gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Adherence of Staphylococcus aureus to Influenza A Virus-Infected Cell Cultures (1982)

A quantitative radioassay was used to study the factors affecting the adherence of (3)H-labeled Staphylococcus aureus 1071 to Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, either uninfected or infected with the human FM1 strain of influenza A virus. Enhanced adherence to virus-infected cell cultures was independent of nonspecific factors-hydrophobicity, surface charge, and monolayer cell density. Viral hemagglutinin and neuraminidase did not act as the cell receptors for S. aureus because the growth of virus-inoculated monolayers in tunicamycin (an inhibitor of glycosylation) and the pretreatment of virus-infected cells with trypsin or virus-specific antiserum, which inhibit hemadsorption, had no effect on staphylococcal adherence. In contrast, adherence to uninfected and virus-infected cells was significantly reduced by protease treatment of either monolayers or staphylococci and by heat treatment of staphylococci. UV irradiation and treatment of bacteria with 0.1 M EDTA enhanced adherence. Pretreatment of monolayers with a thermal extract of S. aureus decreased adherence by 89 to 97%. The staphylococcal adhesin, which blocks adherence to virus-infected cells, appears to be a remarkably heat-stable, protease- and trypsin-sensitive macromolecule which is distinct from protein A, clumping factor, and teichoic acid. Lastly, pretreatment of S. aureus with human fibrinogen significantly enhanced adherence to virus-infected cells (P < 0.005) compared with binding with untreated S. aureus. The treated bacteria also adsorbed virus out of suspension. These results suggest that fibrinogen forms a bridge between S. aureus and receptors present on virus-infected cells and free virus.
Neutralizing antibodies specific for glycoprotein H of herpes simplex virus permit viral attachment to cells but prevent penetration (1989)

Monoclonal antibodies specific for gH of herpes simplex virus were shown previously to neutralize viral infectivity. Results presented here demonstrate that these antibodies (at least three of them) block viral penetration without inhibiting adsorption of virus to cells. Penetration of herpes simplex virus is by fusion of the virion envelope with the plasma membrane of a susceptible cell. Electron microscopy of thin sections of cells exposed to virus revealed that neutralized virus bound to the cell surface but did not fuse with the plasma membrane. Quantitation of virus adsorption by measuring the binding of purified radiolabeled virus to cells revealed that the anti-gH antibodies had little or no effect on adsorption. Monitoring cell and viral protein synthesis after exposure of cells to infectious and neutralized virus gave results consistent with the electron microscopic finding that the anti-gH antibodies blocked viral penetration. On the basis of the results presented here and other information published elsewhere, it is suggested that gH is one of three glycoproteins essential for penetration of herpes simplex virus into cells.
Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase: Purification and Properties (1979)

The vitamin K-dependent Plasma clotting factors are synthesized as inactive precursors and converted to active forms by the carboxylation of specific glutamyl residues to γ-carboxyglutamyl residues. A stable preparation (complex A) of the rat liver microsomal vitamin K-dependent carboxylase has been obtained by selective extraction of other proteins from the membrane. Treatment of crude microsomes with dilute nonionic detergent, chaotropic agents and sodium cholate yields a preparation that is 150-fold purified over the starting microsomes and is substantially increased in total activity. This lipoprotein complex has a high requirement for vitamin KH2 and is not active with [vitamin K + NADH]. Organic hydroperoxides will drive carboxylation in the absence of vitamin K in crude microsomes but not in complex A. In many other respects, complex A has properties similar to detergent-solubilized microsomes. The microsomal carboxylase converts Phe-Leu-Glu-Glu-Leu predominately to two forms of phe-Leu-Gla-Glu-Leu which can be separated by ion exchange chromatography. The more acidic of these two forms can be metabolized to the more basic form by crude microsomes, but complex A has lost the ability to carry out this conversion. About half of the carboxylase activity of complex A can be solubilized in a high concentnation of Triton x-100, and this material can be further purified by affinity chromatography.
Collective Opinion Spam Detection (2015)

