gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of two non-invasive tear film stability techniques (1994)

This study was conducted to establish normative and comparative data from healthy subjects under uniform ambient conditions for two non-invasive tear breakup methods (the HIR-CAL grid-modified keratometer and the Mengher-Tonge xeroscope). The study also sought to establish the repeatability and inter-observer variability of the two methods. Forty-five subjects between the ages of 18 and 45 with no known dry eye conditions and with normal ocular health were assessed. Both methods were performed on one eye (both the eye and the first method of testing were randomly selected). On a direct comparison basis, we found that the keratometer method, as has been reported, yielded shorter (generalized sign rank test, n = 58 paired comparisons, p < 0.0001) non-invasive breakup times (NIBUTs) than the xeroscope (mean > or = 35.6 +/- 19.2 seconds and mean > or = 44.7 +/_ 16.3 seconds (mean +/- s.d.), respectively). The keratometer NIBUTs were longer than reported values. The different-day, same-subject repeatability of the NIBUTs as measured by both instruments was excellent. The inter-observer comparison indicated that examiner differences may exist, although the sample size for this assessment may have limited the strength of the comparison.
Structure−Activity Relationships for the Binding of Arylpiperazines and Arylbiguanides at 5-HT3Serotonin Receptors (1996)

Arylpiperazines are nonselective agents that bind at 5-HT3 serotonin receptors with moderate to high affinity, whereas 1-phenylbiguanide is a low-affinity but more selective 5-HT3 agonist. In an attempt to enhance the affinity of the latter agent, and working with the assumption that similarities might exist between the binding of the two types of agents, we formulated structure-activity relationships for the binding of the arylpiperazines and then incorporated those substituents, leading to high affinity for the arylpiperazines, into 1-phenylbiguanide. A subsequent investigation examined the structure-activity relationships of the arylbiguanides and identified arylguanidines as a novel class of 5-HT3 ligands. Although curious similarities exist between the structure-activity relationships of the arylpiperazines, arylbiguanides, and arylguanidines, it cannot be concluded that all three series of compounds are binding in the same manner. Furthermore, upon investigating pairs of compounds in the three series, the arylpiperazines behaved as 5-HT3 antagonists (von Bezold-Jarisch assay) whereas the arylbiguanides and arylguanidines acted as 5-HT3 agonists.
Signal Delay in RC Tree Networks (1983)

In MOS integrated circuits, signals may propagate between stages with fanout. The exact calculation of signal delay through such networks is difficult. However, upper and lower bounds for delay that are computationally simple are presented in this paper. The results can be used 1) to bound the delay, given the signal threshold, or 2) to bound the signal voltage, given a delay time, or 3) certify that a circuit is "fast enough," given both the maximum delay and the voltage threshold.
NKT-cell subsets: Promoters and protectors in inflammatory liver disease (2013)

Natural killer T cells (NKT) are innate-like cells which are abundant in liver sinusoids and express the cell surface receptors of NK cells (e.g., NK1.1 (mouse) or CD161+/CD56+(human)) as well as an antigen receptor (TCR) characteristic of conventional T cells. NKT cells recognize lipid antigens in the context of CD1d, a non-polymorphic MHC class I-like molecule. Activation of NKT cells has a profound influence on the immune response against tumors and infectious organisms and in autoimmune diseases. NKT cells can be categorized into at least two distinct subsets: iNKT or type I use a semi-invariant TCR, whereas type II NKT TCRs are more diverse. Recent evidence suggests that NKT-cell subsets can play opposing roles early in non-microbial liver inflammation in that type I NKT are proinflammatory whereas type II NKT cells inhibit type I NKT-mediated liver injury.
DOTTRINA - Profili di diritto internazionale tributario del 'trust': lo stato dell'arte: lo stato dell'arte (2006)

