gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and antigenic properties of lipopolysaccharides from serotype reference strains of Campylobacter jejuni (1987)

To investigate the molecular basis for heat-stable antigenic diversity in Campylobacter jejuni, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) from serotype reference strains and serotyped isolates were examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis coupled with silver staining and immunoblotting. By silver staining, only low-Mr components, consisting of one major band and as many as three minor bands ranging in Mr from 4,500 to 5,000, were detected. However, by immunoblotting with homologous antisera, 10 of 34 strains were shown to have a series of high-Mr LPS components characteristic of molecules with O side chains of various lengths. Isolates of the same serotype as the reference strain that had high-Mr LPS molecules were also found to have high-Mr LPS and in one case of cross-reacting strains it was found that the cross-reaction was associated with antibodies against high-Mr LPS. The reactions of LPSs with homologous and heterologous antisera indicated that both high- and low-Mr-type LPSs were strain-specific antigens, but in some cases cross-reactions were noted. Evidently, all C. jejuni strains possess low-Mr LPS that is readily detectable by silver staining, but some serotypes also possess high-Mr LPS components that can be visualized by immunoblotting.
Neurocutaneous Melanosis: Clinical Presentations (2005)

From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Winston-Salem, North Carolina Address correspondence to Dr. Louis C. Argenta and Dr. Lisa R. David, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27175-1075.
Software transformations for sequential test generation (2002)

This paper presents software (model) transformations that can be used to effectively generate high fault coverage test sets. Unlike synthesis or design for testability methods which involve hardware modifications, this approach does not modify the hardware design. Instead, it transforms a software model of the design into a new software model that has desirable testability properties. A sequential test generator generates tests for the new model. The new model may not be functionally equivalent to the original design but our transformations guarantee that the tests generated for the new model can always be inverse mapped to serve as tests for the original design. Experimental results show that significantly high fault coverage can be achieved by using this approach.
Fabrication of Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces with Long-Term Stability (2011)

A novel approach was proposed to fabricate super-hydrophobic surfaces by depositing aggregates of fumed silica modified with hydroxy-terminated poly-dimethylsioxane and γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane on surfaces of glass plates. The glass plates were treated with 2,3-epoxy propoxy propyltrimethoxysilicane based on an epoxy-amine system in advance. Aggregates of fumed silica were found to be chemically bonded to the treated glass surfaces and a surface possessing dual micron- and nanoscale hierarchical structures was observed on the super-hydrophobic surfaces. The laboratory testing results showed that the obtained surfaces possessed long-term super-hydrophobicity in air and maintained its super-hydrophobicity over a wide pH range.
MHC Class I Expression in Mice Lacking the Proteasome Subunit LMP-7 (1994)

Proteasomes degrade endogenous proteins. Two subunits, LMP-2 and LMP-7, are encoded in a region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) that is critical for class I-restricted antigen presentation. Mice with a targeted deletion of the gene encoding LMP-7 have reduced levels of MHC class I cell-surface expression and present the endogenous antigen HY inefficiently; addition of peptides to splenocytes deficient in LMP-7 restores wild-type class I expression levels. This demonstrates the involvement of LMP-7 in the MHC class I presentation pathway and suggests that LMP-7 functions as an integral part of the peptide supply machinery.
Activation of Toll-Like Receptor 3 Augments Myofibroblast Differentiation (2008)

