gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The basal ganglia: motor and cognitive relationships in a clinical neurobehavioral context (2012)

New information about the basal ganglia and cerebellar connections with the cerebral cortex has prompted a reevaluation of the role of the basal ganglia in cognition. We know that the relation between the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortical region allows for connections organized into discrete circuits. Rather than serving as a means for widespread cortical areas to gain access to the motor system, these loops reciprocally interconnect a large and diverse set of cerebral cortical areas with the basal ganglia. The properties of neurons within the basal ganglia or cerebellar components of these circuits resemble the properties of neurons within the cortical areas subserved by these loops. For example, neuronal activity within the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops with motor areas of the cerebral cortex is highly correlated with parameters of movement, whereas neuronal activity within the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops with areas of the prefrontal cortex is more related to the aspects of cognitive function. Thus, individual loops appear to be involved in distinct behavioral functions. Studies of the basal ganglia and cerebellar pathology support this conclusion. Damage to the basal ganglia or cerebellar components of circuits with motor areas of the cortex leads to motor symptoms, whereas damage to the subcortical components of circuits with nonmotor areas of the cortex causes higher-order deficits. In this report, we review some of the new anatomic, physiologic, and behavioral findings that have contributed to a reappraisal of function concerning the basal ganglia and cerebellar loops with the cerebral cortex and apply it in clinical applications to obsessive-compulsive disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as examples of how compromise at different points in the system may yield similar but different clinical results.
Continuous wave operation of InAs/InAsxSb1−x midinfrared lasers (1995)

Effective band gaps of type-II superlattices (SLs) can cover a wide infrared wavelength range, even beyond the narrowest band gap of any natural antimonide semiconductor alloys. This letter reports the first InAs/InAsxSb1−x type-II SL lasers with cw, optically pumped operation up to 95 K. The stimulated emission results from spatially indirect transitions of relatively extended electron states in the InAs/InAsxSb1−x SL conduction band to the hole states that are localized in the InAsx Sb1−x layers. The lasing wavelength is around 3.3–3.4 μm. Equivalent threshold current densities are estimated to be 3.3 and 56 A/cm2 at sample temperatures of 5 and 95 K, respectively. The characteristic temperature (T0) is approximately 32 K. These results demonstrate that the InAs/InAsxSb1−x type-II SL clad by AlAs0.16Sb0.84 ordered-alloy layers is a promising material system for midwave infrared semiconductor lasers.
The Self-Assembly and Dynamic Properties of Thiophene-Containing [2]Catenanes (1994)

The template-directed syntheses of two novel [2]catenanes, incorporating bisparaphenylene-34-crown-10 interlocked with tetracationic cyclophanes, containing either one or two 2,5-disubstituted thiophene residues in addition to two bipyridinium units, are reported. The X-ray crystal structures of one of these [2]catenanes and of its component tetracationic cyclophane are reported. The former exhibits short [S · · · O] contacts in addition to the expected π-π and [C-H · · · O] stabilising interactions. Dynamic 1H NMR spectroscopy has revealed that there is a substantial degree of order which characterises the molecular structures of both these [2]catenanes in solution at a noncovalent bonding level. Identifying and understanding these noncovalent bonding interactions between the molecular components are crucial to the design of catenanes that will self-assemble in a highly efficient manner.
Brain endothelial cell infection in children with acute fatal measles. (1995)

Neurologic diseases are important complications of measles. The role of virus infection of the central nervous system as well as the route of virus entry has been unclear. Five autopsied cases of individuals who died with severe acute measles 3-10 d after the onset of the rash were studied for evidence of viral involvement of the central nervous system. In all cases, in situ hybridization and RT-PCR in situ hybridization techniques showed endothelial cell infection. Immunoperoxidase staining with an anti-ferritin antibody revealed a reactive microgliosis. These data suggest that endothelial cells in the brain are frequently infected during acute fatal measles. This site of infection may provide a portal of entry for virus in individuals who subsequently develop subacute sclerosing panencephalitis or measles inclusion body encephalitis and a target for immunologic reactions in post-measles encephalomyelitis.
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether induces apoptosis in tumour cells independently of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, in caspase-dependent and -independent manners (2002)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors which are involved in many biological processes, such as regulation of cell differentiation, lipid metabolism, inflammation and cell death. PPARs consist of three families, PPAR-α, PPAR-δ and PPAR-γ. Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) has been described as a pure antagonist of PPAR-γ. However, recent data also revealed PPAR-γ-agonistic activities of BADGE. Here we show that BADGE kills transformed cells by apoptosis and promotes the cytotoxic effects of tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) and indomethacin. The cytotoxic effect of BADGE does not require PPAR-γ expression and is mediated in caspase-dependent and caspase-independent manners.
Gene Expression Profiling of Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma (2003)

