gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tobacco and oral health--the role of the world health organization. (2003)

In addition to several other chronic diseases, tobacco use is a primary cause of many oral diseases and adverse oral conditions. For example, tobacco is a risk factor for oral cancer, periodontal disease, and congenital defects in children whose mothers smoke during pregnancy. The epidemic of tobacco use is one of the greatest threats to global health; sadly the future appears worse because of the globalization of marketing. The World Health Organization (WHO) has strengthened the work for effective control of tobacco use. At the World Health Assembly in May 2003 the Member States agreed on a groundbreaking public health treaty to control tobacco supply and consumption. The treaty covers tobacco taxation, smoking prevention and treatment, illicit trade, advertising, sponsorship and promotion, and product regulation. Oral health professionals and dental associations worldwide should consider this platform for their future work for tobacco prevention since in several countries they play an important role in communication with patients and communities. The WHO Oral Health Programme gives priority to tobacco control in many ways through the development of national and community programmes which incorporates oral health and tobacco issues, tobacco prevention through schools, tobacco risk assessment in countries, and design of modern surveillance systems on risk factors and oral health. Systematic evaluation of coordinated efforts should be carried out at country and inter-country levels.
Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNear-Field Scanning Optical MicroscopyRobert C. DunnView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 10, 2891–2928Publication Date (Web):September 24, 1999Publication History Received6 March 1999Revised15 July 1999Published online24 September 1999Published inissue 13 October 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr980130ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr980130eresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5834Altmetric-Citations416LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Fluorescence,Light,Molecules,Probes,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Substrate specificity of human fibroblast stromelysin. Hydrolysis of substance P and its analogs (1989)

To probe the substrate specificity of the human metalloproteinase stromelysin (SLN), we determined values of kc/Km for the SLN-catalyzed hydrolysis of substance P (Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-MetNH2; SP; kc/Km = 1790 +/- 140 M-1 s-1), 15 analogues of SP, and 17 other peptides. We found a remarkably narrow substrate specificity for SLN: while SP and its analogues could serve as substrates for SLN (hydrolysis occurred exclusively at the Gln6-Phe7 bond), peptides that were not direct analogues could not (kc/Km less than 3 M-1 s-1). From the study of the SLN-catalyzed hydrolysis of SP and its analogues, the following findings emerged: (1) Decreasing the length of SP results in decreases in kc/Km. (2) Conservative amino acid replacements near the scissle bond of SP decrease kc/Km. (3) The SP analogue in which Gly9 is replaced with sarcosine (N-methylglycine) is not hydrolyzed by SLN (kc/Km less than 3 M-1 s-1). (4) Several SP analogues that are not hydrolyzed by SLN are inhibitors of the enzyme. The complexes formed from interaction of SLN with these peptides have dissociation constants that are similar to the Km value for the complex of SLN and SP. Combined, these results suggest that SLN uses the energy that is available from favorable interactions with its substrate to stabilize catalytic transition states but not the Michaelis complex or other stable-state complexes.
Competition for RISC binding predicts in vitro potency of siRNA (2006)

Short interfering RNAs (siRNA) guide degradation of target RNA by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). The use of siRNA in animals is limited partially due to the short half-life of siRNAs in tissues. Chemically modified siRNAs are necessary that maintain mRNA degradation activity, but are more stable to nucleases. In this study, we utilized alternating 2'-O-methyl and 2'-deoxy-2'-fluoro (OMe/F) chemically modified siRNA targeting PTEN and Eg5. OMe/F-modified siRNA consistently reduced mRNA and protein levels with equal or greater potency and efficacy than unmodified siRNA. We showed that modified siRNAs use the RISC mechanism and lead to cleavage of target mRNA at the same position as unmodified siRNA. We further demonstrated that siRNAs can compete with each other, where highly potent siRNAs can compete with less potent siRNAs, thus limiting the ability of siRNAs with lower potency to mediate mRNA degradation. In contrast, a siRNA with low potency cannot compete with a highly efficient siRNA. We established a correlation between siRNA potency and ability to compete with other siRNAs. Thus, siRNAs that are more potent inhibitors for mRNA destruction have the potential to out-compete less potent siRNAs indicating that the amount of a cellular component, perhaps RISC, limits siRNA activity.
Liquid crystal spatial light modulators in optical metrology (2010)

We provide an overview over recent applications of electronically addressed liquid crystal spatial light modulators (SLM) in the field of optical metrology. Three particular examples are considered: A shear interferometer, a setup for phase retrieval from a set of intensity measurements and a digital holographic sensor which allows for the electronic adaption of the reference wave.
Reduced-Complexity Decoding of LDPC Codes (2005)

