gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Entropy and Test Data Compression (2007)

The entropy of a set of data is a measure of the amount of information contained in it. Entropy calculations for fully specified data have been used to get a theoretical bound on how much that data can be compressed. This paper extends the concept of entropy for incompletely specified test data (i.e., that has unspecified or don't care bits) and explores the use of entropy to show how bounds on the maximum amount of compression for a particular symbol partitioning can be calculated. The impact of different ways of partitioning the test data into symbols on entropy is studied. For a class of partitions that use fixed-length symbols, a greedy algorithm for specifying the don't cares to reduce entropy is described. It is shown to be equivalent to the minimum entropy set cover problem and thus is within an additive constant error with respect to the minimum entropy possible among all ways of specifying the don't cares. A polynomial time algorithm that can be used to approximate the calculation of entropy is described. Different test data compression techniques proposed in the literature are analyzed with respect to the entropy bounds. The limitations and advantages of certain types of test data encoding strategies are studied using entropy theory
Interleukin-10-independent anti-inflammatory actions of glucagon-like peptide 2 (2008)

Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important intestinal growth factor with anti-inflammatory activity. We hypothesized that GLP-2 decreases mucosal inflammation and the associated increased epithelial proliferation by downregulation of Th1 cytokines attributable to reprogramming of lamina propria immune regulatory cells via an interleukin-10 (IL-10)-independent pathway. The effects of GLP-2 treatment were studied using the IL-10-deficient (IL-10(-/-)) mouse model of colitis. Wild-type and IL-10(-/-) mice received saline or GLP-2 (50 microg/kg sc) treatment for 5 days. GLP-2 treatment resulted in significant amelioration of animal weight loss and reduced intestinal inflammation as assessed by histopathology and myeloperoxidase levels compared with saline-treated animals. In colitis animals, GLP-2 treatment also reduced crypt cell proliferation and crypt cell apoptosis. Proinflammatory (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma,) cytokine protein levels were significantly reduced after GLP-2 treatment, whereas IL-4 was significantly increased and IL-6 production was unchanged. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of lamina propria cells demonstrated a decrease in the CD4(+) T cell population following GLP-2 treatment in colitic mice and an increase in CD11b(+)/F4/80(+) macrophages but no change in CD25(+)FoxP3 T cells or CD11c(+) dendritic cells. In colitis animals, intracellular cytokine analysis demonstrated that GLP-2 decreased lamina propria macrophage TNF-alpha production but increased IGF-1 production, whereas transforming growth factor-beta was unchanged. GLP-2-mediated reduction of crypt cell proliferation was associated with an increase in intestinal epithelial cell suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 expression and reduced STAT-3 signaling. This study shows that the anti-inflammatory effects of GLP-2 are IL-10 independent and that GLP-2 alters the mucosal response of inflamed intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages. In addition, the suggested mechanism of the reduction in inflammation-induced proliferation is attributable to GLP-2 activation of the SOCS-3 pathway, which antagonizes the IL-6-mediated increase in STAT-3 signaling.
Imiqimod in clinical practice. (1999)

Imiquimod 5% cream is a new compound which modifies the immune response by stimulating the production of interferon alpha and other cytokines. It has shown remarkable promise in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts when applied overnight, three times a week. It is also associated with a lower recurrence than those found with other current treatments. This paper reviews two of the pivotal multi-centre studies which confirm its efficacy in human papilloma virus (HPV) infections. These studies compared the effectiveness and safety of imiquimod 1% cream, imiquimod 5% cream and vehicle cream in the treatment of external anogenital warts.
Conduction of Heat in Solids (1947)

This classic account describes the known exact solutions of problems of heat flow, with detailed discussion of all the most important boundary value problems.
Knocking Down Highly-Ordered Large-Scale Nanowire Arrays (2010)

