gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fault-Tolerant Conversion between the Steane and Reed-Muller Quantum Codes (2014)

Steane's 7-qubit quantum error-correcting code admits a set of fault-tolerant gates that generate the Clifford group, which in itself is not universal for quantum computation. The 15-qubit Reed-Muller code also does not admit a universal fault-tolerant gate set but possesses fault-tolerant T and control-control-Z gates. Combined with the Clifford group, either of these two gates generates a universal set. Here, we combine these two features by demonstrating how to fault-tolerantly convert between these two codes, providing a new method to realize universal fault-tolerant quantum computation. One interpretation of our result is that both codes correspond to the same subsystem code in different gauges. Our scheme extends to the entire family of quantum Reed-Muller codes.
Molecular cloning and expression of human myocardial cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase. (1992)

We have cloned a cDNA for a myocardial cGMP-inhibited cAMP phosphodiesterase (cGI PDE) from a human heart cDNA library in lambda Zap II. The open reading frame [3.5 kilobases (kb)] of cDNA clone n.13.2 (7.7 kb) encodes a protein of 125 kDa. In Northern blots of total human ventricle RNA, a single mRNA species (8.3 kb) hybridized with a 4-kb EcoRI restriction fragment of clone n.13.2 cDNA (containing the entire open reading frame). The carboxyl-terminal region of the deduced amino acid sequence of the cGI PDE contains the putative catalytic domain conserved among mammalian PDE families. A partial cDNA clone, n.2, encoding a truncated, 54-kDa cGI PDE containing the conserved domain was expressed as a catalytically active fusion protein in Escherichia coli. cAMP hydrolytic activity was inhibited by cGMP and OPC 3911 but not by rolipram. Thus, this report provides direct proof that the conserved domain contains the catalytic core of cGI PDEs.
Possible nanoelectronic implementation of neuromorphic networks (2004)

Neuromorphic networks of high connectivity may be implemented using CMOS circuits as cell bodies, nanowires as axons and dendrites, and self-assembled single-molecule latching switches as synapses. The integration scale of such "CrossNet" circuits of acceptable size (/spl sim/30/spl times/30cm/sup 2/) may be comparable with that of the mammal's cerebral cortex (up to 10/sup 10/ neurons), despite the quasi-2D structure of the artificial networks. At the same time, the speed of information processing and network adaptation may be about 6 orders of magnitude higher than that of the brain, at high but manageable power consumption /spl sim/100 W/cm/sup 2/. We present an overview of the hardware implementation prospects, and possible strategies of CrossNet training. Two suggested Hopfield-mode training methods have been verified on numerical models of the networks. The results are consistent with our estimates of the maximum network capacity with an account for finite interconnect locality.
Expression of an inwardly rectifying K+ channel, Kir4.1, in satellite cells of rat cochlear ganglia (1999)

Satellite cells are glial cells wrapped around somata of sensory and autonomic ganglion neurons. Neither their functional roles nor electrical properties have been fully clarified so far. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that inwardly rectifying K(+) channel subunit Kir4.1 (also called Kir1.2 or K(AB)-2) was expressed prominently in the satellite cells of cochlear ganglia. The Kir4.1 immunoreactivity was localized specifically at the myelin sheaths of satellite cells wrapping the somata of the ganglion neurons. Developmental expression of Kir4.1 in satellite cells paralleled development of the action potential in the auditory nerve. These results suggest that this channel in satellite cells may be responsible for the regulation of K(+) extruded from the ganglion neurons during excitation.
Clearance of Intravitreal Voriconazole (2007)

Vitreous concentrations achieved during the first 8 hours were greater than the previously reported minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of organisms most involved in fungal endophthalmitis. A rapid decline of intravitreal concentration suggests that supplementation of intraocular voriconazole to maintain therapeutic levels may therefore be required in clinical settings. Further studies are needed to determine the elimination rate of voriconazole after intravitreal injection in humans.
PIRSF Family Classification System for Protein Functional and Evolutionary Analysis (2006)

