gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STREPTOMYCIN, SUPPRESSION, AND THE CODE (1964)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Study of the Pictet-Spengler reaction in aprotic media: synthesis of the .beta.-galactosidase inhibitor, pyridindolol (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudy of the Pictet-Spengler reaction in aprotic media: synthesis of the .beta.-galactosidase inhibitor, pyridindololD. Soerens, J. Sandrin, F. Ungemach, P. Mokry, G. S. Wu, E. Yamanaka, L. Hutchins, M. DiPierro, and J. M. CookCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4, 535–545Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01318a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1450Altmetric-Citations126LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Role of Hydrophobicity in the Antimicrobial and Hemolytic Activities of Polymethacrylate Derivatives (2008)

We synthesized cationic random amphiphilic copolymers by radical copolymerization of methacrylate monomers with cationic or hydrophobic groups and evaluated their antimicrobial and hemolytic activities. The nature of the hydrophobic groups, and polymer composition and length were systematically varied to investigate how structural parameters affect polymer activity. This allowed us to obtain the optimal composition of polymers suitable to act as non-toxic antimicrobials as well as non-selective polymeric biocides. The antimicrobial activity depends sigmoidally on the mole fraction of hydrophobic groups (f(HB)). The hemolytic activity increases as f(HB) increases and levels off at high values of f(HB), especially for the high-molecular-weight polymers. Plots of HC(50) values versus the number of hydrophobic side chains in a polymer chain for each polymer series showed a good correlation and linear relationship in the log-log plots. We also developed a theoretical model to analyze the hemolytic activity of polymers and demonstrated that the hemolytic activity can be described as a balance of membrane binding of polymers through partitioning of hydrophobic side chains into lipid layers and the hydrophobic collapsing of polymer chains. The study on the membrane binding of dye-labeled polymers to large, unilamellar vesicles showed that the hydrophobicity of polymers enhances their binding to lipid bilayers and induces collapse of the polymer chain in solution, reducing the apparent affinity of polymers for the membranes.
Recovery of spleen cell natural killer activity by thyroid hormone treatment in old mice. (1991)

The age-dependent changes in thyroid-hormone blood levels and the effects of in vivo and in vitro thyroid-hormone administration on both basal and lymphokine-induced spleen cell natural killer (NK) activities have been investigated in young and old Balb/c mice. Both thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) plasma levels decline progressively with increasing age of the mice, displaying in 25-month-old mice only 50 and 60% of the T4 and T3 blood levels, respectively, found in young mice. In vivo T4 administration to old mice causes a significant increment in endogenous NK activity (2.2-fold increase), which approaches the values observed in young animals, while it does not modify NK activity in young mice. The T4 injection in old mice does not induce changes in the lymphocyte sub-populations. When T4 is administered in vitro alone or in combination with interferon (IFN) and/or interleukin 2 (IL-2), no effect is observed either on basal activity or IL-2-induced cytotoxicity, whereas the IFN sensitivity of spleen cells from old mice is significantly recovered (4-fold increase). T4 is able to increase IFN-induced cytotoxicity even when administered in vitro simultaneously with IFN to the cytotoxic assay (1.5- and 2.7-fold increases in young and old mice, respectively). Under these conditions, IFN alone is not able to exert any boosting effect even at a young age. In vivo propylthiouracil (PTU) administration completely abrogates the IFN responsiveness of spleen cells in young mice. The interruption of the PTU treatment results in a recovery of IFN-inducible NK cytotoxicity. Taken together, our findings point out the important role of thyroid hormones in the modulation of NK cell activity and provide a new insight into the mechanisms by which the endocrine system is able to influence the expression of natural immunity.
Effectiveness of Spinal Cord Stimulation in the Management of Chronic Pain: Analysis of Technical Drawbacks and Solutions (1997)

