gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A cooperative LAN diagnostic and observation expert system (1990)

The author describes a LAN diagnostic expert system called the Large Internetwork observation and Diagnostic Expert System (LODES), which has transport control protocol/internet protocol-(TCP/IP-) related and troubleshooting knowledge, and can handle problems occurring in a complex and heterogeneous network environment. Each constituent network has its own expert system containing management information about the local network. TCP/IP-related problems are thus resolved singly or cooperatively, depending on their type. This system also includes a network observer, which monitors packets flowing in the network and can find a number of problems and problem indicators for automatic problem detection and troubleshooting. The configuration of LODES is described, as well as the knowledge and control methods for cooperative diagnosis, especially the method for cooperative diagnostic task scheduling.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cdx2 as a Marker of Epithelial Intestinal Differentiation in the Esophagus (2003)

The histologic diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus requires the presence of goblet cells, but this finding may not be the earliest indicator of intestinal metaplasia. We used immunohistochemistry to detect Cdx2, a transcriptional regulator important in the early differentiation and maintenance of intestinal epithelium, in 134 esophageal biopsy or resection specimens, including 62 with junctional-type epithelium (13 of which had equivocal histologic features of Barrett's epithelium), 34 with Barrett's epithelium without dysplasia, and 38 with Barrett's epithelium and dysplasia or carcinoma (13 low-grade dysplasias, 19 high-grade dysplasias, and 6 adenocarcinomas). We also performed PAS-alcian blue staining (pH 2.5) on adjacent sections. Cdx2 was observed in all cases of Barrett's epithelium. In some dysplasias (chiefly high-grade) and adenocarcinomas, there was diminution or focal loss of detectable protein. Cdx2 was detected in 20 of 62 cases (30%) of junctional-type epithelium, including 10 of 13 (77%) with equivocal histologic features of Barrett's epithelium. Acid mucin was present in goblet cells and non-goblet columnar cells in all cases of Barrett's esophagus and in non-goblet columnar cells in 48 of 62 cases (77%) with junctional-type epithelium only, including 17 of 20 (85%) that were Cdx2 positive and 31 of 42 (74%) that were Cdx2 negative. These results provide evidence that Cdx2 protein is a sensitive marker of intestinal metaplasia in the upper gastrointestinal tract and may be useful in detecting histologically equivocal cases of Barrett's esophagus. Cdx2 is present in dysplasia and adenocarcinoma, with some loss of protein primarily in high-grade dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. Acid mucin in non-goblet columnar cells is a common feature of Barrett's and junctional-type epithelium and may not always be indicative of intestinal metaplasia.
Permeability of muscle capillaries to small heme-peptides. Evidence for the existence of patent transendothelial channels. (1975)

Two heme-peptides (HP) of about 20-A diameter (heme-undecapeptide [H11P], mol wt approximately 1900 and heme-octapeptide [H8P], mol wt approximately 1550), obtained by enzymic hydrolysis of cytochrome c, were sued as probe molecules in muscle capillaries (rat diaphragm). They were localized in situ by a perixidase reaction, enhanced by the addition of imidazole to the incubation medium. Chromatography of plasma samples showed that HPs circulate predominantly as monomers for the duration of the experiments and are bound by aldehyde fixatives to plasma proteins to the extent of approximately 50% (H8P) to approximately 95% (H11P). Both tracers cross the endothelium primarily via plasmalemmal vesicles which become progressively labeled (by reaction product) from the blood front to the tissue front of the endothelium, in three successive resolvable phases. By the end of each phase the extent of labeling reaches greater than 90% of the corresponding vesicle population. Labeled vesicles appear as either isolated units or chains which form patent channels across the endothelium. The patency of these channels was checked by specimen tilting and graphic analysis of their images. No evidence was found for early or preferential marking of the intercellular junctions and spaces by reaction product. It is concluded that the channels are the most likely candidate for structural equivalents of the small pores of the capillary wall since they are continuous, water-filled passages, and are provided with one or more strictures of less than 100 A. Their frequency remains to be established by future work.
The protein kinase C inhibitors Ro 318220 and GF 109203X are equally potent inhibitors of MAPKAP kinase‐1β (Rsk‐2) and p70 S6 kinase (1997)

The protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors Ro 318220 and GF 109203X have been used in over 350 published studies to investigate the physiological roles of PKC. Here we demonstrate that these inhibitors are not selective for PKC isoforms as was previously assumed. Ro 318220 inhibited MAPKAP kinase-1beta (also known as Rsk-2) in vitro (IC50 3nM) more potently than it inhibited mixed PKC isoforms (IC50 5 nM), and it also inhibited p70 S6 kinase (IC50 15 nM). GF 109203X also potently inhibited MAPKAP kinase-1beta (IC50 50 nM) and p70 S6 kinase (IC50 100 nM) with similar potency to PKC isoforms (IC50 30 nM). The inhibition of MAPKAP kinase-1beta, p70 S6 kinase, and probably other protein kinases, may explain many of the effects previously attributed to PKC.
T cell repertoire in patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Evidence for multiple in vivo T cell clonal expansions. (1994)

To characterize circulating T cell subpopulations in B chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, TCR V alpha and V beta gene-segment use was analyzed by PCR using a panel of V gene-segment subfamily-specific oligonucleotide primers (V alpha 1-29/V beta 1-24). Virtually all V alpha and V beta subfamily specificities were expressed in these patients (nine stage A and four stage C), and the mean values obtained for each specificity were similar to those of a group of 13 healthy donors. Nonetheless, individual analysis revealed that unique V alpha or V beta gene-segment transcripts were overrepresented in patients compared with the control group. Overrepresentation of some TCR V beta chains was also detected by cytofluorometric analysis using a panel of 18 anti-V beta-specific mAbs. To further characterize these T cell subpopulations, we sequenced five different V beta-C beta PCR products in two selected stage A patients and found highly predominant recurrent transcripts in each of the five V beta specificities (50% to 100% of the analyzed sequences with identical V(D)J regions). These results were confirmed on bulk cDNA (i.e., without cloning) and extended to other V beta specificities (up to nine clonal expansions of 24 V beta specificities in one patient) and two other patients using a PCR-based method that determines V(D)J junction size patterns. Finally, it was observed that a V beta 19+ T cell subpopulation was clonally expanded in one patient to up to 30% of circulating T cells. This V beta 19+ CD8+ T cell clone was shown to specifically recognize the autologous tumor cells in vitro, as determined in cytokine release assays. Together, these results support the view that multiple expansions of unique T cell clones may derive in vivo from B chronic lymphocytic leukemia tumor-associated Ag stimulation.
Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of Neonatal Vaccination against Bordetella pertussis in a Murine Model: Evidence for Early Control of Pertussis (2002)

A significant resurgence of early cases of pertussis is being observed in infants too young to have yet completed their three-dose vaccination schedule. In this study, murine models of immunization and Bordetella pertussis challenge were adapted to early life. This allowed comparative evaluation of immunogenicity and protective efficacy of immunization initiated in the neonatal period (7-day-old mice) or in infancy (3-week-old mice) with diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw) and diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa) vaccines. Neonatal DTPa vaccination induced strong pertussis-specific antibody and memory responses. Patterns of bacterial clearance were similar in both age groups. In contrast, as observed in human neonates, neonatal DTPw priming did not induce significant antibody responses to pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and even interfered with subsequent antibody responses. However, this did not reflect induction of permanent neonatal tolerance, as antigen-specific antibodies could be elicited by subsequent exposure to DTPa. Furthermore, despite these blunted PT and FHA antibody responses, the protective efficacy of DTPw in neonatal mice proved similar to that in infant mice, resulting in complete bacterial clearance at day 8 after B. pertussis challenge. Thus, neonatal priming with antipertussis vaccines should be considered to reduce the window of vulnerability to pertussis at the time of its greatest severity.
Texture overlay for virtual clothing based on PCA of silhouettes (2006)

