gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Paclitaxel and carboplatin in recurrent or metastatic head and neck cancer: a phase II study. (1997)

Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ) appears to be one of the most active drugs in the treatment of advanced head and neck cancer. The maximum tolerated dose of paclitaxel in combination with carboplatin is currently being evaluated in phase I/II studies. We designed a phase II study to evaluate the activity and acute and cumulative toxicity of this combination in patients with recurrent or metastatic cancer of the head and neck. Chemotherapy consisted of paclitaxel 200 mg/m2, given as a 3-hour infusion, and carboplatin dosed to an area under the concentration-time curve of 7 mg x min/mL, administered every 28 days. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (5 microg/kg) also was given on days 2 to 12 of each cycle. At the time of this report, 41 patients had entered this study. Primary sites included the nasopharynx (10 patients), larynx (18), oral cavity (three), oropharynx (six), hypopharynx (three), and unknown (one). Among 25 evaluable patients with non-nasopharyngeal cancer, there were two complete responses and three partial responses, for an overall response rate of 20% (95% confidence interval, 4% to 36%). Among eight evaluable patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, four achieved a complete response and two a partial response. Grade 3 to 4 toxicities included anemia (2.5%), leukopenia (7.5%), thrombocytopenia (5%), vomiting (5%), stomatitis (2.5%), and infection (5%). These preliminary data indicate that the combination of paclitaxel and carboplatin is active against advanced head and neck cancer, particularly when used in the treatment of nasopharyngeal cancer.
The Carboxyl Terminus of the Human Calcium Receptor (1997)

The G-protein-coupled calcium receptor plays a key role in extracellular calcium homeostasis. To examine the role of the membrane-spanning domains and the approximately 200-residue cytoplasmic carboxyl terminus of the calcium receptor in cell-surface expression and signal transduction, we transfected HEK-293 cells with a series of truncation and carboxyl-terminal missense mutants and analyzed expression by immunoblotting, glycosidase digestion, intact cell immunoassay, and extracellular calcium-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis assay. Two truncation mutants terminating at residues 706 and 802 within the second and third intracellular loops, respectively, were not properly glycosylated, failed to reach the cell-surface, and showed no calcium response, indicating that mutant receptors with the full extracellular domain but only three or five transmembrane domains are improperly folded and/or processed. Truncation mutants terminating at residues 888 and 903 within the carboxyl terminus were equivalent to the wild type in all assays, whereas mutants truncated at residues 865 and 874 showed no response to calcium, despite only approximately 25% reduction in cell-surface expression. Mutants with a full-length carboxyl terminus but with residues between positions 874 and 888 replaced with alanines showed either no (Ala875, Ala876, and Ala879) or significantly reduced (Ala881-Ala883) calcium response at levels of cell-surface expression equivalent to those of the wild-type receptor. These results indicate that deletion of the majority of the carboxyl terminus is compatible with normal processing, cell-surface expression, and signal transduction of the receptor. The truncation and alanine substitution mutants identify a small region between residues 874 and 888 critical for normal signal transduction by the receptor.
The phase behaviour of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates; ionic liquids and ionic liquid crystals (1999)

Air- and water-stable 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate salts with the general formula [Cn-mim][BF4] (n = 0–18) have been prepared by metathesis from the corresponding chloride or bromide salts. The salts have been characterised by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy, microanalysis, polarising optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Those with short alkyl chains (n = 2–10) are isotropic ionic liquids at room temperature and exhibit a wide liquid range, whereas the longer chain analogues are low melting mesomorphic crystalline solids which display an enantiotropic smectic A mesophase. The thermal range of the mesophase increases with increasing chain length and in the case of the longest chain salt prepared, [C18-mim][BF4], the mesophase range is ca. 150 °C.
Distribution of axon diameters in cortical white matter: an electron-microscopic study on three human brains and a macaque (2014)

