gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems, II. Structure of the image field in an aplanatic system (1959)

Abstract An investigation is made of the structure of the electromagnetic field near the focus of an aplanatic system which images a point source. First the case of a linearly polarized incident field is examined and expressions are derived for the electric and magnetic vectors in the image space. Some general consequences of the formulae are then discussed. In particular the symmetry properties of the field with respect to the focal plane are noted and the state of polarization of the image region is investigated. The distribution of the time-averaged electric and magnetic energy densities and of the energy flow (Poynting vector) in the focal plane is studied in detail, and the results are illustrated by diagrams and in a tabulated form based on data obtained by extensive calculations on an electronic computor. The case of an unpolarized field is also investigated. The solution is riot restricted to systems of low aperture, and the computational results cover, in fact, selected values of the angular semi-aperture a on the image side, in the whole range 0 ≤ α ≤ 90°. The limiting case α → 0 is examined in detail and it is shown that the field is then completely characterized by a single, generally complex, scalar function, which turns out to be identical with that of the classical scalar theory of Airy, Lommel and Struve. The results have an immediate bearing on the resolving power of image forming systems; they also help our understanding of the significance of the scalar diffraction theory, which is customarily employed, without a proper justification, in the analysis of images in lowaperture systems.
Technical Assessment of (t)ina - Tmn - OSI Technology for Service Management Applications (2005)

“(T)INA” refers collectively to INA (Information Networking Architecture), a Bellcore framework for distributed services and network management, and TINA (Telecom. Information Network Architecture), a similar international initiative. Though INA is likely to play a part in TINA, TINA is more than INA. (T)INA is an umbrella to assemble existing thrusts such as TMN (Telecorn. Management Network) and OS1 (Open Systems Interface) technologies, and to enhance them through open distribution processing (ODP) techniques and sophisticated service creation capabilities. (T)INA-TMN-OS1 technology targets the emerging market scenario of global competitive services and network management over open networks, and the integration of computing and telecom technology. It’s success promises benefits to application developers (third party, telcos and vendors), carriers (telcos and others) and equipment vendors providing cheap plug-and-play components; of multi-vendor networks, services and management solutions, with corresponding competitive value addition for the customer. The framework nature of (T)INA, and problem size, suggest a gradual advent, with success reliant on: Correct reading of the technical maturity of different components Identification of synergistic relationships between and among technologies and applications This paper gives some current technical findings about inter-relationships of different technologies. It : Associates technical components with the promised payoffs of the (T)INA-TMN-OS1 team. Evaluates the maturity of the technologies for realizing the payoffs Identifies appropriate network & service management applications for these technologies and; Identifies specific areas where the technologies must support each other.
Staphylococcus aureus synthesizes adenosine to escape host immune responses (2009)

Staphylococcus aureus infects hospitalized or healthy individuals and represents the most frequent cause of bacteremia, treatment of which is complicated by the emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus. We examined the ability of S. aureus to escape phagocytic clearance in blood and identified adenosine synthase A (AdsA), a cell wall-anchored enzyme that converts adenosine monophosphate to adenosine, as a critical virulence factor. Staphylococcal synthesis of adenosine in blood, escape from phagocytic clearance, and subsequent formation of organ abscesses were all dependent on adsA and could be rescued by an exogenous supply of adenosine. An AdsA homologue was identified in the anthrax pathogen, and adenosine synthesis also enabled escape of Bacillus anthracis from phagocytic clearance. Collectively, these results suggest that staphylococci and other bacterial pathogens exploit the immunomodulatory attributes of adenosine to escape host immune responses.
Longitudinal Assessment ofPseudomonas aeruginosain Young Children with Cystic Fibrosis (2001)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis (CF). Longitudinal assessment of the phenotypic changes in P. aeruginosa isolated from young children with CF is lacking. This study investigated genotypic and phenotypic changes in P. aeruginosa from oropharynx (OP) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in a cohort of 40 CF patients during the first 3 years of life; antibody response was also examined. A high degree of genotypic variability was identified, and each patient had unique genotypes. Early isolates had a phenotype distinct from those of usual CF isolates: generally nonmucoid and antibiotic susceptible. Genotype and phenotype correlated between OP and BALF isolates. As determined by culture, 72.5% of patients demonstrated P. aeruginosa during their first 3 years. On the basis of combined culture and serologic results, 97.5% of patients had evidence of infection by age 3 years, which suggests that P. aeruginosa infection occurs early in CF and may be intermittent or undetectable by culture.
FieldSAFE: Dataset for Obstacle Detection in Agriculture (2017)

