gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Antibody Responses to Combinations of a Dengue Virus Type 2 DNA Vaccine and Two Dengue Virus Type 2 Protein Vaccines in Rhesus Macaques (2006)

We evaluated three nonreplicating dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) vaccines: (i) a DNA vaccine containing the prM-E gene region (D), (ii) a recombinant subunit protein vaccine containing the B domain (i.e., domain III) of the E protein as a fusion with the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein (R), and (iii) a purified inactivated virus vaccine (P). Groups of four rhesus macaques each were primed once and boosted twice using seven different vaccination regimens. After primary vaccination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antibody levels increased most rapidly for groups inoculated with the P and DP combination, and by 1 month after the second boost, ELISA titers were similar for all groups. The highest plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) titers were seen in those groups that received the DR/DR/DR combination (geometric mean titer [GMT], 510), the P/P/P vaccine (GMT, 345), the DP/DP/DP combination (GMT, 287), and the R/R/R vaccine (GMT, 200). The next highest titers were seen in animals that received the D/R/R vaccine (GMT, 186) and the D/P/P vaccine (GMT, 163). Animals that received the D/D/D vaccine had the lowest neutralizing antibody titer (GMT, 49). Both ELISA and PRNT titers declined at variable rates. The only significant protection from viremia was observed in the P-vaccinated animals (mean of 0.5 days), which also showed the highest antibody concentration, including antibodies to NS1, and highest antibody avidity at the time of challenge.
Hydrogen Peroxide and Oxygen in Catalytic Oxidation of Carbohydrates and Related Compounds (1997)

The state of the art of carbohydrate oxidations with molecular oxygen, hydrogen peroxide and ozone is presented in this review. Catalysed and uncatalysed reactions are described and are related by means of several reaction mechanisms. Several alcohols that are frequently applied as models for carbohydrates are included. Emphasis is given to the selective catalytic reactions. Two summarising reaction schemes conclude the possibilities for oxidations of both reducing and non-reducing sugars.
ChemInform Abstract: THE USE OF DIETHYL AZODICARBOXYLATE AND TRIPHENYLPHOSPHINE IN SYNTHESIS AND TRANSFORMATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS (1981)

Abstract Review: Dieser Übersichtsartikel beschreibt die Synthesen von Naturstoffen durch inter‐ und intramolekulare Kondensation von Alkoholen und Säuren mit Hilfe von Azodicarbonsäureester und Triphenylphosphin.
Microglial Markers are Elevated in the Prodromal Phase of Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia (2012)

Microglia manage immunosurveillance and mediate inflammation, both suggested to be important in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of this study was to investigate if microglial markers could differentiate, firstly between AD and controls, and secondly between stable mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and those progressing to AD and vascular dementia (VaD). Furthermore, we investigated if these markers were sufficiently stable to be used in clinical trials. We quantified YKL-40 and sCD14 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 96 AD patients, 65 healthy controls, and 170 patients with MCI from baseline and over 5.7 years. For the stability analysis, two CSF samples were collected from 52 AD patients with a six-month interval in between. YKL-40, but not sCD14, was significantly elevated in AD compared with healthy controls (p = 0.003). Furthermore, YKL-40 and sCD14 were increased in MCI patients who converted to VaD (p = 0.029 and p = 0.008), but not to AD according to NINCDS-ADRDA. However, when stratified according to CSF levels of tau and Aβ42, YKL-40 was elevated in those with an AD-indicative profile compared with stable MCI with a normal profile (p = 0.037). In addition, YKL-40 and sCD14 were very stable in AD patients with good correlation between time-points (r = 0.94, p = 3.4 × 10-25; r = 0.77, p = 2.0 × 10-11) and the cortical damage marker T-tau. Thus, microglial markers are stable and may be used as safety markers for monitoring CNS inflammation and microglia activation in clinical trials. Moreover, YKL-40 differentiates between AD and controls and between stable MCI to AD and those that convert to AD and VaD.
PÜSKÜRTÜLEN İNCE KAPLAMALAR VE YAPIŞMALARINA ETKİ EDEN FAKTÖRLER (2011)

