gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adult Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: experience of treatments during a ten-year period. (1994)

Adult Philadelphia-chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph1-positive ALL) represents about 30% of all adult ALL, and is considered a poor prognosis disease, since complete remission (CR), which can be achieved in 50-70% of cases, is usually short in patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Presently bone marrow transplantation, performed early in first CR is becoming the treatment of choice, as it has shown to be able to cure some cases. In a ten-year period, at our department, among 108 adult ALL patients, in which cytogenetics was successfully carried out at diagnosis, 24 (22%) resulted Ph1-positive. Molecular biology was performed in 13 out of these 24 patients: 10 patients showed a p210 rearrangement and three p190. All patients have been treated at induction with conventional drugs, with a CR rate of 96%. As post-remission therapy, the first 17 cases (group 1) followed a chemotherapeutic program, like the other adult ALL; while the remaining six patients (group 2) have been enrolled in a pilot study including early BM transplantation. In group 1, the median overall duration of first CR is 7 months; 50% of relapses were recorded within the first 6 months, although in this group five patients exhibited a first CR prolonged more than 30 months. In group 2, among the six patients, three were submitted to allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and three to autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT). Overall median duration of first CR is 13 months. Three patients relapsed, three are in continuous CR for 11, 31 and 32 months.
Toroidal Structure of λ-Exonuclease (1997)

Structure determination at 2.4 angstrom resolution shows that lambda-exonuclease consists of three subunits that form a toroid. The central channel is funnel shaped, tapering from an inner diameter of about 30 angstroms at the wider end to 15 angstroms at the narrow end. This is adequate to accommodate the DNA substrate and thus provides a structural basis for the ability of the enzyme to sequentially hydrolyze thousands of nucleotides in a highly processive manner. The results also suggest the locations of the active sites and the constraints that limit cleavage to a single strand.
LFA-1 to LFA-1 signals involve zeta-associated protein-70 (ZAP-70) tyrosine kinase: relevance for invasion and migration of a T cell hybridoma. (1999)

We previously showed that LFA-1-dependent in vitro invasion and in vivo migration of a T cell hybridoma was blocked in cells overexpressing a truncated dominant-negative zeta-associated protein (ZAP)-70. The truncated ZAP-70 also blocked LFA-1-dependent chemotaxis through ICAM-1-coated filters induced by 1 ng/ml stromal cell-derived factor-1, but not LFA-1-independent chemotaxis induced by 100 ng/ml stromal cell-derived factor-1. This suggested that LFA-1 engagement triggers a signal that amplifies a weak chemokine signal and that dominant-negative ZAP-70 blocks this LFA-1 signal. Here we show that cross-linking of part of the LFA-1 molecules with Abs causes activation of free LFA-1 molecules (not occupied by the Ab) on the same cell, which then bind to ICAM-2 on other cells. This causes cell aggregation that was also blocked by dominant-negative ZAP-70. Thus, an LFA-1 signal involving ZAP-70 activates other LFA-1 molecules, suggesting that the chemokine signal can be amplified by multiple cycles of LFA-1 activation. The chemokine and the LFA-1 signal were both blocked by a phospholipase C inhibitor and a calpain inhibitor, suggesting that one of the amplified signals is the phospholipase C-dependent activation of calpain. Finally, we show that both Src-homology 2 domains are required for inhibition of invasion, chemotaxis, and aggregation by the truncated ZAP-70, suggesting that ZAP-70 interacts with a phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) sequence. Remarkably, this is not an ITAM in the TCR/CD3 complex because this is not expressed by this T cell hybridoma.
Young’s modulus of single-walled nanotubes (1998)

We estimate the stiffness of single-walled carbon nanotubes by observing their freestanding room-temperature vibrations in a transmission electron microscope. The nanotube dimensions and vibration amplitude are measured from electron micrographs, and it is assumed that the vibration modes are driven stochastically and are those of a clamped cantilever. Micrographs of 27 nanotubes in the diameter range 1.0--1.5 nm were measured to yield an average Young's modulus of $〈Y〉=1.25 \mathrm{TPa}.$ This value is consistent with previous measurements for multiwalled nanotubes, and is higher than the currently accepted value of the in-plane modulus of graphite.
Ultrasensitive Pb2+ Detection by Glutathione-Capped Quantum Dots (2007)

