gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Envelope Exchange for the Generation of Live-Attenuated Arenavirus Vaccines (2006)

Arenaviruses such as Lassa fever virus cause significant mortality in endemic areas and represent potential bioterrorist weapons. The occurrence of arenaviral hemorrhagic fevers is largely confined to Third World countries with a limited medical infrastructure, and therefore live-attenuated vaccines have long been sought as a method of choice for prevention. Yet their rational design and engineering have been thwarted by technical limitations. In addition, viral genes had not been identified that are needed to cause disease but can be deleted or substituted to generate live-attenuated vaccine strains. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the prototype arenavirus, induces cell-mediated immunity against Lassa fever virus, but its safety for humans is unclear and untested. Using this virus model, we have developed the necessary methodology to efficiently modify arenavirus genomes and have exploited these techniques to identify an arenaviral Achilles' heel suitable for targeting in vaccine design. Reverse genetic exchange of the viral glycoprotein for foreign glycoproteins created attenuated vaccine strains that remained viable although unable to cause disease in infected mice. This phenotype remained stable even after extensive propagation in immunodeficient hosts. Nevertheless, the engineered viruses induced T cell-mediated immunity protecting against overwhelming systemic infection and severe liver disease upon wild-type virus challenge. Protection was established within 3 to 7 d after immunization and lasted for approximately 300 d. The identification of an arenaviral Achilles' heel demonstrates that the reverse genetic engineering of live-attenuated arenavirus vaccines is feasible. Moreover, our findings offer lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or other arenaviruses expressing foreign glycoproteins as promising live-attenuated arenavirus vaccine candidates.
Enhanced modulation bandwidth in injection-locked semiconductor lasers (1997)

Optical probing of an injection-locked semiconductor laser is used to show significant improvement in the intrinsic broad-band modulation characteristics relative to the free-running case. The regenerative amplification spectra of a weak optical probe in the injection-locked laser are in good agreement with the predictions of a conventional coupled-equation model. Based on the regenerative amplification spectra, the intrinsic modulation characteristic due to a weak injection current modulation can be calculated. It shows approximately a factor of three enhancement of the modulation bandwidth, beyond the K-factor limit of the free-running laser.
“科学—技术—生产”循环的哲学问题 (1978)

自然科学历来是哲学特别感兴趣的对象。对于这一复杂社会现象的理解,在很大程度上要受哲学世界观的基本立场的影响。因此,有必要将“科学—技术—生产”的循环问题从哲学世界观的高度进行探讨。同时,也只有在总的社会联系中才能正确地理解这种循环的过程。在这篇文章里,我们着重探讨循环的社会决定性和它的各个不同阶段,探讨各个循环阶段的特征以及在社会需要影响下的循环过程。
Reducing Power Consumption for High-Associativity Data Caches in Embedded Processors (2003)

Modern embedded processors use data caches with higher and higher degrees of associativity in order to increase performance. A set-associative data cache consumes a significant fraction of the total power budget in such embedded processors. This paper describes a technique for reducing the D-cache power consumption and shows its impact on power and performance of an embedded processor. The technique utilizes cache line address locality to determine (rather than predict) the cache way prior to the cache access. It thus allows only the desired way to be accessed for both tags and data. The proposed mechanism is shown to reduce the average L1 data cache power consumption when running the MiBench embedded benchmark suite for 8, 16 and 32-way set-associate caches by, respectively, an average of 66%, 72% and 76%. The absolute power savings from this technique increase significantly with associativity. The design has no impact on performance and, given that it does not have mis-prediction penalties, it does not introduce any new non-deterministic behavior in program execution.
Calcium currents in embryonic and neonatal mammalian skeletal muscle. (1988)