The aim of this study was to obtain information on the axonal diameters of cortico-cortical fibres in the human brain, connecting distant regions of the same hemisphere via the white matter. Samples for electron microscopy were taken from the region of the superior longitudinal fascicle and from the transitional white matter between temporal and frontal lobe where the uncinate and inferior occipitofrontal fascicle merge. We measured the inner diameter of cross sections of myelinated axons. For comparison with data from the literature on the human corpus callosum, we also took samples from that region. For comparison with well-fixed material, we also included samples from corresponding regions of a monkey brain (Macaca mulatta). Fibre diameters in human brains ranged from 0.16 to 9 μm. Distributions of diameters were similar in the three systems of cortico-cortical fibres investigated, both in humans and the monkey, with most of the average values below 1 μm diameter and a small population of much thicker fibres. Within individual human brains, the averages were larger in the superior longitudinal fascicle than in the transitional zone between temporal and frontal lobe. An asymmetry between left and right could be found in one of the human brains, as well as in the monkey brain. A correlation was also found between the thickness of the myelin sheath and the inner axon diameter for axons whose calibre was greater than about 0.6 μm. The results are compared to white matter data in other mammals and are discussed with respect to conduction velocity, brain size, cognition, as well as diffusion weighted imaging studies.
Neurorestorative treatments for traumatic brain injury. (2010)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and permanent disability worldwide, especially in children and young adults. A total of 1.5 million people experience head trauma each year in the United States, with an annual economic cost exceeding $56 billion. Unfortunately, almost all Phase III TBI clinical trials have yet to yield a safe and effective neuroprotective treatment, raising questions regarding the use of neuroprotective strategies as the primary therapy for acute brain injuries. Recent preclinical data suggest that neurorestorative strategies that promote angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing endothelial cells), axonal remodeling (axonal sprouting and pruning), neurogenesis (generation of new neurons) and synaptogenesis (formation of new synapses) provide promising opportunities for the treatment of TBI. This review discusses select cell-based and pharmacological therapies that activate and amplify these endogenous restorative brain plasticity processes to promote both repair and regeneration of injured brain tissue and functional recovery after TBI.
Very low power of ≫7mW/Gbps, 1060-nm 120-Gbps optical link employing high-density optical modules (2009)

We demonstrate a very low power consumption of ≪7mW/Gbps on 120-Gbps optical link using high-density parallel-optical modules, by suppressing driving currents and voltages of high efficient 1060-nm VCSEL array.
Enhanced priming of adaptive immunity by a proapoptotic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2007)

The inhibition of apoptosis of infected host cells is a well-known but poorly understood function of pathogenic mycobacteria. We show that inactivation of the secA2 gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which encodes a component of a virulence-associated protein secretion system, enhanced the apoptosis of infected macrophages by diminishing secretion of mycobacterial superoxide dismutase. Deletion of secA2 markedly increased priming of antigen-specific CD8 + T cells in vivo, and vaccination of mice and guinea pigs with a secA2 mutant significantly increased resistance to M. tuberculosis challenge compared with standard M. bovis bacille Calmette-Gurin vaccination. Our results define a mechanism for a key immune evasion strategy of M. tuberculosis and provide what we believe to be a novel approach for improving mycobacterial vaccines.
Effect of growth temperature on defect states of GaAsSbN intrinsic layer in GaAs∕GaAsSbN∕GaAs photodiode for 1.3μm application (2007)

A GaAsSbN layer closely lattice matched to GaAs was used as an intrinsic layer (i layer) in a GaAs∕GaAsSbN∕GaAs p-i-n photodiode with response up to 1.3μm. Deep level transient spectroscopy measurement on the GaAs∕GaAsSbN∕GaAs reveals two types of hole traps (HTs) in the GaAsSbN i layer; (i) HT1: a shallow N-related defect state (Ea∼0.10–0.12eV) and (ii) HT2: an AsGa point defect-related midgap defect state with Ea∼0.42–0.43eV. Reduction in growth temperature from 480to420°C reduces the HT2 trap concentration from 4×1015to1×1015cm−3, while increases the HT1 trap concentration from 1×1014to7×1014cm−3. Reduction in the HT2 trap concentration following growth temperature reduction was attributed to the suppression of AsGa point defect formation. Evidence of possible change of the AsGa midgap state to a shallow level defect due to the formation of (AsGa–NAs) pairs was also suggested to have increased the HT1 trap concentration and reduced the HT2 trap concentration. An ∼4dBm improvement in photoresponse under 1.3μm laser excitation and approximately eight times reduction in dark current at −8V reverse bias were attributed to the reduction in the overall trap concentration and mainly the reduction of the AsGa-related midgap trap concentration in the sample grown at 420°C.
The peptide antibiotic microcin 25 is imported through the TonB pathway and the SbmA protein (1995)

