gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The collection of ions implanted in semiconductors. I. saturation effects (1972)

Abstract The collection of energetic ions of Kr and Tl in Si, Ge, GaP and GaAs has been studied as a function of ion dose and energy (up to 30 keV) using radioactive ions and assay techniques for measurement. Build-up rates and saturation levels have been established for the various combinations of incident ion, incident energy and target material. The rates of build-up are monotonic and level off to a constant saturation concentration. No evidence was found for the oscillatory (factor ∼ 2) departure from saturation level observed by Tinsley and coworkers for 20 and 60 keV Bi in GaAs.
Hydrogen-induced loss increases in germanium-doped single-mode optical fibres: long-term predictions (1985)

A spectrally broad loss increase occurs in GeO2-doped optical fibres exposed to hydrogen at elevated temperatures. This is the primary H2-induced loss mechanism in GeO2-doped single-mode fibres for temperatures above 20 C. Loss increases at 1.3 and 1.55 μm are predicted to be less than 0.01 dB km after 20 years.
New Non-Volatile Memory Structures for FPGA Architectures (2008)

A new set of programmable elements (PEs) using a new non-volatile device for use with routing switches and logical elements within a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is described. The PEs have small area, can be combined with components that use low operational voltage on the same CMOS logic process, are non-volatile, enable the use of fast thin-oxide pass transistors, and are reprogrammable. A novel non-volatile flip-flop for use within the logical elements is presented as well. In combination, these methods enable programmable logic devices with improved area efficiency, the speed advantages of SRAM-based FPGAs, and a wide range of opportunities for power down strategies.
Form follows function: how muscle shape is regulated by work (2000)

What determines the shape, size, and force output of cardiac and skeletal muscle? Chicago architect Louis Sullivan (1856-1924), father of the skyscraper, observed that "form follows function." This is as true for the structural elements of a striated muscle cell as it is for the architectural features of a building. Function is a critical evolutionary determinant, not form. To survive, the animal has evolved muscles with the capacity for dynamic responses to altered functional demand. For example, work against an increased load leads to increased mass and cross-sectional area (hypertrophy), which is directly proportional to an increased potential for force production. Thus a cell has the capacity to alter its shape as well as its volume in response to a need for altered force production. Muscle function relies primarily on an organized assembly of contractile and other sarcomeric proteins. From analysis of homogenized cells and molecular and biochemical assays, we have learned about transcription, translation, and posttranslational processes that underlie protein synthesis but still have done little in addressing the important questions of shape or regional cell growth. Skeletal muscles only grow in length as the bones grow; therefore, most studies of adult hypertrophy really only involve increased cross-sectional area. The heart chamber, however, can extend in both longitudinal and transverse directions, and cardiac cells can grow in length and width. We know little about the regulation of these directional processes that appear as a cell gets larger with hypertrophy or smaller with atrophy. This review gives a brief overview of the regulation of cell shape and the composition and aggregation of contractile proteins into filaments, the sarcomere, and myofibrils. We examine how mechanical activity regulates the turnover and exchange of contraction proteins. Finally, we suggest what kinds of experiments are needed to answer these fundamental questions about the regulation of muscle cell shape.
Pharmacokinetics of Rifampin in Children I. Multiple Dose Intravenous Infusion (1986)

The pharmacokinetics of intravenous rifampin (280 +/- 78 mg/m2) were investigated during multiple dose administration in 12 pediatric patients aged 3 months to 12.8 years. Serum rifampin concentration data were fit to a linear one-compartment model. There was a significant effect of duration of therapy on rifampin clearance (Cl) and half-life (t1/2) (p = 0.027 and p = 0.048, respectively). A mean increase of 52.0% in Cl (3.10-4.72 L/h/m2) and a mean decrease of 27.0% in t1/2 (2.38-1.73 h) were observed when data collected during the first 2 days of therapy were compared with data collected following 8 or more days of therapy. Peak concentrations extrapolated to the end of infusion were 27.0 +/- 8.2 micrograms/ml, and concentrations at 8 h after the dose were only 1.9 +/- 1.5 micrograms/ml. There was no significant effect of duration of therapy on these concentration values. There was no correlation between Cl and age or administered dose. Intrapatient variation in Cl was great, as evidence by the lack of correlation of initial Cl values with subsequent values in individual patients (r = 0.259). It would appear that dosage intervals may need to be shortened from 12 to 8 h during continuous therapy, and that periodic measurement of rifampin concentration may be required.
Using analogy to acquire commonsense knowledge from human Contributors (2003)