The whole-cell patch-clamp technique was used to study the properties of inward ionic currents found in primary cultures of rat and mouse skeletal myotubes and in freshly dissociated fibers of the flexor digitorum brevis muscle of rats. In each of these cell types, test depolarizations from the holding potential (-80 or -90 mV) elicited three distinct inward currents: a sodium current (INa) and two calcium currents. INa was the dominant inward current: under physiological conditions, the maximum inward INa was estimated to be at least 30-fold larger than either of the calcium currents. The two calcium currents have been termed Ifast and Islow, corresponding to their relative rates of activation. Ifast was activated by test depolarizations to around -40 mV and above, peaked in 10-20 ms, and decayed to baseline in 50-100 ms. Islow was activated by depolarizations to approximately 0 mV and above, peaked in 50-150 ms, and decayed little during a 200-ms test pulse. Ifast was inactivated by brief, moderate depolarizations; for a 1-s change in holding potential, half-inactivation occurred at -55 to -45 mV and complete inactivation occurred at -40 to -30 mV. Similar changes in holding potential had no effect on Islow. Islow was, however, inactivated by brief, strong depolarizations (e.g., 0 mV for 2 s) or maintained, moderate depolarizations (e.g., -40 mV for 60 s). Substitution of barium for calcium had little effect on the magnitude or time course of either Ifast or Islow. The same substitution shifted the activation curve for Islow approximately 10 mV in the hyperpolarizing direction without affecting the activation of Ifast. At low concentrations (50 microM), cadmium preferentially blocked Islow compared with Ifast, while at high concentrations (1 mM), it blocked both Ifast and Islow completely. The dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist (+)-PN 200-110 (1 microM) caused a nearly complete block of Islow without affecting Ifast. At a holding potential of -80 mV, the half-maximal blocking concentration (K0.5) for the block of Islow by (+)-PN 200-110 was 182 nM. At depolarized holding potentials that inactivated Islow by 35-65%, K0.5 decreased to 5.5 nM.
[Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats as a model of multiple sclerosis]. (1997)

Chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CR EAE) was induced in Lewis rats by inoculation with guinea-pig myelin and complete Freund's aduvant followed by treatment with low dose cyclosporin A. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopic studies of the lesions during the first and the second clinical episodes, as well as during the first and the second remissions, revealed inflammation, prominent demyelination, remyelination and gliosis in the central nervous system (CNS). This model of CR EAE in the Lewis rats may be a useful model for multiple sclerosis.
Anti-T12, an anti-CD6 monoclonal antibody, can activate human T lymphocytes. (1989)

Anti-T12 is a murine IgM mAb that recognizes the 130-kDa CD6 glycoprotein on mature human T lymphocytes. Examination of the in vitro effects of this mAb on freshly isolated T cells demonstrates that anti-T12 can induce T cell activation. Such activation is macrophage-dependent, and optimal stimulation occurs with 0.2 to 5 micrograms/ml of purified mAb. This response to soluble mAb is detectable at day 4 to 5 of culture, and peak [3H]TdR uptake is observed at day 7. In a highly similar fashion, the mAb causes a marked augmentation of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction, without altering the kinetics of that response. Although optimal anti-CD3 mAb induced mitogenesis is unaffected by anti-T12, suboptimal stimulation of macrophage-depleted T cells by small amounts of immobilized anti-CD3 can be dramatically enhanced when anti-CD3 and anti-T12 are cross-linked together. A soluble nonmitogenic anti-CD3 mAb completely inhibits anti-T12-mediated T cell activation. IL-2R expression is induced by anti-T12 stimulation in 10 to 30% of T cells, and T cell proliferation is substantially inhibited by anti-IL-2R mAb, indicating that anti-T12 induced T cell activation and proliferation utilizes an IL-2-dependent pathway. Isolated CD4+ but not CD8+ cells are stimulated to proliferate, but the CD8+ cells in unseparated T cell preparations activated by anti-T12 do proliferate comparably to the CD4+ cells in such cultures. These data indicate that relatively weak activation of T cells via the TCR/CD3 complex may be augmented significantly by CD6-mediated signals induced by the anti-T12 mAb. The findings suggest that the CD6 T cell membrane protein may have the capacity to function as a physiologically important structure involved in the regulation of T cell activation.
Concentrations of hormones and metabolites, estimates of metabolism, performance, and reproductive performance of sows actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (1994)