Selection of spontaneous mutants for insensitivity to the peptide antibiotic microcin 25 led to the isolation of five categories of mutants. Phenotypic and mapping studies showed the mutations to be located in the fhuA, exb, tonB, and sbmA genes. The latter encodes a cytoplasmic membrane protein which is also required for the penetration of microcin B17.
Characterization of novel breast carcinoma–associated BA46-derived peptides in HLA-A2.1/Db-β2mtransgenic mice (2002)

The human milk fat globule membrane protein BA46 (lactadherin) is highly overexpressed in human breast tumors, making it a potential target for tumor immunotherapy. We have identified BA46derived peptides that contain the motif recognized by the MHC class I molecule HLA-A2.1 and that are processed and presented by human breast carcinoma cells. In mice lacking normal class I molecules but expressing an HLA-A2.1/D b -2 microglobulin single chain (HHD mice), three peptides elicited specific CTL activity. Two of these peptides also stimulated cytotoxic activity in peripheral blood lymphocytes from HLA-A2.1-positive breast carcinoma patients. Adoptive transfer of HHDderived bulk CTLs to nude mice bearing human breast carcinoma transplants reduced tumor growth. These peptides therefore represent naturally processed BA46-derived CTL epitopes that can be used in peptide-based antitumor vaccines.
Cancer Undefeated (1997)

The war against cancer is far from over. Observed changes in mortality due to cancer primarily reflect changing incidence or early detection. The effect of new treatments for cancer on mortality has been largely disappointing. The most promising approach to the control of cancer is a national commitment to prevention, with a concomitant rebalancing of the focus and funding of research.
Association Between Body Iron Stores and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Men (1998)

These data show an association between increased body iron stores and excess risk of AMI, confirming previous epidemiological findings.
Models for use in wound healing research: A survey focusing on in vitro and in vivo adult soft tissue (2000)

Many different factors must be considered before selecting a wound healing model to use for a specific study. A wide variety of models have been developed that examine different aspects of the repair response, both in vitro and in vivo. In this review article, we focus on those systems that are most widely used for studies on adult soft tissue healing. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed, along with relevant background information to help guide decision-making.
PyRosetta: a script-based interface for implementing molecular modeling algorithms using Rosetta (2010)

PyRosetta is a stand-alone package available at http://www.pyrosetta.org under the Rosetta license which is free for academic and non-profit users. A tutorial, user's manual and sample scripts demonstrating usage are also available on the web site.
CONCORDANCE BETWEEN FREE T4 AND T4 IN THYROID FUNCTION TESTS (2016)

Background: Thyroid hormones regulate the metabolism of virtually all cells in the body. The frequency of thyroid dysfunction in our population compels every physician to be skilled in the diagnosis of thyroid disease. Direct measurement of serum concentration of TSH, T4 and T3 is used to establish the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The free unbound fraction of T4 (FT4) and T3 (FT3) which is less than 0.03% is the active form of the hormone. Free T4 (the biologically active T4) is less sensitive to changes in serum binding proteins and hence FT4 levels could best represent the thyroid functional status Aim: To evaluate the concordance between total T4, T3 levels and free T4 levels in patients with abnormal thyroid function test reports where the full panel of TFT has been ordered. Materials & Methods: Consecutive TFT reports of patients in whom the full panel of TFT have been ordered over a two month period were included in the analysis. The results obtained were statistically analyzed by the help of Microsoft Excel and SPSS software. Results: In the hypothyroid group, the median TSH was 6.89 microIU/ml (Mean=21.25) with a mean T4 of 6.75 microgm/dl and mean FT4 of 1.03 ng/ml .In this group, the mean T3 was 0.91 ng/ml a range 0.195-1.95. In the hyperthyroid group, the mean TSH was 0.049 microIU/ml with a mean T4 and FT4 of 11.01 microgm/dl and 2.07 ng/ml and the mean T3 was 1.3 ng/ml with a range of 0.62 to 4.33. Statistical analysis using Karl Pearson's method showed a significant correlation (r = 0.8) between T4 and FT4 values. It was also found that T3 also had a significant positive correlation with FT4 and T4. No significant influence of age and gender on TFT was found. 14% of the T4 values in the hypothyroid group and 40 % of T4 values in the hyperthyroid group were in the normal range while Free T4 alone showed changes consistent with the corresponding thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion: FT4 correlates highly with T4 in both primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, and in conjugation with TSH its measurement serves as a better tool than total T4 in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders.
KEYWORDS: Thyroid function test correlation; Free T4 concordance.
Nuclear translocation of the insulin receptor. A possible mediator of insulin's long term effects. (1987)

