gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on mutations and antiretroviral therapy (SMART): preliminary results. (1999)

Resistance to antiretroviral drugs is believed to be an important cause of treatment failure in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, however, the role of susceptibility assays in the management of these individuals needs to be defined. SMART (study on mutations and antiretroviral therapy) is an ongoing study on mutations and antiretroviral therapy focused particularly on HIV-infected patients treated with two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). Plasma HIV-1 RNA was assessed by NASBA (nucleic acid sequence-based amplifications) (Organon Teknika, Boxtel, The Netherlands) with a detection limit of 80 copies/ml, whereas resistance was assessed by direct sequencing of the RT pol gene in patients with detectable viraemia, and by Antivirogram (Virco) in non-responder patients. The preliminary results of this study show that both genotypic and phenotypic assays identify mutated viral strains in the majority of patients failing a dual regimen. Furthermore, the data indicate a high rate of genotypic resistance to lamivudine in both responders and non-responders, a high rate of phenotypic resistance to lamivudine in non-responders, no genotypic resistance to didanosine and stavudine in responders, and a very low rate of both genotypic and phenotypic resistance to didanosine and stavudine in non-responders.
Peyronie's Disease Is Associated with Paget's Disease of Bone (1997)

Peyronie's disease is an idiopathic disorder in which an inflammatory fibrosis occurs in the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa which causes the erect penis to become deformed. Peyronie's disease has a prevalence of 1% in men over age 50 years. Paget's disease of bone is a chronic skeletal disease with areas of increased bone turnover leading to pain, deformity, and in some cases arthritis. Because of a high rate of Peyronie's disease in subjects in a Paget's disease industry-sponsored drug trial, we asked whether there was an association between Peyronie's disease and Paget's disease of bone. We evaluated 61 men with Paget's disease attending our clinic for metabolic bone disease in a tertiary referral hospital, reviewed hospital records of all men discharged from our three hospitals with the diagnosis of Peyronie's disease, and mailed a validated questionnaire about shape of the erect penis to 1500 male members of the Paget Foundation. In the clinic population of men with Paget's disease of bone, 51 of 61 (83.6%) reported having normal erections; 10 patients (16.4%) were impotent. Sixteen of the 51 men (31.4%) had developed a bend or deformity in their erect penis which was confirmed by a urologist's examination to be Peyronie's disease. When the men with Paget's disease with and without Peyronie's disease were compared, there was no difference in their ages, years with Paget's disease, or serum alkaline phosphatase level. Upon medical record review, 1 patient of 262 (0.4%) with Peyronie's disease was found to have Paget's disease of bone. The men with Paget's disease returned their questionnaires for a response rate of 44.8% and reported Peyronie's disease with a prevalence of 14.5%. We suggest that Peyronie's disease is associated with Paget's disease of bone. Furthermore, we suggest that Peyronie's disease may be a previously unrecognized complication of Paget's disease of bone.
Effect of Focal Low‐frequency Stimulation on Amygdala‐kindled Afterdischarge Thresholds and Seizure Profiles in Fast‐ and Slow‐kindling Rat Strains (2007)

LFS applied directly to the kindled network has significant threshold-elevating properties that are less evident when applied to the "general area"; here LFS must be delivered through a larger surface area and/or at higher intensity.
Experimental Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection in One-, Four-, and 10-Week-Old Pigs (1994)