Society is starting to come up with exciting applications for social robots like butlers, coaches, and waiters. However, these robots face a challenging task: to meet people during a first encounter. This survey explores the literature that contributes to this task. We define a taxonomy based on psychology and sociology models: Kendon's greeting model and Greenspan's model of social competence. We use Kendon's model as a framework to compare and analyze works that describe robotic systems that engage with people. To categorize individual skills, we use three components of Social Awareness that belong to Greenspan's model: Social Sensitivity, Social Insight, and Communication. Under each section, we highlight some research gaps and propose research directions to address them. Through our analysis, we suggest significant research directions for enhanced first encounters. First, social scripts need to be evaluated under equal conditions. Second, interaction management and tracking for first encounters should consider state and observation uncertainties. Third, perception methods need lighter and robust integration in mobile platforms. Fourth, methods to explicitly define social norms are still scarce. Finally, research on social feedback and interaction recovery may fill the gaps of imperfect first encounters.
The effects of ammonia-generating fertilizer on Criconemoides xenoplax in pot cultures. (1976)

Fertilizer which generated NH was detrimental to Criconemoides xenoplax grown in the greenhouse. The fertilizer was lethal to the nematodes in vitro only when it was accompanied by urease-positive bacteria or partially purified urease. The detrimental action of the fertilizer-urease mixture was ntore rapitt at pH 8 than at pH 7.
Facile proton conduction in H+/Li+ ion-exchanged garnet-type fast Li-ion conducting Li5La3Nb2O12 (2013)

Garnet-type Li5La3Nb2O12, among several other Li-stuffed garnet compounds, is known to be unstable under moisture and undergoes H+/Li+ ion-exchange at room temperature. While there have been reports on proton-exchange in water, the transport of the protons in the garnet structure is yet to be characterized by electrical methods. In this work, proton-exchange was performed on the pellet form of Li5La3Nb2O12 for 4, 7, and 10 days, while the pellet generally showed less proton-exchange due to less surface area exposed to water, longer treatment times did allow the reaction to proceed further. Neutron diffraction (ND) studies were utilized to locate the H-site in the garnet-type structure and to confirm which Li ion sites were exchanged. For H exchanged Li5La3Nb2O12, the neutron diffraction studies indicated that H exchanged preferentially for Li in the distorted octahedral sites of the Iad space group (no. 230). AC impedance measurements were done on as-prepared Li5La3Nb2O12 under 3% H2O + N2 and 3% D2O + N2, which suggested proton conduction under humid conditions at 23–300 °C. Li5La3Nb2O12 shows a proton conductivity of 10−5 S cm−1, of the same order of magnitude as Li ion conduction, at room temperature in humidity where protons seem to be incorporated from the solid and gas phase equilibrium reaction. Proton reversible Nafion electrode experiments indicate facile proton conduction in Li garnets under humidity.
Control of Typhoid Fever in Bangkok, Thailand, by Annual Immunization of Schoolchildren with Parenteral Typhoid Vaccine (1987)

The number of cases of typhoid fever in Bangkok, Thailand, began to increase sharply in 1974 and peaked in 1976. In 1977, as part of a national typhoid immunization program, Thai schoolchildren aged seven to 12 years began to receive annually a single 0.25-ml subcutaneous dose (2.5 x 10(8) organisms) of a heat/phenol-inactivated typhoid vaccine. Isolations of Salmonella typhi in Bangkok decreased from 880 (4.6% of all blood cultures) in 1976 to 54 (0.3% of all blood cultures) in 1985. The case ratio of S. typhi to Salmonella paratyphi A infection declined from 4.1:1 before the epidemic (1970-1973) to 0.9:1 after the epidemic (1984-1985), and the proportion of cases of typhoid fever occurring among children aged seven to 12 years significantly decreased from 30% to 10%. During the same periods S. paratyphi A isolation rates did not significantly decrease (in terms of either total number or percentage of cases) in school-aged children. Thus, mass vaccination of schoolchildren in Thailand with the heat-inactivated typhoid vaccine has been closely associated with a sharp decline in typhoid fever in Bangkok during an epidemic and with continuous control after the epidemic.
Large scale test of sensor fingerprint camera identification (2009)