The large-scale assembly of nanowire elements with controlled and uniform orientation and density at spatially well-defined locations on solid substrates presents one of the most significant challenges facing their integration in real-world electronic applications. Here, we present the universal "knocking-down" approach, based on the controlled in-place planarization of nanowire elements, for the formation of large-scale ordered nanowire arrays. The controlled planarization of the nanowires is achieved by the use of an appropriate elastomer-covered rigid-roller device. After being knocked down, each nanowire in the array can be easily addressed electrically, by a simple single photolithographic step, to yield a large number of nanoelectrical devices with an unprecedented high-fidelity rate. The approach allows controlling, in only two simple steps, all possible array parameters, that is, nanowire dimensions, chemical composition, orientation, and density. The resulting knocked-down arrays can be further used for the creation of massive nanoelectronic-device arrays. More than million devices were already fabricated with yields over 98% on substrate areas of up, but not limited to, to 10 cm(2).
Successful Strategies for the Discovery of Antiviral Drugs (2013)

The antiviral therapeutic area continues to rapidly generate meaningful new chemical entities; for example, for HIV alone more than 25 drugs have been approved, and in the next few years many individual drugs and single tablet regimens will be approved for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. The increasing success in the antiviral area could be due to targeting drugs at "non-self" genomes and to the patient population that is tolerant of manageable side effects and adaptable to inconvenient dosing. Aimed at medicinal chemists and emerging drug discovery scientists, the book is organized according to the various strategies deployed for the discovery and optimization of initial lead compounds. This book focuses on capturing tactical aspects of problem solving in antiviral drug design, an approach that holds special appeal for those engaged in antiviral drug development, but also appeals to the broader medicinal chemistry community based on its focus on tactical aspects of drug design.
Core fusion (2007)

This paper presents core fusion, a reconfigurable chip multiprocessor(CMP) architecture where groups of fundamentally independent cores can dynamically morph into a larger CPU, or they can be used as distinct processing elements, as needed at run time by applications. Core fusion gracefully accommodates software diversity and incremental parallelization in CMPs. It provides a single execution model across all configurations, requires no additional programming effort or specialized compiler support, maintains ISA compatibility, and leverages mature micro-architecture technology.
Preferential Release of 11-cis-retinol from Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells in the Presence of Cellular Retinaldehyde-binding Protein (1999)

In photoreceptor cells of the retina, photoisomerization of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal triggers phototransduction. Regeneration of 11-cis-retinal proceeds via a complex set of reactions in photoreceptors and in adjacent retinal pigment epithelial cells where all-trans-retinol is isomerized to 11-cis-retinol. Our results show that isomerization in vitro only occurs in the presence of apo-cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein. This retinoid-binding protein may drive the reaction by mass action, overcoming the thermodynamically unfavorable isomerization. Furthermore, this 11-cis-retinol/11-cis-retinal-specific binding protein potently stimulates hydrolysis of endogenous 11-cis-retinyl esters but has no effect on hydrolysis of all-trans-retinyl esters. Apo-cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein probably exerts its effect by trapping the 11-cis-retinol product. When retinoid-depleted retinal pigment epithelial microsomes were preincubated with different amounts of all-trans-retinol to form all-trans-retinyl esters and then [3H]all-trans-retinol was added, as predicted, the specific radioactivity of [3H]all-trans-retinyl esters increased during subsequent reaction. However, the specific radioactivity of newly formed 11-cis-retinol stayed constant during the course of the reaction, and it was largely unaffected by expansion of the all-trans-retinyl ester pool during the preincubation. The absence of dilution establishes that most of the ester pool does not participate in isomerization, which in turn suggests that a retinoid intermediate other than all-trans-retinyl ester is on the isomerization reaction pathway.
Cytochemical and Morphological Evidence for the Involvement of the Plasma Membrane and Plastids in Mucilage Secretion in Aloe arborescens (1984)