Online reviews capture the testimonials of "real" people and help shape the decisions of other consumers. Due to the financial gains associated with positive reviews, however, opinion spam has become a widespread problem, with often paid spam reviewers writing fake reviews to unjustly promote or demote certain products or businesses. Existing approaches to opinion spam have successfully but separately utilized linguistic clues of deception, behavioral footprints, or relational ties between agents in a review system.
Radical Prostatectomy for High-risk Prostate Cancer (2009)

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) era has changed the pattern of prostate cancer at presentation. Patients now present with lower-stage, lower-risk disease. However, some patients continue to present with high-risk prostate cancer (high-risk PC), and the effect of PSA introduction on outcome is less clear. This review highlights the salient features of why radical prostatectomy should be considered in the management of men with high-risk PC (Gleason score 8-10, marked increase in PSA levels and advanced clinical T stage). Radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) can provide durable local control, long-term cancer-specific survival and accurate pathologic staging, and may guide further individualized treatment. For these reasons, RRP remains the best single treatment of high-risk PC in operable patients.
Anti-tumoral action of cannabinoids on hepatocellular carcinoma: role of AMPK-dependent activation of autophagy (2011)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third cause of cancer-related death worldwide. When these tumors are in advanced stages, few therapeutic options are available. Therefore, it is essential to search for new treatments to fight this disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of cannabinoids--a novel family of potential anticancer agents--on the growth of HCC. We found that Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC, the main active component of Cannabis sativa) and JWH-015 (a cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB(2)) cannabinoid receptor-selective agonist) reduced the viability of the human HCC cell lines HepG2 (human hepatocellular liver carcinoma cell line) and HuH-7 (hepatocellular carcinoma cells), an effect that relied on the stimulation of CB(2) receptor. We also found that Δ(9)-THC- and JWH-015-induced autophagy relies on tribbles homolog 3 (TRB3) upregulation, and subsequent inhibition of the serine-threonine kinase Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin C1 axis and adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) stimulation. Pharmacological and genetic inhibition of AMPK upstream kinases supported that calmodulin-activated kinase kinase β was responsible for cannabinoid-induced AMPK activation and autophagy. In vivo studies revealed that Δ(9)-THC and JWH-015 reduced the growth of HCC subcutaneous xenografts, an effect that was not evident when autophagy was genetically of pharmacologically inhibited in those tumors. Moreover, cannabinoids were also able to inhibit tumor growth and ascites in an orthotopic model of HCC xenograft. Our findings may contribute to the design of new therapeutic strategies for the management of HCC.
Role of interferons and other cytokines in the regulation of the immune response (1995)

Cytokines represent the major factors involved in the communication between T cells, macrophages and other immune cells in the course of an immune response to antigens and infectious agents. A number of studies on mouse and human T helper (Th) clones have recently provided extensive evidence for the existence of different activities exhibited by Th cells (called Th1 and Th2), which was apparently inferred from the profile of cytokine secretion. The Th1-type immune response is generally associated with IgG2a production and the development of cellular immunity, the Th2-type response with IgE production, eosinophils and mast cell production. This review focuses on the role of different cytokines produced by macrophages (especially interferons (IFNs), TNF-alpha, IL-10 and IL-12) or T cells (IFNs, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-beta) in macrophage-T cell interactions and the cytokine relevance in the differentiation of Th cells towards the Th1 or Th2 type of immune response. Th1-derived cytokines (IFN-gamma, IL-2, TNF-alpha) favor macrophage activation, whereas the Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) exhibit suppressive activities on macrophage functions. A key role in the differentiation towards the Th1-type response is now attributed to IL-12, a recently described cytokine produced mainly by macrophages. Its production can be upregulated by IFN-gamma and is inhibited by IL-10 and IL-4. All this emphasizes the importance of macrophage-cytokine interactions in determining the type of immune response. This article also aims to review recent data concerning the roles of IFNs alpha/beta (type I) and IFN-gamma (type II) in the regulation of the immune response. While there is much information on the regulatory effects of IFN-gamma (also called "immune IFN") on the immune response, little is so far known of the role of type I IFNs. These cytokines, originally described as simple antiviral substances, are now taken to be important regulators of the immune response. Recent data indicate that these molecules (especially IFNs-alpha) specifically promote the differentiation towards the Th1-type response. The stimulatory effects of IFN-alpha on the generation of the Th1-type response may be involved in its therapeutic effects in some human diseases, including early AIDS, hypereosinophilia and certain tumors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Metropole-3D: a rigorous 3D topography simulator (1998)

