gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transgenic mice overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-II in β cells develop type 2 diabetes (2000)

During embryonic development, insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) participates in the regulation of islet growth and differentiation. We generated transgenic mice (C57BL6/SJL) expressing IGF-II in beta cells under control of the rat Insulin I promoter in order to study the role of islet hyperplasia and hyperinsulinemia in the development of type 2 diabetes. In contrast to islets from control mice, islets from transgenic mice displayed high levels of IGF-II mRNA and protein. Pancreases from transgenic mice showed an increase in beta-cell mass (about 3-fold) and in insulin mRNA levels. However, the organization of cells within transgenic islets was disrupted, with glucagon-producing cells randomly distributed throughout the core. We also observed enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and glucose utilization in islets from transgenic mice. These mice displayed hyperinsulinemia, mild hyperglycemia, and altered glucose and insulin tolerance tests, and about 30% of these animals developed overt diabetes when fed a high-fat diet. Furthermore, transgenic mice obtained from the N1 backcross to C57KsJ mice showed high islet hyperplasia and insulin resistance, but they also developed fatty liver and obesity. These results indicate that local overexpression of IGF-II in islets might lead to type 2 diabetes and that islet hyperplasia and hypersecretion of insulin might occur early in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Broadband applications and services of public switched networks (1989)

The results of work done at AT&T Bell Lab. on broadband data and video applications that may be used over a public switched network like that of a telephone company are summarized. Data and video applications and network services associated with these applications are discussed. While data applications are initially seen as being provided to business, video applications are expected to be aimed at residential users. These applications are presented in separate sections. The author describes example applications for broadband data services that could be offered to business within the next five years, namely: distributed computing; data distribution; electronic mail; and data retrieval. The following video applications are also described: video telephony; video teleconferencing; two-way enhanced video services; one way video/image distribution; video/image database retrieval; and video electronic mail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
[A novel small molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol in cancer therapy]. (2005)

flavopiridol是一种强有力的小分子细胞周期素依赖性蛋白激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK)抑制剂, 化学结构为黄酮,最初来源于一种印度植物,目前已可人工合成.大量的体内外试验证实,flavopiridol,对多种肿瘤都具有强烈的抑制作用[1,2].flavopiridol抑瘤的机制主要包括直接抑制cdk1～9的活性、抑制周期素D1及血管内皮生长因子(EGFR)的转录从而下调二者的表达水平、诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡和抗血管生成等作用.目前flavopiridol已进入临床Ⅱ期试验,但应用结果发现其单独使用的抑瘤效果并不理想.因此,探讨恰当的flavopiridol与其他治疗方法联合应用的方案是其发展趋势.现将flavopiridol的作用机制及其在临床前及临床实验中的应用前景综述如下。
Molar Masses and Structure in Solution of Haemoglobin Hyper-Polymers - A Common Calibration of Size Exclusion Chromatography of These Artificial Oxygen Carriers (1997)