Initial gene expression profiling studies of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) revealed that this single diagnosis actually encompasses two distinct diseases that differ in the expression of hundreds of genes. One subtype, germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) DLBCL, strongly resembles normal germinal center B-cells and has a good prognosis following chemotherapy, whereas activated B-cell-like (ABC) DLBCL resembles mitogenically activated blood B cells and has a poor outcome. An expanded analysis of 274 DLBCL cases confirmed the existence of the GCB and ABC subgroups, but demonstrated that additional subgroups exist. Furthermore, two recurrent oncogenic events in DLBCL, t(14;18) and amplification of the c-rel locus on chromosome 2p, were only observed in GCB DLBCL, whereas constitutive activation of NF-kappaB was seen in ABC DLBCL, showing that the gene expression subgroups represent pathogenetically distinct diseases. Gene expression profiling has also been used to identify individual genes that predict overall survival in DLBCL, the majority coming from gene expression signatures that reflect the cell of origin, proliferation rate, and host immune response to the tumor. A multivariate model including 17 genes representing these biological features divided patients with DLBCL into quartiles with strikingly distinct 5-year survival rates, ranging from 73% to 15%. The use of gene expression profiling should eventually lead to an integration of molecular diagnosis and consequent selection of the most appropriate treatment.
Learning and recall of form discriminations during reversible cooling deactivation of ventral-posterior suprasylvian cortex in the cat. (1996)

Extrastriate visual cortex of the ventral-posterior suprasylvian gyrus (vPS cortex) of freely behaving cats was reversibly deactivated with cooling to determine its role in performance on a battery of simple or masked two-dimensional pattern discriminations, and three-dimensional object discriminations. Deactivation of vPS cortex by cooling profoundly impaired the ability of the cats to recall the difference between all previously learned pattern and object discriminations. However, the cats' ability to learn or relearn pattern and object discriminations while vPS was deactivated depended upon the nature of the pattern or object and the cats' prior level of exposure to them. During cooling of vPS cortex, the cats could neither learn the novel object discriminations nor relearn a highly familiar masked or partially occluded pattern discrimination, although they could relearn both the highly familiar object and simple pattern discriminations. These cooling-induced deficits resemble those induced by cooling of the topologically equivalent inferotemporal cortex of monkeys and provides evidence that the equivalent regions contribute to visual processing in similar ways.
Mitochondrial 2‐methylacetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase deficiency: An inborn error of isoleucine and ketone body metabolism (1992)

A review is presented of 22 published cases of verified or probable mitochondrial 2-methylacetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, a disorder of isoleucine and ketone body metabolism. The clinical expression, characterized by ketoacidosis, vomiting and lethargy, is highly variable. Typical age of onset is between 6 and 24 months. The disorder, which has been observed in several ethnic groups, is apparently inherited as an autosomal, recessive trait. The prognosis is relatively good if acute episodes of ketoacidosis and dehydration are adequately treated. There is abnormal urinary excretion of 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, tiglylglycine, and in some instances also 2-methyl-acetoacetic acid. However, such a pattern of organic aciduria has also been found in cases with normal thiolase activity. Genetic complementation analyses have demonstrated considerable heterogeneity. The cDNA for human methyl-acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase has been cloned and sequenced. Studies in one patient showed a G-to-A substitution at position 1138 of the mRNA, causing 347Ala to Thr change in the mature enzyme. Studies in other patients have shown variable enzyme amount and/or stability.
Controlled Phase Shifts with a Single Quantum Dot (2008)

Optical nonlinearities enable photon-photon interaction and lie at the heart of several proposals for quantum information processing, quantum nondemolition measurements of photons, and optical signal processing. To date, the largest nonlinearities have been realized with single atoms and atomic ensembles. We show that a single quantum dot coupled to a photonic crystal nanocavity can facilitate controlled phase and amplitude modulation between two modes of light at the single-photon level. At larger control powers, we observed phase shifts up to pi/4 and amplitude modulation up to 50%. This was accomplished by varying the photon number in the control beam at a wavelength that was the same as that of the signal, or at a wavelength that was detuned by several quantum dot linewidths from the signal. Our results present a step toward quantum logic devices and quantum nondemolition measurements on a chip.
The Th1/Th2 immune‐type response of the recurrent aphthous ulceration analyzed by cDNA microarray (2004)

Microarrays permitted us definition of the gene expression profile of the lesion and identify an increased Th1 activity in RAU lesions.
A four-channel lightwave subsystem using wavelength division multiplexing (1985)

