gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-resolution optical imaging of functional brain architecture in the awake monkey. (1991)

Optical imaging of the functional architecture of cortex, based on intrinsic signals, is a useful tool for the study of the development, organization, and function of the living mammalian brain. This relatively noninvasive technique is based on small activity-dependent changes of the optical properties of cortex. Thus far, functional imaging has been performed only on anesthetized animals. Here we establish that this technique is also suitable for exploring the brain of awake behaving primates. We designed a chronic sealed chamber and mounted it on the skull of a cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) over the primary visual cortex to permit imaging through a transparent glass window. Restriction of head position alone was sufficient to eliminate movement noise in awake monkey imaging experiments. High-resolution imaging of the ocular dominance columns and the cytochrome oxidase blobs was achieved simply by taking pictures of the exposed cortex when the awake monkey was viewing video movies alternatively with each eye. Furthermore, the functional maps could be obtained without synchronization of the data acquisition to the animal's respiration and the electrocardiogram. The wavelength dependency and time course of the intrinsic signal were similar in anesthetized and awake monkeys, indicating that the signal sources were the same. We therefore conclude that optical imaging is well suited for exploring functional organization related to higher cognitive brain functions of the primate as well as providing a diagnostic tool for delineating functional cortical borders and assessing proper functions of human patients during neurosurgery.
Mexiletine treatment—induced inhibition of caspase-3 activation and improvement of behavioral recovery after spinal cord injury (2005)

The results obtained in this study demonstrated that mexiletine treatment inhibits caspase-3 activation and preserve/restore better neuronal function compared with methylprednisolone after experimental SCI.
Two distinct receptors account for recognition of maleyl-albumin in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro. (1986)

A comparison of the receptor-mediated interaction of malondialdehyde-low density lipoprotein and maleyl-albumin has been examined in human monocytes during differentiation in vitro. The recognition of both ligands by the scavenger receptor of these cells has been confirmed. We now report that human monocytes express a second cellular surface receptor for maleyl-albumin that is distinct from the scavenger receptor. The activity of the maleyl-albumin receptor, determined by both binding and lysosomal hydrolytic assays, substantially exceeds that of the scavenger receptor in freshly isolated monocytes. A dramatic and rapid decline in the activity of the maleyl-albumin receptor occurs within 72 to 96 h during differentiation in vitro. At day 7, while only 5-10% of the original activity of the maleyl-albumin receptor remains, it is similar to that of the maximally expressed scavenger receptor. Both the binding and hydrolysis of ligand mediated by the maleyl-albumin receptor are specifically inhibited by alpha-casein and alkaline-treated albumin; neither of these proteins is recognized by the scavenger receptor. The occurrence of the exceptionally active maleyl-albumin receptor on freshly isolated human monocytes suggests that it participates in processes necessary to the function of the cells that diminish in importance after differentiation of the monocytes into macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, while maleyl-albumin is a useful adjunct to studies of cellular events mediated by the scavenger receptor, the presence of a second receptor for maleyl-albumin must be taken into account as a potential contributing and complicating event.
Silicon Fusion Bonding and Deep Reactive Ion Etching a New Technology for Microstructures (2005)

It has become common to categorize silicon micromachining processes in terms of "bulk" and "surface" techniques. "Bulk" micro-machining generally refers to structures which have been formed by deep anisotropic etching. In these devices, a portion of the substrate itself is usually an active mechanical element of the micromechanical device. "Surface" micro-machining generally refers to structures which have been formed from thin film layers deposited or grown on the surface of the silicon substrate. New developments in deep reactive ion etching technology (DRIE), combined with silicon fusion bonding (SFB), have made it possible, for the first time, to span nearly the entire range of microstructure thicknesses between surface and bulk micromachining, using only single crystal silicon. This presentation will explain the processes and technologies which make this possible, and will describe some structures and devices which have been demonstrated using this new process technology.
LEA proteins prevent protein aggregation due to water stress (2005)

LEA (late embryogenesis abundant) proteins in both plants and animals are associated with tolerance to water stress resulting from desiccation and cold shock. However, although various functions of LEA proteins have been proposed, their precise role has not been defined. Recent bioinformatics studies suggest that LEA proteins might behave as molecular chaperones, and the current study was undertaken to test this hypothesis. Recombinant forms of AavLEA1, a group 3 LEA protein from the anhydrobiotic nematode Aphelenchus avenae, and Em, a group 1 LEA protein from wheat, have been subjected to functional analysis. Heat-stress experiments with citrate synthase, which is susceptible to aggregation at high temperatures, suggest that LEA proteins do not behave as classical molecular chaperones, but they do exhibit a protective, synergistic effect in the presence of the so-called chemical chaperone, trehalose. In contrast, both LEA proteins can independently protect citrate synthase from aggregation due to desiccation and freezing, in keeping with a role in water-stress tolerance; similar results were obtained with lactate dehydrogenase. This is the first evidence of anti-aggregation activity of LEA proteins due to water stress. Again, a synergistic effect of LEA and trehalose was observed, which is significant given that non-reducing disaccharides are known to accumulate during dehydration in plants and nematodes. A model is proposed whereby LEA proteins might act as a novel form of molecular chaperone, or 'molecular shield', to help prevent the formation of damaging protein aggregates during water stress.
Mechanism of Electrochemical Activity in Li2MnO3 (2003)

