armor, hypersonic missiles, and thermal control for thin disc lasers. SiC is currently available as either small transparent vapor grown disks or larger opaque shapes. Neither of which are useful in window applications. We are developing sintering technology to enable transparent SiC ceramics. This involves developing procedures to make high purity powders and studying their densification behavior. We have been successful in demonstrating transparency in thin sections using Field Assisted Sintering Technology (FAST). This paper will discuss the reaction mechanisms in the formation of beta-SiC powder and its sintering behavior in producing transparent ceramics.
An antibody against the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor depletes the resident subset of monocytes and tissue- and tumor-associated macrophages but does not inhibit inflammation (2010)

The development of the mononuclear phagocyte system requires macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) signaling through the CSF-1 receptor (CSF1R, CD115). We examined the effect of an antibody against CSF1R on macrophage homeostasis and function using the MacGreen transgenic mouse (csf1r-enhanced green fluorescent protein) as a reporter. The administration of a novel CSF1R blocking antibody selectively reduced the CD115(+)Gr-1(neg) monocyte precursor of resident tissue macrophages. CD115(+)Gr-1(+) inflammatory monocytes were correspondingly increased, supporting the view that monocytes are a developmental series. Within tissue, the antibody almost completely depleted resident macrophage populations in the peritoneum, gastrointestinal tract, liver, kidney, and skin, but not in the lung or female reproductive organs. CSF1R blockade reduced the numbers of tumor-associated macrophages in syngeneic tumor models, suggesting that these cells are resident type macrophages. Conversely, it had no effect on inflammatory monocyte recruitment in models, including lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation, wound healing, peritonitis, and severe acute graft-versus-host disease. Depletion of resident tissue macrophages from bone marrow transplantation recipients actually resulted in accelerated pathology and exaggerated donor T-cell activation. The data indicate that CSF1R signaling is required only for the maturation and replacement of resident-type monocytes and tissue macrophages, and is not required for monocyte production or inflammatory function.
Bridging the Species Divide: Transgenic Mice Humanized for Type-I Interferon Response (2014)

We have generated transgenic mice that harbor humanized type I interferon receptors (IFNARs) enabling the study of type I human interferons (Hu-IFN-Is) in mice. These "HyBNAR" (Hybrid IFNAR) mice encode transgenic variants of IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 with the human extracellular domains being fused to transmembrane and cytoplasmic segments of mouse sequence. B16F1 mouse melanoma cells harboring the HyBNAR construct specifically bound Hu-IFN-Is and were rendered sensitive to Hu-IFN-I stimulated anti-proliferation, STAT1 activation and activation of a prototypical IFN-I response gene (MX2). HyBNAR mice were crossed with a transgenic strain expressing the luciferase reporter gene under the control of the IFN-responsive MX2 promoter (MX2-Luciferase). Both the HyBNAR and HyBNAR/MX2-Luciferase mice were responsive to all Hu-IFN-Is tested, inclusive of IFNα2A, IFNβ, and a human superagonist termed YNSα8. The mice displayed dose-dependent pharmacodynamic responses to Hu-IFN-I injection, as assessed by measuring the expression of IFN-responsive genes. Our studies also demonstrated a weak activation of endogenous mouse interferon response, especially after high dose administration of Hu-IFNs. In sharp contrast to data published for humans, our pharmacodynamic readouts demonstrate a very short-lived IFN-I response in mice, which is not enhanced by sub-cutaneous (SC) injections in comparison to other administration routes. With algometric differences between humans and mice taken into account, the HyBNAR mice provides a convenient non-primate pre-clinical model to advance the study of human IFN-Is.
A Fully Integrated 20-Gb/s Optoelectronic Transceiver Implemented in a Standard 0.13-$\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS SOI Technology (2006)

A dual-channel 10 Gb/s per channel single-chip optoelectronic transceiver has been demonstrated in a 0.13-mum CMOS SOI technology. The transceiver integrates conventionally discrete optoelectronic functions such as high-speed 10-Gb/s electro-optic modulation and 10-Gb/s optical reception on an SOI substrate using a standard CMOS process. The high optical index contrast between silicon (n=3.5) and its oxide (n=1.5) allows for very large scale integration of optical devices, while the use of a standard CMOS process allows these devices to be seamlessly fabricated together with electronics on the same substrate. Such a high level of optoelectronic integration is unprecedented, and serves to substantially reduce system footprint and power dissipation, allowing efficient scaling to higher data rates and broader functionality. This paper describes the photonic components, electronic blocks, and architecture of a CMOS photonic transceiver that achieves an aggregate data rate of 20Gb/s in a dual-channel package, with a BER of less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> and a power consumption of 1.25 W per channel with both channels operating simultaneously