We have extended the capability of a vector 3D lithography simulator METROPOLE-3D from a photomask simulator to become a full 3D photolithography simulator. It is designed to run moderately fast on conventional engineering workstations. METROPOLE-3D solves Maxwell's equations rigorously in three dimensions to model how non-vertically incident light is scattered and transmitted in non-planar structures. METROPOLE- 3D consists of several simulation modules: photomask simulator which models the aerial image of any mask pattern (including phase-shifting masks); exposure simulator which models light intensity distribution within the photoresist and arbitrary underlying non-planar substrate structures; post-exposure baking module which models the photo-active compound diffusion, chemically amplified (CA) photoresist cross-linking and de-protection processes; and finally, 3D development module which models the photoresist development process using the level-set algorithm. This simulator has a wide range of applications in studying the pressing engineering problems encountered in state-of-the-art VLSI fabrication processes. The simulator has been applied to the layout printability/manufacturability analysis to study the dominant physical phenomena in lithography, deposition, CMP and etching processes that affect the transfer of mask patterns to the final etched structures on the wafers. Using this new 3D rigorous photolithography simulator, optical proximity effects have been studied. A reflective notching problem caused by the reflective substrate structure has been thoroughly studied, and an anti-reflective coating (ARC) solution to this notching problem has been optimized by the simulations. Finally, a 3D contamination to defect transformation study was successfully performed using our rigorous simulator.
Galectin-1 mediated suppression of Epstein-Barr virus–specific T-cell immunity in classic Hodgkin lymphoma (2007)

Abstract In Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), the malignant Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cells interact with the host microenvironment to create an immunosuppressive network that protects the lymphoma from immune attack. These mechanisms are not fully understood. We examined the role of the immunomodulatory protein galectin-1 (Gal-1) on Epstein-Barr virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses in HL. Initial studies indicated Gal-1 expression in all in vitro established Hodgkin Reed-Sternberg cell lines. In situ analysis revealed Gal-1 expression in 26 of 42 classic HL, whereas Gal-1 was uniformly negative in nodular lymphocyte predominant HL. Gal-1hi expression was associated with male gender, older patients, reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration at the tumor site, and most importantly, an impaired latent membrane protein 1 and 2-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. In vitro exposure to recombinant Gal-1 inhibited proliferation and interferon-γ expression by Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cells. These observations provide an important link between the Gal-1-mediated immunomodulatory networks and loss of antigen-specific T-cell function in classic HL.
Spectral analysis of systemic arterial pressure and heart rate signals as a prognostic tool for the prediction of patient outcome in the intensive care unit (1997)

Power spectral analysis of systemic arterial pressure and heart rate signals offers a reasonable means of monitoring acute, critically ill patients, and may be used as an alternative prognostic tool for the prediction of patient outcome in the ICU.
Use of a Gouy-Chapman-Stern Model for Membrane-Surface Electrical Potential to Interpret Some Features of Mineral Rhizotoxicity (1994)

