gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracture of Glass in Vacuum (1974)

The fracture of 6 glasses was studied in vacuum, &lt;10 −4 torr (10 −2 N/m 2 ), as a function of temperature from 25° to 775°C. Subcritical crack growth was observed in 4 of the glasses. Activation energies for crack motion ranged from 60 to 176 kcal/mol. The glasses which did not exhibit slow crack growth were “anomalous” glasses with abnormal thermal and elastic properties. Critical stress intensity factors for these 2 glasses increased ∼10% as the temperature increased to ∼600°C. It is felt that subcritical crack growth is not the result of alkali‐ion diffusion or viscous flow but rather of a thermally activated growth process which depends on the crack‐tip structure in the glass. A narrow cohesive region at the crack tip favors subcritical crack growth, whereas a wide region favors abrupt fracture.
Electrical pacing of the stomach in dogs (1992)

Motor function in the stomach is regulated by an intrinsic electrical activity. Therefore, external intervention with an electrical signal is a possible remedy for gastric motor dysfunction. This paper presents a canine model for the systematic investigation of electrical pacing of the stomach. The results confirm that pacing can improve gastric motility. Higher frequency pacing signals have more efficacy.
Antigenic diversity of meningococcal outer membrane protein PorA has implications for epidemiological analysis and vaccine design (1996)

The currently used serological subtyping scheme for the pathogen Neisseria meningitidis is not comprehensive, a proportion of isolates are reported as not subtypeable (NST), and few isolates are fully characterized with two subtypes for each strain. To establish the reasons for this and to assess the effectiveness of DNA-based subtyping schemes, dot blot hybridization and nucleotide sequence analyses were used to characterize the genes encoding antigenic variants of the meningococcal subtyping antigen, the PorA protein. A total of 233 strains, including 174 serologically NST and 59 partially or completely subtyped meningococcal strains, were surveyed. The NST isolates were chosen to be temporally and geographically representative of NST strains, isolated in England and Wales, and submitted to the Meningococcal Reference Unit in the period 1989 to 1991. The DNA-based analyses demonstrated that all of the strains examined possessed a porA gene. Some of these strains were serologically NST because of a lack of monoclonal antibodies against certain PorA epitopes; in other cases, strains expressed minor variants of known PorA epitopes that did not react with monoclonal antibodies in serological assays. Lack of expression remained a possible explanation for serological typing failure in some cases. These findings have important implications for epidemiological analysis and vaccine design and demonstrate the need for genetic characterization, rather than phenotypic characterization using monoclonal antibodies, for the identification of meningococcal strains.
Motions of droplets on hydrophobic model surfaces induced by thermal gradients (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMotions of droplets on hydrophobic model surfaces induced by thermal gradientsJ. B. Brzoska, F. Brochard-Wyart, and F. RondelezCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 8, 2220–2224Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00032a052https://doi.org/10.1021/la00032a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2155Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
BMP Receptors in Limb and Tooth Formation (1999)

Members of the TGF-beta superfamily signal through receptor complexes comprised of type I and type II receptors. These receptors, which are serine/threonine kinases, form two new classes of transmembrane receptor kinases. The activity of both of the kinases is necessary for signal transduction in response to ligand binding. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are members of the TGF-beta superfamily, bind to multiple type I and type II receptors. There is growing evidence to support the hypothesis that the BMP receptors are differentially regulated during development and that they have both unique and overlapping functions. Thus, the nature and distribution of the BMP receptors, which are reviewed here in the context of the development of limbs and teeth, appear to be critical in the control of the diverse activities of BMPs.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Ankle (2011)

