gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stored Program Controlled Network: Calling Card Service-Human Factors Studies (1982)

Many new telephone services involve more customer-system interaction than ever before, and making these services easy to use and error-free is a major development goal. Properly designed dialing plans, announcements, timing, tones, and instructions increase customer acceptance and minimize errors. These new services are designed from systematic analyses of present services, interviews with customers, laboratory studies of user-system interactions, field trials, and product follow-ups. Calling Card Service automates credit card service and allows the customer to bill a call to a special billing number, without an operator, from Touch-Tone∗ dialing phones. Based on a series of studies, the market need for Calling Card Service was established and the customer-machine interface was designed. An analysis of operator-assisted credit card service indicated that credit card calls could be automated. Interviews with customers verified an interest in, and a need for, Calling Card Service. Moreover, laboratory studies indicated that customers could use the Calling Card Service successfully. In turn, these studies led to the design of a field trial, which combined and extended earlier studies and verified Calling Card Service performance and acceptance by customers.
A Deep Learning Approach for Joint Video Frame and Reward Prediction in Atari Games (2016)

Reinforcement learning is concerned with identifying reward-maximizing behaviour policies in environments that are initially unknown. State-of-the-art reinforcement learning approaches, such as deep Q-networks, are model-free and learn to act effectively across a wide range of environments such as Atari games, but require huge amounts of data. Model-based techniques are more data-efficient, but need to acquire explicit knowledge about the environment. In this paper, we take a step towards using model-based techniques in environments with a high-dimensional visual state space by demonstrating that it is possible to learn system dynamics and the reward structure jointly. Our contribution is to extend a recently developed deep neural network for video frame prediction in Atari games to enable reward prediction as well. To this end, we phrase a joint optimization problem for minimizing both video frame and reward reconstruction loss, and adapt network parameters accordingly. Empirical evaluations on five Atari games demonstrate accurate cumulative reward prediction of up to 200 frames. We consider these results as opening up important directions for model-based reinforcement learning in complex, initially unknown environments.
Poly(oxyethylene) Based Surface Coatings for Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Microchannels (2005)

Control of surface properties in microfluidic systems is an indispensable prerequisite for successful bioanalytical applications. Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic devices are hampered from unwanted adsorption of biomolecules and lack of methods to control electroosmotic flow (EOF). In this paper, we propose different strategies to coat PDMS surfaces with poly(oxyethylene) (POE) molecules of varying chain lengths. The native PDMS surface is pretreated by exposure to UV irradiation or to an oxygen plasma, and the covalent linkage of POE-silanes as well as physical adsorption of a triblock-copolymer (F108) are studied. Contact angle measurements and atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging revealed homogeneous attachment of POE-silanes and F108 to the PDMS surfaces. In the case of F108, different adsorption mechanisms to hydrophilic and hydrophobic PDMS are discussed. Determination of the electroosmotic mobilities of these coatings in PDMS microchannels prove their use for electrokinetic applications in which EOF reduction is inevitable and protein adsorption has to be suppressed.
Characterization of human PA2.26 antigen (T1α-2, podoplanin), a small membrane mucin induced in oral squamous cell carcinomas (2004)

We report the full cDNA sequence encoding the human homologue of murine PA2.26 (T1alpha-2, podoplanin), a small mucin-type transmembrane glycoprotein originally identified as a cell-surface antigen induced in keratinocytes during mouse skin carcinogenesis. The human PA2.26 gene is expressed as 2 transcripts of 0.9 and 2.7 kb in several normal tissues, such as the placenta, skeletal muscle, heart and lung. Using a specific polyclonal antibody raised against a synthetic peptide of the protein ectodomain, PA2.26 was immunohistochemically detected in about 25% (15/61) of human early oral squamous cell carcinomas. PA2.26 distribution in the tumours was heterogeneous and often restricted to the invasive front. Double immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy analysis showed that PA2.26 colocalized with the membrane cytoskeleton linker ezrin at the surface of tumour cells and that its presence in vivo was associated with downregulation of membrane E-cadherin protein expression. Ectopic expression of human PA2.26 in HeLa carcinoma cells and immortalized HaCaT keratinocytes promoted a redistribution of ezrin to the cell edges, the formation of cell-surface protrusions and reduced Ca(2+)-dependent cell-cell adhesiveness. These results point to PA2.26 as a novel biomarker for oral squamous cell carcinomas that might be involved in migration/invasion.
Central to Axial Transfer of Chirality in Menthone or Camphor-Derived 2,2‘-Biphenols (1997)

