gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
O1–05–03: PET measurements of posterior cingulate glucose metabolism are superior to MRI measurements of hippocampal volume in distinguishing cognitively normal persons at differential genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (2007)

In a study of 33 cognitively normal, late middle-aged persons with either two or no copies of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) e4 allele, the e4 homozygotes (HM) had significantly lower positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of posterior cingulate (PC) glucose metabolism, but did not have significantly smaller magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of hippocampal (HC) volume (Reiman et al, 1998). Indeed, PC glucose metabolism continued to distinguish the two subject groups even after controlling for HC volume differences. To characterize and compare PET measurements of PC glucose metabolism and MRI measurements of HC volume in a larger group of late-middle-aged cognitively normal persons at three levels of genetic risk for AD. We blindly analyzed FDG PET and volumetric T1-weighted MRIs from 150 cognitively normal 56±4.6 year old volunteers, including 31 e4 HM, 43 e4 heterozygotes (HT), and 76 e4 non-carriers (NC) who were matched for their gender, age and educational level. PC glucose metabolism was characterized using SPM and a PC region-of-interest predefined using the AAL toolbox (http://www.cyceron.fr/freeware/). Left/right HC volumes were characterized using a semi-automated algorithm (Hsu et al, 2002) and normalized for intracranial volume. The three genetic groups were distinguished by PC glucose metabolism (ANOVA, P=0.001, HM<NC, P=0.0003; HT<NC, P=0.075; HM<HT, P=0.077), but not by left, right, or total HC volume (ANOVA, P=0.21, 0.89, and 0.61, respectively). Furthermore, the PC glucose metabolism contributed significantly to distinguish the three groups after adjusting for each person's left or right HC volumes using stepwise logistical regression (all P<0.002) but not left or right HC volumes. Finally, APOE e4 gene dose was correlated with lower PC glucose metabolism (P=0.0003) but not with left, right, or total HC volumes (P=0.16, 0.90, and 0.51, respectively); and this correlation remained significant after adjusting for each person's left or right HC volumes (p<0.002). In contrast to MRI measurements of HC volume, PET measurements of PC glucose metabolism distinguish persons at differential genetic risk for prior to the onset of any cognitive decline.
Efficacy of the NMDA-receptor antagonist memantine in patients with chronic phantom limb pain – results of a randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial (2003)

Phantom limb pain (PLP) associated neuroplastic changes are partly mediated by excitatory amino acids at NMDA receptor sites. This study was undertaken to deduce if NMDA-receptor antagonists may be effective in patients with chronic PLP. Therefore a four week double-blinded, randomized placebo-controlled trial was performed to evaluate the efficacy of 30 mg memantine/day, an orally administrable NMDA receptor antagonist.Thirty-six patients, 18 per group, with a history of at least 12 months PLP and an average pain of at least 4 on the 11-point numeric rating scale (NRS) were enrolled. The patients completed a standardized questionnaire before the trial. PLP intensity and the level of eight complaints were assessed during the trial. Number needed to treat (NNT) was calculated based on the average PLP during the 3rd week (steady state). In both groups, PLP declined significantly in comparison with the baseline (verum: 5.1 (+/-2.1) to 3,8 (+/-2,3), placebo from 5.1 (+/-2.0) to 3.2 (+/-1,46) NRS) without a re-rising of the PLP during the washout period. Mean pain relief was 47% in the memantine group (10 patients reported more than 50% relief), 40% in the placebo group (6>50%): NNT were 4.5 (KI: 2.1-10.6). Analysis of covariance demonstrated a significant impact only on the prior PLP intensity, but no treatment effect. Two patients have demonstrated long-term pain relief under memantine until now (16 months). The total number of slight adverse events were comparable in both groups, but the overall number of severe events was higher in the memantine group (P<0.05). This trial failed to demonstrate a significant clinical benefit of the NMDA-receptor antagonist memantine in chronic PLP. The administration of a higher dosage is probably not tolerable.
barelyMusician: An Adaptive Music Engine for Video Games (2015)

Aural feedback plays a crucial part in the field of interactive entertainment when delivering the desired experience to the audience, particularly in video games. It is, however, not yet fully explored in the industry, specifically in terms of interactivity of musical elements. In this paper, we present barelyMusician, an extensible adaptive music engine that offers a new set of features for interactive music generation and performance for highly interactive applications. barelyMusician is a comprehensive music composition tool, capable of generating and manipulating audio samples and musical parameters in real-time in order to create smooth transitions between musical patterns that portray varying emotional states and moods that may be evident during gameplay. The paper presents the underlying approach, features and user interface, as well as a preliminary evaluation through demonstrators.
Anticonvulsant activities of 4-(4?-fluorophenoxy) benzaldehyde semicarbazone (1999)