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the second most common skin cancer, typically occurs in the elderly. SCC arising from a chronic ulcer with complicating osteomyelitis of underlying bone is a unique clinical manifestation. Although most SCCs occur in the lower extremities, occurrence in the foot and ankle is uncommon. Histological proof is necessary for definite diagnosis. The degree of differentiation of SCC, as well as the size and depth of the tumor invasion, are extremely important prognostic factors. SCC in the foot can be primary, secondary or metastatic in nature and has the potential for recurrence. Wide local excision or amputation is the preferred treatment option. Our patient recovered well after undergoing wide local excision and free anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction.
Identification of MART-1-specific T-cell receptors: T cells utilizing distinct T-cell receptor variable and joining regions recognize the same tumor epitope. (1994)

Tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) can mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic melanoma and play a central role in the immune response to cancer. The recent identification of shared melanoma antigens has raised the possibility of a limited melanoma-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, but subsequent studies have been controversial and difficult to interpret without knowing which tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are being recognized by specific TCRs. However, the recent cloning of several melanoma TAAs now allows for the identification of the specifically recognized TAA and its epitope. We evaluated the TCR of two clonal CD8+ CTL lines, A42 and 1E2, from two HLA-A2+ patients with metastatic melanoma. Both CTL lines were MART-1 specific, and both demonstrate reactivity to the same epitope when presented in an HLA-A2.1 context. The TCR genes of the two clones were sequenced. All of the productively rearranged A42 TCR beta chain genes were V beta 7/D beta 2.1/J beta 2.7/C beta 2; the TCR alpha chain genes were V alpha 21/J alpha 42/C alpha. The 1E2 TCR beta chain genes were V beta 3/D beta 1.1/J beta 1.1/C beta 1, and TCR alpha chains were V alpha 25/J alpha 54/C alpha. This study is the first report of TCR sequences specific for a melanoma epitope. These TCR clones may be useful for the development of more effective immunotherapies and in studies of the mechanism of T-cell recognition of tumor antigen. They also provide direct evidence that the immune system can provide more than one TCR capable of recognizing a TAA epitope.
Hepatitis B virus downregulates the human interferon-inducible MxA promoter through direct interaction of precore/core proteins (2003)

The human MxA protein is an interferon (IFN)-inducible GTPase with proven antiviral activity against diverse viruses. IFN responsiveness is impaired in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Accordingly, initial experiments showed that, in contrast to parental HepG2 cells, when HepG2-derived 2.2.15 liver cells carrying the HBV genome were treated with IFN, they could not synthesize the MxA protein. Furthermore, MxA expression was reduced in HepG2 cells transiently transfected with the HBV genome. To assess whether HBV-encoded precore/core (preC/C) proteins interact with the IFN-signalling pathway, HepG2, Chang and HeLa cells were transfected with preC/C expression plasmids; the levels of signal transducers remained unaffected. Next, full-length and deletion mutants fused to the CAT reporter gene were tested to investigate whether MxA inhibition occurs at the promoter level. In co-transfection experiments, IFN-induced CAT activity was inhibited by preC/C expression in a dose-dependent manner. Analysis of deletion mutants showed that the region affected by the preC/C proteins comprises IFN-stimulated response elements 2 and 3, upstream of the putative start codon of the MxA promoter. In addition, HBV preC/C proteins interacted directly with the MxA promoter, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These results demonstrate a mechanism that HBV probably uses to downregulate an element of the IFN-induced host antiviral responses, which accounts for the impairment observed in HBV-infected patients.
Self-MHC-restricted peptides recognized by an alloreactive T lymphocyte clone (1996)

