gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thrombocytopenia in the newborn. (2004)

Thrombocytopenia is the most common hemostatic abnormality in sick newborn infants. Although many conditions may be associated with neonatal thrombocytopenia, low platelet counts in the first few days of life are often caused by fetomaternal problems, whereas thrombocytopenia developing after the third day is usually secondary to sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. Despite the frequency of thrombocytopenia in sick neonates, the underlying kinetic mechanisms are not always clear. The commonly accepted theories of decreased platelet production or increased consumption are being scrutinized in the light of new evidence. Thrombopoietin and interleukin-11 are being investigated to unravel the complex pathophysiology of thrombocytopenia in neonates and they are also being explored as potential therapeutic agents. Guidelines for platelet transfusions continue to be variable and controversial.
Methylated DNA and microRNA in Body Fluids as Biomarkers for Cancer Detection (2013)

Epigenetic alterations including DNA methylation and microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the initiation and progression of human cancers. As the extensively studied epigenetic changes in tumors, DNA methylation and miRNAs are the most potential epigenetic biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. After the identification of circulating cell-free nuclear acids, increasing evidence demonstrated great potential of cell-free epigenetic biomarkers in the blood or other body fluids for cancer detection.
Characterization of nerve growth factor precursor protein expression in rat round spermatids and the trophic effects of nerve growth factor in the maintenance of Sertoli cell viability (1997)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is expressed by rat round spermatids and is thought to participate in the paracrine regulation of spermatogenesis. In order to elucidate the role of NGF in the rat testis, we further characterized the NGF immunoreactive protein secreted by round spermatids and examined the effect of NGF beta and related neurotrophin family members on the maintenance of Sertoli cell viability. Round spermatids were isolated from rat testes by centrifugal elutriation and the conditioned medium dialyzed/concentrated for the preparation of round spermatid protein (RSP). Immunoblot analysis of RSP with anti-NGF beta antibody identified two immunoreactive bands of 31 and 22 kD, whereas the 13 kD mature form of NGF beta was not observed. Similarly, immunoblot analysis of RSP with an antibody raised against a synthetic peptide (L38) corresponding to the -3 to -40 sequence of proNGF also recognized two immunoreactive bands of 31 and 22 kD. These results are consistent with the identification of two NGF precursors. Interestingly, immunoblot analysis of RSP with an antibody raised against a synthetic peptide (N4) corresponding to the -71 to -46 sequence of proNGF only recognized one immunoreactive band of 31 kD, consistent with the larger NGF precursor observed with the L38 antibody. In a bioactivity test of PC-12 neurite outgrowth, the 31 kD NGF precursor induced flattening and neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells, consistent with NGF bioactivity. The 22 kD NGF precursor induced modest and inconsistent neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that round spermatids express the 31 and 22 kD precursor forms of the NGF gene product, and that processing of this gene product is incomplete such that the 13 kD mature form of NGF beta is not observed. In view of the role of round spermatids in the paracrine regulation of spermatogenesis, we examined the effect of RSP on the rescue of the viability of Sertoli cells cultured under serum deprived conditions. In the absence of serum, RSP was able to extend the viability of Sertoli cells, and the elimination of this activity by anti-NGF antibody immunoprecipitation of RSP suggests that the NGF precursors in RSP support the maintenance of Sertoli cell viability. In addition, treatment with exogenous NGF beta was able to rescue Sertoli cell viability, whereas L38 peptide, N4 peptide, or the neurotrophins, brain derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5 were unable to rescue Sertoli cell viability above control levels. Hence, it appears that round spermatids express the precursor forms of the NGF gene product, but not the mature form of NGF beta, and that the NGF beta moiety of the NGF precursor proteins exhibits trophic activity in the rescue of Sertoli cell viability, consistent with the paracrine regulation of spermatogenesis.
ASSESSMENT OF DEPLETED URANIUM CONTAMINATION IN SELECTIVE IRAQI SOILS (2008)

The aim of this research was to measure the radiation exposure rates in three selected locations in southern part of Iraq (two in Nassireya, and one in Amara) resulted from the existence of depleted uranium in soil and metal pieces have been taken from destroyed tank and study mathematically the concentration of Depleted Uranium by its dispersion from soil surface by winds and rains from 2003 to 2007. The exposure rates were measured using inspector device, while depleted uranium contamination in soil samples and tank's metal pieces were detected with Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors (SSNTDs). The wind and rain effects were considered in the calculation of dispersion effect on depleted uranium concentration in soil, where the wind effect were calculated with respect to the sites nature and soil conditions, and rain effect with respect to dispersive-convective equation for radionuclide in soil. The results obtained for the exposure rates were high near the penetrated surface, moderate and low in soil and metal pieces. The Depleted Uranium concentration in soil and metal pieces have the highest value in Nassireya .The results from dispersion calculation (wind & rain) showed that the depleted uranium concentration in 2008 will be less than the danger level and in allowable contamination range.
Engineering of chicken avidin: a progressive series of reduced charge mutants (1998)