A series of aryloxyaryl semicarbazones had been shown previously to possess significant anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock screen in both rats and mice as well as in the subcutaneous pentylenetetrazol test in mice. One member of this series, namely 4-(4′-fluorophenoxy)benzaldehyde semicarbazone (Compound IV), was selected for detailed studies with a view to determining whether it should proceed to full-scale preclinical evaluation; these results are reported herein. After intraperitoneal injection, Compound IV afforded protection in the Frings audiogenic mouse test. In addition, it had activity in the rat corneal kindling screen after oral administration and in the rat hippocampal kindling screen after intraperitoneal administration, but it was virtually inactive in the amygdala kindling test in rats. When administered by the intravenous route to genetically susceptible epileptic chickens, Compound IV and eight analogs prevented convulsions induced by alternating strobe lights. Compound IV did not display proconvulsant properties when examined in the timed intravenous test in mice nor did this compound cause significant effects on liver weights, microsomal protein yields, and various hepatic enzymes after oral administration to rats. Intraperitoneal injection of Compound IV afforded little or no protection to mice who had received subcutaneously convulsive doses of bicuculline, picrotoxin, or strychnine. This compound did not elevate γ-aminobutyric acid levels or inhibit γ-aminobutyric acid uptake. Ion-imaging and electrophysiological experiments suggested that the mode of action of this compound could be on calcium and sodium channels. In most of these experiments, Compound IV was superior to the widely used antiepileptic drug phenytoin. Drug Dev. Res. 46:112–125, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Sodium Butyrate Protects Against Cisplatin‐Induced Hearing Loss in Guinea Pigs (2006)

The histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate gives almost complete protection in a single-dose model of cisplatin ototoxicity in guinea pigs. Because histone deacetylase inhibitors are anticancer agents with very few side effects, they may be candidates for clinical use during cisplatin chemotherapy.
PHARMACOLOGICAL PRECONDITIONING WITH LOW-DOSE CYCLOSPORINE OR FK506 REDUCES SUBSEQUENT ISCHEMIA/REPERFUSION INJURY IN RAT KIDNEY1,2 (2001)

Pretreatment with low-dose CsA or FK506 prevents subsequent I/R injury, and this effect may be related to the induction of hsp70. Pretreatment of renal donors with low-dose CsA or FK506 may result in an improvement in immediate posttransplant function.
Nanoengineering Approaches to The Design of Artificial Antigen-Presenting Cells (2013)

Artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs) have shown great initial promise for ex vivo activation of cytotoxic T cells. The development of aAPCs has focused mainly on the choice of proteins to use for surface presentation to T cells when conjugated to various spherical, microscale particles. We review here biomimetic nanoengineering approaches that have been applied to the development of aAPCs that move beyond initial concepts about aAPC development. This article also discusses key technologies that may be enabling for the development of nano- and micro-scale aAPCs with nanoscale features, and suggests several future directions for the field.
Inhibition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse epidermis by vitamin A analogs (retinoids). (1978)

Abstract Application of the potent tumor-promoting agent 12- O -tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) to mouse skin leads to a rapid and transient induction of epidermal ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17) activity. Several lines of evidence, including the finding that β-retinoic acid inhibits both phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity and the formation of skin papillomas, suggest that this phenotypic change is an essential component of the mechanism of skin tumor promotion. We have evaluated the capacity of 23 retinoids to inhibit phorbol esterinduced mouse epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. The retinoid to be tested was applied to mouse skin 1 hr prior to the topical application of 17 nmoles of TPA, and epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity was routinely measured 4.5 hr following TPA treatment, the time point of maximum enzyme induction. β-Retinoic acid, α-retinoic acid, 13- cis -retinoic acid, 13- cis -retinal, and 5,6-dihydroretinoic acid, as well as the dimethylmethoxyethylcyclopentenyl and dimethylacetylcyclopentenyl analogs of retinoic acid, were among the potent inhibitors; less than 1 nmole was required to give 50% inhibition. The ability of β-retinoic acid to inhibit phorbol ester-induced ornithine decarboxylase activity was decreased when its cyclohexenyl ring was replaced with a substituted phenyl ring; about 14 nmoles of the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog of either retinoic acid or ethyl retinoate were required to achieve 50% inhibition. The trimethylhydroxyphenyl analog of ethyl retinoate, the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog of N -ethylretinamide, and the phenyl analog of retinoic acid had minimal activity. Among the fluoro derivatives of the trimethylmethoxyphenyl analogs of retinoic acid esters tested, the 8-fluoro-trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog of methyl retinoate and the 12-fluoro-trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog of ethyl retinoate were good inhibitors; application of 0.21 and 5 nmoles, respectively, resulted in 50% inhibition of TPA-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity. In contrast, the 13-trifluoromethyl-trimethylmethoxyphenyl analog of ethyl retinoate was devoid of inhibitory potency. A similar inhibition of enzyme activity by retinoids was observed when these were administered systemically. Furthermore, β-retinoic acid and its other active analogs dramatically inhibited phorbol ester-caused accumulation of epidermal putrescine without significantly altering the levels of spermidine, spermine, and phorbol ester-induced S -adenosyl-l-methionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) activity. Since phorbol ester-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity is proposed as essential for tumor promotion, inhibition of this enzyme activity by retinoids may be a simple and rapid in vivo test for assessing the potential prophylactic activity of new synthetic retinoids.
Subliminal Reorientation and Repositioning in Immersive Virtual Environments using Saccadic Suppression (2015)

