gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overview of Oral Modified-Release Opioid Products for the Management of Chronic Pain (2006)

Oral modified-release products have enabled patients to better maintain pain control due to convenient dosing intervals and sustained blood concentrations. The differences between available oral modified-release products are half-life, cost, and formulation (excipients and drug-release properties).
Structural and electrical properties of reactively sputtered InN thin films on AlN-buffered (00.1) sapphire substrates: Dependence on buffer and film growth temperatures and thicknesses (1993)

An extensive investigation of InN overlayers on AlN-buffered (00.1) sapphire by reactive magnetron sputtering has been undertaken and the dependencies of several basic materials properties (film thickness, development and quality of heteroepitaxy, film morphology, and electrical transport) on such key deposition parameters such as the growth temperatures of the insulating AlN buffer layer and the InN overlayer and their thicknesses have been determined. Three prominent effects of the AlN buffer layer are (1) the stabilization of heteroepitaxial growth over a broad range of film and buffer layer growth temperatures; (2) the attainment of a higher Hall mobility (up to 60 cm2/V s) over much of the same range; and, (3) the retention of heteroepitaxial growth, higher Hall mobility, and pseudo-two-dimensional growth even in the limit of an InN layer of ∼40 Å. In the context of a structure-zone model, the AlN buffer layer is projected to effectively raise the growth temperature of the InN thin film. The increase in effective growth temperature is, however, insufficient to overcome low atomic and cluster mobility and to achieve single-crystal InN thin film growth.
Subclinical Rejection in Tacrolimus-Treated Renal Transplant Recipients (2002)

The incidence of subclinical rejection early after kidney transplantation is extremely low in tacrolimus-treated patients in whom early rejections are aggressively treated, suggesting that surveillance biopsies may not be necessary with this regimen.
Where's My Data? Evaluating Visualizations with Missing Data (2018)

Many real-world datasets are incomplete due to factors such as data collection failures or misalignments between fused datasets. Visualizations of incomplete datasets should allow analysts to draw conclusions from their data while effectively reasoning about the quality of the data and resulting conclusions. We conducted a pair of crowdsourced studies to measure how the methods used to impute and visualize missing data may influence analysts' perceptions of data quality and their confidence in their conclusions. Our experiments used different design choices for line graphs and bar charts to estimate averages and trends in incomplete time series datasets. Our results provide preliminary guidance for visualization designers to consider when working with incomplete data in different domains and scenarios.
Raman spectroscopic method for determining the crystallinity of polyethylene (1978)

Abstract The Raman spectrum of partially crystalline polyethylene can be described as a superposition of three components, which originate from the orthorhombic crystalline phase, a meltlike amorphous phase, and a disordered phase of anisotropic nature, where chains are stretched but have lost their lateral order. The mass fractions involved in the three phases can be derived directly from the integral intensities of characteristic bands without an additional calibration procedure. A comparison of the results obtained for a variety of samples shows agreement with the crystallinities derived from the density, and the small‐angle and wide‐angle x‐ray diagrams. Data indicate that the disordered anisotropic phase is located at a transition zone between crystalline and amorphous layers. Application of the method in a temperature‐dependence experiment permits a detailed examination of partial melting.
Improving command selection with CommandMaps (2012)

Designers of GUI applications typically arrange commands in hierarchical structures, such as menus, due to screen space limitations. However, hierarchical organisations are known to slow down expert users. This paper proposes the use of spatial memory in combination with hierarchy flattening as a means of improving GUI performance. We demonstrate these concepts through the design of a command selection interface, called CommandMaps, and analyse its theoretical performance characteristics. We then describe two studies evaluating CommandMaps against menus and Microsoft's Ribbon interface for both novice and experienced users. Results show that for novice users, there is no significant performance difference between CommandMaps and traditional interfaces -- but for experienced users, CommandMaps are significantly faster than both menus and the Ribbon.
Dystrophin–glycoprotein complex regulates muscle nitric oxide production through mechanoregulation of AMPK signaling (2015)