The goal of the work reported here is to capture the commonsense knowledge of nonexpert human contributors. Achieving this goal will enable more intelligent humancomputer interfaces and pave the way for computers to reason about our world. In the domain of natural language processing, it will provide the world knowledge much needed for semantic processing of natural language. To acquire knowledge from contributors not trained in knowledge engineering, I take the following four steps: (i) develop a knowledge representation (KR) model for simple assertions in natural language, (ii) introduce cumulative analogy, a class of nearest-neighbor based analogical reasoning algorithms over this representation, (iii) argue that cumulative analogy is well suited for knowledge acquisition (KA) based on a theoretical analysis of effectiveness of KA with this approach, and (iv) test the KR model and the effectiveness of the cumulative analogy algorithms empirically. To investigate effectiveness of cumulative analogy for KA empirically, Learner, an open source system for KA by cumulative analogy has been implemented, deployed,
Tone mapping of HDR images: A review (2012)

Real world contains a wide range of intensities that cannot be captured with traditional imaging devices. Moreover, even if these images are captured with special procedures, existing display devices cannot display them. This paper presents a comparative study of most famous tone mapping algorithms. Tone mapping is the process of compressing high dynamic range images into a low dynamic range so they can be displayed by traditional display devices. The study implements six tone mapping algorithms and performs a comparison between them by visual rating. Independent participant were asked to rate these images based on a given rating scheme. The study concluded that Reinhard tone mapping operators are the best in term of visual pleasure and maintaining image integrity. In addition, exponential tone mapping operators have achieved better rating compared the logarithmic operators.
Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Activity by Chronic Morphine in TH9.0-LacZ Transgenic Mice (1998)

Levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholamine biosynthesis, are known to be upregulated in specific brain regions by chronic administration of drugs of abuse. Chronic morphine administration increases TH levels in the locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental area, whereas chronic cocaine administration increases TH levels in the ventral tegmental area only. While such upregulation of TH has been related to behavioral effects of the drugs, the mechanism underlying these adaptations has remained controversial. To study the possibility that upregulation of TH occurs at the transcriptional level, we investigated the effect of chronic morphine or cocaine treatment on the activity of the TH gene promoter (9.0 kb), coupled to the LacZ reporter gene, in transgenic mice. These TH9.0-LacZ mice have been shown to exhibit correct tissue-specific expression and regulation of the reporter gene. We show here that chronic (but not acute) exposure of the TH9.0-LacZ mice to morphine increases the expression of beta-galactosidase (which is encoded by the LacZ gene) in the locus coeruleus by twofold compared with sham-treated mice. In contrast, beta-galactosidase expression in the ventral tegmental area was decreased 20-25% by chronic morphine and unaffected by chronic cocaine administration. Similar results were obtained after analysis of TH mRNA levels in these brain regions by in situ hybridization. These results suggest that chronic morphine upregulates TH expression via transcriptional mechanisms in the locus coeruleus but by post-transcriptional mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area.
A Hidden-Line Algorithm for Hyperspace (1982)

An object-space hidden-line algorithm for higher-dimensional scenes has been designed and implemented. Scenes consist of convex hulls of any dimension, each of which is compared against the edges of all convex hulls not eliminated by a hyperdimensional clipper, a depth test after sorting and a minimax text. Hidden and visible elements are determined in accordance with the dimensionality of the selected viewing hyperspace. When shape alone is the attribute of interest, hidden-line elimination need be performed only in that hyperspace. The algorithm is of value in the production of shadows of hyperdimensional models, including but not limited to four-dimensional space-time models, the hyperdimensional elementary catastrophe models and multivariate statistical models.
Characterization of the Interaction between Interleukin-13 and Interleukin-13 Receptors (2005)