Water-soluble and stable quantum dots (QDs), CdTe and CdZnSe, are applied for ultrasensitive Pb(2+) detection. These QDs are capped with glutathione (GSH) shells. GSH and its polymeric form, phytochelatin, are employed by nature to detoxify heavy metal ions. As a result of specific interaction, the fluorescence intensity of GSH-capped QDs is selectively reduced in the presence of heavy metal ions such as Pb(2+). The detection limit of Pb(2+) is found to be 20 nM due to the superior fluorescence properties of QDs. Detailed studies by spectroscopy, microscopy, and dynamic light scattering show that competitive GSH binding of Pb(2+) with the QD core changed both the surface and photophysical properties of the QDs. Fluorescence of QDs is quenched, and QD aggregation occurs. Coupling the GSH-capped QDs with a high-throughput detection system, we have developed a simple scheme for quick and ultrasensitive Pb(2+) detection without the need for additional electronic devices. In the presence of ionic mixtures, our system is still capable of Pb(2+) detection with a detection limit as low as 40 nM. The system only becomes less sensitive when the ionic mixture is present at a very high concentration (i.e., > or =50 microM).
Roles of Subthreshold Calcium Current and Sodium Current in Spontaneous Firing of Mouse Midbrain Dopamine Neurons (2007)

We used a preparation of acutely dissociated neurons to quantify the ionic currents driving the spontaneous firing of substantia nigra pars compacta neurons, isolated from transgenic mice in which the tyrosine hydroxylase promoter drives expression of human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Dissociated neurons identified by fluorescent antibodies to PLAP showed firing properties similar to those of dopaminergic neurons in brain slice, including rhythmic spontaneous firing of broad action potentials and, in some cells, rhythmic oscillatory activity in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX). Spontaneous activity in TTX had broader, smaller spikes than normal pacemaking and was stopped by removal of external calcium. Normal pacemaking was also consistently silenced by replacement of external calcium by cobalt and was slowed by more specific calcium channel blockers. Nimodipine produced a slowing of pacemaking frequency. Pacemaking was also slowed by the P/Q-channel blocker omega-Aga-IVA, but the N-type channel blocker omega-conotoxin GVIA had no effect. In voltage-clamp experiments, using records of pacemaking as command voltage, cobalt-sensitive current and TTX-sensitive current were both sizeable at subthreshold voltages between spikes. Cobalt-sensitive current was consistently larger than TTX-sensitive current at interspike voltages from -70 to -50 mV, with TTX-sensitive current larger at voltages positive to -45 mV. These results support previous evidence for a major role of voltage-dependent calcium channels in driving pacemaking of midbrain dopamine neurons and suggest that multiple calcium channel types contribute to this function. The results also show a significant contribution of subthreshold TTX-sensitive sodium current.
Three-Dimensional Structure of Interleukin-2 (1987)

Interleukin-2 is an effector protein that participates in modulating the immune response; it has become a focal point for the study of lymphokine structure and function. The three-dimensional structure of the interleukin molecule has been solved to 3.0 angstrom resolution. Interleukin-2 has a novel alpha-helical tertiary structure that suggests one portion of the molecule forms a structural scaffold, which underlies the receptor binding facets of the molecule.
Food and Drug Administration Guidelines for Machine Checkout Need Modification (1997)

We would like to thank Drs. Dunn and Mushlin for taking the time to read our case report [1]. They appear to have missed the major problem we encountered, which was incomplete and possibly variable obstruction of the breathing circuit. Complete obstruction is easily detected by the current Food and Drug Administration checkout guidelines. As stated in our report, the most rational approach to correcting this problem is to redesign the packaging of the CO2 absorber canister so that a wrapped canister is either physically impossible to place into the absorber or so that it looks completely different from a canister with the wrapping removed. We apologize for puzzling Drs. Dunn and Mushlin with our preoxygenation methods. It is our standard practice to have all adult patients breathe 100% oxygen immediately upon entering the operating room while other preparations for induction are being performed. This is not meant to be a formal "denitrogenation" procedure, and we do not insist on a tight mask seal. In contrast, we certainly do require an appropriate mask seal in patients having a rapid sequence induction or significant respiratory disease. It is possible that even with a tight mask fit our patient may not have voiced any complaints due to the incomplete nature of the breathing circuit obstruction and/or the administration of preoperative sedation. The suggestion that a new Food and Drug Administration requirement for machine checkout require observation of CO2 waveforms and reservoir bag excursions generated by the patient before induction is interesting. While this may be a useful practice in many adults, difficulties would certainly arise in performing these procedures in uncooperative children or critically ill patients who have received muscle relaxants before entering the operating room. Although we agree that these procedures should be performed when possible, they should be considered primarily ancillary tests. With the busy operating room schedules present in most hospitals today, any procedures performed just before induction have the potential of being accomplished in a hurried and less than optimal manner. We thus believe that it is most prudent to ensure that the anesthesia apparatus is completely checked before the patient is brought into the operating room. To this end, an experienced anesthesiologist breathing through a circuit should be able to detect a faulty circuit by observing, among other things, the movements of the reservoir bag and the CO2 waveform. Peter H. Norman, MD, FRCPC M. Denise Daley, MD, FRCPC Department of Anesthesiology; Baylor College of Medicine; Houston, TX 77030
Development and Use of a Serum Bactericidal Assay Using Pooled Human Complement To Assess Responses to a Meningococcal Group A Conjugate Vaccine in African Toddlers (2014)

