gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Age Detection in Chat (2009)

This paper presents the results of using statistical analysis and automatic text categorization to identify an author's age group based on the author's online chat posts. A naive Bayesian classifier and support vector machine (SVM) model were used. The SVM model experiments generated an f-score measurement of 0.996 on test data distinguishing teens from adults. We also introduce an alternative method for generating ldquostop wordsrdquo that chooses n-grams based on their relative distribution across the classes.
[Effects of Shenfu Injection on inflammatory cytokines during cardiopulmonarbypass in infants]. (2007)

SF could shorten the time for reverting to sinus heart rhythm and analepsia after CPB in infants, and suppress the inflammatory response caused by CPB.
Regulation of sphingosine 1‐phosphate‐induced endothelial cytoskeletal rearrangement and barrier enhancement by S1P 1 receptor, PI3 kinase, Tiam1/Rac1, and α‐actinin (2005)

Endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction results in increased vascular permeability observed in inflammation, tumor angiogenesis, and atherosclerosis. The platelet-derived phospholipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) decreases EC permeability in vitro and in vivo and thus has obvious therapeutic potential. We examined S1P-mediated human pulmonary artery EC signaling and barrier regulation in caveolin-enriched microdomains (CEM). Immunoblotting from S1P-treated EC revealed S1P-mediated rapid recruitment (1 microM, 5 min) to CEMs of the S1P receptors S1P1 and S1P3, p110 PI3 kinase alpha and beta catalytic subunits, the Rac1 GEF, Tiam1, and alpha-actinin isoforms 1 and 4. Immunoprecipitated p110 PI3 kinase catalytic subunits from S1P-treated EC exhibited PIP3 production in CEMs. Immunoprecipitation of S1P receptors from CEM fractions revealed complexes containing Tiam1 and S1P1. PI3 kinase inhibition (LY294002) attenuated S1P-induced Tiam1 association with S1P1, Tiam1/Rac1 activation, alpha-actinin-1/4 recruitment, and EC barrier enhancement. Silencing of either S1P1 or Tiam1 expression resulted in the loss of S1P-mediated Rac1 activation and alpha-actinin-1/4 recruitment to CEM. Finally, silencing S1P1, Tiam1, or both alpha-actinin isoforms 1/4 inhibits S1P-induced cortical F-actin rearrangement and S1P-mediated barrier enhancement. Taken together, these results suggest that S1P-induced recruitment of S1P1 to CEM fractions promotes PI3 kinase-mediated Tiam1/Rac1 activation required for alpha-actinin-1/4-regulated cortical actin rearrangement and EC barrier enhancement.
CD20 Homo-oligomers Physically Associate with the B Cell Antigen Receptor (2008)

B cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling initiates sustained cellular calcium influx necessary for the development, differentiation, and activation of B lymphocytes. CD20 is a B cell-restricted tetraspanning protein organized in the plasma membrane as multimeric molecular complexes involved in BCR-activated calcium entry. Using coprecipitation of native CD20 with tagged or truncated forms of the molecule, we provide here direct evidence of CD20 homo-oligomerization into tetramers. Additionally, the function of CD20 was explored by examining its association with surface-labeled and intracellular proteins before and after BCR signaling. Two major surface-labeled proteins that coprecipitated with CD20 were identified as the heavy and light chains of cell surface IgM, the antigen-binding components of the BCR. After activation, BCR-CD20 complexes dissociated, and phosphoproteins and calmodulin-binding proteins were transiently recruited to CD20. These data provide new evidence of the involvement of CD20 in signaling downstream of the BCR and, together with the previously described involvement of CD20 in calcium influx, the first evidence of physical coupling of the BCR to a calcium entry pathway.
Skip-Thought Vectors (2015)

