gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification and properties of human erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. (1975)

Glutathione peroxidase has been purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The purification steps involved ammonium sulfate precipitation of hemolysate, CM-cellulose (CM-52), DEAE-cellulose (DE52), Sephadex G-200, and DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography. In the last step, i.e. DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, the enzyme was eluted in a major peak and tailing fraction. The major peak was found to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and disignated as glutathione peroxidase A (GSH-Px A). The tail fraction, however, separated into two protein bands on polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis. One of the bands corresponded to GSH-Px A while the other band was slower moving and was designated as GSH-Px B. GSH-Px A and GSH-Px B had specific activity of 103 and 4 enzyme units per mg of protein, respectively. Antibodies raised against the homogeneous GSH-Px A have been found to cross-react with GSH-Px B. Both, GSH-Px A and B are selenoproteins. GSH-Px A has been found to contain 3.5 g atoms of selenium per mol of protein. Selenium content of GSH-Px B, however, could not be determined accurately due to insufficient material. The molecular weight of GSH-Px A as determined by the sedimentation equilibrium method is 95,000 plus or minus 3,000. On urea-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis GSH-Px A and B dissociate into single subunits. The molecular weight of the subunits of GSH-Px A is 23,000 and that of GSH-Px B is 47,000. Thus, it appears that GSH-Px A is a tetramer. Our results suggest that GSH-Px B is probably an altered form of the major component, GSH-Px A, or its precursor. The properties of GSH-Px A have been studied. The isoelectric pH was found to be 4.9 and the optimum pH for enzyme activity was 8.5. The energy of activation was 8.2 kcal. The Km of the enzyme for GSH was 4.1 mM while the Km for t-butyl hydroperoxide was 52 mu-M. The effect of sulfhydryl reagents and the metal ions on the enzyme was also studied.
Protein‐kinase‐specific inhibitors block Langerhans’ cell migration by inhibiting interleukin‐1α release (1999)

Previous studies have shown that depletion of Langerhans' cells (LC) from murine epidermis by the superantigen, staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) involves interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha) and is inhibitable by agents that block G-protein-associated kinases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether specific kinase inhibitors block LC depletion by inhibiting IL-1alpha release and to ascertain whether LC depletion by SEA involves cell migration. These goals were addressed by measuring the IL-1alpha release within whole or LC-depleted epidermal cell suspensions in the presence of SEA and/or H-7 (an inhibitor of protein kinase C) or H-8 (an inhibitor of G-protein-associated kinases) and by examining the migration of cells with LC markers in SEA-treated skin sections. The results suggest that LC depletion by SEA involves migration and that this migration is blocked by protein kinase inhibitors, at least in part, through inhibition of SEA-induced IL-1alpha release by epidermal cells.
New microRNAs from mouse and human (2003)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a new class of noncoding RNAs encoded in the genomes of plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. MicroRNAs regulate translation and stability of target mRNAs based on (partial) sequence complementarity. Although the number of newly identified miRNAs is still increasing, target mRNAs of animal miRNAs remain to be identified. Here we describe 31 novel miRNAs that were identified by cloning from mouse tissues and the human Saos-2 cell line. Fifty-three percent of all known mouse and human miRNAs have homologs in Fugu rubripes (pufferfish) or Danio rerio (zebrafish), of which almost half also have a homolog in Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster. Because of the recurring identification of already known miRNAs and the unavoidable background of ribosomal RNA breakdown products, it is believed that not many more miRNAs may be identified by cloning. A comprehensive collection of miRNAs is important for assisting bioinformatics target mRNA identification and comprehensive genome annotation.
Status Epilepticus: A Review, With Emphasis on Refractory Cases (2012)

