gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The microtubule-associated protein tau forms a triple-stranded left-hand helical polymer. (1991)

High resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has shown that bovine tau are 2.1 +/- 0.2-nm diameter filaments which are triple-stranded left-hand helical structures composed of three 1.0 +/- 0.2-nm strands. The reported amino acid sequence of human and bovine tau have been computer processed to predict secondary structure. Within the constraints imposed by the images, the secondary structure models and other structural information have been used to calculate tau's maximum and minimum length. The length calculations and secondary structure form the basis for image interpretation. This work indicates that each approximately 1.0-nm strand is a tau polypeptide chain and that the approximately 2.1-nm filament is composed of three separate tau chains (tau3). Bovine tau length measurements indicate that tau trimer filaments are generally longer than a fully extended tau monomer. These measurements indicate that each trimer, tau3, is joined with other trimers to form long tau polymers, (tau3)n. An inverse temperature transition has been found in the circular dichroism spectrum of tau indicating that its structure is less ordered below 20 degrees C and more ordered at 37 degrees C. The implications of this phenomenon with respect to tau's temperature-dependent ability to reconstitute microtubules is discussed and a mechanism for the possible abnormal aggregation of tau into neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease is proposed.
Identification of Specific Relaxin-Binding Cells in the Cervix, Mammary Glands, Nipples, Small Intestine, and Skin of Pregnant Pigs1 (1996)

We previously demonstrated that relaxin promotes growth and softening of the cervix and development of the mammary glands in the pregnant pig. An important aspect of understanding relaxin's mechanism of action in these tissues is to identify the specific cell type(s) that contains relaxin receptors, that is, to identify those cells that initiate relaxin's effects. The objective of the present study was to identify relaxin-binding cells in tissues known to respond to relaxin (cervix and mammary gland) as well as in tissues suspected of being responsive to relaxin (nipple, small intestine, and skin) in the pregnant pig. To accomplish that objective we developed an in vitro modification of an immunohistochemical technique recently developed for identification of relaxin-binding cells. Two groups of pregnant gilts were used: intact control (group C) and ovariectomized progesterone-treated (group OP). Group OP was ovariectomized on Day 40 of gestation (Day 40) and treated with progesterone (50 mg/2 ml corn oil i.m., twice daily) until Day 110 to maintain pregnancy. On Day 110, tissues from both groups were removed, cut into cubes (2-3 cm3), frozen in liquid nitrogen, and cryosectioned (8 microns). Specific cell types that bind relaxin were identified by sequential application of a biotinylated relaxin probe, antibiotin immunoglobulin G conjugated to 1 nm colloidal gold, and silver for signal amplification. The study demonstrates for the first time that relaxin binds with specificity to 1) blood vessels (cervix, mammary glands, nipples, small intestine); 2) smooth muscles in small intestine (circular, longitudinal, muscularis mucosa); and 3) skin from sites other than the mammary nipples (back, ear, thigh, leg). In addition, consistent with previous findings in the rat, prominent labeling was observed in epithelial cells in the cervix, mammary glands, and nipples; in smooth muscle cells in the cervix and mammary nipples; and in the skin of the nipples. There were no apparent differences in relaxin binding between group C and group OP. We conclude that the specific relaxin-binding cells in the cervix, mammary glands, nipples, small intestine, and skin of the pregnant pig probably contain relaxin receptors and, therefore, mediate relaxin's effects in these tissues.
Process for the Capture and Reuse of the 4,4‘-Dimethoxytriphenylmethyl Group during Manufacturing of Oligonucleotides (1998)

In a standard amidite coupling-based automated oligonucleotide synthesis campaign, the 4,4‘-dimethoxytriphenylmethyl (DMT) protecting group is discarded as waste along with large amounts of dichloromethane. Herein, we report a straightforward and simple process for complete capture and recovery of the DMT group and dichloromethane, rendering the oligonucleotide manufacturing process safer and more economical.
A women's health issue: Alzheimer's disease and strategies for maintaining cognitive health. (1999)

