gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The design and implementation of network puzzles (2005)

Client puzzles have been proposed in a number of protocols as a mechanism for mitigating the effects of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. In order to provide protection against simultaneous attacks across a wide range of applications and protocols, however, such puzzles must be placed at a layer common to all of them; the network layer. Placing puzzles at the IP layer fundamentally changes the service paradigm of the Internet, allowing any device within the network to push load back onto those it is servicing. An advantage of network layer puzzles over previous puzzle mechanisms is that they can be applied to all traffic from malicious clients, making it possible to defend against arbitrary attacks as well as making previously voluntary mechanisms mandatory. In this paper, we outline goals which must be met for puzzles to be deployed effectively at the network layer. We then describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of a system that meets these goals by supporting efficient, fine-grained control of puzzles at the network layer. In particular, we describe modifications to existing puzzle protocols that allow them to work at the network layer, a hint-based hash-reversal puzzle that allows for the generation and verification of fine-grained puzzles at line speed in the fast path of high-speed routers, and an iptables implementation that supports transparent deployment at arbitrary locations in the network.
Selective Bispecific T Cell Recruiting Antibody and Antitumor Activity of Adoptive T Cell Transfer (2014)

BiAb recruitment of tumor-specific T cells transduced with a marker antigen to tumor cells may enhance efficacy of ACT.
Potential viral pathogenic mechanism for new variant inflammatory bowel disease (2002)

The data confirm an association between the presence of measles virus and gut pathology in children with developmental disorder.
Characterization of tumor-associated neural cell adhesion molecule in human serum. (1994)

In human serum, at least two molecular species of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) with molecular weights of 110,000-130,000 and 150,000-180,000, respectively, can be identified by Western blotting. Both are characterized by the absence of epitopes for monoclonal antibodies KD11 and MG5, which specifically recognize intracellular domains of the human NCAM transmembrane isoforms, NCAM-140 and NCAM-180. In contrast to the M(r) 110,000-130,000 molecule also detectable in serum samples from healthy blood donors, the M(r) 150,000-180,000 molecule appears to be tumor associated. The only difference between these two species is shown to be the presence of long chains of alpha-(2,8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acids, which are characteristic for the so-called embryonic NCAM form. After treatment with endoneuraminidase N, the M(r) 150,000-180,000 molecule can no longer be discriminated from the M(r) 110,000-130,000 molecule in Western blotting as well as gel and anion exchange chromatography experiments. The experimental data clearly show that only the embryonic NCAM molecule carrying the poly-alpha-(2,8)-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid moiety can be regarded as a specific serum marker for small cell lung cancer.
Surface-stimulation technology for grasping and walking neuroprostheses (2001)

Deals with improving the quality of life in stroke/spinal cord injury subjects with rapid prototyping and portable FES systems. Portable grasping and walking neuroprostheses, developed by the Automatic Control Laboratory at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich (ETHZ) and the Paraplegic Center at the University Hospital Balgrist (ParaCare) are discussed. Both neuroprostheses employ surface stimulation technology and are currently used by a number of subjects in daily living activities.
Closed-form inverse kinematics for intra-operative mobile C-arm positioning with six degrees of freedom (2011)

For trauma and orthopedic surgery, maneuvering a mobile C-arm X-ray device into a desired position in order to acquire the right picture is a routine task. The precision and ease of use of the C-arm positioning becomes even more important for more advanced imaging techniques as parallax-free X-ray image stitching, for example. Standard mobile C-arms have only five degrees of freedom (DOF), which definitely restricts their motions that have six DOF in 3D Cartesian space. We have proposed a method to model the kinematics of the mobile Carm and operating table as an integrated 6DOF C-arm X-ray imaging system.1 This enables mobile C-arms to be positioned relative to the patient's table with six DOF in 3D Cartesian space. Moving mobile C-arms to a desired position and orientation requires finding the necessary joint values, which is an inverse kinematics problem. In this paper, we present closed-form solutions, i.e. analytic expressions, obtained in an algebraic way for the inverse kinematics problem of the 6DOF C-arm model. In addition, we implement a 6DOF C-arm system for interactively radiation-free C-arm positioning based on a continuous guidance from C-arm pose estimation. For this we employ a visual marker pattern attached under the operating table and a mobile C-arm system augmented by a video camera and mirror construction. In our experiment, repositioning C-arm to a pre-defined pose in a phantom study demonstrates the practicality and accuracy of our developed 6DOF C-arm system.
The Effectiveness of Silane Adhesion Promoters in the Performance of Polyurethane Adhesives (1998)

