gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Continuous Control Policies by Stochastic Value Gradients (2015)

We present a unified framework for learning continuous control policies using backpropagation. It supports stochastic control by treating stochasticity in the Bellman equation as a deterministic function of exogenous noise. The product is a spectrum of general policy gradient algorithms that range from model-free methods with value functions to model-based methods without value functions. We use learned models but only require observations from the environment in- stead of observations from model-predicted trajectories, minimizing the impact of compounded model errors. We apply these algorithms first to a toy stochastic control problem and then to several physics-based control problems in simulation. One of these variants, SVG(1), shows the effectiveness of learning models, value functions, and policies simultaneously in continuous domains.
Anti-tumor Activity of miniPEG-γ-Modified PNAs to Inhibit MicroRNA-210 for Cancer Therapy (2017)

MicroRNAs (miRs) are frequently overexpressed in human cancers. In particular, miR-210 is induced in hypoxic cells and acts to orchestrate the adaptation of tumor cells to hypoxia. Silencing oncogenic miRs such as miR-210 may therefore offer a promising approach to anticancer therapy. We have developed a miR-210 inhibition strategy based on a new class of conformationally preorganized antisense γ peptide nucleic acids (γPNAs) that possess vastly superior RNA-binding affinity, improved solubility, and favorable biocompatibility. For cellular delivery, we encapsulated the γPNAs in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs). Our results show that γPNAs targeting miR-210 cause significant delay in growth of a human tumor xenograft in mice compared to conventional PNAs. Further, histopathological analyses show considerable necrosis, fibrosis, and reduced cell proliferation in γPNA-treated tumors compared to controls. Overall, our work provides a chemical framework for a novel anti-miR therapeutic approach using γPNAs that should facilitate rational design of agents to potently inhibit oncogenic microRNAs.
Prevention of recurrent adhesion after separation of severe intrauterine adhesions (2012)

Objective To investigate the effect of regular hysteroscopy examination on preventing the recurrent adhesion after the separation of severe intrauterine adhesion.Methods The clinical data of 37 patients with severe intrauterine adhesion underwent transcervical resection of adhesions (TCRA) were analyzed retrospectively.They were divided into two groups according to different preventive methods after surgery.Twenty- one cases in group A were given balloon urinary catheter in the uterine 3 to 4 days after surgery,and then pla ced a intrauterine device ( IUD),together with estrogen and progesterone to establish artificial cycle.Sixteen cases in group B were given the same treatment as group A,and were reviewed by hysteroscopy regularly.All the patients were followed by the examination of menstrual recovery in three months after operation and were reviewed by hysteroscopy at the third month what time the IUD were taken out.The patients who had moderate to severe intrauterine adhesion again were categorized as group C,and were given adhesiotomy again and the same treatment as group B,the conditions of intrauterine adhesion and menstrual recovery were recorded.Results Three months' follow up showed that the rate of recurrent intrauterine adhesion in group B was significantly lower than that in group A ( P ＜ 0.05 ),and the menstrual quantity in group B was also improved obviously (P ＜ 0.05 ).The rates of recurrent intrauterine adhesion of the two groups were as follows:57.14％ ( 12/21 ) in group A,12.50％ (2/16) in group B.The proportions of recurrent moderate to severe intrauterine adhesion were as follows:42.86％ in group A(9/21,6 cases of moderate adhesion and 3 cases of severe adhesion),6.25％ in group B( 1/16,1 case of moderate adhesion).The improvement rates of menstrual quantity were as follows:57.14％ ( 12/21 ) in group A and with 87.50％ (14/16) in group B.Six months after operation,there were 2 cases with mild adhesion and 2 cases with moderate adhesion in group C,7 cases had improvement of menstrual quantity.No kidney or liver function abnomality has been found in all of the patients.Conclusions After postoperative separation of severe intrauterine adhesion,regular hysteroscopy examination on the basis of putting a balloon urinary catheter and IUD combined with estrogen can effectively prevent the recurrence of adhesion and improve the menstrual recovery.

