gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
“Sticky Electrons” Transport and Interfacial Transfer of Electrons in the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (2009)

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs, also known as Gratzel cells) mimic the photosynthetic process by using a sensitizer dye to harvest light energy to generate electrical power. Several functional features of these photochemical devices are unusual, and DSC research offers a rewarding arena in which to test new ideas, new materials, and new methodologies. Indeed, one of the most attractive chemical features of the DSC is that the basic concept can be used to construct a range of devices, replacing individual components with alternative materials. Despite two decades of increasing research activity, however, many aspects of the behavior of electrons in the DSC remain puzzling. In this Account, we highlight current understanding of the processes involved in the functioning of the DSC, with particular emphasis on what happens to the electrons in the mesoporous film following the injection step. The collection of photoinjected electrons appears to involve a random walk process in which electrons move through the network of interconnected titanium dioxide nanoparticles while undergoing frequent trapping and detrapping. During their passage to the cell contact, electrons may be lost by transfer to tri-iodide species in the redox electrolyte that permeates the mesoporous film. Competition between electron collection and back electron transfer determines the performance of a DSC: ideally, all injected electrons should be collected without loss. This Account then goes on to survey recent experimental and theoretical progress in the field, placing particular emphasis on issues that need to be resolved before we can gain a clear picture of how the DSC works. Several important questions about the behavior of "sticky" electrons, those that undergo multiple trapping and detrapping, in the DSC remain unanswered. The most fundamental of these concerns is the nature of the electron traps that appear to dominate the time-dependent photocurrent and photovoltage response of DSCs. The origin of the nonideality factor in the relationship between the intensity and the DSC photovoltage is also unclear, as is the discrepancy in electron diffusion length values determined by steady-state and non-steady-state methods. With these unanswered questions, DSC research is likely to remain an active and fruitful area for some years to come.
Versican/PG‐M G3 domain promotes tumor growth and angiogenesis (2004)

Versican/PG-M is an extracellular matrix proteoglycan, expression of which is elevated in a variety of human tumors. The significance of this change is unclear. Here we show that versican G3-containing fragments are present at high levels in human astrocytoma. Expression of a versican G3 construct in U87 astrocytoma cells enhances colony growth in soft agarose gel and tumor growth and blood vessel formation in nude mice. The G3-containing medium enhances endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. G3-expressing cells and tumors formed by these cells express increased levels of fibronectin and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Furthermore, the G3 domain directly binds to fibronectin and forms a complex together with VEGF. In the presence of these three molecules, endothelial cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration were found to be significantly enhanced. Removal of the complex containing these molecules reverses these processes. Taken together, these findings implicate G3 as a modifier of tumor growth and angiogenesis and suggest a new avenue for development of anticancer and anti-angiogenic therapies based on targeting versican G3 fragments.
Twisting, bending, stretching: strategies for making ferromagnetic [MnIII3] triangles (2009)

The synthesis and characterisation of a large family of trimetallic [Mn(III)(3)] Single-Molecule Magnets is presented. The complexes reported can be divided into three categories with general formulae (type 1) [Mn(III)(3)O(R-sao)(3)(X)(sol)(3-4)] (where R = H, Me, (t)Bu; X = (-)O(2)CR (R = H, Me, Ph etc); sol = py and/or H(2)O), (type 2) [Mn(III)(3)O(R-sao)(3)(X)(sol)(3-5)] (where R = Me, Et, Ph, (t)Bu; X = (-)O(2)CR (R = H, Me, Ph etc); sol = MeOH, EtOH and/or H(2)O), and (type 3) [Mn(III)(3)O(R-sao)(3)(sol)(3)(XO(4))] (where R = H, Et, Ph, naphth; sol = py, MeOH, beta-pic, Et-py, (t)Bu-py; X = Cl, Re). We show that deliberate structural distortions of the molecule can be used to tune the observed magnetic properties. In the crystals the ferromagnetic triangles are involved in extensive inter-molecular H-bonding which is clearly manifested in the magnetic behaviour, producing exchange-biased SMMs. These interactions can be removed by ligand replacement to give "simpler" SMMs.
Accurate quantitation of protein expression and site-specific phosphorylation (1999)

A mass spectrometry-based method is described for simultaneous identification and quantitation of individual proteins and for determining changes in the levels of modifications at specific sites on individual proteins. Accurate quantitation is achieved through the use of whole-cell stable isotope labeling. This approach was applied to the detection of abundance differences of proteins present in wild-type versus mutant cell populations and to the identification of in vivo phosphorylation sites in the PAK-related yeast Ste20 protein kinase that depend specifically on the G1 cyclin Cln2. The present method is general and affords a quantitative description of cellular differences at the level of protein expression and modification, thus providing information that is critical to the understanding of complex biological phenomena.
BACTERIAL ADHERENCE IN ORAL MICROBIAL ECOLOGY (1975)