We describe an approach for unsupervised learning of a generic, distributed sentence encoder. Using the continuity of text from books, we train an encoder-decoder model that tries to reconstruct the surrounding sentences of an encoded passage. Sentences that share semantic and syntactic properties are thus mapped to similar vector representations. We next introduce a simple vocabulary expansion method to encode words that were not seen as part of training, allowing us to expand our vocabulary to a million words. After training our model, we extract and evaluate our vectors with linear models on 8 tasks: semantic relatedness, paraphrase detection, image-sentence ranking, question-type classification and 4 benchmark sentiment and subjectivity datasets. The end result is an off-the-shelf encoder that can produce highly generic sentence representations that are robust and perform well in practice. We will make our encoder publicly available.
Efficacy of twice-daily vs once-daily sessions of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the treatment of major depressive disorder: a retrospective study (2018)

Administration of two rTMS treatment sessions per day is tolerable for patients and does not seem to be inferior in efficacy to a OD protocol. TD administration has the benefit of producing symptom improvement over a shorter time span and requires fewer visits to the clinic.
Characterization of the AdoMet-Dependent Guanylyltransferase Activity That Is Associated with the N Terminus of Bamboo Mosaic Virus Replicase (2001)

Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a member of the potexvirus group, infects primarily members of the Bambusoideae. Open reading frame 1 (ORF1) of BaMV encodes a 155-kDa polypeptide that has long been postulated to be a replicase involved in the replication and formation of the cap structure at the 5' end of the viral genome. To identify and characterize the enzymatic activities associated with the N-terminal domain of the BaMV ORF1 protein, the intact replicase and two C-terminally truncated proteins were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. All three versions of BaMV ORF1 proteins could be radiolabeled by [alpha-(32)P]GTP, which is a characteristic of guanylyltransferase activity. The presence of S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) was essential for this enzymatic activity. Thin-layer chromatography analysis suggests that the radiolabeled moiety linked to the N-terminal domain of the BaMV ORF1 protein is m(7)GMP. The N-terminal domain also exhibited methyltransferase activity that catalyzes the transfer of the [(3)H]methyl group from AdoMet to GTP or guanylylimidodiphosphate. Therefore, during cap structure formation in BaMV, methylation of GTP may occur prior to transguanylation as for alphaviruses and brome mosaic virus. This study establishes the association of RNA capping activity with the N-terminal domain of the replicase of potexviruses and further supports the idea that the reaction sequence of RNA capping is conserved throughout the alphavirus-like superfamily of RNA viruses.
Collagen Injections: A Case Study in the Erosion of the Medical Profession (1991)

Physicians as professionals are people dedicated to promoting the health and welfare of their patients rather than simply catering to patient requests and desires. Collagen injections are examined to determine whether or not they can be considered legitimate medical treatment to be offered by physicians. It is concluded that until a more vigorous clinical effort is made to determine the efficacy of the injections in promoting the health and welfare of recipients, it is not clear that they constitute medical treatment. It is argued that the safety of the injections coupled with a patient's desire for them is insufficient to constitute the injections being considered medical treatment.
Neural Dust: Ultrasonic Biological Interface (2016)

A seamless, high density, chronic interface to the nervous system is essential to enable clinically relevant applications such as electroceuticals or brain-machine interfaces (BMI). Currently, a major hurdle in neurotechnology is the lack of an implantable neural interface system that remains viable for a patient's lifetime due to the development of biological response near the implant. Recently, mm-scale implantable electromagnetics (EM) based wireless neural interfaces have been demonstrated in an effort to extend system longevity, but the implant size scaling (and therefore density) is ultimately limited by the power available to the implant. &lt;p&gt;In this thesis, we propose neural dust, an entirely new method of wireless power and data telemetry using ultrasound, which can address fundamental issues associated with using EM to interrogate miniaturized implants. Key concepts and fundamental system design trade-offs and ultimate size, power, and bandwidth scaling limits of such system are analyzed from first principles. We demonstrate both theoretically and experimentally that neural dust scales extremely well, down to 100's, if not 10's of um. We highlight first wireless recordings from nerve and muscle in an animal model using neural dust prototype. The thesis concludes with strategies for multi-neural dust interrogation and future directions of neural dust beyond neuromodulation.
Strategy Subsets Closed Under Rational Behaviour (1990)

economic equilibrium ; game theory ; microeconomics
Development of a Dual-Fuel Injection System for Lean Premixed Industrial Gas Turbines (1996)