OBJECTIVE: A major drawback of currently available spinal cord stimulation (SCS) systems for the management of chronic intractable pain, especially of widespread pain patterns as in reflex sympathetic dystrophy, is the generally limited paresthesia coverage. The aim of this study is to analyze the origin of this problem and to provide solutions. METHODS: Results from theoretical studies, in which a computer model was used to mimic the effects of SCS on spinal nerve fibers, were used to analyze which factors may limit paresthesia coverage. Model predictions were verified by empirical data from clinical literature. RESULTS: When using common SCS electrodes, both perception threshold and motor/discomfort threshold are generally related to dorsal root stimulation. Because these thresholds have a small ratio (∼1:1.4), stimulation of dorsal column fibers and paresthesia coverage is limited by this small range of stimulation. When the distance between the epidural electrode and spinal cord is large (midthoracically), the threshold for dorsal column stimulation exceeds discomfort threshold, resulting only in segmental paresthesia. The range of dorsal column stimulation and paresthesia coverage can be improved when using either an optimally dimensioned rostrocaudal bi-/tripole or a transverse tripole ("guarded cathode"). When applying the latter in combination with a dual channel pulse generator providing simultaneous pulses, paresthesias can simply be changed to optimally cover the painful area. CONCLUSION: Paresthesia coverage and pain management by SCS can be improved when using electrodes as proposed.
Comparison of the GenMark Diagnostics eSensor Respiratory Viral Panel to Real-Time PCR for Detection of Respiratory Viruses in Children (2012)

A novel eSensor respiratory viral panel (eSensor RVP) multiplexed nucleic acid amplification test (GenMark Diagnostics, Inc., Carlsbad, CA) was compared to laboratory-developed real-time PCR assays for the detection of various respiratory viruses. A total of 250 frozen archived pediatric respiratory specimens previously characterized as either negative or positive for one or more viruses by real-time PCR were examined using the eSensor RVP. Overall agreement between the eSensor RVP and corresponding real-time PCR assays for shared analytes was 99.2% (kappa = 0.96 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 0.94 to 0.98]). The combined positive percent agreement was 95.4% (95% CI, 92.5 to 97.3); the negative percent agreement was 99.7% (95% CI, 99.4 to 99.8). The mean real-time PCR threshold cycle (C(T)) value for specimens with discordant results was 39.73 (95% CI, 38.03 to 41.43). Detection of coinfections and correct identification of influenza A virus subtypes were comparable between methods. Of note, the eSensor RVP rhinovirus assay was found to be more sensitive and specific than the corresponding rhinovirus real-time PCR. In contrast, the eSensor RVP adenovirus B, C, and E assays demonstrated some cross-reactivity when tested against known adenovirus serotypes representing groups A through F. The eSensor RVP is robust and relatively easy to perform, it involves a unique biosensor technology for target detection, and its multiplexed design allows for efficient and simultaneous interrogation of a single specimen for multiple viruses. Potential drawbacks include a slower turnaround time and the need to manipulate amplified product during the protocol, increasing the possibility of contamination.
Steroid intermediates. Synthesis and transformations of 7-aryl-4,7-dioxoheptanoic acids (1973)

The 7-aryl-3-methyl-4,7-dioxoheptanoic acids [(5)–(7)] have been synthesized in an attempt to provide steroid precursors with a built-in angular C(13)-methyl group. The acids undergo various transformations with basic and acidic reagents, but fail to undergo the next cyclization step in the Robinson sequence. A convenient method for preparing 3-methyl-2-furaldehyde, one of the key reactants, is described. Further, the 1,2-dihydrocyclopenta-[a]naphthalen-3-ones [(21)–(24)], carrying oxygen-functions at the 5-, 7-, and 9-positions, have been synthesized as part of a projected route to ring-B-oxygenated steroids.
Vascular endothelial growth factor participates in modulating the C6 glioma-induced migration of rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and upregulates their vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression (2012)

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been shown to be able to migrate towards glioma, but the molecular mechanisms responsible for this migratory behavior still require further elucidation. This study aimed to test the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the C6 glioma-induced migration of BMSCs, evaluate the effect of VEGF on the migratory capacity and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression of BMSCs and explore the role of VCAM-1 in the VEGF-induced migration of BMSCs. The results showed that C6 glioma cells significantly increased the migration of BMSCs in vitro, which was partially blocked by a VEGF neutralizing antibody, and 20 ng/ml recombinant rat VEGF(164) incubation enhanced the migration of BMSCs. Moreover, 12 h of 20 ng/ml VEGF(164) incubation upregulated the VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs and the blocking of VCAM-1 reduced the VEGF(164)-induced migration of BMSCs. The data also revealed that LY294002, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K), decreased the VEGF-induced migration and VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs. These findings indicate that VEGF participates in mediating the C6 glioma-induced migration of BMSCs by upregulating their VCAM-1 expression, and that PI3K is involved in the signal transduction of VEGF(164)-induced migration and VCAM-1 expression of BMSCs.
The fragile X syndrome d(CGG)n nucleotide repeats form a stable tetrahelical structure. (1994)

The fragile X mental retardation syndrome is associated with the expansion of trinucleotide 5'-d(CGG)-3' repeats within the FMR1 gene and with hypermethylation of the cytosine residues of these repeats. The expansion and hypermethylation may account for the suppression of the transcription of the FMR1 gene and for the delay of its replication during the cell cycle. Here we show that d(CGG)n oligomers can form a stable Hoogsteen-bonded structure that exhibits properties consistent with those of tetraplex DNA. Oligomers, d(mCGG)n, (n = 4, 5, or 7), at pH 8.0 and in the presence of an alkali metal ion form stable species exhibiting a reduced electrophoretic mobility in nondenaturing polyacrylamide gels. These species are denatured by heating at 90 degrees C for 10 min. With a short d(mCGG)5 oligomer, the slowly migrating species is formed only when the cytosine residue is 5-methylated, whereas with the longer d(CGG)7 it is generated whether or not cytosine is 5-methylated. By contrast, complementary cytosine-rich oligomers do not form analogous complexes. The second-order association kinetics of the formation of the slowly migrating species of d(mCGG)5 suggests that it is an interstrand complex. Formation of intermediate-size complexes between d(mCGG)5 and d(mCGG)7 indicates that the stoichiometry of the slowly migrating structures is tetramolecular. Protection of the complex from methylation by dimethyl sulfate indicates the involvement of the N-7 positions of the guanine residues in Hoogsteen hydrogen bonding, a characteristic of quadruplex structures. If formed in vivo along the expanded and hypermethylated d(mCGG)n stretch, this tetraplex structure could suppress transcription and replication of the FMR1 gene in the fragile X syndrome cells.
In vivo inhibition of angiogenesis by interleukin‐13 gene therapy in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis (2007)

Our findings support a role for IL-13 as an in vivo antiangiogenic factor and provide a rationale for its use in RA to control pathologic neovascularization.
Longitudinal Assessment of Neurocognitive Function after Coronary-Artery Bypass Surgery (2001)

These results confirm the relatively high prevalence and persistence of cognitive decline after CABG and suggest a pattern of early improvement followed by a later decline that is predicted by the presence of early postoperative cognitive decline. Interventions to prevent or reduce short- and long-term cognitive decline after cardiac surgery are warranted.
A Comparison of Active Compression-Decompression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation with Standard Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation for Cardiac Arrests Occurring in the Hospital (1993)

In this preliminary study, we found that, as compared with standard CPR, active compression-decompression CPR improved the rate of initial resuscitation, survival at 24 hours, and neurologic outcome after in-hospital cardiac arrest. Larger trials will be required to assess the potential benefit in terms of long-term survival.
Phosphorylation of hepatic insulin receptor by casein kinase 2 (1988)

Casein kinase 2 was able to phosphorylate the beta-subunit of hepatic insulin receptor in the presence of either ATP or GTP. Phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 was observed even in the absence of insulin, was inhibited by low heparin concentrations, and led to the incorporation of phosphate on serine and threonine residues. Casein kinase 2 phosphorylation of insulin receptor partially decreased its tyrosine kinase activity.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisLipomannan Induces Apoptosis and Interleukin-12 Production in Macrophages (2004)