Various log-likelihood-ratio-based belief-propagation (LLR-BP) decoding algorithms and their reduced-complexity derivatives for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes are presented. Numerically accurate representations of the check-node update computation used in LLR-BP decoding are described. Furthermore, approximate representations of the decoding computations are shown to achieve a reduction in complexity by simplifying the check-node update, or symbol-node update, or both. In particular, two main approaches for simplified check-node updates are presented that are based on the so-called min-sum approximation coupled with either a normalization term or an additive offset term. Density evolution is used to analyze the performance of these decoding algorithms, to determine the optimum values of the key parameters, and to evaluate finite quantization effects. Simulation results show that these reduced-complexity decoding algorithms for LDPC codes achieve a performance very close to that of the BP algorithm. The unified treatment of decoding techniques for LDPC codes presented here provides flexibility in selecting the appropriate scheme from performance, latency, computational-complexity, and memory-requirement perspectives.
Home based 3D entertainment-an overview (2002)

This paper presents an overview of the current status of home based 3D entertainment. It reviews the requirements of a 3D broadcasting service and identifies some of the technology options currently available to implement such a service. In order to meet the demand for high quality and high volume 3D content it is proposed that existing 2D material be converted into 3D. A technique for converting 2D to 3D is explained along with new techniques for live capture of 3D images that are a cost effective alternative to conventional stereo cameras. It is proposed that 3D transmissions be 2D compatible and achieved with a minimal bandwidth overhead. A method of achieving this is described. An overview of current 3D display technologies is provided covering both glasses based and autostereoscopic techniques.
Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Impact of Immune Status (1995)

This cross-sectional and prospective one year study evaluated adults admitted to an inner city hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. The study used extensive diagnostic methods to evaluate the etiologies of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients with differing immunologic status. Of 385 study patients, concurrent problems associated with immunosuppression were noted in 221 (57%) patients, 180 of whom were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected. The five most common causes of community-acquired pneumonia were: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pneumocystis carinii, aspiration, Hemophilus influenzae, and gram-negative bacilli. Only 8.3% of patients had either Legionella, Chlamydia pneumoniae or Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Despite use of state-of-the-art diagnostic techniques, no diagnosis was made in 46 of 180 (25.6%) HIV-infected patients, 56 of 164 (34.1%) immunocompetent patients, and 20 of 41 (48.8%) non-HIV-infected immunosuppressed patients. The diagnostic yield of pre-antibiotic sputum culture for conventional bacteria was 99/155 (63.9%) compared to 52 of 169 patients (32.7%) with adequate post-antibiotic sputum culture (p < 0.0001). Although S. pneumonia continues to be the most commonly identified etiologic agent of community-acquired pneumonia, it is surpassed by P. carinii in the HIV-infected patient population. The apparent decline in the frequency of S. pneumoniae in our series presumably reflects administration of antibiotics prior to procurement of sputum culture. The paucity of atypical agents in this study support the current American Thoracic Society guidelines for selective use of macrolide therapy in immunocompetent adults hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Binocular, Foveated Active Vision System (1999)

This report documents the design and implementation of a binocular, foveated active vision system as part of the Cog project at the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. The active vision system features a three degree of freedom mechanical platform that supports four color cameras, a motion control system, and a parallel network of digital signal processors for image processing. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system, we present results from four sample visual-motor tasks.
Preliminary results of 130 aortic valve replacements with a new mechanical bileaflet prosthesis: the Edwards MIRA valve (2003)

We present a series of 130 consecutive patients operated for aortic valve replacement (AVR) using the standard MIRA prosthesis between January 1999 and March 2001. Most of the patients were male (sex ratio = 2) with a mean age of 61.5 +/- 9.5 years. The prosthesis was implanted using the continuous suture technique. The mean diameter of the implanted prostheses was 23 mm. This series was composed of 66% of isolated AVR. The associated operative procedures were as follows: coronary artery bypass grafting 23%, replacement of the ascending aorta 6%, replacement of the mitral valves 8% and mitral valvuloplasty 3%. A short-term follow-up was performed and echocardiography data at 6 +/- 2.1 months were collected. Operative mortality (<30 days) was 2.32% for the isolated AVR. No structural dysfunction, endocarditis or paraprosthetic leakage were observed. Postoperative ultrasound echography at 6 months revealed a transprosthetic gradient of 14.8 +/- 4.2 mmHg for the mean prosthesis diameter of 23 mm. The Edwards MIRA prosthesis has produced satisfactory and reliable early results. Long-term follow-up will be necessary to confirm these good early results.
Highly Efficient Circulating Tumor Cell Isolation from Whole Blood and Label-Free Enumeration Using Polymer-Based Microfluidics with an Integrated Conductivity Sensor (2008)