Key words: 
Intrauterine adhesions;  Hysteroscopy ;  Transcervical resection of adhesions;  Estradiol valerate
Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes, Tumor Characteristics, and Recurrence in Patients With Early Breast Cancer (2012)

Our data showed that lymph node metastases, immunopositivity of p53 and Ki67, and non-triple-negative tumors were associated with high regulatory T-cell infiltration. The role of immunologic balance as a prognostic marker for recurrence must be evaluated more clearly in the future study.
Single-lens single-image incoherent passive-ranging systems (1994)

We introduce a new system for single-lens single-image incoherent passive ranging. The only a priori object information this system requires is that the objects to be ranged must possess a low-pass spatial frequency spectrum. Physically, this system for passive ranging is a standard optical imaging system that is customized with a special-purpose optical mask or filter. Analytically, this optical mask customizes the transfer function of the optical system in such a way that objects form images that contain range-dependent information. This range-dependent information lies in the spatial spectrum nulls or zeros of the image.
Selective laser photocoagulation of blood vessels in a hamster skin flap model using a specific ICG formulation (1997)

The major restrictions of ICG in aqueous solution, which are the very-short half-life of ICG in blood and consequently the lack of selectivity in blood vessels after a few minutes, are alleviated when ICG is used in emulsion. ICG in emulsion increases the circulating half-life of ICG and moreover confines ICG in the vascular compartment. Thanks to this specific property, it is possible to obtain a selective vascular damage 30 minutes after injection.
Acoustics: Sound Fields, Transducers and Vibration Ed. 2 (2019)

Acoustics: Sound Fields, Transducers and Vibration, Second Edition guides readers through the basics of sound fields, the laws governing sound generation, radiation, and propagation, and general terminology. Specific sections cover microphones (electromagnetic, electrostatic, and ribbon), earphones, and horns, loudspeaker enclosures, baffles and transmission lines, miniature applications (e.g. MEMS microphones and micro speakers in tablets and smart phones), sound in enclosures of all sizes, such as school rooms, offices, auditoriums and living rooms, and fluid-structure interaction. Numerical examples and summary charts are given throughout the text to make the material easily applicable to practical design. New to this edition: A chapter on electrostatic loudspeakers A chapter on vibrating surfaces (membranes, plates, and shells) Readers will find this to be a valuable resource for experimenters, acoustical consultants, and to those who anticipate being engineering designers of audio equipment. It will serve as both a text for students in engineering departments and as a valuable reference for practicing engineers.Provides detailed acoustic fundamentals, enabling better understanding of complex design parameters, measurement methods and dataExtensive appendices cover frequency-response shapes for loudspeakers, mathematical formulas and conversion factors
Influence of Shade and Pen Surface on Performance of Steers Consuming High-Forage Diets (1990)

Two experiments involving 198 Hereford x Angus crossbred steers averaging 230 kg were used to study the influence of shade and pen surface on performance of steers consuming high-forage diets. In experiment 1, initiated in May 1985, 1986 and continued for 112 d, the seven treatments were green chopped forage fed under shade in concrete or dirt pens, and 80% forage diet fed in concrete pens with or without shade, and the 80% forage diet fed in dirt pens with shade 5 m from feeder, with shade 50 m from feeder or with no shade. In experiment 2, initiated in May 1987, 1988 and continued for 84 d, the four treatments were an 80% forage diet fed in concrete and dirt pens with and without shade. Steers fed fresh forage or the 80% forage diet in concrete pens with shade gained faster (P<.05) than steers fed in dirt pens with or without shade. Gains of steers on all treatments were less than expected based on NE intake. This was probably due to extra energy being used to maintain homeostasis under conditions where the average daily maximum temperatures exceeded the thermoneutral zone. Steers fed in concrete pens without shade or dirt pens with or without shade gained at further reduced rates based on NE intake. This was attributed to differences in temperature of the pen as evidenced by black-globe temperatures at 1200 h. Correlation coefficients andregression curves reflect the influence of temperature on steer performance.
Pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades apoptosis of host macrophages by release of TNF-R2, resulting in inactivation of TNF-alpha. (1998)

Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) induces human alveolar macrophage (AMphi) apoptosis by a TNF-alpha-dependent mechanism. The apoptotic response is postulated to be a defense mechanism, limiting the growth of this intracellular pathogen. Consistent with that model, recent studies showed that the virulent MTB strain H37Rv induces substantially less AMphi apoptosis than the attenuated strain H37Ra. We now report that AMphi infection with either H37Rv or H37Ra induces comparable levels of TNF-alpha measured by ELISA but that TNF-alpha bioactivity is reduced in supernatants of H37Rv-infected AMphi. Differential release of soluble TNFR2 (sTNFR2), with formation of inactive TNF-alpha-TNFR2 complexes accounted for the difference in TNF-alpha bioactivity in these cultures. Release of sTNFR2 by H37Rv-infected AMphi was IL-10 dependent since it was inhibited by neutralizing anti-IL-10 Ab. Thus, the effect of TNF-alpha produced by AMphi following infection can be modulated by virulent MTB, using IL-10 as an upstream mediator.
Surface supercharged human enteropeptidase light chain shows improved solubility and refolding yield (2010)

Enteropeptidase is a serine protease used in different biotechnological applications. For many applications the smaller light chain can be used to avoid the expression of the rather large holoenzyme. Recombinant human enteropeptidase light chain (hEPL) shows high activity but low solubility and refolding yields, currently limiting its use in biotechnological applications. Here we describe several protein modifications that lead to improved solubility and refolding yield of human hEPL whilst retaining the enzyme activity. Specifically, protein surface supercharging (N6D, G21D, G22D, N141D, K209E) of the protein increased the solubility more than 100-fold. Replacement of a free cysteine residue with serine (C112S) improved the refolding yield by 50%. The heat stability of this C112S variant was also significantly improved by supercharging. This study shows that even mild protein surface supercharging can have pronounced effects on protein solubility and stability.
Notch and cardiac outflow tract development (2010)

Congenital heart disease represents the most common form of human birth defect, occurring in nearly 1 in 100 live births. An increasing number of patients with these defects are surviving infancy. Approximately one-third of congenital heart defects involve malformations of the outflow tract. Related defects are found in isolation and as part of common human syndromes. Our laboratory has investigated mechanisms of cardiac morphogenesis with particular attention to outflow tract formation. During cardiogenesis, neural crest cells interact with second heart field myocardium and endocardial cushion mesenchyme. Our recent work demonstrates that Jagged1/Notch signaling within the second heart field initiates a signaling cascade involving Fgf8, Bmp4, and downstream effectors that modulate outflow tract development and aortic arch artery patterning. Hence, complex tissue-tissue interactions and integration of multiple pathways converge to orchestrate proper patterning of the outflow region. The role of Notch signaling in adult cardiac homeostasis and disease is an area of active investigation.
Oxidative Stress and the Regulation of Complement Activation in Human Glaucoma (2010)

These findings expand the current knowledge of complement activation by presenting new evidence in human glaucoma and support that despite important roles in tissue cleaning and healing, a potential deficiency in intrinsic regulation of complement activation, as is evident in the presence of oxidative stress, may lead to uncontrolled complement attack with neurodestructive consequences.
Recent developments in colorectal cancer screening and prevention. (2002)

Colorectal cancer is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality in the United States. Studies published in the early 1990s, showing that screening for colorectal cancer can reduce colorectal cancer-related mortality, led many organizations to recommend screening in asymptomatic, average-risk adults older than 50 years. Since then, however, national screening rates remain low. Several important studies published over the past four years have refined our understanding of existing screening tools and explored novel means of screening and prevention. The most important new developments, which are reviewed in this article, include the following: Additional trial results support the effectiveness of fecal occult blood testing in reducing the incidence of, and mortality from, colorectal cancer. New studies document the sensitivity of fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, and double-contrast barium enema compared with colonoscopy. Cost-effectiveness models show that screening by any of several methods is cost-effective compared to no screening. Randomized trials show that calcium is effective but fiber is not effective in preventing reoccurrence of adenomatous polyps. Preliminary data suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may prevent adenomatous polyps and that DNA stool tests and virtual colonoscopy may show promise as screening tools. This new information provides further support for efforts to increase the use of colorectal cancer screening and prevention services in adults older than 50 years.
Initiated Chemical Vapor Deposition of Poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl Acrylate) Thin Films (2006)