Virtual reality strives to provide a user with an experience of a simulated world that feels as natural as the real world. Yet, to induce this feeling, sometimes it becomes necessary for technical reasons to deviate from a one-to-one correspondence between the real and the virtual world, and to reorient or reposition the user's viewpoint. Ideally, users should not notice the change of the viewpoint to avoid breaks in perceptual continuity. Saccades, the fast eye movements that we make in order to switch gaze from one object to another, produce a visual discontinuity on the retina, but this is not perceived because the visual system suppresses perception during saccades. As a consequence, our perception fails to detect rotations of the visual scene during saccades. We investigated whether saccadic suppression of image displacement (SSID) can be used in an immersive virtual environment (VE) to unconsciously rotate and translate the observer's viewpoint. To do this, the scene changes have to be precisely time-locked to the saccade onset. We used electrooculography (EOG) for eye movement tracking and assessed the performance of two modified eye movement classification algorithms for the challenging task of online saccade detection that is fast enough for SSID. We investigated the sensitivity of participants to translations (forward/backward) and rotations (in the transverse plane) during trans-saccadic scene changes. We found that participants were unable to detect approximately ±0.5m translations along the line of gaze and ±5° rotations in the transverse plane during saccades with an amplitude of 15°. If the user stands still, our approach exploiting SSID thus provides the means to unconsciously change the user's virtual position and/or orientation. For future research and applications, exploiting SSID has the potential to improve existing redirected walking and change blindness techniques for unlimited navigation through arbitrarily-sized VEs by real walking.
Cyclic Hematopoiesis: animal models. (1983)

The four existing animal models of cyclic hematopoiesis are briefly described. The unusual erythropoietin (Ep) responses of the W/Wv mouse, the Sl/Sld mouse, and cyclic hematopoietic dog are reviewed. The facts reviewed indicate that the bone marrow itself is capable of influencing regulatory events of hematopoiesis.
Pyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines. 1. Cyclizations with .alpha.-keto esters (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyrimido[4,5-c]pyridazines. 1. Cyclizations with .alpha.-keto estersRobert W. Morrison Jr., W. Revill Mallory, and Virgil L. StylesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 25, 4844–4849Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00419a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00419a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Cutting Edge: Restoration of the Ability to Generate CTL in Mice Immune to Adenovirus by Delivery of Virus in a Collagen-Based Matrix (2001)

Viruses are commonly used for the delivery of genes coding for tumor-associated Ags to elicit tumor-specific immune responses. The success of viral vectors has been limited in preclinical and clinical trials in part because of antiviral immunity. We investigated the ability of a collagen-based matrix (Gelfoam; Pharmacia and Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI) to improve CTL activation by recombinant adenovirus. The data show that coinjection of Gelfoam with type 5 adenovirus recombinant for prostate-specific Ag (Ad5-PSA) enhanced CTL activation. Ad5-PSA priming in Gelfoam also abrogated the inhibitory effects of adenoviral immunity on CTL activation in mice naive to PSA but immune to adenovirus. Finally, Gelfoam enhanced immunization in a self-Ag model using type 5 adenovirus recombinant for membrane-bound OVA (Ad5-mOVA) in rat insulin promoter (RIP)-mOVA-transgenic mice. Thus, Gelfoam enhances CTL activation by recombinant viral vectors in a setting where preformed Ab to the virus is present and also in a tolerant self-Ag model.
Follicular Lymphoma in the United States: First Report of the National LymphoCare Study (2009)