A study aimed at defining a molecular arrangement where a chiral fragment derived from menthone or camphor transfers its central chirality to a 2,2'-biphenol residue, inducing an axial chirality, is reported. The menthol or isoborneol groups are attached at the two benzylic positions at 3,3' in order to maximize efficiency in practical applications. A reliable and high-yielding procedure for the synthesis of such C(2)-symmetric molecules substituted at the 3,3'-positions has been developed. The procedure entails Mannich condensation with paraformaldehyde and morpholine, protection of the hydroxylic functions, chlorination, metalation, and addition to (-)-menthone and (+)-camphor. The use of samarium diiodide is essential in the latter step for optimum selectivity and efficiency. The tetrols exhibit intramolecular hydrogen bonding between phenolic and alcoholic hydroxy functions within each monomeric unity, so that they retain their rotational freedom. NOEDS and COSY experiments show that the tetrols are present in more than one rotamer. The tetrols react with tetrachlorosilane to afford siloxanes as pure diastereoisomers, showing that the metal is able to induce preferential helicity at the biphenyl residue; i.e., the central chirality of menthol or isoborneol auxiliary is totally transfered to the axial chirality of the biphenyl. The configurations could be determined by NOEDS and heterocorrelated HMQC experiments. Remarkably, while the menthol derivative induces total M helicity, the camphor induces complementary P helicity. These results suggest that these tetrols may be useful as ligands in catalysts for asymmetric synthesis.
Potential Benefit of Bayesian Forecasting for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Neonates (2002)

Therapeutic drug monitoring in neonate has been hampered by invasiveness of blood samplings raising ethical problems. A methodologic approach has been developped in adults and in children that is still unsufficiently developped in neonates, the Bayesian forecasting of drug plasma concentration. This method is particularly attractive in neonates using a few blood samples from an individual patient and more informations from a prior patient sample representative of the population the individual patient belongs to. The present article aims at reviewing the different procedures and methods to minimize invasiveness during therapeutic drug monitoring in neonate and at reviewing the methods for improving the quality of different dose adjustments using a Bayesian approach.
Plasma kallikrein amidolytic activity in bronchial asthma. (1993)

We have investigated plasma kallikrein amidolytic activity in the following groups of patients: 1. Normal control group of blood donors. 2. Extrinsic pollen-activated bronchial asthma patients, during periods of symptomatology and at a later time after the spring. 3. Subjects with atopic bronchial asthma in acute phase when admitted to our hospital's emergency room and later when clinically recovered. 4. Subjects with extrinsic bronchial asthma, sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae with FEV1 < 80%. 5. Subjects with extrinsic bronchial asthma, sensitive to Dermatophagoides pteronissinus and Dermatophagoides farinae in a state of clinical rest. After 9 minutes of activation, the following results were found, with a significance of p < 0.01: There are significant differences between the normal group and those that we consider the active groups, asthma FEV1 < 80%, pollen-sensitive asthma in springtime and acute asthma. No significant differences exist between the normal group and inactive groups, inactive asthma, pollen-sensitive asthma out of springtime and acute asthma inactive. Significant differences exist in active groups (acute asthma and pollen-sensitive asthma in springtime) when they become inactive (acute asthma inactive and pollen-sensitive asthma out of springtime). The active groups have a higher plasma kallikrein amidolytic activity than both the inactive and control groups.
Reformulated BeneFix®: efficacy and safety in previously treated patients with moderately severe to severe haemophilia B (2007)

BeneFix, the only recombinant factor IX (FIX), has been reformulated. The reformulation involves a change in diluent and allows for more concentrated infusions of recombinant FIX. A double-blind, randomized, pharmacokinetic (PK) crossover study demonstrated that reformulated BeneFix was bioequivalent to original BeneFix and follow-up PK evaluation after 6 months of treatment demonstrated the PK stability of reformulated BeneFix after multiple exposures. Favourable efficacy and safety profiles, consistent with those already well-established for original BeneFix, were observed: 81.1% of haemorrhages resolved with only a single infusion; 85.3% of initial treatment response ratings were Excellent or Good; more than half of the subjects using reformulated BeneFix for routine prophylaxis (11 of 17, 64.7%) had no spontaneous haemorrhages during their 6-12 month course of prophylactic treatment, with an overall spontaneous bleeding rate of 0.72 year(-1); and for the single surgical procedure (knee washing), treatment was rated Useful. In addition, there was no FIX inhibitor development, allergic-type manifestations, or thrombogenic complications with more than 1100 infusions (nearly 5.2 million IUs) administered in this trial. All efficacy and safety outcomes from this study were achieved with more concentrated recombinant protein infusions than that possible with original BeneFix, and utilization of the 2000 IU per vial dosage strength, newly introduced with the reformulated product, was high (>62%). The reformulation of BeneFix allows smaller delivery volumes and an increased choice of dosage strengths without altering the PK properties (including incremental recovery and half-life) or the established efficacy and safety profile of recombinant FIX.
Electroconvulsive shock and norepinephrine uptake kinetics in the rat brain. (1976)

The kinetic constants, apparent Km and Vmax, for the uptake of 3H-1-norepinephrine in cerebral cortical homogenates of the rat brain were not altered 5 min after a single electroconvulsive shock (ECS). However, one day after the last of a series of 14 ECS the apparent Km and Vmax were significantly increased above sham-shock controls, and ECS rats lost weight. Three days after the last ECS apparent Km and Vmax were significantly decreased, while the rate of weight gain tripled in the ECS rats. One week after the last ECS the kinetic constants and rate of weight gain were no different from sham-shock controls. These data are indicative of the strong compensatory mechanisms in the normal rat to the alterations induced by ECS.
Fast Pyrolysis of Lignin Using a Pyrolysis Centrifuge Reactor (2013)

Fast pyrolysis of lignin from an ethanol plant was investigated on a lab scale pyrolysis centrifuge reactor (PCR) with respect to pyrolysis temperature, reactor gas residence time, and feed rate. A maximal organic oil yield of 34 wt % dry basis (db) (bio-oil yield of 43 wt % db) is obtained at temperatures of 500–550 °C, reactor gas residence time of 0.8 s, and feed rate of 5.6 g/min. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography were used to characterize the chemical properties of the lignin oils. Acetic acid, levoglucosan, guaiacol, syringols, and p-vinylguaiacol are found to be major chemical components in the lignin oil. The maximal yields of 0.62, 0.67, and 0.38 wt % db were obtained for syringol, p-vinylguaiacol, and guaiacol, respectively. The reactor temperature effect was investigated in a range of 450–600 °C and has a considerable effect on the observed chemical components and molecular mass distribution of the lignin oils. The obtained lignin oil has a very different components composition when compared to a beech wood oil.
Quantification of tertiary structural conservation despite primary sequence drift in the globin fold (1994)

The globin family of protein structures was the first for which it was recognized that tertiary structure can be highly conserved even when primary sequences have diverged to a virtually undetectable level of similarity. This principle of structural inertia in molecular evolution is now evident for many other protein families. We have performed a systematic comparison of the sequences and structures of 6 representative hemoglobin subunits as diverse in origin as plants, clams, and humans. Our analysis is based on a 97-residue helical core in common to all 6 structures. Amino acid sequence identities range from 12.4% to 42.3% in pairwise comparisons, and, despite these variations, the maximal RMS deviation in alpha-carbon positions is 3.02 A. Overall, sequence similarity and structural deviation are significantly anticorrelated, with a correlation coefficient of -0.71, but for a set of structures having under 20% pairwise identity, this anticorrelation falls to -0.38, which emphasizes the weak connection between a specific sequence and the tertiary fold. There is substantial variability in structure outside the helical core, and functional characteristics of these globins also differ appreciably. Nevertheless, despite variations in detail that the sequence dissimilarities and functional differences imply, the core structures of these globins remain remarkably preserved.
Josephson Directional Amplifier for Quantum Measurement of Superconducting Circuits (2014)

We realize a microwave quantum-limited amplifier that is directional and can therefore function without the front circulator needed in many quantum measurements. The amplification takes place in only one direction between the input and output ports. Directionality is achieved by multipump parametric amplification combined with wave interference. We have verified the device noise performances by using it to read out a superconducting qubit and observed quantum jumps. With an improved version of this device, the qubit and preamplifer could be integrated on the same chip.
Metabolism, Energetics, and Lipid Biology in the Podocyte â€“ Cellular Cholesterol-Mediated Glomerular Injury (2014)

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a high risk of death. Dyslipidemia is commonly observed in patients with CKD and is accompanied by a decrease in plasma high-density lipoprotein, and an increase in plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and oxidized lipids. The observation that statins may decrease albuminuria but do not stop the progression of CKD indicates that pathways other than the cholesterol synthesis contribute to cholesterol accumulation in the kidneys of patients with CKD. Recently, it has become clear that increased lipid influx and impaired reverse cholesterol transport can promote glomerulosclerosis, and tubulointerstitial damage. Lipid-rafts are cholesterol-rich membrane domains with important functions in regulating membrane fluidity, membrane protein trafficking, and in the assembly of signaling molecules. In podocytes, which are specialized cells of the glomerulus, they contribute to the spatial organization of the slit diaphragm (SD) under physiological and pathological conditions. The discovery that podocyte-specific proteins such as podocin can bind and recruit cholesterol contributing to the formation of the SD underlines the importance of cholesterol homeostasis in podocytes and suggests cholesterol as an important regulator in the development of proteinuric kidney disease. Cellular cholesterol accumulation due to increased synthesis, influx, or decreased efflux is an emerging concept in podocyte biology. This review will focus on the role of cellular cholesterol accumulation in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases with a focus on glomerular diseases.
Nerve autografts and tissue-engineered materials for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries: a 5-year bibliometric analysis (2015)

