gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of a Synthetic Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Group M Consensus Envelope Glycoprotein (2004)

Genetic variation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) represents a major obstacle for AIDS vaccine development. To decrease the genetic distances between candidate immunogens and field virus strains, we have designed and synthesized an artificial group M consensus env gene (CON6 gene) to be equidistant from contemporary HIV-1 subtypes and recombinants. This novel envelope gene expresses a glycoprotein that binds soluble CD4, utilizes CCR5 but not CXCR4 as a coreceptor, and mediates HIV-1 entry. Key linear, conformational, and glycan-dependent monoclonal antibody epitopes are preserved in CON6, and the glycoprotein is recognized equally well by sera from individuals infected with different HIV-1 subtypes. When used as a DNA vaccine followed by a recombinant vaccinia virus boost in BALB/c mice, CON6 env gp120 and gp140CF elicited gamma interferon-producing T-cell responses that recognized epitopes within overlapping peptide pools from three HIV-1 Env proteins, CON6, MN (subtype B), and Chn19 (subtype C). Sera from guinea pigs immunized with recombinant CON6 Env gp120 and gp140CF glycoproteins weakly neutralized selected HIV-1 primary isolates. Thus, the computer-generated "consensus" env genes are capable of expressing envelope glycoproteins that retain the structural, functional, and immunogenic properties of wild-type HIV-1 envelopes.
The mucus binding of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 is enhanced in the presence of Lactobacillus GG and Lact. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus (2000)

The ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces is related to many probiotic health effects. In the presence of Lactobacillus GG or Lact. bulgaricus, the adhesion of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 to a mucus model was more than doubled. Other tested lactobacilli did not affect the adhesion, nor was the adhesion of the lactobacilli influenced by the bifidobacteria. Co-aggregation between Bif. lactis Bb12 and the tested lactobacilli was insignificant and does not explain the observed effect. The results suggest that combinations of probiotics strains may have synergistic adhesion effects. Such specific strain combinations should also be assessed in clinical studies.
Thin-Layer Chromatography of 17-Ketosteroid 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazones1 (1966)

A simple yet sensitive and reproducible method has been developed for the separation and estimation of dinitrophenylhydrazones of various 17-ketosteroids. The 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have been prepared, separated and quantitated by thin-layer chromatography. The migration characteristics of 14 steroid dinitrophenylhydrazones have been studied in 12 chromatographic systems. Recoveries of dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone and etiocholanolone from urine were excellent and required only 10 ml aliquots of urine for preparation, isolation and quantitation of the dinitrophenylhydrazones.
Emerging Role of Rexinoids in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Focus on Bexarotene (2005)

Although the introduction of third-generation antineoplastic agents in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer has led to modest improvements in overall patient survival, lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and improved therapies are needed. Retinoids play a critical role in the regulation of cell division, growth, differentiation, and proliferation, and they represent an exciting new avenue for targeted therapy. Several synthetic retinoids that bind to retinoic acid receptors are currently being investigated in a variety of tumor types. However, many of these agents have been associated with cheilitis, skin reactions, severe headache, and hypertriglyceridemia. Synthetic agents that bind specifically to retinoid X receptors are called rexinoids. Bexarotene (Targretin; Ligand Pharmaceuticals; San Diego, CA; http://www.ligand.com) is a novel, multitargeted synthetic rexinoid that is currently being investigated in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Phase I and II studies have demonstrated that bexarotene is safe and well tolerated in this patient population either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Patients treated with bexarotene experience manageable adverse events at reduced levels compared with retinoic acid receptor-specific retinoids. Bexarotene in combination with chemotherapeutic agents has demonstrated an encouraging median survival for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer compared with historical results with combination chemotherapy alone. Two phase III trials are currently under way to fully characterize the role of bexarotene in the treatment of this disease. The purpose of this review is to explore the rationale for rexinoids in the treatment of malignancies and to discuss the clinical profile of bexarotene in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Towards Selective Kir6.2/SUR1 Potassium Channel Openers, Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic Perspectives (2006)