Airway remodeling is observed in the airways of patients with asthma, and differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts plays a critical role in the progress of airway remodeling. Viral infection induces not only the disease development and exacerbations but also airway remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the activation of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) can affect the differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein production. Human fetal lung fibroblasts (HFL-1) and adult lung fibroblasts were treated with a synthetic double-stranded RNA, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) and the expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), a marker of myofibroblast differentiation, was evaluated. The release of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) and ECM protein production were assessed. The effect of anti-TGF-beta antibody on the alpha-SMA and ECM production was also assessed. Poly(I:C) significantly augmented the alpha-SMA expression (P < 0.01) and release of TGF-beta(1) (P < 0.01) compared with control. Bafilomycin, an inhibitor of TLR3 signaling, diminished poly(I:C)-augmented TGF-beta(1) release. Anti-TGF-beta(1) antibody inhibited the poly(I:C)-augmented alpha-SMA expression. Poly(I:C) enhanced translocation of nuclear factor-kB (NF-kappaB) and interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) into the nucleus. Poly(I:C)-augmented TGF-beta(1) release was almost completely blocked by NF-kappaB inhibitors, but not by silencing IRF-3. The production of fibronectin and collagen I expression were significantly increased by poly(I:C) (P < 0.01) and they were inhibited by anti-TGF-beta antibody. These results suggest that activation of TLR3 can affect the differentiation to myofibroblasts and enhance ECM production via the NF-kappaB-TGF-beta(1)-dependent pathway.
A simple, efficient method for the separate isolation of RNA and DNA from the same cells. (1990)

A method for the isolation of total cytoplasmic RNA and high molecular weight DNA from the same cells is described. Cells are gently lysed with NP40 in the presence of vanadyl ribonucleoside complex and the nuclei pelleted by centrifugation. RNA is purified by phenol/CHCl3 extraction of the lysate supernatant followed by ethanol precipitation. Protein is removed from high molecular weight DNA by salt-precipitation after nuclei are digested with proteinase K in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. High yields of clean, intact RNA and DNA are obtained. A major advantage of the method is that it can be scaled down to quantitatively extract RNA and DNA from as little as 1000 cells.
THE MULTI-SUBUNIT INTERLEUKIN-2 RECEPTOR (1989)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Cell Imaging Techniques (2006)

A diverse collection of state-of-the-art methods for the microscopic imaging of cells and molecules. The authors cover a wide spectrum of complimentary techniques, including such methods as fluorescen
The impact of array configuration on MIMO wireless channel capacity (2005)

In this work, we develop a framework for exploring the impact of array geometry on capacity for a given electromagnetic channel. This formulation allows assessment of the maximum achievable capacity for general arrays constrained to a fixed region of space. The investigation includes a detailed statistical analysis of the behavior of different random arrays in fixed channels and compares their performance to the upper capacity bound. 11. Modeling Approach In this study, the channel is represented using an extension of the path-based statistical model developed by Saleh and Valenzuela [3] that includes angle-of-departure and angle-of-amval behaviors for the multipath components. This model, referred to here as the Saleh-Valenzuela with Angle (SVA) model, has proven capable of accurately predicting the channel capacity for typical indoor environments [4]. Parameter inputs to the model have been obtained from prior measurement campaigns [5]. The ray description generated from the model is used to construcT a narrowband channel transfer matrix (H) for a given array configuration as outlined in 141. The capacity of the channel can then be computed from H using the well-known waterfilling solution for a pre-determined signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) [2]. For purposes of this study, all multipath components propagate within the horizontal plane. With traditional implementations of the water-filling solution for capacity, the channel SNR is introduced as PT/cI’, where PT is the total transmitted power and o2 is the noise power in a single receive antenna [2]. With the channel matrix normalized to provide unity average gain, this definition represents a single-input single-output (SISO) value for SNR. The difficulty with this approach is that as additional receive antennas are added, the resulting additional independent samples of the signal power allows effective noise reduction through averaging. This effective boost in SNR translates naturally to an increase in the channel capacity, allowing the capacity to grow without bound as additional antennas are added. However, after a certain point, these additional sensors do not offer additional capability for exploiting the spatial structure of the channel, and the resulting capacity gains become modest. It is also important to note that as the number of antennas grows large, the finite available power contained within a volume of space prohibits this SNR growth in a practical configuration. This power normalization therefore represents a scenario that does not accurately model the physical channel for large arrays.
Biomechanical corneal changes induced by different flap thickness created by femtosecond laser (2011)