Data indicate that women are two to three times as likely as men to develop Alzheimer's disease, making this neurodegenerative condition a women's health issue. The challenge of an aging population and women's vulnerability to Alzheimer's disease is reviewed. Strategies to prevent Alzheimer's disease in women are discussed. These strategies include cognitive challenge and exercise, estrogen replacement therapy, anti-inflammatory agents, and antioxidants. Each of these strategies has been associated with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease and could have a profound impact on the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in the most vulnerable segment of the population, postmenopausal women.
Chlamydia trachomatis-induced production of interleukin-1 by human monocytes (1989)

Human diseases caused by the intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis include genital tract infections and blinding trachoma. Chlamydial infections are characterized by chronic inflammation and scarring, and development of such complications is thought to be immunologically mediated. In this study, we show that coculture of C. trachomatis (serovar L2) with human blood monocytes induced the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), an important mediator of inflammation, tissue remodeling, and scarring. IL-1 was produced in response to UV-inactivated elementary bodies containing from 0.1 to 50 micrograms of protein per ml, with a maximal response at 5 to 10 micrograms/ml. IL-1 activity was detected by 6 h of incubation and was maximal by 24 h. Peak levels were maintained throughout 96 h of incubation. Rabbit antibody to human IL-1(alpha + beta) effectively neutralized the thymocyte-stimulating activity of the supernatants. The apparent molecular weight of chlamydia-induced IL-1 was 16,000, as determined by gel filtration on a Bio-Gel P-60 column. Isoelectric focusing yielded two peaks of activity, with pIs of 5.5 and 6.9. Neutralization studies with antisera against human IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta showed that the acidic and neutral peaks corresponded to IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, respectively, with IL-1 beta predominating. Heat-killed chlamydiae, which are not internalized by monocytes, were effective IL-1 inducers, indicating that phagocytosis was not required for IL-1 induction. Purified C. trachomatis lipopolysaccharide was also an effective IL-1 inducer, suggesting that the response to intact organisms may be largely a response to chlamydial lipopolysaccharide. Finally, purified chlamydial major outer membrane protein induced low but detectable IL-1 activity.
Resonant scattering by multilayered dielectric gratings (1997)

The diffracted orders generated by a plane-wave incident upon a multilayered dielectric grating can undergo strong intensity variations known as Wood’s anomalies or scattering resonances. To clarify these effects, we examine the field and power flux inside the grating region by using a rigorous modal solution of the scattering problem. The results show that, at the peak of a scattering resonance, the power flux is almost identical to that of a leaky wave that can be supported by the grating structure. We thus confirm and generalize previous research that has identified the anomalous intensity variations as a forced-resonance effect associated with the free-resonant character of leaky waves. Quantitative data illustrating the behavior of typical gratings are given, and the special case of normal incidence is discussed.
Expression of yeast DNA topoisomerase I can complement a conditional-lethal DNA topoisomerase I mutation in Escherichia coli. (1987)

We show that, despite differences in primary structure, substrate preference, and mechanism of catalysis, yeast DNA topoisomerase I can functionally substitute for Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I. A family of plasmids expressing the yeast TOP1 gene or 5'-deletion mutations of it were used to complement the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an E. coli topA mutant. These plasmids were then isolated from the cells by a rapid lysis procedure and examined for their degrees of supercoiling. Functional complementation of a conditional-lethal mutation in topA, which encodes E. coli DNA topoisomerase I, correlates with the expression of a catalytically active yeast enzyme that reduces the degree of negative supercoiling of intracellular DNA. We also show that approximately 130 amino acids of the amino-terminal portion of the yeast enzyme can be deleted without affecting its activity in vitro; activity of the enzyme inside E. coli, however, is more sensitive to such deletions.
Screening for the synthetic cannabinoid JWH‐018 and its major metabolites in human doping controls (2010)

