gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased Extracellular Amyloid Deposition and Neurodegeneration in Human Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice Deficient in Receptor-Associated Protein (2002)

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is an abundant neuronal cell surface receptor that regulates amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) trafficking into the cell. Specifically, LRP binds secreted Abeta complexes and mediates its degradation. Previously, we have shown in vitro that the uptake of Abeta mediated by LRP is protective and that blocking this receptor significantly enhances neurotoxicity. To further characterize the effects of LRP and other lipoprotein receptors on Abeta deposition, an in vivo model of decreased LRP expression, receptor-associated protein (RAP)-deficient (RAP-/-) mice was crossed with human amyloid protein precursor transgenic (hAPP tg) mice, and plaque formation and neurodegeneration were analyzed. We found that, although the age of onset for plaque formation was the same in hAPP tg and hAPP tg/RAP-/- mice, the amount of amyloid deposited doubled in the hAPP tg/RAP-/- background. Moreover, these mice displayed increased neuronal damage and astrogliosis. Together, these results further support the contention that LRP and other lipoprotein receptors might be neuroprotective against Abeta toxicity and that this receptor might play an integral role in Abeta clearance.
Environmental robustness in automatic speech recognition (2002)

Initial efforts to make Sphinx, a continuous-speech speaker-independent recognition system, robust to changes in the environment are reported. To deal with differences in noise level and spectral tilt between close-talking and desk-top microphones, two novel methods based on additive corrections in the cepstral domain are proposed. In the first algorithm, the additive correction depends on the instantaneous SNR of the signal. In the second technique, expectation-maximization techniques are used to best match the cepstral vectors of the input utterances to the ensemble of codebook entries representing a standard acoustical ambience. Use of the algorithms dramatically improves recognition accuracy when the system is tested on a microphone other than the one on which it was trained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Absence of Colony Stimulation Factor-1 Receptor Results in Loss of Microglia, Disrupted Brain Development and Olfactory Deficits (2011)

The brain contains numerous mononuclear phagocytes called microglia. These cells express the transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor for the macrophage growth factor colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1R). Using a CSF-1R-GFP reporter mouse strain combined with lineage defining antibody staining we show in the postnatal mouse brain that CSF-1R is expressed only in microglia and not neurons, astrocytes or glial cells. To study CSF-1R function we used mice homozygous for a null mutation in the Csflr gene. In these mice microglia are >99% depleted at embryonic day 16 and day 1 post-partum brain. At three weeks of age this microglial depletion continues in most regions of the brain although some contain clusters of rounded microglia. Despite the loss of microglia, embryonic brain development appears normal but during the post-natal period the brain architecture becomes perturbed with enlarged ventricles and regionally compressed parenchyma, phenotypes most prominent in the olfactory bulb and cortex. In the cortex there is increased neuronal density, elevated numbers of astrocytes but reduced numbers of oligodendrocytes. Csf1r nulls rarely survive to adulthood and therefore to study the role of CSF-1R in olfaction we used the viable null mutants in the Csf1 (Csf1(op)) gene that encodes one of the two known CSF-1R ligands. Food-finding experiments indicate that olfactory capacity is significantly impaired in the absence of CSF-1. CSF-1R is therefore required for the development of microglia, for a fully functional olfactory system and the maintenance of normal brain structure.
Plasma Protein Binding of an Antisense Oligonucleotide Targeting Human ICAM-1 (ISIS 2302) (2006)

In vitro ultrafiltration was used to determine the plasma protein-binding characteristics of phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS ODNs). Although there are binding data on multiple PS ODNs presented here, the focus of this research is on the protein-binding characteristics of ISIS 2302, a PS ODN targeting human intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) mRNA, which is currently in clinical trials for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. ISIS 2302 was shown to be highly bound (> 97%) across species (mouse, rat, monkey, human), with the mouse having the least degree of binding. ISIS 2302 was highly bound to albumin and, to a lesser, extent alpha2-macroglobulin and had negligible binding to alpha1-acid glycoprotein. Ten shortened ODN metabolites (8, 10, and 12-19 nucleotides [nt] in length, truncated from the 3' end) were evaluated in human plasma. The degree of binding was reduced as the ODN metabolite length decreased. Three additional 20-nt (20-mer) PS ODNs (ISIS 3521, ISIS 2503, and ISIS 5132) of varying sequence but similar chemistry were evaluated. Although the tested PS ODNs were highly bound to plasma proteins, suggesting a commonality within the chemical class, these results suggested that the protein-binding characteristics in human plasma may be sequence dependent. Lastly, drug displacement studies with ISIS 2302 and other concomitant drugs with known protein-binding properties were conducted to provide information on potential drug interactions. Coadministered ISIS 2302 and other high-binding drugs evaluated in this study did not displace one another at supraclinical plasma concentrations and, thus, are not anticipated to cause any pharmacokinetic interaction in the clinic as a result of the displacement of binding to plasma proteins.
pH- and Solute-Dependent Adsorption of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes onto Hydrogels: Mechanistic Insights into the Metal/Semiconductor Separation (2013)