ATP sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels have important functions in neuroendocrine tissue, in smooth and skeletal muscle and in the heart. In pancreatic beta cells the K(ATP) channels, which are formed by 4 ion channels (Kir6.2) and 4 regulatory sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1), control the glucose stimulated release of insulin. The Kir6.2/SUR1 K(ATP) channels are also present in the brain and in other neuroendocrine tissues. Blockers of Kir6.2/SUR1 channels, e.g. glibenclamide and repaglinide stimulate release of insulin and are used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Openers of Kir6.2/SUR1 channels, e.g. diazoxide, have in contrast only found limited clinical use in treatment of hypersecretion of insulin associated with certain tumours (insulinoma) and genetic disorders (persistent hyperinsulinemia and hypoglycemia of infancy, PHHI). Recent studies have however, indicated that openers of Kir6.2/SUR1 channels could be useful in treatment of e.g. metabolic disorders and diseases of the CNS. The clinical use of diazoxide has been hampered by its lack of potency and selectivity giving rise to side effects, such as oedema and hirsutism and new selective openers of Kir6.2/SUR1 channels have been pursued. This has provided several structurally diverse series, which include 1,2,4-thiadiazine 1,1-dioxide derivatives, like BPDZ 62, BPDZ 73, NNC 55-0462, NNC 55-0118 and NN414, cyanoguanidines, nitropyrazoles and 4-sulfamoylphenylbenzamides. NN414 has been shown to be a potent and Kir6.2/SUR1 selective K(ATP) channels opener, which inhibits glucose stimulated insulin release in vitro and in vivo and which has beneficial effects on glucose homeostasis in preclinical and clinical studies.
Both Extracellular Immunoglobin-like Domains of CD80 Contain Residues Critical for Binding T Cell Surface Receptors CTLA-4 and CD28 (1995)

The B7-related molecules CD80 and CD86 are expressed on antigen-presenting cells, bind the homologous T cell receptors CD28 and CTLA-4, and trigger costimulatory signals important for optimal T cell activation. All four molecules are immunoglobulin superfamily members, each comprising an extracellular Ig variable-like (IgV) domain, with CD80 and CD86 containing an additional Ig constant-like (IgC) domain. Despite limited sequence identity, CD80 and CD86 share similar overall receptor binding properties and effector functions. We have identified, by site-directed mutagenesis of soluble forms of CD80 and CD86, residues in both the IgV and IgC domains that are important for CTLA4Ig and CD28Ig binding. Mutagenesis in the IgV domain of CD80 identified 11 amino acids that support receptor binding. Many of these residues are conserved in the B7 family, are hydrophobic, and approximately map to the GFCC'C" beta-sheet face of an IgV fold. Mutagenesis of corresponding residues in CD86 established that some, but not all, of these residues also played a role in CD86 receptor binding. In general, mutations had a similar effect on CTLA4Ig and CD28Ig binding, thereby indicating that both receptors bind to overlapping sites on CD80 and CD86. Further, mutagenesis of several conserved residues in the ABED beta-sheet face of the IgC domain of CD80 completely ablated receptor binding. Point mutagenesis had a more pronounced effect than complete truncation of the IgC domain. Thus, full CTLA4Ig and CD28Ig binding to B7 molecules is dependent upon residues in the GFC'C" face of the IgV domain and the ABED face of the IgC domain.
Reducing the glucose uptake rate in Escherichia coli affects growth rate but not protein production (2005)

Although glucose is an inexpensive substrate widely used as a carbon source in Escherichia coli recombinant fermentation technology, 10-30% of the carbon supply is wasted by excreting acetate. In addition to the loss of carbon source, the excretion of a weak acid may result in increased energetic demands and hence a decreased yield. Because glucose can enter the cell via several transport systems, isogenic strains defective in one or two of these transport systems were constructed. The effects of changes in the glucose uptake capacity on the in vivo flux distribution to a desired end product (beta-galactosidase) and to acetate were studied. The lack of one of the components (IICB(Glc) protein) of the glucose-phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (Glc-PTS) reduced the growth rate significantly. The maintenance of a low-copy plasmid in this strain resulted in further arrest of the growth rate. However, beta-galactosidase production had no effect on growth rate. This strain directed more carbon into biomass and carbon dioxide, and less into acetate. Beta-galactosidase was produced in amounts not significantly different from the wild-type strain from half the amount of glucose. An explanation for the experimental results is given, making use of published results on metabolic regulation.
Isolation and Characterization of Endonuclease VIII from Escherichia coli (1994)

