gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of isoenergetic overfeeding of either carbohydrate or fat in young men (2000)

Ten pairs of normal men were overfed by 5 MJ/d for 21 d with either a carbohydrate-rich or a fat-rich diet (C- and F-group). The two subjects in each pair were requested to follow each other throughout the day to ensure similar physical activity and were otherwise allowed to maintain normal daily life. The increase in body weight, fat free mass and fat mass showed great variation, the mean increases being 1.5 kg, 0.6 kg and 0.9 kg respectively. No significant differences between the C- and F-group were observed. Heat production during sleep did not change during overfeeding. The RQ during sleep was 0.86 and 0.78 in the C- and F-group respectively. The accumulated faecal loss of energy, DM, carbohydrate and protein was significantly higher in the C- compared with the F-group (30, 44, 69 and 51% higher respectively), whereas the fat loss was the same in the two groups. N balance was not different between the C- and F-group and was positive. Fractional contribution from hepatic de novo lipogenesis, as measured by mass isotopomer distribution analysis after administration of [1-(13)C]acetate, was 0.20 and 0.03 in the C-group and the F-group respectively. Absolute hepatic de novo lipogenesis in the C-group was on average 211 g per 21 d. Whole-body de novo lipogenesis, as obtained by the difference between fat mass increase and dietary fat available for storage, was positive in six of the ten subjects in the C-group (mean 332 (SEM 191)g per 21 d). The change in plasma leptin concentration was positively correlated with the change in fat mass. Thus, fat storage during overfeeding of isoenergetic amounts of diets rich in carbohydrate or in fat was not significantly different, and carbohydrates seemed to be converted to fat by both hepatic and extrahepatic lipogenesis.
Resolution and Synthesis of Optically Active Alcohols with Immobilized Ovalbumin and Pea Protein as New Bio-catalysts (2001)

It was found that ovalbumin stereoselectively oxidized one of the enantiomers of p-substituted racemic alcohols, thereby providing optically active alcohols with high optical purities. It was found out that, when used appropriately in combination with immobilized pea protein, immobilized ovalbumin made it possible to resolve and synthesize racemic 1-(2-naphthyl)ethanol, 1-phenylethanol, and 1-phenyl-1-propanol. Immobilized ovalbumin could be continuously recycled at least three times without lowering the yield and purity of the products. These results suggested that cereals, beans, and ovalbumin might have additional fourth function among conventional foods. Namely, there might contain nutritional, sensory, biologically regulatory and bio-catalytic functions in conventional foods.
The use of muscle near-infrared spectroscopy in sport, health and medical sciences: recent developments (2011)

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been shown to be one of the tools that can measure oxygenation in muscle and other tissues in vivo. This review paper highlights the progress, specifically in this decade, that has been made for evaluating skeletal muscle oxygenation and oxidative energy metabolism in sport, health and clinical sciences. Development of NIRS technologies has focused on improving quantification of the signal using multiple wavelengths to solve for absorption and scattering coefficients, multiple pathlengths to correct for the influence of superficial skin and fat, and time-resolved and phase-modulated light sources to determine optical pathlengths. In addition, advances in optical imaging with multiple source and detector pairs as well as portability using small wireless detectors have expanded the usefulness of the devices. NIRS measurements have provided information on oxidative metabolism in various athletes during localized exercise and whole-body exercise, as well as training-induced adaptations. Furthermore, NIRS technology has been used in the study of a number of chronic health conditions. Future developments of NIRS technology will include enhancing signal quantification. In addition, advances in NIRS imaging and portability promise to transform how measurements of oxygen utilization are obtained in the future.
Are vasopressin levels increased or decreased in septic shock?* (2006)

Sutherland, Ainsley M. BSc, PhD Candidate; Gordon, Anthony C. MBBS, FRCA; Russell, James A. MD Author Information
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activities of New Thieno[3,2-d]pyrimidines as Selective Type 4 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (1998)