We are developing artificial oxygen carriers for medical use, based on synthetic polymers--so-called hyperpolymers--obtained by cross-linking mammalian haemoglobins. One requirement with respect to the polymers is that they should not increase the oncotic pressure of blood remarkably--this can be realized by high molecular weights of the polymers with a narrow distribution. They may act as a oxygen transporting blood additive, and--in combination with a plasma expander--as a blood substitute. Another important and desired property of the artificial oxygen carrier is a low viscosity, which--first--is due to a high degree of uniformity of the polymer size (or molar mass) distribution and--second--is influenced by the so-called structure in solution of the haemoglobin hyperpolymers. In this paper former determinations of molar masses--with size exclusion chromatography (SEC)--and of the structure in solution--using viscometric measurements--of hyperpolymers of human haemoglobin, synthetized with glutaraldehyde and with bis(thioisocyanato) benzenesulfonic acid as cross-linkers, were extended to hyperpolymers of bovine and pyridoxylated porcine haemoglobin, cross-linked with glycolaldehyde. These determinations were done by applying a new iterative procedure. Within a range of error all SEC calibration curves found were the same for all hyperpolymers investigated. So-called MARK-HOUWINK or structure in solution diagrams (logarithm of intrinsic viscosity versus logarithm of molar mass) yield equal straight lines for all the haemoglobin polymers. The first derivatives of these lines are the MARK-HOUWINK exponents which has a mean value of 0.38. These results indicate that there exists a common SEC calibration line for all different polymer haemoglobins produced with comparable preparative procedures. This calibration line differ significantly from that of native globular proteins--haemoglobin hyperpolymers are less compact--so a calibration of SEC with globular proteins for the determination of molar masses of haemoglobin polymers is erroneous. Furthermore, the structure in solution of the hyperpolymers is clearly different from that of flexible, randomly coiled, linear artificial polymers: hyperpolymers are more compact. A possible explanation is that the hyperpolymers--according to a great number of functional amino groups of haemoglobin-contain many intra-polymeric cross-links, and thus are at least import branched polymers or even macromolecular networks of the constituting haemoglobin "monomers".
Incorporation of Galpha(z)-specific sequence at the carboxyl terminus increases the promiscuity of galpha(16) toward G(i)-coupled receptors. (2000)

Although the promiscuous nature of G(16) allows it to interact with numerous G protein-coupled receptors, several G(i)-linked receptors are incapable of activating phospholipase C via G(16). A series of chimeras between Galpha(16) and Galpha(z) were constructed and assayed for their ability to mediate receptor-induced stimulation of phospholipase C. Two Galpha(16/z) chimeras harboring 25 or 44 Galpha(z)-specific sequences at their C termini (named 16z25 and 16z44) were capable of responding to 14 different G(i)-coupled receptors tested, including those that were either unable to associate with Galpha(16) (melatonin Mel1c) or activate Galpha(16) weakly (micro-opioid and type 1 somatostatin). Agonist-induced stimulation of phospholipase C was more efficiently mediated (higher maximal and lower EC(50) value) by 16z44 than by Galpha(16). Both 16z25 and 16z44 were also coupled to G(s)- and G(q)-linked receptors. Incorporation of Galpha(z) sequence at the N terminus of Galpha(16) did not further enhance the ability of the chimeras to interact with G(i)-coupled receptors. Expression of the various chimeras was verified by immunodetection and functional analysis of their constitutively activated mutants. These results show that the incorporation of alpha4/beta6 and alpha5 regions of Galpha(z) into a Galpha(16) backbone can improve the recognition of G(i)-coupled receptors. Galpha(16/z) chimeras with expanded capability to interact with G(i)-linked receptors may be used to link orphan receptors to the stimulation of phospholipase C.
1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate as a protein conformational tightening agent (1999)

1-Anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) anion is conventionally considered to bind to preexisting hydrophobic (nonpolar) surfaces of proteins, primarily through its nonpolar anilino-naphthalene group. Such binding is followed by an increase in ANS fluorescence intensity, similar to that occurring when ANS is dissolved in organic solvents. It is generally assumed that neither the negative sulfonate charge on the ANS, nor charges on the protein, participate significantly in ANS-protein interaction. However, titration calorimetry has demonstrated that most ANS binding to a number of proteins occurs through electrostatic forces, in which ion pairs are formed between ANS sulfonate groups and cationic groups on the proteins (D. Matulis and R. E. Lovrien, Biophys. J., 1998, Vol. 74, pp. 1-8). Here we show by viscometry and diffusion coefficient measurements that bovine serum albumin and gamma-globulin, starting from their acid-expanded, most hydrated conformations, undergo extensive molecular compaction upon ANS binding. As the cationic protein binds negatively charged ANS anion it also takes up positively charged protons from water to compensate the effect of the negative charge, and leaves the free hydroxide anions in solution thus shifting pH upward (the Scatchard-Black effect). These results indicate that ANS is not always a definitive reporter of protein molecular conformation that existed before ANS binding. Instead, ANS reports on a conformationally tightened state produced by the interplay of ionic and hydrophobic characters of both protein and ligand.
Combretastatin-A4 disrupts neovascular development in non-neoplastic tissue (2001)

