gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of Clostridium cellulolyticum ATCC 35319 under dialysis and co-culture conditions (1996)

The degradation of cellulose by Clostridium cellulolyticum has been studied in several ways: (1) in batch fermentation in 50-ml sealed-cap flasks, referred to as the control; (2) in batch fermentation with pH at 7.2; (3) fermentation in dialysis which permits elimination of all the products of metabolism; (4) fermentation in dialysis with a constant bubbling of nitrogen; (5) in co-culture with Clostridium A22 in batch with and without pH regulation and with dialysis. H2, CO2, acetate, ethanol and lactate were the major end-products of cellobiose and cellulose fermentation. Compared to batch culture, growth of Cl. cellulolyticum on cellobiose increased by a factor of 10 in dialysed culture. The end products from the dialysed culture were detected in a small range compared to the concentration for the batch culture. Related to the biomass, CMCase activities were of the same level, showing a direct relation between the biomass formation and the cellulase production. The percentage of cellulose degradation (50%) by Cl. cellulolyticum was greater when dialysis of end products with a constant bubbling of nitrogen took place during the course of fermentation (6 d) in comparison with cultures in 50-ml sealed-cap flasks (23%), in a fermentor (36%) or using dialysis without N2 bubbling (40%). The presence of two micro-organisms produced no further enzyme activities and hence the percentage of cellulose degradation was quite similar in mono- and co-culture. No synergistic action was found between two cellulolytic strains.
Pyrazolo-Triazolo-Pyrimidine Derivatives as Adenosine Receptor Antagonists: A Possible Template for Adenosine Receptor Subtypes? (2002)

Adenosine, a widely distributed modulator, regulates many physiological functions through specific cell membrane G-protein-coupled receptors classified as A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3). An intense medicinal chemistry effort made over the last 20 years has led to a variety of selective adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists. In particular, the pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidine nucleus has been strongly investigated in the last years by our group. All the modifications performed and a tentative of structure-activity-relationship is reported. In fact, the combination of different substitutions at the N(7), N(8) and N(5) positions afford compounds which showed good affinity and selectivity for the different adenosine receptor subtypes. The data herein summarized, permit to speculate on the use of this nucleus as possible template for the adenosine receptor subtypes.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleoside methylphosphonate inhibition of mouse c-myc p65 protein expression in E mu-c-myc transgenic mice. (1991)

In transgenic mice bearing a murine immunoglobulin enhancer/c-myc fusion transgene (E mu-myc), it was found that methylphosphonates do not induce acute toxicity following intravenous administration of a 300 nmol dose. In addition, recovery of methylphosphonates from the blood plasma of treated mice indicated that the oligomers remained intact up to 3 hours, while their concentrations decreased rapidly for the first hour, then slowly decreased over the next two hours. Finally, methylphosphonate oligomers targeted against c-myc mRNA inhibited production of c-myc p65 protein in peripheral and splenic lymphocytes, relative to a scrambled sequence oligomer, 4 hours after injection of a 300 nmol dose, as indicated by immunofluorescence of fixed cells stained with an anti-c-myc antiserum.
Nanosensors in the Food Industry (2018)

Safety in the food industry is a primary issue, and to date, most analyses are required to be performed by skilled personnel in accredited laboratories using sophisticated and costly instrumentation such as liquid or gas chromatography, often coupled with mass spectrometry. The miniaturization of optical components allows them to be incorporated into food packaging for ultrafast, noninvasive, visual analysis of food quality in several stages of the product life such as storage, transportation, and consumption. A general classification of nanosensors for the food industry can be based on the detection property, on signal transmission, or based on nanosensors type. The technology has been proposed for encapsulation and delivery in the food and nutraceutical industry. Silicon-based microfluidic devices or femto laser-shaped devices are known as laboratory-on-chip technology and have been used to test food additives such as benzoate, sorbate, beta hydroxyl benzoic acid esters, and glutamate by carrying out electrophoresis in a single chip setup.
Longitudinal changes in microstructural white matter metrics in Alzheimer's disease (2016)

The current results indicate that sensitivity to white matter microstructure is a promising avenue for AD biomarker research. Additional longitudinal studies on both white and grey matter are warranted to further evaluate potential clinical utility.
Self-demodulation of amplitude- and frequency-modulated pulses in a thermoviscous fluid (1993)

The self-demodulation of pulsed sound beams in a thermoviscous fluid is investigated experimentally and theoretically. Experiments were performed in glycerin at megahertz frequencies with amplitude- and frequency-modulated pulses. The theory is based on the Khokhlov–Zabolotskaya–Kuznetsov (KZK) nonlinear parabolic wave equation. Numerical results were obtained from an algorithm that solves the KZK equation in the time domain [Y.-S. Lee and M. F. Hamilton, Ultrasonics International 91 Conference Proceedings (Butterworth–Heinemann, Oxford, 1991), pp. 177–180]. A quasilinear analytic solution, which describes the main features of the waveform at all axial locations, is developed in the limit of strong absorption. Theory and experiment are in good agreement throughout the near- and far fields.
Efficacy and Safety of Vismodegib in Advanced Basal-Cell Carcinoma (2012)

Vismodegib is associated with tumor responses in patients with locally advanced or metastatic basal-cell carcinoma. (Funded by Genentech; Erivance BCC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00833417.).
Effect of the Solvent Environment on the Spectroscopic Properties and Dynamics of the Lowest Excited States of Carotenoids (2000)

The spectroscopic properties and dynamics of the lowest excited singlet states of peridinin, fucoxanthin, neoxanthin, uriolide acetate, spheroidene, and spheroidenone in several different solvents have been studied by steady-state absorption and fast-transient optical spectroscopic techniques. Peridinin, fucoxanthin, uriolide acetate, and spheroidenone, which contain carbonyl functional groups in conjugation with the carbon−carbon π-electron system, display broader absorption spectral features and are affected more by the solvent environment than neoxanthin and spheroidene, which do not contain carbonyl functional groups. The possible sources of the spectral broadening are explored by examining the absorption spectra at 77 K in glassy solvents. Also, carotenoids which contain carbonyls have complex transient absorption spectra and show a pronounced dependence of the excited singlet state lifetime on the solvent environment. It is postulated that these effects are related to the presence of an intramolecular charge transfer state strongly coupled to the S1 (21Ag) excited singlet state. Structural variations in the series of carotenoids studied here make it possible to focus on the general molecular features that control the spectroscopic and dynamic properties of carotenoids.
Crowdsourcing preference tests, and how to detect cheating (2011)

We describe an approach to crowdsource the evaluation of TTS systems by preference tests and report on lessons learnt from running 127 real-life crowdsourced tests. We show that at least one type of cheating becomes more prevalent over time if left unchecked and develop metrics to exclude cheaters. We demonstrate that their exclusion improves test outcomes. Index Terms: TTS, speech synthesis, listening test, preference test, crowdsourcing, cheating
The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA arrests cancer cell growth, up-regulates thioredoxin-binding protein-2, and down-regulates thioredoxin (2002)

Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) is a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs) that causes growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis of many tumor types in vitro and in vivo. SAHA is in clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. HDAC inhibitors induce the expression of less than 2% of genes in cultured cells. In this study we show that SAHA induces the expression of vitamin D-up-regulated protein 1/thioredoxin-binding protein-2 (TBP-2) in transformed cells. As the expression of TBP-2 mRNA is increased, the expression of a second gene, thioredoxin, is decreased. In transient transfection assays, HDAC inhibitors induce TBP-2 promoter constructs, and this induction requires an NF-Y binding site. We report here that TBP-2 expression is reduced in human primary breast and colon tumors compared with adjacent tissue. These results support a model in which the expression of a subset of genes (i.e., including TBP-2) is repressed in transformed cells, leading to a block in differentiation, and culture of transformed cells with SAHA causes re-expression of these genes, leading to induction of growth arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis.
Mechanisms of ATP release and signalling in the blood vessel wall (2012)

The nucleotide adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) has classically been considered the cell's primary energy currency. Importantly, a novel role for ATP as an extracellular autocrine and/or paracrine signalling molecule has evolved over the past century and extensive work has been conducted to characterize the ATP-sensitive purinergic receptors expressed on almost all cell types in the body. Extracellular ATP elicits potent effects on vascular cells to regulate blood vessel tone but can also be involved in vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis. While the effects of purinergic signalling in the vasculature have been well documented, the mechanism(s) mediating the regulated release of ATP from cells in the blood vessel wall and circulation are now a key target of investigation. The aim of this review is to examine the current proposed mechanisms of ATP release from vascular cells, with a special emphasis on the transporters and channels involved in ATP release from vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, circulating red blood cells, and perivascular sympathetic nerves, including vesicular exocytosis, plasma membrane F(1)/F(0)-ATP synthase, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin channels.
Molecular cloning of the chromosomal breakpoint of a B-cell lymphoma with the t(11;14)(q23;q32) translocation. (1991)

The breakpoint of t(11;14)(q23;q32) chromosome translocation in a B-cell lymphoma line, RC-K8, was cloned. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) constant gene, C gamma 2 at the 5' end, was involved in this translocation, and the DNA segment juxtaposed to the C gamma 2 was proved to be derived from chromosome 11 by somatic cell hybrid study. The normal counterpart of chromosome 11 was also isolated. With a DNA probe near the breakpoint of chromosome 11, Southern blot analysis of RC-K8 and 10 other cases with translocation involving the 11q23 region was conducted, but no rearrangement bands have been observed thus far except for RC-K8.
The Microstructure and Rheology of Mixed Cationic/Anionic Wormlike Micelles (2003)

The rheology, flow birefringence, and small-angle neutron scattering of mixed cationic/anionic wormlike micellar solutions composed of cetyl trimethylammonium tosylate (CTAT) and sodium dodecyl benzyl sulfonate (SDBS) are studied over a broad range of solution compositions. This combination of experimental techniques enables independent determination of the microstructural length scales (persistence, entanglement, interaction, and contour) that govern the rheological properties. Comparison and contrast of the effect of a hydrotropic salt (NaTosylate) with that of a screening electrolyte (NaCl) demonstrates the influence of micellar charge on the persistence length and, hence, the microstructure and rheology. Surfactant concentration and composition and electrolyte concentration and composition systematically affect the self-assembled microstructure such that a transition in rheological behavior from nonionic wormlike micelles to polyelectrolytes can be spanned.
Modifications of norditerpenoid alkaloids: I. N-deethylation reactions (1999)

Using oxidation with KMnO4, KMnO4/acetone-H2O, NBS, followed by Polonovsky reaction and imine formation, the N-deethylation of sis norditerpenoid alkaloids 6-epi-forsticine. yunnaconitine. 3,13-diacetylyunnaconitine, 13-dehydroxy-indaconitine, indaconitine and 3-acetylpseudaconine are reported in 36-60% yields.
Repeatability of nerve conduction measurements derived entirely by computer methods (2009)

The study demonstrates the high repeatability of nerve conduction parameters acquired by modern electrodiagnostic instruments using computer based waveform cursor assignment. The reliability is comparable to benchmark studies in which the nerve conduction measurements were performed manually in controlled multi-center clinical trials. Furthermore, the ranking of reliability, whereby F-wave latencies have the best reproducibility and amplitudes the worst, is also consistent with the benchmark studies.
Adeno‐associated virus‐mediated gene delivery (1999)

Several gene delivery vehicles are being developed for somatic gene therapy and each of these vectors has unique properties which makes them appropriate for different human disease applications.Recombinant adenoassociated viral (rAAV) vectors are proving themselves to be safe and ef®cacious for the long-term expression of proteins and correction of genetic diseases following a single administration.The increasing number of tissues and diseases being targeted with rAAV vectors demonstrates their versatility and has resulted in different approaches for enhancing vector performance.Improving the methods for large-scale manufacturing, and accumulating safety and ef®cacy data in animals and humans are areas of intense research.
Sensitive detection of DNA polymorphisms by the serial invasive signal amplification reaction (2000)

The invasive signal amplification reaction has been previously developed for quantitative detection of nucleic acids and discrimination of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Here we describe a method that couples two invasive reactions into a serial isothermal homogeneous assay using fluorescence resonance energy transfer detection. The serial version of the assay generates more than 10(7) reporter molecules for each molecule of target DNA in a 4-h reaction; this sensitivity, coupled with the exquisite specificity of the reaction, is sufficient for direct detection of less than 1,000 target molecules with no prior target amplification. Here we present a kinetic analysis of the parameters affecting signal and background generation in the serial invasive signal amplification reaction and describe a simple kinetic model of the assay. We demonstrate the ability of the assay to detect as few as 600 copies of the methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase gene in samples of human genomic DNA. We also demonstrate the ability of the assay to discriminate single base differences in this gene by using 20 ng of human genomic DNA.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors decrease proliferation potential and multilineage differentiation capability of human mesenchymal stem cells (2009)

HDAC activity is essential for maintaining the self-renewal and pluripotency of MSCs.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of new 1-substituted 1'-methyl-3-chloro-2-oxospiro (azetidin-3',4-indol-2' ones). (1994)

The aim of the present research work is to discover new compounds with potential anticonvulsant activity. Several indolinone derivatives and also azetidinones are reported to have significantly anticonvulsant activity. So, it was thought considerable to synthesise compounds having both these moieties and study their anticonvulsant activity. The new spiroazetinones synthesized from the reaction of 3-(N-substituted) imino-1-methyl-indol-2-ones with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of triethylamine have been characterised on the basis of triethylamine have been characterised on the basis of satisfactory analytical and spectral data. Of the eight compounds screened in the series two compounds (3c and 3h) exhibited significant activity against MES.
Liver Biochemical Tests and Dengue Fever (1992)

The impact of dengue on liver function was studied by biochemical tests on 125 male and 145 female patients diagnosed with this disease during an outbreak that extended from November 1987 to December 1988. Abnormal levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (G-GT) were observed in 93.3%, 82.2%, 7.2%, 16.3% and 83.0% of the patients, respectively. The elevation of transaminases was mild to moderate in most cases, but was 10-fold greater than the normal upper limit for AST and ALT in 11.1% and 7.4% of the patients, respectively. Initially, the level of AST was greater than that of ALT, increasing to maximum levels nine days after the onset of symptoms, then decreasing to normal levels within two weeks. Results of the biochemical tests did not differ significantly between the cases with and without hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection, but significantly higher elevations of AST, ALT, and G-GT were observed in patients with episodes of bleeding. Liver biopsies of two patients showed features of lobular hepatitis. Of the five fatal cases, three died of hepatic failure. It is concluded that dengue fever may cause hepatic injury and transaminase elevation similar to that in patients with conventional viral hepatitis. In epidemic or endemic areas, dengue fever infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of hepatitis.
A safe packaging line for gene transfer: separating viral genes on two different plasmids (1988)

A retrovirus packaging cell line was constructed by using portions of the Moloney murine leukemia virus in which the gag, pol, and env genes of the helper virus were separated onto two different plasmids and in which the psi packaging signal and 3' long terminal repeat were removed. The plasmid containing the gag and pol genes and the plasmid containing the env gene were cotransfected into NIH 3T3 cells. Clones that produced high levels of reverse transcriptase and env protein were tested for their ability to package the replication-defective retrovirus vectors delta neo and N2. One of the gag-pol and env clones (GP+E-86) was able to transfer G418 resistance to recipient cells at a titer of as high as 1.7 X 10(5) when it was used to package delta neo and as high as 4 X 10(6) when it was used to package N2. Supernatants of clones transfected with the intact parent gag-pol-env plasmid 3P0 had comparable titers (as high as 6.5 X 10(4) with delta neo; as high as 1.7 X 10(5) with N2). Tests for recombination events that might result in intact retrovirus showed no evidence for the generation of replication-competent virus. These results suggest that gag, pol, and env, when present on different plasmids, may provide an efficient and safe packaging line for use in retroviral gene transfer.
FLP‐mediated recombination for use in hybrid plant production (2000)

We have studied the feasibility in Arabidopsis of using a site-specific recombination system FLP/FRT, from the 2 microm plasmid of yeast, for making plant hybrids. Initially, Arabidopsis plants expressing the FLP site-specific recombinase were crossed with plants transformed with a vector containing kanamycin-resistance gene (npt) flanked by FRT sites, which also served to separate the CaMV35S promoter from a promoterless gusA. Hybrid progeny were tested for excision of the npt gene and the positioning of 35S promoter proximal to gusA. GUS activity was observed in the progeny of all crosses, but not in the progeny derived from the self-pollinated homozygous parents. We then induced male sterility in Arabidopsis plants using the antisense expression of a pollen- and tapetum-specific gene, bcp1, flanked by FRT sites. Upon cross-pollination of flowers on the same male-sterile plants with pollen from FLP-containing plants, viable seeds were produced and the progeny hybrid plants developed normally. Molecular analyses revealed that the antisense expression cassette of bcp1 had been excised in these plants. These results show for the first time that a site-specific recombinase can be used to restore fertility in male-sterile plants, providing an alternative method for the production of hybrid seeds and plants.
Mast cells and T lymphocytes in chronic urticaria (1995)

Mast cells are considered to be the primary effector cells in urticaria but it is possible that lymphocytes contribute to the formation of weals by secreting histamine releasing factors. The aim of this study was to examine the population of mast cells and to quantify the T cell subsets and their activation status in delayed pressure urticaria (DPU), chronic idiopathic urticaria and normal controls. Three biopsies were obtained from each of four patients with chronic idiopathic urticaria but not DPU. Three biopsies were taken from each of 13 patients with DPU, from a combination of unchallenged skin and at 0, 2, 6, 24, 48, and 120 h after weighted steel rods (diameter 1.5 cm) had been applied to the thighs. Three biopsies were similarly obtained from each of four normal controls before an identical pressure challenge and at 6, 24 and 48 h afterwards. The chloracetate esterase stain was used to demonstrate mast cells and an alkaline phosphatase anti-alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemical technique to assess the phenotypic and activation characteristics of the T cell infiltrate. The mast cell count did not differ significantly between unchallenged skin from DPU patients and normal controls. Following a pressure challenge to the DPU patients, the number of stainable mast cells decreased significantly to a level comparable with that in spontaneous weals of chronic idiopathic urticaria. Investigation of T cell subsets showed a preponderance of CD4+ cells over CD8+ cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Continuous-Flow Protocol for Light-Induced Benzylic Fluorinations (2014)

A continuous-flow protocol for the light-induced fluorination of benzylic compounds is presented. The procedure uses Selectfluor as the fluorine source and xanthone as an inexpensive and commercially available photoorganocatalyst. The flow photoreactor is based on transparent fluorinated ethylene propylene tubing and a household compact fluorescent lamp. The combination of xanthone with black-light irradiation results in very efficient fluorination. Good to excellent isolated yields were obtained for a variety of substrates bearing different functional groups applying residence times below 30 min.
Realism in Computer Graphics: A Survey (1987)

This article surveys most of the major issues to be dealt with when generating realistic images, and covers papers up to December 1985. It begins with an overview of the rendering process and a quick review of visible-surface-determination algorithms. Then, in more detail, it discusses shading, antialiasing, texture mapping, shadows, and optical effects and closes witha discussion of modeling primitives.