A common pharmacophore for compounds structurally related to nitraquazone has been derived. Using this pharmacophore, new structures have been designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their inhibitory potencies against cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) specific phosphodiesterase (PDE 4). From these compounds, 4-benzylamino-2-butylthieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (4) was selected for optimization. The effects of changes to the lipophilic groups and the amino linkage on the PDE 4 activity have been investigated. As a result, some potent PDE 4 inhibitors, selective with respect to PDE 3, have been identified. A selected group of compounds have been further evaluated for their ability to displace [3H]rolipram from its binding site and also to potentiate isoprenaline-induced cAMP accumulation in isolated guinea pig eosinophils. Of these, 2-butyl-4-cyclohexylaminothieno[3,2-d]pyrimidine (33) has an interesting profile, with an important improvement in PDE 4/[3H]rolipram ratio with respect to reference drugs, and good activity in cAMP potentiation, consistent with efficient cell penetration.
Activation of NF-κB/Rel by CD40 Engagement Induces the Mouse Germ Line Immunoglobulin Cγ1 Promoter (1996)

Interaction between CD40 on B cells and CD40 ligand (CD40L) on T cells has been shown to mediate T-cell contact help for B-cell proliferation, differentiation, and immunoglobulin isotype switching. It has recently been shown that cross-linking CD40 on mouse B cells induces germ line gamma1 and epsilon transcripts and that interleukin-4 synergizes with CD40 signaling to further induce these germ line transcripts. Germ line transcripts have been shown to be required for class switch recombination. Here we show that signaling via CD40 increases expression of a transiently transfected luciferase reporter plasmid driven by the germ line Cgamma1 promoter in M12.4.1 B-lymphoma cells. By linker-scanning mutation analysis of the promoter, we have identified a CD40-responsive region (CD40RR) which is able to confer inducibility by CD40L to a minimal c-fos promoter. The CD40RR contains three binding sites for NF-kappaB/Rel proteins which are each required for maximal induction of CD40RR activity by CD40L. Binding of the NF-kappaB/Rel proteins p50, p65, c-Rel, and RelB to the CD40RR is induced by CD40 signaling in M12.4.1 cells and in splenic B cells. Cotransfection of expression plasmids for p50 and p65 or p50 and RelB, but not c-Rel, into M12.4.1 cells transactivates the CD40RR and the germ line gamma1 promoter. These data demonstrate that NF-kappaB Rel proteins activated by CD40 ligation play an important role in induction of the germ line Cgamma1 promoter.
Analysis of the puromycin binding site in the 70 S ribosome of Escherichia coli at the peptide level (1994)

Photoinduced cross-linking of Escherichia coli 70 S ribosomes with [3H]puromycin has led to the labeling of ribosomal proteins S7, S14, S18, L18, and L29. Proteolytic fragmentation of these proteins and separation of the peptide mixtures by C18 reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography resulted in six puromycin-labeled peptides which were applied to sequence analysis. The following peptides were found labeled: Pro1-Lys10 of S7, Ala28-Lys46 and Ala7-Lys11 of S14, Asp24-Lys29 of S18, Tyr64-Lys68 of L18, and Thr55-Lys60 of L29. For the first time the molecular environment of an antibiotic in the procaryotic ribosome is presented at the peptide level.
Altered lymphocyte reactivity in rheumatoid arthritis (1976)

Blastogenic transformation of peripheral lymphocytes with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), conconavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was studied in 29 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The PHA response was depressed in a subgroup of RA patients with erosive disease. The Con A response was also depressed and paralleled the PHA response. The PWM response was not depressed. These results lend support to the hypothesis of a functional defect of cellular immunity in RA. It was shown that lymphocyte responsiveness to a single mitogen concentration is not an adequate assessment of the overall responsiveness of the lymphocytes tested.
THE MECHANISM OF DISCORDANT XENOGRAFT REJECTION (1988)