Combretastatin-A4 phosphate (cis-CA-4) is a tubulin-binding agent currently undergoing clinical trials as an anti-tumour drug. We have investigated whether CA-4 functions as a tumour-specific anti-vascular agent using the hyperplastic thyroid as a novel in vivo model of neovascularization. CA-4 elicited pathological changes in normal tissue, manifested as the induction of multiple, discrete intravascular thrombi. These vascular-damaging effects indicate that CA-4P does not function as a tumour-specific agent but targets neovasculature irrespective of the primary angiogenic stimulus.
Self-assembled porphyrin microrods and observation of structure-induced iridescence (2010)

Self-assembled microrods {based on 5-nitro-10,15,20-trialkylporphyrins [(CnH2n+1)3-NO2P]} and microplates {based on 5,10,15,20-tetraheptylporphyrin [(C7H15)4-P]} are fabricated and characterised using optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The length of the alkyl chains and the deposition surface are found to influence the optical properties and microrod self-assembly. When the deposition surface is silica (α-quartz), 5-nitro-trialkylporphyrins, (C5H11)3-NO2P, (C7H15)3-NO2P and (C11H23)3-NO2P all form microrods of 0.7–0.8 micron diameter; the average length of the microrods varies from 170 microns for (C5H11)3-NO2P to about 11 microns for (C7H15)3-NO2P and (C11H23)3-NO2P, whereas (C19H39)3-NO2P with much longer alkyl chains only gives powders. Controlling the precipitation is crucial in preventing the disordered aggregation of assembled layers observed in the bulk. Very interestingly, the microrods formed from (C7H15)3-NO2P show marked iridescent character. When (C7H15)3-NO2P is deposited on silicon, however, longer curved microrods which do not show iridescence are produced. Single crystal X-ray crystallography of (C7H15)3-NO2P reveals the packing of the bulk material which explains the packing topology of the layers observed by AFM but not the iridescence. The observed structural colour of the (C7H15)3-NO2P microrods is explained by staggering of the layers to produce a corrugated surface with a period of 125 nm, as measured by AFM.
<title>NIST calibration facility for display colorimeters</title> (1999)

A calibration facility has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to address the need for high accuracy color measurements of displays. Calibration services are planned for colorimeters and spectroradiometers, tailored to display measurements. A key component of the facility, a reference spectroradiometer, has been developed and its uncertainty for display measurements estimated using a series of computer simulations. The simulations predict that the reference spectroradiometer - corrected for wavelength error and variable bandpass - can measure any color of a cathode ray tube or liquid crystal display with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.001 in chromaticity (x,y) and 1 percent in luminance (Y). In addition a new matrix correction technique has been developed as a means to transfer the calibration from the reference instrument to a test instrument. Using the four-color method, the residual errors with the calibrated instrument for one type of display are reduced to within 0.001 in x,y with respect to the reference instrument. To evaluate the overall performance of the system, commercial instruments - spectroradiometers and tristimulus colorimeter - were calibrated against the reference instrument, measuring both a CRT and an LCD display. The results show that calibrated target instruments can measure various colors of a particular display with a combined standard uncertainty of approximately 0.002 in x,y and 2 percent in Y.
Independent component analysis and scoring function based on protein interactions (2004)

We describe an approach for discovering biological gene clusters from gene expression data of DNA microarray and scoring the genes based on protein interaction data. Our approach is based on the assumption that many clusters exhibit two properties, i.e., their genes exhibit a similar gene expression profile and the protein products of the genes often interact. Our approach to clustering is based on the independent component analysis model, which uses the ICA algorithm and our approach to scoring is based on number of protein product interactions of the genes within a cluster. We present the results on Saccharomyces cerevisiae gene expression dataset combined with a binary protein interaction data set.
New Definition for the Partial Remission Period in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (2009)