Widely disparate therapeutic approaches are utilized for FL. Initial therapy is deferred in a small subset of patients. There is no single standard of care for the treatment of de novo FL, although antibody use is ubiquitous when therapy is initiated. These disparate approaches to the initial care of patients with FL render a heterogeneous group of patients at relapse.
Calibration-free robotic eye-hand coordination based on an auto disturbance-rejection controller (2004)

This paper addresses the calibration-free robotic eye-hand coordination in a way other than the conventional image Jacobian matrix approach that has been studied extensively in literature. A nonlinear mapping rather than the linear mapping used in the image Jacobian matrix between the image space and the robotic control space is proposed. This mapping is regarded as the system's unmodeled dynamics expressed in system state equations. An extended state observer is designed first to estimate the unmodeled dynamics as well as the external disturbance of the system. With the estimation results as the compensation, a system controller is designed based on the nonlinear state-error feedback control strategy. Convergence of the extended state observer as well as the overall controller for a typical eye-hand coordination system is proved. Compared with the conventional calibration-free robotic eye-hand coordination with a Jacobian matrix, the proposed controller is independent of specific tasks and system configurations. Thus, a general design procedure is proposed for the calibration-free robotic eye-hand coordination. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate the satisfactory performance and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Applying biogeographic principles to resource management: a case study evaluating Holdridge's Life Zone model (1978)

Conservation schemes require some portioning of the world into a discrete number of subunits which might benefit from similar management practices. The Holdridge Life Zone scheme, proposed for such purposes previously, is applied to Utah as an initial test of its usefulness. A hypothetical life zone map was developed entirely on the basis of weather station data and data derived from these values. This predictive map compared favorably to data on patterns of vegetation, mammal, reptile, and amphibian distribution in Utah.
Synthesis of Anisotropic Nanoparticles by Seeded Emulsion Polymerization (2006)

Anisotropic polystyrene nanoparticles of diameters below 0.5 microm were prepared by coating the surface of cross-linked polystyrene latex particles with a thin hydrophilic polymer layer prior to swelling the particles with styrene and then initiating second-stage free-radical polymerization. Conditions were found so that all particles had uniform asymmetry. The effect of surface chemistry on the development of particle anisotropy during seeded emulsion polymerization of sub-0.5 microm diameter particles was studied. The extent and uniformity of the anisotropy of the final particles depended strongly on the presence of the hydrophilic surface coating. Systematic variation of the degree of hydrophilicity of the surface coating provided qualitative insight into the mechanism responsible for anisotropy. Conditions were chosen so that the surface free energy favored the extrusion of a hydrophobic bulge of monomer on the hydrophilic surface of the particle during the swelling phase: the presence of a hydrophilic layer on the particle surface causes this asymmetry to be favored above uniform wetting of the particle surface by the monomer. Kinetic effects, arising from the finite time required for the seed to swell with the monomer, also play a role.
Structure of Colloidal Gels during Microchannel Flow (2008)

We investigate the structure and flow behavior of colloidal gels in microchannels using confocal microscopy. Silica particles are first coated with a cationic polyelectrolyte and then flocculated by the addition of an anionic polyelectrolyte. In the quiescent state, the suspension is an isotropic and homogeneous gel. Under shear flow, the suspension contains dense clusters that yield at intercluster boundaries, resulting in network breakup at high shear rates. These structural changes coincide with a transition from pluglike flow at low pressures to fluidlike flow at high pressures.
Discovery of a Series of Efficient, Centrally Efficacious BACE1 Inhibitors through Structure-Based Drug Design (2015)

The identification of centrally efficacious β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has historically been thwarted by an inability to maintain alignment of potency, brain availability, and desired absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. In this paper, we describe a series of truncated, fused thioamidines that are efficiently selective in garnering BACE1 activity without simultaneously inhibiting the closely related cathepsin D or negatively impacting brain penetration and ADME alignment, as exemplified by 36. Upon oral administration, these inhibitors exhibit robust brain availability and are efficacious in lowering central Amyloid β (Aβ) levels in mouse and dog. In addition, chronic treatment in aged PS1/APP mice effects a decrease in the number and size of Aβ-derived plaques. Most importantly, evaluation of 36 in a 2-week exploratory toxicology study revealed no accumulation of autofluorescent material in retinal pigment epithelium or histology findings in the eye, issues observed with earlier BACE1 inhibitors.