In this paper, we propose a method for overlaying an arbitrary texture image onto a surface of a plain T-shirt worn by a user. For overlaying arbitrary textures onto the surface of the T-shirt, we need to know the deformation of the surface. For estimating the deformation of the surface from the input images, we use a two-phase process: learning and searching. In the learning phase, the system learns the relationship between the deformation of the surface and the silhouette of the T-shirt region in the image. A database of a number of training images in which a person wearing a T-shirt with markers moves through a variety of positions is used for this learning. Using the database, the system can learn the relationship between the shape of the silhouette and the surface deformation that is provided by the 2D positions of the markers on the surface of the T-shirt. In the searching phase, the silhouette of the user's T-shirt is extracted from the input image, and then, a search for a similar silhouette in the database is conducted in the subspace of the silhouette, which is computed using a PCA of the database. By using the proposed method for estimating the deformation of the surface of the T-shirt, we perform experiments for overlaying virtual clothing.
Advances in joint research between NIRE and RITE for developing a novel technology for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2 (2000)

NIRE and RITE have jointly performed a national R&D project on methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen in order to contribute to CO2 mitigation. In the first step, many attempts were made at developing high-performance catalysts for methanol synthesis. The roles of metal oxides contained in Cu/ZnO-based catalysts were classified into two categories: (1) Al2O3 or ZrO2 improves the dispersion of copper particles in the catalyst; (2) Ga2O3 or Cr2O3 increases the activity per unit copper surface area of the catalyst. The long-term stability of Cu/ZnO-based catalysts during methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen was improved by adding a small amount of silica to the catalysts, and then calcining the catalysts at high temperatures around 873 K. Silica added to the catalysts suppressed the crystallization of ZnO contained in the catalysts, which was probably caused by the action of water produced together with methanol. Based on those two important findings, high-performance Cu/ZnO-based multicomponent catalysts (Cu/ZnO/ZrO2/Al2O3/SiO2 and Cu/ZnO/ZrO2/Al2O3/Ga2O3/SiO2) were developed. The catalysts developed were found to be highly active and extremely stable in methanol synthesis from CO2 and hydrogen. In the next step, a bench plant with a capacity of 50 kg day−1 of CH3OH, which was equipped with facilities for recycling unreacted gases and gaseous products, was successfully operated. The activity of the Cu/ZnO/ZrO2/Al2O3/SiO2 catalyst was 580 g h−1 of CH3OH per liter of catalyst under the reaction conditions of 523 K, 5 MPa and SV = 10,000 h−1 in 1000 h on stream. The selectivity to methanol synthesis was as high as 99.7%, and the purity of crude methanol produced was 99.9 wt%, whereas the purity of crude methanol produced from syngas in a present-day commercial plant was reported as 99.6 wt%. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene deletion chemoselectivity: codeletion of the genes for p16(INK4), methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, and the alpha- and beta-interferons in human pancreatic cell carcinoma lines and its implications for chemotherapy. (1996)

Pancreatic carcinoma cells lines are known to have a high incidence of homozygous deletion of the candidate tumor suppressor gene p16 (MTS1/CDKN2), which resides in the chromosome 9p21 region. Here we: (a)examined a series of these cell lines for the incidence of codeletion of genes located near p16, in particular, the gene for the enzyme 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and the genes of the IFN-alpha and -beta cluster (IFNs); and (b) investigated whether therapeutic strategies could be developed that target malignant cells that have undergone the codeletion of such genes. Five of the eight pancreatic carcinoma cell lines were p16(-), MTAP was codeleted in all five cases. Because MTAP phosphorolyzes 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), generated as a byproduct of polyamine synthesis, to the salvageable purine base adenine, loss of this pathway in p16(-), MTAP(-) cells might sensitize these cells to methotrexate (MTX), the mechanism of action of which involves, in part, an inhibition of purine de novo synthesis. MTAP(+) normal keratinocytes and pancreatic carcinoma lines had relatively poor sensitivity, in terms of efficacy, to the purine nucleotide-starving actions of MTX. This may be in part due to the MTAP-dependent salvage of adenine moieties from endogenously generated MTA, because the MTAP inhibitor 5'-chloro-5'-de- oxyformycin A potentiates the antipurine actions of MTX in some of these MTAP(+) lines. Also, exogenous MTA (10 microM) reverses the growth-inhibitory actions of MTX in these lines. In contrast, MTAP(-) cell lines, which cannot recycle purines from endogenous MTA, have a relatively high sensitivity to the antipurine actions of MTX, which is not modulated by 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyformycin A or exogenous MTA. Thus the MTAP loss in malignant cells may be an example of gene deletion chemoselectivity, in which genetic deletions that occur as part of the oncogenic process render these cells more sensitive to particular anticancer agents than normal cells, which have not undergone such deletions. We also examined whether the loss of IFN genes sensitize cells to the growth-inhibitory actions of these cytokines. Three of the five p16(-) cell lines bore homozygous deletions of IFNA1 and IFNB1 genes, representing each end of the IFN-alpha,-beta gene cluster; one cell line bore a codeletion of the IFNA1 gene but retained the IFNB1 locus. Whereas the cell lines that were most sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effects of IFN-beta or IFN-alpha(2b), tended to be those with IFN deletions, there were enough exceptions to this pattern to indicate that the IFN genotype does not reliably predict IFN responsiveness.
Convergent Pathways for Utilization of the Amino Sugars N -Acetylglucosamine, N -Acetylmannosamine, and N -Acetylneuraminic Acid by Escherichia coli (1999)