Cyclic females actively immunized against growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF; n = 5) or human serum albumin (HSAi; n = 4) were used to determine the effects of reduced serum somatotropin (ST) and IGF-I on metabolism and production in gestating and lactating sows. Sows farrowed, pigs were weaned at 28 d of lactation, and sows were observed for estrus after weaning. Blood samples were collected at 15-min intervals for 5 to 6 h on d 110 of gestation and d 21 of lactation. Mean ST (nanograms/milliliter) was less (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi sows at d 21 of lactation, but it was similar at d 110 of gestation. Serum concentrations of IGF-I were less (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi sows at d 21 of lactation but not at d 110 of gestation. Serum thyroxine was greater (P < .05) in GRFi than in HSAi sows during gestation and lactation. Sows actively immunized against GRF weighed less (P < .01) and had more backfat (P < .01) at d 110 of gestation than HSAi sows; in vitro glucose oxidation and lipogenic rate of adipose tissue were greater (P < .05 for treatment x day interaction) in GRFi than in HSAi sows at d 110 of gestation. Across treatment, mammary gland oxidation of glucose and glucose clearance rates increased (P < .05), whereas adipose tissue utilization of glucose decreased (P < .05) during lactation. During lactation, GRFi sows mobilized more (P < .05) backfat than did controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isolation, sequence analysis, and cloning of haemadin. An anticoagulant peptide from the Indian leech. (1993)

A slow, tight-binding inhibitor of thrombin with an apparent molecular mass of about 5 kDa has been isolated from Haemadipsa sylvestris, an Indian leech of the family of Haemadipsidae. The inhibitory activity, called haemadin, is thrombin specific since it does not inhibit other proteases like trypsin, chymotrypsin, factor Xa, or plasmin. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis (residues 1-45) does not reveal any homology to known serine protease inhibitors, including the thrombin-specific inhibitor hirudin. The haemadin cDNA cloned by polymerase chain reaction techniques codes for a polypeptide of 57 amino acid residues preceded by 20 residues of a signal peptide sequence. A synthetic gene coding for the mature haemadin was expressed in Escherichia coli. Recombinant haemadin displays a similar inhibition constant and specific activity as its natural counterpart. Although there is no obvious sequence identity between haemadin and hirudin, both proteins seem to share common mechanisms for thrombin inhibition.
Extracellular matrix : chemistry, biology, and pathobiology with emphasis on the liver (1993)

Part 1 Matrix chemistry and structure: fibronectin, G. Paolella et al laminin, Albert E. Chung structure and function of laminin and gene regulation of basement membrane components, Yoshihiko Yamada et al adhesion molecules in embryogenesis and histogenesis, Stanley Hoffman and Kathryn L. Crossin regulation of collagen gene expression, Sherrill L. Adams fibrillar collagens - their biosynthesis, molecular structure and mode of assembly, Marcel E. Nimi basement membrane collagen - structure, assembly and biosynthesis, Heinz Furthmayr propeptide-mediated regulation of procollagen synthesis, Catherine H. Wu et al. Part 2 Extracellular matrix of the liver: matrix, matrix synthesis and molecular networks in hepatic fibrosis, Detlef Schuppan et al morphology, localization and origin of the hepatic extracellular matrix, Antonion Martinez-Hernandez and Peter S. Amenta. Part 3 Pharmacology/endocrinology and therapeutics of matrix: peptide hormone and cytokine regulation of matrix synthesis, Silvia Degli Esposti and Mark A. Zern glucocorticoid regulation of procollagen synthesis, Kenneth R. Cutroneo prostaglandins' effects on the extracellular matrix, Mary J. Ruwart and Keith S. Henley drug therapy in liver cirrhosis - novel approaches, Gilles A. Morali and Lawrence M. Blendis. Part 4 Functions: extracellular matrix and the development of tissue architecture - a mechanochemical perspective, Donald E. Ingber inhibition of smooth-muscle cell proliferation by Heparinlike molecules, Christopher F. Reilly matrix regulation of gap junctions and of excitability in cells, Elizabeth Rosenberg et al extracellular matrix-resident growth factors and enzymes, Israel Vlodavsky et al cell adhesion mediated by matrix components of bone marrow, Max S. Wicha and Alan D. Campbell the liver as a stem cell and lineage system, Samuel H. Sigal et al. Part 5 Pathogenesis: pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis, Mario Chojkier extracellular matrix and metastasis, Isabel Zvibel and Andrea Kraft.
Pyridoxine Megavitaminosis (1985)