The mechanism of discordant xenograft rejection using the guinea pig-to-rat heart graft model was studied. In this model, we found that (A) Rejection occurred rapidly, in 17.5 +/- 8.3 min (mean +/- SD) (n = 8). (B) The graft survived longer when the recipient rat was pretreated with cobra venom facter (CVF). (C) Complement hemolytic titers in serum showed significant reduction of C3 in rejection without consumption of C4 and C2, suggesting complement activation through the alternative pathway. (D) No natural antibodies were detected in this combination. Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) titer, and hemagglutination (HA) titer were lower than x1. (E) Histological examination of the rejected heart xenograft revealed a large area of myocytolysis without interstitial cellular infiltration. (F) In vitro experiments showed that rat complement attacked guinea pig erythrocytes (Egp) via the alternative pathway. These findings indicate that rejection in this discordant xenograft model of guinea pig-to-rat was caused by primary activation of complement via the alternative pathway.
Molecular dynamics simulations of rupture in lipid bilayers (2010)

Magnetic fluid hyperthermia is a promising cancer therapy in which magnetic nanoparticles are acted upon by a high-frequency oscillating magnetic field. While the accepted mechanism is localized hyperthermia, it is plausible that shear stresses due to nanoparticles rotating near a cell membrane may induce rupture, enhancing the effectiveness of the treatment. With the goal of understanding this further, molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on a model cell membrane. A bilayer composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipids was subjected to an incremental tension as well as an incremental shear stress. In both cases, it was found that the bilayer could withstand a surface tension of approximately 90 mN/m prior to rupture. Under tension, the bilayer ruptured at double its initial area, whereas under shear, the bilayer ruptured at 1.8 times its initial area. The results show that both incremental tension and incremental shearing are able to produce bilayer rupture, with shear being more injurious, yielding a larger surface tension for a smaller deformation. This information allows for comparison between the estimated energy required to rupture a cell membrane and the energy that a magnetic nanoparticle would be able to generate while rotating in a cellular environment. Our estimates indicate that magnetically blocked nanoparticles with diameters larger than 50 nm may result in rupture due to shear.
Preconditioning of Isolated Rat Heart Is Mediated by Protein Kinase C (1995)

Catecholamines have been implicated in the phenomenon of ischemic preconditioning. We have previously demonstrated that ischemic preconditioning against postischemic mechanical dysfunction in the isolated rat heart is mediated by the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor. The purpose of this study was to delineate the signal transduction of preconditioning distal to the alpha 1-adrenergic receptor. Our results suggest that (1) transient ischemia and alpha 1-adrenergic receptor-induced preconditioning is inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) antagonists, (2) functional protection against global ischemia/reperfusion injury can be induced by infusion of diacylglycerol, the second messenger of the alpha 1-adrenergic pathway, and (3) transient ischemia and alpha 1-adrenergic preconditioning are both characterized by similar translocation of PKC-delta to the sarcolemma of myocardium. These findings suggest that PKC is an effector of preconditioning in the isolated rat heart.
Degradation and fermentation of fructo‐oligosaccharides by oral streptococci (1995)

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are claimed to have a positive effect on the intestinal flora. They are being used in functional foods in Japan and Europe. This group have tested the degradation of two commercial FOS preparations by oral streptococci in order to predict the cariogenicity of these products. Both preparations could be fermented to some extent by the species of oral streptococci tested. The enzymes necessary for the degradation of FOS were inducible. Each strain showed a specific degradation pattern. All strains, particularly Streptococcus mutans rapidly produced acid, mainly lactic acid. Streptococcus mitis also produced high concentrations of acetic acid. Plaque formation by Strep. mutans was similar to the sucrose control. It is concluded that FOS are cariogenic to a similar extent as sucrose.
RTP Payload Format for H.263 Video Streams (1997)

This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
Nociceptor-specific gene deletion reveals a major role for Nav1.7 (PN1) in acute and inflammatory pain (2004)