Abstract A model polyurethane (PUr) adhesive has been modified by the addition of various silane adhesion promoters and used to bond PVC, ABS, a polyblend and glass. Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) data showed that epoxy silane substantially increased the surface reactivity of the adhesive while maintaining its amphoteric character. An aminosilane shifted the PUr surface to basicity, while vinyl, mercapto and chlorosilanes promoted surface acidity. Lap-shear data identified the amphoteric epoxy silane as the most successful adhesion promoter in all polymer and glass assemblies, increasing their initial bond strengths and also their residual bond strengths following accelerated aging. Elsewhere, the success of silane additives reflected the strength of interfacial acid/base interactions, the aminosilane being favored for bonding PVC, the others being preferred for the basic ABS and polyblend substrates. Correlations were developed between residual bond strength and initial bond properties of the assemblies and also between these system characteristics and an acid/base interaction parameter. The correlations may be useful as guidelines to the formulation of superior adhesives for bonding with substrates of known acid/base interaction potential.
Finding a Needle in a Haystack: Detection and Quantification of Rare Mutant Alleles Are Coming of Age (2000)

Detecting rare mutant alleles in the background of wild-type DNA sequences and quantifying a specific DNA sequence in a clinical sample are two of the most challenging problems in DNA diagnostics. Successful approaches can expect important applications. For example, prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders can be accomplished by invasive procedures such as amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, or fetal blood sampling, or by labor-intensive methods such as fetal cell enrichment from maternal circulation (1). If one can detect the mutant allele in the small number of fetal cells found in the maternal circulation, prenatal diagnosis of many devastating genetic disorders can be done with a simple blood test that poses minimal risk to the mother or the fetus. Other applications of the ability to find “a needle in the haystack” include cancer marker detection for early diagnosis or detection of relapse (2), and detection of specific alleles in pooled population samples (3). Similarly, the ability to quantify the amount of a specific DNA species present in clinical samples can help define the viral load in HIV-positive patients (4), determine minimal residual disease in patients with leukemia (5)(6), and monitor specific gene expression (7).

In this issue of the journal, a …
Dramatic size reduction of waveguide bends on a micron-scale silicon photonic platform (2013)

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally how highly multimodal high index contrast waveguides with micron-scale cores can be bent, on an ultra-broad band of operation, with bending radii below 10 µm and losses for the fundamental mode below 0.02 dB/90°. The bends have been designed based on the Euler spiral and fabricated on 4 µm thick SOI. The proposed approach enabled also the realization of 180° bends with 1.27 µm effective radii and 0.09 dB loss, which are the smallest low-loss bends ever reported for an optical waveguide. These results pave the way for unprecedented integration density in most semiconductor platforms.
A Novel Alphavirus Vaccine Encoding Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Elicits Potent Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses (2007)

PSMA-VRP elicited potent cellular and humoral immunity in mice, and specific anti-PSMA responses were boosted on repeat dosing. PSMA-VRP represents a promising approach for immunotherapy of prostate cancer.
Silicon/graphene based nanocomposite anode: large-scale production and stable high capacity for lithium ion batteries (2014)

Plasma-assisted milled Si/graphene nanocomposite anode delivers high capacity and good cycleability in half and full cells using a LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> cathode.
Improving "email speech acts" analysis via n-gram selection (2006)