A novel microfluidic device that can selectively and specifically isolate exceedingly small numbers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) through a monoclonal antibody (mAB) mediated process by sampling large input volumes (>/=1 mL) of whole blood directly in short time periods (<37 min) was demonstrated. The CTCs were concentrated into small volumes (190 nL), and the number of cells captured was read without labeling using an integrated conductivity sensor following release from the capture surface. The microfluidic device contained a series (51) of high-aspect ratio microchannels (35 mum width x 150 mum depth) that were replicated in poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, from a metal mold master. The microchannel walls were covalently decorated with mABs directed against breast cancer cells overexpressing the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM). This microfluidic device could accept inputs of whole blood, and its CTC capture efficiency was made highly quantitative (>97%) by designing capture channels with the appropriate widths and heights. The isolated CTCs were readily released from the mAB capturing surface using trypsin. The released CTCs were then enumerated on-device using a novel, label-free solution conductivity route capable of detecting single tumor cells traveling through the detection electrodes. The conductivity readout provided near 100% detection efficiency and exquisite specificity for CTCs due to scaling factors and the nonoptimal electrical properties of potential interferences (erythrocytes or leukocytes). The simplicity in manufacturing the device and its ease of operation make it attractive for clinical applications requiring one-time use operation.
Energy‐Efficient Dehumidification over Hierachically Porous Metal–Organic Frameworks as Advanced Water Adsorbents (2011)

Hierarchically porous metal–organic frameworks with mesoporous cages are demonstrated to behave as promising water adsorbents in energy-efficient dehumidification. Their low temperature desorption properties for water with huge sorption uptakes are essential for various water sorption applications including desiccant dehumidification and fresh water production. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Structure-Based Design of a Cyclophilin-Calcineurin Bridging Ligand (1993)

The affinity of a flexible ligand that adopts a specific conformation when bound to its receptor should be increased with the appropriate use of conformational restraints. By determining the structure of protein-ligand complexes, such restraints can in principle be designed into the bound ligand in a rational way. A tricyclic variant (TCsA) of the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA), which inhibits the proliferation of T lymphocytes by forming a cyclophilin-CsA-calcineurin complex, was designed with the known three-dimensional structure of a cyclophilin-CsA complex. The conformational restraints in TCsA appear to be responsible for its greater affinity for cyclophilin and calcineurin relative to CsA.
The Use of Fibrin Glue for Sealing Vascular Prostheses of High Porosity (1981)

Vascular prostheses of different porosity (Cooley Very Soft; Miliknit Lo-Por; Microvel; Sparks Mandril) were pretreated with fibrin glue and the permeability was assessed both in vitro and in 12 dog experiments by descending aorta replacement under full systemic heparinization. It was found that all types of prostheses were completely sealed after the pretreatment. In 28 patients undergoing descending or abdominal aorta replacement under systemic heparinization high porosity knitted Dacron grafts were pretreated with the fibrin glue only. There was no blood loss across the prosthetic wall. It is concluded that graft-pretreatment with fibrin glue allows for combining full heparinization and the use of high porosity vascular grafts.
Self assembly of Eu2O3 nanocrystals and nanoneedles (2007)

Abstract The self‐assembly of europium oxide (Eu 2 O 3 ) nanocrystals into anisotropic one dimensional europium hydroxychloride (Eu(OH) 2 Cl) nanostructures is reported. Eu 2 O 3 nanocrystals, synthesized via colloidal chemistry, form one dimensional structures via a stepwise assembly and growth procedure. Transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) reveals the shape and crystal lattice spacing of the nanostructures, whereas X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements characterize the nanocrystals' crystallinity. Photoluminescence measurements indicate changes in the site location and environment of the Eu 3+ ions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Robust online appearance models for visual tracking (2003)

We propose a framework for learning robust, adaptive, appearance models to be used for motion-based tracking of natural objects. The model adapts to slowly changing appearance, and it maintains a natural measure of the stability of the observed image structure during tracking. By identifying stable properties of appearance, we can weight them more heavily for motion estimation, while less stable properties can be proportionately downweighted. The appearance model involves a mixture of stable image structure, learned over long time courses, along with two-frame motion information and an outlier process. An online EM-algorithm is used to adapt the appearance model parameters over time. An implementation of this approach is developed for an appearance model based on the filter responses from a steerable pyramid. This model is used in a motion-based tracking algorithm to provide robustness in the face of image outliers, such as those caused by occlusions, while adapting to natural changes in appearance such as those due to facial expressions or variations in 3D pose.
Optimal resource allocation in wireless ad hoc networks: a price-based approach (2006)