In this paper, we present a multi-modal dataset for obstacle detection in agriculture. The dataset comprises approximately 2 h of raw sensor data from a tractor-mounted sensor system in a grass mowing scenario in Denmark, October 2016. Sensing modalities include stereo camera, thermal camera, web camera, 360 ∘ camera, LiDAR and radar, while precise localization is available from fused IMU and GNSS. Both static and moving obstacles are present, including humans, mannequin dolls, rocks, barrels, buildings, vehicles and vegetation. All obstacles have ground truth object labels and geographic coordinates.
Comparison of Different Assays for von Willebrand Factor in Hemodialysis Patients (2000)

Von Willebrand factor (vWF) abnormalities are involved in the hemostatic disturbances of uremia. Studies of vWF in both anemic and recombinant erythropoietin (EPO)-treated maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients have given inconsistent results that could be partially dependent on the methodology. Therefore, the reciprocal relationships between four different vWF assays were studied in HD patients in relation to EPO therapy. Plasma vWF activity measured by ELISA using monoclonal antibodies against platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibalpha (vWF:Act), plasma vWF antigen concentration by ELISA employing polyclonal antihuman vWF antibodies (vWF:Ag), and functional vWF activity by ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) in both platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and whole blood were studied in 70 HD patients. In the whole group, no correlations between these assays were found. In the non-EPO patients (n = 32), vWF:Act was correlated with vWF:Ag (r = 0.504, p = 0.003) but not with vWF activity by RIPA in PRP. In the EPO-treated patients (n = 38), vWF:Act was higher than in the untreated ones (p = 0.001), and vWF:Ag was related to the whole-blood RIPA (r = 0.386, p = 0.016). In conclusion, the platelet GP Ibalpha-binding epitope of the vWF molecule assessed by vWF:Act ELISA is intact in HD patients. However, this assay does not reflect the functional vWF activity as measured by RIPA in PRP. In EPO-treated patients, the GP Ibalpha-binding domains of vWF are more available but the plasmatic vWF monomers are neither more numerous by vWF:Ag ELISA nor more hemostatically active by RIPA PRP. The whole blood RIPA test has some potential for the quantification of vWF monomers in EPO-treated HD patients.
The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 associates transiently with lipid rafts (2005)

The low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is a multifunctional receptor that undergoes constitutive endocytosis and recycling. To identify LRP-1 in lipid rafts, we biotin-labeled cells using a membrane-impermeable reagent and prepared Triton X-100 fractions. Raft-associated proteins were identified in streptavidin affinity-precipitates of the Triton X-100-insoluble fraction. PDGF beta-receptor was identified exclusively in lipid rafts, whereas transferrin receptor was excluded. LRP-1 distributed partially into rafts in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HT 1080 cells, but not in smooth muscle cells and CHO cells. LRP-1 partitioning into rafts was not altered by ligands, including alpha2-macroglobulin, platelet-derived growth factor-BB, and receptor-associated protein (RAP). To examine LRP-1 trafficking between membrane microdomains, we developed a novel method based on biotinylation and detergent fractionation. Association of LRP-1 with rafts was transient; by 15 min, nearly all of the LRP-1 that was initially raft-associated exited this compartment. LRP-1 in the Triton X-100-soluble fraction, which excludes lipid rafts, demonstrated complex kinetics, with phases reflecting import from rafts, endocytosis, and recycling. Potassium depletion blocked LRP-1 endocytosis but did not inhibit trafficking of LRP-1 from rafts into detergent-soluble microdomains. Our data support a model in which LRP-1 transiently associates with rafts but does not form a stable pool. Fluid movement of LRP-1 between microdomains may facilitate its function in promoting the endocytosis of other plasma membrane proteins, such as the urokinase receptor, which localizes in lipid rafts.
Look, Imagine and Match: Improving Textual-Visual Cross-Modal Retrieval with Generative Models (2018)

