gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Iron release from macrophages after erythrophagocytosis is up-regulated by ferroportin 1 overexpression and down-regulated by hepcidin (2005)

Ferroportin 1 (FPN1) is transmembrane protein involved in iron homeostasis. In the duodenum, FPN1 localizes to the basolateral surface of enterocytes where it appears to export iron out of the cell and into the portal circulation. FPN1 is also abundantly expressed in reticuloendothelial macrophages of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow, suggesting that this protein serves as an iron exporter in cells that recycle iron from senescent red blood cells. To directly test the hypothesis that FPN1 functions in the export of iron after erythrophagocytosis, FPN1 was stably expressed in J774 mouse macrophages by using retroviral transduction, and release of 59Fe after phagocytosis of 59Fe-labeled rat erythrocytes was measured. J774 cells overexpressing FPN1 released 70% more 59Fe after erythrophagocytosis than control cells, consistent with a role in the recycling of iron from senescent red cells. Treatment of cells with the peptide hormone hepcidin, a systemic regulator of iron metabolism, dramatically decreased FPN1 protein levels and significantly reduced the efflux of 59Fe after erythrophagocytosis. Subsequent fractionation of the total released 59Fe into heme and nonheme compounds revealed that hepcidin treatment reduced the release of nonheme 59Fe by 50% and 25% from control and FPN1-overexpressing cells, respectively, but did not diminish efflux of 59Fe-heme. We conclude that FPN1 is directly involved in the export of iron during erythrocyte-iron recycling by macrophages.
Microfabrication technology for pancreatic cell encapsulation (2002)

The inadequacy of conventional insulin therapy for the treatment of Type I diabetes has stimulated research on several therapeutic alternatives, including insulin pumps and controlled-release systems for insulin. One of the most physiological alternatives to insulin injections is the transplantation of insulin-secreting cells. It is the beta-cells of the islets that secrete insulin in response to increasing blood glucose concentrations. Ideally, transplantation of such cells (allografts or xenografts) could restore normoglycaemia. However, as with most tissue or cellular transplants, the cellular grafts, particularly xenografts, are subject to immunorejection in the absence of chronic immunosuppression. Thus, it is of great interest to develop new technologies that may be used for insulin delivery or pancreatic cell transplantation. This review describes a new approach to cellular delivery based on micro- and nanotechnology. Utilising this approach, nanoporous biocapsules are bulk and surface micromachined to present uniform and well-controlled pore sizes as small as 7 nm, tailored surface chemistries and precise microarchitectures, in order to provide immunoisolating microenvironments for cells. Such a design may overcome some of the limitations associated with conventional encapsulation and delivery technologies, including chemical instabilities, material degradation or fracture and broad membrane pore sizes.
Findings of the WMT 2016 Bilingual Document Alignment Shared Task (2016)

This paper presents the results of the WMT16 Bilingual Document Alignment Shared Task. Given crawls of web sites, we asked participants to align documents that are translations of each other. 11 research groups submitted 19 systems, with a top performance of 95.0%.
Less than 5-ns wavelength switching with an SG-DBR laser (2006)

We achieve fast wavelength switching between all channel combinations of a 64-channel sampled-grating distributed Bragg reflector laser in less than 5 ns. The laser was designed to have low tuning currents and efficient heat extraction in order to reduce parasitic thermal effects. We also report on the behavior of the front and back mirror pre-emphasis amplitudes required for the fast switching.
Anti-LPS antibodies reduce endotoxemia in whole body 60Co irradiated primates: a preliminary report. (1990)