The translocation of occupied surface insulin receptors to the nuclei of isolated hepatocytes was studied using the biologically active photosensitive insulin derivative, B2(2-nitro-4-azidophenylacetyl)-des-PheB1-insulin (NAPA-DP-insulin). When hepatocytes were photolabeled at 4 degrees C, extensively washed, and then further incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 h, photolabeled insulin receptors, which were initially localized to the cell surface, accumulated in the subsequently isolated nuclei. When the isolated nuclei were solubilized and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and radioautography, labeled proteins with Mr identical to the cell surface insulin receptor were detected. Light microscopic radioautography of nuclei isolated from cells incubated for 1 ha at 37 degrees C demonstrated that 28% of these nuclei were specifically labeled with one or more grains. Electron microscopic radioautography of intact cultured hepatocytes, incubated 60 min at 37 degrees C, revealed that 26% of the thin-sectioned nuclei contained at least a single grain and 8.3% of the total cell-associated associated grains were located over the nuclei. Only 1.6% of grains were localized to lysosomes. In contrast, if photolabeled hepatocytes were incubated at 4 degrees C for up to 2 h, negligible accumulation of nuclear radioactivity was observed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis on light or electron microscopic radioautography. Conclusions are as follows. Occupied cell surface insulin receptors can internalize and translocate to the nucleus of intact hepatocytes by a time- and temperature-dependent mechanism. Accumulation and possible degradation of insulin receptors in lysosomes involves only a small percentage of the receptors internalized. Nuclear translocation of occupied cell surface insulin receptors may be a mechanism which mediates insulin's long term effects.
Impaired skin wound healing in peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor (PPAR)α and PPARβ mutant mice (2001)

We show here that the alpha, beta, and gamma isotypes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) are expressed in the mouse epidermis during fetal development and that they disappear progressively from the interfollicular epithelium after birth. Interestingly, PPARalpha and beta expression is reactivated in the adult epidermis after various stimuli, resulting in keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation such as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate topical application, hair plucking, or skin wound healing. Using PPARalpha, beta, and gamma mutant mice, we demonstrate that PPARalpha and beta are important for the rapid epithelialization of a skin wound and that each of them plays a specific role in this process. PPARalpha is mainly involved in the early inflammation phase of the healing, whereas PPARbeta is implicated in the control of keratinocyte proliferation. In addition and very interestingly, PPARbeta mutant primary keratinocytes show impaired adhesion and migration properties. Thus, the findings presented here reveal unpredicted roles for PPARalpha and beta in adult mouse epidermal repair.
Synthesis of Cage Compounds Containing Boron, Germanium, and Phosphorus Atoms (1997)

The 1:1 reactions of [(iPr2N)BP(H)B(NiPr2)PLi·DME] and [(tmp)BP(H)B(tmp)PLi·DME] (tmp = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidino) with organylhalogermanes have been surveyed, and germyl-substituted diphosphadiboretanes of the type R2NBP(H)B(NR2)PGe(Cl)R‘2 (R2N = iPr2N, tmp; Ge(Cl)R‘2 = Ge(Cl)Me2 and Ge(Cl)Ph2) have been isolated and characterized. Subsequent dehydrohalogenation of these compounds with tBuLi gave the new bicyclic cage compounds P2(BNR2)2(GeR‘2) (R2N = tmp, R‘=Ph; R2N = tmp, R‘ = Me) and/or oligomers [−(R2N)BP(H)B(NR2)PGeR‘2−]n (R2N = iPr2N, R‘ = Me; R2N = tmp, R‘ = Me). In addition, the 2:1 reactions of [(R2N)BP(H)B(NR2)PLi·DME] with R‘2GeCl2 have been examined. In one case, the cage compound P2(BNR2)2GeR‘2 (R2N = tmp, R‘ = Ph) was obtained while a smaller alkyl group on Ge allowed formation of the bis(diphosphadiboretanyl)germanes [R2NBP(H)B(NR2)P]2GeR‘2 (R2N = iPr2N, tmp; R‘ = Me). Two P2(BNR2)2(GeR‘2)·Cr(CO)5 (complexes R2N = tmp, R‘ = Ph, Me) were isolated and characterized. The molecular structures of the cage compound P2(Btmp)2GePh2 and the complexes P2(Btmp)2GeR‘2·Cr(CO)5 (R‘ = Ph, Me) were determined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The structural and spectroscopic features are discussed in relation to those of other P2(BNR2)2(ER2) species.
Role of Tissue-Specific Blood Flow and Tissue Recruitment in Insulin-Mediated Glucose Uptake of Human Skeletal Muscle (1998)