Lithium intercalation compounds based on lithium manganese oxides are of great importance as positive electrodes for rechargeable lithium batteries. It is widely accepted that Li+ may be extracted (deintercalated) from such lithium manganese oxides accompanied by oxidation of Mn up to a maximum oxidation state of +4. However, it has been suggested recently that further Li+ removal may be possible. Among the mechanisms that have been proposed to charge balance the removal of Li+ are Mn oxidation beyond +4 or loss of O2-. To investigate this phenomenon we have selected Li2MnO3, a layered compound Li[Li1/3Mn2/3]O2 with a ready supply of mobile Li+ ions but with all Mn already in the +4 oxidation state. We show that a substantial quantity of Li (at least 1.39 Li) may be removed. At 55 °C this occurs exclusively by oxidation of the nonaqueous electrolyte, thus generating H+ which exchange one-for-one with Li+ to form Li2-xHxMnO3. The presence of H+ between the oxide layers results in a change of the layer stacking from O3 to P3, the latter being more stable for O−H−O bonding. At 30 °C initial Li removal is accompanied by oxygen loss (effective removal of Li2O) but further Li+ removal involves the same proton exchange mechanism as observed at 55 °C. The reaction is partially reversible. On extended cycling the material converts to spinel.
New Drugs for Rheumatoid Arthritis (2004)

Rheumatoid arthritis affects about 1 percent of the U.S. population and can cause irreversible joint deformities and functional impairment. Although the cause of this autoimmune disease remains obscure, greater understanding of its underlying mechanisms has facilitated the development of new drugs and revolutionized treatment.
STN-OCR: A single Neural Network for Text Detection and Text Recognition (2017)

Detecting and recognizing text in natural scene images is a challenging, yet not completely solved task. In re- cent years several new systems that try to solve at least one of the two sub-tasks (text detection and text recognition) have been proposed. In this paper we present STN-OCR, a step towards semi-supervised neural networks for scene text recognition, that can be optimized end-to-end. In contrast to most existing works that consist of multiple deep neural networks and several pre-processing steps we propose to use a single deep neural network that learns to detect and recognize text from natural images in a semi-supervised way. STN-OCR is a network that integrates and jointly learns a spatial transformer network, that can learn to detect text regions in an image, and a text recognition network that takes the identified text regions and recognizes their textual content. We investigate how our model behaves on a range of different tasks (detection and recognition of characters, and lines of text). Experimental results on public benchmark datasets show the ability of our model to handle a variety of different tasks, without substantial changes in its overall network structure.
Charge-shift probes of membrane potential. Synthesis (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCharge-shift probes of membrane potential. SynthesisA. Hassner, D. Birnbaum, and L. M. LoewCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1984, 49, 14, 2546–2551Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00188a006https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00188a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1441Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevent the Rejection of Fully Allogenic Islet Grafts by the Immunosuppressive Activity of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (2009)

We demonstrate that MSCs can prevent islet allograft rejection leading to stable, long-term normoglycemia. In addition, we provide a novel insight into the mechanism underlying the suppressive effects of MSCs on T-cell responses to alloantigen.
Grass, Fire and Ecological Engineering (2005)

The cessation of Aboriginal fire management, combined with the spread of African grasses, are promoting intense fires that are destroying Australias tropical eucalypt savannas.
Silicon-on-insulator optical rib waveguide loss and mode characteristics (1994)

Optical rib waveguides with rib heights of 3.17 and 7.67 microns with various widths have been formed in separation by implantation of oxygen (SIMOX) based silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structures. The effect of waveguide rib etch depth, width, and interface roughness on loss and mode characteristics have been studied at wavelengths of 1.15 and 1.523 microns. The experimental results support the hypothesis that certain rib dimensions can lead to single mode SOI waveguides even though planar SOI waveguides of similar multimicron dimension are not single mode. Mode loss was found to be strongly dependent on interface roughness and mode confinement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: Fluoroalkylation and Fluoroalkoxylation. Magnesium Single‐Electron‐Transfer Induced Synthesis of 2‐Fluoroalkylpyrroles. (1988)