The PIRSF protein classification system ( http://pir.georgetown.edu/pirsf/ ) reflects evolutionary relationships of full-length proteins and domains. The primary PIRSF classification unit is the homeomorphic family, whose members are both homologous (evolved from a common ancestor) and homeomorphic (sharing full-length sequence similarity and a common domain architecture). PIRSF families are curated systematically based on literature review and integrative sequence and functional analysis, including sequence and structure similarity, domain architecture, functional association, genome context, and phyletic pattern. The results of classification and expert annotation are summarized in PIRSF family reports with graphical viewers for taxonomic distribution, domain architecture, family hierarchy, and multiple alignment and phylogenetic tree. The PIRSF system provides a comprehensive resource for bioinformatics analysis and comparative studies of protein function and evolution. Domain or fold-based searches allow identification of evolutionarily related protein families sharing domains or structural folds. Functional convergence and functional divergence are revealed by the relationships between protein classification and curated family functions. The taxonomic distribution allows the identification of lineage-specific or broadly conserved protein families and can reveal horizontal gene transfer. Here we demonstrate, with illustrative examples, how to use the web-based PIRSF system as a tool for functional and evolutionary studies of protein families.
Synthesis, Bioanalysis and Biodistribution of Photosensitizer Conjugates for Photodynamic Therapy (2013)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered in 1900 by Raab, and has since emerged as a promising tool for treating diseases characterized by unwanted cells or hyperproliferating tissue (e.g., cancer or infectious disease). PDT consists of the light excitation of a photosensitizer (PS) in the presence of O(2) to yield highly reactive oxygen species. In recent years, PDT has been improved by the synthesis of targeted bioconjugates between monoclonal antibodies and PS, and by investigating PS biodistribution and PD. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of major developments in PS-immunoconjugate-based PDT and the bioanalysis of these agents, with a specific emphasis on anticancer and antimicrobial PDT.
Activation of Autophagy by α-Herpesviruses in Myeloid Cells Is Mediated by Cytoplasmic Viral DNA through a Mechanism Dependent on Stimulator of IFN Genes (2011)

Autophagy has been established as a player in host defense against viruses. The mechanisms by which the host induces autophagy during infection are diverse. In the case of HSV type 1 (HSV-1), dsRNA-dependent protein kinase is essential for induction of autophagy in fibroblasts through phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). HSV-1 counteracts autophagy via ICP34.5, which dephosphorylates eIF2α and inhibits Beclin 1. Investigation of autophagy during HSV-1 infection has largely been conducted in permissive cells, but recent work suggests the existence of a eIF2α-independent autophagy-inducing pathway in nonpermissive cells. To clarify and further characterize the existence of a novel autophagy-inducing pathway in nonpermissive cells, we examined different HSV and cellular components in murine myeloid cells for their role in autophagy. We demonstrate that HSV-1-induced autophagy does not correlate with phosphorylation of eIF2α, is independent of functional dsRNA-dependent protein kinase, and is not antagonized by ICP34.5. Autophagy was activated independent of viral gene expression, but required viral entry. Importantly, we found that the presence of genomic DNA in the virion was essential for induction of autophagy and, conversely, that transfection of HSV-derived DNA induced microtubule-associated protein 1 L chain II formation, a marker of autophagy. This occurred through a mechanism dependent on stimulator of IFN genes, an essential component for the IFN response to intracellular DNA. Finally, we observed that HSV-1 DNA was present in the cytosol devoid of capsid material following HSV-1 infection of dendritic cells. Thus, our data suggest that HSV-1 genomic DNA induces autophagy in nonpermissive cells in a stimulator of IFN gene-dependent manner.
Stereoscopic 3‐D display with optical correction for the reduction of the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence (2005)

Abstract— This paper describes a method for reducing the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence when viewing stereoscopic 3‐D images. The method uses a newly developed stereoscopic 3‐D display system with a telecentric optical system and a mobile LCD. The examination of a mono‐focal lens showed that a correction lens having the appropriate refractive power and conditions for presenting stereoscopic 3‐D images clearly reduces the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The authors also developed a stereoscopic 3‐D display that uses dynamic optical correction to reduce the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence. The display equalizes the theoretical points of accommodation and convergence. The purpose of the development was to expand the regeneration range of a stereoscopic 3‐D image having the appropriate accommodation. An evaluation of the developed display showed that it resolves the discrepancy between convergence and accommodation.
Millimeter-Wave Cellular Wireless Networks: Potentials and Challenges (2014)

Millimeter-wave (mmW) frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are a new frontier for cellular communication that offers the promise of orders of magnitude greater bandwidths combined with further gains via beamforming and spatial multiplexing from multielement antenna arrays. This paper surveys measurements and capacity studies to assess this technology with a focus on small cell deployments in urban environments. The conclusions are extremely encouraging; measurements in New York City at 28 and 73 GHz demonstrate that, even in an urban canyon environment, significant non-line-of-sight (NLOS) outdoor, street-level coverage is possible up to approximately 200 m from a potential low-power microcell or picocell base station. In addition, based on statistical channel models from these measurements, it is shown that mmW systems can offer more than an order of magnitude increase in capacity over current state-of-the-art 4G cellular networks at current cell densities. Cellular systems, however, will need to be significantly redesigned to fully achieve these gains. Specifically, the requirement of highly directional and adaptive transmissions, directional isolation between links, and significant possibilities of outage have strong implications on multiple access, channel structure, synchronization, and receiver design. To address these challenges, the paper discusses how various technologies including adaptive beamforming, multihop relaying, heterogeneous network architectures, and carrier aggregation can be leveraged in the mmW context.
An evaluation of various measures of swing voting in Australia, 1969–1975 (1976)