A consideration of mineral toxicity to roots only in terms of ion activities in the rooting medium can be misleading. A Gouy-Chapman-Stern model, by which relative ion activities at cell-membrane surfaces may be estimated, has been applied to problems of mineral rhizotoxicity, including the toxicity of Al3+, La3+, H+, Na+, and SeO42-, to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) roots. The Gouy-Chapman portion of the model is expressed in the Grahame equation, which relates the charge density ([sigma]) and electrical potential (E0) at the surface of a membrane to the concentrations of ions in a contracting bulk solution. The Stern modification of the theory takes into account changes in [sigma] caused by ion binding at the membrane surface. Several theoretical problems with the model and its use are considered, including the fact that previous authors have usually related the physiological effects of an ion at a membrane surface to the computed concentration (Ci0) of the unbound ion rather than its computed activity (ai0). This practice implies the false assumption that Ci0 is proportional to ai0. It is demonstrated here that ai0, computed from external activities (ai[infinity symbol]) by a Nernst equation [ai0 = ai[infinity symbol]exp([mdash]ZiFE0/RT), where Zi is the charge on the ion, F is the Faraday constant, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature], correlates well with ion toxicity and that Ci0 sometimes correlates poorly. These conclusions also apply to issues of mineral nutrition.
Pteridine studies. Part XXXIX. Pteridines unsubstituted in the 4-position; a new synthesis from pyrazines, via 3,4-dihydropteridines (1970)

3-Aminopyrazine-2-carboxamide (IIa), warmed in phosphoryl chloride and dimethylformamide, gave 3-aminopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (IV), which was hydrogenated to give 2-amino-3-aminomethylpyrazine (I). This diamine was cyclised to 3,4-dihydropteridine and its 2-methyl-, 2-hydroxy-, and 2-amino-derivatives by treatment with ethyl orthoformate, ethyl orthoacetate, ethyl chloroformate, and S-methylisothiouronium hydrochloride, respectively. Similarly 2-amino-3-aminomethyl-5-methylpyrazine, obtained from 3-amino-6-methylpyrazine-2-carbonitrile by hydrogenation, furnished 3,4-dihydro-6-methylpteridine. All these 3,4-dihydropteridines were selectively oxidised (e.g. by manganese dioxide) to the corresponding pteridines, including the long-sought 6-methylpteridine.2-Amino-3-ethoxalylaminomethylpyrazine (XIII) was made from the diamine (I) and ethyl triethoxyacetate. Hydrogenation of 3-ethoxalylaminopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (XIVb), prepared from the nitrile (IV) and ethoxalyl chloride, gave ethyl 3,4-dihydropteridine-2-carboxylate (VId) and ethyl 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropteridine-2-carboxylate (XVa). The former (VId) was hydrolysed to 3,4-dihydropteridine-2-carboxylic acid (VIe) and also oxidised to ethyl pteridine-2-carboxylate. The diamine (I) and formaldehyde furnished 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropteridine (XVb).8-Aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine-3-thiol (XIIa), unexpectedly obtained from the diamine (I) and carbon bisulphide, was desulphurised with nickel to give 8-aminoimidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine.Ionisation constants and u.v. spectra are reported and discussed. The covalent hydration of 6-methylpteridine and ethylpteridine-2-carboxylate is described.
Precision of needle tip localization using a receiver in the needle (2008)

Many medical procedures require the detection, tracking and guidance of (biopsy) needles. The detection of the position of the needle can be challenging because of specular reflection which deflects the sound in a direction away from the transducer surface. To visualize the tip of small needles often motion is introduced to the discomfort of the patient. Vilkomerson and co-workers suggested in 1981 the placement of an ultrasound receiver close to the needle tip. The received echoes are detected by add-on hardware. The maximum echo is assumed to originate from a beam directly above the detector, and the time of flight determines the distance to the transducer. The feasibility of the method was demonstrated by the same group in-vivo. The precision of the method has not been previously discussed in literature. This paper introduces two methods for estimation of the position of the needle tip and investigates their precision. The first method uses conventional imaging. Instead of detecting the maximum echo, as previously suggested, the center of mass is found both across beams and along the received signals, thus decreasing the sensitivity to noise. The second method is based synthetic aperture (SA) scanning. The position of the tip is found via triangulation which involves solving a system of linear equations. The robustness to noise is ensured through averaging a number of estimates. The sensor is a ring of piezo-electric film making it possible to receive waves from any direction. The results were obtained using simulations in Field II. The center frequency is 7 MHz. The transducer array is mechanically focused in elevation plane at 25 mm while the height of the elements is 4.5 mm. The transducer pitch is 202 microns. The sensor is a ring with height of 1 mm and 2 mm diameter. Positions were varied from 10 to 120 mm in depth and from 0 to 20 mm in lateral and elevation direction. The mean error of position estimation is for the case of conventional and SA imaging is 0.2 and 0.05 mm, respectively. The precision of two methods to determine the position of the needle tip is investigated. Using spherical transmissions yields higher accuracy. Both methods can be extended to 3D if the transmissions originate from transducer elements that are not placed on a line. Needles equipped with receivers can be used for deploying brachytherapy seeds ensuring high precision of the procedure.
6.5% efficient perovskite quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell (2011)