A solvent-free initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) process was used to create low surface energy poly(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl acrylate) (PPFDA) thin films at deposition rates as high as 375 nm/min. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed full retention of the fluorine moieties, and no measurable cross-linking was detected. Additionally, the FTIR studies support the hypothesis that film deposition results from vinyl polymerization. For all iCVD PPFDA films, the static contact angle was found to be 120.8 +/- 1.2 degrees. The roughness of the films was found to be between 14.9 and 19.8 nm RMS, and the refractive index of the films was found to be between 1.36 and 1.37. The deposition rate was studied as a function of the substrate temperature and the partial pressure of the monomer. It was found that the deposition rate increases with decreasing substrate temperature and increasing monomer partial pressure. It was also found that the molecular weight increases with decreasing substrate temperature and increases with increasing monomer partial pressure. The highest molecular weight measured was 177 300 with a polydispersity of 2.27. Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements showed that these effects correlated with an increased monomer concentration at the surface. The deposition rate data and the QCM data were quantitatively analyzed to find the rate constants of the process using a previously published model for the iCVD process involving nonfluorinated monomers. The determined values of the rate constants of the surface polymerization were found to be similar to the rate constants measured in liquid-phase free radical polymerization. The kinetic data found in this paper can now be used to study iCVD deposition onto substrates with more complex geometries.
Application of a Topical Immune Response Modifier, Resiquimod Gel, to Modify the Recurrence Rate of Recurrent Genital Herpes: A Pilot Study (2001)

Resiquimod (R-848), a topically active immune response modifier, induced production of interferon-alpha and interleukin-12 in cultured blood mononuclear cells and decreased genital herpes recurrences in an animal model. In this study, 52 patients with frequently recurrent genital herpes applied topical resiquimod gel 0.01% (twice or thrice weekly) or 0.05% (once or twice weekly) or vehicle gel to herpes lesions for 3 weeks. During the 6-month observation period after treatment, median days to first recurrence in the pooled resiquimod group was 169 days, compared with 57 days for the vehicle group (P=.0058). In all, 32% of resiquimod-treated patients completed the observation period without a recurrence, compared with 6% of vehicle-treated patients (P=.039). Resiquimod 0.05% twice weekly produced dose-limiting inflammation at the lesion sites, but the other regimens were well tolerated. Application of resiquimod to genital herpes lesions appeared to reduce the frequency of recurrences.
Diffusion of Donor and Acceptor Elements in Silicon (1956)

The diffusion of the Group III (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl) and Group V (P, As, Sb, and Bi) elements in silicon has been measured in the temperature range 1050–1350°C. A method based on change in conductivity through the penetration layer has been used for B and P. The p-n junction method has been used for the other elements. Aside from B and P, which have similar diffusional properties, the acceptor elements diffuse more rapidly than the donor elements. Diffusion coefficients are given by DB, P=10.5 exp − (85 000/RT), DA1=8.0 exp − (80 000/RT), DGa=3.6 exp − (81 000/RT), DIn, T1=16.5 exp − (90 000/RT), DAs=0.32 ×exp − (82 000/RT), DSb=5.6 exp − (91 000/RT), DBi=1030 exp − (107 000/RT) with an average estimated error of about ±40%. This corresponds to an error in the activation energies of about ±5 kcal. Sources of error including the effects of impurities in the oxides are discussed. D0 values in most cases conform to the predictions of Zener for substitutional diffusion.
Quantitative Development and Molecular Forms of Acetyl‐and Butyrylcholinesterase During Morphogenesis and Synaptogenesis of Chick Brain and Retina (1987)