N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) are good carbon sources for Escherichia coli K-12, whereas N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) is metabolized very slowly. The isolation of regulatory mutations which enhanced utilization of ManNAc allowed us to elucidate the pathway of its degradation. ManNAc is transported by the manXYZ-encoded phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) transporter producing intracellular ManNAc-6-P. This phosphorylated hexosamine is subsequently converted to GlcNAc-6-P, which is further metabolized by the nagBA-encoded deacetylase and deaminase of the GlcNAc-6-P degradation pathway. Two independent mutations are necessary for good growth on ManNAc. One mutation maps to mlc, and mutations in this gene are known to enhance the expression of manXYZ. The second regulatory mutation was mapped to the nanAT operon, which encodes the NANA transporter and NANA lyase. The combined action of the nanAT gene products converts extracellular NANA to intracellular ManNAc. The second regulatory mutation defines an open reading frame (ORF), called yhcK, as the gene for the repressor of the nan operon (nanR). Mutations in the repressor enhance expression of the nanAT genes and, presumably, three distal, previously unidentified genes, yhcJIH. Expression of just one of these downstream ORFs, yhcJ, is necessary for growth on ManNAc in the presence of an mlc mutation. The yhcJ gene appears to encode a ManNAc-6-P-to-GlcNAc-6-P epimerase (nanE). Another putative gene in the nan operon, yhcI, likely encodes ManNAc kinase (nanK), which should phosphorylate the ManNAc liberated from NANA by the NanA protein. Use of NANA as carbon source by E. coli also requires the nagBA gene products. The existence of a ManNAc kinase and epimerase within the nan operon allows us to propose that the pathways for dissimilation of the three amino sugars GlcNAc, ManNAc, and NANA, all converge at the step of GlcNAc-6-P.
Ultrastructural localization of gold particles within neural grafts labeled with gold‐filled sendai viral envelopes (1991)

The ability to discriminate between host and donor cells is required to interpret the organization of neural grafts at the electron microscopic (EM) level. Using light microscopy, Ardizzoni et al. (Ardizzoni, S.C., Michaels A., and Arendash, G.W. [1988] Science 239:635-637) described a method, using gold-filled Sendai viral envelopes, for labeling cell suspensions prior to grafting. As the colloidal gold used in this procedure is especially attractive for use with EM, we have examined the ultrastructural distribution and character of this label with transplanted cells. Cell suspensions taken from the nucleus basalis of fetal rats were labeled using gold-filled Sendai viral envelopes and grafted into the dorsal neocortex of adult host rats with nucleus basalis lesions. After varying survival times ranging from 1 to 14 months, grafts and surrounding host tissue were examined using standard EM techniques. Within the graft site, gold particles ranging from 10-200 nm were found associated with various membranes throughout the cytoplasm of both neurons and glia. Gold particles of similar size were also found within the nuclei of neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Host cells near the graft site contained some small gold particles (10-40 nm). Control injections of non-viable, gold-labeled cells or colloidal gold alone resulted in similar patterns of small gold particles which were readily discriminable from the larger virally inserted gold particles found in viable labeled donor cells. We conclude that this method allows discrimination between closely associated host and donor cells.
Human action recognition using Dynamic Time Warping (2011)