One-, 4-, and 10-week-old pigs were exposed to porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to determine the effect of age on clinical signs, hematologic alterations, the onset and duration of viremia, routes of virus shedding, antibody production, and microscopic lesions produced by PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332. The response to PRRSV infection was similar among age groups. Fever, usually prolonged, and a marked dyspnea with cutaneous erythema when restrained for sample collection were the most consistent clinical signs. Prolonged periocular edema was unique to the 1-week-old pigs. The white blood cell count was decreased on day 4 postexposure (PE) due to decreases in neutrophils and lymphocytes. The virus was isolated from buffy coats at day 1 PE and was isolated from serum, buffy coat, or plasma at each sample collection period through the end of the trial (day 28 PE). Virus was most consistently isolated from lung, lymph node, spleen, and tonsil on day 7 PE and exclusively from lymph node, spleen, and tonsil on day 28 PE. Virus was infrequently isolated from urine and fecal and nasal swabs. Consistent microscopic changes in all age groups included interstitial pneumonia and lymph node hypertrophy and hyperplasia on days 7 and 28 PE, lymph node necrosis on day 7 PE, and subacute mononuclear myocarditis on day 28 PE. Findings presented here indicate that interstitial pneumonia, lymphoid necrosis, and mononuclear myocarditis are characteristic lesions of PRRSV isolate ATCC VR-2332 infection in 1-, 4-, and 10-week-old pigs.
Crystal Growth, Dielectric and Polarization Reversal Properties of Bi4Ti3O12 Single Crystal (1992)

A Bi 2 O 3 -TiO 2 phase diagram was determined using differential thermal analysis (DTA) apparatus. Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 (BIT) micalike single crystals grown by a flux method were clear and slightly grayish in color. Ferroelectric and dielectric properties of BIT crystals were observed from measurements of electric displacement vs electric field hysteresis loops and the dielectric constant. Also, the polarization switching characteristics of BIT crystals were investigated. The switching time and switching current density were read from the transient waveforms.
Sikhism (1991)

Sikhs (disciples) are members of a religious faith which originated in the 16th century in the Punjab in Northern India as a reformist movement of Hinduism. After much persecution, Sikhs eventually became a people with military organisation (Khalsa Panth) in defence of their faith.
Consistent repeated M- and H-wave recording in the hind limb of rats (1998)

Sensory and motor conduction velocities calculated from latencies of H reflexes and M waves in rat hind limbs have been used to assess experimental peripheral neuropathy. Amplitudes and latencies vary with recording location, and are seldom assessed directly. Using subcutaneous electrodes on the foot, we recorded consistent M waves and H reflexes while stimulating the sciatic or tibial nerve. The late wave disappeared when dorsal roots were cut, verifying that it was an H reflex. However, stimulus-response characteristics differed from those in humans: (a) the threshold was often higher than for M waves; (b) stimulus intensity eliciting a maximum H-reflex amplitude (Hmax) was often higher than adequate for a maximum M-wave amplitude; and (c) the amplitudes of H reflexes stimulated with intensities supramaximal for the M wave were over 90% of Hmax. H reflexes and M waves recorded repeatedly in rats can be useful in assessing sensory and motor function in models of neuropathy, using amplitudes as well as conduction velocities.
3-D motion estimation and online temporal calibration for camera-IMU systems (2013)

When measurements from multiple sensors are combined for real-time motion estimation, the time instant at which each measurement was recorded must be precisely known. In practice, however, the timestamps of each sensor's measurements are typically affected by a delay, which is different for each sensor. This gives rise to a temporal misalignment (i.e., a time offset) between the sensors' data streams. In this work, we propose an online approach for estimating the time offset between the data obtained from different sensors. Specifically, we focus on the problem of motion estimation using visual and inertial sensors in extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based methods. The key idea proposed here is to explicitly include the time offset between the camera and IMU in the EKF state vector, and estimate it online along with all other variables of interest (the IMU pose, the camera-to-IMU calibration, etc). Our proposed approach is general, and can be employed in several classes of estimation problems, such as motion estimation based on mapped features, EKF-based SLAM, or visual-inertial odometry. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach yields high-precision, consistent estimates, in scenarios involving both constant and time-varying offsets.
Nerve growth factor enhances expression of neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule in PC12 cells. (1986)

The neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng-CAM) has been identified in mammalian brain tissue and PC12 pheochromocytoma cells as Mr 200,000 and Mr 230,000 species, respectively. When PC12 cells were treated with nerve growth factor (NGF), the amount of Ng-CAM at the cell surface was increased approximately threefold, whereas the amount of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) remained unchanged. An NGF-inducible large external glycoprotein (NILE) has been previously identified by its enhanced expression in NGF-treated PC12 cells. Ng-CAM and NILE are similar in molecular weight, expression during development, and responsiveness to NGF in PC12 cells, suggesting that the two molecules are related. In addition, antibodies to Ng-CAM and NILE cross-reacted and the molecules had similar peptide maps after limited proteolysis. Moreover, antibodies to Ng-CAM inhibited fasciculation of neurites, a functional property shared with NILE. The results show that cell adhesion molecules can respond selectively to growth factors and suggest that NILE is, in fact, mammalian Ng-CAM.
Fast track in thoracic surgery and anaesthesia (2015)

The concept of enhanced recovery ('fast-track') after thoracic surgery and anaesthesia was developed in recent years making allowance to the increased number of video-assisted parenchymal lung resections in managing primary lung cancer. Current studies promote the benefit in thoracic surgical patients, if an established departmental protocol-based algorithm is implemented.
Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin: sequence of the entF gene, expression and purification of EntF, and analysis of covalent phosphopantetheine (1991)

The sequence of the entF gene which codes for the serine activating enzyme in enterobactin biosynthesis is reported. The gene encodes a protein with a calculated molecular weight of 142,006 and shares homologies with the small subunits of gramicidin S synthetase and tyrocidine synthetase. We have subcloned and overexpressed entF in a multicopy plasmid and attempted to demonstrate L-serine-dependent ATP-[32P]PPi exchange activity and its participation in enterobactin biosynthesis, but the overexpressed enzyme appears to be essentially inactive in crude extract. A partial purification of active EntF from wild-type Escherichia coli, however, has confirmed the expected activities of EntF. In a search for possible causes for the low level of activity of the overexpressed enzyme, we have discovered that EntF contains a covalently bound phosphopantetheine cofactor.
STAT3 activation by cytokines utilizing gp130 and related transducers involves a secondary modification requiring an H7-sensitive kinase. (1995)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor, oncostatin M, leukemia-inhibitory factor, and interleukin 6 are related cytokines that initiate signaling by homodimerizing the signal-transducing receptor component gp130 or by heterodimerizing gp130 with a gp130-related receptor component. Receptor dimerization in turn activates receptor-associated kinases of the Jak/Tyk family, resulting in the rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of several intracellular proteins, including those of two members of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) family--STAT1 and STAT3. Here we show that all cytokines that utilize gp130 sequentially induce two distinct forms of STAT3 in all responding cells examined, with the two forms apparently differing because of a time-dependent secondary serine/threonine phosphorylation involving an H7-sensitive kinase. While both STAT3 forms bind DNA and translocate to the nucleus, the striking time-dependent progression from one form to the other implies other important functional differences between the two forms. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which utilizes a receptor highly related to gp130, also induces these two forms of STAT3. In contrast to a number of other cytokines and growth factors, all cytokines using gp130 and related signal transducers consistently and preferentially induce the two forms of STAT3 as compared with STAT1; this characteristic STAT activation pattern is seen regardless of which Jak/Tyk kinases are used in a particular response, consistent with the notion that the receptor components themselves are the primary determinants of which STATs are activated.
Processing, stability, and kinetic parameters of C5a peptidase from Streptococcus pyogenes (2002)