Abstract Pyrrole (I) is regioselectively alkylated with the perfluoroalkyl iodides (II) in the presence of magnesium which induces single electron transfer.
Spectral and Spatial Parameter Resolution Requirements for Parametric, Filter-Bank-Based HRTF Processing (2010)

The audibility of HRTF information reduction was investigated using a parametric analysis and synthesis approach. Nonindividualized HRTFs were characterized by magnitude and interaural phase properties computed for warped critical bands. The minimum number of parameters was established as a function of the HRTF set under test, the sound-source position, whether overlapping or nonoverlapping parameter bands were used, and whether spectral characteristics were derived from the HRTF magnitude or power spectrum domain. A three-interval, forced-choice procedure was employed to determine the required spectral resolution of the parameters and the minimum requirements for interaural phase reconstruc-tion. The results indicated that, for pink-noise stimuli, the estimation of magnitude and interaural phase spectra per critical band is a sufficient prerequisite for transparent HRTF parameterization. Furthermore the low-frequency HRTF phase characteristics can be effi-ciently described by a single interaural delay while disregarding the absolute phase response of the individual HRTFs. Also, high-frequency phase characteristics were found to be irrele-vant for the HRTFs and the stimuli used for the test. Estimation of parameters in the spectral magnitude domain using overlapping parameter bands resulted in better quality compared to
The performance of TCP/IP for networks with high bandwidth-delay products and random loss (1997)

This paper examines the performance of TCP/IP, the Internet data transport protocol, over wide-area networks (WANs) in which data traffic could coexist with real-time traffic such as voice and video. Specifically, we attempt to develop a basic understanding, using analysis and simulation, of the properties of TCP/IP in a regime where: (1) the bandwidth-delay product of the network is high compared to the buffering in the network and (2) packets may incur random loss (e.g., due to transient congestion caused by fluctuations in real-time traffic, or wireless links in the path of the connection). The following key results are obtained. First, random loss leads to significant throughput deterioration when the product of the loss probability and the square of the bandwidth-delay product is larger than one. Second, for multiple connections sharing a bottleneck link, TCP is grossly unfair toward connections with higher round-trip delays. This means that a simple first in first out (FIFO) queueing discipline might not suffice for data traffic in WANs. Finally, while the Reno version of TCP produces less bursty traffic than the original Tahoe version, it is less robust than the latter when successive losses are closely spaced. We conclude by indicating modifications that may be required both at the transport and network layers to provide good end-to-end performance over high-speed WANs.
Dextran modified self-assembled monolayer surfaces for use in biointeraction analysis with surface plasmon resonance (1995)

Abstract
The Promise of Plant Polyphenols as the Golden Standard Skin Anti-Inflammatory Agents (2010)

Inflammation is a key event in the skin normally occurring in response to the constant exposure to environmental and endogenous stimuli as well as to accidental damage. It also plays a central role in the pathogenesis of major cutaneous pathologies, ultimately resulting in skin carcinogenesis. As the acute mild inflammatory process is mainly adaptive in nature, chronic inflammation is a multi-factorial and complex noxious process, extremely difficult to combat. The wealth of data documenting the involvement of redox-dependent regulatory and damaging processes in the skin inflammation has prompted research on a steadily growing number of plant-derived active substances, mainly polyphenols, and selected principally on the basis of their free radical scavenging and antioxidant properties. In spite of the wide recognition of their anti-inflammatory efficacy in vitro, the clinical use for the prevention and treatment of major skin inflammatory conditions is in most cases yet to be conclusively proven. The complex nature of the cutaneous inflammatory process involves oxygen (ROS), nitrogen (RNS) and lipid reactive species, but is also driven by other mechanisms highlighted in these recent years, related to the regulation of gene expression, and to metabolic and signaling pathways that are ROS/RNS-independent. The screening of the enormous array of plant secondary metabolites, first of all polyphenols, for new effective and safe anti-inflammatory agents should be rather directed towards molecules targeting specific inflammatory pathways recognized to be active in the peculiar skin compartment.
An engineered selenocysteine defines a unique class of antibody derivatives (2008)

Selenocysteine is cotranslationally inserted into proteins by recoding the stop codon UGA from termination to selenocysteine insertion. The nucleophilic selenol group of selenocysteine endows this rare amino acid with unique chemical reactivity that allows regiospecific covalent conjugation in the presence of the other natural amino acids. Using a mammalian expression system, we generated an IgG1-derived Fc fragment with a C-terminal selenocysteine in yields comparable to conventional monoclonal antibodies and conjugated it to an electrophilic derivative of a peptidomimetic that binds with high affinity and specificity to integrin alpha(4)beta(1). Through this conjugation, both the biological and chemical components are endowed with pharmacological advantages. We demonstrate that whereas the Fc protein increases the circulatory half-life from minutes to days and mediates transcytosis through binding to the neonatal Fc receptor, the peptidomimetic introduces cross-species binding to cell surface integrin alpha(4)beta(1) and blocks its interaction with vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Compared with conventional monoclonal antibodies, our technology benefits economically from combining a generic biological component with a variable chemical component.
Clinical Implications of Amylin and Amylin Deficiency (1999)