A four-channel multimode transmission subsystem employing wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) was assembled and optically evaluated. Diffraction grating devices with identical fibers for inputs and outputs were used for both multiplexing and demultiplexing. The 1-dB full width of the passbands was ∼4 nm thus there was a requirement for wavelength selection and temperature tuning of the corresponding laser sources. A temperature excursion of 7°C from the optimum resulted in 1 dB of additional attenuation. Insertion losses for the multiplexer/demultiplexer (Mux/Demux) pair were 3.7, 3.6, 4.7, and 7.3 dB at 812, 830, 867, and 885 nm, respectively. The higher losses at 867 and 885 nm were due to chromatic abberation. The channel spacing of 18 nm is smaller than could be achieved with state-of-the-art filter devices. For unidirectional transmission the out of band rejection exceeded 40 dB in all channels.
Defeating migraine pain with triptans: A race against the development of cutaneous allodynia (2003)

For many migraine patients, triptan therapy provides complete pain relief in some attacks but not in others. Here, we tested whether the success of triptan therapy is hindered in the presence of cutaneous allodynia (pain resulting from a nonnoxious stimulus to normal skin), a phenomenon we previously described develop gradually during the course of the migraine attack in more than 70% of patients. We studied migraine patients repeatedly on three visits to the clinic: in the absence of migraine (baseline), within the first hour of one attack, or at 4 hours from onset of another attack. Presence or absence of allodynia was determined based on differences between migraine and baseline pain thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimulation of periorbital skin. In 31 patients, we studied 34 migraine attacks that were associated with allodynia at the time of triptan treatment and 27 attacks that were not. Within 2 hours of triptan treatment, patients were rendered pain-free in 5 of 34 (15%) of allodynic attacks versus 25 of 27 (93%) of nonallodynic attacks. Treating migraine attacks 1 hour (early) or 4 hours (late) after the onset of pain was equally ineffective in inducing a pain-free state in the presence of allodynia, and equally effective in the absence of allodynia. For patients susceptible to allodynia during the attack, triptan therapy was by far more likely to provide complete pain relief if administered before rather than after the establishment of cutaneous allodynia. Patients who never developed allodynia were highly likely to be rendered pain-free by triptan therapy anytime after the onset of pain. We conclude that the probability of consistent pain-free outcome increases drastically if triptan therapy is vigilantly timed to precede any signs of cutaneous allodynia.
Intensity-modulated arc therapy with dynamic multileaf collimation: an alternative to tomotherapy (1995)

The desire to improve local tumour control and cure more cancer patients, coupled with advances in computer technology and linear accelerator design, has spurred the developments of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy techniques. Optimized treatment plans, aiming to deliver high dose to the target while minimizing dose to the surrounding tissues, can be delivered with multiple fields each with spatially modulated beam intensities or with multiple-slice treatments. This paper introduces a new method, intensity-modulated arc therapy (IMAT), for delivering optimized treatment plans to improve the therapeutic ratio. It utilizes continuous gantry motion as in conventional arc therapy. Unlike conventional arc therapy, the field shape, which is conformed with the multileaf collimator, changes during gantry rotation. Arbitrary two-dimensional beam intensify distributions at different beam angles are delivered with multiple superimposing arcs. A system capable of delivering the IMAT has been implemented. An example is given that illustrates the feasibility of this new method. Advantages of this new technique over tomotherapy and other slice-based delivery schemes are also discussed.
Thermodynamics Calculation of the Pyrolysis of Vegetable Oils (2004)

Abstract Biodiesel is a prominent alternative fuel made from triglycerides. Generally, transestrification of triglycerides with methanol is the traditional method applied to produce biodiesel. The controlled un-sequential pyrolysis, however, proves to be more effective in converting poor quality vegetable oil, animal fats, even rotten wasted cook oil into biodiesel. Because of complicated pyrolysis mechanism of triglycerides, thermodynamic calculation by computer simulation is applied to different pyrolysis reactions in order to study its pyrolysis pattern and control its pyrolysis behavior to obtain ideal product. Calculation results show that the cleavage of C—O bond takes place at the temperature of about 288°C while the β bond scission (C=C bond as α bond) occurs at about 400°C. The distributions of pyrolysis products depend on the dynamics and kinetics control of different reactions. Maximum of diesel fraction can be obtained under appropriate reaction conditions. Keywords: biodieselcontrolled un-sequential pyrolysisthermodynamic
Visualization of fast-moving cells in vivo using digital holographic video microscopy (2008)