Textual-visual cross-modal retrieval has been a hot research topic in both computer vision and natural language processing communities. Learning appropriate representations for multi-modal data is crucial for the cross-modal retrieval performance. Unlike existing image-text retrieval approaches that embed image-text pairs as single feature vectors in a common representational space, we propose to incorporate generative processes into the cross-modal feature embedding, through which we are able to learn not only the global abstract features but also the local grounded features. Extensive experiments show that our framework can well match images and sentences with complex content, and achieve the state-of-the-art cross-modal retrieval results on MSCOCO dataset.
Two types of synaptic glomeruli and their distribution in laminae I–III of the rat spinal cord (1982)

Systematic examination of photomontages revealed two types of synaptic glomeruli in laminae II-III. Type I glomeruli have a dark small central (C) terminal of indented contour with closely packed spherical vesicles of variable diameter and few mitochondria. Among the peripheral terminals there are dendritic spines and a few presynaptic dendritic spines (V1 terminals) and axon endings rich in discoid vesicles (V2). These glomeruli occur in groups which are particularly evident in parasagittal sections in which successive C terminals are connected by narrower portions or dark unmyelinated profiles. Type II glomeruli have an electron-lucent and large C terminal of regular contour with less packed synaptic vesicles of more uniform diameter, more mitochondria, and sometimes neurofilaments. Presynaptic dendrites are fewer and axon endings more numerous. C terminals in type II glomeruli are fusiform in longitudinal section, rarely occurring in groups. Lamina I is virtually devoid of glomeruli. Within lamina II, glomeruli are rare in the dorsalmost 20-micrometers band and abundant in the immediately ventral 20-micrometers band in which type I glomeruli are prevalent (approximately 79%). In ventral lamina II, type II glomeruli predominate (66%), being practically exclusive in lamina III where most contain neurofilaments. Considering the distribution of terminations of primary afferents, it is suggested that type I C terminals originated from unmyelinated primary afferents, type II C terminals without neurofilaments from direct myelinated fibers, the those with neurofilaments from recurrent large fibers. The distinct numbers of presynaptic dendritic and axonal endings suggest different modulatory mechanisms functioning in the two types and in ventral vs. dorsal areas of this region.
Drug and cell delivery for cardiac regeneration (2014)

The spectrum of ischaemic cardiomyopathy, encompassing acute myocardial infarction to congestive heart failure is a significant clinical issue in the modern era. This group of diseases is an enormous source of morbidity and mortality and underlies significant healthcare costs worldwide. Cardiac regenerative therapy, whereby pro-regenerative cells, drugs or growth factors are administered to damaged and ischaemic myocardium has demonstrated significant potential, especially preclinically. While some of these strategies have demonstrated a measure of success in clinical trials, tangible clinical translation has been slow. To date, the majority of clinical studies and a significant number of preclinical studies have utilised relatively simple delivery methods for regenerative therapeutics, such as simple systemic administration or local injection in saline carrier vehicles. Here, we review cardiac regenerative strategies with a particular focus on advanced delivery concepts as a potential means to enhance treatment efficacy and tolerability and ultimately, clinical translation. These include (i) delivery of therapeutic agents in biomaterial carriers, (ii) nanoparticulate encapsulation, (iii) multimodal therapeutic strategies and (iv) localised, minimally invasive delivery via percutaneous transcatheter systems.
Amniotic Membrane Transplantation for Ocular Surface Reconstruction (2001)