Avidin, a positively charged egg-white glycoprotein, is a widely used tool in biotechnological applications because of its ability to bind biotin strongly. The high pI of avidin (approximately 10.5), however, is a hindrance in certain applications due to non-specific (charge-related) binding. Here we report a construction of a series of avidin charge mutants with pIs ranging from 9.4 to 4.7. Rational design of the avidin mutants was based on known crystallographic data together with comparative sequence alignment of avidin, streptavidin and a set of avidin-related genes which occur in the chicken genome. All charge mutants retained the ability to bind biotin tightly according to optical biosensor interaction analysis. In most cases, their thermal stability characteristics were indistinguishable from those of the wild-type avidin. Our results demonstrate that the charge properties of avidin can be modified without disturbing the crucial biotin-binding activity.
Volume-sensitive chloride channels associated with human cervical carcinogenesis. (1995)

Previous controversy has risen from the purported equivalence of the volume-sensitive chloride channels with P-glycoprotein. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between expression of volume-sensitive Cl- channels and the process of malignant transformation of cervical epithelial cells. We studied the activations of volume-sensitive and cAMP-mediated chloride currents in various human cervical squamous cells that were representative of different stages of cervical carcinogenesis, i.e., normal cervical epithelium, low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, carcinoma in situ, and invasive carcinoma using the whole-cell patch clamp technique. The volume-sensitive chloride channels, however, were significantly activated only in the four cervical cancer cell lines, primary culture cells of carcinoma in situ, and invasive cancer of the cervix. The expression of volume-sensitive chloride currents was independent of the state of human papillomavirus positivity. When these cells were exposed to hypotonic shock, the cells swelled, and outward rectified chloride currents were observed. These effects were readily reversed by returning the cells to isotonic medium. In addition, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2-disulfonic acid, 1,9-dideoxyforskolin, and verapamil reversibly abolished the volume-sensitive Cl- currents. In contrast, none of the cells from normal cervices and human papillomavirus-immortalized cell lines, the in vitro equivalent of low-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, developed substantial chloride currents on exposure to hypotonicity. cAMP-mediated chloride currents were ubiquitously activated in all cervical squamous cells, regardless of the stages of carcinogenesis. This is the first report suggesting an in vivo association between the development of volume-sensitive chloride currents and human carcinogenesis.
Ability of monophosphoryl lipid A to augment the antibody response of young mice (1988)

Treatment with nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A increased the magnitude of the immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide in young (2- to 4-week-old) mice. This was accompanied by the appearance of significant numbers of IgG1- and IgG3- secreting antibody-forming cells in 4-week-old mice. These findings indicate that monophosphoryl lipid A can be used as an adjuvant to improve the immunogenicity of poorly immunogenic antigens in young, immunologically immature animals.
Applications in health care using public-key certificates and attribute certificates (2002)

Security infrastructures are increasingly used in the health care and welfare sector, particularly for providing security such as confidentiality, authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation and auditing. Especially within the health care sector, there is a need for different kinds of certificates, namely public-key certificates and attribute certificates. This necessity is caused by the huge range of processes and procedures deriving front different application areas within the health care sector. This leads to a large amount of specific and different roles, rules, access rights, and permissions for each health professional. An important security token within health care is represented by a smart card, called the health professional card (HPC). Existing solutions e.g. the German HPC, prototypes and European as well as national projects, activities, and initiatives, show the state of the art with respect to certificates. Finally, we point out unsolved problems regarding security infrastructures, jurisdiction, data protection, and advertizing via the Internet.
Safety and efficacy of autoantigen‐specific therapy with 2 doses of alum‐formulated glutamate decarboxylase in children with multiple islet autoantibodies and risk for type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial (2017)

GAD-Alum as a subcutaneous prime and boost injection was safe in prediabetic young children but did not affect progression to type 1 diabetes. The safety of GAD-Alum should prove useful in future prevention studies.
Proglucagon is processed to glucagon by prohormone convertase PC2 in alpha TC1-6 cells. (1994)

Proglucagon is processed differentially in the pancreatic alpha cells and the intestinal L cells to yield either glucagon or glucagon-like peptide 1, respectively, structurally related hormones with opposing metabolic actions. Here, we have studied the processing of proglucagon in alpha TC1-6 cells, an islet-cell line transformed by simian virus 40 large tumor (T) antigen, a model of the pancreatic alpha cell. We found that these cells process proglucagon at certain dibasic cleavage sites to release glucagon and only small amounts of glucagon-like peptide 1, as demonstrated by both continuous and pulse-chase labeling experiments. Both normal islet alpha cells and alpha TC1-6 cells were shown to express the prohormone convertase PC2 at high levels, but not the related protease PC3. Expression of PC2 antisense RNA in alpha TC1-6 cells inhibited both PC2 production and proglucagon processing concomitantly. We conclude that PC2 is the key endoprotease responsible for proglucagon processing in cells with the alpha-cell phenotype.
A case for end system multicast (2002)