Bu çalışmada göreceli olarak yeni kabul edilebilecek bir tahkimat türü olan PİK’lerin (püskürtülen ince kaplama) kullanımı, yapısı ve tahkimat işlevlerine dair bilgiler verilmiştir. Ek olarak, çevre koşullarının PİK yapışmasına etkisini değerlendirmek için yapışma dayanımı deneyleri yapılmıştır. Alt katman üzerindeki yağ, su ve toz ile farklı alt katmanların tane boyutu ve pürüzlülüğü değerlendirilmiştir. Tüm testler Tekflex adındaki PİK kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, uygun koşullar altında yaklaşık 1.8 MPa yapışma dayanımı elde edilmiştir. Kaya yüzeyinin tozla kirli olduğu veya kayanın çekme dayanımının düşük olduğu durumlarda 1 ila 1.5 MPa’a varan yapışma dayanımına çıkmak güç olabilir. Mekanik kenetlenmeden ziyade, kayacın tane boyutu matrisi ile kaplama arasındaki kimyasal reaksiyonun yüksek yapışma dayanımı elde etmekte daha etkili olduğu gözlenmiştir. Yüksek çekme dayanımlı ve iri tane boyutlu kayaçlar daha yüksek bağlanma dayanımı verme eğilimindedirler. Alt katman yüzey pürüzlülüğünün yapışma dayanımını arttırdığı görülmemektedir
A Chemical Route to Graphene for Device Applications (2007)

Oxidation of graphite produces graphite oxide, which is dispersible in water as individual platelets. After deposition onto Si/SiO2 substrates, chemical reduction produces graphene sheets. Electrical conductivity measurements indicate a 10000-fold increase in conductivity after chemical reduction to graphene. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy measurements show one to two layer graphene steps. Electrodes patterned onto a reduced graphite oxide film demonstrate a field effect response when the gate voltage is varied from +15 to -15 V. Temperature-dependent conductivity indicates that the graphene-like sheets exhibit semiconducting behavior.
Tauopathy-like Abnormalities and Neurologic Deficits in Mice Immunized With Neuronal Tau Protein (2006)

These results provide a link between tau autoimmunity and tauopathy-like abnormalities and indicate potential dangers of using tau for immunotherapy. This experimental autoimmune tauopathy-like model is due to a pathogenic immune response against an intraneuronal antigen and is not related to myelin antigens.
Electrode–Tissue Impedance Measurement CMOS ASIC for Functional Electrical Stimulation Neuroprostheses (2007)

The design of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit that has the capability of evaluating the electrode-tissue contact and the lead functionality of implanted electrodes in neuroprostheses for functional electrical stimulation applications is presented. The system allows in a quite simple way the verification of the state of the electrode by the evaluation of its impedance. By using a 1-bit analog-to-digital converter, the voltage drop between the anode and cathode of the stimulating electrode is measured when a controllable amplitude current is delivered. The impedance that is associated with the electrode will be obtained from the ratio between the anode-to-cathode voltage drop and the delivered current. Final resolution for the impedance measurement system will depend on the range of available current amplitudes. Based on the same impedance measurement method, two different systems for two different CMOS integrated neuroprostheses have been implemented. Both measurement systems allow an impedance characterization range from a few ohms to several kilo-ohms. This resistance range is enough to evaluate if the electrode is working inside normal conditions or not; however, some damage has taken place, making the electrical stimulation using that electrode impossible. In vitro results of the impedance measurement systems are provided.
Tunable, High Modulus Hydrogels Driven by Ionic Coacervation (2011)

A modular strategy for hydrogel formation based on the self-organization of well-defined ABA triblock copolyelectrolytes through ionic interactions in water is reported. The nature of the ionic domains, which constitute the physical crosslinks, provides for robust, yet highly tunable materials. These materials represent a diverse platform for hydrogel formation with enhanced mechanical properties and ease of synthesis while retaining a dynamic responsive nature.
Peripheral painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathies (2011)

The aim of this article is to review the clinical, pathophysiological, and therapeutic aspects of traumatically induced trigeminal nerve pain. We introduce a new and, in our view, more accurate terminology: peripheral painful traumatic trigeminal neuropathy (PPTTN) to define this patient group. The proposed pathophysiology of PPTTN is largely based on studies in spinal nerve injury models. However, trigeminal nerve injury studies have shown some subtle differences in response to physical and inflammatory insults, and these are discussed. The treatment of painful neuropathies is difficult and carries a poor prognosis. Based on the available literature on efficacy and side effects, we propose a treatment algorithm for traumatic trigeminal neuropathies.
IDENTIFICATION OF A NOVEL CELL TYPE IN PERIPHERAL LYMPHOID ORGANS OF MICE (1974)

