gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Code optimization of pipeline constraints (1983)

A pipelined processor divides the execution of an instruction over several independent units, called pipestages. Multiple instructions are executed concurrently; each instruction occupies a different pipestage. This organization creates hazards if an instruction needs the result computed by an earlier instruction that is still executing.
We distinguish between timing hazards, which result from data dependencies in the instruction stream, and sequencing hazards, which arise from changes of the control flow. A pipeline interlock mechanism is used in a pipelined architecture to prevent the execution of a machine instruction whenever a hazard is present. The interlock mechanism slows down the execution of programs, but it is needed since the instruction stream is not tailored for execution on the pipelined processor.
An alternative to this complex piece of hardware is to rearrange the instructions at compile-time to avoid pipeline interlocks. If no useful arrangement can be found, the compiler has to insert no-ops to prevent illegal execution sequences.
For timing hazards, the compiler separates data dependent instructions so that no pipeline conflicts are present. We investigate two approaches to remove timing hazards at compile time. First, we discuss postpass reorganization. A conventional compiler generates code without concern for pipeline constraints, and this sequence of machine instructions is reorganized by a separate phase of the compiling system. The basic problem of reorganization of machine level instructions at compile-time is shown to be NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm is proposed and its properties and effectiveness are explored. Then we investigate a second approach that combines register allocation and instruction scheduling. However, the results achievable by this approach are inferior to postpass optimization.
Delayed branches remove sequencing hazards but place restrictions on the instructions that follow directly after the branch instruction. The successor instructions are always executed, whether the branch is taken or not, and the compiler must guarantee that only innocous instructions are executed. We present an algorithm that selects the most promising instructions based upon a static prediction of the behaviour of the branch.
Code optimization yields a dynamic improvement of about 25% when compared with the default solution, the insertion of no-ops. Furthermore, it allows the implementation of the processor with substantially less hardware complexity and faciliates a faster basic cycle time. We conclude that hazard removal at compile time is very attractive.
Throughout this thesis, we give empirical data from MIPS, a VLSI processor design for a streamlined instruction set processor that was developed at Stanford University.
The federal effort to eliminate fraud and ensure quality care. (1997)

In 1996, the United States filed a lawsuit against a nursing home that it alleged was providing inadequate nutrition and wound care to residents, despite the fact that the facility had submitted claims to Medicare and Medicaid for payment for nutrition services. The lawsuit alleged that these submissions for payment violated the False Claims Act. This was the first time the False Claims Act was used to enforce quality-of-care standards set by Congress in the Nursing Home Reform Act. A federal prosecutor involved in the case discusses the steps leading up to the lawsuit and the details of the settlement.
Dietary gluten triggers concomitant activation of CD4 + and CD8 + αβ T cells and γδ T cells in celiac disease (2013)

Celiac disease is an intestinal autoimmune disease driven by dietary gluten and gluten-specific CD4(+) T-cell responses. In celiac patients on a gluten-free diet, exposure to gluten induces the appearance of gluten-specific CD4(+) T cells with gut-homing potential in the peripheral blood. Here we show that gluten exposure also induces the appearance of activated, gut-homing CD8(+) αβ and γδ T cells in the peripheral blood. Single-cell T-cell receptor sequence analysis indicates that both of these cell populations have highly focused T-cell receptor repertoires, indicating that their induction is antigen-driven. These results reveal a previously unappreciated role of antigen in the induction of CD8(+) αβ and γδ T cells in celiac disease and demonstrate a coordinated response by all three of the major types of T cells. More broadly, these responses may parallel adaptive immune responses to viral pathogens and other systemic autoimmune diseases.
Molecular cloning of epididymal and seminal vesicular transcripts encoding a semenogelin-related protein. (1992)