The early effects of high toxic doses of vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) on the peripheral sensory neurons were studied in laboratory rats. The animals were treated with 600 mg/kg of pyridoxine hydrochloride by intraperitoneal injection twice daily. Thereafter they were killed by perfusion-fixation at periods ranging from one to 14 days and the tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. The primary change consisted of the formation of swollen membranous profiles in both the axon hillock and the initial axonal segment of the large dorsal root cytons. This change occurred within 24 hours of exposure, and was followed by an axonal reaction of the nerve cell bodies and by secondary degeneration of their processes. These findings identify the probable target site for pyridoxine toxicity, and establish a simple animal model for studying not only sensory denervation, but also the axonal reaction and secondary degeneration.
P‐17: Amorphous ZTO/ITO Stacked‐Channel TFTs with Field Effect Mobility over 50 cm 2 /Vs and Resistant to Channel Thickness Dispersion (2010)

Abstract We have developed bottom‐gate amorphous‐oxide TFTs with ZTO/ITO channel layers. The fabricated ZTO/ITO‐TFTs demonstrated that threshold voltage (V th ) dispersion for TFTs with channel thickness dispersion was smaller one order of magnitude than that of conventional TFTs. Afield effect mobility of 52 cm 2 /Vs was obtained.
Inter-layer intra mode prediction for scalable extension of HEVC (2013)

This paper introduces a novel inter-layer intra mode prediction method for scalable extension of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, which is being developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC). In HEVC and its scalable extension, thirty-five intra prediction modes are adopted to reduce the spatial redundancy of luma texture within one frame, which may introduce noticeable overhead of delivering the intra mode information in the scalable bit-stream. In this paper, the correlation of intra modes between different layers is exploited to improve the efficiency of intra mode coding in enhancement layer. The intra modes in enhancement layer are mainly predicted with the ones of collocated blocks at base layer. Two techniques are presented in this paper with some differences in terms of the derivation of intra mode predictor from base layer and the selection of three most probable modes at enhancement layer. Compared to Test Model version 1.0 of HEVC scalable extension, 0.4% and 0.1% bit-rate reductions can be achieved with technique 2 in All Intra 2x spatial scalability and All Intra 1.5x spatial scalability respectively, while technique 1 can achieve 0.2% and 0.1% reductions. There is no obvious running time increase for both encoder and decoder.
Exploiting the Reversible Covalent Bonding of Boronic Acids: Recognition, Sensing, and Assembly (2012)

Boronic acids can interact with Lewis bases to generate boronate anions, and they can also bind with diol units to form cyclic boronate esters. Boronic acid based receptor designs originated when Lorand and Edwards used the pH drop observed upon the addition of saccharides to boronic acids to determine their association constants. The inherent acidity of the boronic acid is enhanced when 1,2-, 1,3-, or 1,4-diols react with boronic acids to form cyclic boronic esters (5, 6, or 7 membered rings) in aqueous media, and these interactions form the cornerstone of diol-based receptors used in the construction of sensors and separation systems. In addition, the recognition of saccharides through boronic acid complex (or boronic ester) formation often relies on an interaction between a Lewis acidic boronic acid and a Lewis base (proximal tertiary amine or anion). These properties of boronic acids have led to them being exploited in sensing and separation systems for anions (Lewis bases) and saccharides (diols). The fast and stable bond formation between boronic acids and diols to form boronate esters can serve as the basis for forming reversible molecular assemblies. In spite of the stability of the boronate esters' covalent B-O bonds, their formation is reversible under certain conditions or under the action of certain external stimuli. The reversibility of boronate ester formation and Lewis acid-base interactions has also resulted in the development and use of boronic acids within multicomponent systems. The dynamic covalent functionality of boronic acids with structure-directing potential has led researchers to develop a variety of self-organizing systems including macrocycles, cages, capsules, and polymers. This Account gives an overview of research published about boronic acids over the last 5 years. We hope that this Account will inspire others to continue the work on boronic acids and reversible covalent chemistry.
Hepatic Extraction of Indocyanine Green Is Depressed Early in Sepsis Despite Increased Hepatic Blood Flow and Cardiac Output (1991)

