gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of the Thermoelectric Power of Semiconductors (1954)

The usual theory of thermoelectric power fails to account for the marked rise in this quantity which has been found recently for some semiconductors as the temperature is lowered below room temperature. This paper develops the recently suggested explanation that the thermoelectric power $Q$ is the sum of the usual electronic term ${Q}_{e}$, resulting from the spontaneous tendency of the charge carriers to diffuse from hot to cold, and a phonon term ${Q}_{p}$, resulting from the drag on the charge carriers exerted by the phonons streaming from hot to cold in thermal conduction. An equivalent description of the term ${Q}_{p}$ can be given in terms of the contribution to the Peltier heat flux in an isothermal specimen, due to phonons dragged along by the electric current. As a prelude to the discussion of ${Q}_{p}$, the existing theory of ${Q}_{e}$ is first subjected to some refinements required by recent developments in semiconductor theory. The theory of ${Q}_{p}$ is then formulated in a simple but general way by making use of an approximate proportionality between heat current and crystal momentum in the phonon system. Using recently-derived results on the probability that a very low-frequency phonon will be scattered by other phonons, an explicit expression for ${Q}_{p}(T)$ is derived, which should be valid in the range of moderately low temperatures and low carrier concentrations. At lower temperatures, but still far above the range where the thermal conductivity is appreciably size-dependent, ${Q}_{p}$ is dominated by the scattering of phonons from the boundaries of the specimen; the theory of this effect is worked out in detail. Although ${Q}_{p}$ is independent of carrier concentration when the latter is low, a considerable decrease is predicted at high carrier concentrations, or at very low temperatures, because of a saturation effect. The effect of Fermi degeneracy on all these phenomena is discussed. Available data on $p$ germanium show all these effects and can be fitted by the theory. The comparison indicates that a large proportion of the low-temperature lattice scattering of holes in $p$ germanium is by shear modes. Although $n$ germanium seems less suited for quantitative comparison, it, also, shows all the predicted effects.
Adaptable web service registry for publishing context aware service composition (2015)

In this paper, we introduce a new registry that provides publishing adaptable composition Web services (CAC-WSR). Our registry allows to publish and to find composition Web services not only through the functional criterion but also through users contexts and profiles.
Apolipoprotein(a) gene accounts for greater than 90% of the variation in plasma lipoprotein(a) concentrations. (1992)

Plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], a low density lipoprotein particle with an attached apolipoprotein(a) [apo(a)], varies widely in concentration between individuals. These concentration differences are heritable and inversely related to the number of kringle 4 repeats in the apo(a) gene. To define the genetic determinants of plasma Lp(a) levels, plasma Lp(a) concentrations and apo(a) genotypes were examined in 48 nuclear Caucasian families. Apo(a) genotypes were determined using a newly developed pulsed-field gel electrophoresis method which distinguished 19 different genotypes at the apo(a) locus. The apo(a) gene itself was found to account for virtually all the genetic variability in plasma Lp(a) levels. This conclusion was reached by analyzing plasma Lp(a) levels in siblings who shared zero, one, or two apo(a) genes that were identical by descent (ibd). Siblings with both apo(a) alleles ibd (n = 72) have strikingly similar plasma Lp(a) levels (r = 0.95), whereas those who shared no apo(a) alleles (n = 52), had dissimilar concentrations (r = -0.23). The apo(a) gene was estimated to be responsible for 91% of the variance of plasma Lp(a) concentration. The number of kringle 4 repeats in the apo(a) gene accounted for 69% of the variation, and yet to be defined cis-acting sequences at the apo(a) locus accounted for the remaining 22% of the inter-individual variation in plasma Lp(a) levels. During the course of these studies we observed the de novo generation of a new apo(a) allele, an event that occurred once in 376 meioses.
CD137 Promotes Proliferation and Survival of Human B Cells (2009)

CD137 (4-1BB)-mediated costimulation plays an important role in directing the fate of Ag-stimulated T cells and NK cells, yet the role of CD137 in mediating B cell function is unknown. We found that CD137 is expressed in vitro on anti-Ig-stimulated peripheral blood B cells and in vivo on tonsillar B cells with an activated phenotype. In vitro CD137 expression is enhanced by CD40 stimulation and IFN-gamma and is inhibited by IL-4, -10, and -21. The expression of CD137 on activated human B cells is functionally relevant because engagement with its ligand at the time of activation stimulates B cell proliferation, enhances B cell survival, and induces secretion of TNF-alpha and -beta. Our study suggests that CD137 costimulation may play a role in defining the fate of Ag-stimulated human B cells.
Chromatographic separation from known cytokines of a helper factor necessary for the generation of murine cytolytic T lymphocytes. (1984)