Freshly ejaculated human semen has the appearance of a loose gel in which the predominant structural protein components are the seminal vesicle-secreted semenogelins (Sg). The primary structure of the 439-residue SgI has previously been obtained by cDNA cloning. This cDNA cross-hybridizes to a larger transcript coding for a second secretory protein, SgII. Here we report the almost complete structure of a precursor of SgII established by lambda gt11 clones isolated from epididymal and seminal vesicular cDNA libraries. The deduced amino acid sequence of the 559-residue mature protein has a molecular weight of 62,931 but an increase in weight may be provided by asparagine-linked oligosaccharide attachment at residue 249. SgII, which has 78% overall identity with SgI, contains eight 60-residue regions that display conspicuous internal sequence similarity, whereas SgI only contains six of these regions. The SgII structure is translated from an open reading frame in a polyadenylylated 2.4-kilobase transcript. The message is abundant in the seminal vesicles but rare in the epididymis.
Hybrid Oligonucleotides Containing Stilbene Units. Excimer Fluorescence and Photodimerization (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHybrid Oligonucleotides Containing Stilbene Units. Excimer Fluorescence and PhotodimerizationFrederick D. Lewis, Taifeng Wu, Eric L. Burch, Dario M. Bassani, Jye-Shane Yang, Siegfried Schneider, Wighard Jaeger, and Robert L. LetsingerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 34, 8785–8792Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00139a011Request reuse permissionsArticle Views623Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (975 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In vitrocharacterization of a controlled-release chlorpheniramine maleate delivery system prepared by the air-suspension technique (1997)

Non-pareil cores were spray-coated with a chlorpheniramine maleate (an alkylamine antihistamine) layer and a Eudragit NE30D overcoat in a Wurster air-suspension apparatus. In vitro dissolution studies demonstrated that drug release was a function of polymer membrane thickness. Polyethylene glycol 6000, as a hydrophillic additive, increased the in vitro release of chlorpheniramine maleate from the pellets. Pellets coated with 8.30% Eudragit NE30D, 0.50% talc and 1.00% polyethylene glycol 6000 were found to display desirable controlled release characteristics for chlorpheniramine maleate over the 8-h testing period, which were also comparable with that of Dykatuss capsules. The controlled release pellets exhibited first-order release characteristics for chlorpheniramine maleate. Reproducibility of the manufacturing conditions employed in the study were confirmed thus ensuring reproducibility of drug release characteristics between batches of chlorpheniramine maleate pellets. Drug release from the pellets was shown to be independent of the dissolution method and medium used. Pellets displayed no significant change in drug release characteristics relative to the initial drug release data when stored for 12 weeks at room temperature (20 +/- 2 degrees C) and for 8 weeks at a low temperature (5 +/- 1 degrees C). However, pellets stored at 37 degrees C with 80% relative humidity and at 40 +/- 2 degrees C showed a slower in vitro drug release after 8-week storage and therefore failed to maintain their initial drug release profile.
Overview of the P2 Receptors (2005)

The release of nucleotides in extracellular fluids can result from cell necrosis, exocytosis of secretory granules (such as platelet dense granules), or efflux through membrane channels. In addition, recent evidence suggests that vesicular trafficking is an important pathway of nucleotide release. Once in the extracellular fluids, they are rapidly degraded by ectonucleotidases, such as CD39, that play a key role in neutralizing the platelet aggregatory action of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), and act on two families of receptors: the ionotropic P2X receptors and the G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors. The family of P2X receptors encompasses seven genes. Currently, there are eight genuine P2Y receptors that can be subdivided into two structurally distinct subfamilies. Whereas P2X receptors are receptors of ATP, the different P2Y receptors are activated by distinct nucleotides, diphosphates or triphosphates, or purines or pyrimidines, some of them being conjugated to sugars. The study of knockout mice has demonstrated that P2X receptors play important roles in the neurogenic control of smooth muscle contraction, in pain and visceral perception, and in macrophage functions. The phenotype of P2Y null mice so far is more restricted: inhibition of platelet aggregation to ADP and increased bleeding time in P2Y (1)(-/-) and P2Y (12)(-/-) mice and lack of epithelial responsiveness to nucleotides in airways (P2Y (2)(-/-)) and intestine (P2Y (4)(0/-)).
Ultrasonic Study of Normal and Fractured Bone (1975)

Ultrasonic velocity measurement in bone can be used as a clinical tool that will accurately and objectively monitor the progress of fracture healing. This technique may provide a rational basis for evaluating the effectiveness of various modalities in clinical treatment. The eventual goal of this technique is to determine the status of healing fractures, prescribe appropriate treatment, give the rationale for the timing and form of a rehabilitative program that would accelerate the patient's return to productivity. An instrument has been developed to measure ultrasonic velocity in the long bones of the extremities. Serial measurements of tibial fractures and the measurement of a large group of normals shows no statistically significant differences in ultrasonic measurements have been found on the basis of race, sex, or pregnancy among normals. But a numerically small but statistically significant variation with age was found. While the number of fracture cases observed was small, the evidence is clear that ultrasonic measurement in fractured tibia may give a more reliable indication of the general pattern of healing response than the clinical and roentgenographic examination.
Low Cost Switched Diversity System (2009)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper presents a low-cost switched diversity receiver system utilizing a single tuner, simple remote antenna unit and one RF cable. The switched diversity algorithm is implemented in the receiver using digital signal processing. The remote unit contains RF switches that select from multiple antenna elements in response to a control signal from the receiver. The control signal is sent from the receiver to the remote unit via the RF cable. Simple logic in the remote unit provides decoding for switch control.&lt;/div&gt;
Molecular Matchmakers (1993)