Acceleration of forearm blood flow mediated by supraphysiological hyperinsulinemia is accompanied by tissue recruitment, which may be a relevant determinant of forearm (muscle) glucose uptake.
An ‘equalized cDNA library’ by the reassociation of short double-stranded cDNAs (1990)

The total number of genes in higher organisms is estimated to be under one hundred thousand. However, constructing a cDNA library containing a full set of genes expressed throughout the life time of an organism, without redundancy, is a major challenge for modern biology. Towards this goal, I have tried to make a library of mouse fibroblastoid Ltk- cells with nearly equal representations of cDNA clones. Double-stranded cDNAs (ds-cDNAs) are synthesized from mRNA using an oligo(dT)-Notl primer. After shearing to 200-400 bp, a synthetic linker-primer, which has one blunt and one sticky end and an internal EcoRl site, is ligated to the cDNAs. The cDNAs are amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the ligated linker-primer sequence. After denaturation and reassociation of the ds-cDNAs, and isolation of single-stranded cDNAs (ss-cDNAs) by hydroxylapatite chromatography, the ss-cDNAs are again amplified by PCR. The cDNAs are digested with EcoRl and Notl, and inserted into a plasmid vector. Colony hybridization with eight probes of different abundance showed a reduction in 'abundance variation' from at least 20,000-fold in the original library to 40-fold in the library constructed after three cycles of equalization. This indicates the usefulness of the current procedure for making equalized cDNA libraries.
Binding of nucleosides, nucleotides and anionic planar substrates by bis-intercaland receptor molecules (1991)

The macrobicyclic and acyclic bis-intercaland receptor molecules 1–4 complex strongly, via stacking effects, planar anionic, as well as neutral substrates, such as nucleosides, nucleotides and aromatic carboxylates.
All you need is love (2012)

Valentine's Day, which falls on 14 February, is traditionally associated with the celebration of love. So why not practice some activities surrounding sharing, empathy and kindness, writes Hiary White.
The effect of coconut oil and palm oil as substituted oils to cocoa butter on chocolate bar texture and melting point (2017)

Cocoa butter has responsibility for dispersion medium to create a stable chocolate bar. Due to the economic reason, cocoa butter is partially or wholly substituted by edible oils e.g palm oil and coconut oil. The objective of the research was to observe the effect of oil substitution in the chocolate bar towards its melting point and texture. The research were divided in three steps which were preliminary research started with fat content analysis in cocoa powder, melting point analysis of substituted oils anc cocoa butter, and iodine number analysis in vegetable fats (cocoa butter, coconut oil, and palm oil), chocolate bar production with substitution 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%wt of cocoa butter with each of substituted oils, and analysis process to determine the chocolate bar melting point with DSC and chocolate bar hardness with texture analyser. The increasement of substituted oils during substitution in chocolate bar would reduce the melting point of chocolate bar from 33.5°C to 31.6°C in palm oil substitution with cocoa butter and 33.5°C to 30.75°C in coconut oil substitution. The hardness of chocolate with palm oil were around 88.5 to 139 g on the 1st cycle and 22.75 to 132 g on the 2nd cycle. The hardness of chocolate with coconut oil were around 74.75 to 152.5 g on the 1st cycle and 53.25 to 132 g on the 2nd cycle. Maximum amount of fats substitution to produce a stable texture chocolate bar is 60% wt.