Interleukin-13 (IL-13) possesses two types of receptor: the heterodimer, composed of the IL-13Ralpha1 chain (IL-13Ralpha1) and the IL-4Ralpha chain (IL-4Ralpha), transducing the IL-13 signals; and the IL-13Ralpha2 chain (IL-13Ralpha2), acting as a nonsignaling "decoy" receptor. Extracellular portions of both IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2 are composed of three fibronectin type III domains, D1, D2, and D3, of which the last two comprise the cytokine receptor homology modules (CRHs), a common structure of the class I cytokine receptor superfamily. Thus far, there has been no information about the critical amino acids of the CRHs or the role of the D1 domains of IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2 in binding to IL-13. In this study, we first built the homology modeling of the IL-13.hIL-13 receptor complexes and then predicted the amino acids involved in binding to IL-13. By incorporating mutations into these amino acids, we identified Tyr-207, Asp-271, Tyr-315, and Asp-318 in the CRH of human IL-13Ralpha2, and Leu-319 and Tyr-321 in the CRH of human IL-13Ralpha1, as critical residues for binding to IL-13. Tyr-315 in IL-13Ralpha2 and Leu-319 in IL-13Ralpha1 are positionally conserved hydrophobic amino acid residues. Furthermore, by using D1 domain-deleted mutants, we found that the D1 domain is needed for the expression of IL-13Ralpha2, but not IL-13Ralpha1, and that the D1 domain of IL-13Ralpha1 is important for binding to IL-13, but not to IL-4. These results provide the basis for a precise understanding of the interaction between IL-13 and its receptors.
Electric Field Generated Forces in Liquid 4He and in 3He/4He Mixtures (1987)

A series of measurements are presented which show that it is possible to apply strong enough electric fields to liquid/vapor boundary interfaces in the quantum liquids to obtain electric forces comparable to gravity. The results are in good agreement with theoretical predictions [1,2]. We also present preliminary measurements showing the manipulation of the 3 He-rich/ 3 He-poor phase boundary in phase separated mixtures below 0.6 K. This opens up the possibility of developing a dilution refrigerator which can operate in space [3].
Purification, receptor binding analysis, and biological characterization of human melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA). Evidence for a novel MGSA receptor. (1993)

Human melanoma growth stimulating activity (MGSA) is a mitogenic factor first identified in the conditioned media of human melanoma cells. Structurally, MGSA belongs to a superfamily of proteins that includes interleukin-8 (IL-8) and platelet factor 4. These proteins are involved in inflammatory processes, and an understanding of their mechanism of action should provide insight into their pathophysiology. In this study, we report the high level expression of recombinant human MGSA in Escherichia coli. The structure was confirmed by mass spectrometry and NH2-terminal amino acid sequencing. Receptor binding studies were carried out in a human melanoma cell line, Hs294T, and in U937 cells. Direct binding experiments with 125I-MGSA in Hs294T cells have allowed us to identify a novel MGSA receptor in these cells, with a KD of 3.9-4.25 nM and approximately 52,960-67,758 binding sites/cell. These MGSA-binding sites were specific and could not be displaced by unlabeled IL-8. The MGSA receptor in these cells is biologically active, and the addition of ligand induces cellular proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. In U937 cells, unlabeled IL-8 and MGSA were able to completely displace radiolabeled IL-8. Scatchard analysis of the displacement binding data was consistent with binding to a single class of binding sites, and the calculated KD values were 2.4 +/- 0.6 nM for IL-8 and 3.2 +/- 0.80 nM for MGSA. Treatment of U937 cells with IL-8 or MGSA produced a rapid increase in Ca2+ flux; however, subsequent incubation with either ligand failed to produce any further Ca2+ flux. The IL-8 receptor in U937 cells was covalently labeled with 125I-IL-8 to reveal a protein with a molecular mass of 69 kDa.
Deep intrauterine insemination and embryo transfer in pigs. (2001)

A new method for non-surgical deep intrauterine catheterization of pigs, without sedation of the sow, is described. Insemination results obtained with this method using fresh spermatozoa demonstrate that, in comparison to conventional artificial insemination (AI) (3 x 10(9) spermatozoa in 80-100 ml), a 20-60-fold reduction in the number of spermatozoa inseminated and at least a 8-10-fold reduction in the dose volume can be used without affecting fertility if spermatozoa are deposited deep (middle or upper) into one of the uterine horns. Results from deep intrauterine insemination with frozen-thawed spermatozoa and flow-sorted spermatozoa are also presented and the effect of deep intrauterine insemination on sperm transport is discussed. In addition, a brief description of the advances made in non-surgical embryo transfer technology is reported.
Restitution of Tumor Suppressor MicroRNAs Using a Systemic Nanovector Inhibits Pancreatic Cancer Growth in Mice (2011)

Mis-expression of microRNAs (miRNA) is widespread in human cancers, including in pancreatic cancer. Aberrations of miRNA include overexpression of oncogenic miRs (Onco-miRs) or downregulation of so-called tumor suppressor TSG-miRs. Restitution of TSG-miRs in cancer cells through systemic delivery is a promising avenue for pancreatic cancer therapy. We have synthesized a lipid-based nanoparticle for systemic delivery of miRNA expression vectors to cancer cells (nanovector). The plasmid DNA-complexed nanovector is approximately 100 nm in diameter and shows no apparent histopathologic or biochemical evidence of toxicity upon intravenous injection. Two miRNA candidates known to be downregulated in the majority of pancreatic cancers were selected for nanovector delivery: miR-34a, which is a component of the p53 transcriptional network and regulates cancer stem cell survival, and the miR-143/145 cluster, which together repress the expression of KRAS2 and its downstream effector Ras-responsive element binding protein-1 (RREB1). Systemic intravenous delivery with either miR-34a or miR-143/145 nanovectors inhibited the growth of MiaPaCa-2 subcutaneous xenografts (P < 0.01 for miR-34a; P < 0.05 for miR-143/145); the effects were even more pronounced in the orthotopic (intrapancreatic) setting (P < 0.0005 for either nanovector) when compared with vehicle or mock nanovector delivering an empty plasmid. Tumor growth inhibition was accompanied by increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation. The miRNA restitution was confirmed in treated xenografts by significant upregulation of the corresponding miRNA and significant decreases in specific miRNA targets (SIRT1, CD44 and aldehyde dehydrogenase for miR34a, and KRAS2 and RREB1 for miR-143/145). The nanovector is a platform with potential broad applicability in systemic miRNA delivery to cancer cells.
Chemzymes: A New Class of Structurally Rigid Tricyclic Amphibian Organocatalyst Inspired by Natural Product (2010)

A new class of structurally rigid tricyclic amphibian chiral catalyst was rationally designed based on the hexahydropyrrolo[2,3-b]indole skeleton as a new type of chemzyme. This new type of chemzyme possesses a structurally rigid tricyclic skeleton and a chiral pocket which provides a well-organized chiral environment for asymmetric induction, as well as a hydrophobic pocket to enable organocatalytic reactions to proceed smoothly both in organic solvents and in water.
Patterns of myocardial cell adhesion molecule expression in human endomyocardial biopsies after cardiac transplantation. Induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 related to implantation and rejection. (1994)

Conflicting patterns of myocardial cell adhesion molecule expression associated with cardiac rejection have emerged from numerous studies of randomly selected cardiac biopsies. We designed a prospective, longitudinal study which reports both qualitative and quantitative levels of myocardial ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin, and P-selectin expression in sequential human cardiac allograft biopsies. Intense ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 staining was found in all biopsies during the first three weeks after transplant and coincided with elevated serum levels of troponin T, a sensitive marker of ischemic myocyte injury. Baseline ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression returned within three to four weeks, as did serum troponin T levels in all patients who did not develop rejection. All 29 rejection episodes encountered were associated with intense ICAM-1 staining, while 24 of the 29 (83%) had intense VCAM-1 staining. Increased ELAM-1 and CD62 staining was only rarely observed. Persistence of increased ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 staining after treated rejection episodes predicted a recurrent rejection episode within two months (75% positive and 100% negative predictive value). Objective quantitative measurements by radioimmunoassay (RIA) confirmed these patterns of induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression. Thus, longitudinal monitoring of serial biopsies for myocardial ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression could be useful in the early detection of rejection episodes and monitoring the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy.
A fully biobased epoxy resin from vegetable oils: From the synthesis of the precursors by thiol‐ene reaction to the study of the final material (2011)