The gel separation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) suspended in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is expected to be one of the most successful methods of large-scale and high-purity separation. Understanding the mechanism of the gel separation helps improve the quality and quantity of separation and reveals the colloidal behaviors of SWCNTs, which reflects their band structures. In this study, we characterize the pH- and solute-dependent adsorption of SWCNTs onto agarose and Sephacryl hydrogels and provide a mechanistic model of the metal/semiconductor separation. The adsorbability of SWCNTs is substantially reduced under acidic pH conditions. Importantly, the pH dependence differs between metallic and semiconducting species; therefore, the adsorbability is related to the band-structure-dependent oxidation of the SWCNTs. Oxidation confers positive charges on SWCNTs, and these charges enhance the electrostatic interactions of the SWCNTs with SDS, thereby leading to the condensation of SDS on the SWCNTs. This increase in SDS density reduces the interactions between the SWCNTs and hydrogels. Under highly basic conditions, such as pH ∼12.5, or in the presence of salts, the adsorption is dissociative because of the condensation of SDS on the SWCNTs through electrostatic screening by counterions. Desorption of the SWCNTs from the hydrogels due to the addition of urea implies a hydrophobic interface between SDS-dispersed SWCNTs and the hydrogels. These results suggest that the metal/semiconductor separation can be explained by the alteration of the interaction between SDS-dispersed SWCNTs and the hydrogels through changes in the conformation of SDS on the SWCNTs depending on the SWCNTs' band structures.
Preparation of star block copolymers with polystyrene‐block‐poly(ethylene oxide) as side chains on hyperbranched polyglycerol core by combination of ATRP with atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling reaction (2008)

Abstract The star block copolymers with polystyrene‐ block ‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PS‐ b ‐PEO) as side chains and hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) as core were synthesized by combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with the “atom transfer nitroxide radical coupling” (“ATNRC”) reaction. The multiarm PS with bromide end groups originated from the HPG core (HPG‐ g ‐(PS‐Br) n ) was synthesized by ATRP first, and the heterofunctional PEO with α‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy group and ω‐hydroxyl group (TEMPO‐PEO) was prepared by anionic polymerization separately using 4‐hydroxyl‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐1‐oxy (HTEMPO) as parents compound. Then ATNRC reaction was conducted between the TEMPO groups in PEO and bromide groups in HPG‐ g ‐(PS‐Br) n in the presence of CuBr and pentamethyldiethylenetriamine (PMDETA). The obtained star block copolymers and intermediates were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, fourier transform‐infrared in detail. Those results showed that the efficiency of ATNRC in the preparation of multiarm star polymers was satisfactory (&gt;90%) even if the density of coupling cites on HPG was high. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6754–6761, 2008
Identification of Distinct Antigenic Determinants on Dengue-2 Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies (1982)

Monoclonal antibodies directed against antigenic determinants of the New Guinea C strain of dengue-2 virus were obtained from lymphocyte hybridomas produced by fusing immune mouse lymphocytes with mouse myeloma cells. Hybridoma cell culture supernatants were screened by using a radioimmunoassay employing detergent-solubilized dengue-2 infected cell antigens. Monoclonal antibodies in ascitic fluids induced by 22 selected hybridomas were characterized by the hemagglutination-inhibition, plaque reduction neutralization, immunofluorescence, and complement-fixation tests. Both type-specific and broadly cross-reactive antibodies were observed, and immunoglobulin subclasses IgG1 and IgG2a were represented in both groups. At least three distinct antigenic determinants on the virion were defined using these antibodies. A single hybridoma produced antibody which recognized a dengue-2 virus type-specific determinant and exhibited high titered neutralization but had a low titer by hemagglutination inhibition. Four preparations reacted with a type-specific determinant and exhibited hemagglutination inhibition but did not neutralize. Seventeen hybridomas produced antibodies which were broadly cross reactive in all tests. Only two preparations reacted by complement fixation with dengue-2 antigens; both were cross reactive. Immunofluorescence specificity or cross reactivity correlated with neutralization and/or hemagglutination-inhibition. The dengue-2 virus type-specific antibody useful for identification of dengue-2 infected cells by immunofluorescence has been deposited in the Hybridoma Cell Bank of the American Type Culture Collection.
Androgens in postmenopausal women: Their practically exclusive intracrine formation and inactivation in peripheral tissues (2015)

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Prescription omega-3 fatty acid products containing highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (2017)

The omega-3 fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) has multiple actions potentially conferring cardiovascular benefit, including lowering serum triglyceride (TG) and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) levels and potentially reducing key steps in atherogenesis. Dietary supplements are a common source of omega-3 fatty acids in the US, but virtually all contain docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in addition to EPA, and lipid effects differ between DHA and EPA. Contrary to popular belief, no over-the-counter omega-3 products are available in the US, only prescription products and dietary supplements. Among the US prescription omega-3 products, only one contains EPA exclusively (Vascepa); another closely related prescription omega-3 product also contains highly purified EPA, but is approved only in Japan and is provided in different capsule sizes. These high-purity EPA products do not raise low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, even in patients with TG levels >500 mg/dL, in contrast to the increase in LDL-C levels with prescription omega-3 products that also contain DHA. The Japanese prescription EPA product was shown to significantly reduce major coronary events in hypercholesterolemic patients when added to statin therapy in the Japan EPA Lipid Intervention Study (JELIS). The effects of Vascepa on cardiovascular outcomes are being investigated in statin-treated patients with high TG levels in the Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With EPA-Intervention Trial (REDUCE-IT).
Beyond the Third Dimension: Geometry, Computer Graphics and Higher Dimensions (1992)

From the Publisher:
Beyond The Third Dimension investigates ways of picturing and understanding dimensions below and above our own. Ranging from Egyptian pyramids to the nineteenth-century satire Flatland to the paintings of Salvador Dali.
Expression of cell cycle/growth regulator genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma and adjacent normal liver tissues (2003)

We investigated the gene expression of the cell cycle/growth regulators in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) through the usage of Atlas human cancer array membranes, semi-quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Northern blot. Hybridization of cDNA array membrane was performed with alpha-32P-labeled cDNA probes synthesized from RNA, isolated from HCC and adjacent non-cirrhotic normal liver. RT-PCR of 24 paired specimens and Northern blot of 4 paired specimens were used to confirm the expression patterns of the cell cycle/growth regulator genes identified by Atlas array hybridization. Among 79 genes related to cell cycle/growth regulators, transcription factor DP2 (TFDP-2) and E2F-3 were up-regulated, whereas dual-specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MAPKK1) and cell division protein kinase 3 (CDK3) were down-regulated in HCC. RT-PCR of TFDP-2 gave result consistent with Atlas human cancer cDNA array findings. Northern blot analysis of TFDP-2 and E2F-3 of 4 paired specimens all showed up-regulation in HCC compared to normal liver tissues. The results obtained from Atlas microarray provided for the first time a liver cancer-specific expression profile, which identified the gene expressions comprehensively and systematically. The findings may lead to better understanding of the mechanism of onset and progression of HCC. The rapid and high-throughout method of profiling gene expression by cDNA array provides an overview of the key factors that may be involved in HCC. Some genes are reported for the first time in HCC.
Distribution of fundus autofluorescence with a scanning laser ophthalmoscope. (1995)

This technique may be useful both in clinical practice and research. It may allow the detection of the abnormal phenotype in genetically determined disease at a time when other techniques may not. Longitudinal studies of age related macular disease would permit correlation between changes in the pigment epithelium and Bruch's membrane to be established.
Preparation of (Trimethylsilyl)methyl Halides and Trifluoromethanesulfonate by Methylene Insertion Using Diazomethane (1988)

(Trimethylsilyl)methyl halides (1,3) and trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) (2) were prepared by inserting a methylene group into the siliconheteroatom bond of trimethylsilyl halides and triflate using diazomethane.
Effectiveness and Safety of Bronchial Thermoplasty in the Treatment of Severe Asthma: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Clinical Trial (2009)

BT in subjects with severe asthma improves asthma-specific quality of life with a reduction in severe exacerbations and healthcare use in the posttreatment period. Clinical trial registered with www.clinialtrials.gov (NCT00231114).
Quantitative evaluation of the development of the exocrine pancreas in cystic fibrosis and control infants. (1979)

The development of the exocrine pancreas has been determined quantitatively in 31 infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) both with and without meconium ileus and in 29 control infants. In the normal pancreas, the ratio of acinar to connective tissue volume is 0.5 at 32 weeks postconceptional age (PCA) and increases linearly to 2.0 at 52 weeks PGA. In cystic fibrosis infants, with or without meconium ileus, the ration is 0.5 at 35 weeks PCA anddecreases linearly to 0.3 at 52 weeks PCA. The volume of acinar and duct lumens is greater in CF than control infants but is independent of age or acinar volume. The development of the exocrine pancreas in infants with CF with and without meconium ileus diverges from the normal pattern: There is consistent lack of exocrine tissue before or a full-term birth, which persists throghout the age range of this study. CF infants above 42 weeks PCA can be discriminated from controls on the basis of the quantitative assessment of acinar volume.
Highly Stabilized Nucleotide‐Capped Small Gold Nanoparticles with Tunable Size (2007)