A recombinant streptococcal C5a peptidase was expressed in Escherichia coli and its catalytic properties and thermal stability were subjected to examination. It was shown that the NH2-terminal region of C5a peptidase (Asn32-Asp79/Lys90) forms the pro-sequence segment. Upon maturation the propeptide is hydrolyzed either via an autocatalytic intramolecular cleavage or by exogenous protease streptopain. At pH 7.4 the enzyme exhibited maximum activity in the narrow range of temperatures between 40 and 43 degrees C. The process of heat denaturation of C5a peptidase investigated by fluorescence and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the protein undergoes biphasic unfolding transition with Tm of 50 and 70 degrees C suggesting melting of different parts of the molecule with different stability. Unfolding of the less stable structures was accompanied by the loss of proteolytic activity. Using synthetic peptides corresponding to the COOH-terminus of human complement C5a we demonstrated that in vitro peptidase catalyzes hydrolysis of two His67-Lys68 and Ala58-Ser59 peptide bonds. The high catalytic efficiency obtained for the SQLRANISHKDMQLGR extended peptide compared to the poor hydrolysis of its derivative Ac-SQLRANISH-pNA that lacks residues at P2'-P7' positions, suggest the importance of C5a peptidase interactions with the P' side of the substrate.
Epstein–Barr virus nuclear protein 2 interacts with p300, CBP, and PCAF histone acetyltransferases in activation of the LMP1 promoter (2000)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear protein 2 (EBNA2) and herpes simplex virion protein 16 (VP16) acidic domains that mediate transcriptional activation now are found to have affinity for p300, CBP, and PCAF histone acetyltransferases (HATs). Transcriptionally inactive point mutations in these domains lack affinity for p300, CBP, or PCAF. P300 and CBP copurify with the principal HAT activities that bind to EBNA2 or VP16 acidic domains through velocity sedimentation and anion-exchange chromatography. EBNA2 binds to both the N- and C-terminal domains of p300 and coimmune-precipitates from transfected 293T cells with p300. In EBV-infected Akata Burkitt's tumor cells that do not express the EBV encoded oncoproteins EBNA2 or LMP1, p300 expression enhances the ability of EBNA2 to up-regulate LMP1 expression. Through its intrinsic HAT activity, PCAF can further potentiate the p300 effect. In 293 T cells, P300 and CBP (but not PCAF) can also coactivate transcription mediated by the EBNA2 or VP16 acidic domains and HAT-negative mutants of p300 have partial activity. Thus, the EBNA2 and VP16 acidic domains can utilize the intrinsic HAT or scaffolding properties of p300 to activate transcription.
Variations on a theme by Huffman (1978)

In honor of the twenty-fifth anniversary of Huffman coding, four new results about Huffman codes are presented. The first result shows that a binary prefix condition code is a Huffman code iff the intermediate and terminal nodes in the code tree can be listed by nonincreasing probability so that each node in the list is adjacent to its sibling. The second result upper bounds the redundancy (expected length minus entropy) of a binary Huffman code by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_{1}+ \log_{2}[2(\log_{2}e)/e]=P_{1}+0.086</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_{1}</tex> is the probability of the most likely source letter. The third result shows that one can always leave a codeword of length two unused and still have a redundancy of at most one. The fourth result is a simple algorithm for adapting a Huffman code to slowly varying esthnates of the source probabilities. In essence, one maintains a running count of uses of each node in the code tree and lists the nodes in order of these counts. Whenever the occurrence of a message increases a node count above the count of the next node in the list, the nodes, with their attached subtrees, are interchanged.
Calibration Problems of Subcutaneous Glucosensors when Applied “In-Situ” in Man (1994)

Continuous glucose monitoring is the conditio sine qua non to achieve total automation in glucose-controlled insulin-delivery. Several types of glucosensors have been designed according to the enzyme-amperometric method to measure the glucose in different human compartments. However, problems such as long-term stability and calibration prevent this technique being put into practice. A feasible method is needed to calibrate the glucosensor and at the same time should be accepted by the patients. To achieve calibration we determined the absolute tissue glucose, as well as the microdialysis recovery in-vivo, in healthy subjects under normal conditions and during a hyperglycaemic clamp by applying a device based on the recirculation of phosphate buffer saline in a microdialysis probe implanted in the s.c. adipose tissue. The first experiments carried out were promising and encouraging, but further investigations are still needed to favour an ideal "before implantation, all in-vitro" method to calibrate a s.c. glucosensor.
Current Knowledge on the Antagonists and Inverse Agonists of Cannabinoid Receptors (2005)