Alloreactive T lymphocytes are readily detected in unprimed animals although they have never encountered the alloantigen before. This well-established phenomenon is usually explained with the assumption that a self-MHC molecule complexed with a defined peptide resembles the allo-MHC molecule with another peptide and induces the corresponding T cell specificities. Here, for the first time and in support of this hypothesis, self-MHC-restricted peptides are described for a T cell clone that was induced with allo-MHC. The allo-MHC-specific CTL clone 2C was derived from a H-2b mouse and recognizes H-2Ld complexed with the naturally occurring endogenous peptide LSPFPFDL. H-2Kb was shown to be involved in positive selection of its TCR, and peptides associated with this MHC molecule are implicated in the process. To identify such peptides, positional scanning with random peptide libraries combined with an iterative approach was employed. Several active peptides were found and the most efficient, SIYRYYGL, was chosen for further studies. Recognition by 2C of the two MHC-peptide adducts H-2Ld + LSPFPFDL and H-2Kb + SIYRYYGL is mediated by the same TCR and appears to be similarly efficient as concluded from inhibition experiments with an Id-specific Ab. CTLs from SIYRYYGL-primed H-2b mice respond to H-2Ld + LSPFPFDL. This reciprocal cross-reactivity suggests that structural features are shared by the two MHC-peptide complexes.
DISSIMILATION OF GLUCOSE BYBACILLUS SUBTILIS(FORD'S STRAIN) (1945)

Ford's strain of Bacillus subtilis (N.C.T.C. 2586) dissimilated glucose mainly to 2,3-butanediol and glycerol under anaerobic conditions at pH 6.2 to 6.8. For each 100 moles of glucose fermented, 57 moles of 2,3-butanediol, 40 moles of glycerol, 20 moles of lactic acid, 13 moles of ethanol, and 5 moles of formic acid were produced. Aerobic conditions favoured formation of 2,3-butanediol and acetoin, oxidation of the substrate, and formation of acetic and butyric acids, but greatly depressed the amount of glycerol and lactic acid formed. In alkaline media (pH 7.5), acids were formed at the expense of the diol and glycerol.
ChemInform Abstract: Bite Angle Effects of Diphosphines in Carbonylation Reactions (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Interaction of locust apolipophorin III with lipoproteins and phospholipid vesicles: effect of glycosylation (2000)

Apolipophorin III (apoLp-III) from Locusta migratoria is an exchangeable apolipoprotein that binds reversibly to lipoprotein surfaces. The native protein is glycosylated at Asn-18 and Asn-85. Variable attachment of five distinct oligosaccharide moieties at the two glycosylation sites results in molecular weight heterogeneity, as seen by mass spectrometry. The main mass peak of 20,488 Da decreases to 17,583 Da after removal of carbohydrate, indicating that apoLp-III carbohydrate mass is ~14% by weight. Deglycosylated apoLp-III induced clearance of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine and dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol vesicles at a faster rate than glycosylated apoLp-III. However, in lipoprotein binding assays, in which apoLp-III interacts with surface-localized diacylglycerol, only minor differences in binding were observed. The fluorescence properties of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate were unaffected by the glycosylation state of apoLp-III, indicating that no changes in the relative amount of exposed hydrophobic surface occurred as a result of carbohydrate removal. We propose that glycosyl moieties affect the ability of apoLp-III to transform phospholipid bilayer vesicles into disc-like complexes by steric hindrance. This is due to the requirement that apoLp-III penetrate the bilayer substrate prior to conformational opening of the helix bundle. On the other hand, the glycosyl moieties do not affect lipoprotein binding interactions as it does not involve deep protein penetration into the lipid milieu. Rather, lipoprotein binding is based on oriented protein contact with the lipid surface followed by opening of the helix bundle, which allows formation of a stable interaction with surface exposed hydrophobic sites. —Weers, P. M. M., D. J. Van der Horst, and R. O. Ryan. Interaction of locust apolipophorin III with lipoproteins and phospholipid vesicles: effect of glycosylation. J. Lipid Res. 2000. 41: 416–423.
Differential Effects of Apolipoproteins E3 and E4 on Neuronal Growth in Vitro (1994)

Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), one of the three common isoforms of apoE, has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease. The effects of apoE on neuronal growth were determined in cultures of dorsal root ganglion neurons. In the presence of beta-migrating very low density lipoproteins (beta-VLDL), apoE3 increased neurite outgrowth, whereas apoE4 decreased outgrowth. The effects of apoE3 or apoE4 in the presence of beta-VLDL were prevented by incubation with a monoclonal antibody to apoE or by reductive methylation of apoE, both of which block the ability of apoE to interact with lipoprotein receptors. The data suggest that receptor-mediated binding or internalization (or both) of apoE-enriched beta-VLDL leads to isoform-specific differences in interactions with cellular proteins that affect neurite outgrowth.
Immune response towards lipid peroxidation products as a predictor of progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to advanced fibrosis (2005)