The conventional wisdom has been that Internet protocol (IP) is the natural protocol layer for implementing multicast related functionality. However, more than a decade after its initial proposal, IP multicast is still plagued with concerns pertaining to scalability, network management, deployment, and support for higher layer functionality such as error, flow, and congestion control. We explore an alternative architecture that we term end system multicast, where end systems implement all multicast related functionality including membership management and packet replication. This shifting of multicast support from routers to end systems has the potential to address most problems associated with IP multicast. However, the key concern is the performance penalty associated with such a model. In particular, end system multicast introduces duplicate packets on physical links and incurs larger end-to-end delays than IP multicast. We study these performance concerns in the context of the Narada protocol. In Narada, end systems self-organize into an overlay structure using a fully distributed protocol. Further, end systems attempt to optimize the efficiency of the overlay by adapting to network dynamics and by considering application level performance. We present details of Narada and evaluate it using both simulation and Internet experiments. Our results indicate that the performance penalties are low both from the application and the network perspectives. We believe the potential benefits of transferring multicast functionality from end systems to routers significantly outweigh the performance penalty incurred.
Thermotropic Phase Transition in Soluble Nanoscale Lipid Bilayers (2005)

The role of lipid domain size and protein-lipid interfaces in the thermotropic phase transition of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) bilayers in Nanodiscs was studied using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and generalized polarization (GP) of the lipophilic probe Laurdan. Nanodiscs are water-soluble, monodisperse, self-assembled lipid bilayers encompassed by a helical membrane scaffold protein (MSP). MSPs of different lengths were used to define the diameter of the Nanodisc lipid bilayer from 76 to 108 A and the number of DPPC molecules from 164 to 335 per discoidal structure. In Nanodiscs of all sizes, the phase transitions were broader and shifted to higher temperatures relative to those observed in vesicle preparations. The size dependences of the transition enthalpies and structural parameters of Nanodiscs reveal the presence of a boundary lipid layer in contact with the scaffold protein encircling the perimeter of the disc. The thickness of this annular layer was estimated to be approximately 15 A, or two lipid molecules. SAXS was used to measure the lateral thermal expansion of Nanodiscs, and a steep decrease of bilayer thickness during the main lipid phase transition was observed. These results provide the basis for the quantitative understanding of cooperative phase transitions in membrane bilayers in confined geometries at the nanoscale.
Stimulation of interleukin-6 and prostaglandin E2 secretion from peritoneal macrophages by polymers of albumin (1993)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine that is elevated in vivo during acute infection, chronic inflammation, and some hematopoietic malignancies. To understand how IL-6 becomes elevated in vivo, it is important to identify factors that can stimulate its secretion from effector cells. We found that commercial preparations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) stimulated murine macrophages to secrete high levels of IL-6. In fact, BSA was at least as potent as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in stimulating IL-6 production. Stimulation was clearly visible at concentrations as low as 20 micrograms/mL and reached saturation at 0.5 to 1 mg/mL albumin, at which concentration 1.1 x 10(6) oil-elicited macrophages produced 6,000 +/- 700 B9 units of IL-6 in an overnight incubation. Prostaglandin E2 production was induced by the same concentrations of BSA. Both resident and oil- elicited peritoneal cells were responsive to the albumin. The stimulatory activity did not derive from contamination of the protein with Escherichia coli LPS; when compared directly with LPS, the response to BSA was more rapid, had a higher amplitude, and was not inhibitable by polymyxin B. In addition, macrophages isolated from C3H/HeJ mice, which have an inherited defect in their ability to respond to LPS, secreted IL-6 in response to BSA but not to LPS. The stimulatory activity was stable to heat, mild acid, and reduction/alkylation and copurified with albumin on Cibachron Blue agarose (Sigma, St Louis, MO) and anti-albumin immunoaffinity chromatography. Comparison of different sources and preparations of albumin showed differences in the levels of IL-6-inducing activity; three different lots of commercial fatty acid-free BSA and one lot of polymer-enhanced BSA stimulated IL-6 secretion by more than 100-fold over basal levels whereas other preparations showed more limited activity. A sample of BSA that was active in vitro caused a marked elevation of IL-6 when injected into BALB/c mice, thus demonstrating inflammatory activity in vivo. When the albumin preparations were fractionated by ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography and then analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and Western blot immunoassay, it was found that the IL-6-inducing activity resided in high molecular weight polymers of albumin. The ability of albumin polymers to stimulate IL-6 production represents a novel mechanism for modulation of this cytokine.
Fruit Volatiles Inhibitory to Monilinia fructicola and Botrytis cinerea (1987)