(1976). An evaluation of various measures of swing voting in Australia, 1969–1975. Politics: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 185-189.
Relation between solar wind velocity and properties of its source region (2004)

Abstract Different kinds of coronal holes are sources of different kind of solar winds. A successful solar wind acceleration model should be able to explain all those solar winds. For the modeling it is important to find a universal relation between the solar wind physical parameters, such as velocity, and coronal physical parameters such as magnetic field energy. To clarify the physical parameters which control the solar wind velocity, we have studied the relation between solar wind velocity and properties of its source region such as photospheric/coronal magnetic field and the size of each coronal hole during the solar minimum. The solar wind velocity structures were derived by using interplanetary scintillation tomography obtained at Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory, Japan. Potential magnetic fields were calculated to identify the source region of the solar wind. HeI 1083 nm absorption line maps obtained at Kitt Peak National Solar Observatory were used to identify coronal holes. As a result, we found a relation during solar minimum between the solar wind velocity and the coronal magnetic condition which is applicable to different kind of solar winds from different kind of coronal holes.
Seven-membered heterocycles. VII. Synthesis and properties of 1-benzothiepin and its chlorinated derivatives (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeven-membered heterocycles. VII. Synthesis and properties of 1-benzothiepin and its chlorinated derivativesVincent J. Traynelis, Yoichiro Yoshikawa, John C. Sih, Larkey J. Miller, and Joel R. Livingston Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 23, 3978–3986Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00987a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Radiation countermeasure agents: an update (2009)

Ionizing radiation (IR) can produce deleterious effects in living tissues, leading to significant morbidity and a potentially fatal illness affecting various organs dose-dependently. As people may be exposed to IR during cancer radiotherapy or as a result of a radiological/nuclear incident or act of terrorism, the danger of irradiation represents a serious public health problem. At present, however, this problem remains largely impervious to medical management. There is, therefore, a pressing need to develop safe and effective radiation countermeasure (RC) agents to prevent, mitigate or treat the harmful consequences of IR exposure.Recent advances in the search for RC agents as reflected by the relevant patent literature of the past five years along with peer-reviewed publications are surveyed.A total of 43 patents, describing approximately 38 chemically diverse compounds with RC potential are analyzed. These include antioxidants capable of scavenging IR-induced free radicals, modulators of cell death signaling or cell cycle progression, cytokines or growth factors promoting tissue repair and inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines.Several of these RC candidates appear promising, including at least two that are undergoing evaluation for fast-track clinical development.
Glucose Levels and Risk of Dementia (2013)

Our results suggest that higher glucose levels may be a risk factor for dementia, even among persons without diabetes. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.)
Stem Cells for the Heart, Are We There Yet? (2003)

Although several repair mechanisms have been described in the human heart, all fall too short to prevent clinical heart disease in most acute or chronic pathological cardiac conditions. Moreover, despite many breakthroughs in cardiovascular medicine, the complications of a myocardial infarction such as chronic heart failure remains a serious worldwide problem. Bone marrow stem cells could provide for a promising strategy to restore myocardial infarctions and prevent postinfarct congestive heart failure, because there is growing body of evidence that bone marrow stem cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells, can generate new cardiomyocytes in animals and humans. In this review, we will discuss important issues on stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction, which might be of paramount importance when considering future human trials.
Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation With Reduced Intensity Conditioning As Treatment For Mature T-Cell Lymphomas (2010)