The mycobacterial cell wall component lipoarabinomannan (LAM) has been described as a virulence factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and modification of the terminal arabinan residues of this compound with mannose caps (producing mannosyl-capped LAM [ManLAM]) in M. tuberculosis or with phosphoinositol caps (producing phosphoinositol-capped LAM [PILAM]) in Mycobacterium smegmatis has been implicated in various functions associated with these lipoglycans. A structure-function analysis was performed by using LAMs and their biosynthetic precursor lipomannans (LMs) isolated from different mycobacterial species on the basis of their capacity to induce the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and/or apoptosis of macrophage cell lines. Independent of the mycobacterial species, ManLAMs did not induce IL-12 gene expression or apoptosis of macrophages, whereas PILAMs induced IL-12 secretion and apoptosis. Interestingly, uncapped LAM purified from Mycobacterium chelonae did not induce IL-12 secretion or apoptosis. Furthermore, LMs, independent of their mycobacterial origins, were potent inducers of IL-12 and apoptosis. The precursor of LM, phosphatidyl-myo-inositol dimannoside, had no activity, suggesting that the mannan core of LM was required for the activity of LM. The specific interaction of LM with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) but not with TLR-4 suggested that these responses were mediated via the TLR-2 signaling pathway. Our experiments revealed an important immunostimulatory activity of the biosynthetic LAM precursor LM. The ratio of LAM to LM in the cell wall of mycobacteria may be an important determinant of virulence, and enzymes that modify LM could provide targets for development of antituberculosis drugs and for derivation of attenuated strains of M. tuberculosis.
RZRs, a new family of retinoid-related orphan receptors that function as both monomers and homodimers. (1994)

Members of the superfamily of nuclear receptors share the greatest homology in their DNA-binding domains. We have used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and highly degenerate primers based on the amino acid sequence of the zinc finger motif of known nuclear receptors to identify novel members of the family. Starting with rat brain RNA, we have isolated an orphan receptor that we call RZR beta. The sequence of its nearly full-length complementary DNA shows great similarity to RZR alpha, a receptor we recently identified from human umbilical vein endothelial cells. These RZR subtypes represent members of a new family of orphan nuclear receptors that most likely regulate specific gene expression. Sequence comparison with other known nuclear receptors reveals great similarity for both RZR subtypes to retinoic acid and retinoid-X receptors. By Northern blot analyses, we found RZR beta messenger RNA only in brain, whereas RZR alpha is expressed in many tissues. We show here that the RZRs bind as monomers to natural retinoid response elements formed by (A/G)GGTCA half-sites. However, a T-residue in the -1 position of this motif greatly enhances the DNA binding affinity of RZRs, whereas the -2 position has no influence. We show that RZRs can bind as homodimers on response elements formed by palindromes, inverted palindromes, or direct repeats of two TAGGTCA half-sites. Interestingly, these response elements display dramatically reduced affinity for retinoic acid receptor-retinoid-X receptor heterodimers. Thus, the 5'-flanking sequence of hexameric half-sites appears to be crucial to direct the activity of several nuclear receptors. On monomeric as well as dimeric binding sites, RZRs show constitutive transactivational activity that can be enhanced by unidentified components of fetal calf serum.
<title>Microfabrication of a metal fuel injector nozzle array</title> (2000)

Furl injector nozzles fabricate with micrometer-scale swirler channels are being fabricated using a combination of micro-fabrication and precision machining. Arrays of fuel injector nozzles are an integral component of the Trapped- Vortex (TV) gas turbine combustor for use in advanced aircraft engines. The principle of TV is to improve flame stabilization through interaction between the main and secondary combustion processes. The fabrication of an array of fuel injectors requires nickel microstructures to be electro deposited on both sides of a nickel substrate in order to segregate the inlet air and fuel flows. The microstructures assist in the atomization of the fuel and induce swirl in the fluids. For each injector, a micrometer- scale cone drilled through the plate facilitates mixing of swirling fuel and air. The mixture is then injected into the secondary combustion chamber with a low-pressure air supply, which is required in order to obtain stoichiometric conditions. The prototype fuel injectors are composed of four individual plates. Two plates seal the air and fuel channels. Another plate contains the micro fabricated swirlers. The fourth plate is used to define the low- pressure air reservoir. The plates were mechanically fastened together using alignment pins for accurate plate positioning. Precision machining was used to position and drill the holes required for alignment, fluid flow, and connectors.
Alleviation of prochlorperazine-induced primary irritation of skin by cyclodextrin complexation. (1982)