Nine voltage-gated sodium channels are expressed in complex patterns in mammalian nerve and muscle. Three channels, Na(v)1.7, Na(v)1.8, and Na(v)1.9, are expressed selectively in peripheral damage-sensing neurons. Because there are no selective blockers of these channels, we used gene ablation in mice to examine the function of Na(v)1.7 (PN1) in pain pathways. A global Na(v)1.7-null mutant was found to die shortly after birth. We therefore used the Cre-loxP system to generate nociceptor-specific knockouts. Na(v)1.8 is only expressed in peripheral, mainly nociceptive, sensory neurons. We knocked Cre recombinase into the Na(v)1.8 locus to generate heterozygous mice expressing Cre recombinase in Na(v)1.8-positive sensory neurons. Crossing these animals with mice where Na(v)1.7 exons 14 and 15 were flanked by loxP sites produced nociceptor-specific knockout mice that were viable and apparently normal. These animals showed increased mechanical and thermal pain thresholds. Remarkably, all inflammatory pain responses evoked by a range of stimuli, such as formalin, carrageenan, complete Freund's adjuvant, or nerve growth factor, were reduced or abolished. A congenital pain syndrome in humans recently has been mapped to the Na(v)1.7 gene, SCN9A. Dominant Na(v)1.7 mutations lead to edema, redness, warmth, and bilateral pain in human erythermalgia patients, confirming an important role for Na(v)1.7 in inflammatory pain. Nociceptor-specific gene ablation should prove useful in understanding the role of other broadly expressed genes in pain pathways.
Hidden Markov models for detecting remote protein homologies. (1998)

karplus@cse.ucsc.edu; http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/karplus
Real-time ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy with needle guide by nephrologists decreases post-biopsy complications (2015)

Real-time USG imaging supported by needle guide device is associated with better biopsy yield and fewer complications.
Role of metastable phases in the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate (1992)

This paper reports a study of the spontaneous precipitation of calcium carbonate from aqueous solutions which are very supersaturated with respect to calcite, both in the absence of inhibitors, and in the presence of triphosphate as inhibitors. The sequence of events during precipitation is governed strongly by the initial supersaturation, the temperature, and the presence or absence of triphosphate.At high supersaturation, the first-formed phase is an amorphous calcium carbonate. It is observed only above a well defined ionic activity product, is homogeneously nucleated, and its formation is not inhibited by triphosphate. Over the temperature range 289–333 K, this amorphous phase has a solubility product, K1, defined by the equation: log K1=(1247.0/T)– 10.224, At concentrations insufficient to produce the amorphous phase, the first-formed solid nucleates heterogeneously. In the absence of triphosphate it is calcite. In the presence of triphosphate, the first solid is calcium carbonate hexahydrate at lower temperatures, and a vaterite/calcite mixture at higher temperatures. CaCO3·6H2O is formed only at temperatures below ca. 25 °C, and decomposes to vaterite. These crystalline phases also result from the decomposition of the amorphous CaCO3 at higher initial supersaturation.In the course of the work, the solubility product for CaCO3·6H2O (K2) was measured in the range 277–312 K as: log K2=(1696/T)+ 0.9336 The quantitative basis of the study was consistent with a re-evaluation of the CaCO03 pair constant K3, as: log K3= 7.722 –(1347.2/T). These results show that at temperatures below 25 °C the binding of CO2–3 to calcium is significantly greater than earlier publications have suggested: the implication for the distribution of carbonate species in the oceans has yet to be fully assessed.
A target field approach to optimal coil design (1986)

Using a Fourier-Bessel expansion of the magnetic field generated by currents flowing on a cylinder, the relationship between current and field may be inverted. Hence the current density required to generate a specified target field Bz on the surface of a cylinder of smaller radius may be evaluated. Gradient, solenoidal and shim coil designs based on this approach provide exceptionally large usable volumes while remaining compact and, if necessary, of low inductance.
Phase III Study of Capecitabine Plus Oxaliplatin Compared With Fluorouracil and Leucovorin Plus Oxaliplatin in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Final Report of the AIO Colorectal Study Group (2007)

CAPOX resulted in a slightly inferior efficacy than FUFOX. With respect to PFS, the best estimate of the HR of 1.17 was within the prespecified equivalence range. However, a relevant inferiority cannot be excluded. Both regimens were generally well tolerated but there was a significantly higher rate of grade 2/3 HFS in the CAPOX arm.
Generation of functional organs from stem cells (2013)