Patients deficient in dystrophin, a protein that links the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), exhibit muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, and impaired muscle nitric oxide (NO) production. We used live-cell NO imaging and in vitro cyclic stretch of isolated adult mouse cardiomyocytes as a model system to investigate if and how the DGC directly regulates the mechanical activation of muscle NO signaling. Acute activation of NO synthesis by mechanical stretch was impaired in dystrophin-deficient mdx cardiomyocytes, accompanied by loss of stretch-induced neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) S1412 phosphorylation. Intriguingly, stretch induced the acute activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in normal cardiomyocytes but not in mdx cardiomyocytes, and specific inhibition of AMPK was sufficient to attenuate mechanoactivation of NO production. Therefore, we tested whether direct pharmacologic activation of AMPK could bypass defective mechanical signaling to restore nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient cardiomyocytes. Indeed, activation of AMPK with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside or salicylate increased nNOS S1412 phosphorylation and was sufficient to enhance NO production in mdx cardiomyocytes. We conclude that the DGC promotes the mechanical activation of cardiac nNOS by acting as a mechanosensor to regulate AMPK activity, and that pharmacologic AMPK activation may be a suitable therapeutic strategy for restoring nNOS activity in dystrophin-deficient hearts and muscle.
Contact-Dependent Inhibition of Cortical Neurite Growth Mediated by Notch Signaling (1999)

The exuberant growth of neurites during development becomes markedly reduced as cortical neurons mature. In vitro studies of neurons from mouse cerebral cortex revealed that contact-mediated Notch signaling regulates the capacity of neurons to extend and elaborate neurites. Up-regulation of Notch activity was concomitant with an increase in the number of interneuronal contacts and cessation of neurite growth. In neurons with low Notch activity, which readily extend neurites, up-regulation of Notch activity either inhibited extension or caused retraction of neurites. Conversely, in more mature neurons that had ceased their growth after establishing numerous connections and displayed high Notch activity, inhibition of Notch signaling promoted neurite extension. Thus, the formation of neuronal contacts results in activation of Notch receptors, leading to restriction of neuronal growth and a subsequent arrest in maturity.
SYNTHESIS OF A MANNOTETRAOSE—THE REPEATING UNIT OF THE CELL-WALL MANNANS OF MICROSPORUM GYPSEUM AND RELATED SPECIES OF TRYCHOPHYTON (2001)

A tetrasaccharide, α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-mannopyranosyl-(1→6)-D-mannopyranose (1), the repeating unit of the cell-wall mannans of Microsporum gypseum and related species of Trychophyton, was synthesized using 6-O-acetyl-2,3,4-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (5) and 2-O-acetyl-3,4,6-tri-O-benzoyl-α-D-mannopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate (13) as the glycosyl donors in “the inverse Schmidt” procedure.
Establishment of new SCID and nude mouse models of human B leukemia/lymphoma and effective therapy of the tumors with immunotoxin and monoclonal antibody: marked difference between the SCID and nude mouse models in the antitumor efficacy of monoclonal antibody. (1994)