Abstract A novel vegetable oil‐based polyamine issued from grapeseed oil (GSO) was prepared using cysteamine chloride (CAHC) by thiol‐ene coupling (TEC). The structure of the polyamine oil (AGSO) was carefully examined using a large range of chemical analyses (FTIR, 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR, LC‐MS…). The effects of the amination of GSO on the vegetable oil properties were also studied using viscosimetry. Then, AGSO was employed as a novel curing agent for bio‐based epoxy resin. The thermal crosslinking reaction between AGSO and epoxidized linseed oil (ELO) was studied by DSC and rheology. This study also dealt with the definition of the thermomechanical properties of the final material obtained by the mixing and curing of AGSO with ELO in stoichiometric proportions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Adjustable Speed Drives in the Next Decade: Future Steps in Industry and Academia (2004)

The main trends for the next decade within the multi-disciplinarian field of adjustable speed drives are discussed, and a number of topics are especially addressed in this paper. The topics include market development over the last decade, historical development in power converter volume and weight, future drive demands, power converter architecture, interfacing to the grid, motor types, and control principles. Furthermore, some of the possibilities and trends related to decentral “intelligence” and Internet connection are discussed.
Imatinib Attenuates Hypoxia-induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Pathology via Reduction in 5-Hydroxytryptamine through Inhibition of Tryptophan Hydroxylase 1 Expression (2013)

We report a novel mode of action for imatinib, demonstrating TPH1 down-regulation via inhibition of PDGFR-β signaling. Our data reveal interplay between PDGF and 5-HT pathways within PAH, demonstrating TPH1-dependent imatinib efficacy in collagen-mediated mechanisms of fibrosis.
Role of host cellular response in differential susceptibility of nonimmunized BALB/c mice to Plasmodium berghei and Plasmodium yoelii sporozoites (1991)

We found BALB/c mice to be on the order of 2,000 times more susceptible to Plasmodium yoelii than Plasmodium berghei sporozoites, as measured by the ability of these sporozoites to differentiate into microscopically detectable hepatic schizonts in the livers of immunologically naive mice. One of the factors that determine the relative insusceptibility of mice to P. berghei sporozoites is the innate cellular inflammatory response that the mice mount after injection with sporozoites. The cellular inflammatory response against P. berghei is initiated soon after sporozoite injection; by 24 h, substantial histopathological changes have developed within the liver. There is considerably less of a cellular inflammatory response against P. yoelii; significant histopathological changes within the liver are not observed until well after hepatic schizonts have begun to rupture at around 44 h postinjection of sporozoites. These differences in the cellular inflammatory response against two different, closely related species of sporozoites are of considerable interest. The data strongly suggest that the BALB/c-P. berghei sporozoite system is a relatively poor biological model for sporozoite immunization studies.
Single DNA Rotaxanes of a Transmembrane Pore Protein (2004)

Threading a molecular needle: An α-hemolysin transmembrane pore can be threaded in a desired orientation by DNA–poly(ethylene glycol) (DNA-PEG) hybrid strands to yield functional rotaxanes (see figure). The single-molecule rotaxanes are stable and have a reversible two-state switching capacity that depends on the applied potential, orientation, and method of threading and capture used.
Personalized search (2002)

A contextual computing approach may prove a breakthrough in personalized search efficiency.
The Critical Role of Business Groups in China (2010)

When moving into China, large and small multinational firms will encounter networks of Chinese companies business groups called qiyejituan. These qiyejituan have influenced the competitive landscape in China, both competing against, and allying with, multinational firms. Numerous qiyejituan are enormous, in fact, large enough for several of them to be ranked near the top of Fortune's list of the top 500 global enterprises.