Referred to as 'spice', several new drugs, advertised as herbal blends, have appeared on the market in the last few years, in which the synthetic cannabinoids JWH-018 and a C(8) homologue of CP 47,497 were identified as major active ingredients. Due to their reported cannabis-like effects, many European countries have banned these substances. The World Anti-Doping Agency has also explicitly prohibited synthetic cannabinoids in elite sport in-competition. Since urine specimens have been the preferred doping control samples, the elucidation of the metabolic pathways of these substances is of particular importance to implement them in sports drug testing programmes. In a recent report, an in vitro phase-I metabolism study of JWH-018 was presented yielding mainly hydroxylated and N-dealkylated metabolites. Due to these findings, a urine sample of a healthy man declaring to have smoked a 'spice' product was screened for potential phase-I and -II metabolites by high-resolution/high-accuracy mass spectrometry in the present report. The majority of the phase-I metabolites observed in earlier in vitro studies of JWH-018 were detected in this urine specimen and furthermore most of their respective monoglucuronides. As no intact JWH-018 was detectable, the monohydroxylated metabolite being the most abundant one was chosen as a target analyte for sports drug testing purposes; a detection method was subsequently developed and validated in accordance to conventional screening protocols based on enzymatic hydrolysis, liquid-liquid extraction, and liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The method was applied to approximately 7500 urine doping control samples yielding two JWH-018 findings and demonstrated its capability for a sensitive and selective identification of JWH-018 and its metabolites in human urine.
Investigation of the lethal yellowAy/Ayembryo using mouse chimaeras (1979)

Chimaeric combinations of normal and mutant embryonic tissues were used to investigate the lethal effect of the yellow gene. The homozygous mutant embryos could not be identified before implantation. Therefore, embryos from both intercross matings and control backcross matings were used to provide inner cell masses (ICMs) for injection into genetically marked blastocysts of the CFLP random bred stock. All conceptuses obtained from reimplanted blastocysts were analysed at mid-gestation for the presence of donor isozyme of glucose phosphate isomerase. A similar proportion of chimaeras were found in the experimental and control series, indicating rescue of the lethal Ay/Ay ICM tissue. The reciprocal experiment also produced a similar proportion of chimaeras but there was a 25% postimplantational loss of injected embryos evidenced by empty decidual swellings. The results suggest that the yellow mutation primarily affects the trophectoderm which cannot be rescued by a normal ICM, whereas Ay/Ay ICM is capable of survival in a chimaera at least until mid-gestation.
Sonographic enhancement of renal cortex by contrast media. (1995)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a phase shift contrast agent could enhance the renal cortex. Four doses of the contrast agent EchoGen ranging from 0.25 to 0.65 ml/kg were injected intravenously in three healthy dogs. Images of the kidney were recorded on a videotape before and after each injection. The images were evaluated visually and were computer-analyzed for brightness change caused by the contrast agent. Marked changes in cortical brightness were observed at the doses of 0.45 and 0.65 ml/kg. At lower doses the changes in image brightness were significantly reduced but measurable. The brightness peaked at 65 +/- 9 seconds after injection and gradually decreased to the baseline value in approximately 12 minutes. The video density varied nonlinearly with dose, and at low doses its value drifted below the baseline. This is believed to be due to attenuation of echoes by the contrast agent. The results of this study indicate that the microbubbles formed by phase shift contrast media are sufficiently small and persist long enough to enhance sonographic images of the cortex. Contrast media whose effect is based on the phenomenon of phase shift permit enhancement of the gray scale characteristic of the kidney. The enhancements last up to several minutes and have strong potential to allow investigation of perfusion in kidney.
Association of FCgamma receptor IIA (CD32) polymorphism with malarial anemia and high-density parasitemia in infants and young children. (2006)

Protective immunity against Plasmodium falciparum is partially mediated through binding of malaria-specific IgG antibodies to Fcgamma receptors. Polymorphic variability in Fcgamma RIIa (H/R-131) is associated with differential binding of IgG subtypes and malaria disease outcomes. However, the role of Fcgamma RIIa-131 variability in conditioning susceptibility to severe malarial anemia, the primary manifestation of severe malaria in holoendemic P. falciparum transmission areas, is largely undefined. Thus, Fcgamma RIIa-H131R polymorphism was investigated in 493 children who came to a hospital with acute malaria. Variation in Fcgamma RIIa-131 was not significantly associated with severe malarial anemia (hemoglobin [Hb] < 6.0 g/dL) or malaria anemia (Hb < 8.0 g/dL). However, relative to the heterozygous genotype, homozygotes for the R131 alleles were protected against high-density parasitemia (>or= 10,000 parasites/microL; odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.37-0.92, P = 0.02), while homozygotes for the H131 alleles were mildly protective (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.45-1.13, P = 0.14). Additional multivariate analyses showed that infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 did not influence the associations between FcgammaRIIa-H131R polymorphism and malaria disease outcomes. Genotypic results presented here parallel data illustrating that parasite density is unrelated to the severity of anemia in children with acute malaria. Thus, although homozygosity for the R131 allele protects against high-density parasitemia, FcgammaRIIa-131 polymorphism does not protect against malaria anemia.
Regulation of mTOR function in response to hypoxia by REDD1 and the TSC1/TSC2 tumor suppressor complex (2004)