Dendritic cells are morphologically distinct cells isolated in vitro from peripheral lymphoid organs of mice. They have a buoyant density of less than 1.082 and can be enriched 7-20-fold by isopycnic centrifugation in albumin columns. Surface adherence of enriched populations may yield cultures containing 50% dendritic cells-preparations which can then be studied in more detail. By functional tests, dendritic cells do not represent morphological variants of either lymphocytes or macrophages. They lack lymphocyte surface differentiation markers and do not exhibit the endocytic capacities of macrophages. In tissue culture, they do not differentiate into macrophages. Dendritic cells have a low labeling index in vitro (1.5-2.5%) following administration of [(3)H]thymidine, and this property distinguishes them from large lymphocytes and promonocytes. Dendritic cells also do not possess the functional properties of other types of reticular cells proposed to exist in lymphoid organs, i.e., they do not synthesize collagen-like macromolecules, they are not stem cells for erythroid and myeloid colony formation, and they do not retain antigens or immune complexes on their cell surface. Dendritic cells thus represent a novel cell type on both functional and morphological grounds.
Deregulation of ETS1 and FLI1 contributes to the pathogenesis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (2013)

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common form of human lymphoma. DLBCL is a heterogeneous disease characterized by different genetic lesions. We herein report the functional characterization of a recurrent gain mapping on chromosome 11q24.3, found in 23% of 166 DLBCL cases analyzed. The transcription factors ETS1 and FLI1, located within the 11q24.3 region, had significantly higher expression in clinical samples carrying the gain. Functional studies on cell lines showed that ETS1 and FLI1 cooperate in sustaining DLBCL proliferation and viability and regulate genes involved in germinal center differentiation. Taken together, these data identify the 11q24.3 gain as a recurrent lesion in DLBCL leading to ETS1 and FLI1 deregulated expression, which can contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.
Recurrent deep neural networks for robust speech recognition (2014)

In this work, we propose recurrent deep neural networks (DNNs) for robust automatic speech recognition (ASR). Full recurrent connections are added to certain hidden layer of a conventional feedforward DNN and allow the model to capture the temporal dependency in deep representations. A new backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm is introduced to make the minibatch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) on the proposed recurrent DNNs more efficient and effective. We evaluate the proposed recurrent DNN architecture under the hybrid setup on both the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> CHiME challenge (track 2) and Aurora-4 tasks. Experimental results on the CHiME challenge data show that the proposed system can obtain consistent 7% relative WER improvements over the DNN systems, achieving state-of-the-art performance without front-end preprocessing, speaker adaptive training or multiple decoding passes. For the experiments on Aurora-4, the proposed system achieves 4% relative WER improvement over a strong DNN baseline system.
The turn model for adaptive routing (1992)

We present a model for designing wormhole routing algorithms that are deadlock free, livelock free, minimal or nonminimal, and maximally adaptive. A unique feature of this model is that it is not based on adding physical or virtual channels to network topologies (though it can be applied to networks with extra channels). Instead, the model is based on analyzing the directions in which packets can turn in a network and the cycles that the turns can form. Prohibiting just enough turns to break all of the cycles produces routing algorithms that are deadlock free, livelock free, minimal or nonminimal, and maximally adaptive for the network. In this paper, we focus on the two most common network topologies for wormhole routing, n -dimensional mesh, just a quarter of the turns must be prohibited to prevent deadlock. The remaining three quarters of the turns permit partial adaptiveness in routing. Partially adaptive routing algorithms are described for 2D meshes, n -dimensional meshes, k -ary n -cubes, and hypercubes. Simulations of partially adaptive and nonadaptive routing algorithms for 2D meshes and hypercubes show that which algorithm has the lowest latencies and highest sustainable throughput depends on the pattern of message traffic. For nonuniform traffic, partially adaptive routing algorithms perform better than non-adaptive ones.
Release of Calcitonin Gene—Related Peptide from Sensory Neuronsa (1992)