This paper presents a large scale test of camera identification from sensor fingerprints. To overcome the problem of acquiring a large number of cameras and taking the images, we utilized Flickr, an existing on-line image sharing site. In our experiment, we tested over one million images spanning 6896 individual cameras covering 150 models. The gathered data provides practical estimates of false acceptance and false rejection rates, giving us the opportunity to compare the experimental data with theoretical estimates. We also test images against a database of fingerprints, simulating thus the situation when a forensic analyst wants to find if a given image belongs to a database of already known cameras. The experimental results set a lower bound on the performance and reveal several interesting new facts about camera fingerprints and their impact on error analysis in practice. We believe that this study will be a valuable reference for forensic investigators in their effort to use this method in court.
Histone deacetylase dHDAC4 is involved in segmentation of the Drosophila embryo and is regulated by gap and pair‐rule genes (2002)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are catalytic subunits of multiprotein complexes that are targeted to specific promoters through their interaction with different transcriptional repressors causing silencing of the corresponding genes. This study describes the isolation of dHDAC4, a novel, catalytically active class II Drosophila histone deacetylase, and the analysis of its role in embryonic development. In early embryos, dHDAC4 is expressed in several phases. Initial ubiquitous expression becomes localized to an anterior domain, then evolves into a pair-rule-like and finally into a segment-polarity-like pattern. Suppression of dHDAC4 during early embryogenesis by double-stranded RNA interference led to segmentation defects. Analysis of dHDAC4 expression in gap and pair-rule gene mutants demonstrated that hunchback, knirps, and giant activate, while even-skipped suppresses dHDAC4 expression. These data revealed dHDAC4 involvement in the segmentation regulatory pathway and suggested complex transcriptional regulation as a potential mechanism that controls its expression.
A Role for Thrombin Receptor Signaling in Endothelial Cells During Embryonic Development (2001)

The coagulation protease thrombin triggers fibrin formation, platelet activation, and other cellular responses at sites of tissue injury. We report a role for PAR1, a protease-activated G protein-coupled receptor for thrombin, in embryonic development. Approximately half of Par1-/- mouse embryos died at midgestation with bleeding from multiple sites. PAR1 is expressed in endothelial cells, and a PAR1 transgene driven by an endothelial-specific promoter prevented death of Par1-/- embryos. Our results suggest that the coagulation cascade and PAR1 modulate endothelial cell function in developing blood vessels and that thrombin's actions on endothelial cells-rather than on platelets, mesenchymal cells, or fibrinogen-contribute to vascular development and hemostasis in the mouse embryo.
Scalable Techniques for Mining Causal Structures (1998)

. Mining for association rules in market basket data has proved a fruitful area of research. Measures such as conditional probability (confidence) and correlation have been used to infer rules of the form &amp;quot;the existence of item A implies the existence of item B.&amp;quot; However, such rules indicate only a statistical relationship between A and B. They do not specify the nature of the relationship: whether the presence of A causes the presence of B, or the converse, or some other attribute or phenomenon causes both to appear together. In applications, knowing such causal relationships is extremely useful for enhancing understanding and effecting change. While distinguishing causality from correlation is a truly difficult problem, recent work in statistics and Bayesian learning provide some avenues of attack. In these fields, the goal has generally been to learn complete causal models, which are essentially impossible to learn in large-scale data mining applications with a large number of varia...
A Novel Cytoplasmic Protein with RNA-binding Motifs Is an Autoantigen in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1999)