Human action recognition is gaining interest from many computer vision researchers because of its wide variety of potential applications. For instance: surveillance, advanced human computer interaction, content-based video retrieval, or athletic performance analysis. In this research, we focus to recognize some human actions such as waving, punching, clapping, etc. We choose exemplar-based sequential single-layered approach using Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) because of its robustness against variation in speed or style in performing action. For improving recognition rate, we perform body part tracking using depth camera to recover human joints body part information in 3D real world coordinate system. We build our feature vector from joint orientation along time series that invariant to human body size. Dynamic Time Warping is then applied to the resulted feature vector. We examine our approach to recognize several actions and we confirm our method can work well with several experiments. Further experiment for benchmarking the result will be held in near future.
Household, Kin And Nonkin Sources Of Assistance In Home Building: The Case Of The City Of Oaxaca (1991)

The results indicate that, except for members of the immediate household, kin and fictive kin do not provide significant amounts of financial or human resources for households purchasing or building dwellings in Oaxaca. Rather, most assistance comes from the labor of members of the household or hired labor, and financing is primarily from official agencies or non-kin private individuals. The main conclusion is that Oaxacan households receive very little housing assistance from the government, and very little from kin (either real or fictive). THEORETICAL ANALYSIS In much-cited book Lomnitz (1977) describes how poor residents of Mexico City use reciprocity relationships with kin, fictive kin, and friends to overcome some of the uncertainty inherent in poverty. Her conclusion is that reciprocity is a major form of exchange in complex modern (Lomnitz 1977:3). Other researchers have found such exchanges to be less widespread (Bossen 1981, Schmink 1984, Lloyd 1980). It is likely that there are conditions under which reciprocity is common and those under which it is uncommon. Such conditions are likely to vary among societies and within societies. The within-society variation is likely to be both geographic and time-related. There are two important questions to ask about such exchanges at any particular time and place: (1) is there normative structure that favors the occurrence of reciprocal exchange? and (2) if there is, what constrains or inhibits the occurrence of such exchange? In some times and places in specific societies and between societies there is likely to be variation in the use of reciprocity networks. There can be differences in the presence or strength of the normative
Three-dimensional architecture of elastin and collagen fiber networks in the human and rat lung (2004)

Collagen and elastin fibers are the major components of the lung connective tissue, but their spatial organization has not been well documented. We have demonstrated the three-dimensional architecture of collagen and elastin fiber networks in the human and rat lung using scanning electron microscopy. These networks in their original forms were extracted by an alkali-water maceration technique and a formic acid treatment, respectively. The collagen fibers formed a continuum extending throughout the lung and pleura. They were condensed in the alveolar mouth and subdivided into smaller fibers in the alveolar septa, thus forming basket-like networks. Sizes of the alveolar pores in the collagen fiber network of the alveolar septa became larger with age. In the collapsed lung, collagen fibers in the alveolar mouths and septa took on wavelike configurations, while in the inflated lung they became straight. The elastin fibers also formed a continuum, rich in the alveolar mouths and poor in the alveolar septa, were quite straight without any wavelike configuration. Transmission electron microscopy showed that collagen and elastin fibers were intermingled, suggesting that both fiber systems may act as parallel mechanical elements to stress or strain applied. Our results suggest that at low levels of strain the wavy collagen fibers are easily extended to allow alveolar mouths and alveoli to expand, with most of the stress being borne by adjacent elastin fibers, while at higher levels collagen fibers become straight and limit any further distension of alveolar ducts and alveoli. The elastin fiber continuum appears to permit the lung to effectively recoil or retract. The present study has also shown that alveolar pores enlarge with age, suggesting that collagen remodeling may be related to the pathogenesis of emphysema.