CGRP is released from capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner in a variety of peripheral organs as well as from central terminals. The mechanisms for CGRP release by low concentrations of capsaicin, electrical antidromic nerve stimulation, and bradykinin have several similar characteristics regarding sensitivity to TTX, CTX, and alpha 2-adrenoceptor activation. High capsaicin concentration and nicotine evoke CGRP release via other mechanisms. The effects of capsaicin, resiniferatoxin, and SO2 are blocked by RR, which probably inhibits ion fluxes associated with capsaicin receptor activation. CGRP released upon irritation of peripheral branches of primary afferents may evoke a variety of cardiovascular actions and influence motility in the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts.
Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of beta-sitosterol in the beagle dog. (1990)

Tritium-labelled beta-sitosterol (BSS) 10 mg was administered to 6 beagle dogs in a 3-way crossover study: 1. i.v. solution, 2. p.o. powdered BSS, and 3. BSS embedded in a polyethyleneglycol (PEG) melt. The concentration-time profiles for both routes of administration were best described by a two-compartment open model with a fast distribution phase, having a t1/2 alpha of about 3 h, and a terminal disposition phase having a t1/2 beta of about 129 h. The volume of distribution of the central compartment corresponds to the total body fluid (Vc = 0.56 l/kg), and the apparent volume of distribution is about equal to the total body weight (V d/beta = 0.92 l/kg). The mean residence time is about 185 h. The absolute bioavailability upon p.o. administration is about 9%. The PEG embedment of BSS does not increase the extent of absorption; however, the rate of absorption is significantly increased.
<title>Depth enhancement using a scanning fiber optical endoscope</title> (2002)

The Single Fiber Scanning Endoscope (SFSE) is a miniature flexible endoscope with unique features that promises to open new minimally invasive procedures for previously inaccessible diseases. There is a need for enhancement of depth cues and 3D measurement in procedures using monoscopic endoscopes. The SFSE uses scanning acquisition that gives it unique imaging properties which are advantageous for 3D vision algorithms -- simultaneous images can be created from multiple sensors all having common viewpoints but different lighting directions. A radiometric dual exists between array and scanning acquisition systems, so scanning acquisition images appear to have the light source originating from the sensors and the viewpoint at the scanner location. Disparity and photometric stereo techniques are investigated. A novel method for interactive virtual lighting allows the surface to be illuminated from any virtual lighting direction, even those not physically possible with endoscope, for use with either monocular or binocular images. This enhances or provides depth cues from shading and parallax. Using the photometric stereo method a 3D mesh representing the surface shape is obtained. A combination of disparity stereo and photometric stereo techniques creates dense range maps and measurements. The ability to make dense 3D measurements allow accurate volume measurements for dosage, risk estimation, and healing progress evaluations.
Solubility of bio-sourced feedstocks in ‘green’ solvents (2010)

A group of 14 different bio-sourced, renewable feedstocks (homoserine, 1; glutamic acid, 2; aspartic acid, 3; 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid, 4; fumaric acid, 5; oxalacetic acid, 6; tartaric acid, 7; malic acid, 8; succinic acid, 9; levulinic acid, 10; γ-hydroxybutyrolactone, 11; xylitol, 12; mannitol, 13; sorbitol, 14) have been examined for their solubility/miscibility in a variety of ‘green’ solvents, including water, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), and ionic liquids. Two other bio-based compounds 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, 15, and D-xylose, 16, were studied in selected solvents. Trends in solubility have been assessed so that these data may be extrapolated to help predict solubilities of other related compounds. For example, 10, 11 and 15 all demonstrated appreciable solubility in scCO2, as they possess weak intermolecular interactions. The dicarboxylic acids studied (4–9) all proved soluble in modified scCO2 (by use of MeOH as a cosolvent). While the polyols (12–14) and 1 were insoluble in scCO2 but water of various pHs and ionic liquids proved adept at their dissolution. Some of the amino acids studied (2 and 3) were only soluble in water with an adjustment of pH.
Characterization of a highly variable eutherian microRNA gene (2005)