In the experimental conditions established by this model, thicker flaps presented a greater biomechanical impact on the cornea.
Astigmatism and the analysis of its surgical correction (2001)

Modern cataract and refractive surgery aims not only to improve vision but to provide a good unaided visual acuity. Correcting astigmatic errors and control of surgically induced astigmatism are now an integral part of such operative procedures. Technological innovations and surgical developments in recent times have provided new methods for correction of astigmatism. However, evaluating the outcome of surgery for astigmatism presents particular difficulties, especially with the statistical comparison of different treatment groups.

In this review we will discuss the nature of astigmatism and its various refractive effects and how this relates to cataract and refractive surgical outcomes. The use and limitations of vectors and other methods for the analysis of change in astigmatism after surgery will be discussed along with appropriate statistical methods and suggestions for data presentation.

Astigmatism occurs when toricity of any of the refractive surfaces of the optical system produces two principal foci delimiting an area of intermediate focus called the conoid of Sturm. Thomas Young in 1801 was the first to describe ocular astigmatism, discovering that his own astigmatism was predominantly lenticular.1 However, it was some years later before Airy (1827) corrected astigmatism with a cylindrical lens.2 Corneal astigmatism was characterised by Knapp and also Donders in 1862 after the invention of the ophthalmometer by Helmholtz.34 In the same year Donders5 also described the astigmatism due to cataract surgery and soon after Snellen (1869) suggested that placing the incision on the steep axis would reduce the corneal astigmatism.6 Surgery to specifically treat astigmatism was suggested by Bates7 who described corneal wedge resection in 1894, but it was the work of Lans8 that provided most of the early theoretical basis for refractive corneal surgery. Little further work was published until that of Sato in the 1940s and 1950s. …
Divergent Synthesis of Polyphenylene Dendrimers:  The Role of Core and Branching Reagents upon Size and Shape (2000)

Monodisperse polyphenylene dendrimers up to the fourth generation were synthesized using a divergent growth protocol. By varying the core, dendrimers with dumbbell-, tetrahedral- and propeller-like structures were synthesized. Because of the high-density packing of benzene rings within their branches, these dendrimers are stiff and thus shape persistent. To obtain these dendrimers with a globular shape, a 4-fold (A4B) dendrimer building unit was introduced. In this case, monodisperse dendrimers are obtained only up to the second generation due to the significantly increased density of benzene rings within the structure. For structure elucidation methods, like MALDI−TOF mass spectrometry, NMR spectroscopy, GPC, VPO, TGA, and DSC were used. Dendrimers of the third and fourth generations were visualized by transmission electron microscopy.
Cost-effectiveness of Functional Imaging Tests in the Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease (2000)

The addition of functional neuroimaging to the usual diagnostic regimen at Alzheimer disease clinics is not cost-effective given the effectiveness of currently available therapies.
Tear Mucus Crystallization in Children with Cystic Fibrosis (1988)

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by an abnormally high electrolyte concentration in exocrine secretions. The authors performed the tear mucus ferning test in 26 eyes of children with cystic fibrosis and compared the results to those in an equal number of age-matched normals. The results suggest that the increased electrolyte concentration could be responsible for the increased hyperviscosity of mucus. The tear mucus ferning test appears to be a suitable diagnostic test for the assessment of cystic fibrosis.
A tissue culture bilayer model to study the passage of Neisseria meningitidis (1995)

A tissue culture bilayer system has been developed as a model to study the mechanisms of attachment and invasion involved in the pathogenesis of Neisseria meningitidis. The model incorporates epithelial and endothelial cell layers separated by a microporous membrane and makes it possible to observe and quantify the passage of bacteria through the multiple layers and to study the mechanisms by which they make this passage. This model is adaptable to a wide variety of microbial pathogens and can be modified by substituting any physiologically relevant eucaryotic cells for the component layers. The system's makeup of cells of human origin and its reproducibility give it advantages over animal and primary organ culture models, while the added complexity of multiple layers allowing cell-to-cell communication makes it a more realistic human tissue model than standard cell monolayers.
Engagement of the ICOS pathway markedly enhances efficacy of CTLA-4 blockade in cancer immunotherapy (2014)