in Zhao niversity of Aberdeen chool of Medical Sciences berdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland nited Kingdom and niversity of California, Davis chool of Medicine epartment of Dermatology 515 Newton Court avis, California 95616-4859 Abstract. Digital in-line holography offers some significant advantages over conventional optical holography and microscopy to image biological specimens. By combining holography with digital video microscopy, an in-line holographic video microscope is developed and is capable of recording spatial 3D holographic images of biological specimens, while preserving the time dimension. The system enables high-speed video recording of fast cell movement, such as the rapid movement of blood cells in the blood stream in vivo. This capability is demonstrated with observations of fast 3-D movement of live cells in suspension cultures in response to a gentle shake to the Petri dish. The experimental and numerical procedures are incorporated with a fast reconstruction algorithm for reconstruction of holographic video frames at various planes z axis from the hologram and along the time axis. The current system enables both lateral and longitudinal resolutions down to a few micrometers. Postreconstruction processing of background subtraction is utilized to eliminate noise caused by scattered light, thereby enabling visualization of, for example, blood streams of live Xenopos tadpoles. The combination of digital holography and microscopy offers unique advantages for imaging of fast moving cells and other biological particles in three dimensions in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution. © 2008 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. DOI: 10.1117/1.2841050
Genetics of Immunological and Inflammatory Components in Age-related Macular Degeneration (2012)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), affecting 30 to 50 million elder individuals worldwide, is a disease affecting the macular retina and choroid that can lead to irreversible central vision loss and blindness. Recent findings support a role for immunologic processes in AMD pathogenesis, including generation of inflammatory related molecules in the Bruch's membrane, recruitment of macrophages, complement activation, microglial activation and accumulation in the macular lesions. Pro-inflammatory effects of chronic inflammation and oxidative stress can result in abnormal retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor atrophy and choroidal neovascularization. The associations of immunological and inflammatory genes, in particular the genes related to innate immunity with AMD support the involvement of various immunological pathways in the AMD pathogenesis. We review the literature on the involvements of inflammatory genes in AMD, highlight recent genetic discoveries, and discuss the potential application of such knowledge in the management of patients with AMD.
Antibodies to major histocompatibility complex class II inhibit proliferation, but increase production of soluble CD23 in lymphoblastoid B-cell lines. (1993)

Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins bind and present peptide antigens to T cells. Moreover, their function as signal transduction molecules has recently been emphasized. Here we used Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell lines (B-LCL) in experiments to investigate the changes induced by binding of specific antibodies to HLA-DR molecules. Binding of the antibodies induced, in an allele-specific manner, striking non-cytotoxic inhibition of B-LCL proliferation. This inhibition was associated with an increase in shedding of soluble CD23. These findings provide further evidence for the function of MHC class II proteins as signal transduction molecules which may be important in B-cell activation.
Interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1. II. Recombinant human interleukin 1 induces interleukin 1 production by adult human vascular endothelial cells. (1987)

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) alters several potentially pathogenic endothelial cell (EC) functions. The authors report here that recombinant human IL-1 (rIL-1) alpha (0.1 to 10 ng/ml) or IL-1-beta (1 to 100 ng/ml) induce concentration- and time-dependent increases in IL-1-beta mRNA levels in EC derived from adult human saphenous vein. rIL-1 induced IL-1-alpha mRNA only in EC treated concomitantly with cycloheximide (2 micrograms/ml). IL-1-beta mRNA production began within 1 hr of exposure to rIL-1, peaked after 24 hr, and declined thereafter. Actinomycin D prevented the appearance of IL-1 mRNA in rIL-1-treated EC. rIL-1 also induced the release of biologically active IL-1 from EC, which was inhibited by cycloheximide (1 microgram/ml). When compared on the basis of their activity in the thymocyte costimulation assay, rIL-1-alpha and rIL-1-beta were equipotent as inducers of IL-1 production by EC. EC stimulated with rIL-1 produced prostaglandin E2, which inhibits IL-1 production by other cell types and also decreases the responsiveness of thymocytes to IL-1. When EC were exposed to rIL-1 in the presence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml), which blocked prostaglandin E2 production, greater amounts of rIL-1-induced IL-1 release were detected, although the inhibitor did not affect IL-1-beta mRNA levels. IL-1-induced IL-1 production was unlikely to be caused by endotoxin contamination of tissue culture media or IL-1 preparations, because the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antagonist polymyxin B (10 micrograms/ml) blocked LPS-induced IL-1 production by EC but did not affect IL-1 release in response to rIL-1-beta (100 ng/ml). The IL-1-inducing property of rIL-1-beta was heat-labile, whereas heated LPS stimulated EC IL-1 production. The source of IL-1 in our cultures was not monocyte/macrophages, as treatment of EC with monoclonal antibody to the monocyte antigen Mo2 under conditions that lysed adherent peripheral blood monocytes did not affect production of IL-1 by EC in response to LPS (1 microgram/ml) or rIL-1-beta (100 ng/ml). IL-1 elicits a coordinated program of altered endothelial function that increases adhesiveness for leukocytes and coagulability. IL-1-induced IL-1 gene expression in human adult EC could thus provide a positive feedback mechanism in the pathogenesis of vascular disease including atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and allograft rejection.