These results indicate that the presence of immune reactions triggered by oxidative stress can be an independent predictor of progression of NAFLD to advanced fibrosis.
Helix-coil transition of parallel-stranded DNA. Thermodynamics of hairpin and linear duplex oligonucleotides (1989)

The stabilities have been determined of different DNA double helices constructed with the two constituent strands in a parallel orientation. These molecules incorporate polarity-inverting loop structures (hairpins) or nucleotide sequences (duplexes) which impose the desired polarity on the two strands constituting the sugar-phosphate backbone. The hairpins consisted of d(A.T)n stems (n = 8 or 10) and either a 5'-p-5' linkage in a d(C)4 loop (ps-C8 and ps-C10) or a 3'-p-3' linkage in a d(G)4 loop (ps-G10). The linear duplexes had 21-nt (ps-C2.C3) and 25-nt (ps-D1.D2, ps-D3.D4) mixed A,T sequences and normal chemical linkages throughout. Reference molecules with normal antiparallel helical orientations (hairpins aps-C8, aps-C10, and aps-G10 and duplexes aps-C3.C7, aps-D1.D3, and aps-D2.D4) were also synthesized and studied. Hydrogen bonding in ps-DNA is via reverse Watson-Crick base pairs, and the various constructs display spectroscopic, chemical, biochemical, and electrophoretic properties distinct from those of their aps counterparts. For example, both the ps and aps molecules show a pronounced UV absorption hyperchromicity upon melting, but the spectral distribution is not the same. Thus, the difference spectra (ps-aps) in the native state are characterized by a positive peak at 252 nm, an isosbestic point at 267 nm, and a negative peak at 282 nm. Temperature-dependent absorbances were recorded at selected wavelengths and in the form of complete spectra to derive the thermodynamic parameters for the helix-coil transitions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
CRISPR/Cas9 Editing of the Mutant Huntingtin Allele In Vitro and In Vivo (2017)

Huntington disease (HD) is a fatal dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by CAG repeat expansion (>36 repeats) within the first exon of the huntingtin gene. Although mutant huntingtin (mHTT) is ubiquitously expressed, the brain shows robust and early degeneration. Current RNA interference-based approaches for lowering mHTT expression have been efficacious in mouse models, but basal mutant protein levels are still detected. To fully mitigate expression from the mutant allele, we hypothesize that allele-specific genome editing can occur via prevalent promoter-resident SNPs in heterozygosity with the mutant allele. Here, we identified SNPs that either cause or destroy PAM motifs critical for CRISPR-selective editing of one allele versus the other in cells from HD patients and in a transgenic HD model harboring the human allele.
Ladder Variational Autoencoders (2016)

Variational Autoencoders are powerful models for unsupervised learning. However deep models with several layers of dependent stochastic variables are difficult to train which limits the improvements obtained using these highly expressive models. We propose a new inference model, the Ladder Variational Autoencoder, that recursively corrects the generative distribution by a data dependent approximate likelihood in a process resembling the recently proposed Ladder Network. We show that this model provides state of the art predictive log-likelihood and tighter log-likelihood lower bound compared to the purely bottom-up inference in layered Variational Autoencoders and other generative models. We provide a detailed analysis of the learned hierarchical latent representation and show that our new inference model is qualitatively different and utilizes a deeper more distributed hierarchy of latent variables. Finally, we observe that batch normalization and deterministic warm-up (gradually turning on the KL-term) are crucial for training variational models with many stochastic layers.
Interactions of Transition-Metal-Complex Photosensitizers with Polymers and Organized Media (1988)