For aggressive lymphomas a T-cell phenotype confers a poor prognosis. Current therapeutic strategies for T-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) are poorly defined. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (Allo-HCT) is a potentially curative option but associated with high non-relapse mortality (NRM). Reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) is designed to minimize NRM while using the benefits of the graft-versus-lymphoma effect. Here we report retrospective analysis of patients with T-cell NHL who underwent Allo-HCT with RIC using fludarabine and melphalan. A consecutive case-series of 27 patients with mature T-cell NHL were included. All patients underwent RIC with fludarabine and melphalan. Histologies included: PTCL NOS (n=5); AILD (n=3); ALCL (n=2; both alk+); rare histologies (n=6) (NK/T cell, enteropathy type, hepatosplenic); and cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (n=11). Most patients (n=18, 67%) had advanced disease at the time of transplant: relapse/induction failure=17, progression=1. The rest of the patients were in CR1=1, CR2=5, PR=3. The median age was 50 years (range: 19-68), 74% were male (n=20). The time from diagnosis to transplant for majority of the patients (n=20, 74%) was more than one year. The median number of prior regimens was 4 (range: 1-9); one patient had a prior autologous transplant. All patients received stem cells, 56% from HLA-matched sibling and 44% from matched unrelated donor. 18 patients (67%) received GVHD prophylaxis with sirolimus/tacrolimus, while 9 patients (33%) received cyclosporine/cellcept based prophylaxis. The median follow-up for the 16 (59%) surviving patients was 24.2 months (range: 5.6-95.3). Day 100 mortality was 22% (n=6). There were a total of 11 deaths; 5 from disease progression/relapse and 6 from non-relapse causes. 13 patients (48%) experienced acute GVHD: grade I=4, grade II=5, grade IV=4. Among the 17 patients who are evaluable for chronic GVHD, 11 (63%) patients developed an extensive GVHD. The 2-year probability of overall (OS) and disease-free (DFS) survival were 55% (95%CI: 43-65%) and 43% (95%CI: 34-52%) respectively. The relapse/progression and NRM rates at 2 years were 37% (95%CI: 26-52%) and 28% (95%CI: 16-46%) respectively. The overall results show that good long term survival rates and disease control can be achieved with acceptable non-relapse mortality in patients with mature T-cell lymphomas using reduced intensity conditioning.
Cavity characteristics of selectively oxidized vertical-cavity lasers (1995)

We show that a buried oxide layer forming a current aperture in an all epitaxial vertical-cavity surface emitting laser has a profound influence on the optical and electrical characteristics of the device. The lateral index variation formed around the oxide current aperture leads to a shift in the cavity resonance wavelength. The resonance wavelength under the oxide layer can thus be manipulated, independent of the as-grown cavity resonance, by adjusting the oxide layer thickness and its placement relative to the active region. In addition, the electrical confinement afforded by the oxide layer enables record low threshold current densities and threshold voltages in these lasers.
A predictive and feedback control algorithm maintains a constant glucose concentration in fed-batch fermentations (1991)

A combined predictive and feedback control algorithm based on measurements of the concentration of glucose on-line has been developed to control fed-batch fermentations of Escherichia coli. The predictive control algorithm was based on the on-line calculation of glucose demand by the culture and plotting a linear regression to the next datum point to obtain a predicted glucose demand. This provided a predictive "coarse" control for the glucose-based nutrient feed. A direct feedback control using a proportional controller, based on glucose measurements every 2 min, fine-tuned the feed rate. These combined control schemes were used to maintain glucose concentrations in fed-batch fermentations as tight as 0.49 +/- 0.04 g/liter during growth of E. coli to high cell densities.
DNA sequence of a Fibrobacter succinogenes mixed-linkage beta-glucanase (1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) gene (1990)

The DNA sequence of a mixed-linkage beta-glucanase (1,3-1,4-beta-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.73]) gene from Fibrobacter succinogenes cloned in Escherichia coli was determined. The general features of this gene are very similar to the consensus features for other gram-negative bacterial genes. The gene product was processed for export in E. coli. There is a high level of sequence homology between the structure of this glucanase and the structure of a mixed-linkage beta-glucanase from Bacillus subtilis. The nonhomologous region of the amino acid sequence includes a serine-rich region containing five repeats of the sequence Pro-Xxx-Ser-Ser-Ser-Ser-(Ala or Val) which may be functionally related to the serine-rich region observed in Pseudomonas fluorescens cellulase and the serine- and/or threonine-rich regions observed in Cellulomonas fimi endoglucanase and exoglucanase, in Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanases A and B, and in Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolase I, cellobiohydrolase II, and endoglucanase I.
The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin abrogates oral tolerance, promoting predominantly Th2‐type immune responses (2003)

Mucosal antigen encounter usually results in a state of systemic non-responsiveness (tolerance). This failure to mount a protective response is a major hurdle to mucosal vaccine development. Hence, the identification of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants promoting protective immunity is of critical importance. The non-toxic B subunit of Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin(EtxB) is a potent nasal adjuvant; however, its usefulness following oral delivery is unconfirmed. We used DO11.10 chimeric mice to assess whether EtxB could abrogate tolerance to oral OVA. We show that admixing EtxB with OVA for oral immunization abrogates oral tolerance and results in a weak anti-OVA immune response. Importantly, EtxB profoundly modulated the nature of the response to subsequent parenteral challenge, promoting IgG1 in favor of IgG2a antibodies and depressing IFN-gamma production while elevating TGF-beta secretion. The addition of EtxB promoted T cell division, as assessed by loss of staining with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Enhanced cell division promoted by EtxB was associated with T cell differentiation (increased numbers of CD45RBlow cells) in vivo, although dividing OVA-specific T cells were CD25-. These data suggest that although EtxB is a weak oral adjuvant, it can profoundly modulate the nature of the immune response to admixed antigen.