A meningococcal group A polysaccharide (PS) conjugate vaccine (PsA-TT) has been developed for African countries affected by epidemic meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Complement-mediated serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assays are used to assess protective immune responses to meningococcal vaccination. Human complement (hC') was used in early studies demonstrating antibody-mediated protection against disease, but it is difficult to obtain and standardize. We developed and evaluated a method for sourcing hC' and then used the SBA assay with hC' (hSBA) to measure bactericidal responses to PsA-TT vaccination in 12- to 23-month-old African children. Sera with active complement from 100 unvaccinated blood donors were tested for intrinsic bactericidal activity, SBA titer using rabbit complement (rSBA), and anti-group A PS antibody concentration. Performance criteria and pooling strategies were examined and then verified by comparisons of three independently prepared hC' lots in two laboratories. hSBA titers of clinical trial sera were then determined using this complement sourcing method. Two different functional antibody tests were necessary for screening hC'. hSBA titers determined using three independent lots of pooled hC' were within expected assay variation among lots and between laboratories. In African toddlers, PsA-TT elicited higher hSBA titers than meningococcal polysaccharide or Hib vaccines. PsA-TT immunization or PS challenge of PsA-TT-primed subjects resulted in vigorous hSBA memory responses, and titers persisted in boosted groups for over a year. Quantifying SBA using pooled hC' is feasible and showed that PsA-TT was highly immunogenic in African toddlers.
Relative Impact of Nucleotide and Copy Number Variation on Gene Expression Phenotypes (2007)

Extensive studies are currently being performed to associate disease susceptibility with one form of genetic variation, namely, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In recent years, another type of common genetic variation has been characterized, namely, structural variation, including copy number variants (CNVs). To determine the overall contribution of CNVs to complex phenotypes, we have performed association analyses of expression levels of 14,925 transcripts with SNPs and CNVs in individuals who are part of the International HapMap project. SNPs and CNVs captured 83.6% and 17.7% of the total detected genetic variation in gene expression, respectively, but the signals from the two types of variation had little overlap. Interrogation of the genome for both types of variants may be an effective way to elucidate the causes of complex phenotypes and disease in humans.
Comprehensive multiprocessor cache miss rate generation using multivariate models (2005)

This article presents a technique for taking a sparse set of cache simulation data and fitting a multivariate model to fill in the missing points over a broad region of cache configurations. We extend previous work by its applicability to multiple miss rate components and its ability to model a wide range of cache parameters, including size, associativity and sharing. Miss rate models are useful for broad design exploration in which many cache configurations cannot be simulated directly due to limitations of trace collection setups or available resources. We show the effectiveness of the technique by applying it to two commercial workloads and presenting miss rate data for a broad design space with cache size, associativity, sharing and number of processors as variables. The fitted data match the simulation data very well. The various curves show how a miss rate model is useful for not only estimating the performance of specific configurations, but also for providing insight into miss rate trends. Furthermore, this modeling methodology is robust in the presence of corrupted simulation data and variations in simulation data from multiple sources.
A Highly Flexible System for Microstimulation of the Visual Cortex: Design and Implementation (2007)

This paper presents the design of a system intended to be used as a prosthesis allowing profoundly visually impaired patients to recover partial vision by means of microstimulation in the primary visual cortex area. The main component of the system is a bio-electronic device to be implanted inside the skull of the user, composed of a plurality of stimulation modules, whose actions are controlled via an interface module. Power and data are transmitted to the implant wirelessly through a bidirectional inductive link, allowing diagnosis of the stimulating device and its environment after implantation, as well as power delivery optimization. A high level of flexibility is supported in terms of stimulation parameters, but a configurable communication protocol allows the device to be used with maximum efficiency. The core of an external controller implemented in a system on a programmable chip is also presented, performing data conversion and timing management such that phosphene intensity can be modulated by any parameter defining stimulation, either at the pulse level or in the time domain. Measured performances achieved with a prototype using two types of custom ASICs implemented in a 0.18-mum CMOS process and commercial components fulfill the requirements for a complete visual prosthesis for humans. When on/off activation is used with predefined parameters, stimuli measured on an electronic test bench could attain a rate in excess of 500 k pulses/s.
Effect of winter sleep on pituitary-thyroid axis in American black bear. (1979)