Abstract The interactions of luminescent platinum metal complexes with a variety of organized media, including micelles, cyclodextrins, and solid polymers, are described. In particular, Ru(II), Os(II), and Re(I) complexes with α-diimine ligands are discussed. Applications of these systems, including luminescence quantum counters, singlet oxygen generators, and a luminescent oxygen sensor, are described. Useful tools for studying these systems are described; these include a deuterium isotope method for measuring the degree of solvent exposure of bound sensitizers, excited-state-lifetime titrations for examining the compositions of systems, and spectral fitting and temperature profiles for probing excited state ordering and energies.
Calcium Handling in Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Cardiac Myocytes (2006)

Excitation-contraction (EC) coupling is fundamental to the function of cardiac myocytes (CMs). In mature myocytes plasma membrane (PM) L-type Ca(2+) channels function in close juxtaposition to ryanodine receptors (RyR) on the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membrane. Action potentials (APs) cause the opening of PM L-type Ca(2+) channels, which in turn provide trigger Ca(2+) for a larger RyR-mediated SR Ca(2+) release. In contrast, developing myocytes have a less well-developed SR. This incomplete development is observed in early stage and mid-maturation stages of murine embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes (ESC-CMs). Despite the absence of a well-developed t-tubule system, murine ESC-CMs use internal Ca(2+) stores for EC coupling. Direct measures of Ca(2+) handling, including pharmacological studies and investigation of genetically modified mouse ESC-CMs, established an important contribution of RyR-mediated internal Ca(2+) store to cell function. Similarly, early-stage human ESC-CMs use internal Ca(2+) store and partially share Ca(2+) handling characteristics with murine ESC-CMs. For example, elementary Ca(2+) release events are present in both murine and human ESC-CMs, and it is likely that Ca(2+) handling contributes to automatic rhythm generation in these cells. However, in human ESC-CMs, a unique voltage-gated Na(+) channel window current is critical for spontaneous, rhythmic depolarization. The advent of the murine and human ES cardiomyocyte differentiating systems has provided initial insights into the early steps of development of excitability and electromechanical coupling in the mammalian heart, including patterns of gene expression, myofibrillogenesis, ion channel development and function, and Ca(2+) handling. Here we discuss the information gained from these models to describe the nexus of voltage-gated channel currents and Ca(2+) handling on rhythmic activity.
The role of cardiac troponin I in prognostication of patients with isolated severe traumatic brain injury (2015)

Prognostic and epidemiologic study, level III.
Use of Losartan to Examine the Role of the Cardiac Renin-Angiotensin System in Myocardial Dysfunction During Ischemia and Reperfusion (1996)

To assess the role of angiotensin II (AII) in the development of myocardial dysfunction during ischemia and reperfusion, the effects of either oral pretreatment with 1 mg/kg losartan or treatment with 4.5 mu M losartan in vitro were compared with effects measured in the respective placebo or in vitro control groups in an isolated rat working-heart model. Both groups treated with losartan showed significant improvement (p < 0.005) in functional recovery following 20 min of ischemia compared with the respective control groups. Coronary flow (CF) and cardiac output (CO) were also significantly increased during reperfusion in the drug treatment groups compared with controls (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The recovery of mechanical function, CO, and CF was significantly more rapid in hearts from rats treated orally with losartan than in hearts treated with losartan in vitro. As measured by 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance, the changes observed in ATP levels and in intracellular pH during ischemia and reperfusion were essentially the same under either treatment regimen. This article describes the initial observation of a significant reduction in myocardial dysfunction during reperfusion following 20 min of global ischemia in the isolated perfused heart as a result of acute AII AT1 receptor antagonism by losartan administered either directly in vitro or by oral pretreatment.
Experimental Decoy State Quantum Key Distribution Over 15km (2005)

Decoy state protocols have recently been proposed as an innovative approach to improve dramatically the performance of quantum key distribution systems. Here, we present the first experimental demonstration of decoy state quantum key distribution, over 15km of Telecom fibers.