Cyclodextrins (CyDs) protected human erythrocytes from hemolysis induced with prochlorperazine (PCP) in isotonic solution, depending upon the magnitude of the stability constant of PCP-CyD complexes (β- > γ- > α-CyD). The primary irritation produced by PCP on the skin of guinea pigs was found to be reduced by the addition of β- and γ-CyDs, particularly by γ-CyD, while α-CyD enhanced the irritancy of PCP. The most favorable protective effect observed for the γ-CyD complex was mainly ascribable to the weak irritancy of γ-CyD itself, suggesting a great utility of γ-CyD to alleviate the PCP-induced contact dermatitis.
Warburg Meets Autophagy: Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Accelerate Tumor Growth and Metastasis via Oxidative Stress, Mitophagy, and Aerobic Glycolysis (2011)

Undoubtedly, these new metabolic models will foster the development of novel biomarkers, and corresponding therapies, to achieve the goal of personalized cancer medicine. Given the central role that oxidative stress plays in this process, new powerful antioxidants should be developed in the fight against cancer.
Interferon regulates c-myc gene expression in Daudi cells at the post-transcriptional level. (1985)

c-myc gene mRNA is reduced by greater than 75% in the human lymphoblastoid cell line Daudi when growth is inhibited by treatment with human interferon beta (IFN-beta). In the present communication, we describe the effect of IFN-beta treatment on transcription of the c-myc gene and on the steady-state level of c-myc mRNA in the cytoplasm of Daudi cells. The results show that, although the rate of c-myc transcription is not significantly different in nuclei isolated either from untreated cells or from those treated with IFN-beta for 3 or 24 hr, the level of c-myc mRNA in the cytoplasm is reduced by 60% within 3 hr of IFN-beta treatment. These results suggest that IFN-beta regulates the c-myc mRNA at a post-transcriptional level. These results are in contrast to the regulation of two IFN-beta-induced genes that under identical conditions are regulated in these cells at the transcriptional level. We have also detected induction of the (2'-5')oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase) gene in IFN-beta-treated Daudi cells. Since certain c-myc transcripts have the capacity to form double-stranded RNA regions, we propose that one mechanism by which c-myc could be regulated post-transcriptionally in IFN-beta-treated cells is by activating, through its own double-strandedness, the 2-5A synthetase/RNase L endonuclease system, which would cause selective degradation of the c-myc RNA.
Geometric and electronic structures of silicon–sodium binary clusters. I. Ionization energy of SinNam (1997)

Sodium doped silicon clusters (SinNam; 1⩽n⩽14, 1⩽m⩽5) produced by two types of laser vaporization were studied. The adsorption of Na atoms on the Sin clusters leads the substantial lowering of the ionization energy, Ei, of SinNam clusters. Their reactivity toward NO molecules was measured with a fast flow reactor, and the anticorrelation between the Eis and the reactivity was clearly observed; species having low Ei exhibit high reactivity and vice versa. Moreover, the clear parallelism between the Eis of SinNa and the EAs of Sin is found. This is consistent with the fact that the structure of SinNa clusters keeps the frame of the corresponding Sin cluster unchanged and that the electronic structure of SinNa is similar to that of the corresponding negative ion Sin−. In addition to the experimental studies, the geometries, adsorption energies, and vertical ionization energies of SinNa (n=1–7) were investigated with ab initio MO calculations including electron correlation; The Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory was used and the configuration interaction (CI) calculation was carried out, particularly for a diatomic molecule, SiNa.