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of protein synthesis whose activity is modulated by a variety of signals. Energy depletion and hypoxia result in mTOR inhibition. While energy depletion inhibits mTOR through a process involving the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) by LKB1 and subsequent phosphorylation of TSC2, the mechanism of mTOR inhibition by hypoxia is not known. Here we show that mTOR inhibition by hypoxia requires the TSC1/TSC2 tumor suppressor complex and the hypoxia-inducible gene REDD1/RTP801. Disruption of the TSC1/TSC2 complex through loss of TSC1 or TSC2 blocks the effects of hypoxia on mTOR, as measured by changes in the mTOR targets S6K and 4E-BP1, and results in abnormal accumulation of Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In contrast to energy depletion, mTOR inhibition by hypoxia does not require AMPK or LKB1. Down-regulation of mTOR activity by hypoxia requires de novo mRNA synthesis and correlates with increased expression of the hypoxia-inducible REDD1 gene. Disruption of REDD1 abrogates the hypoxia-induced inhibition of mTOR, and REDD1 overexpression is sufficient to down-regulate S6K phosphorylation in a TSC1/TSC2-dependent manner. Inhibition of mTOR function by hypoxia is likely to be important for tumor suppression as TSC2-deficient cells maintain abnormally high levels of cell proliferation under hypoxia.
CHISEL flash EEPROM. I. Performance and scaling (2002)

In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of using channel initiated secondary electron (CHISEL) programming in high-density flash memories containing fully scaled memory cells. We discuss programming performance, cell channel length scaling, endurance, and reliability of single cells and large arrays. In Part I of this work, we show successful CHISEL programming operation in fully scaled flash cells having channel lengths down to 0.22 mum. Compared to conventional channel hot electron (CHE) programming, CHISEL operation shows faster programming for identical drain bias, and lower power consumption for similar programming speed. The effect of channel length scaling on CHISEL operation and related device optimization is discussed using measurements and device simulation. Measurement on optimized floating gate contacted devices having channel length down to 0.14 mum show good programming efficiency under CHISEL operation. The reliability and endurance of CHISEL operation in single cells and large arrays are discussed in Part 11 of this work.
USING DATA STRIPING IN A LOCAL AREA NETWORK (1992)

We use the technique of storing the data of a single object across several storage servers, called data striping, to achieve high transfer data rates in a local area network. Using parallel paths to data allows a client to transfer data to and from storage at a higher rate than that supported by a single storage server. We have implemented a network data service, called Swift, that uses data striping. Swift exhibits the expected scaling property in the number of storage servers connected to a network and in the number of interconnection networks present in the system. We have also simulated a version of Swift to explore the limits of possible future configurations. We observe that the system can evolve to support very high speed interconnection networks as well as large numbers of storage servers. Since Swift is a distributed system made up of independently replaceable components, any component that limits the performance can either be replaced by a faster component when it ...
Energy-Efficient 1060-nm Optical Link Operating up to 28 Gb/s (2015)