BALL-1, a human B leukemia/lymphoma cell line, was transplanted into nude and SCID mice under various conditions. The transplantation was substantially improved by preadaptation of BALL-1 by serial passages in newborn and young nude mice. We were able to establish the desirable conditions where 100% of SCID and nude mice that were inoculated i.p. with various doses of the adapted BALL-1 (termed BALL-1a) developed tumors. Tumors in SCID mice were disseminated to various tissues in a manner analogous to tumors in patients with B leukemia/lymphoma, whereas tumors in nude mice were not as widely disseminated and grew mainly as ascites. Flow cytometric analyses showed that all of the 11 tested cell surface markers of the parental BALL-1 were well maintained on the tumor cells recovered from the SCID and nude mice. The utility of the developed tumor models for the therapeutic studies was investigated by i.p. or i.v. administration of an anti-B leukemia/lymphoma monoclonal antibody, termed SN7 (IgG1 kappa), and SN7 immunotoxin (IT) that was prepared by conjugating SN7 to ricin A chain (RA) or deglycosylated RA (dgRA). In the nude mouse model study, SN7-RA that had been administered i.p. suppressed the tumor growth completely in all of the treated mice (n = 5) without any sign of tumor or undesirable side effects for as long as followed (i.e., 350 days), whereas unconjugated SN7 showed only a slight therapeutic effect. A control RA conjugate was not effective. In the SCID mouse model studies, several sets of experiments were carried out by i.p. or i.v. administration of IT, monoclonal antibody, or control IT. In the first three sets of experiments, SCID mice inoculated with 1.1 x 10(6) BALL-1a cells received an i.p. administration of phosphate-buffered saline or three different doses (i.e., 4 x 10 micrograms, 4 x 20 micrograms, and 4 x 30 micrograms) of therapeutic agents (SN7-RA and SN7). Virtually an identical result was obtained from the three experiments. All of the phosphate-buffered saline control group mice (n = 15) died within 35 days post tumor inoculation. In contrast, all of the mice that were treated with SN7-RA (n = 19) or with SN7 (n = 15) survived for as long as followed (i.e., 250 days). However, the unconjugated SN7 was less effective than SN7 IT for tumor suppression in SCID mice that were inoculated with a larger tumor burden (i.e., 4 x 10(7) BALL-1a cells).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Polymer microring resonators for biochemical sensing applications (2006)

Polymer microring resonators were demonstrated for sensing biomolecules without using fluorescent labels. The microring devices, fabricated by a direct imprinting technique, possess high Q factors of /spl sim/20000. This feature provides high sensitivity and a low detection limit for biochemical sensing applications. With these properties, the devices were used to detect and quantify the biomolecules present either in a homogeneous solution that surrounds the microring waveguide (homogeneous sensing) or specifically bound on the waveguide surface (surface sensing). In the former sensing mechanism, the current devices can detect an effective index change of 10/sup -7/ refractive index units (RIU); in the latter, they can reach a detection limit of /spl sim/250 pg/mm/sup 2/ of biomolecular coverage on the microring surface. In addition, the experiments show that the devices can detect both small and large biomolecules.
Generalized reconstruction of phase contrast MRI: Analysis and correction of the effect of gradient field distortions (2003)

To characterize gradient field nonuniformity and its effect on velocity encoding in phase contrast (PC) MRI, a generalized model that describes this phenomenon and enables the accurate reconstruction of velocities is presented. In addition to considerable geometric distortions, inhomogeneous gradient fields can introduce deviations from the nominal gradient strength and orientation, and therefore spatially-dependent first gradient moments. Resulting errors in the measured phase shifts used for velocity encoding can therefore cause significant deviations in velocity quantification. The true magnitude and direction of the underlying velocities can be recovered from the phase difference images by a generalized PC velocity reconstruction, which requires the acquisition of full three-directional velocity information. The generalized reconstruction of velocities is applied using a matrix formalism that includes relative gradient field deviations derived from a theoretical model of local gradient field nonuniformity. In addition, an approximate solution for the correction of one-directional velocity encoding is given. Depending on the spatial location of the velocity measurements, errors in velocity magnitude can be as high as 60%, while errors in the velocity encoding direction can be up to 45 degrees. Results of phantom measurements demonstrate that effects of gradient field nonuniformity on PC-MRI can be corrected with the proposed method.
Treatment of Pemphigus Vulgaris with Rituximab and Intravenous Immune Globulin (2006)

The combination of rituximab and intravenous immune globulin is effective in patients with refractory pemphigus vulgaris.
Improvement of interferon-γ sialylation in Chinese hamster ovary cell culture by feeding ofN-acetylmannosamine (1998)