The use of amniotic membrane (or amnion) for transplantation as graft in ocular surface reconstruction is reviewed. This technique has become widespread because of the availability of the amnion, convenience and ease of use, and high and reproducible success rates. The mechanisms of action of the transplantation are varied and include the prolongation and clonogenic maintenance of epithelial progenitor cells, promotion of goblet and non-goblet cell differentiation, exclusion of inflammatory cells with anti-protease activities, suppression of Transforming Growth Factor Beta signaling and myoblast differentiation of normal fibroblasts. The observed clinical effects include facilitation of epithelialization, maintenance of normal phenotypes, and reduction of inflammation, vascularization and scarring. Amniotic membrane transplantation is being increasingly used as graft for various conjunctival and corneal diseases and as a patch in cases of chemical and thermal burns, refractory and recalcitrant keratitis, and most recently as an excellent substrate for expanding epithelial stem cells ex vivo.
Twist promotes invasion and cisplatin resistance in pancreatic cancer cells through growth differentiation factor 15 (2015)

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is an aggressive and devastating disease with a poor prognosis. Cisplatin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent for solid tumors, is effective as a single agent or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of PC. Previous studies have suggested that Twist and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) are involved in the progression of PC. However, the role of Twist and GDF15 in PC remains to be elucidated. In the present study, the individual effect of and interaction between Twist and GDF15 in PC cell invasion and chemoresistance to cisplatin was examined. Twist and/or GDF15 were stably overexpressed or knocked down in ASPC‑1 and BXPC‑3 human PC cells. Overexpression of Twist in the two cell lines markedly increased GDF15 expression, cell invasion, matrix metalloproteinase‑2 expression/activity and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of cisplatin, which was eradicated by GDF15 knockdown or the selective p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor SB203580 (10 µM). By contrast, Twist knockdown significantly decreased GDF15 expression, cell invasion, matrix metalloproteinase‑2 expression/activity and the IC50 values of cisplatin, which was completely reversed by overexpression of GDF15. In addition, while overexpression and knockdown of Twist increased and decreased p38 MAPK activity, respectively, GDF15 demonstrated no significant effect on p38 MAPK activity in PC cells. In conclusion, the present study, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, demonstrated that Twist promotes PC cell invasion and cisplatin chemoresistance through inducing GDF15 expression via a p38 MAPK‑dependent mechanism. The present study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying PC progression and chemoresistance.
The Purinome, a Complex Mix of Drug and Toxicity Targets (2006)

Much attention has focused on the development of protein kinases as drug targets to treat a variety of human diseases including diabetes, cancer, hypertension and arthritis. To date, Gleevec is one example of a drug targeting protein that has successfully treated human cancer. Several other protein kinase inhibitors are in clinical development. However, protein kinases are in fact part of a larger collection of some 2000 distinct proteins expressed by the genome that like the protein kinases also bind purines (the purinome), either to be utilized as substrates or as co-factors in the form of NAD, NADP and co-enzyme A. The solution structures of many representative gene family members within the purinome show these proteins bind purines in a similar orientations to that observed in all protein kinases. Several non-protein kinase purine utilizing proteins are established drug targets such as HMG CoA reductase, dihydrofolate reductase, phosphodiesterase and HSP90. Searches of OMIM identifies many purine utilizing enzymes that are associated with inborn errors in metabolism. Inhibition of any one of which by a drug could lead to an undesirable side effect. The purinome is therefore somewhat of a drug discovery mixed blessing. It is a rich source of therapeutic targets, but also contains a large collection of diverse proteins whose inhibition could result in an adverse outcome. Drug discovery within the purinome should therefore encompass strategies that enable broad assessment of selectivity across the entire purinome at the earliest stages of the discovery process. In this article we review the purinome within the context of drug discovery and discuss approaches for avoiding off target binding during the discovery/lead optimization process with particular emphasis on use of proteome mining technology.
Profiling the Global Tyrosine Phosphorylation State (2003)

Protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases play a key role in cell signaling, and the recent success of specific tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment strongly validates the clinical relevance of basic research on tyrosine phosphorylation. Functional profiling of the tyrosine phosphoproteome is likely to lead to the identification of novel targets for drug discovery and provide a basis for novel molecular diagnostic approaches. The ultimate aim of current mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomic approaches is the comprehensive characterization of the phosphoproteome. However, current methods are not yet sensitive enough for routine detection of a large percentage of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins, which are generally of low abundance. In this article, we discuss alternative methods that exploit Src homology 2 (SH2) domains for profiling the tyrosine phosphoproteome. SH2 domains are small protein modules that bind specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated peptides; there are more than 100 SH2 domains in the human genome, and different SH2 domains bind to different classes of tyrosine-phosphorylated ligands. These domains play a critical role in the propagation of signals in the cell, mediating the relocalization and complex formation of proteins in response to changes in tyrosine phosphorylation. We have developed an SH2 profiling method based on far-Western blotting, in which a battery of SH2 domains is used to probe the global state of tyrosine phosphorylation. Application to the classification of human malignancies suggests that this approach has potential as a molecular diagnostic tool. We also describe ongoing efforts to modify and improve SH2 profiling, including the development of a multiplexed assay system that will allow high-throughput functional profiling of the tyrosine phosphoproteome.
Optimal array element localization (1999)

Advanced array processing methods require accurate knowledge of the location of individual elements in a sensor array. Array element localization (AEL) methods are typically based on inverting acoustic travel-time measurements from a series of controlled sources at well-known positions to the sensors to be localized. An important issue in AEL is designing the configuration of source positions: a well-designed configuration can produce substantially better sensor localization than a poor configuration. In this paper, the effects of the source configuration and of errors in the data, source positions, and ocean sound speed are quantified using a sensor-position error measure based on the a posteriori uncertainty of a general formulation of the AEL inverse problem. Optimal AEL source configurations are determined by minimizing this error measure with respect to the source positions using an efficient hybrid optimization algorithm. This approach is highly flexible, and can be applied to any sensor configuration and combination of errors; it is also straightforward to apply constraints to the source positions, or to include the effects of data errors that vary with range. The ability to determine optimal source configurations as a function of the number of sources and of the errors in the data, source positions, and sound speed allows the effects of each of these factors to be examined quantitatively in a consistent manner. A modeling study considering these factors can guide in the design of AEL systems to meet specific objectives for sensor localization.
Simultaneous Determination of Gene Expression and Enzymatic Activity in Individual Bacterial Cells in Microdroplet Compartments (2009)

A microfluidic device capable of storing picoliter droplets containing single bacteria at constant volumes has been fabricated in PDMS. Once captured in droplets that remain static in the device, bacteria express both a red fluorescent protein (mRFP1) and the enzyme, alkaline phosphatase (AP), from a biscistronic construct. By measuring the fluorescence intensity of both the mRFP1 inside the cells and a fluorescent product formed as a result of the enzymatic activity outside the cells, gene expression and enzymatic activity can be simultaneously and continuously monitored. By collecting data from many individual cells, the distribution of activities in a cell is quantified and the difference in activity between two AP mutants is measured.
Perchloropolysilane: X-Ray Structure, Solid-State29Si NMR Spectroscopy, and Reactions of [SiCl2]n (1998)

The silicon backbone is all-trans in the crystal structure of perchloropolysilane [SiCl<sub>2</sub> ]<sub>n</sub> (see structure on the right). The Cl atoms can be substituted by nucleophiles to form polymers such as peralkoxy- and peraminopolysilanes.