While insulin replacement therapy is a cornerstone of diabetes treatment, replacement of the function of both amylin and insulin may allow a more complete restoration of the normal physiology of glucose control.
Establishment of Clonal Colony-Forming Assay for Propagation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells With Stem Cell Properties (2007)

A subpopulation of PANC-1 cells can propagate to form spheres with properties of stem cells in this assay; enough of these cells can be obtained for further study. Considering the overexpression of mRNA, it was tentatively suggested that LY6E, TACSTD1, and CD44 proteins may act as surface markers for sorting pancreatic cancer stem cells with fluorescence-activated cell sorter/magnetic-activated cell sorter.
α‐Factor‐leader‐directed secretion of recombinant human‐insulin‐like growth factor I from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)

A synthetic gene coding for human-insulin-like growth factor I (IGFI) was fused to the leader sequence of yeast prepro-alpha-factor and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of a glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter fragment. Recombinant IGFI was found inside yeast cells and secreted into the medium. The secreted IGFI migrated on SDS gels with the same electrophoretic mobility as authentic IGFI, i.e. at about 7.5 kDa. HPLC analysis of secreted IGFI revealed the presence of the correctly folded, genuine molecule as well as an isomeric byproduct of equal molecular mass but with two of the three disulfide bonds interchanged. Inside exponentially growing cells the 7.5-kDa IGFI was also found, along with up to four additional IGFI-related polypeptides of higher molecular mass. By endoglycosidase F treatment the three polypeptides between 19-26 kDa were converted to a single peptide of 17 kDa. Since this peptide also reacted with an anti-alpha-factor antibody, it represents most likely the unglycosylated alpha-factor--IGFI fusion precursor. Pulse-chase experiments established the precursor nature of the intracellular higher-molecular-mass IGFI species. Conversion of the primary translation product to the differently glycosylated IGFI precursor proteins and into the mature form occurred very rapidly, within 2 min. Rapid maturation was, however, not followed by an equally rapid secretion of the mature form into the medium: only after 30-40 min did IGFI appear outside the cells. We therefore postulate the presence of an as yet undefined Golgi or post-Golgi bottleneck representing a major obstacle in secretion of recombinant IGFI from S. cerevisiae cells.
Severe liver degeneration and lack of NF-κB activation in NEMO/IKKγ-deficient mice (2000)

Phosphorylation of IκB, an inhibitor of NF-κB , is an important step in the activation of the transcription factor NF-κB . Phosphorylation is mediated by the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, known to contain two catalytic subunits: IKKα and IKKβ . A novel, noncatalytic component of this kinase complex called NEMO ( N F-κB e ssential mo dulator)/ IKKγ was identified recently. We have generated NEMO/IKKγ -deficient mice by gene targeting. Mutant embryos die at E12.5–E13.0 from severe liver damage due to apoptosis. NEMO/IKKγ -deficient primary murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lack detectable NF-κB DNA-binding activity in response to TNFα, IL-1, LPS, and Poly(IC) and do not show stimulus-dependent IκB kinase activity, which correlates with a lack of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Consistent with these data, mutant MEFs show increased sensitivity to TNFα-induced apoptosis. Our data provide in vivo evidence that NEMO/IKKγ is the first essential, noncatalytic component of the IKK complex.
Factors Affecting Growth and Differentiation in Simple Slime Molds (1956)

(1956). Factors Affecting Growth and Differentiation in Simple Slime Molds. Mycologia: Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 169-205.
Flashing up the storage layer (2008)

In the near future, commodity hardware is expected to incorporate both flash and magnetic disks. In this paper we study how the storage layer of a database system can benefit from the presence of both kinds of disk. We propose using the flash and the magnetic disk at the same level of the memory hierarchy and placing a data page to only one of these disks according to the workload of the page. Pages with a read-intensive workload are placed on the flash disk, while pages with a write-intensive workload are placed on the magnetic disk. We present a family of on-line algorithms to decide the optimal placement of a page and study their theoretical properties. Our system is self-tuning, i.e. , our algorithms adapt page placement to changing workloads. We also present a buffer replacement policy that takes advantage of the asymmetric I/O properties of the two types of storage media to reduce the total I/O cost. Our experimental evaluation shows remarkable I/O performance improvement over both flash-only and magnetic-only systems. These results, we believe, exhibit both the potential and necessity of such algorithms in future database systems.