Status epilepticus is among the most dramatic of clinical presentations encountered by emergency room physicians, neurologists, neurosurgeons and intensivists. While progress in its management has been aided significantly with an increasing number of effective treatment options, improved diagnostic methods and more effective monitoring, poor outcomes and diagnostic failures are still frequently encountered. Refractory cases still carry significant morbidity and mortality rates, including poor cognitive outcomes. This review discusses basic pathophysiology and management of status epilepticus, neuroimaging findings, the role of continuous electroencephalogram monitoring and nonconvulsive status epilepticusas well as recent developments in treatment options for refractory cases.
Postsynthetic modification of metal–organic frameworks—a progress report (2010)

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are an important class of hybrid inorganic-organic materials. In this tutorial review, a progress report on the postsynthetic modification (PSM) of MOFs is provided. PSM refers to the chemical modification of the MOF lattice in a heterogeneous fashion. This powerful synthetic approach has grown in popularity and resulted in a number of advances in the functionalization and application of MOFs. The use of PSM to develop MOFs with improved gas sorption, catalytic activity, bioactivity, and more robust physical properties is discussed. The results reported to date clearly show that PSM is an important approach for the development and advancement of these hybrid solids.
1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane as a New, Efficient, and Versatile Tripod Ligand for Copper-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions of Aryl Iodides with Amides, Thiols, and Phenols (2006)

1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane was presented as a new, efficient, and versatile tridentate O-donor ligand suitable for the copper-catalyzed formation of C-N, C-S, and C-O bonds. This inexpensive and commercially available tripod ligand has been demonstrated to facilitate the copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of aryl iodides with amides, thiols, and phenols to afford the corresponding desired products in good to excellent yields. [reaction: see text].
Effect of a small molecule inhibitor of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway on self-renewal of glioblastoma stem cells (2008)

2003 Background: Recent data indicate that initiation and maintenance of several cancers including glioblastoma (GBM) may be driven by a small subset of cells called tumor stem cells. A key feature necessary to maintain stem cells is self-renewal. However, the mechanisms underlying GBM stem cell (GSC) self-renewal remain unknown. We identified STAT3 as a key transcription factor associated with poor outcome and treatment resistance in GBM. STAT3 is also an important regulator of self-renewal in several stem cell types. We thus tested the hypothesis that targeting STAT3 with a novel small molecule inhibitor would block GSC self-renewal. Methods: GSC neurosphere cultures from 12 human GBM tumors were expanded under serum free conditions. Self-renewal of GSCs was quantified by neurosphere formation efficiency. Synthesis and analysis of over 150 caffeic acid analogs was performed to identify the novel and potent STAT3 inhibitor WP1193. Results: Western blot analysis demonstrated that STAT3 was activated and phosphorylated (ser727 and tyr705) at high levels in 10 out of 12 GSC neurosphere cultures undergoing self-renewal. Treatment of GSCs with WP1193 at increasing concentrations from 0 to 10uM resulted in a dose dependent decrease in cell proliferation and neurosphere formation in all GSC lines tested, with an associated decrease in both total and phosphorylated STAT3. Treatment with WP1193 at 5uM for 48 hrs was sufficient to completely eliminate self-renewal and neurosphere formation at 14 days under limiting dilution conditions versus untreated controls (control neurosphere formation efficiency 12–40%). Quantitative RT-PCR and FACS analysis of CD133, a putative marker of GBM stem cells, showed a significant depletion of CD133 positive cells after WP1193 treatment (>5uM). Cell cycle analysis demonstrated that WP1193 treatment also significantly reduced the number of cells in S-Phase and significantly increased G1 arrest compared to matched controls of untreated or temozolomide treated GSCs. Conclusions: These data indicate that STAT3 is potentially important regulator of GSC self-renewal that is also associated treatment resistance in GBM. WP1193 is a potent inhibitor of GSC self-renewal and is a promising agent for therapeutically targeting GSCs. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Modulus-dependent macrophage adhesion and behavior (2008)