Molecular matchmakers are a class of proteins that use the energy released from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate to cause a conformational change in one or both components of a DNA binding protein pair to promote formation of a metastable DNA-protein complex. After matchmaking the matchmaker dissociates from the complex, permitting the matched protein to engage in other protein-protein interactions to bring about the effector function. Matchmaking is most commonly used under circumstances that require targeted, high-avidity DNA binding without relying solely on sequence specificity. Molecular matchmaking is an extensively used mechanism in repair, replication, and transcription and most likely in recombination and transposition reactions, too.
Complexities ofCYP2D6gene analysis and interpretation (2013)

Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) plays an important role in the metabolism and bioactivation of about 25% of clinically used drugs including many antidepressants, antipsychotics and opioids. CYP2D6 activity is highly variably ranging from no activity in so-called poor metabolizers to ultrarapid metabolism at the other end of the extreme of the activity distribution. A large portion of this variability can be explained by the highly polymorphic nature of the CYP2D6 gene locus for which > 100 variants and subvariants identified to date. Allele frequencies vary markedly between ethnic groups; some have exclusively or predominantly only been observed in certain populations. Pharmacogenetic testing holds the promise of individualizing drug therapy by identifying patients with CYP2D6 diplotypes that puts them at an increased risk of experiencing dose-related adverse events or therapeutic failure. Inferring a patient's CYP2D6 metabolic capacity, or phenotype, however, is a challenging task due to the complexity of the CYP2D6 gene locus. Allelic variation includes SNPs, small insertions and deletions, gene copy number variation and rearrangements with CYP2D7, a highly related non-functional gene. This review provides a summary of the intricacies of CYP2D6 variation and genotype analysis, knowledge that is invaluable for the translation of genotype into clinically useful information.
Epicardial Mapping of Chronic Atrial Fibrillation in Patients (2004)

In 9 patients with chronic AF, the commonest recorded AEG pattern showed an area of regular, rapid rhythm, consistent with the possibility that a driver causing fibrillatory conduction is one mechanism of AF in these patients.
Rendering with concentric mosaics (1999)

This paper presents a novel 3D plenoptic function, which we call concentric mosaics. We constrain camera motion to planar concentric circles, and create concentric mosaics using a manifold mosaic for each circle (i.e., composing slit images taken at different locations). Concentric mosaics index all input image rays naturally in 3 parameters: radius, rotation angle and vertical elevation. Novel views are rendered by combining the appropriate captured rays in an efficient manner at rendering time. Although vertical distortions exist in the rendered images, they can be alleviated by depth correction. Like panoramas, concentric mosaics do not require recovering geometric and photometric scene models. Moreover, concentric mosaics provide a much richer user experience by allowing the user to move freely in a circular region and observe significant parallax and lighting changes. Compared with a Lightfield or Lumigraph, concentric mosaics have much smaller file size because only a 3D plenoptic function is constructed. Concentric mosaics have good space and computational efficiency, and are very easy to capture. This paper discusses a complete working system from capturing, construction, compression, to rendering of concentric mosaics from synthetic and real environments.
Calcium Looping for CO2 Capture at a Constant High Temperature (2013)

A calcium looping process using calcium-oxide-based sorbent for CO2 capture was demonstrated to operate at a constant high temperature in this work. First the operating temperature window of the process was determined by investigating the quasi-equilibrium and kinetics of carbonation/calcination of synthetic CaO-based sorbents. The results indicate that the process would be suitable to operate within 750–840 °C when the CO2 concentration is higher than 15%. Subsequently, the process was demonstrated in a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor in 20% CO2 (N2 balance) by examining the temperature variations in the synthetic CaO-based sorbent particles. The effects of operating variables (such as operating temperature, switching time, and sample type) on the cyclic temperature variation were investigated. It was observed that the process operated in a highly stable manner over 100 cycles at 770 °C with the switching time of 1 min in both carbonation and calcination modes. The cost of calcium looping could be reduced significantly by operating at a constant high temperature.
Deendothelialization in vivo initiates a thrombogenic reaction at the rabbit aorta surface. Correlation of uptake of fibrinogen and antithrombin III with thrombin generation by the exposed subendothelium. (1989)