Endonuclease VIII, a novel presumptive DNA repair enzyme, was isolated from Escherichia coli by FPLC1 purification. The enzyme was found in strains that contained or lacked endonuclease III and was purified by radial flow S-Sepharose, Mono S, phenyl-Superose, and Superose 12 FPLC. Examination of the properties of endonuclease VIII showed it to have many similarities to endonuclease III. DNA containing thymine glycol, dihydrothymine, beta-ureidoisobutyric acid, urea residues, or AP sites was incised by the enzyme; however, DNA containing reduced AP sites was not. HPLC analysis of the products formed by exhaustive enzymatic digestion of damage-containing DNA showed that endonuclease VIII released thymine glycol and dihydrothymine as free bases. Taken together, these data suggest that endonuclease VIII contains both N-glycosylase and AP lyase activities. Consistent with this idea, DNA containing AP sites or thymine glycols, that was enzymatically nicked by endonuclease VIII was not a good substrate for E. coli DNA polymerase I, suggesting that endonuclease VIII nicks damage-containing DNA on the 3' side of the lesion. Also, since monophosphates were not released after treating thymine glycol-containing DNA with endonuclease VIII, the enzyme does not appear to have exonuclease activity. The enzyme activity was maximal in 75 mM NaCl or 5 mM MgCl2. Analysis of endonuclease VIII by both Superose FPLC and Sephadex yielded native molecular masses of 28,000 and 30,000 Da, respectively. SDS-PAGE, in conjunction with activity gel analysis, gave a molecular mass of about 29,000 Da. Furthermore, renaturation of the putative active band from SDS-PAGE gave rise to an active enzyme.
Preparation of Protein-Resistant Surfaces on Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Membranes via Surface Segregation (1999)

Self-organizing blends of an amphiphilic comb polymer having a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) backbone and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) side chains in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) have been examined as a means to create foul-resistant, self-healing surfaces on polymer membranes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of phase inversion membranes prepared from these blends indicates substantial surface segregation of the amphiphilic component, which occurs both during the coagulation step of the phase inversion process and in subsequent annealing of the membranes in water. With annealing, a near-surface coverage of nearly 45 vol % comb polymer is produced on a membrane with a bulk comb concentration of only 3 vol %. Surface enrichment of the hydrophilic comb polymer is shown to impart significant resistance to the adsorption of bovine serum albumin (BSA). XPS analysis of membranes treated with concentrated acid shows that hydrophilic surface layers removed by acid exposure may be regenerated by further surface segregation during a subsequent heat treatment in water, resulting in partial recovery of protein adsorption resistance.
Autoimmune Diabetes Not Requiring Insulin at Diagnosis (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult) (2001)

Type 1 diabetes is caused by the immune-mediated destruction of islet insulin-secreting beta-cells. This chronic destructive process is associated with both cellular and humoral immune changes in the peripheral blood that can be detected months or even years before the onset of clinical diabetes. Throughout this prediabetic period, metabolic changes, including altered glucose tolerance and reduced insulin secretion, deteriorate at variable rates and eventually result in clinical diabetes. A fraction of individuals with humoral immunological changes have clinical diabetes that initially is not insulin-requiring. The onset of diabetes in these patients is usually in adult life, and because their diabetes is at least initially not insulin-requiring, they appear clinically to be affected by type 2 diabetes. Such patients probably have the same disease process as patients with type 1 diabetes in that they have similar HLA genetic susceptibility as well as autoantibodies to islet antigens, low insulin secretion, and a higher rate of progression to insulin dependency. These patients are defined as being affected by an autoimmune type of diabetes not requiring insulin at diagnosis, which is also named latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA). Special attention should be paid to diagnose such patients because therapy may influence the speed of progression toward insulin dependency, and in this respect, efforts should be made to protect residual C-peptide secretion. LADA can serve as a model for designing new strategies for prevention of type 1 diabetes but also as a target group for prevention in its own right.
Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis induction in B cell-deficient mice (1998)

Experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) is an animal model for human myasthenia gravis (MG). Autoantibody-induced functional loss of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) at the postsynaptic membrane is an important pathogenic feature of both MG and EAMG. To evaluate the extent at which the humoral immune response against AChR operates in the pathogenesis of EAMG, we immunized B cell knockout (muMT) and wild-type C57BL/6 mice with AChR and complete Freund's adjuvant. The ability of AChR-primed lymph node cells to proliferate and secrete IFN-gamma in response to AChR and its dominant peptide alpha146-162 were intact in muMT mice as in wild-type mice. Similar amounts of mRNA for IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-10 in AChR-reactive lymph node cells were detected in muMT and wild-type mice. However, muMT mice had no detectable anti-AChR antibodies and remained completely free from clinical EAMG. We conclude that B cells are critically required for the genesis of clinical EAMG, but not for AChR-specific T cell priming.
Effect of 10% papain gel on enamel deproteinization before bonding procedure (2011)

The hypothesis is rejected. Papain gel was shown to be a new ally in the orthodontic clinic.
Preparation and Properties of Oligocytidylates with 2′–5′ Internucleotide Linkage (1985)

Abstract Oligocytidylates upto a pentamer were prepared by lead(II) ion catalyzed polymerization of cytidine 5′-phosphorimidazolide in aqueous solution. 2′–5′ internucleotide linkage was preferentially formed. The yields of the 2′–5′ linked dimer, trimer, tetramer and pentamer were 17.0, 5.5, 1.9, and 0.7%, respectively. Some of their properties were studied by NMR, CD, UV, and chromatography and compared with the corresponding 3′–5′ linked oligomers which were prepared enzymatically.
Chaos-assisted broadband momentum transformation in optical microresonators (2017)

The law of momentum conservation rules out many desired processes in optical microresonators. We report broadband momentum transformations of light in asymmetric whispering gallery microresonators. Assisted by chaotic motions, broadband light can travel between optical modes with different angular momenta within a few picoseconds. Efficient coupling from visible to near-infrared bands is demonstrated between a nanowaveguide and whispering gallery modes with quality factors exceeding 10 million. The broadband momentum transformation enhances the device conversion efficiency of the third-harmonic generation by greater than three orders of magnitude over the conventional evanescent-wave coupling. The observed broadband and fast momentum transformation could promote applications such as multicolor lasers, broadband memories, and multiwavelength optical networks.
Consumer Decision Process Model in Multi-channel Retail Banking (2007)

With financial deregulation and application of information technology, consumers are now accessing more financial services from banks. At the same time, electronic distribution channels come into the world endlessly in banking. Under such circumstances, understanding how consumers make their transaction decisions is a major focus of marketing and strategic problem for banks. To effectively utilize various distribution channels and better serve consumers, banks not only need to innovate new financial products, but also focus on consumers' behaviour intention when they choose alternative service channels. On the other hand, consumers' decision process is impacted by some new factors, which mainly originate from information technology. From the perspectives of distribution channels, consumer characteristics, financial products and banks' forces, this paper analyses these new factors that will affect consumer decision process. Based on comprehensive and all-purpose models of consumer decision process, this paper also puts forward a dynamic and specialized model that describes technology-related factors how to affect consumer decision process in specific ways.
Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2020)

We investigated whether combination therapy with a statin plus a fibrate, as compared with statin monotherapy, would reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were at high risk for cardiovascular disease.
A Comparison of Surfactant as Immediate Prophylaxis and as Rescue Therapy in Newborns of Less Than 30 Weeks' Gestation (1991)