A fuel injection system for industrial gas turbine engines capable of using natural gas and liquid fuel in dry, lean premixed combustion is under development to significantly reduce NOx and CO emissions. The program has resulted in a design capable of operating on DF#2 over the 80 to 100% engine load range meeting the current TA LUFT regulations of 96 ppm (dry, @ 15% O2) NOx and 78 ppm CO. When operating on natural gas the design meets the guaranteed levels of 25 ppm NOx and 50 ppm CO. The design approach is to apply lean premixed combustion technology to liquid fuel. Both injector designs introduce the majority of the diesel fuel via airblast alomization into a premixing passage where fuel vaporization and air-fuel premixing occur. Secondary fuel injection occurs through a pilot fuel passage which operates in a partially premixed mode. Development is completed through injector modeling, flow visualization, combustion rig testing, and engine testing. The prototype design tested in development engine environments has operated with NOx emissions below 65 ppm and 20 ppm CO at full load. This paper includes a detailed discussion of the injector design and qualification testing completed on this development hardware.
Reducing the Impact of Endogenous Ribonucleases on Reverse Transcription-PCR Assay Systems (1999)

Rapid degradation of RNA is the most important factor impeding the analysis of gene expression in human cells and tissues. Once a tissue has been removed from its normal environment, the relative rates of RNA synthesis and degradation change. This in turn gives rise to changes in the relative proportions of various RNA species within a tissue, as well as to an overall reduction of RNA concentrations.

Several approaches have been used to reduce the rate at which RNA concentrations decline after tissue collection. Contamination of samples with exogenous ribonucleases (RNases), particularly those used in the laboratory during RNase treatment of DNA isolates, is universally recognized as an important cause of RNA loss. The use of meticulous laboratory technique to reduce this contamination is absolutely essential to preserve RNA substrates, but is not sufficient to permit analysis of all RNA targets. Isolation of RNA, along with the use of RNase inhibitors, such as diethyl pyrocarbonate, or chaotropic agents, such as guanidinium chloride or guanidinium isothiocyanate, often used in combination, is also helpful, but also is laborious and time-consuming. Rapid fixation of tissue samples with neutral-buffered formalin or precipitating agents, such as ethanol, destroys RNase activity, but increases the complexity …
Ketensin situand Cycloaddition to Them (1969)

The review deals with the methods of generation of ketens in situ, particularly their reaction behaviour, mainly in cycloaddition to compounds containing multiple bonds. The ways in which ketens are polymerised in situ, associated both with the structure of the ketens themselves and the methods of their preparation, are also discussed. The bibliography incorporates 102 references.
RNA Interference-based Strategies for Metabolic Syndrome Treatment (2005)

RNA interference is a naturally occurring cellular mechanism to inhibit the expression of specific gene products. The technical application of RNA interference offers great potential for the specific treatment of a huge variety of diseases including the metabolic syndrome, one of the most challenging threats to human health associated with our civilization. In order to develop novel and powerful strategies for the treatment of the metabolic syndrome, it is essential to define a set of specific gene products that may be targeted by RNA interference. Based on currently available in vitro and in vivo data, we discuss the feasibility of candidate genes involved in the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome as potential targets for a rational RNA interference based therapy in this review.
Activation of Ventrolateral Preoptic Neurons During Sleep (1996)

The rostral hypothalamus and adjacent basal forebrain participate in the generation of sleep, but the neuronal circuitry involved in this process remains poorly characterized. Immunocytochemistry was used to identify the FOS protein, an immediate-early gene product, in a group of ventrolateral preoptic neurons that is specifically activated during sleep. The retrograde tracer cholera toxin B, in combination with FOS immunocytochemistry, was used to show that sleep-activated ventrolateral preoptic neurons innervate the tuberomammillary nucleus, a posterior hypothalamic cell group thought to participate in the modulation of arousal. This monosynaptic pathway in the hypothalamus may play a key role in determining sleep-wake states.
A new model for network traffic forecast based on user's mobility in cellular networks with highway stretches: Research Articles (2004)