Because the presence of sialic acid can extend circulatory lifetime, a high degree of sialylation is often a desirable feature of therapeutic glycoproteins. In this study, the incomplete intracellular sialylation of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), produced by Chinese hamster ovary cell culture, was minimized by supplementing the culture medium with N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc), a direct intracellular precursor for sialic acid synthesis. By introducing 20 mM ManNAc into the culture medium, incompletely sialylated biantennary glycan structures were reduced from 35% to 20% at the Asn97 glycosylation site. This effect was achieved without affecting cell growth or product yield. The intracellular pool of CMP-sialic acid, the nucleotide sugar substrate for sialyltransferase, was also extracted and quantified by HPLC. Feeding of 20 mM ManNAc increased this intracellular pool of CMP-sialic acid by nearly thirtyfold compared with unsupplemented medium. When radiolabeled ManNAc was used to trace the incorporation of the precursor, it was found that supplemental ManNAc was exclusively incorporated into IFN-gamma as sialic acid and that, at 20 mM ManNAc feeding, nearly 100% of product sialylation originated from the supplemental precursor.
T Helper Cell Type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-like Responses Are Present in Mice with Gastric Candidiasis but Protective Immunity Is Associated with Th1 Development (1995)

The relative contributions of local T helper cell type 1 (Th1)- and Th2-like responses to the course of primary and secondary gastrointestinal (GI) candidiasis were examined in adult immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Both Th1 cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and the Th2 cytokines, interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5, were produced by CD4+ cells from Peyer's patches (PP) and mesenteric lymph nodes at a time when the fungus was cleared from the stomach and intestine. Augmentation of antigen-specific Th2-like responses by treatment with cholera toxin did not modify the course of disease. In contrast, treatment with soluble IL-4 receptor, which increased Th1 cells, was associated with enhanced yeast clearance. In addition, IFN-gamma but not IL-4 mRNA was present in PP and spleen CD4+ cells in mice resistant to subsequent GI inoculation. Activation of Th1- but not Th2-like responses may be responsible locally for controlling GI candidiasis and generating protective immunity.
<title>Optical lithography at a 126-nm wavelength</title> (2001)

There is a window of opportunity for optical lithography between wavelengths of 100 nm and 157 nm that warrants exploration as a next generation technology. We will present activities underway to explore the feasibility of VUV optical lithography in this region with respect to source, optical design, materials, processes, masks, resolution enhancement, and compatibility with existing technologies. We have constructed a small field prototype lithography system using the second continuum 126nm emission wavelength of the Argon excimer. This has been accomplished using a small dielectric barrier discharge lamp with output on the order of 10mW/cm<SUP>2</SUP> and small field catoptric imaging systems based on a modified Cassegrain system. Capacitance focus gauge and piezo electric stage has been installed for fine focusing. In order to achieve sub-half wavelength resolution that would be required to compete with 157nm lithography and others, we have started exploring the feasibility of using liquefied noble gas immersion fluids to increase effective value of lens numerical aperture by factors approaching 1.4x. Conventional silylation process works well with 126nm with high sensitivity. Chemically amplified DUV negative resist looks very good material for 126 nm. Initial contact printing image shows good selectivity and process control. An effort is also underway to explore the use of inorganic resist materials, as silver halide material for instance, to replace the conventional polymeric imaging systems that are currently employed at longer wavelengths, but may be problematic at these VUV wavelengths. Early accomplishments are encouraging. Prototype optical research tools can be used to reveal issues involved with 126nm lithography and solve initial problems. Though many challenges do exist at this short wavelength, it is quite feasible that lithography at this wavelength could meet the part of the needs of future device generations.
Structure and Function of ARF Proteins: Activators of Cholera Toxin and Critical Components of Intracellular Vesicular Transport Processes (1995)

During the 1980s, several cellular factors that enhanced cholera toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gsα or activation of adenylyl cyclase were described. Kahn and Gilman (1) reported the first purification of an ∼20-kDa membrane-associated protein that enhanced ADP-ribosylation of Gsα and named it ADP-ribosylation factor or ARF.1(1) Two soluble ARFs purified later stimulated toxin-catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of Gsα and simple guanidino compounds (e.g. arginine) as well as toxin auto-ADP-ribosylation in a GTP-dependent manner (2).
Late relapses evolve from slow-responding subclones in t(12;21)-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: evidence for the persistence of a preleukemic clone (2003)