In email conversational analysis, it is often useful to trace the the intents behind each message exchange. In this paper, we consider classification of email messages as to whether or not they contain certain intents or email-acts, such as "propose a meeting" or "commit to a task". We demonstrate that exploiting the contextual information in the messages can noticeably improve email-act classification. More specifically, we describe a combination of n-gram sequence features with careful message preprocessing that is highly effective for this task. Compared to a previous study (Cohen et al., 2004), this representation reduces the classification error rates by 26.4% on average. Finally, we introduce Ciranda: a new open source toolkit for email speech act prediction.
Systematic elongation of thienyl linkers and their effect on optical and electrochemical properties in carbazole–BODIPY donor–acceptor systems (2016)

Synthesis, spectral and electrochemical properties of a series of new panchromatic BODIPY donor–acceptor–donor derivatives, comprising carbazole conjugated with systematically elongated framework by thiophene – based linkers were investigated.
Carbamoyl Pyridone HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. 1. Molecular Design and Establishment of an Advanced Two-Metal Binding Pharmacophore (2012)

Our group has focused on expanding the scope of a two-metal binding pharmacophore concept to explore HIV-1 integrase inhibitors through medicinal chemistry efforts to design novel scaffolds which allow for improvement of pharmacokinetic (PK) and resistance profiles. A novel chelating scaffold was rationally designed to effectively coordinate two magnesium cofactors and to extend an aromatic group into an optimal hydrophobic pharmacophore space. The new chemotype, consisting of a carbamoyl pyridone core unit, shows high inhibitory potency in both enzymatic and antiviral assay formats with low nM IC₅₀ and encouraging potency shift effects in the presence of relevant serum proteins. The new inhibitor design displayed a remarkable PK profile suggestive of once daily dosing without the need for a PK booster as demonstrated by robust drug concentrations at 24 h after oral dosing in rats, dogs, and cynomolgus monkeys.
Statistical variation of NMOSFET hot-carrier lifetime and its impact on digital circuit reliability (2002)

The statistical variation of NMOSFET hot-carrier lifetime is studied. The variation in lifetime among spatially separate dies is more significant than the variation within each die. Due to the statistical nature of device hot-carrier lifetime, hot-carrier induced circuit delay degradation in critical paths is a statistical distribution rather than a deterministic parameter. A statistical hot-carrier simulator has been developed to predict the impact that statistical variation of device hot-carrier lifetime has on circuit reliability.
The Role of Insulin Resistance in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2006)

Insulin resistance is a major feature of NAFLD that, in some patients, can progress to steatohepatitis. Treatments aimed at reducing insulin resistance have had some success, but larger placebo-controlled studies are needed to fully establish the efficacy of these interventions and possibly others in reducing the deleterious effects of fat accumulation in the liver.
Optimized ECC Implementation for Secure Communication between Heterogeneous IoT Devices (2015)

The Internet of Things is integrating information systems, places, users and billions of constrained devices into one global network. This network requires secure and private means of communications. The building blocks of the Internet of Things are devices manufactured by various producers and are designed to fulfil different needs. There would be no common hardware platform that could be applied in every scenario. In such a heterogeneous environment, there is a strong need for the optimization of interoperable security. We present optimized elliptic curve Cryptography algorithms that address the security issues in the heterogeneous IoT networks. We have combined cryptographic algorithms for the NXP/Jennic 5148- and MSP430-based IoT devices and used them to created novel key negotiation protocol.
Tyrosine protein kinase activity in normal and leukaemic human blood cells (1989)

Tyrosine protein kinase (TPK) activity was measured in subcellular fractions of normal granulocytes, lymphocytes and monocytes, and acute and chronic myeloid and lymphoid leukaemic cells. Of several tested tyrosine-containing substrates, poly (glutamic acid: tyrosine = 4:1) (S1) proved to be the best synthetic substrate. High cytosolic TPK activity was found in every cell type. Different TPKs may exist in various cell fractions, as was indicated by the difference in Km values for S1 in cell fractions of normal granulocytes and lymphocytes. No significant difference was found in total TPK activity between normal and leukaemic cells, indicating that total TPK activity is not related to the leukaemic process itself. A highly significant difference was found in membrane fractions in normal granulocytes and M1-M2 AML cells versus normal monocytes and M4-M5 AML cells, suggesting an association between TPK activity and monocytic differentiation in these cell fractions.
Vaccines: Correlates of Vaccine‐Induced Immunity (2008)