Most of the volume of Aloe arborescens leaves (volumetric density = 0.68±0.08) is occupied by a mucilage tissue. The mucilages of Aloe species are glucomannans of great medical and pharmaceutical importance. An electron microscopical and histochemical study was carried out, following the development of the tissue and secretion processes. In contrast to other reports on polysaccharide secretion in plants, no observable activity was found in the Golgi apparatus. In the young stages of leaf development, positive histochemical staining for polysaccharides and structural changes were found mainly in the plastids. In the mature leaves the mucilage cells remain alive and intact and secretory activity appears to be centered in the plasma membrane.
Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Alkene Hydrosilylation Activity of Terpyridine and Bis(imino)pyridine Iron Dialkyl Complexes (2012)

Iron dialkyl complexes, [N3]Fe(CH2SiMe3)2, with three different classes of tridentate, nitrogen-based “[N3]” ligands, aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridines, terpyridine, and pyridine bis(oxazoline), have been synthesized and evaluated in the catalytic hydrosilylation of olefins with tertiary silanes. The 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine (terpy) complex, (terpy)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2, was prepared either via alkylation of (terpy)FeCl2 with LiCH2SiMe3 or by pyridine displacement from (pyridine)2Fe(CH2SiMe3)2 by free terpyridine. The aryl-substituted bis(imino)pyridine compounds, (RPDI)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2 (RPDI = 2,6-(2,6-R2-C6H3N═CMe)2C5H3N), with smaller 2,6-dialkyl substituents (R = Et, Me) or a 2-iPr substituent (2-iPrPDI)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2 (2-iPrPDI = 2,6-(2-iPr-C6H4N═CMe)2C5H3N, are effective precursors (0.5 mol %) for the anti-Markovnikov hydrosilylation of 1-octene with (Me3SiO)2MeSiH and (EtO)3SiH over the course of 1 h at 60 °C. No hydrosilylation activity was observed with Et3SiH. The most hindered member of the series, (iPrPDI)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2, and the pyridine bis(oxazoline) iron compound, (R,R)-(iPrPybox)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2 (iPrPybox = 2,6-bis[isopropyl-2-oxazolin-2-yl]pyridine), were inactive for the hydrosilylation of 1-octene with all tertiary silanes studied. By contrast, the terpyridine precursor, (terpy)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2, reached >95% conversion at 60 °C with Et3SiH and (Me3SiO)2MeSiH. In addition, the hydrosilylation of vinylcyclohexene oxide was accomplished in the presence of 1.0 mol % (terpy)Fe(CH2SiMe3)2, demonstrating functional group compatibility unique to this compound that is absent from bis(imino)pyridine iron compounds. The electronic structures of all three classes of iron dialkyl compounds have been evaluated by a combination of X-ray diffraction, magnetochemistry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. All of the compounds are best described as high-spin iron(III) compounds with antiferromagnetic coupling to chelate radical anions.
Energy-Efficient Interference-Based Routing for Multi-Hop Wireless Networks (2006)

In this paper, we develop an energy efficient routing scheme that takes into account the interference created by existing flows in the network. Unlike previous works, we explicitly study the impact of routing a new flow on the energy consumption of the network. Under certain assumptions on how links are scheduled, we can show that our proposed algorithm is asymptotically (in time) optimal in terms of minimizing the average energy consumption. We also develop a distributed version of the algorithm. Our algorithm automatically detours around a congested area in the network, which helps mitigate network congestion and improve overall network performance. Using simulations, we show that the routes chosen by our algorithm (centralized and distributed) are more energy efficient than the state of the art.
New Diarylmethylpiperazines as Potent and Selective Nonpeptidic δ Opioid Receptor Agonists with Increased In Vitro Metabolic Stability (2000)