An analysis of a 1060-nm VCSEL with a threshold voltage as low as 1.25 V and 3 dB frequency above 19 GHz in the 2.5 to 5 mA bias current range is presented. An optical link based on a custom-made 90-nm CMOS driver, low power VCSEL and 32-μm diameter photodiode is built and characterized. A 5.2 dB link margin is obtained with a 0.99 mW optical modulation amplitude and an 8.2 dB extinction ratio at 28 Gb/s. A 1.1 pJ/b transmitter power consumption is measured at 26 Gb/s. The platform that we use in the present study would be compatible with a wavelength division multiplexing scheme to reach high aggregate bitrate and channel density with low voltage, power and heat dissipation in a future optical module. Results clearly demonstrate the potential of VCSEL-based links to meet the requirements of next-generation exascale computers and data center systems.
Design and Synthesis of Cyclic RGD Pentapeptoids by Consecutive Ugi Reactions (2007)

A new strategy for the synthesis of cyclic peptoids was developed. The approach is based on the use of consecutive Ugi reactions for the assembly of the acyclic peptoid and for the ring closure. Cyclopentapeptoid analogues of the RGD peptides were designed and synthesized using this methodology. The results confirm the versatility and efficiency of the method for the preparation of cyclic oligopeptoids.
Dual Graph Convolutional Network for Semantic Segmentation (2019)

Exploiting long-range contextual information is key for pixel-wise prediction tasks such as semantic segmentation. In contrast to previous work that uses multi-scale feature fusion or dilated convolutions, we propose a novel graph-convolutional network (GCN) to address this problem. Our Dual Graph Convolutional Network (DGCNet) models the global context of the input feature by modelling two orthogonal graphs in a single framework. The first component models spatial relationships between pixels in the image, whilst the second models interdependencies along the channel dimensions of the network's feature map. This is done efficiently by projecting the feature into a new, lower-dimensional space where all pairwise interactions can be modelled, before reprojecting into the original space. Our simple method provides substantial benefits over a strong baseline and achieves state-of-the-art results on both Cityscapes (82.0% mean IoU) and Pascal Context (53.7% mean IoU) datasets. Code and models are made available to foster any further research (\url{https://github.com/lxtGH/GALD-DGCNet}).
Zur Charakterisierung der Reaktionsprodukte bei der Umsetzung höhermolekularer ungesättigter Fettsäureester mit Schwefelwasserstoff bei Anwesenheit von elementarem Schwefel (1984)

Abstract Durch Kombination von präparativer HPLC, Felddesorptions‐Massenspektroskopie (FDMS) und Raman‐Spektroskopie (RS) können die Reaktionsprodukte der Umsetzung von Methyloleat mit Schwefelwasserstoff bei Anwesenheit von elementarem Schwefel identifiziert und quantitativ erfaßt werden, da bei der FDMS die Molmassen der unfragmentierten Moleküle erhalten werden. Man erhält somit direkte Aussagen zur Struktur der Reaktionsprodukte sowie zur Reaktionskinetik. Die Kettenlänge der in die erhaltenen Distearylsulfide eingebauten Schwefelbrücken ist von der Reaktionsdauer abhängig.
Expression of non‐classical islet hormone‐like peptides during the embryonic development of the pancreas (1998)

Understanding of islet embryogenesis may prove to be key in the design of future therapies for diabetes directed at re-initiating islet growth, with the goal to replace and/or replenish the impaired β-cell mass in the disease. In this context, studies of islet neurohormonal peptides, known to play a role in the local regulation of islet function, and their expression during islet embryogenesis are important. Here we review our studies on the embryonic islet expression of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) and the PP-fold peptides pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). IAPP, which is constitutively expressed in β- and δ-cells in the adult rat, was found to occur in the assumed pluripotent islet progenitor cell, together with PYY, glucagon, and to a lesser extent with insulin. As development proceeds, the insulin/IAPP phenotype is segregated from that of PYY/glucagon; with the formation of islet-like structures, insulin/IAPP-expressing cells primarily occupy their central portions, while PYY/glucagon-expressing cells are found in their periphery. At the time of formation of islet-like structures, expression of NPY is induced in the insulin/IAPP-containing cells. Whereas NPY-expression ceases at birth, PYY is constitutively expressed in non-β-cells in the mature rat. Expression of PP is induced just prior to birth in a separate population of islet cells, occasionally co-expressed with PYY. Although a clear role for these peptides during embryogenesis has not been identified, they conceivably could play a role in the control of insulin secretion, islet growth and islet blood flow. Microsc. Res. Tech. 43:313–321, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.