Improved stability of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in water is achieved by capping the particles. Such stability improvements are significant because of the potential applications of AuNPs in various biologically relevant areas. The highly stabilized water-soluble AuNPs described in this study have precisely tunable sizes ranging from 2 to 5 nm (see figure; inset: fast Fourier transform) and a narrow monodispersity, and are prepared by using nucleotides as capping ligands. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c2449_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Sudden complete obstruction of breathing circuit during postural change upon completion of thoracic spinal surgery in a pediatric patient. (2003)

Positioning patients during the perioperative period is a common event to anesthesiologists. A variety of complications may arise during this cumbrous moment. We describe a rare circumstance that we came across immediately after changing the posture of a pediatric patient at the end of thoracic spinal surgery. A total occlusion of the combined heat-moisture exchanger (HME) and bacterial/viral filter was responsible for breathing circuit obstruction. The use of the combined HME and bacterial/viral filter is not entirely riskless during general anesthesia.
Pyocyanin Promotes Extracellular DNA Release in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2012)

Bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation are both dependent on the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and extracellular DNA (eDNA). eDNA promotes biofilm establishment in a wide range of bacterial species. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa eDNA is major component of biofilms and is essential for biofilm formation and stability. In this study we report that production of pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa PAO1 and PA14 batch cultures is responsible for promotion of eDNA release. A phzSH mutant of P. aeruginosa PAO1 that overproduces pyocyanin displayed enhanced hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) generation, cell lysis, and eDNA release in comparison to its wildtype strain. A ΔphzA-G mutant of P. aeruginosa PA14 deficient in pyocyanin production generated negligible amounts of H(2)O(2) and released less eDNA in comparison to its wildtype counterpart. Exogenous addition of pyocyanin or incubation with H(2)O(2) was also shown to promote eDNA release in low pyocyanin producing (PAO1) and pyocynain deficient (PA14) strains. Based on these data and recent findings in the biofilm literature, we propose that the impact of pyocyanin on biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa occurs via eDNA release through H(2)O(2) mediated cell lysis.
Contrasting the Hassles Scale and the Perceived Stress Scale: Who's really measuring appraised stress? (1986)

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Baculovirus recombinants expressing the human carcinoembryonic antigen gene. (1993)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), one of the most extensively studied human tumor-associated antigens, represents a potential target for passive as well as active immunotherapy. We describe here the first baculovirus recombinants expressing the human CEA gene. Eight baculovirus clones were isolated which expressed products of varying molecular weights; one clone, termed BVCEA-140, was shown to contain multiple CEA epitopes by reactivity to a panel of anti-CEA monoclonal antibodies. When purified protein isolated from this clone was deglycosylated, immunoreactive species ranging from M(r) 50,000 to M(r) 110,000 were found. Results of Southern blot analysis carried out on BVCEA-140 DNA were consistent with the hypothesis that these products result from the stable expression of variants which have recombined within the repeated domains of CEA. Other baculovirus recombinants expressing products comprising different portions of the CEA gene were also derived. One, termed BVCEA-35, was shown to be a recombination between the first 87 bases of domains I and III of the CEA gene. A variant, termed BVCEA-16, contained only the NH2-terminal domain of the CEA gene. Moreover, a recombinant expressing the closely related molecule nonspecific cross-reactive antigen was also derived. As shown here, commercially available preparations of CEA, which are derived from tumor biopsies or cell line supernatants, may contain nonspecific cross-reacting antigens and other contaminants. Thus, the recombinant CEA molecules described should have numerous uses including validation of the use of monoclonal antibodies as standards in CEA serum assays, the characterization of immune responses to CEA, the use as immunogen, and the study of structure function relationships.
Hydrogen Electrode Reaction in Some Imide-Type Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids (2007)

The hydrogen (H2) electrode reactions were investigated in three kinds of imide-type ionic liquids having 1-n-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium (BMP+), trimethy-n-hexylammonium (TMHA+) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+) as cations. The diffusion coefficient and solubility of H2 were determined by chronoamperometric technique using both macro- and ultramicro-disk electrodes. The diffusion coefficient of HTFSI was also examined by dissolving bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide acid (HTFSI) in the ionic liquids. The solubility of H2 was nearly constant in each system within the temperature range from 25 to 70 {degree sign}C. The difference in the solubility of H2 may be explained by the difference in the free volume estimated from the density and the molar volume of ions. The order of the diffusion coefficients of H2 and HTFSI in each system indicates that the viscosity is a dominant factor on the diffusion process of HTFSI, while the diffusion of H2 is not affected by the viscosity.