With advances in biomedical methods, tissue-engineered materials have developed rapidly as an alternative to nerve autografts for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries. However, the materials selected for use in the repair of peripheral nerve injuries, in particular multiple injuries and large-gap defects, must be chosen carefully. Various methods and materials for protecting the healthy tissue and repairing peripheral nerve injuries have been described, and each method or material has advantages and disadvantages. Recently, a large amount of research has been focused on tissue-engineered materials for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries. Using the keywords "pe-ripheral nerve injury", "autotransplant", "nerve graft", and "biomaterial", we retrieved publications using tissue-engineered materials for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries appearing in the Web of Science from 2010 to 2014. The country with the most total publications was the USA. The institutions that were the most productive in this field include Hannover Medical School (Germany), Washington University (USA), and Nantong University (China). The total number of publications using tissue-engineered materials for the repair of peripheral nerve injuries grad-ually increased over time, as did the number of Chinese publications, suggesting that China has made many scientific contributions to this field of research.
Review Of Fluorescence Diagnosis Using Porphyrins (1988)

Tumors can be detected by their increased fluorescence compared to surrounding tissue, several hours after injection of a fluorescent, tumor-localizing compound such as dihematoporphyrin ether. The fluorescence is observed by either a nonimaging photodetector, with appropriate filters, or by an imaging optical system (usually employing an image intensifier because the fluorescence is weak). Excitation is best carried out with a laser, but a filtered arc lamp may be suitable. Instruments differ in the methods of excitation, detection, reduction of background from native fluorescence of tissues, and provision for a whitelight - illuminated reflectance image or other means for guiding and identification of anatomical landmarks. Carcinoma in situ has been detected by a number of these instruments.
Intracardiac Impedance to Determine Sympathetic Activity in Rate Responsive Pacing (1992)

Modern pacemaker technology renders possible the adaptation of pacing rate to hemodynamic requirements. The most ambitious approach aims at restoration of the physiological closed-loop system by utilizing the information supplied by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and extracted from myocardial contractile performance. Measurement is accomplished by the impedance method using the stimulation electrode as the measuring electrode. The ventricular inotropic parameter (VIP) has been identified as an ANS dependent parameter. A special detection algorithm, regional effective slope quantity (RQ), with high ANS sensitivity has been developed. Rate adaptation has been achieved by using an individually adjustable inotropic index (II). The concept has been evaluated in a multicenter study using a standardized exercise protocol. The results in patients with AV block demonstrate excellent agreement between spontaneous sinus rhythm and the ANS-controlled stimulation rate during different forms of exercise. Measurement of mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) supports the physiological approach of adapting the pacing rate to various types of hemodynamic challenges.
Transferring and Identification of Single- and Few-Layer Graphene on Arbitrary Substrates (2008)

The transferring and identification of single- and few- layer graphene sheets from SiO2/Si substrates to other types of substrates is presented. Features across large areas (∼cm2) having single and few-layer graphene flakes, obtained by the microcleaving of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), can be transferred reliably. This method enables the fast localization of graphene sheets on substrates on which optical microscopy does not allow direct and fast visualization of the thin graphene sheets. No major morphological deformations, corrugations, or defects are induced on the graphene films when transferred to the target surface. Moreover, the differentiation between single and bilayer graphene via the G′ (∼2700 cm−1) Raman peak is demonstrated on various substrates. This approach opens up possibilities for the fabrication of graphene devices on a substrate material other than SiO2/Si.
Novel Peptide Mimetics Based on N-protected Amino Acids Derived from Isomannide as Potential Inhibitors of NS3 Serine Protease of Hepatitis C Virus (2012)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is among the most important flaviviruses. It has a serine protease which is important for viral replication and this enzyme constitutes a suitable target for new anti-retroviral drugs. Herein we disclose a series of amide and ester peptide mimetic inhibitors of serine proteases, all of them obtained via coupling reactions of isomannide derivatives with N-protected amino acids. The arginine derivative 19 showed 45% of inhibition of NS3/4A serine protease at 100 μM and molecular modeling studies had shown that 19 interacted with the active site of this enzyme.