Nonpeptide delta opioid agonists are analgesics with a potentially improved side-effect and abuse liability profile, compared to classical opioids. Andrews analysis of the NIH nonpeptide lead SNC-80 suggested the removal of substituents not predicted to contribute to binding. This approach led to a simplified lead, N, N-diethyl-4-[phenyl(1-piperazinyl)methyl]benzamide (1), which retained potent binding affinity and selectivity to the human delta receptor (IC(50) = 11 nM, mu/delta = 740, kappa/delta > 900) and potency as a full agonist (EC(50) = 36 nM) but had a markedly reduced molecular weight, only one chiral center, and increased in vitro metabolic stability. From this lead, the key pharmacophore groups for delta receptor affinity and activation were more clearly defined by SAR and mutagenesis studies. Further structural modifications on the basis of 1 confirmed the importance of the N, N-diethylbenzamide group and the piperazine lower basic nitrogen for delta binding, in agreement with mutagenesis data. A number of piperazine N-alkyl substituents were tolerated. In contrast, modifications of the phenyl group led to the discovery of a series of diarylmethylpiperazines exemplified by N, N-diethyl-4-[1-piperazinyl(8-quinolinyl)methyl]benzamide (56) which had an improved in vitro binding profile (IC(50) = 0.5 nM, mu/delta = 1239, EC(50) = 3.6 nM) and increased in vitro metabolic stability compared to SNC-80.
Properties and Regulation of the Bifunctional Enzyme HPr Kinase/Phosphatase in Bacillus subtilis (2003)

The bifunctional allosteric enzyme HPr kinase/phosphatase (HPrK/P) from Bacillus subtilis is a key enzyme in the main mechanism of carbon catabolite repression/activation (i.e. a means for the bacteria to adapt rapidly to environmental changes in carbon sources). In this regulation system, the enzyme can phosphorylate and dephosphorylate two proteins, HPr/HPr(Ser(P)) and Crh/Crh(Ser(P)), sensing the metabolic state of the cell. To acquire further insight into the properties of HPrK/P, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, dynamic light scattering, and BIACORE were used to determine the oligomeric state of the protein under native conditions, revealing that the enzyme exists as a hexamer at pH 6.8 and as a monomer and dimer at pH 9.5. Using an in vitro radioactive assay, the influence of divalent cations, pH, temperature, and different glycolytic intermediates on the activity as well as kinetic parameters were investigated. The presence of divalent cations was found to be essential for both opposing activities of the enzyme. Furthermore, pH values equal to the internal pH of vegetative cells seem to favor the kinase activity, whereas lower pH values increased the phosphatase activity. Among the glycolytic intermediates evaluated, fructose 1,6-diphosphate and fructose 2,6-diphosphate were found to be allosteric activators in the kinase assay, whereas high concentrations inhibited the phosphatase activity, except for fructose 1,6-diphosphate in the case of HPr(Ser(P)). Phosphatase activity was induced by inorganic phosphate as well as acetyl phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Kinetic parameters indicate a preference for binding of HPr compared with Crh to the enzyme and supported a strong positive cooperativity. This work suggests that the oligomeric state of the enzyme is influenced by several effectors and is correlated to the kinase or phosphatase activity. The phosphatase activity is mainly supported by the hexameric form.
Cord-Blood Transplants from Unrelated Donors in Patients with Hurler's Syndrome (2004)

Cord blood from unrelated donors appears to be an excellent source of stem cells for transplantation in patients with Hurler's syndrome. Sustained engraftment can be achieved without total-body irradiation. Cord-blood transplantation favorably altered the natural history of Hurler's syndrome and thus may be important to consider in young children with this form of the disease.
Cloning of two xylanase genes from the newly isolated actinomycete Actinomadura sp. strain FC7 and characterization of the gene products (1994)