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) blockade with a monoclonal antibody yields durable responses in a subset of cancer patients and has been approved by the FDA as a standard therapy for late-stage melanoma. We recently identified inducible co-stimulator (ICOS) as a crucial player in the antitumor effects of CTLA-4 blockade. We now show that concomitant CTLA-4 blockade and ICOS engagement by tumor cell vaccines engineered to express ICOS ligand enhanced antitumor immune responses in both quantity and quality and significantly improved rejection of established melanoma and prostate cancer in mice. This study provides strong support for the development of combinatorial therapies incorporating anti-CTLA-4 and ICOS engagement.
Role of Copper Species in the Oxidative Dimerization of Arylboronic Acids:  Synthesis of Symmetrical Biaryls (2003)

Certain Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts are able to mediate the dimerization of arylboronic acids in DMF. They provide the corresponding symmetrical biaryls in moderate to very good yields. It is possible to run the reaction catalytically under an oxygen atmosphere without a significant loss of yields.
Challenges in Accommodating Volume Change of Si Anodes for Li‐Ion Batteries (2015)

Si has been considered as a promising alternative anode for next-generation Li-ion batteries (LIBs) because of its high theoretical energy density, relatively low working potential, and abundance in nature. However, Si anodes exhibit rapid capacity decay and an increase in the internal resistance, which are caused by the large volume changes upon Li insertion and extraction. This unfortunately limits their practical applications. Therefore, managing the total volume change remains a critical challenge for effectively alleviating the mechanical fractures and instability of solid-electrolyte-interphase products. In this regard, we review the recent progress in volume-change-accommodating Si electrodes and investigate their ingenious structures with significant improvements in the battery performance, including size-controlled materials, patterned thin films, porous structures, shape-preserving shell designs, and graphene composites. These representative approaches potentially overcome the large morphologic changes in the volume of Si anodes by securing the strain relaxation and structural integrity in the entire electrode. Finally, we propose perspectives and future challenges to realize the practical application of Si anodes in LIB systems.
Radioactively iodinated cyclo(His-Pro) crosses the blood-brain barrier and reverses ethanol-induced narcosis (1993)

Cyclo(His-Pro) (cHP) is a peptide widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues that can affect brain function after either peripheral or CNS administration. This suggests that cHP may be a neuromodulator capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We, therefore, studied the ability of radioactively labeled cHP (I-cHP) to cross the BBB. We found that I-cHP can cross the BBB in either the direction of blood to brain or brain to blood by nonsaturable mechanisms. The rate of entry of I-cHP into the CNS was low in comparison with other peptides, especially considering its relatively low molecular weight and high lipid solubility. However, this slow entry was offset by a long half-life in blood and extreme enzymatic resistance, allowing cHP to accumulate in the CNS. This accumulation was sufficient to allow intravenous cHP to reverse ethanol-induced narcosis, an effect mediated through the CNS. The rate of entry of I-cHP was resistant to conditions that alter the passage of some other substances across the BBB or that have been shown to affect cHP metabolism such as aging, diabetes, and pretreatment with aluminum. Entry of cHP into the brain was not retarded by binding to serum proteins. Significant amounts of I-cHP entered the serum, brain, and other tissues after intraperitoneal administration, the route used in many studies of cHP. Taken together, these results show that cHP is a highly stable peptide that, after intravenous injection, slowly enters the brain by a nonsaturable mechanism in amounts large enough to affect such aspects of the CNS as ethanol-induced narcosis.
Endovascular Repair of Aortic Aneurysms, Arteriovenous Fistulas, and False Aneurysms (1996)