A helper factor (CHF) necessary for the generation of primary allospecific CTL using BALB/c (H-2d) responder spleen cell and x-irradiated RDM4 (H-2k) stimulator tumor cells was obtained from cultures of mouse spleen cells stimulated for the production of secondary anti-Sendai virus CTL and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography to obtain a 30,000 m.w. species (CHF30). DEAE-cellulose chromatography separated CHF activity from the majority of interleukin 1 (IL 1), interleukin 2 (IL 2), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF), and interferon (IFN). Interleukin 3 (IL 3) and CHF co-eluted when this procedure was used. Reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of CHF30 with a variety of elution conditions allowed the separation of CHF activity from IL 1, IL 2, IL 3, CSF, and IFN. IL 3 and CSF in the CHF30 preparation were stable at 80 degrees C for more than an hour, whereas CHF activity decreased rapidly during the first 10 min of incubation. Trypsin treatment of the same material showed that CHF activity was resistant to digestion for 40 min, whereas IL 3 and CSF lost most of their activities during the first 5 min of incubation. These results indicate that CHF activity is mediated by molecules biologically and biochemically distinct from the well characterized cytokines.
An optimal and progressive algorithm for skyline queries (2003)

The skyline of a set of d-dimensional points contains the points that are not dominated by any other point on all dimensions. Skyline computation has recently received considerable attention in the database community, especially for progressive (or online) algorithms that can quickly return the first skyline points without having to read the entire data file. Currently, the most efficient algorithm is NN (<u>n</u>earest <u>n</u>eighbors), which applies the divide -and-conquer framework on datasets indexed by R-trees. Although NN has some desirable features (such as high speed for returning the initial skyline points, applicability to arbitrary data distributions and dimensions), it also presents several inherent disadvantages (need for duplicate elimination if d>2, multiple accesses of the same node, large space overhead). In this paper we develop BBS (<u>b</u>ranch-and-<u>b</u>ound <u>s</u>kyline), a progressive algorithm also based on nearest neighbor search, which is IO optimal, i.e., it performs a single access only to those R-tree nodes that may contain skyline points. Furthermore, it does not retrieve duplicates and its space overhead is significantly smaller than that of NN. Finally, BBS is simple to implement and can be efficiently applied to a variety of alternative skyline queries. An analytical and experimental comparison shows that BBS outperforms NN (usually by orders of magnitude) under all problem instances.
Leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells under flow conditions (2009)

Leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells lining blood vessel walls is a central event in the body's response to injury or infection. These interactions take place in the flowing bloodstream, and previous work has shown that fluid flow effects greatly influence the function of the adhesion receptors involved. In these studies, we use a parallel-plate flow chamber and videomicroscopy to quantitate leukocyte adhesion under flow conditions in vitro. First, we report studies of neutrophil adhesion to histamine-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Most neutrophils roll along the HUVECs under these conditions, and a few adhere firmly. The rolling is mediated by P-selectin while the firm adhesion is mediated by $\\beta\\sb2$ integrins binding to ICAM-1, and we quantitate these interactions to generate data useful in understanding selectin-mediated rolling and integrin-mediated firm adhesion. Next, we report studies of T lymphocyte adhesion to HUVECs stimulated for 24 hours with interleukin-l (IL-1). Firm adhesion of T cells in this system is mediated by both ICAM-1/$\\alpha\\sb{L}\\beta\\sb2$ integrin and VCAM-1/$\\alpha\\sb4\\beta\\sb1$ integrin interactions, and we find that initial adhesion and rolling are mediated by a third pathway which does not appear to involve any of the previously characterized adhesion molecules. To investigate the molecular constituents of this pathway, we use a monoclonal antibody approach based on the observation that HUVECs stimulated with both IL-1 and IL-4 do not support any adhesion of T cells under flow conditions even though expression of the known endothelial cell adhesion receptors is similar to expression on IL-1-stimulated HUVECs. This approach has not yet been successful, and we also report results of preliminary experiments related to possible alternative approaches.
The multi-functionality of N-809, a novel fusion protein encompassing anti-PD-L1 and the IL-15 superagonist fusion complex (2018)