The immune system is redundant, and B and T cells collaborate. However, almost all current vaccines work through induction of antibodies in serum or on mucosa that block infection or interfere with microbial invasion of the bloodstream. To protect, antibodies must be functional in the sense of neutralization or opsonophagocytosis. Correlates of protection after vaccination are sometimes absolute quantities but often are relative, such that most infections are prevented at a particular level of response but some will occur above that level because of a large challenge dose or deficient host factors. There may be >1 correlate of protection for a disease, which we term "cocorrelates." Either effector or central memory may correlate with protection. Cell-mediated immunity also may operate as a correlate or cocorrelate of protection against disease, rather than against infection. In situations where the true correlate of protection is unknown or difficult to measure, surrogate tests (usually antibody measurements) must suffice as predictors of protection by vaccines. Examples of each circumstance are given.
NANOGAP ELECTRICAL DETECTION OF SINGLE MOLECULES TRANSLOCATING THROUGH A NANOCHANNEL WITH TRANSVERSE NANOELECTRODES AND FUNNELS POPULATED WITH AN ARRAY OF NANOPILLARS (2011)

We are developing techniques for the fabrication of mixed-scale systems (nm to mm) used for the molecular-scale sensing of single-molecules (DNAs, RNAs, peptides and proteins). The system consists of microchannels and nanochannels (10-100 nm) with integrated electrodes of similar dimensions for transducing single molecules. The system is applicable for the rapid and efficient sequencing of biopolymers by measuring flight-times of monomer units clipped from a single polymer. Preliminary results from calculations and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulations have supported the viability of our system. Copyright © (2011) by the Chemical and Biological Microsystems Society.
The proteins of the surfactant system (1994)

The structural and functional integrity of pulmonary surfactant depends on several specific proteins. Two of these, SP-A and SP-D, are large and water-soluble, while SP-B and SP-C are small and very hydrophobic. SP-A is an 18-mer of 26 kDa polypeptide chains and contains N-linked oligosaccharides. Structurally, it can be characterized as a collagen/lectin hybrid. Together with SP-B, SP-A is required for conversion of secreted endogenous surfactant to tubular myelin in the alveolar lining. It also regulates surfactant secretion and reuptake of surfactant lipids by type II cells; these functions are probably receptor mediated. SP-D, a 12-mer of 39 kDa polypeptide chains, is a collagenous glycoprotein with structural similarities to C-type lectins. Both SP-A and SP-D stimulate alveolar macrophages. SP-B is a 79-residue polypeptide that contains three intrachain disulphide bridges. It exists mainly as a homodimer, which is strongly positively charged and may selectively remove anionic and unsaturated lipid species from the alveolar surface film, thereby increasing surface pressure. SP-C is a mainly alpha-helical, extraordinarily hydrophobic polypeptide containing 35 amino acid residues and covalently linked palmitoyl groups. Its alpha-helical portion is inserted into surfactant lipid bilayers. SP-C accelerates the adsorption of lipid bilayers to an interfacial monolayer. In babies with respiratory distress syndrome, the clinical response to treatment with surfactant containing SP-B and SP-C is much faster than in babies treated with protein-free synthetic surfactant. We speculate that, in the near future, surfactant preparations based on recombinant hydrophobic proteins will be available for clinical use.
Novel Route to Azobenzenes via Pd-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Aryl Hydrazides with Aryl Halides, Followed by Direct Oxidations (2003)

[reaction: see text] N-Boc aryl hydrazines undergo Pd-catalyzed coupling reactions with aryl halides to provide N-Boc diaryl hydrazines in excellent yields. The resulting N-Boc diaryl hydrazines were directly oxidized with NBS/pyridine in CH(2)Cl(2) at room temperature to the azobenzenes.
The look of the link - concepts for the user interface of extended hyperlinks (2001)