Between September 1990 and June 1995, 103 patients were treated with transluminal placed endovascular grafts: 87 had abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), two had iliac artery aneurysms (one in association with an AAA), 3 had thoracic aneurysms, and 12 had vascular injuries in various localization of the arterial tree. The AAAs were excluded from the blood flow with a device composed of a balloon-expandable stent (modification of the Palmaz stent) attached to a Dacron graft designed to expand at both ends of the accompanying stent extension. An 18F sheath containing the stent-graft device was introduced through a small cut-down in the common femoral arteries and advanced under fluoroscopic guidance. Color duplex, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning and angiography were performed before the procedure and then every 6 months. (Arteriography was performed once during the follow-up period and whenever other studies disclosed an abnormal finding.) A total of 87 patients (75 men, 12 women) harboring an AAA were treated: Forty-five patients underwent an aortoaortic procedure (8 patients had only a proximal stent implanted, and 37 had proximal and distal stents). Forty-two patients were treated by implanting an aortoiliac graft, completing the procedure with a femorofemoral bypass. The contralateral common iliac artery was occluded by means of an occluding stent. One type A dissecting aneurysm and two descending thoracic aneurysms were successfully treated by the endovascular technique. The longest follow-up period was 60 months and the shortest 1 month. Initial success was obtained in 84% of the aortoaortic cases and in 75% of the aortoiliac procedures. Long-term follow-up (> 12 months) disclosed 78% success for the aortoaortic cases and 90% for the aortoiliac procedures. Late failures included distal aortic dilatation, distal leak into the aneurysmal cavity, and proximal leak into the aneurysm. All trauma cases were successful over the short and long terms. Trauma cases included false aneurysms (common carotid, subclavian, common femoral arteries) and arteriovenous fistulas (subclavian, aortocava, common iliac-cava and superficial femoral artery and vein). We concluded that stent-graft combination devices appear to be an alternative for treating vascular trauma and aneurysms. Initial success for treating AAAs is almost 100%, and late success in aortoiliac cases is also high (90%) for aortoaortic reconstruction. However, late failures are frequent and require further evaluation in relation to a persistent increase in the diameter of the proximal neck and distal cuff.
Retrovirus Reverse Transcriptases Containing a Modified YXDD Motif (2005)

The YXDD motif, where X is a variable amino acid, is highly conserved among various viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerases. Mutations in the YXDD motif can abolish enzymatic activity, alter the processivity and fidelity of enzymes and decrease virus infectivity. This review provides a summary of the significant documented studies on the YXDD motif of HIV-1, simian immunodeficiency virus, feline immunodeficiency virus and murine leukaemia virus and the impact of mutation that this motif has had on viral pathogenesis and drug treatment.
Expression of alternatively spliced human latent transforming growth factor β binding protein‐1 (1998)

Latent transforming growth factor beta binding protein-1 (LTBP1) is important in regulating the localisation and activation of transforming growth factor beta(TGFbeta). Three forms of LTBP1 mRNA have previously been described, LTBP1L, LTBP1S and LTBPdelta53. Here, we have analysed the LTBP1 coding sequence and identified two other spliced forms, LTBP1delta55 and LTBP1delta41. LTBP1delta55 is a short form of LTBPIL which lacks 55 amino acids including two consensus N-glycosylation sites and LTBP1delta41 is a form of LTBP1 which lacks the 12th EGF-like repeat. Furthermore, sequencing of genomic clones showed that splicing to generate LTBP1L occurs using an intra-exonic 3' splice acceptor site in the first coding exon of LTBP1S and that LTBP1delta55 arises from the alternative use of an exonic 3' splice acceptor site at the end of the following intron. LTBP1delta41 arises from skipping the exon which encodes the 12th EGF-like repeat. LTBP1delta55 and LTBP1delta41 mRNA are expressed in a wide variety of human tissues but the proportions of each splice form vary in the tissues.