Long periods in space may expose astronauts to the potentially harmful effects of ionizing radiation. We have used a primate model to evaluate any role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) in radiation sickness. Vervet monkeys, which had been whole-body 60Co irradiated with an LD100 exposure, had periodic blood samples taken for the determination of LPS, anti-LPS IgG antibodies and bacteriological studies. On day 2 post-irradiation, primates were treated i.m. with either sterile 0.9% saline, or equine anti-LPS hyperimmune plasma (Anti-LPS), or orally with tripotassium-dicitrato-bismuthate ("Denol"). Gram positive bacteria were evident in blood samples of all animals as early as 2 d post-irradiation. Gram negative bacteria were found in the blood of saline- and Denol-treated primates by days 5 and 8, respectively, but first appeared on day 13 in the anti-LPS-treated animals. The saline controls and Denol-treated animals showed insignificant rises in plasma LPS on day 3, which increased further thereafter achieving significance on day 8 (p less than 0.01). These elevated levels persisted until death. However, in anti-LPS-treated monkeys, LPS concentrations remained below baseline until day 9, after which they rose significantly until death, but, were significantly less than the concentrations in both other groups (p less than 0.001). The anti-LPS-treated animals survived significantly longer than both the other groups (p less than 0.005). Since LPS may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia and headaches, Anti-LPS administration may be of value in reducing plasma LPS concentration in humans and improving their performance and survivability.
Seroconversion to Antibodies against Kaposi's Sarcoma–Associated Herpesvirus–Related Latent Nuclear Antigens before the Development of Kaposi's Sarcoma (1996)

In most patients with kaposi's sarcoma and AIDS, seroconversion to positivity for antibodies against KSHV-related nuclear antigens occurs before the clinical appearance of Kaposi's sarcoma. This supports the hypothesis that Kaposi's sarcoma results from infection with KSHV.
Specifying adverse drug reactions by formulating contexts through clarit processing of medical abstracts (1994)

The CLARIT system encompasses a package of modules that can be used for information retrieval and thesaurus building ([Evans et al. 1991a]). Full-text databases can be analyzed at the level of linguistic structures (e.g., noun phrases); queries over such analyzed data are treated as document-space vectors, giving partial fits to documents. Retrieved documents can be ranked in order of best fit. Retrieved documents can also be selectively fed back for a refined search, or used to produce a topical first-order thesaurus ([Evans et al. 1991b]). In this latter case, the resulting thesaurus can be produced at any level of specificity ([Evans & Lefferts 1994], [Evans & Lefferts in press]).
Structure refinement of the chromomycin dimer-DNA oligomer complex in solution (1992)

We have refined the initial docking model of the Mg(II)-co-ordinated chromomycin-d(A2G2C2T2) complex (2 drug equivalents per duplex) by a complete relaxation matrix analysis simulation of the two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect (NOESY) spectrum of the complex in 2H2O solution. This relaxation matrix refined structure of the complex exhibits the following characteristics. (1) We observe an unwound and elongated duplex that exhibits characteristics distinct from the A and B-DNA family of helices at the central (G-G-C-C).(G-G-C-C) chromomycin dimer binding and flanking sites. On the other hand sugar puckers, glycosidic torsion angles, displacement of the base-pairs from the helix axis and the minor groove width for this central tetranucleotide segment all fall within the A-family of helical parameters. (2) The chromomycin monomers are aligned in a head-to-tail orientation in the Mg(II)-co-ordinated dimer in the complex. The chromophores are aligned with a slight tilt relative to each other and make an angle of 75 degrees between their planes. The C-D-E trisaccharide segments from individual monomers adopt an extended conformation that projects in opposite directions in the dimer. The divalent metal cation is co-ordinated to the O(1) carbonyl and O(9) enolate atoms of the chromophores and aligns them such that the O(9)-Mg-O(9) angle is 170 degrees while all other O-Mg-O angles are in the 95(+/- 15)degrees range. (3) The sequence specificity of the chromomycin dimer for the widened and shallower (G3-G4-C5-C6).(G3-G4-C5-C6) minor groove binding site is associated with intermolecular hydrogen bonds formed between the OH group at C(8) of the chromophore and the minor groove NH2 group at position 2 and N(3) groups of G4 and between the O(1) oxygen of the E-sugar and the minor groove NH2 group at position 2 of G3 in the complex. (4) Additional intermolecular interactions are primarily van der Waals contacts between anomeric and adjacent CH2 protons on each sugar in the C-D-E trisaccharide segments of the chromomycin dimer and the minor groove surface of the DNA. These results provide insights into the induced conformational transitions required to generate a complementary match between the drug dimer and its DNA binding site on complex formation.
The Monoclonal Antibody nBT062 Conjugated to Cytotoxic Maytansinoids Has Selective Cytotoxicity Against CD138-Positive Multiple Myeloma Cells In vitro and In vivo (2009)

These results provide the preclinical framework supporting evaluation of nBT062-maytansinoid derivatives in clinical trials to improve patient outcome in MM.
Persistent and dormant tubercle bacilli and latent tuberculosis (2004)

Tubercle bacillus has remarkable ability to persist in the human host and has caused latent infection in one third of the world population. The current tuberculosis (TB) chemotherapy while effective in killing growing bacilli is largely ineffective in killing persistent or dormant bacilli, leading to prolonged therapy. There is considerable recent interest to study mechanisms of persistence and dormancy in mycobacteria. Meanwhile, there is also confusion about the use of terminology of dormant and persistent bacilli. Different models of mycobacterial persistence have been established. Various mycobacterial factors have recently been identified that may be involved in persistence or dormancy and resuscitation of dormant organisms. The phenotypic resistance to antituberculosis drugs in persistent and dormant bacilli presents a major challenge for effective control of the disease. The host immune system is critical in controlling latent TB infection from reactivation. A recent interesting observation is the reactivation of latent TB infection by anti-TNF-alpha antibody used as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. The role of psychoneuroendocrinological factors in TB, which is often ignored in the era of modern chemotherapy but could be important for controlling latent infection, is also briefly reviewed. There is recent interest to develop new TB drugs that target persistent and dormant bacilli and also immunotherapeutic agents that enhance chemotherapy and better control latent infection. The complex interaction between the bacteria, drugs, host and the environment underscores the need for a combined approach that incorporates chemotherapy, immunotherapeutic agents, improved socioeconomic, nutritional and even conducive psychological factors for more effective control of TB and latent TB.
Ageing of the human metaorganism: the microbial counterpart (2011)

Human beings have been recently reviewed as 'metaorganisms' as a result of a close symbiotic relationship with the intestinal microbiota. This assumption imposes a more holistic view of the ageing process where dynamics of the interaction between environment, intestinal microbiota and host must be taken into consideration. Age-related physiological changes in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as modification in lifestyle, nutritional behaviour, and functionality of the host immune system, inevitably affect the gut microbial ecosystem. Here we review the current knowledge of the changes occurring in the gut microbiota of old people, especially in the light of the most recent applications of the modern molecular characterisation techniques. The hypothetical involvement of the age-related gut microbiota unbalances in the inflamm-aging, and immunosenescence processes will also be discussed. Increasing evidence of the importance of the gut microbiota homeostasis for the host health has led to the consideration of medical/nutritional applications of this knowledge through the development of probiotic and prebiotic preparations specific for the aged population. The results of the few intervention trials reporting the use of pro/prebiotics in clinical conditions typical of the elderly will be critically reviewed.
Chemoprevention of colon carcinogenesis by the synthetic organoselenium compound 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate. (1992)