Wireless communications have always faced the scarceness of bandwidth and until today the cellular division has solved this problem by making radio cells always smaller. However, as cell size is reduced, more users will probably require handoffs, and signaling can overload the system. Further, the decrease in cell dimension cannot ensure the best utilization of system resources, because user density in the cell is not constant over the time. Dynamic allocation might be the solution, but it is a complex task, basically due to complexity of the models for the mobility prediction, especially in those environments where users move very fast (e.g. highways). This last one is a typical environment where high mobility of vehicles does not allow small cell sizes and thus system capacity is intrinsically bounded.In this paper, we deploy an analytical model for a cellular network operating in a high mobility environment. Such a model is capable of representing and forecasting wireless system evolution in terms of channel occupancy, starting from the current state of the mobile network and road traffic. This model has been defined by integrating a vehicular traffic model with a wireless cellular communication one. With such approach the dynamic behaviour of the most critical mobile terminals, those associated with vehicles, are described in a very precise and specific way with respect to mobility.Many results obtained with specific simulation tools and herein reported show the good behaviour of our proposal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced Thymocyte Development in Sonic Hedgehog Knockout Embryos (2004)

The Hedgehog family of secreted intercellular signaling molecules are regulators of patterning and organogenesis during animal development. In this study we provide genetic evidence that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) has a role in the control of murine T cell development. Analysis of Shh(-/-) mouse embryos revealed that Shh regulates fetal thymus cellularity and thymocyte differentiation. Shh is necessary for expansion of CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative (DN) thymocytes and for efficient transition from the earliest CD44(+)CD25(-) DN population to the subsequent CD44(+)CD25(+) DN population and from DN to CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive cells.
Controlled recruitment of monocytes and macrophages to specific organs through transgenic expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (1995)

Transgenic mice overexpressing the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in the thymus and central nervous system have a higher number of mononuclear cells in those tissues than do control littermates. In the thymus, there is a modest increase in the number of Mac-1 and F4/80 positive cells, but no apparent change in the number of lymphoid cells. A more pronounced mononuclear infiltrate is detected in transgenic mice expressing MCP-1 in the brain. The vast majority of the recruited cells in the brain are monocytes and macrophages, as defined by light microscopy, and ultrastructural and immunohistochemical criteria. Such cells are found in a perivascular orientation with minimal parenchymal infiltration, possibly as a consequence of the accumulation of MCP-1 in the vessels, as shown by immunohistochemistry. The mononuclear cell infiltrate in the brain can be significantly amplified by LPS treatment, suggesting that the recruitment properties of MCP-1 can be potentiated by additional factors.
Regulation of the iron uptake system in Vibrio anguillarum: evidence for a cooperative effect between two transcriptional activators. (1989)

We have identified a 110-kDa polypeptide that has a trans-acting regulatory activity on the expression of the pJM1 plasmid iron-uptake genes in Vibrio anguillarum. This protein is encoded by the angR gene and maps in a 3.6-kilobase-pair pJM1 DNA region located downstream of the iron transport genes. Full expression of this gene occurs under iron-limiting conditions and requires a 2.9-kilobase-pair upstream region in cis that maps within the coding region of the OM2 outer membrane protein, essential for the transport of iron into the cell cytosol. Determination of the siderophore anguibactin levels as well as analysis of specific transcripts for anguibactin biosynthetic genes demonstrated that AngR and another transcriptional activator, Taf, regulate in a synergistic fashion the level of anguibactin production by activation of transcription of the anguibactin biosynthetic genes under iron-limiting conditions.
Anti‐inflammatory Activity of Natural and Synthetic Curcuminoids (1998)

The anti-inflammatory activity of three natural curcuminoids and eight synthetic curcuminoids was studied using the mouse paw oedema method.



Among the natural curcuminoids, curcumin III was the most effective anti-inflammatory agent. Curcumin III produced an inhibition of 86·8% of the mice paw oedema at a concentration of 50 mg kg−1 body weight whereas curcumin I and curcumin II produced an inhibition of 72·4% and 65·1%, respectively at the same concentration. Among the synthetic curcuminoids, salicyl (63·0% inhibition), veratryl (62·6%) and piperonal (61·1%) curcuminoids were found to be potent anti-inflammatory agents, followed by p-anisyl curcuminoid (58·6%).