Mouse microRNAs (miRNAs) miR-290-miR295 are encoded by a cluster of partially homologous pre-miRNA hairpins and are likely to be functionally important in embryonic stem (ES) cells and preimplantation embryos. We present evidence that a spliced, capped, and polyadenylated primary transcript spans this entire Early Embryonic microRNA Cluster (EEmiRC). Partial Drosha processing yields additional large nuclear RNA intermediates. A conserved promoter element containing a TATA-box directs EEmiRC transcription. Sequence analysis shows that the EEmiRC transcription unit is remarkably variable and can only be identified bioinformatically in placental (eutherian) mammals. Consistent with eutherian-specific function, EEmiRC is expressed in trophoblastic stem (TS) cells. When analyzing evolutionary and functional relationships, the organization of the entire miRNA loci should be considered in addition to the mature miRNA sequences. Application of this concept suggests that EEmiRC is a recently acquired rapidly evolving gene important for eutherian development.
Formative Assessment: Balancing Educational Effectiveness and Resource Efficiency (2010)

This paper summarises the key findings of recent educational research undertaken at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, which was supported by the UK Centre for Education in the Built Environment. The research critically analyses dilemmas between educational effectiveness and resource efficiency when considering formative assessment. Formative assessment is defined as ‘work that a student carries out during a course for which they get feedback to improve their learning, whether marked or not’. The key aim of the research is to identify and share good practice, and show the wide range of feedback options possible. A range of staff within the School of the Built Environment reflected on their own experience through the use of templates and various seminars. The research findings highlight the crucial importance of assessment generally, and formative assessment in particular, on student learning in higher education. Research pressures, larger classes and more distance learning are all challenges that make the balancing act between resource efficiency and educational effectiveness increasingly precarious. This research has not unearthed any magic solutions, but identifies practical principles and examples of how others deal with these dilemmas.
Identification of TmcN as a pathway-specific positive regulator of tautomycetin biosynthesis in Streptomyces sp. CK4412 (2008)

Tautomycetin (TMC) is a novel activated T-cell-specific immunosuppressive compound with a unique structure, containing an ester bond linkage between a terminal cyclic anhydride moiety and a linear polyketide chain bearing an unusual terminal alkene. A 3 kb gene, tmcN, with a deduced product of 1029 amino acid residues, located on the 3'-terminus of an approximately 70 kb contiguous TMC biosynthetic gene cluster, was found to have amino acid sequence homology with bacterial regulatory proteins. In silico database comparisons revealed that TmcN belongs to the large ATP-binding regulators of the LuxR protein family. Gene disruption of tmcN from the Streptomyces sp. CK4412 chromosome resulted in significantly reduced antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger, as well as the absence of TMC. In addition, complementation by an integrative plasmid carrying tmcN restored TMC biosynthesis, strongly suggesting that TmcN is a positive regulator of TMC biosynthesis. Gene expression analysis by RT-PCR of the TMC biosynthetic genes revealed that a TmcN mutant strain exhibited reduced expression levels for most of the biosynthetic genes except for its own tmcN. It is thus suggested that TmcN is a pathway-specific positive regulator that activates transcription of the TMC biosynthetic pathway genes in Streptomyces sp. CK4412.
C-reactive protein reacts with the U1 small nuclear ribonucleoprotein. (1989)

C-reactive protein (CRP) was found to produce a small, discrete, speckled fluorescence pattern in the nucleus of HEp-2 cells. Double staining with anti-RNP serum and CRP produced very similar staining patterns. By counterimmunoelectrophoresis CRP was bound to extractable nuclear antigens found in rabbit thymus extract. The reactive components of the extract were only partially sensitive to treatment with RNase. CRP immunoprecipitated the U1 RNA species from [32P]labeled HeLa cells and the protein bands of the Sm/RNP complex from [35S]-methionine-labeled HeLa cells. By blotting, CRP bound to several discrete bands in a calcium-dependent, PC-inhibitable manner. Two of the bands comigrated with the 70K protein band associated with the U1 snRNP, and its major breakdown product. Binding to these bands was inhibited by both EDTA and PC indicating that CRP binds these proteins through the PC-binding site. Binding to the 70K protein of the U1 snRNP was confirmed by reactivity with the recombinant 70K protein in a dot blot. These findings indicate the CRP binds to the U1-RNP snRNP particle. Considering the ability of CRP to inhibit antibody responses to its ligands and its ability to activate C and promote phagocytosis it is suggested that CRP may play a role in the regulation of autoantibody responses to nuclear Ag.