The chemopreventive effect of 40% and 80% maximum tolerated dose (MTD) levels of 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p-XSC) administered in the diet during the initiation phase (2 weeks before, during, and up to 3 days after carcinogen administration) and the post-initiation phase (3 days after carcinogen treatment until termination) of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis was studied in male F344 rats. The MTD of p-XSC was determined in male F344 rats and found to be 50 ppm. Beginning at 5 weeks of age, all animals were divided into various experimental groups (42 rats/group) and fed the high-fat semipurified diet or diets containing 20 (40% MTD) and 40 (80% MTD) ppm p-XSC. At 7 weeks of age, all animals (30 rats/group) except the vehicle-treated groups (12 rats/group) were administered s.c. injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight/week for 2 weeks). Three days after the second injection of AOM or vehicle (normal saline), groups of animals fed the p-XSC diets and control diet were transferred, respectively, to control diet and p-XSC diets and continued on these diets until the termination of the study. All animals were necropsied during the 36th week after AOM treatment. Colonic mucosal prostaglandin E2 and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase were measured in animals fed the control and p-XSC diets at the termination of the study. The results indicate that 40 ppm p-XSC administered during the initiation phase significantly inhibited the colon tumor incidence (percentage of animals with tumors). Dietary p-XSC administered at 20 and 40 ppm levels during the initiation phase significantly inhibited colon tumor multiplicity (tumors/animal and tumors/tumor-bearing animal). Colon tumor incidence and multiplicity were significantly reduced in groups fed 20 and 40 ppm p-XSC diets at the postinitiation phase of carcinogenesis. Colonic mucosal selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity was increased, and prostaglandin E2 was reduced in animals fed the p-XSC diet compared to animals fed the control diet. Whereas the precise mechanisms of p-XSC-induced inhibition of colon carcinogenesis remain to be elucidated, it is likely that the effect during the initiation and postinitiation phases may be due to alteration in carcinogen metabolism and to modulation of prostaglandin synthesis and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase activity.
Safety and tolerability of LBR-101, a humanized monoclonal antibody that blocks the binding of CGRP to its receptor: Results of the Phase 1 program (2013)

Single IV doses of LBR-101 ranging from 0.2 mg up to 2000 mg and multiple IV doses up to 300 mg were well tolerated. Overt safety concerns have not emerged. A maximally tolerated dose has not been identified.
Phosphorus Derivatives of Nitrogen Heterocycles. 2. Pyridinephosphonic Acid Derivatives (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhosphorus Derivatives of Nitrogen Heterocycles. 2. Pyridinephosphonic Acid DerivativesDerek RedmoreCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 12, 4114–4117Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1970Publication History Published online23 December 2002Published inissue 1 December 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00837a619https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00837a619research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views817Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2‐((3‐Aminopropyl)thio)adenosine 5′‐Diphosphate: A Key Intermediate for the Synthesis of Molecular Probes of Adenosine 5′‐Diphosphate Function. (1988)

Abstract The title nucleotide (IX) is synthesized from ADP (I) via its 1,N6‐etheno derivative (III) as outlined in the reaction scheme.
An S101P Substitution in the Putative Cleavage Motif of the Human Metapneumovirus Fusion Protein Is a Major Determinant for Trypsin-Independent Growth in Vero Cells and Does Not Alter Tissue Tropism in Hamsters (2005)

Human metapneumovirus (hMPV), a recently described paramyxovirus, is a major etiological agent for lower respiratory tract disease in young children that can manifest with severe cough, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia. The hMPV fusion glycoprotein (F) shares conserved functional domains with other paramyxovirus F proteins that are important for virus entry and spread. For other paramyxovirus F proteins, cleavage of a precursor protein (F0) into F1 and F2 exposes a fusion peptide at the N terminus of the F1 fragment, a likely prerequisite for fusion activity. Many hMPV strains have been reported to require trypsin for growth in tissue culture. The majority of these strains contain RQSR at the putative cleavage site. However, strains hMPV/NL/1/00 and hMPV/NL/1/99 expanded in our laboratory contain the sequence RQPR and do not require trypsin for growth in Vero cells. The contribution of this single amino acid change was verified directly by generating recombinant virus (rhMPV/NL/1/00) with either proline or serine at position 101 in F. These results suggested that cleavage of F protein in Vero cells could be achieved by trypsin or S101P amino acid substitution in the putative cleavage site motif. Moreover, trypsin-independent cleavage of hMPV F containing 101P was enhanced by the amino acid substitution E93K. In hamsters, rhMPV/93K/101S and rhMPV/93K/101P grew to equivalent titers in the respiratory tract and replication was restricted to respiratory tissues. The ability of these hMPV strains to replicate efficiently in the absence of trypsin should greatly facilitate the generation, preclinical testing, and manufacturing of attenuated hMPV vaccine candidates.
Dry Etching of Silicon Materials in  SF 6 Based Plasmas: Roles of and Gas Additives (1987)