In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), autoantibodies to intracellular antigens are detected in 30-40% of patients. Patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis develop HCC, and when this occurs, some patients exhibit autoantibodies of new specificities. It has been suggested that these novel autoantibody responses may be immune system reactions to proteins involved in transformation-associated cellular events. One HCC serum shown to contain antibodies to unidentified cellular antigens was used to immunoscreen a cDNA expression library, and a full length cDNA clone was isolated with an open reading frame encoding 556 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 62 kD. The 62-kD protein contained two types of RNA-binding motifs, the consensus sequence RNA-binding domain (CS-RBD) and four hnRNP K homology (KH) domains. This protein, provisionally called p62, has close identity (66-70%) to three other proteins at the amino acid sequence level, and all four proteins may belong to a family having CS-RBD in the NH2-terminal region and four KH domains in the mid-to-COOH- terminal region. The homologous proteins are: KH domain-containing protein overexpressed in cancer (Koc); zipcode binding protein, a protein which binds to a conserved nucleotide element in chicken beta-actin mRNA (ZBP1); and a protein which binds to a promoter cis element in Xenopus laevis TFIIIA gene (B3). p62 protein is cytoplasmic in location, and autoantibodies were found in 21% of a cohort of HCC patients. Patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, conditions which are frequent precursors to HCC, were negative for these autoantibodies, suggesting that the immune response might be related to cellular events leading to transformation. However, the possible involvement of p62 autoantigen as a factor in the transformation process remains to be elucidated.
Angiopoietin-1 upregulation by vascular endothelial growth factor in human retinal pigment epithelial cells. (2001)

The colocalization of Ang1 and Ang2 with VEGF in CNVM stromal cells and the upregulation of Ang1 expression by VEGF in cultured RPE cells suggest that VEGF may selectively modulate Ang expression during CNV.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Are Sensitive to DNA Damage (2013)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resemble embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in morphology, gene expression and in vitro differentiation, raising new hope for personalized clinical therapy. While many efforts have been made to improve reprogramming efficiency, significant problems such as genomic instability of iPSCs need to be addressed before clinical therapy. In this study, we try to figure out the real genomic state of iPSCs and their DNA damage response to ionizing radiation (IR). We found that iPSC line 3FB4-1 had lower DNA damage repair ability than mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells, from which 3FB4-1line was derived. After the introduction of DNA damage by IR, the number of γ-H2AX foci in 3FB4-1 increased modestly compared to a large increase seen in MEF, albeit both significantly (P<0.01). In addition, whole-genome sequencing analysis showed that after IR, 3FB4-1 possessed more point mutations than MEF and the point mutations spread all over chromosomes. These observations provide evidence that iPSCs are more sensitive to ionizing radiation and their relatively low DNA damage repair capacity may account for their high radiosensitivity. The compromised DNA damage repair capacity of iPSCs should be considered when used in clinical therapy.
Tissue-specific expression of transfected human insulin genes in pluripotent clonal rat insulinoma lines induced during passage in vivo. (1988)

The pluripotent rat islet tumor cell line MSL-G2 expresses primarily glucagon or cholecystokinin and not insulin in vitro but changes phenotype completely after prolonged in vivo cultivation to yield small-sized hypoglycemic tumors composed almost entirely of insulin-producing beta cells. When a genomic DNA fragment containing the coding and upstream regulatory regions of the human insulin gene was stably transfected into MSL-G2 cells no measurable amounts of insulin or insulin mRNA were detected in vitro. However, successive transplantation of two transfected clones resulted in hypoglycemic tumors that efficiently coexpressed human and rat insulin as determined by human C-peptide-specific immunoreagents. These results demonstrate that cis-acting tissue-specific insulin gene enhancer elements are conserved between rat and human insulin genes. We propose that the in vivo differentiation of MSL-G2 cells and transfected subclones into insulin-producing cells reflects processes of natural beta-cell ontogeny leading to insulin gene expression.
Clustering large data sets with mixed numeric and categorical values (1997)