Macrophage attachment and activation to implanted materials is crucial in determining the extent of acute and chronic inflammation, and biomaterials degradation. In an effort to improve implant performance, considerable attention has centered on altering material surface chemistry to modulate macrophage behavior. In this work, the influence of the modulus of a material on the behavior of model macrophages (i.e., human promonocytic THP-1 cells) was investigated. We synthesized interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) coatings with varying moduli to test the hypothesis that lower moduli surfaces attenuate THP-1 cell attachment and activation. The surface chemistry and moduli of the IPN coatings were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. THP-1 cells preferentially attached to stiffer coatings of identical surface chemistry, confirming that fewer macrophages attach to lower moduli surfaces. The secretion of human TNF-alpha, IL-10, IL-8 and IL-1beta from THP-1 cells attached to the IPNs was measured to assess the concentration of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The global amount of TNF-alpha released did not vary for IPN surfaces of different moduli; however, the amount of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-8 released demonstrated a biphasic response, where lower (approx. 1.4 kPa) and very high (approx. 348 kPa) moduli IPN surfaces attenuated IL-8 secretion. The different trends for TNF-alpha and IL-8 secretion highlight the complexity of the wound healing response, suggesting that there may not be a unique surface chemistry and substratum modulus combination that minimizes the pro-inflammatory cytokines produced by activated macrophages.
Experimental proof-of-principle investigation of enhanced Z3DT in (001) oriented Si/Ge superlattices (2000)

An experimental proof-of-principle of an enhanced Z3DT (thermoelectric figure of merit) is demonstrated using (001) oriented Si/Ge superlattices. The highest value of the experimental Z3DT at 300 K for a (001) oriented Si(20 Å)/Ge(20 Å) superlattice is 0.1 using κ=5 Wm−1 K−1, for the in-plane thermal conductivity, which is a factor of seven enhancement relative to the estimated value of Z3DT=0.014 for bulk Si. The good agreement between experiment and theory validates our modeling approach (denoted as “carrier pocket engineering”) to design superlattices with enhanced values of Z3DT. Proposals are made to enhance the experimental values of Z3DT for Si/Ge superlattices even further.
Recombinant human-mouse chimeric monoclonal antibody specific for common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen. (1987)

A human-mouse chimeric antibody constructed in the present study was specific for a human tumor-associated antigen, common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen. The antibody consisted of human heavy and light chain constant domains (gamma 1 and kappa type) and mouse heavy and light chain variable domains, which were derived from human plasma cell leukemia line (ARH77) and mouse hybridoma cells (NL-1) specific for common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen, respectively. The artificially fused immunoglobulin molecules were produced in mouse myeloma cells, X63Ag8.653 which were transformed with the chimeric heavy and light chain genes formed by joining the corresponding gene segments in vitro at the J-C introns. The human heavy chain enhancer element was ligated tot he chimeric heavy and light chain genes, and this enhancer appeared to be obligatory for the efficient production of the chimeric antibody molecules. The stably transformed cells secreted the chimeric antibody, which specifically bound a common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen expressing cell line. The amount of the chimeric antibody produced (10-30 micrograms/ml in the serum-free medium) was comparable to that made by murine hybridoma line, NL-1. The molecular weight of the chimeric heavy chain molecules was reduced from 54,000 to 50,000 upon treatment with tunicamycin, suggesting that the peptide was normally glycosylated in the transformants. The chimeric antibody exhibited complement-dependent cytotoxicity, in which glycosylation is thought to be indispensable. The antibody also mediated antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity to the human target cells. The antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity of the chimeric antibody was twice that of the murine NL-1 monoclonal antibody when human peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as effectors.
Glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 silencing by DNA hypermethylation possesses tumor suppressor function in gastric cancer (2009)