Here we describe a novel bifunctional fusion protein, designated N-809. This molecule comprises the IL-15/IL15Rα superagonist complex containing the Fc-domain of IgG1 (N-803, formerly designated as ALT-803) fused to two single chain anti-PD-L1 domains. The fully human IgG1 portion of the N-809 molecule was designed to potentially mediate antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The studies reported here show that N-809 has the same ability to bind PD-L1 as an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody. RNAseq studies show the ability of N-809 to alter the expression of an array of genes of both CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> human T cells, and to enhance their proliferation; CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells exposed to N-809 also have enhanced ability to lyse human tumor cells. An array of genes was differentially expressed in human natural killer (NK) cells following N-809 treatment, and there was increased expression of several surface activating receptors; there was, however, no increase in the expression of inhibitory receptors known to be upregulated in exhausted NK cells. N-809 also increased the cytotoxic potential of NK cells, as shown by increased expression of granzyme B and perforin. The lysis of several tumor cell types was increased when either NK cells or tumor cells were exposed to N-809. Similarly, the highest level of ADCC was seen when both NK cells (from donors or cancer patients) and tumor cells were exposed to N-809. These studies thus demonstrate the multi-functionality of this novel agent.
Current directions in the evolution of compound libraries. (2005)

Synthetic compound libraries have been available for over a century, but in the last 15 years they have become increasing important in early-stage drug discovery projects. The qualities that these libraries possess impart a dramatic effect on hit discovery, on the subsequent steps of hit-to-lead progression, and on lead optimization by medicinal chemists. More recently, synthetic libraries have found an important application in chemical genetics. Concurrently, ideas have evolved regarding the application of the different types of synthetic approaches that are variously described as combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput synthesis, or diversity-oriented synthesis. This review will discuss current directions of synthetic chemistry, natural product chemistry and chemoinformatics, which relate to the various types of compound libraries that are in use in drug discovery and chemical genetics.
Ultrafast, all-silicon light modulator (1994)

An ultrafast, all-silicon light-intensity modulator is proposed. The carrier-refraction effect is used to modulate the refractive index of silicon. An electric-field-induced Bragg reflector on a silicon-on-insulator optical waveguide efficiently converts the small modulation of the index of refraction into light-intensity modulation. A modulator with 300-microm interaction length is expected to have a modulation depth of ~40% with 5-V bias. Being based on free-carrier depletion, this modulator is expected to have a bandwidth limited only by the RC time constant, which is calculated for a sample device to be ~40 GHz.
Archaea and Their Potential Role in Human Disease (2003)

Over the past 50 years, the search for microorganisms in seemingly uninhabitable environments, such as at the extremes of pH, temperature, nutrient concentration, and pressure, has yielded a great deal of information about the diversity and origins of microbial life. Archaea , one of the three
Regulation of Mammary Epithelial Cell Growth in Mice and Rats* (1990)

THE mammary gland is a unique feature of mammals. Its chief biological function is to synthesizeand secrete milk, which is essential for the nourishment of mammalian young. The parenchymal portion of the mammary gland is derived embryologically from ectoderm, while the surrounding stroma comes from mesoderm. Mammary gland growth takes place during both fetal and postnatal life; the gland is the site of milk production and secretion, and in several species (including humans) it is also a site of occurrence of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Thus the mammary gland is an important organ of study by biologists from various disciplines, including endocrinologists, tumor biologists, and developmental biologists. During the last 30 yr, the primary interest of our laboratory has been the understanding of the neoplastic transformation process in mammary epithelial cells. One fundamental characteristic of tumor cells vis à vis their normal counterparts is deregulation of growth. Since cell proliferation is a prerequisite for neoplastic transformation in target tissues, we have tried to understand the regulation of mammary epithelial cell growth. Toward this end we have utilized a variety of in vivo techniques, in vitro organ and explant culture systems, and also cell culture methodologies. These tools have aided in the analysis of the roles of hormones, growth factors, lipids, metabolic products, and even extracellular matrix components in the control of growth in mouse and rat mammary epithelial cells.
Purging of T-lymphocytes with magnetic affinity colloid. (1990)

There is a well-documented correlation between the number of T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow graft and subsequent development of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease may be decreased with elimination of mature T-lymphocytes from the bone marrow graft. We have developed an immunomagnetic separation procedure using an avidin-based magnetic affinity cobalt colloid. Bone marrow cells were incubated with a combination of CD2, CD3, CD4, and CD8 monoclonal antibodies. The cells were washed and then incubated with the biotinylated, affinity-purified IgG fraction of goat anti-mouse immunoglobulins followed by an avidin-based magnetic affinity colloid. The cells were then run through a high-magnetic gradient separation column utilizing an external samarium cobalt magnet. The number of residual T-lymphocytes was assessed by limiting dilution analysis of clonogenic T-lymphocytes. This procedure produces an approximately 1.7-log reduction of antibody-reactive cells with 45% recovery of hematopoietic progenitors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells, GM-CFC). This causes a reduction of T-lymphocytes in the bone marrow graft to approximately 5 x 10(5) cells/kg body weight.
Identification of the Rev transactivation and Rev-responsive elements of feline immunodeficiency virus (1992)