Although active hepatocellular function is depressed during sepsis, it is not known whether this occurs in the very early stages of sepsis and whether it is due to depressed cardiac output or hepatic blood flow. To study this, rats were subjected to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture and hepatocellular function was determined at various intervals thereafter by assessing the ability of the liver to clear different doses of indocyanine green. The indocyanine green concentration was continuously measured in vivo with a fiberoptic catheter and an in vivo hemoreflectometer. Maximal velocity and kinetic constant of the clearance of indocyanine green, hepatic blood flow, and cardiac output were determined in experimental and sham-operated rats. The results demonstrate that hepatic blood flow and cardiac output increased 2 to 10 hours after cecal ligation and puncture, while hepatocellular function (maximum velocity and kinetic constant) was decreased even 2 hours following cecal ligation and puncture. No linear correlation between hepatocellular function and hepatic blood flow or cardiac output was found under such conditions. The extremely early depression in active hepatocellular function, despite the increased hepatic blood flow and cardiac output, may form the basis for cellular dysfunctions leading to multiple organ failure during sepsis.
A public key watermark for image verification and authentication (2002)

We propose a public key watermarking algorithm for image integrity verification. This watermark is capable of detecting any change made to an image, including changes in pixel values and image size. This watermark is important for several imaging applications, including trusted camera, legal usage of images, medical archiving of images, news reporting, commercial image transaction, and others. In each of these applications, it is important to verify that the image has not been manipulated and that the image was originated by either a specific camera or a specific user. The verification (the watermark extraction) procedure uses a public key as in public key cryptography, and hence it can be performed by any person without the secure exchange of a secret key. This is very important in many applications (e.g., trusted camera, news reporting) where the exchange of a secret key is either not possible or undesirable.
Agonist-Mediated Downregulation of Gαi via the α2-Adrenergic Receptor Is Targeted by Receptor-Gi Interaction and Is Independent of Receptor Signaling and Regulation (1998)

One mechanism of long-term agonist-promoted desensitization of alpha2AR function is downregulation of the cellular levels of the alpha subunit of the inhibitory G protein, Gi. In transfected CHO cells expressing the human alpha2AAR, a 40.1 +/- 3.3% downregulation of Galphai2 protein occurred after 24 h of exposure of the cells to epinephrine, which was not accompanied by a decrease in Galphai2 mRNA. The essential step that targets Gi for degradation by agonist occupancy of the receptor was explored using mutated alpha2AAR lacking specific structural or functional elements. These consisted of 5HT1A receptor and beta2AR sequences substituted at residues 113-149 of the second intracellular loop and 218-235 and 355-371 of the N- and C-terminal regions of the third intracellular loop (altered Gi and Gs coupling), deletion of Ser296-299 (absent GRK phosphorylation), and substitution of Cys442 (absent palmitoylation and receptor downregulation). Of these mutants, only those with diminished Gi coupling displayed a loss of agonist-promoted Gi downregulation, thus excluding Gs coupling and receptor downregulation, palmitoylation, and phosphorylation as necessary events. Furthermore, coupling-impaired receptors consisting of mutations in the second or third loops ablated Gi downregulation, suggesting that a discreet structural motif of the receptor is unlikely to represent a key element in the process. While pertussis toxin ablated Gi downregulation, blocking downstream intracellular consequences of alpha2AAR activation or mimicking these pathways by heterologous means failed to implicate cAMP/adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, phospholipase D, or MAP kinase pathways in alpha2AAR-mediated Gi downregulation. Taken together, agonist-promoted Gi downregulation requires physical alpha2AAR-Gi interaction which targets Gi for degradation in a manner that is independent of alpha2AAR trafficking, regulation, or second messengers.
Monolayer Co3O4 Inverse Opals as Multifunctional Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds (2016)

Monolayers of periodic porous Co3 O4 inverse opal (IO) thin films for gas-sensor applications were prepared by transferring cobalt-solution-dipped polystyrene (PS) monolayers onto sensor substrates and subsequent removal of the PS template by heat treatment. Monolayer Co3 O4 IO thin films having periodic pores (d≈500 nm) showed a high response of 112.9 to 5 ppm C2 H5 OH at 200 °C with low cross-responses to other interfering gases. Moreover, the selective detection of xylene and methyl benzenes (xylene+toluene) could be achieved simply by tuning the sensor temperature to 250 and 275 °C, respectively, so that multiple gases can be detected with a single chemiresistor. Unprecedentedly high ethanol response and temperature-modulated control of selectivity with respect to ethanol, xylene, and methyl benzenes were attributed to the highly chemiresistive IO nanoarchitecture and to the tuned catalytic promotion of different gas-sensing reactions, respectively. These well-ordered porous nanostructures could have potential in the field of high-performance gas sensors based on p-type oxide semiconductors.