Aberrant DNA methylation is considered a major mechanism for silencing tumor suppressor genes in gastric cancer. We used CpG microarray and differential methylation hybridization strategies to identify potential tumor suppressor genes and recovered glutamate receptor, ionotropic, kainate 2 (GRIK2) as a novel epigenetic target in gastric cancer. Additional experiments showed that the promoter region of GRIK2 was hypermethylated in 3 of the 4 tested gastric cancer cell lines, and its expression was restored by treatment of cells with the DNA methylation inhibitor, 5'-aza-dC. In clinical samples, the GRIK2 promoter was differentially hypermethylated in tumor tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001), and this methylation was inversely correlated with the expression level of GRIK2 mRNA (r = -0.44). Functional studies further showed that GRIK2-expressing gastric cancer cell lines showed decreased colony formation and cell migration. Taken together, these results suggest that GRIK2 may play a tumor-suppressor role in gastric cancer. Future studies are warranted to examine whether DNA hypermethylation of the GRIK2 promoter can be used as a potential tumor marker for gastric cancer.
Expression of the Alternatively Spliced EIIIB Segment of Fibronectin (1995)

Previous descriptions of the expression and distribution of the alternatively spliced EIIIB segment of fibronectin (FN) relied upon an antibody which, on subsequent testing, was shown not to recognize this segment directly. This raises concerns regarding the reliability of all such previous descriptions. In order to prepare reagents directly reactive with this segment, we raised polyclonal antibodies to two different bacterial fusion proteins containing intact EIIIB segments, and to a synthetic 36 amino acid peptide from the center of the EIIIB segment. Antibodies raised to each of these three immunogens recognized fusion proteins containing the EIIIB segment, but failed to recognize full length EIIIB+ FNs produced by mammalian cells, suggesting that oligosaccharide linked to Asn1359 within the EIIIB segment, or potentially to other residues in FN, might interfere with antibody recognition of this segment. Consistent with this hypothesis, N-deglycosylation of recombinant full and partial length EIIIB+ FNs permitted their specific recognition by the anti-fusion protein (but not anti-peptide) antibodies. Using anti-fusion protein antibodies coupled with deglycosylation procedures, we provide a series of new results relevant to the functions of the EIIIB segment: 1) Endogenously synthesized EIIIB+ FN is incorporated into the extracellular matrix of cultured fibroblasts, where it appears by immunofluorescence microscopy and radioimmunoprecipitation analyses to have a distribution very similar to both EIIIA+ forms and the total pool of FNs. 2) No reproducible changes can be shown to occur in the extent of synthesis or matrix incorporation of EIIIB+ FNs upon cellular transformation. 3) Low levels of EIIIB+ FN are normally present in blood plasma and consequently also in purified preparations of plasma FN. 4) EIIIB+ FN is present in blood platelets, where it constitutes a minor fraction of total platelet FN, yet is greater than 4-fold enriched relative to plasma FN. 5) EIIIB+ FN is synthesized by first passage cultured endothelial cells, suggesting that the endothelium could constitute a source for this FN isoform in the circulating blood. The antibodies and methods used in this study constitute the first direct assays of EIIIB+ FN protein expression and are applicable to a variety of species.
Development of an Infection-Resistant Vascular Prosthesis (1981)

To develop an infection-resistant arterial prosthesis, amikacin was bonded to 6-mm, uncrimped, filamentous velour prostheses using a collagen-release system. Infrarenal abdominal aortas were resected in 26 mongrel dogs. Thirteen dogs had their aortas replaced with the antibiotic-bonded grafts and 13 dogs had their aortas replaced with a graft containing collagen without antibiotics. Following closure of the abdominal incision, each dog received an intravenous infusion of 10(8) organisms of Staphylococcus aureus administered over a 30-minute interval. Three weeks after recovery from operation, the grafts were removed under aseptic conditions; all 13 (100%) of the control grafts were infected, but only one of 12 experimental grafts (8%) was infected. There were no adverse healing effects; to the contrary, there appeared to be accelerated development of a cellular neointima and fibroblastic infiltration to the interstices. Antibiotic bonding with a collagen-release system is a promising method for imparting infection resistance to a vascular prosthesis.
Salinity Determination Using NIRA (1985)

The determination of salinity via NIRA is attractive for two reasons. On one hand, NIRA's stark simplicity (little or no sample preparation, 20 s analysis time) makes it a desirable technique for salinity determination in foodstuffs, forage, or biological samples. On the other hand, the technique's compatibility with remote measurements from airplanes or the earth's orbit suggests a number of ecological, oceanographic, or naval applications.
A Pan-Cancer Analysis of Transcriptome Changes Associated with Somatic Mutations in U2AF1 Reveals Commonly Altered Splicing Events (2014)

Although recurrent somatic mutations in the splicing factor U2AF1 (also known as U2AF35) have been identified in multiple cancer types, the effects of these mutations on the cancer transcriptome have yet to be fully elucidated. Here, we identified splicing alterations associated with U2AF1 mutations across distinct cancers using DNA and RNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Using RNA-Seq data from 182 lung adenocarcinomas and 167 acute myeloid leukemias (AML), in which U2AF1 is somatically mutated in 3-4% of cases, we identified 131 and 369 splicing alterations, respectively, that were significantly associated with U2AF1 mutation. Of these, 30 splicing alterations were statistically significant in both lung adenocarcinoma and AML, including three genes in the Cancer Gene Census, CTNNB1, CHCHD7, and PICALM. Cell line experiments expressing U2AF1 S34F in HeLa cells and in 293T cells provide further support that these altered splicing events are caused by U2AF1 mutation. Consistent with the function of U2AF1 in 3' splice site recognition, we found that S34F/Y mutations cause preferences for CAG over UAG 3' splice site sequences. This report demonstrates consistent effects of U2AF1 mutation on splicing in distinct cancer cell types.
Brain Cholinergic Systems (1990)

Abstract This book stemmed from an IBRO symposium that took place in Leipzig, from 12 to 14 August 1987. Local organizers were D. Biesold and V. Bigl from the Department of Neurochemistry at the Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research. Some of the contributors to this book were members of the International Program Committee: L. L. Butcher, M.-M. Mesulam, G. Pepeu, and M. Steriade. Leipzig was chosen as the site of a meeting devoted to brain cholinergic systems because some historical steps in this domain are related to the German city. Indeed, after the initial description of the substantia innominata (die ungennante Marksubstanz) by J. C. Reil (1809), T. Meynert, one of the founders of scientifically oriented psychiatry, designated this structure as Ganglion der Hirnschenkelschlinge in a volume published in Leipzig (1872). The name of Meynert was linked to the nucleus basalis by A. Koelliker in a Handbook, also published in Leipzig (1896). Since edited volumes rarely allow the expression of coherence between the numerous authors, we decided to ask for chapters from only a limited number of participants and we invited other colleagues, who could not attend the symposium, to submit their contribution. Our goal was to present current data and concepts about the morphology, physiology, and pathology of brainstem and basal forebrain cholinergic systems controlling the excitability of the thalamus and cerebral cortex. It is a pleasure to extend our thanks to all colleagues, whose names and affiliations are listed, for taking time from busy lives to survey their fields of interest. We also express our appreciation to Oxford University Press for an agreeable collaboration and support in the preparation of this book.
Underwater Laser Welding by 4kW CW YAG Laser. (2001)

In May 2000 JSME issued Rules on fitness-for-service for nuclear power plants, which define allowable flaw sizes at operating nuclear power plants, and based on evaluation against these rules, rational repairs were to be realized. According to results, rational in-situ repairs were urgently needed on aged nuclear power plants, and since underwater laser repairs met utilities requirements, the authors developed underwater YAG laser repair technology. Hitachi installed the equipment at JAPEIC (Japan Power Engineering and Inspection Corporation) in 1998 and implemented 0.3MPa underwater YAG laser welding in both downward and horizontal direction repairs, even in a U groove work piece. Metallurgical studies are ongoing.