Dry etching of silicon using a radio frequency glow discharge in and gas mixtures have been studied. Both and additives can significantly enhance the silicon etch rate. For low RF power, the same amount of enhances silicon etch rate more than does. When the RF power level is increased beyond a value, becomes more efficient in enhancing the silicon etch rate. The chemisorption model based on the competition between atomic fluorine and oxygen species for active silicon etching sites is applied to explain these etching characteristics. Optical emission spectroscopy is used to measure the relative concentrations of atomic oxygen and fluorine, which are subsequently applied to correlate the silicon etch rates. According to XPS characterization, there is no detectable sulfur contamination on silicon surface after being etched by either plasma.
Comparative localization of murine monoclonal antibody Me1-14 F(ab')2 fragment and whole IgG2a in human glioma xenografts. (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) targeted to glioma-associated antigens may allow the selective delivery of imaging and therapeutic agents to brain tumors; the use of MAb fragments may be a strategy to further improve tumor uptake of such agents relative to normal tissues. In this study, we have examined the in vivo localization of radioiodinated MAb Me1-14, a murine immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) reactive with gliomas, and its F(ab')2 fragment in s.c. and intracranial xenografts of human glioma cell line D-54 MG in athymic mice. The radiolabeled F(ab')2 fragment of Me1-14 was demonstrated to possess in vitro binding affinity and immunoreactivity comparable to that of whole IgG. Direct comparison of IgG and F(ab')2 biodistribution in s.c. xenograft-bearing mice showed higher tumor: normal tissue ratios of the F(ab')2 fragment compared to IgG. In intracranial tumor-bearing mice paired-label analysis using a nonspecific protein control showed earlier specific tumor localization by the F(ab')2 fragment of Me1-14 compared to IgG. Blood-to-tumor transfer constants (K1) derived for Me1-14 F(ab')2 were significantly greater than those for whole Me1-14 (P = 0.01). Estimated radiation dosimetry revealed that 131I-labeled Me1-14 F(ab')2 would deliver higher radiation doses to tumor than to normal tissues. These studies demonstrate that the F(ab')2 fragment of Me1-14 may be a potential agent for immune-directed brain tumor diagnosis and therapy.
Microbes and malignancy : infection as a cause of human cancers (1999)

Historically, the study of infection has focused on acute illnesses and their treatment. Yet infection is not simply an acute process; microbial agents thrive in the human body throughout life. The unrecognized, intimate relationship we share with micro-organisms is undoubtedly a critical factor in longevity and health. In recent years, it has become apparent that one long-term consequence of some chronic infections is cancer. Indeed, 15 to 20 per cent of cancers worldwide, including three of the most important cancers in the world today-cancers of the cervix, stomach and liver-may be attributable to underlying chronic infection. Fortunately, since infectious diseases are often treatable or preventable, the tie between infection and cancer can be looked at as an opportunity, rather than as a problem. This book, authored by some of the world's leaders in microbiology, virology, biochemistry, and pathology provides an overview of oncogenic mechanisms imputed to infection. Individual chapters examine the epidemiologic, clinical and molecular links between specific infectious agents and cancer. Methods of disease prevention are also addressed. Microbiologists, cancer biologists, pathologists, oncologists and infectious disease specialists and otheres interested in the etiology of malignancy will find this book and indispensable addition to their libraries.
Phase I study of phenylacetate administered twice daily to patients with cancer (1995)

Phenylacetate administered at a dose of 125 mg/kg twice daily for 2 consecutive weeks is well tolerated. High grade gliomas and advanced prostate cancer are reasonable targets for Phase II clinical trials.