The shared-medium multihop nature of wireless ad hoc networks poses fundamental challenges to the design of effective resource allocation algorithms that are optimal with respect to resource utilization and fair across different network flows. None of the existing resource allocation algorithms in wireless ad hoc networks have realistically considered end-to-end flows spanning multiple hops. Moreover, strategies proposed in wireline networks are not applicable in the context of wireless ad hoc networks, due to their unique characteristics of location-dependent contention. In this paper, we propose a new price-based resource allocation framework in wireless ad hoc networks to achieve optimal resource utilization and fairness among competing end-to-end flows. We build our pricing framework on the notion of maximal cliques in wireless ad hoc networks, as compared to individual links in traditional wide-area wireline networks. Based on such a price-based theoretical framework, we present a two-tier iterative algorithm. Distributed across wireless nodes, the algorithm converges to a global network optimum with respect to resource allocations. We further improve the algorithm toward asynchronous network settings and prove its convergence. Extensive simulations under a variety of network environments have been conducted to validate our theoretical claims.
Hydrogen in Nano‐sized Metals (2004)

Abstract Systems with small sizes show significant changes compared to the bulk system. These changes are of major interest regarding the size reduction of technological applications. The hydrogen‐metal system can be used as a model alloy to study small size features: shifted phase boundaries and sloped isotherms are found and, also, new materials structures. Most features can be attributed to surface‐ and interface contributions as well as to mechanical stress.
Ramipril and the Development of Diabetes (2001)

Ramipril is associated with lower rates of new diagnosis of diabetes in high-risk individuals. Because these results have important clinical and public health implications, this hypothesis requires prospective confirmation.
Leaching Study of Spent Li-ion Batteries (2012)

In order to investigate the characteristics of spent Li-ion batteries in acid leaching, the alkaline leaching residue was act as raw material. The effect of leaching rate was examined by XRD, SEM and ICP-AES. At last, the enlarged experiment was conducted. The results indicated that, in this experimental research scope, the best condition is 3 mol·L-1 H2SO4, 15: 1 of liquid/solid, 0.25 mol·L-1 [Na2S2O3], 90 °C, 3 h. According to the enlarged experiment, conducted at the best conditions, the main phase of raw materials is LiCoO2 and C, and the main phase of pickling residues is C. Co recycling rate was up to 99.95%, and Li leaching rate was up to 99.71%.
Upregulation of adipocyte metabolism by agouti protein: possible paracrine actions in yellow mouse obesity (1996)

Mutations leading to ectopic expression of the murine agouti gene (a) result in progressive obesity. To further characterize this model, we analyzed adipose and hepatic mRNA levels for fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), two key enzymes in de novo fatty acid synthesis and desaturation, respectively. FAS and SCD mRNA in both tissues of obese (Avy) mice were dramatically increased relative to lean (ala) controls. Excessive expression of these genes in this model could be due to direct effects of the agouti gene product; to test this possibility we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes in vitro with recombinant agouti protein. Agouti treatment increased FAS and SCD mRNA levels by 1.5- and 4-fold, respectively. In addition, FAS activity and triglyceride content were 3-fold higher in agoutitreated 3T3-L1 cells relative to controls; these effects were attenuated by simultaneous treatment with a calcium channel blocker (nitrendipine). These data demonstrate that the agouti protein can directly increase lipogenesis in adipocytes and suggest that these effects are mediated through an intracellular calcium-dependent mechanism.
A plasmid cloning vehicle allowing regulated expression of eukaryotic DNA in bacteria. (1976)

We have constructed a plasmid cloning vehicle in which transcription of inserted heterologous DNA fragments can be regulated by a defined bacterial operator and promoter. The lambda plac 5 EcoRIDNA fragment containing the operator, promoter, and beta-galactosidase gene of the lactose operon was linked to the ColE1 derivative plasmid pSF2124, creating a plasmid designated pBGP100, pBGP100 contains one EcoRI site at the lac DNA/pSF2124 DNA junction and another at the lambda DAN/pSF2124 DNA junction. We deleted the latter EcoRI site to generate a plasmid (pBGP120) retaining a single EcoRI site at the lac DNA/nSF2124 DNA junction. To determine whether DNA introduced at the EcoRI site of pBGP120 was expressed under lactose control, we inserted the EcoRI fragment containing 28S ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis, creating the hybrid plasmid pBGP123. RNA-DNA hybridization of pulse-labeled RNA from cells containing pBGP123 showed that induction of the lac operon increases the percentage of labeled RNA complementary to Xenopus 28S DNA about 9-fold. This vehicle may be of use for production of eukaryotic gene products in bacteria.