Ten years elapsed since the discovery by Sanofi of SR141716A the first selective CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist. Shortly after, Sanofi also reported the synthesis of the first selective CB(2) cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR144528. Since these two milestones in the cannabinoid field, many other compounds, more or less related to the Sanofi compounds, or based on a completely different scaffold appeared. Several of these compounds are currently involved in clinical trials for diseases such as obesity, nicotine and alcohol addictions, or allergies. Further, the cannabinoid receptors knock-out mice production strengthened the hypothesis of the existence of several other "cannabinoid" receptors for which the first antagonists begin to appear. The large amount of patents taken by many different pharmaceutical companies prove, if necessary, the great therapeutic potential expected for the cannabinoid receptors antagonists.
Isolation Culture, and Transplantation of Rat Hepatocytic Precursor (Stem-like) Cells (1993)

From a review of past studies and the report of new studies from our laboratory, this article provides strong evidence to show that WB-F344 (WB) rat liver epithelial cells are stem-like precursor cells for hepatocytes. WB cells are structurally and phenotypically simple epithelial cells that were isolated from the liver of an adult male Fischer 344 rat, under conditions that excluded their origin from hepatocytes in vivo. WB cells express a phenotypic repertory that overlaps, but is distinct from, that of both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells. The complex phenotype of WB cells is compatible with their being embryonic or undifferentiated variants of either hepatocytes or bile duct epithelial cells. When WB cells are tagged genetically with genes for bacterial beta-galactosidase and neomycin resistance (BAG2-WB), they and their progeny can be distinguished from parental WB cells and hepatocytes by the expression of these gene products. Progeny of BAG2-WB cells that were transplanted into the liver parenchyma of syngeneic rats integrated into hepatic plates and acquired the morphological and functional attributes of adjacent host hepatocytes; the progeny of BAG2-WB cells in the liver express albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and transferrin. We also demonstrate that progeny of BAG2-WB cells can be recovered from livers into which they have been transplanted, which may allow the elucidation of alterations in gene expression that accompany their differentiation.
The Pathophysiology of Mitochondrial Cell Death (2004)

In the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, caspase activation is closely linked to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Numerous pro-apoptotic signal-transducing molecules and pathological stimuli converge on mitochondria to induce MOMP. The local regulation and execution of MOMP involve proteins from the Bcl-2 family, mitochondrial lipids, proteins that regulate bioenergetic metabolite flux, and putative components of the permeability transition pore. MOMP is lethal because it results in the release of caspase-activating molecules and caspase-independent death effectors, metabolic failure in the mitochondria, or both. Drugs designed to suppress excessive MOMP may avoid pathological cell death, and the therapeutic induction of MOMP may restore apoptosis in cancer cells in which it is disabled. The general rules governing the pathophysiology of MOMP and controversial issues regarding its regulation are discussed.
Some circuit design techniques for low-voltage analog functional elements using squaring circuits (1996)

This paper describes some novel circuit design techniques for analog integrated circuits operable on low voltage. These techniques make use of squaring circuits as fundamental circuit elements, which can be constructed easily in monolithic form to avoid processing difficulties. The following three circuit design techniques: the transistor-size unbalance technique, the bias offset technique, and the multitail technique, are applied to realize squaring circuits for deriving the inherent exponential law characteristic from a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) and the inherent square-law characteristic from an MOS field-effect transistor (MOSFET). Furthermore, dc transfer characteristics of the fundamental differential pairs, squaring circuits, and some analog functional elements such as OTAs, quarter-square multipliers, and logarithmic IF amplifiers, are verified with transistor arrays and discrete components on a breadboard or implemented with LSI.
Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infection: Final report on a West Midlands pilot study (1990)

A four-dose vaccination schedule was used to interrupt perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus from carrier mothers to their babies. Of 49 babies immunised and successfully followed up, 43 (88%) became immune: 15 out of 21 (71%) of babies born to HBeAg + mothers became immune, the other 6 becoming the only carrier babies in the study. Without immunisation a carrier rate in excess of 70% would have been expected in this high-risk group. Vaccine alone, given in a rapid immunisation schedule, protected the majority of babies at risk. In those babies in whom the carrier state occurred in spite of immunisation, infection may have taken place in utero, or the infant may have failed to produce adequate antibody in response to the vaccine.