During winter sleep the black bear has decreased levels of serum total and free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) and a prolonged, delayed response of serum thyrotropin (TSH) (bioassay) to thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). Four weeks after the end of winter sleep, levels of serum thyroid hormones increase, and TSH response to TRH is short and brisk. Serum T4 and T3 rise after TRH administration both during and after winter sleep; however, the maximum increment in serum T3 is greater during winter sleep when the TSH rise is also prolonged and exaggerated. These observations suggest that transient hypothyroidism of possible hypothalamic origin occurs in bears during winter sleep.
Synthesis, Solubility, and Field-Effect Mobility of Elongated and Oxa-Substituted α,ω-Dialkyl Thiophene Oligomers. Extension of “Polar Intermediate” Synthetic Strategy and Solution Deposition on Transistor Substrates (1998)

Our investigation of thiophene oligomers as organic thin film transistor (TFT) semiconductors is extended to the hexamer with dodecyl and octadecyl end-substituents and with side chains containing ethereal oxygens. Two thiophene tetramers are studied as well. All of the new compounds are prepared via polar, monosubstituted half-oligomers that are purified, further elaborated, and dimerized. Properties are reported in comparison with the previously reported dihexyl compounds. All of the compounds form ordered films with orientation perpendicular to the substrate. For the hexamers, the longer chains decrease the TFT mobility of evaporated films, while the oxygens have very little electronic effect, even though the oxygen does cause an approximate doubling of the solubility. A tetramer with an ether side chain has a mobility below 0.01 cm2/Vs. Films were also cast from dilute solution and showed mobilities at or above 0.01 cm2/Vs in several cases. This casting process may be useful in devising all-liquid-phase fabrication protocols for organic-based electronic circuits.
Alkaline O→N-transacylation. A new method for the quantitative deacylation of phospholipids (1981)

1. Quantitative O-deacylation of phospholipids has been achieved by incubation with a reagent containing monomethylamine, methanol and water. The reaction is primarily an O leads to N-transacylation with N-methyl fatty acid amides being formed. 2. The reagent can be removed easily by volatilization and under defined conditions no secondary decomposition of the phosphorus-containing deacylation products occurs. 3. The water-soluble phosphorus compounds derived by deacylation of mammalian tissue O-diacylated phospholipids have been completely separated by a single-dimensional paper ionophoresis with a volatile pH9 buffer. 4. The O-deacylated alkyl and alkenyl phospholipids have been examined by t.l.c. before and after catalytic hydrolysis with Hg2+. 5. A complete analysis of rat brain phospholipids by the above methods agrees closely with that obtained by other procedures.
Edgelens: an interactive method for managing edge congestion in graphs (2004)

An increasing number of tasks require people to explore, navigate and search extremely complex data sets visualized as graphs. Examples include electrical and telecommunication networks, Web structures, and airline routes. The problem is that graphs of these real world data sets have many interconnected nodes, ultimately leading to edge congestion: the density of edges is so great that they obscure nodes, individual edges, and even the visual information beneath the graph. To address this problem we developed an interactive technique called EdgeLens. An EdgeLens interactively curves graph edges away for a person's focus attention without changing the node positions. This opens up sufficient space to disambiguate node and edge relationships and to see underlying information while still preserving node layout. Initially two methods of creating this interaction were developed and compared in a user study. The results of this study were used in the selection of a basic approach and the subsequent development of the EdgeLens. We then improved the EdgeLens through use of transparency and colour and by allowing multiple lenses to appear on the graph.
An object relations approach to studying prejudice with specific reference to anti‐semitism: the long‐term use of a lethal apocalyptic projection (2006)

Abstract Prejudice seems to be part of the human condition. The specific prejudice of anti‐Semitism has affected Jews for at least 2300 years with, at times, horrendous consequences. What psychodynamics are operating in prejudice in general, and in the specific prejudice of antisemitism? What has caused such a small group to be targeted by such long‐standing enmity? Will prejudice or antisemitism ever end or do groups need scapegoats and do the Jewish people fit the scapegoat profile? This article reviews some of the psychodynamics as described by Freud, Klein, Fairbairn, Bion, and others that make people susceptible to fear and prejudice, and to the particular prejudice of antisemitism. Mention will be made of some of the historical, religious, and sociological dynamics that contribute to antisemitism. With reference to Object Relations theory and the Apocalyptic‐Messianic myth present in monotheistic religions, an explanation is suggested as to how prejudice and antisemitism become lethal on an individual and large‐group scale. Hitler is referred to as a specific illustration of this phenomenon. Some case examples from the writer's clinical practice are also utilized to further illustrate the psychodynamics presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Gold Nanorod–siRNA Induces Efficient In Vivo Gene Silencing in The Rat Hippocampus (2011)

Our results show robust nanoplex uptake and slow release of the fluorescent gene silencer with significant impact on the suppression of GAPDH gene expression (70% gene silencing, >10 days postinjection). The observed gene knockdown using nanoplexes in targeted regions of the brain opens a new era of drug treatment for neurological disorders.