Identification de certains composes volatils dans les peches et autres fruits a noyau et presentant des proprietes fongitoxiques, en vue d'une utilisation eventuelle pour la lutte contre les pourritures fongiques des fruits. Le methyl salicylate et le benzaldehyde ont un effet inhibiteur vis-a-vis des deux moisissures
Recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in hepatocellular carcinoma detected by comparative genomic hybridization (1997)

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to evaluate and map genomic aberrations in 50 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from patients chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). CGH clearly detected nonrandom genomic imbalances. Losses were most prevalent on chromosome regions 4q (70%), 8p (65%), 16q (54%), 17p (51%), 13q and 6q (37% each), and lp (30%). The most frequent gains occurred on 8q (60%), 1q (58%), and 6p and 17q (33% each). In a few cases, sequence amplifications were detected that were mapped to bands 11q12, 12p11, 14q12, and 19q13.1. This study represents the first analysis of primary liver cancers by CGH, and it confirms the presence of previously known chromosomal aberrations in HCC and highlights new quantitative abnormalities and sequence amplifications. These findings should lead to the characterization of new loci involved in liver cancer pathogenesis.
A model of safe levels for electrical stimulation (1992)

A model is presented that represents a large body of data on safety and damage levels of electrical stimulation. The predictions of the model are consistent with known principles of current flow and known mechanisms of damage around stimulating electrodes. It is proposed that limits on levels of electrical stimulation take into account the location of the electrode relative to the stimulated tissue and these limits can be computed algorithmically from the model.
Effect of mass and stress on resonant frequency shift of functionalized Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 thin film microcantilever for the detection of C-reactive protein (2004)

A micromachined PZT (52/48) thin film cantilever composed of SiO2/Ta/Pt/PZT/Pt/SiO2 on a SiNx supporting layer for simultaneous self-exciting and sensing was fabricated. We present the resonant frequency change of piezoelectric microcantilevers due to a combination of mass loading and spring constant variation arisen from antigen-antibody interaction of C-reactive protein (CRP). Experimentally measured resonant frequency shift is larger than that of theoretically calculated resonant frequency by two orders of magnitude due to a compressive stress arising from CRP antigen-antibody interaction. The changes in normalized resonant frequency shift δf expt/f1 expt were found to increase as the value of 40.5, 74.7, and 185×10−4 as the CRP antibody site ratio, increased 10%, 50%, and 100%, respectively.
Serial Ligand Catalysis:  A Highly Selective Allylic C−H Oxidation (2005)

We are reporting a mild, chemo-, and highly regioselective Pd(II)-catalyzed allylic oxidation of alpha-olefins to furnish branched allylic esters that proceeds via a novel serial ligand catalysis mechanism in which two different ligands (i.e., vinyl sulfoxide 2 and BQ) interact sequentially with the metal to promote distinct steps of the catalytic cycle (i.e., C-H cleavage and pi-allyl functionalization, respectively).
Pulsed Plasmoid Propulsion: The ELF Thruster (2009)

The Electrodeless Lorentz Force (ELF) thruster creates a high-density, magnetized plasmoid known as a Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) employing a Rotating Magnetic Field (RMF). The RMF driven azimuthal currents, coupled with the enhanced axial magnetic field gradient produced by the FRC inside the flux preserving conical thruster, produce a large axial JθxBr force that accelerates the plasmoid to high velocity. The ELF thruster has the potential to produce highly variable thrust and specific impulse at high efficiency in a single compact, lightweight thruster and PPU package. Presented are an ELF thruster primer, a thorough discussion detailing background physics, operating principles, as well as results from the initial set of experiments.
Leadership Characteristics and Team Outcomes in the Development of a Marketing Web Page (2010)

Team structures are changing under the pressures of e-commerce and globalization. Today teams have to manage the challenges of working across functional boundaries, such as marketing and web development. In such an environment, research in the disciplines of management and psychology have found that shared leadership among team members may be superior to traditional leadership by a single team member, but this notion has not been tested in the contexts of marketing and web development. This paper presents the results of an empirical study showing that teams with shared leadership exhibited better performance and greater member satisfaction than teams with clear leaders. In addition, no relationship was found between the education, experience, Internet self-efficacy, or personal style of leaders and team outcomes of structure, performance, or satisfaction. This research suggests that the superiority of shared leadership found in the areas of management and psychology is applicable to teams in technical areas, such as web development and marketing. The reported study confirms previous research and applies it in an under-research context, marketing web page development.