OBJECTIVE To find a simple definition of partial remission in type 1 diabetes that reflects both residual beta-cell function and efficacy of insulin treatment. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A total of 275 patients aged <16 years were followed from onset of type 1 diabetes. After 1, 6, and 12 months, stimulated C-peptide during a challenge was used as a measure of residual beta-cell function. RESULTS By multiple regression analysis, a negative association between stimulated C-peptide and A1C (regression coefficient -0.21, P < 0.001) and insulin dose (-0.94, P < 0.001) was shown. These results suggested the definition of an insulin dose-adjusted A1C (IDAA1C) as A1C (percent) + [4 x insulin dose (units per kilogram per 24 h)]. A calculated IDAA1C < or =9 corresponding to a predicted stimulated C-peptide >300 pmol/l was used to define partial remission. The IDAA1C < or =9 had a significantly higher agreement (P < 0.001) with residual beta-cell function than use of a definition of A1C < or =7.5%. Between 6 and 12 months after diagnosis, for IDAA1C < or =9 only 1 patient entered partial remission and 61 patients ended partial remission, for A1C < or =7.5% 15 patients entered partial remission and 53 ended, for a definition of insulin dose < or =0.5 units . kg(-1) . 24 h(-1) 5 patients entered partial remission and 66 ended, and for stimulated C-peptide (>300 pmol/l) 9 patients entered partial remission and 49 ended. IDAA1C at 6 months has good predictive power for stimulated C-peptide concentrations after both 6 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS A new definition of partial remission is proposed, including both glycemic control and insulin dose. It reflects residual beta-cell function and has better stability compared with the conventional definitions.
AbSeq Protocol Using the Nano-Well Cartridge-Based Rhapsody Platform to Generate Protein and Transcript Expression Data on the Single-Cell Level (2020)

By including oligonucleotide-labeled antibodies into high-throughput single-cell RNA-sequencing protocols, combined transcript and protein expression data can be acquired on the single-cell level. Here, we describe a protocol for the combined analysis of over 40 proteins and 400 genes on over 10<sup>4</sup> cells using the nano-well based Rhapsody platform. We also include a workflow for sample multiplexing, which uniquely identifies the initial source of cells (such as tissue type or donor) in the downstream analysis after upstream pooling. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mair et al. (2020).
Photonic Glass: A Novel Random Material for Light (2007)

A new photonic material is presented: “photonic glass”. This is a 3D completely disordered solid arrangement of monodisperse dielectric spheres (see figure). Monodispersity ensures single-sphere optical resonances to be observed. Very thick (from tenths to few millimetres) uniform samples can be grown by attenuating the inter-sphere interaction. Thin (correlated) disordered films can be grown by vertical convective deposition and selective etching of binary colloidal suspensions.
Heat Transfer Modeling of Roller Hearth and Muffle Furnace (2015)

In hot forming die quenching, furnaces are used to austenitize ultra high strength steel blanks. In the case of coated steels, like Usibor® 1500 P, furnace heating also transforms a protective Al-Si layer into a permanent Al-Si-Fe intermetallic coating. Modeling this process requires knowledge of the thermophysical properties of the material, specifically, radiative properties and how the sensible energy and latent heat of austenitization change with blank temperature. While the sensible energy is known, there is considerable uncertainty regarding the radiative properties and the latent heat of austenitization.&#13;\nIn this work the effective specific heat of Usibor® 1500 P is inferred through inverse analysis of temperature data collected on coupons heated in a muffle furnace. This technique is first used to validate the heat transfer model, and then used to reveal the distribution of latent heat of austenitization at higher temperatures. The characterization of the radiative properties is carried out on Gleeble-heated coupons using a near-infrared spectrometer and a Fourier transform infrared reflectometer.&#13;\nObtained thermophysical properties are employed in developing a heat transfer model for the patched blanks to gain insight into the non-uniform heating of patched blanks. The thermocouple measurements carried out in muffle and roller hearth furnaces are used to validate the modeled temperatures. Various strategies to optimize the heating process for patched blanks are proposed and evaluated, including the use of a high emissivity coating to compensate for the increased thermal mass of the patch.
The enhancement of plant growth by free-living bacteria (1995)