We are now well entering the exciting era of stem cells. Potential stem cell therapy holds great promise for the treatment of many diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral-sclerosis, myocardial infarction, muscular dystrophy, diabetes, and etc. It is generally believed that transplantation of specific stem cells into the injured tissue to replace the lost cells is an effective way to repair the tissue. In fact, organ transplantation has been successfully practiced in clinics for liver or kidney failure. However, the severe shortage of donor organs has been a major obstacle for the expansion of organ transplantation programs. Toward that direction, generation of transplantable organs using stem cells is a desirable approach for organ replacement and would be of great interest for both basic and clinical scientists. Here we review recent progress in the field of organ generation using various methods including single adult tissue stem cells, a blastocyst complementation system, tissue decellularization/recellularization and a combination of stem cells and tissue engineering.
Stabilisers for water-in-fluorinated-oil dispersions: Key properties for microfluidic applications (2015)

Droplet-based microfluidics appears as a key emerging technology for the miniaturization and automation of biochemical assays. In terms of technology, it stands on two basic pillars: microfluidic devices on the one hand and emulsions on the other hand. Huge progress has been made on large scale integration of devices and batch production of devices. The limiting factor for a full application of the technology is actually not device development, but rather the robust control of emulsion formulations to be used in these devices. We here review the basic problems related to emulsions relevant for microfluidic applications and open up on new promising applications for these systems.
Saliency Detection via Graph-Based Manifold Ranking (2013)

Most existing bottom-up methods measure the foreground saliency of a pixel or region based on its contrast within a local context or the entire image, whereas a few methods focus on segmenting out background regions and thereby salient objects. Instead of considering the contrast between the salient objects and their surrounding regions, we consider both foreground and background cues in a different way. We rank the similarity of the image elements (pixels or regions) with foreground cues or background cues via graph-based manifold ranking. The saliency of the image elements is defined based on their relevances to the given seeds or queries. We represent the image as a close-loop graph with super pixels as nodes. These nodes are ranked based on the similarity to background and foreground queries, based on affinity matrices. Saliency detection is carried out in a two-stage scheme to extract background regions and foreground salient objects efficiently. Experimental results on two large benchmark databases demonstrate the proposed method performs well when against the state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and speed. We also create a more difficult benchmark database containing 5,172 images to test the proposed saliency model and make this database publicly available with this paper for further studies in the saliency field.
Interactions of the Antizyme AtoC with Regulatory Elements of the Escherichia coli atoDAEB Operon (2007)

AtoC has a dual function as both an antizyme, the posttranslational inhibitor of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes, and the transcriptional regulator of genes involved in short-chain fatty acid catabolism (the atoDAEB operon). We have previously shown that AtoC is the response regulator of the AtoS-AtoC two-component signal transduction system that activates atoDAEB when Escherichia coli is exposed to acetoacetate. Here, we show that the same cis elements control both promoter inducibility and AtoC binding. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed the acetoacetate-inducible binding of AtoC to the predicted DNA region in vivo. DNase I protection footprinting analysis revealed that AtoC binds two 20-bp stretches, constituting an inverted palindrome, that are located at -146 to -107 relative to the transcription initiation site. Analyses of promoter mutants obtained by in vitro chemical mutagenesis of the atoDAEB promoter verified both the importance of AtoC binding for the inducibility of the promoter by acetoacetate and the sigma54 dependence of atoDAEB expression. The integration host factor was also identified as a critical component of the AtoC-mediated induction of atoDAEB.
Nuclear gene iojap conditions a programmed change to ribosome-less plastids in Zea mays (1979)

The recessive nuclear gene iojap of Zea mays conditions a permanent, heritable deficiency in the ability of the plastid to differentiate. iojap-affected plastids contain a normal genome as evidenced by comparison of the restriction endonuclease digestion patterns of affected and normal plastids. iojap-affected plastids contain neither detectable ribosomes nor high molecular weight RNA; the affected plastids do not incorporate exogenous amino acids into protein. The lesion in plastid ribosome content occurs early in organ ontogeny because iojap-mediated albino stripes can occupy entire clones within affected leaves.