INFLUENCE OF BACTERIAL ADHERENCE ON COLONIZATION 7 Bacterial Affinity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Bacterial Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Events and Bacterial Surface ComjJonents Involved in Adherence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 DENTAL PLAQUE FORMATION 11 Gross Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ..... _ . . . . . . . . 11 Adhesive Interactions Permitting Bacterial Accumulations on Teeth ..... ......... 11 Role of bacterial polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Role of salivary polymers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Role of direct interspecies interactions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 BACTERIAL COLONIZATION IN RETENTIVE AREAS 14 ROLE OF BACTERIAL ADHERENCE IN OTHER HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS 15 CLEARANCE OF BACTERIA FROM THE MOUTH 16 Salivary Antibodies . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Salivary Glycoproteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Mathematical Expressions Relating Evaporative Emissions from Motor Vehicles without Evaporative Loss-Control Devices to Gasoline Volatility (1972)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A program was undertaken to study the effects of fuel volatility characteristics on evaporative emissions from motor vehicles without evaporative loss-control devices. The ultimate objective of this study was to derive a simple mathematical expression relating evaporative emissions from an urban car population to gasoline volatility parameters. Since development of the necessary data base for such a program through direct experimentation would have been quite inefficient, an alternate approach was taken in deriving a set of mathematical models to calculate evaporative emissions from carburetors and fuel tanks of motor vehicles. These models were verified by comparison with limited experimental data.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Information available on daily urban area vehicle use and data on how fuel system temperatures vary with vehicle, vehicle use, and ambient temperature were then used to develop a general model that would calculate daily evaporative emissions from a vehicle population, given the ambient temperature conditions and fuel volatility parameters. Linear regression analyses on these calculated data resulted in a simple mathematical expression for predicting the daily average evaporative emission from motor vehicles. Such an expression is of interest in studying the effects of changes in gasoline volatility characteristics on evaporative emissions from uncontrolled motor vehicles.&lt;/div&gt;
Odds and Trends: Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Odorants (2000)

Fragrance chemistry is, together with the closely related area of flavor chemistry, one of the few domains, if not the only one, in which chemists can immediately experience structure-activity relationships. This review presents structure-odor correlations and olfactophore models for the main odor notes of perfumery: "fruity", "marine", "green", "floral", "spicy", "woody", "amber", and "musky". New trendsetters and so-called captive odorants of these notes are introduced, and recent activities and highlights in fragrance chemistry are summarized. The design of odorants, their chemical synthesis, and their use in modern perfumery is discussed. Our selection is guided and illustrated by creative fragrances, and features new odorants which encompassed current trends in perfumery. New odorants for grapefruit and blackcurrant, for galbanum, and leafy top notes are presented. Compounds with fashionable marine, ozonic, and aquatic facets are treated, as well as new odorants for classical lily-of-the-valley, rose, and jasmine accords. Compounds with sweet and spicy tonalities are also discussed, as are the most recent developments for woody notes such as sandalwood and vetiver. We conclude with musky and ambery odorants possessing uncommon or unusual structural features. Some odor trends and effects are illustrated by microencapsulated fragrance samples, and areas where there is need for the development of new synthetic materials and methodologies are pointed out. Thus, chemists are invited to explore fragrance chemistry and participate in the design and synthesis of new odorants. This review gives the latest state of the art of the subject.
It’s All in the Timing: Using the Attend Algorithm to Assess Texting in the Nest Naturalistic Driving Database (2017)

To better understand cellular phone texting behavior and its relationship to crashing, we combined the sample-level glance data of NEST with the AttenD buffer algorithm to visualize glancing during texting within naturalistic epochs ending in crashes or no crashes. We found that texting periods were quite similar across the two, both in duration, number of individual texting tasks, and overall shape of the AttenD buffer curve. However, we found that crash epoch texting tended to occur closer to the onset of a crash event, and that texting during crashing may be initiated when the AttenD buffer level is lower (indicating depleted situation awareness), possibly due to prior or ongoing operational or secondary activities. We also made similar comparisons for radio interaction tasks, and found substantial differences between radio crash and baseline interactions. We conclude that whether a texting period ends in a crash may be dependent upon more than the individual differences in length of texting or amount of glancing. One’s level of situation awareness at the start of the activity (indicating a potential lack of judgment in picking up the device), in combination with a cascading losses of situation awareness that arise from the temporal pattern of on-road and off-road glances upstream from a safety-critical event, may be key predictive factors.
Comparison of Central HER2 Testing With Quantitative Total HER2 Expression and HER2 Homodimer Measurements Using a Novel Proximity-Based Assay (2010)