TEL/AML1-positive childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALLs) generally have low-risk features, but still about 20% of patients relapse. Our initial molecular genetic analyses in 2 off-treatment relapses suggested that the initial and relapse clones represent different subclones that evolved from a common TEL/AML1-positive, treatment-resistant precursor. In order to further elaborate on this hypothesis, we studied 2 patients with late systemic relapses of their TEL/AML1-positive ALL (41 months and 49 months after initial diagnosis, respectively) who had distinct clonal antigen receptor gene rearrangements at diagnosis and relapse. These clone-specific markers enabled us to determine the responsiveness of the individual clones to treatment. The matching genomic TEL/AML1 breakpoints of the initial and the relapse clones in these patients confirmed their origin from a common progenitor cell. This proof was especially important in one of these 2 leukemias without a common antigen receptor gene rearrangement. Our retrospective analysis revealed that in both cases the relapse clone was already present at diagnosis. Despite their small sizes (5 x 10(-3) and 1 x 10(-4), respectively), we were able to detect their much slower responses to therapy compared with the dominant leukemic clone. Moreover, in all instances, these initially slow-responding clones, after they had developed into the relapse leukemia, were rapidly eradicated by the relapse treatment, underlining their different biology at the 2 time points of leukemia manifestation. We thus hypothesize that the minor clone was not fully malignant at initial diagnosis but acquired further mutations that may be necessary for the manifestation of relapse.
Staphylococcus aureus Serves as an Iron Source for Pseudomonas aeruginosa during In Vivo Coculture (2005)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a gram-negative opportunistic human pathogen often infecting the lungs of individuals with the heritable disease cystic fibrosis and the peritoneum of individuals undergoing continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Often these infections are not caused by colonization with P. aeruginosa alone but instead by a consortium of pathogenic bacteria. Little is known about growth and persistence of P. aeruginosa in vivo, and less is known about the impact of coinfecting bacteria on P. aeruginosa pathogenesis and physiology. In this study, a rat dialysis membrane peritoneal model was used to evaluate the in vivo transcriptome of P. aeruginosa in monoculture and in coculture with Staphylococcus aureus. Monoculture results indicate that approximately 5% of all P. aeruginosa genes are differentially regulated during growth in vivo compared to in vitro controls. Included in this analysis are genes important for iron acquisition and growth in low-oxygen environments. The presence of S. aureus caused decreased transcription of P. aeruginosa iron-regulated genes during in vivo coculture, indicating that the presence of S. aureus increases usable iron for P. aeruginosa in this environment. We propose a model where P. aeruginosa lyses S. aureus and uses released iron for growth in low-iron environments.
Mycoplasmal infections of cerebrospinal fluid in newborn infants from a community hospital population (1990)

Mycoplasma hominis or Ureaplasma urealyticum have previously been isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 13 of 100 newborn infants tested from a high risk university hospital population where the mothers were of predominantly lower income and socioeconomic status and had often received little or no prenatal care. We sought to determine whether such infections occur in neonates born to women cared for mainly through private obstetric practices and who delivered in 4 suburban community hospitals. CSF cultures were done in 318 infants during an 8-month period. M. hominis was isolated from 9 and U. urealyticum from 5 CSF cultures. Four infants infected with U. urealyticum and 3 infected with M. hominis were born at term. One infant infected with U. urealyticum had a birth weight of less than 1000 g. In 5 infants clearance of the infecting organism was documented without specific treatment. Twelve infants had good perinatal outcomes regardless of treatment and 2 died. One death in a 2240-g infant infected with M. hominis was associated with Haemophilus influenzae sepsis and pneumonia. The other death occurred 3 days after birth in a 630-g infant infected with U. urealyticum who had evidence of meningitis and intraventricular hemorrhage. Results of this study suggest that mycoplasmas are common causes of neonatal CSF infections, not only in high risk populations, but also in the general population.