Efficient partitioning of large data sets into homogenous clusters is a fundamental problem in data mining. The standard hierarchical clustering methods provide no solution for this problem due to their computational inefficiency. The k-means based methods are promising for their efficiency in processing large data sets. However, their use is often limited to numeric data. In this paper we present a k-prototypes algorithm which is based on the k-means paradigm but removes the numeric data limitation whilst preserving its efficiency. In the algorithm, objects are clustered against k prototypes. A method is developed to dynamically update the k prototypes in order to maximise the intra cluster similarity of objects. When applied to numeric data the algorithm is identical to the kmeans. To assist interpretation of clusters we use decision tree induction algorithms to create rules for clusters. These rules, together with other statistics about clusters, can assist data miners to understand and identify interesting clusters. 1
Experimental observation of a “convective cell” in electron phase space in an inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma (2000)

Spatially resolved two-dimensional Langmuir-probe measurements of energy-resolved electron fluxes have been performed in an inductively coupled radio-frequency plasma. A flux pattern reminiscent of a “convection cell” in energy-configuration space has been observed. The measurements are interpreted in terms of a total-energy picture of the plasma electrons.
Effects of feeding blends of grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins on production and metabolism in broilers (2002)

Three hundred sixty, 1-d-old male broiler chicks were fed diets containing grains naturally contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins for 56 d. The four diets included control (0.14 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, 18 mg/ kg fusaric acid, < 0.1 mg/kg zearalenone), low level of contaminated grains (4.7 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, 20.6 mg/kg fusaric acid, 0.2 mg/kg zearalenone), and high level of contaminated grains without (8.2 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, 20.3 mg/kg fusaric acid, 0.56 mg/kg zearalenone) and with (9.7 mg/kg deoxynivalenol, 21.6 mg/kg fusaric acid, 0.8 mg/kg zearalenone) 0.2% esterified-glucomannan polymer derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae1026 (E-GM). Body weight gain and feed consumption responded in a significant quadratic fashion to the inclusion of contaminated grains during the finisher period. Efficiency of feed utilization, however, was not affected by diets. The feeding of contaminated grains in the finisher period also caused significant linear increases in blood erythrocyte count and serum uric acid concentration and a significant linear decline in the serum lipase activity. Dietary inclusion of contaminated grains resulted in a significant quadratic effect on serum albumin and y-glutamyltransferase activity. Blood hemoglobin and biliary IgA concentrations, however, responded in significant linear and quadratic fashions. Supplementation of E-GM counteracted most of the blood parameter alterations caused by the Fusarium mycotoxin-contaminated grains and reduced breast muscle redness. It was concluded that broiler chickens may be susceptible to Fusarium mycotoxicoses when naturally contaminated grains are fed containing a combination of mycotoxins.
Tocilizumab: molecular intervention therapy in children with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2010)

Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is a subtype of chronic childhood arthritis of unknown etiology, manifested by long-lasting systemic inflammation and complicated by joint destruction, functional disability and growth impairment. Macrophage activation syndrome is the most devastating complication, which is associated with serious morbidity. IL-6 has been hypothesized to be a pathogenic factor of this disease. The anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, tocilizumab, was developed, and we investigated the safety and efficacy of tocilizumab in children with this disorder. The Phase II trial revealed that high-grade fever abruptly subsided and that inflammatory markers were also normalized. The dose of tocilizumab for systemic JIA was revealed to be 8 mg/kg at 2-week intervals. The Phase III trial, a placebo-controlled, double-blind study, indicated that patients in the tocilizumab group had sustained clinical measures of effectiveness and wellbeing, whereas most of those in the placebo group needed rescue treatment. The most common adverse events were symptoms of mild infections and transient increases of alanine aminotransferase. Serious adverse events were anaphylactoid reaction and gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Clinical and laboratory improvement in fever, sickness behavior, C-reactive protein gene expression and chronic inflammatory anemia in children with systemic JIA treated with tocilizumab indicated the possible roles played by IL-6 in this inflammatory disease. Thus, tocilizumab is generally safe and well tolerated. It might be a suitable treatment in the control of this disorder, which has so far been difficult to manage.