There was a correlation between the anti-inflammatory activities of the curcuminoids and their observed antioxidant activities, reported earlier.
Superoxide Reacts with Nitric Oxide to Nitrate Tyrosine at Physiological pH via Peroxynitrite (2000)

Tyrosine nitration is a widely used marker of peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) produced from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide. Pfeiffer and Mayer (Pfeiffer, S., and Mayer, B. (1998) J. Biol. Chem. 273, 27280-27285) reported that superoxide produced from hypoxanthine plus xanthine oxidase in combination with nitric oxide produced from spermine NONOate did not nitrate tyrosine at neutral pH. They suggested that nitric oxide and superoxide at neutral pH form a less reactive intermediate distinct from preformed alkaline peroxynitrite that does not nitrate tyrosine. Using a stopped-flow spectrophotometer to rapidly mix potassium superoxide with nitric oxide at pH 7.4, we report that an intermediate spectrally and kinetically identical to preformed alkaline cis-peroxynitrite was formed in 100% yield. Furthermore, this intermediate nitrated tyrosine in the same yield and at the same rate as preformed peroxynitrite. Equivalent concentrations of nitric oxide under aerobic conditions in the absence of superoxide did not produce detectable concentrations of nitrotyrosine. Carbon dioxide increased the efficiency of nitration by nitric oxide plus superoxide to the same extent as peroxynitrite. In experiments using xanthine oxidase as a source of superoxide, tyrosine nitration was substantially inhibited by urate formed from hypoxanthine oxidation, which was sufficient to account for the lack of tyrosine nitration previously reported. We conclude that peroxynitrite formed from the reaction of nitric oxide with superoxide at physiological pH remains an important species responsible for tyrosine nitration in vivo.
Stimulation of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Trafficking by Insulin Reduces Intraneuronal β-Amyloid and Requires Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling (2001)

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by cerebral accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ), which are proteolytically derived from β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP). βAPP metabolism is highly regulated via various signal transduction systems, e.g., several serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases. Several growth factors known to act via receptor tyrosine kinases also have been demonstrated to regulate sβAPP secretion. Among these receptors, insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptors are highly expressed in brain, especially in hippocampus and cortex. Emerging evidence indicates that insulin has important functions in brain regions involved in learning and memory. Here we present evidence that insulin significantly reduces intracellular accumulation of Aβ and that it does so by accelerating βAPP/Aβ trafficking from the trans -Golgi network, a major cellular site for Aβ generation, to the plasma membrane. Furthermore, insulin increases the extracellular level of Aβ both by promoting its secretion and by inhibiting its degradation via insulin-degrading enzyme. The action of insulin on βAPP metabolism is mediated via a receptor tyrosine kinase/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase pathway. The results suggest cell biological and signal transduction mechanisms by which insulin modulates βAPP and Aβ trafficking in neuronal cultures.
Leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice are protected from T cell-mediated hepatotoxicity: Role of tumor necrosis factor α and IL-18 (2000)

The role of leptin was investigated in two models of T cell-mediated hepatitis: the administration of Con A or of Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PEA). In both models, leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were protected from liver damage and showed lower induction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha and IL-18 compared with their lean littermates. Neutralization of TNF-alpha reduced induction of IL-18 by either Con A (70% reduction) or PEA (40% reduction). Pretreatment of lean mice with either soluble TNF receptors or with an anti-IL-18 antiserum significantly reduced Con A- and PEA-induced liver damage. The simultaneous neutralization of TNF-alpha and IL-18 fully protected the mice against liver toxicity. However, neutralization of either IL-18 or TNF-alpha did not inhibit Con A-induced production of IFN-gamma. Thymus atrophy and alterations in the number of circulating lymphocytes and monocytes were observed in ob/ob mice. Exogenous leptin replacement restored the responsiveness of ob/ob mice to Con A and normalized their lymphocyte and monocyte populations. These results demonstrate that leptin deficiency leads to reduced production of TNF-alpha and IL-18 associated with reduced T cell-mediated hepatotoxicity. In addition, both TNF-alpha and IL-18 appear to be essential mediators of T cell-mediated liver injury.