Spliced messages encoded by two distinct strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were identified. Two of the cDNA clones represented mRNAs with bicistronic capacity. The first coding exon contained a short open reading frame (orf) of unknown function, designated orf 2. After a translational stop, this exon contained the L region of the env orf. The L region resides 5' to the predicted leader sequence of env. The second coding exon contained the H orf, which began 3' to env and extended into the U3 region of the long terminal repeat. The in-frame splicing of the L and H orfs created the FIV rev gene. Site-directed antibodies to the L orf recognized a 23-kDa protein in infected cells. Immunofluorescence studies localized Rev to the nucleoli of infected cells. The Rev-responsive element (RRE) of FIV was initially identified by computer analysis. Three independent isolates of FIV were searched in their entirety for regions with unusual RNA-folding properties. An unusual RNA-folding region was not found at the Su-TM junction but instead was located at the end of env. Minimal-energy foldings of this region revealed a structure that was highly conserved among the three isolates. Transient expression assays demonstrated that both the Rev and RRE components of FIV were necessary for efficient reporter gene expression. Cells stably transfected with rev-deleted proviruses produced virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity only when FIV Rev was supplied in trans. Thus, FIV is dependent on a fully functional Rev protein and an RRE for productive infection.
Purification and Characterization of Three Inhibitors of Voltage-Dependent K+ Channels from Leiurus Quinquestriatus var. Hebraeus Venom (1994)

Three new toxins from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus var. hebraeus have been identified on the basis of their ability to block the Shaker K+ channel. These toxins have been purified using HPLC techniques and characterized as 38 amino acid peptides by mass spectroscopy, amino acid analysis, and sequence determination. Their chemical identity was confirmed by producing fully functional synthetic toxins using recombinant methods. These peptides are potent inhibitors of the Shaker K+ channel (Kd < 1 nM) as well as the mammalian homologues of Shaker. They are related to other previously described K+ channel toxins, but form a new subclass within the larger family of K+ channel inhibitors derived from scorpion venom. We have named these toxins agitoxin 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
Total homocysteine and cardiovascular disease (1999)

Recent data have shown that an elevated plasma level of the amino acid homocysteine (Hcy) is a common, independent, easily modifiable and possibly causal risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) which may be of equal importance to hypercholesterolemia, hypertension and smoking. This paper reviews the biochemical, clinical, epidemiological and experimental data underlying this conclusion and is critically questioning whether elevated tHcy is a causal factor.
Synthesis of phosphate-methylated DNA fragments using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl as transient base protecting group (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of phosphate-methylated DNA fragments using 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl as transient base protecting groupLeo H. Koole, Harold M. Moody, Niek L. H. L. Broeders, Peter J. L. M. Quaedflieg, Will H. A. Kuijpers, Marcel H. P. Van Genderen, Annie J. J. M. Coenen, Sjoerd Van der Wal, and Henk M. BuckCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 7, 1657–1664Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00268a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00268a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views802Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Programmable Quantum Gate Arrays (1997)

We show how to construct quantum gate arrays that can be programmed to perform different unitary operations on a data register, depending on the input to some program register. It is shown that a universal quantum gate array---a gate array which can be programmed to perform any unitary operation---exists only if one allows the gate array to operate in a probabilistic fashion. Thus it is not possible to build a fixed, general purpose quantum computer which can be programmed to perform an arbitrary quantum computation.
Gene therapy inhibiting neointimal vascular lesion: in vivo transfer of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene. (1995)

It is postulated that vascular disease involves a disturbance in the homeostatic balance of factors regulating vascular tone and structure. Recent developments in gene transfer techniques have emerged as an exciting therapeutic option to treat vascular disease. Several studies have established the feasibility of direct in vivo gene transfer into the vasculature by using reporter genes such as beta-galactosidase or luciferase. To date no study has documented therapeutic effects with in vivo gene transfer of a cDNA encoding a functional enzyme. This study tests the hypothesis that endothelium-derived nitric oxide is an endogenous inhibitor of vascular lesion formation. After denudation by balloon injury of the endothelium of rat carotid arteries, we restored endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ec-NOS) expression in the vessel wall by using the highly efficient Sendai virus/liposome in vivo gene transfer technique. ec-NOS gene transfection not only restored NO production to levels seen in normal untreated vessels but also increased vascular reactivity of the injured vessels. Neointima formation at day 14 after balloon injury was inhibited by 70%. These findings provide direct evidence that NO is an endogenous inhibitor of vascular lesion formation in vivo (by inhibiting smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration) and suggest the possibility of ec-NOS transfection as a potential therapeutic approach to treat neointimal hyperplasia.