Purified radiolabeled fibrinogen and antithrombin III (ATIII) were injected intravenously into rabbits before a deendothelializing injury to the aorta, and allowed to circulate for 0.1 to 6 hours before exsanguination, excision of the aorta, and quantification of each protein/unit area of subendothelium (intima-media). Uptake of fibrinogen was rapid (saturation 10 minutes after injury was approximately 13.0 pmol/cm2) compared with that of ATIII (45 to 60 minutes; 3.5 to 4.3 pmol/cm2). Both proteins associated primarily (greater than 90%) with the subendothelium rather than the platelet monolayer. The avidity of the deendothelialized vessel of these proteins was measured after a 20-minute circulation time at various intervals after injury. Whereas turnover of fibrinogen was fairly constant (approximately 100% per hour), that of ATIII was maximal (approximately 200% per hour) at 1 hour, decreasing to approximately 105% per hour at 5 hours after injury. The profile of ATIII turnover mirrored that of thrombin released in vitro from the deendothelialized aorta up to 10 days after injury, whereas the uninjured aorta and the aorta deendothelialized ex vivo adsorbed fibrinogen poorly and released negligible thrombin. Pretreatment of the aorta, deendothelialized ex vivo with thrombin in vitro increased fibrinogen uptake significantly. It is possible that, after deendothelialization in vivo, fibrinogen adsorption is determined largely by thrombin generation at the vessel wall. ATIII binding is limited by the availability of binding sites in the subendothelium, although the rate of thrombin generation influences ATIII turnover.
Product Models and Reusability (1999)

This paper describes and explains the rationale behind the product model that is employed in the configuration design tool SyDeR (System Design for Reusability, [SDR98]). its name indicates, SyDeR stresses the reuse of system designs in later design projects. The field where SyDeR is applied is configuration design lbr products for which there is not a complete, fixed set of components, but rather a set of previous designs from which one can be chosen to be reused and/or adapted to the current configuration design problem. This sub-field of configuration design is of major economic importance, as e.g., the design of railway rolling stock or trucks fall into this category.
Detection of activated platelets in whole blood using activation- dependent monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry (1987)

Platelets may become activated in a number of clinical disorders and participate in thrombus formation. We developed a direct test for activated platelets in whole blood using flow cytometry. Whole blood was incubated with either biotin-PAC1, a monoclonal antibody specific for the fibrinogen receptor on activated platelets, or biotin-S12, an antibody specific for an alpha-granule membrane protein that associates with the platelet surface during secretion. Platelet-bound antibodies were detected with streptavidin conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) or phycoerythrin (PE). Platelets were differentiated from the larger erythrocytes and WBCs by their light-scatter profile. Alternatively, platelets could be identified with FITC-AP1, an antibody specific for platelet membrane glycoprotein Ib, and analyzed further for PAC1 or S12 binding with PE-streptavidin. No centrifugation or washing steps were required. With gel-filtered platelets, there was a direct correlation between ADP-induced biotin-PAC1 binding and binding determined in a conventional 125I-PAC1 binding assay (r = .99; P less than .001). Furthermore, as few as 0.8% activated platelets could be detected by flow cytometry when activated platelets were mixed with unstimulated platelets. In whole blood, unstimulated platelets demonstrated no PAC1- or S12-specific fluorescence, indicating that they did not bind these antibodies. On stimulation with agonists, however, the platelets demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence similar to that observed for platelets in plasma or buffer. Low concentrations of ADP and epinephrine, which induce fibrinogen receptors but little secretion, stimulated near-maximal PAC1 binding but little S12 binding. On the other hand, a concentration of phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) that evokes full platelet aggregation and secretion induced maximal PAC1 and S12 binding. Activated platelets could also be analyzed in whole blood samples that had been fixed with paraformaldehyde. These studies demonstrate that activated platelets can be reliably detected in whole blood using activation-dependent monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry. This technique may be useful to assess the degree of platelet activation and the efficacy of antiplatelet therapy in clinical disorders.
Central nervous system agents. 3. Structure-activity relation of a series of diphenylaminopropanols (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCentral nervous system agents. 3. Structure-activity relation of a series of diphenylaminopropanolsHuch H. Keasling and Robert B. MoffettCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 11, 1106–1111Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00293a020https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00293a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views76Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts