gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Complementary Effects of Nanosilver and Superhydrophobic Coatings on the Prevention of Marine Bacterial Adhesion (2012)

A superhydrophobic coating composed of silver nanoparticles enclosed in multilayered polyelectrolyte films was deposited onto copper with the aim of preventing bacterial adhesion. Observations from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the amplified exponential growth of the multilayers could induce distinguishable, hierarchical micro- and nanostructures simultaneously. This growth caused the surface roughness to amplify in a lotus-leaf-like manner. UV/visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of well-dispersed Ag(0) nanoparticles (with sizes from 4-6 nm) in the films. SEM and fluorescence microscope images of the exposed surfaces revealed that the pattern of adhesion and the density of bacterial cells differed depending on the surface energy and the number of Ag(+) ions released during the various immersion time periods. The complementary effects of nanosilver and superhydrophobic coatings can help to effectively reduce bacterial adhesion and the formation of biofilms.
The immune system A look from a distance (1996)

The self-nonself discrimination is germline encoded for defense mechanisms, but it is somatically learned for the immune system and this is the fundamental difference between the two. When referring to the defense mechanisms of vertebrates, immunologists like to use the term "innate immune systems" to describe the germline encoded class of defense mechanism. It was the acquisition of a somatically learned S-NS discrimination during vertebrate evolution that permitted the immune system to develop large recognitive repertoires compared to those of defense mechanisms. This seemingly boundless immune repertoire has fascinated immunologists for almost a century. Today we have a better understanding of the size and function of the antibody repertoire. Humoral antibody effector functions depend upon secreted immunoglobulin and the concentration of antibody must reach a minimum effective threshold in a short enough time to stop a growing pathogen before it becomes lethal. This requires that initially an equivalent number of B-cells per ml respond to the pathogen. This number of B-cells must respond for each and every milliliter of animal. Consequently, the humoral immune system must be iterated. This straightforward conclusion has far reaching implications, some of which are explored in this review.
Differentiable learning of quantum circuit Born machines (2018)

Quantum circuit Born machines are generative models which represent the probability distribution of classical dataset as quantum pure states. Computational complexity considerations of the quantum sampling problem suggest that the quantum circuits exhibit stronger expressibility compared to classical neural networks. One can efficiently draw samples from the quantum circuits via projective measurements on qubits. However, similar to the leading implicit generative models in deep learning, such as the generative adversarial networks, the quantum circuits cannot provide the likelihood of the generated samples, which poses a challenge to the training. We devise an efficient gradient-based learning algorithm for the quantum circuit Born machine by minimizing the kerneled maximum mean discrepancy loss. We simulated generative modeling of the BARS-AND-STRIPES dataset and Gaussian mixture distributions using deep quantum circuits. Our experiments show the importance of circuit depth and the gradient-based optimization algorithm. The proposed learning algorithm is runnable on near-term quantum device and can exhibit quantum advantages for probabilistic generative modeling.
Differentiation in vitro of human-mouse teratocarcinoma hybrids. (1983)

The mouse embryonal carcinoma (EC) line, PCC4, was used to construct a series of somatic cell hybrids which contain a single or a few human chromosomes. The hybrids all retained the EC phenotype as determined by morphology, expression of SSEA-1, lack of cell surface H-2 antigen and cytokeratin filaments, high alkaline phosphatase levels, the ability to form EC tumors ectopically in nude mice, and the ability to differentiate in response to retinoic acid. Constitutively differentiated cloned lines were derived from retinoic acid-treated hybrid cultures. Several derived lines had a phenotype indistinguishable from that of parietal endoderm cells, which includes synthesis of large amounts of laminin, type IV procollagen, and plasminogen activator. One differentiated line showed a fibroblast-like morphology. The differentiated lines derived from two of the hybrids, MCP6 and GEOC4, stably maintained the sole human chromosomal component present in the EC progenitors. These EC hybrids therefore provide a system to study developmental regulation of the introduced and stably maintained human genetic material derived from a variety of cell types.
Pharmacodynamic Effects of Seliciclib, an Orally Administered Cell Cycle Modulator, in Undifferentiated Nasopharyngeal Cancer (2009)

Brief treatment with this regimen of seliciclib in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma is tolerable at 400 mg bd and associated with tumor pharmacodynamic changes consistent with cdk inhibition, and warrants further efficacy studies in this tumor.
Meta-analysis of placebo-controlled studies of the efficacy of Epogam in the treatment of atopic eczema. Relationship between plasma essential fatty acid changes and clinical response (1989)

Gamma-linolenic acid in the form of a particular variety of evening primrose oil (Epogam) has been reported of value in the treatment of atopic eczema. Nine controlled trials of evening primrose oil were performed in eight centres. Four of the trials were parallel and five cross-over. Doctors and patients assessed the severity of eczema by scoring measures of inflammation, dryness, scaliness, pruritus and overall skin involvement. Individual symptom scores were combined to give a single global score at each assessment point. In the analysis of the parallel studies, both patient and doctor scores showed a highly significant improvement over baseline (P less than 0.0001) due to Epogam: for both scores the effect of Epogam was significantly better than placebo. Similar results were obtained on analysis of the cross-over trials, but in this case the difference between Epogam and placebo in the doctors' global score, although in favour of Epogam, failed to reach significance. The effects on itch were particularly striking. There was no placebo response to this symptom, whereas there was a substantial and highly significant response to Epogam (P less than 0.0001). When the improvements, or otherwise, in clinical condition were related to changes in plasma levels of dihomogammalinolenic and arachidoni acids, it was found that there was a positive correlation between an improvement in clinical score and a rise in the fatty acid levels.
Regulation of Nicotine Production by Auxins in Tobacco Cultured Cells in vitro (1973)

Journal Article Regulation of Nicotine Production by Auxins in Tobacco Cultured Cells in vitro Get access Masayuki Takahashi, Masayuki Takahashi Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606, Japan Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kagasuno, Kawauchicho, Tokushima, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Yasuyuki Yamada Yasuyuki Yamada Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 37, Issue 7, 1 July 1973, Pages 1755–1757, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1973.10860904 Published: 01 July 1973 Article history Received: 20 November 1972 Published: 01 July 1973
Spontaneous in vitro senescence of glioma cells confirmed by an antibody against IDH1R132H. (2014)

In vitro senescence appeared to be the main reason of the difficulties in any kind culturing of glioma cells. 3D cell cultures prolonged the survival and in vitro proliferation of neoplastic IDH1(R132H)-positive cells, however, did not enhance the stabilization efficiency. Senescence of glioma cells is spontaneously triggered in vitro, which offers the opportunity of potential new therapeutic strategies based on this phenomenon.
Molecular-beam-epitaxy growth of GaN on GaAs(100) by using reactive nitrogen source (1994)

By using a cold cathode ion gun to ionize the nitrogen gas, the molecular-beam-epitaxy growth of GaN is carried out. The zinc-blende structure GaN epilayer grown on the GaAs(100) substrate with a narrow x-ray diffraction peak width (FWHM) of 23 min and a low carrier concentration of 1017 cm−3 is achieved. The surface optical phonon energies of cubic and hexagonal GaN are experimentally determined to be 82 and 90 meV, respectively.
Protein Loss across Burn Wounds (1987)

One factor contributing to negative nitrogen balance in burned patients is protein loss through the burn wound. There is, however, little information on the amount and type of protein lost by this route. This study was designed to quantitate protein loss through burn wounds. Multiple full- and partial-thickness burns on 29 patients were studied. Sampled burn sites were dried and occlusive sponge dressings (2'' X 2'') were applied and left in place for 1 hour. The central 1 square-inch portion of the dressing was then removed, rinsed in distilled water, and total protein, albumin, and globulin were measured in the water wash. Considerable protein losses were measured. These losses were greatest in the first 3 postburn days, being somewhat greater in full-thickness burns (0.98 +/- 0.82 mg/cm2/hr) compared to partial-thickness burns (0.59 +/- 0.41 mg/cm2/hr) during this period mean +/- SD). Subsequent to the first 3 postburn days, protein loss in all burn types decreased to a relatively steady rate of loss of approximately 0.25 mg/cm2/hr. Based upon these data, average daily protein losses during the first postburn week can be estimated by the following equation: 24-hour protein loss through burn surface (gm) = 1.2 X body surface area (m2) X % burn (%). On subsequent days, protein is lost at approximately half this rate. These data demonstrate significant protein losses through burn wounds greater than recent studies have considered. It is possible that inadequate nutritional replacement of these protein losses is partly responsible for the marked negative nitrogen balance of the early postburn period.
Rapid fluctuations in atrial fibrillatory electrophysiology detected during controlled respiration (2005)

Heart rate during sinus rhythm is modulated through the autonomic nervous system, which generates short-term oscillations. The high-frequency components in these oscillations are associated with respiration, causing sinus arrhythmia, mediated by the parasympathetic nervous system. In this study, we evaluated whether slow, controlled respiration causes cyclic fluctuations in the frequency of the fibrillating atria. Eight patients (four women; median age 63 yr, range 53-68 yr) with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and third-degree atrioventricular block treated by permanent pacemaker were studied. ECG was recorded during baseline rest, during 0.125-Hz frequency controlled respiration, and finally during controlled respiration after full vagal blockade. We calculated fibrillatory frequency using frequency analysis of the fibrillatory ECG for overlapping 2.5-s segments; spectral analysis of the resulting frequency trend was performed to determine the spectrum of variations of fibrillatory frequency. Normalized spectral power at respiration frequency increased significantly during controlled respiration from 1.4 (0.76-2.0) (median and range) at baseline to 2.7 (1.2-5.8) (P = 0.01). After vagal blockade, the power at respiration frequency decreased to 1.2 (0.23-2.8) (P = 0.01). Controlled respiration causes cyclic fluctuations in the AF frequency in patients with long-duration AF. This phenomenon seems to be related to parasympathetic modulations of the AF refractory period.
OpenITGLinkMUSiiC: A Standard Communications Protocol for Advanced Ultrasound Research (2011)

Ultrasound imaging is the most popular and safe diagnostic medical imaging modality. Over the past years, a considerable number of studies have been conducted on new medical ultrasound imaging modalities such as ultrasound-based elasticity imaging, photoacoustic imaging, thermal imaging, etc. Moreover, results of such advanced ultrasound research are readily integrated with Image Guided Therapy (IGT) systems due to the advantages of ultrasound imaging such as mobility and real-time data acquisition. For integrating two systems, a communication method between systems has to be devised. OpenIGTLink is a standardized TCP/IP-based protocol for the integration of medical imaging and IGT systems. However, OpenIGTLink is not sufficient for communicating between IGT and advanced ultrasound research systems, because OpenIGTLink does not define any message type for general ultrasound data and some results of ultrasound researching. In this paper, we propose an extension to OpenIGTLink, called OpenIGTLinkMUSiiC, by adding new message types and new network classes. Our new message types are designed for containing raw ultrasound data, advanced ultrasound modalities, and text-based control parameters. The network classes of OpenIGTLinkMUSiiC improve upon the performance of existing network classes by implementing a multithread architecture. Finally, we present two ultrasound research applications using OpenIGTLink-MUSiiC.
Altmetrics: a primer (2014)

A 101-level introduction to altmetrics Where does the data come from?<br>Can it be gamed?<br>Buy in or build your own?
Serum globulin levels in predicting the extent of hepatic fibrosis in patients with recurrent post‐transplant hepatitis C infection (2007)

The progression of HCV-related disease is particularly aggressive in the post-transplantation setting. Recipients with recurrent HCV infection undergo repeated liver biopsies in order to estimate disease progression. A strong association was found between serum immunoglobulins levels and hepatic fibrosis in non-transplanted patients with chronic HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine if serum globulin and immunoglobulins levels can predict the extent of fibrosis in patients with recurrent HCV infection. The records of 45 patients (mean age 51.6 +/- 10.5 yr; 53.3% men) with biochemical, serologic, virologic, and histological evidence of recurrent HCV infection were reviewed. Recurrence developed after a median interval of 11.7 months (range: 3-106); in 14 patients (31.1%), the recurrent infection was severe. The mean duration of follow-up was 51.4 +/- 35.4 months. A total of 96 liver biopsies were performed. The mean fibrosis score increased significantly with an increase in the number of biopsies (p < 0.0001, r = 0.44). On multivariate analysis, the only predictors of severe fibrosis were serum levels of globulin (OR: 5.97, 95% CI: 1.82-19.53; p = 0.0004) and IgG (OR: 1.003, 95% CI: 1.001-1.006; p = 0.018). On linear regression analysis, for each 0.5-g/dL increase in serum globulin level, there was a 0.22-point increase in fibrosis stage. In conclusion, serum levels of globulin and IgG can serve as a noninvasive marker of the extent of hepatic fibrosis in patients with post-transplant recurrent HCV infection, thus avoiding the need for repeated liver biopsies. These findings, if confirmed, have important implications for the prevention and treatment of fibrosis in this patient group.
Amphiphilic Building Blocks for Self-Assembly: From Amphiphiles to Supra-amphiphiles (2012)

The process of self-assembly spontaneously creates well-defined structures from various chemical building blocks. Self-assembly can include different levels of complexity: it can be as simple as the dimerization of two small building blocks driven by hydrogen bonding or as complicated as a cell membrane, a remarkable supramolecular architecture created by a bilayer of phospholipids embedded with functional proteins. The study of self-assembly in simple systems provides a fundamental understanding of the driving forces and cooperativity behind these processes. Once the rules are understood, these guidelines can facilitate the research of highly complex self-assembly processes. Among the various components for self-assembly, an amphiphilic molecule, which contains both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts, forms one of the most powerful building blocks. When amphiphiles are dispersed in water, the hydrophilic component of the amphiphile preferentially interacts with the aqueous phase while the hydrophobic portion tends to reside in the air or in the nonpolar solvent. Therefore, the amphiphiles aggregate to form different molecular assemblies based on the repelling and coordinating forces between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the component molecules and the surrounding medium. In contrast to conventional amphiphiles, supra-amphiphiles are constructed on the basis of noncovalent interactions or dynamic covalent bonds. In supra-amphiphiles, the functional groups can be attached to the amphiphiles by noncovalent synthesis, greatly speeding their construction. The building blocks for supra-amphiphiles can be either small organic molecules or polymers. Advances in the development of supra-amphiphiles will not only enrich the family of conventional amphiphiles that are based on covalent bonds but will also provide a new kind of building block for the preparation of complex self-assemblies. When polymers are used to construct supra-amphiphiles, the resulting molecules are known as superamphiphiles. This Account will focus on the use of amphiphiles and supra-amphiphiles for self-assembly at different levels of complexity. We introduce strategies for the fabrication of robust assemblies through self-assembly of amphiphiles. We describe the supramolecular approach for the molecular design of amphiphiles through the enhancement of intermolecular interaction among the amphiphiles. In addition, we describe polymerization under mild conditions to stabilize the assemblies formed by self-assembly of amphiphiles. Finally, we highlight self-assembly methods driven by noncovalent interactions or dynamic covalent bonds for the fabrication of supra-amphiphiles with various topologies. Further self-assembly of supra-amphiphiles provides new building blocks for complex structures, and the dynamic nature of the supra-amphiphiles endows the assemblies with stimuli-responsive functions.
A five-year longitudinal study of teacher survival among teacher-education graduates of Montana State University (2015)

The primary focus of this study was on two aspects of teacher turnover. The study sought to find if nineteen demographic and performance variables gathered prior to graduation could predict the career decisions of graduates of a teacher-education class five years following their graduation. Also, the rate at which beginning teachers among the study sample left teaching was compared with rates found in other comparable studies. The study sample included all teacher-education graduates from Montana State University in 1979. Prior to graduation each subject completed a questionnaire and Allport-Vernon Study of Values. Measures of intelligence, achievement, and student teaching performance were gathered. Each year for five years immediately following their graduation, subjects were contacted and asked to provide information about their present careers, geographic locations, and reasons for any career change. After the fifth yearly contact, subjects were divided into employment categories based on whether they were currently teaching, had taught but were no longer teaching, or had never taught. Nineteen variables were analyzed using One-Way Analysis of Variance and Chi Square Test of Independence. In addition, Chi Square Goodness of Fit was used to compare the turnover rates among teachers in this study and in each of four other comparable teacher turnover studies. Two of the nineteen pre-employment variables were found to be significant at the .05 level. There was no significant difference in the rate at which beginning teachers in this study left teaching and the rates at which beginning teachers in four other studies left teaching. The study concluded with narrative descriptions of careers pursued by subjects outside of teaching, reasons given by subjects for leaving teaching, and the geographic distribution of graduates five years after graduation. Two major conclusions can be drawn from this study. First, preemployment characteristics and experiences by themselves cannot predict an individual's career pattern. Lifetime experiences play a major role in the process and must be examined in conjunction with pre-employment variables to understand career decisions. Second, the rate at which teachers leave teaching is constant over time, job market condition, and geographic location.
Development of high-lift laminar wing using steady active flow control (2013)

Fuel costs represent a large fraction of aircraft operating costs. Increased aircraft fuel efficiency is thus desirable. Laminar airfoils have the advantage of reduced cruise drag and increased fuel efficiency. Unfortunately, they cannot perform adequately during high-lift situations (i.e. takeoff and landing) due to low stall angles and low maximum lift caused by flow separation. Active flow control has shown the ability to prevent or mitigate separation effects, and increase maximum lift. This fact makes AFC technology a fitting solution for improving high-lift systems and reducing the need for slats and flap elements. This study focused on experimentally investigating the effects of steady active flow control from three slots, located at 1%, 10%, and 80% chord, respectively, over a laminar airfoil with 45 degree deflected flap. A 30-inch-span airfoil model was designed, fabricated, and then tested in the Bill James 2.5’x3’ Wind Tunnel at Iowa State University. Pressure data were collected along the mid-span of the airfoil, and lift and drag were calculated. Five test cases with varying injection locations and varying Cμ were chosen: baseline, blown flap, leading edge blowing, equal blowing, and unequal blowing. Of these cases, unequal blowing achieved the greatest lift enhancement over the baseline. All cases were able to increase lift; however, gains were less than anticipated.
Oxygen Tension Regulates Pancreatic β-Cell Differentiation Through Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (2009)

These data demonstrate that beta-cell differentiation is controlled by pO2 through HIF1alpha. Modifying pO2 should now be tested in protocols aiming to differentiate beta-cells from embryonic stem cells.