We found a significant advantage to the administration of the initial dose of surfactant as prophylaxis rather than as rescue therapy in very premature infants.
Radio-frequency plasma-excited molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaN on graphene/Si(100) substrates (2014)

Strong c-axis-oriented hexagonal (0001) GaN was grown on graphene/Si(100) substrates by radio-frequency plasma-excited molecular beam epitaxy. The hexagonal symmetry of graphene transferred onto the Si(100) surface enabled the growth of a highly c-axis-oriented GaN film. The GaN showed a full width at half maximum of 11.3 arcmin for a (0002) rocking curve measured by X-ray diffraction. Strong luminescence at 3.4 eV was also observed by cathodoluminescence with a luminescence at 3.2 eV, which originated from a cubic-phase inclusion. A microstructural study using transmission electron microscopy also confirmed the growth of hexagonal (0001) GaN on a graphene/Si(100) substrate.
Bag model for DNA migration during pulsed-field electrophoresis. (1991)

A model for pulsed-field electrophoresis was developed by picturing large DNA as a deformable "bag" that (i) moves with limiting mobility in a continuous electric field, (ii) adopts an orientation aligned with the field direction, and (iii) reorients after a change in field direction in a size-dependent manner. The model correctly predicted the resolution of large DNA in a pulsed field including the surprising phenomena of mobility inversion, lateral band spreading, and improved resolution for obtuse angles. A simple parametrization agreed with observations of two completely different aspects of DNA behavior: bulk mobility as measured during gel electrophoresis and molecular reorientation as measured by linear dichroism. The model also provides quantitative guidelines for setting experimental parameters in pulsed-field electrophoresis experiments.
Simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature using a Bragg grating structure written in germanosilicate fibres (2004)

A fibre Bragg grating sensing configuration is presented for simultaneous measurement of strain and temperature. The proposed concept relies on writing a single Bragg grating on the splice region of two fibres with different levels of germanium doping. Doing so, a grating structure appears with three resonance peaks, which show distinct temperature sensitivities but similar strain responses. The experimental validation of the concept indicated resolutions of ± 1.5 °C Hz−1/2 and ± 5.6 µe Hz−1/2 over measurement ranges of 80 °C and 1000 µe for temperature and strain, respectively.
Fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in cardiovascular disease: do they really work? (2011)

Omega-3 fatty acids, which are found abundantly in fish oil, exert pleiotropic cardiometabolic effects with a diverse range of actions. The results of previous studies raised a lot of interest in the role of fish oil and omega-3 fatty acids in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. The present review will focus on the current clinical uses of omega-3 fatty acids and provide an update on their effects. Since recently published trials in patients with coronary artery diseases or post-myocardial infarction did not show an effect of omega-3 fatty acids on major cardiovascular endpoints, this review will examine the limitations of those data and suggest recommendations for the use of omega-3 fatty acids.
A Non-linear Generalisation of PDMs using Polynomial Regression (1994)

We have previously described how to model shape variability by means of point distribution models (TDMs,) in which there is a linear relationship between a set of shape parameters and the positions of points on the shape. This linear formulation can fail for shapes which articulate or bend.' we show examples of such failure for both real and synthetic classes of shape. A new, more general formulation for PDMs, based on polynomial regression, is presented. The resulting Polynomial Regression PDMs (PRPDMsj perform well on the data for which the linear method failed.
<title>Robust language-independent OCR system</title> (1999)

We present a language-independent optical character recognition system that is capable, in principle, of recognizing printed text from most of the world's languages. For each new language or script the system requires sample training data along with ground truth at the text-line level; there is no need to specify the location of either the lines or the words and characters. The system uses hidden Markov modeling technology to model each character. In addition to language independence, the technology enhances performance for degraded data, such as fax, by using unsupervised adaptation techniques. Thus far, we have demonstrated the language-independence of this approach for Arabic, English, and Chinese. Recognition results are presented in this paper, including results on faxed data.