Highly efficient quantum-dot-sensitized solar cell is fabricated using ca. 2-3 nm sized perovskite (CH(3)NH(3))PbI(3) nanocrystal. Spin-coating of the equimolar mixture of CH(3)NH(3)I and PbI(2) in γ-butyrolactone solution (perovskite precursor solution) leads to (CH(3)NH(3))PbI(3) quantum dots (QDs) on nanocrystalline TiO(2) surface. By electrochemical junction with iodide/iodine based redox electrolyte, perovskite QD-sensitized 3.6 μm-thick TiO(2) film shows maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 78.6% at 530 nm and solar-to-electrical conversion efficiency of 6.54% at AM 1.5G 1 sun intensity (100 mW cm(-2)), which is by far the highest efficiency among the reported inorganic quantum dot sensitizers.
Interleukin-1β Secretion Is Impaired by Inhibitors of the Atp Binding Cassette Transporter, ABC1 (1997)

The production of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), a powerful mediator of inflammation, is tightly regulated at several levels. However, in some pathologic conditions, a pharmacologic treatment is required to control the toxicity of excessive extracellular IL-1beta. Because of the heavy side effects of most therapies used in IL-1beta-mediated pathologies, a goal of pharmacologic research is the development of selective anti-IL-1beta drugs. We show here that the sulfonylurea glyburide, currently used in the oral therapy of noninsulin dependent diabetes, is an inhibitor of IL-1beta secretion from human monocytes and mouse macrophages. Glyburide reduces dramatically the recovery of extracellular 17-kD IL-1beta in the absence of toxic effects on the cells and without affecting the synthesis or processing of the IL-1beta precursor. IL-1beta belongs to the family of leaderless secretory proteins released from the cell by a nonclassical secretory route. In bacteria and yeast Atp binding cassette (ABC) transporters are involved in the secretion of leaderless secretory proteins. Interestingly, glyburide blocks the anion exchanger function of ABC1, a mammalian member of the family of ABC transporters. We thus investigated the involvement of ABC1 in IL-1beta secretion, through the analysis of the effects of drugs known to inhibit IL-1beta secretion, on the activity of ABC1 and in turn the ability of known inhibitors of ABC1 of blocking IL-1beta secretion. Our data show that IL-1beta secretion and the function of ABC1 as an anion exchanger are sensitive to the same drugs, therefore suggesting an involvement of the ABC1 transporter in the secretion of leaderless proteins in mammals.
Effects of Multiple Node Crossing on ATM Traffic Performance (1999)

Abstract It is commonly recognized that traffic statistics change when a stream of ATM cells crosses several network nodes. In particular, some cells may experience a shorter delay than the previous ones, and thus the peak rate of the traffic stream may increase. In order to control this “cell clumping” effect, on one side spacing techniques have been proposed to restore the original peak rate of the sources at the outlets of each network node, while on the other side bounds to keep into account the peak rate increase have been suggested. Although some contributes have evaluated the effects of multiple node crossing on the distribution of the cell interarrival time, little attention has been paid to the effect of these modifications in terms of cell loss probability. Scope of this paper is to show, by adopting a realistic simulation model, that multiple node crossing produces a negligible effect on cell loss probability, when the admitted traffic is suitably regulated by a connection admission control rule. Moreover, a notable result is that, in the case of large buffers at the network nodes and traffic loads well over the limits imposed by the CAC rule, the per node cell loss probability eventually reduces as network nodes are crossed.