The accuracy and reliability of immunohistochemical analysis and in situ hybridization for the assessment of HER2 status remains a subject of debate. We developed a novel assay (HERmark Breast Cancer Assay, Monogram Biosciences, South San Francisco, CA) that provides precise quantification of total HER2 protein expression (H2T) and HER2 homodimers (H2D) in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue specimens. H2T and H2D results of 237 breast cancers were compared with those of immunohistochemical studies and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) centrally performed at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. H2T described a continuum across a wide dynamic range ( approximately 2.5 log). Excluding the equivocal cases, HERmark showed 98% concordance with immunohistochemical studies for positive and negative assay values. For the 94 immunohistochemically equivocal cases, 67% and 39% concordance values were observed between HERmark and FISH for positive and negative assay values, respectively. Polysomy 17 in the absence of HER2 gene amplification did not result in HER2 overexpression as evaluated quantitatively using the HERmark assay.
Posttranscriptional modulation of gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes. (1984)

The maintenance of high levels of two liver-specific mRNAs in cultured hepatocytes was achieved in a serum-free hormonally defined cell culture medium. However, this maintenance of liver-specific mRNA levels did not correlate with the level of transcription of the genes but was apparently due to increased stabilization of the tissue-specific mRNAs. The mRNA stabilization did not occur in serum-supplemented medium. In both defined and serum-supplemented medium, actin and tubulin mRNAs were also greatly increased, in both cases predominantly if not entirely due to increased mRNA stability.
Activation of NRF2 by Nitrosative Agents and H2O2 Involves KEAP1 Disulfide Formation (2010)

The NRF2 transcription factor regulates a major environmental and oxidative stress response. NRF2 is itself negatively regulated by KEAP1, the adaptor of a Cul3-ubiquitin ligase complex that marks NRF2 for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitination. Electrophilic compounds activate NRF2 primarily by inhibiting KEAP1-dependent NRF2 degradation, through alkylation of specific cysteines. We have examined the impact on KEAP1 of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are also NRF2 inducers. We found that in untreated cells, a fraction of KEAP1 carried a long range disulfide linking Cys(226) and Cys(613). Exposing cells to hydrogen peroxide, to the nitric oxide donor spermine NONOate, to hypochlorous acid, or to S-nitrosocysteine further increased this disulfide and promoted formation of a disulfide linking two KEAP1 molecules via Cys(151). None of these oxidants, except S-nitrocysteine, caused KEAP1 S-nitrosylation. A cysteine mutant preventing KEAP1 intermolecular disulfide formation also prevented NRF2 stabilization in response to oxidants, whereas those preventing intramolecular disulfide formation were functionally silent. Further, simultaneously inactivating the thioredoxin and glutathione pathways led both to major constitutive KEAP1 oxidation and NRF2 stabilization. We propose that KEAP1 intermolecular disulfide formation via Cys(151) underlies the activation of NRF2 by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.
[Value of interventional procedures in treatment of stenotic and occluded infra-inguinal vascular bypasses]. (1994)

In a prospective study, the results following PTA of 30 short stenoses > 70% in 17 infrainguinal arterial bypass grafts were examined. The stenoses were detected after a mean follow-up of 7.2 months by Duplex-ultrasound. The initial success rate after PTA was 100%. After an average time of 4.6 months recurrent graft stenoses were identified in 8 bypasses and 1 patient experienced graft thrombosis. Overall 8 of the 17 patients with stenotic grafts were treated by PTA alone during a mean follow-up of 11.7 months. Using life-table analysis, primary and assisted primary patency rates were each 100% at 1 month and 41 and 86% at 2 years. The efficacy of thrombolysis in 36 occluded grafts (graft age > 30 days) with clinical symptoms of incomplete ischaemia was analyzed retrospectively. After successful lysis in 61% (22/36), 15 grafts underwent additional procedures including PTA (10), vein patch angioplasty (4) and distal graft extension (1). Following successful initial graft salvage, primary cumulative patency and limb salvage rates were 45 and 72% at 1 month and 16 and 51% at 3 years. PTA of primary graft stenoses may be regarded as an acceptable initial therapeutic option, but has some limitations in providing sustained patency. Grafts initially salvaged with lysis do not have favourable short and long-term patency.
Preparation of diblock copolymers consisting of methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(ε‐caprolactone)/poly(L‐lactide) and their degradation property (2006)