The ways in which plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitate the growth of plants are considered and discussed. Both indirect and direct mechanisms of plant growth promotion are dealt with. The possibility of improving plant growth promoting rhizobacteria by specific genetic manipulation is critically examined.Key words: plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR, bacterial fertilizer, soil bacteria.
Heat-Induced Size Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles in the Solid State (2001)

A simple method to manipulate the size of gold nanoparticles—involving heat treatment in the solid state—is reported by these authors. It is demonstrated that the nanoparticle size can be controlled from 3 to 10 nm by changing the heat-treatment temperature and/or the stabilizing agent in the presence of tetraoctylammonium bromide. The Figure shows 6.8 nm particles heat-treated at 190 °C.
Learning categories with invariances in a neural network model of prefrontal cortex (2011)

Prefrontal cortex (PFC) is implicated in a number of functions including working memory and categorization. Here the Prefrontal cortex Basal Ganglia Working Memory (PBWM) model (O'Reilly and Frank, 2006) is applied to learning categories with invariances. In particular, motivated by a problem in scene recognition, objects in different locations are sequentially presented to the network for categorization. The model learns to recognize these classes without explicit programming, thus modeling human categorization along with characteristics such as generalization to novel sequences and frequency dependent effects. Future extensions to the current work including applications to other domains and modeling functionally distinct segregations of PFC and neuromodulatory systems are also described.
Mining Revision Log of Language Learning SNS for Automated Japanese Error Correction of Second Language Learners (2011)

We present an attempt to extract a large-scale Japanese learners ’ corpus from the revision log of a language learning SNS. This corpus is easy to obtain in large-scale, covers a wide variety of topics and styles, and can be a great source of knowl-edge for both language learners and in-structors. We also demonstrate that the extracted learners ’ corpus of Japanese as a second language can be used as train-ing data for learners ’ error correction us-ing an SMT approach. We evaluate dif-ferent granularities of tokenization to al-leviate the problem of word segmentation errors caused by erroneous input from lan-guage learners. Experimental results show that the character-wise model outperforms the word-wise model. 1
Multi-domain spoken dialogue system with extensibility and robustness against speech recognition errors (2006)

We developed a multi-domain spoken dialogue system that can handle user requests across multiple domains. Such systems need to satisfy two requirements: extensibility and robustness against speech recognition errors. Extensibility is required to allow for the modification and addition of domains independent of other domains. Robustness against speech recognition errors is required because such errors are inevitable in speech recognition. However, the systems should still behave appropriately, even when their inputs are erroneous. Our system was constructed on an extensible architecture and is equipped with a robust and extensible domain selection method. Domain selection was based on three choices: (I) the previous domain, (II) the domain in which the speech recognition result can be accepted with the highest recognition score, and (III) other domains. With the third choice we newly introduced, our system can prevent dialogues from continuously being stuck in an erroneous domain. Our experimental results, obtained with 10 subjects, showed that our method reduced the domain selection errors by 18.3%, compared to a conventional method.
Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior (1996)

During embryonic development, certain tissues stream to their destinations by liquidlike spreading movements. According to the 'differential adhesion hypothesis', these movements are guided by cell-adhesion-generated tissue surface tensions (sigmas), operating in the same manner as surface tensions do in the mutual spreading behavior of immiscible liquids, among which the liquid of lower surface tension is always the one that spreads over its partner. In order to conduct a direct physical test of the 'differential adhesion hypothesis', we have measured the sigmas of aggregates of five chick embryonic tissues, using a parallel plate compression apparatus specifically designed for this purpose, and compared the measured values with these tissues' mutual spreading behaviors. We show that aggregates of each of these tissues behave for a time as elasticoviscous liquids with characteristic surface tension values. Chick embryonic limb bud mesoderm (sigma = 20.1 dyne/cm) is enveloped by pigmented epithelium (sigma = 12.6 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by heart (sigma = 8.5 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by liver (sigma = 4.6 dyne/cm) which, in turn, is enveloped by neural retina (sigma = 1.6 dyne/cm). Thus, as predicted, the tissues' surface tension values fall in the precise sequence required to account for their mutual envelopment behavior.