The embryonic development of total specific activities as well as of molecular forms of acetylcholinesterase (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) and of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE, EC 3.1.1.8) have been studied in the chick brain. A comparison of the development in different brain parts shows that cholinesterases first develop in diencephalon, then in tectum and telencephalon; cholinesterase development in retina is delayed by about 2-3 days; and the development in rhombencephalon [not studied until embryonic day 6 (E6)] and cerebellum is last. Both enzymes show complex and independent developmental patterns. During the early period (E3-E7) first BChE expresses high specific activities that decline rapidly, but in contrast AChE increases more or less constantly with a short temporal delay. Thereafter the developmental courses approach a late phase (E14-E20), during which AChE reaches very high specific activities and BChE follows at much lower but about parallel levels. By extraction of tissues from brain and retina in high salt plus 1% Triton X-100, we find that both cholinesterases are present in two major molecular forms, AChE sedimenting at 5.9S and 11.6S (corresponding to G2 and G4 globular forms) and BChE at 2.9S and 10.3S (G1 and G4, globular). During development there is a continuous increase of G4 over G2 AChE, the G4 form reaching 80% in brain but only 30% in retina. The proportion of G1 BChE in brain remains almost constant at 55%, but in retina there is a drastic shift from 65% G1 before E5 to 70% G4 form at E7.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Fully Integrated UHF-Band CMOS Receiver With Multi-Resolution Spectrum Sensing (MRSS) Functionality for IEEE 802.22 Cognitive Radio Applications (2009)

Fast and accurate spectrum sensing is one of the most important functions in a cognitive radio (CR) seeking to use the licensed but unoccupied spectrum segments. In this paper, we present a fully integrated CMOS receiver with a CR spectrum sensing capability in the UHF band. We propose multi-resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS), which is a digitally-assisted analog energy detection technique. Without using bulky analog filters, detection bandwidth can be flexibly controlled by correlating the received analog signals with window signal generated by built-in digital window generator. The integrated chip has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-mumm CMOS technology, and has achieved 32 dB of detection dynamic range with minimum detection sensitivity of -74 dBm by using a 100-kHz cos <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> window.
Favorable Attributes of Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding (2006)

Abstract A laboratory study of the alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) process was conducted. It was found from phase behavior studies that for a given synthetic surfactant and crude oil containing naphthenic acids, optimal salinity depends only on the ratio of the moles of soap formed from the acids to the moles of synthetic surfactant present. Adsorption of anionic surfactants on carbonate surfaces is reduced substantially by sodium carbonate but not by sodium hydroxide. The magnitude of the reduction with sodium carbonate decreases with increasing salinity. Particular attention was given to a surfactant blend of a propoxylated sulfate having a slightly branched C16-17 hydrocarbon chain and an internal olefin sulfonate. In contrast to alkyl/aryl sulfonates previously considered for EOR, alkaline solutions of this blend containing neither alcohol nor oil were single-phase micellar solutions at all salinities up to and even exceeding optimal salinity with representative oils. Phase behavior with a West Texas crude oil at ambient temperature in the absence of alcohol was unusual in that colloidal material, perhaps another microemulsion having a higher soap content, was dispersed in the lower phase microemulsion. Low interfacial tensions existed with the excess oil phase only when this material was present in sufficient amount in the spinning drop device. Overall solubilization of oil and brine for this system was high, leading to low interfacial tensions over a wide salinity range and to excellent oil recovery in both dolomite and silica sand packs. These experiments were performed with surfactant concentrations as low as 0.2 wt%. It was necessary that sufficient polymer be present to provide adequate mobility control and that salinity be below the value at which phase separation occurred in the polymer/surfactant solution. A one-dimensional simulator was developed to model the process. By calculating transport of soap formed from the crude oil and injected surfactant separately, it showed that a gradient in local soap-to surfactant ratio develops during the process. This gradient increases robustness of the process in a manner similar to that of a salinity gradient in a conventional surfactant process. Predictions of the simulator were in excellent agreement with the sand pack results.