A screening program was established to find actinomycetes that produce xylanases able to hydrolyze xylan chains in a hemicellulose liquor (a by-product of steam treatment of the lignocellulosic biomass) at moderately acidic pH (4.0) and high temperature (70 °C). The first step involved a selection for xylanolytic actinomycetes having optimal growth at 50–60 °C. In the second step, the crude enzymes produced by the selected actinomycetes were compared for their xylan hydrolysis rates at pH 5 and 60 °C versus pH 4 and 70 °C. The crude enzymes produced by strain FC7 retained 65% of their activity under the more stringent of the two conditions. FC7 was identified as a member of the genus Actinomadura by chemotaxonomic procedures. A gene bank of FC7 was constructed using the shuttle vector pFD666. The plasmids were introduced into a periplasmic-leaky Escherichia coli host to rapidly detect xylanolytic recombinants. Two classes of recombinants were isolated. The plasmids pJFl and pJF6 were introduced into a xylanase- and cellulase-negative mutant of Streptomyces lividans, allowing overproduction and subsequent purification of two different xylanases, Xyl I and Xyl II. Both enzymes were classified in the low isoelectric point group of xylanases. In the presence of 100 μg/mL of bovine serum albumin, the half-life of Xyl I at pH 4 and 70 °C was 22 h.Key words: xylanase, thermophilic actinomycetes, Actinomadura, thermostability.
Reaction Rates by Distillation. VI. The Etherification of Benzyl and Related Alcohols (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction Rates by Distillation. VI. The Etherification of Benzyl and Related AlcoholsErnest F. Pratt and Porter W. EricksonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 1, 76–78Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01582a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01582a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views314Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pharmacotherapy, pharmacogenomics, and the future of alcohol dependence treatment, part 1 (2004)

In addition to existing drug treatments for alcohol dependence, many other medications are under investigation, particularly for specific types of alcoholism. Pharmacogenomics is expected to play an important role in this research effort.
Human apolipoprotein B-100: cloning, analysis of liver mRNA, and assignment of the gene to chromosome 2. (1985)

Human apolipoprotein B-100 (apo B-100) is the major apolipoprotein of low density lipoproteins and the principal ligand for interaction with the low density lipoprotein receptor. The human apo B-100 gene has been inserted into a lambda gt-11 expression vector, and the apo B-100 cDNA clones have been identified by screening with a monospecific apo B-100 antiserum, by screening with synthetic oligonucleotides based on the amino acid sequence of peptides isolated from apo B-100, and by immunoblot analysis of the expressed protein with a monoclonal antibody to apo B-100. The complete nucleotide and derived-amino acid sequence of a 1.7-kilobase cDNA clone of apo B-100 was determined. The 560-amino acid residues of apo B-100 contain no unique linear or repeating sequences of amino acids. The computer-predicted conformation of the apo B-100 protein contains segments of helical structure; however, a large portion of the protein is organized into beta-structure. The beta-structure may be important in lipid-apo B-100 interactions in low density lipoprotein and may contribute to the insolubility of delipidated apo B-100 in aqueous buffers. RNA blot hybridization analysis of liver mRNA utilizing a Nco I/HindIII apo B-100 cDNA probe revealed that the apo B-100 mRNA is 15-18 kilobases long, which is of sufficient size to code for a 250-387 kDa apolipoprotein, the proposed molecular size of delipidated plasma apo B-100. The gene for human apo B-100 has been localized to chromosome 2 by filter hybridization of human-mouse somatic cell hybrids utilizing a 400-base-pair Nco I/HindIII apo B-100 cDNA probe. This location is in contrast to the low density lipoprotein receptor that has been localized to chromosome 19. The cloning of human apo B-100 has provided new insights into the structure and physicochemical properties of apo B-100 and will facilitate studies on the factors modulating apo B-100 biosynthesis and the expression of the apo B-100 gene in patients with dyslipoproteinemias.
Synthesis and analgesic activity of some spiro[dibenz[b,f]oxepin-10,4'-piperidine] derivatives (1979)

A series of 10,11-dihydro-11-oxospiro[dibenz[b,f]oxepin-10,4'-piperdine] derivatives (II) was synthesized and evaluated for analgesic activity in the phenylquinone writhing assay (PQW) and the tail-flick test in mice. Preliminary structure-activity correlations indicate that optimum activity is associated with a short-chain (R less than or equal to C2) N substituent and a nuclear fluorine function, as exemplified by 9b. This compound, when administered orally, was equipotent to morphine in protecting against mouse writhing. The observation that the PQW activity of 9b remained relatively unchanged after naloxone challenge seems to favor a nonnarcotic profile.