Abstract Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)‐ b ‐poly(ε‐caprolactone) (MPEG‐PCL) or MPEG‐ b ‐poly( L ‐lactide) (MPEG‐PLLA) diblock copolymers were prepared by the polymerization of CL or LA, using MPEG as an initiator in the presence of stannous octoate. MPEG‐ b ‐poly(ε‐caprolactone‐ ran ‐ L ‐lactide) (MPEG‐PCLA) diblock copolymers with different chemical composition of PCL and PLLA were also prepared by adjusting the amount of CL and LA from MPEG in the presence of stannous octoate. In degradation study, the degradation of the MPEG‐PCLA diblock copolymers mainly depends on the PCL and PLLA segments present in their structure. MPEG‐PCLA, with intermediate ratio of PCL and PLLA segment, completely degraded after 14 weeks. Meanwhile, partially degraded MPEG‐PCLA segments and parent MPEG segments were observed at higher PCL or PLLA segment contents. Introduction of PLLA into the PCL segments caused a lowering of the crystallinity of the diblock copolymers, thus, inducing a faster incoming of water into the copolymers. We confirmed that the diblock copolymers, with lower degree of crystallinity, have degraded more rapidly. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46: 1242–1249, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Computer-based systems for cooperative work and group decision making (1988)

Application of computer and communications technology to cooperative work and group decision making has grown out of three traditions: computer-based communications, computer:based information service provision, and computer-based decision support. This paper reviews the group decision support systems (GDSSs) that have been configured to meet the needs of groups at work, and evaluates the experience to date with such systems. Progress with GDSSs has proved to be slower than originally anticipated because of shortcomings with available technology, poor integration of the various components of the computing package, and incomplete understanding of the nature of group decision making. Nevertheless, the field shows considerable promise with respect to the creation of tools to aid in group decision making and the development of sophisticated means of studying the dynamics of decision making in groups.
Effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha on mitogen-activated human B cells. (1987)

In this study we demonstrate that the monocyte/macrophage product, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), has significant in vitro effects of B cell function. It costimulated with anti-mu in the induction of B cell DNA synthesis, and it prolonged the DNA synthesis initiated in B cell cultures stimulated with the human B cell mitogen, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain I (SAC). The addition of either IL-1 or IFN-gamma to TNF-alpha resulted in a substantial further increase in DNA synthesis. The addition of TNF-alpha to IL-2, a known inducer of SAC-activated B cell Ig secretion, resulted in a twofold enhancement in the amount of IL-2 stimulated B cell Ig secretion. Receptor binding studies with 125I-TNF-alpha demonstrate a marked increase in TNF-alpha binding sites after B cell activation (approximately 6,000 sites per cell, with an apparent Kd of 2.0 X 10(-10) M). Thus, TNF-alpha may be an important factor in human B cell function and is likely to interact with other T cell and monocyte derived cytokines in the regulation of human B cell proliferation and Ig production.
Performance analysis of an MC-CDMA system with antenna array in a fading channel (2000)

this paper, the performance of anMC-CDMA system employingantenna array at the base station in a fading channel is presented. Followingthe discussion of optimal beamformer not requiringexplicit DOA (direction of arrival) or trainingsignals, it is shown that the interference from other users within a cell can be significantly reduced for both reverse link (mobile to base station) and forward link (base station to mobile)
Cloning of the Streptococcus mutans Gene Encoding Glucan Binding Protein B and Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Protein Production in Clinical Isolates (2001)

Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of dental caries, produces several activities that promote its accumulation within the dental biofilm. These include glucosyltransferases, their glucan products, and proteins that bind glucan. At least three glucan binding proteins have been identified, and GbpB, the protein characterized in this study, appears to be novel. The gbpB gene was cloned and the predicted protein sequence contained several unusual features and shared extensive homology with a putative peptidoglycan hydrolase from group B streptococcus. Examination of gbpB genes from clinical isolates of S. mutans revealed that DNA polymorphisms, and hence amino acid changes, were limited to the central region of the gene, suggesting functional conservation within the amino and carboxy termini of the protein. The GbpB produced by clinical isolates and laboratory strains showed various distributions between cells and culture medium, and amounts of protein produced by individual strains correlated positively with their ability to grow as biofilms in an in vitro assay.
Contractile Skeletal Muscle Tissue-Engineered on an Acellular Scaffold (2004)

For the reconstructive surgeon, tissue-engineered skeletal muscle may offer reduced donor-site morbidity and an unlimited supply of tissue. Using an acellularized mouse extensor digitorum longus muscle as a scaffold, the authors produced engineered skeletal muscle capable of generating longitudinal force. Eight extensor digitorum longus muscles from adult mice were made acellular using a protocol developed in the authors' laboratory. The acellular muscles were then placed in a bath of 20% fetal bovine serum in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and 100 U/ml penicillin for 1 week at room temperature. C2C12 myoblasts were injected into the acellular muscle matrix using a 26-gauge needle and a 100-microl syringe. The resulting constructs were placed in growth medium for 1 week at 37 degrees C under 5% carbon dioxide, with media changes every 48 hours. The constructs were then placed in differentiation medium for 1 week, with media changes every 48 hours. Isometric contractile force testing of the constructs demonstrated production of longitudinal contractile force on electrical stimulation. A length-tension, or Starling, relationship was observed. Light and electron microscopy studies demonstrated recapitulation of some of the normal histologic features of developing skeletal muscle.