The design of hypertext systems has been subject to intense research. Apparently, one topic was mostly neglected: how to visualize and interact with link markers.
CALR exon 9 mutations are somatically acquired events in familial cases of essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis (2014)

Somatic mutations in the calreticulin (CALR) gene were recently discovered in patients with sporadic essential thrombocythemia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF) lacking JAK2 and MPL mutations. We studied CALR mutation status in familial cases of myeloproliferative neoplasm. In a cohort of 127 patients, CALR indels were identified in 6 of 55 (11%) subjects with ET and in 6 of 20 (30%) with PMF, whereas 52 cases of polycythemia vera had nonmutated CALR. All CALR mutations were somatic, found in granulocytes but not in T lymphocytes. Patients with CALR-mutated ET showed a higher platelet count (P = .017) and a lower cumulative incidence of thrombosis (P = .036) and of disease progression (P = .047) compared with those with JAK2 (V617F). In conclusion, a significant proportion of familial ET and PMF nonmutated for JAK2 carry a somatic mutation of CALR.
Theoretical Analysis of Factors Affecting the Formation and Stability of Multilayered Colloidal Dispersions (2005)

A mathematical analysis of the major factors influencing the formation and stability of colloidal dispersions containing spherical particles surrounded by multilayered polymeric interfacial membranes formed by the layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition technique is carried out. The mathematical model assumes that (i) the colloidal dispersion initially consists of a mixture of electrically charged monodisperse spherical particles and oppositely charged polymer molecules, (ii) the adsorption of polymer molecules to the particle surfaces is diffusion-limited, and (iii) the dominant particle-particle collision mechanism is Brownian motion. This approach was used to produce stability maps that highlight conditions under which bridging flocculation, multilayer formation, or depletion flocculation occurs. The stability maps are derived from calculations of the critical polymer concentrations required to (i) saturate the particle surfaces (C(Sat)), (ii) ensure that polymer adsorption is faster than particle collisions (C(Ads)), and (iii) promote depletion flocculation (C(Dep)). In addition, the influence of interfacial properties on the stability of multilayer colloidal dispersions was assessed by calculating the colloidal interactions between the coated particles (i.e., van der Waals, electrostatic, steric, and depletion). These calculations indicated that the major factors are the interfacial charge and composition rather than the interfacial thickness. This article provides useful insights into the factors affecting the formation of stable multilayer colloidal dispersions.
Hypoxia Promotes Efficient Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Functional Endothelium (2010)

Early development of mammalian embryos occurs in an environment of relative hypoxia. Nevertheless, human embryonic stem cells (hESC), which are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst, are routinely cultured under the same atmospheric conditions (21% O(2)) as somatic cells. We hypothesized that O(2) levels modulate gene expression and differentiation potential of hESC, and thus, we performed gene profiling of hESC maintained under normoxic or hypoxic (1% or 5% O(2)) conditions. Our analysis revealed that hypoxia downregulates expression of pluripotency markers in hESC but increases significantly the expression of genes associated with angio- and vasculogenesis including vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoitein-like proteins. Consequently, we were able to efficiently differentiate hESC to functional endothelial cells (EC) by varying O(2) levels; after 24 hours at 5% O(2), more than 50% of cells were CD34+. Transplantation of resulting endothelial-like cells improved both systolic function and fractional shortening in a rodent model of myocardial infarction. Moreover, analysis of the infarcted zone revealed that transplanted EC reduced the area of fibrous scar tissue by 50%. Thus, use of hypoxic conditions to specify the endothelial lineage suggests a novel strategy for cellular therapies aimed at repair of damaged vasculature in pathologies such as cerebral ischemia and myocardial infarction.
Permethrin Spot-On Intoxication of Cats (2009)

In the authors' view, because of the likelihood of inappropriate use and toxicity in the non-labelled species, over-the-counter products intended for use in either dogs or cats must have a high margin of safety in all species. Furthermore, PSOs should only be available at points of sale where veterinary advice can be provided and appropriate warnings given. As an interim measure, modified labelling with more explicit warnings may reduce morbidity and mortality.