gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of Multiple Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtypes Prevents NMDA‐induced Excitotoxicity in Rat Hippocampal Slices (1996)

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) belong to a relative large receptor family consisting of multiple members with important roles in a number of brain functions. We report here that activation of mGluRs prevents the neurotoxic effect induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in slices from the rat hippocampus. Neuroprotection was elicited when slices were simultaneously exposed to both the selective mGluR agonist (+/-)-1-aminocyclopentane-trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (tACPD) and NMDA. Persisting stimulation of mGluRs after the toxic exposure did not improve the survival of pyramidal or granular cells. The neuroprotection elicited by tACPD toxic exposure did not improve the survival of pyramidal or granular cells. The neuroprotection elicited by tACPD was also evoked by its active isomer, (1S, 3R)-ACPD, and was prevented by the selective mGluR antagonist (+)-alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenyl-glycine (500 microM), confirming that mGluR activation is involved in the mechanism of action of tACPD. The effect of 100 microM tACPD was reproduced by 100 microM quisqualate, an agonist of mGluR2 and mGluR3 subtypes. No neuroprotection was induced by L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate, a selective agonist for mGluR4, mGluR6, mGluR7 and mGluR8, at 500 microM. Since the NMDA-mediated cell death in hippocampal slices is considered relevant to ischaemia-induced brain injury, these results indicate that mGluRs may be important safety devices used by neurons to decrease their sensitivity to excitotoxic stimuli and increase their chance of survival.
Antiviral Effect and Virus-Host Interactions in Response to Alpha Interferon, Gamma Interferon, Poly(I)-Poly(C), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, and Ribavirin in Hepatitis C Virus Subgenomic Replicons (2002)

The recently developed hepatitis C virus (HCV) subgenomic replicon system was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of several known antiviral agents. Cell lines that persistently maintained a genotype 1b replicon were selected. The replicon resident in each cell line had acquired adaptive mutations in the NS5A region that increased colony-forming efficiency, and some replicons had acquired NS3 mutations that alone did not enhance colony-forming efficiency but were synergistic with NS5A mutations. A replicon constructed from the infectious clone of the HCV-1 strain (genotype 1a) was not capable of inducing colony formation even after the introduction of adaptive mutations identified in the genotype 1b replicon. Alpha interferon (IFN-alpha), IFN-gamma, and ribavirin exhibited antiviral activity, while double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and tumor necrosis factor alpha did not. Analysis of transcript levels for a series of genes stimulated by IFN (ISGs) or dsRNA following treatment with IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, and dsRNA revealed that both IFNs increased ISG transcript levels, but that some aspect of the dsRNA response pathway was defective in Huh7 cells and replicon cell lines in comparison to primary chimpanzee and tamarin hepatocytes. The colony-forming efficiency of the replicon was reduced or eliminated following replication in the presence of ribavirin, implicating the induction of error-prone replication. The potential role of error-prone replication in the synergy observed between IFN-alpha and ribavirin in attaining sustained viral clearance is discussed. These studies reveal characteristics of Huh7 cells that may contribute to their unique capacity to support HCV RNA synthesis and demonstrate the utility of the replicon system for mechanistic studies on antiviral agents.
Removal of Cholesterol from Cheddar Cheese by β-Cyclodextrin (2002)

This study was carried out to determine the cholesterol removal rate and resulting changes in flavor, fatty acid and bitter amino acid production in reduced-cholesterol Cheddar cheese, made by cream separation followed by 10% beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) treatment. The cholesterol removal from the cheese was 92.1%. The production of short-chain free fatty acids (FFAs) increased the ripening time in control and cream-treated cheeses. The quantity of short-chain FFAs released between treatments during ripening was different, while not much difference was found in the production of neutral volatile compounds in the samples. Reduced-cholesterol cheese produced much higher levels of bitter amino acids than the control. In sensory analysis, the texture score of control Cheddar cheese increased significantly with ripening time; however, that of the cream treatment group decreased dramatically with ripening time. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the cheese made from beta-CD-treated cream had a higher rate of cholesterol removal and ripened rapidly.
Cytogenetic data as a prognostic factor in multiple myeloma patients: involvement of 1p12 region an adverse prognostic factor. (2005)

Further studies are indicated at the molecular level to clarify the exact role and the prognostic value of 1p12 involvement in MM patients.
Cerebellar neurodegeneration in the absence of microRNAs (2007)

Genome-encoded microRNAs (miRNAs) are potent regulators of gene expression. The significance of miRNAs in various biological processes has been suggested by studies showing an important role of these small RNAs in regulation of cell differentiation. However, the role of miRNAs in regulation of differentiated cell physiology is not well established. Mature neurons express a large number of distinct miRNAs, but the role of miRNAs in postmitotic neurons has not been examined. Here, we provide evidence for an essential role of miRNAs in survival of differentiated neurons. We show that conditional Purkinje cell-specific ablation of the key miRNA-generating enzyme Dicer leads to Purkinje cell death. Deficiency in Dicer is associated with progressive loss of miRNAs, followed by cerebellar degeneration and development of ataxia. The progressive neurodegeneration in the absence of Dicer raises the possibility of an involvement of miRNAs in neurodegenerative disorders.
SPECIFIC COMBINATION OF H AND L CHAINS OF RABBIT γ-GLOBULINS (1964)

Metacognition, the ability to reflect upon, and evaluate our own beliefs, can help us avoid making decisions based on unreliable evidence. Here, we provide empirical tests of the importance of human metacognition during the COVID-19 pandemic. ...Metacognition, our ability to reflect on our own beliefs, manifests itself in the confidence we have in these beliefs, and helps us guide our behavior in complex and uncertain environments. Here, we provide empirical tests of the importance of ...
Construction of Plasmid Expression Vectors Carrying theEscherichia coliTryptophan Promoter (1984)

A series of plasmid expression vectors carrying DNA fragments from 62 to 2600 base pairs with the E. coli tryptophan (trp) promoter and the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence for the trp leader peptide was constructed. To increase transcriptional levels, two or three trp promoter units were inserted in tandem in the same orientation. In addition, the transcriptional terminator of the E. coli lipoprotein gene was put downstream from the promoter. Most of these trp vectors possessed the restriction sites ClaI (or NruI) and HindIII in a region downstream near the SD sequence. These sites may favor the construction of recombinant plasmids enabling efficient expression of foreign genes.
Oligonucleotide conjugated multi-functional adeno-associated viruses (2018)

Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are among the most commonly used vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. However, their tropism is limited, and additionally their efficacy can be negatively affected by prevalence of neutralizing antibodies in sera. Methodologies to systematically engineer AAV capsid properties would thus be of great relevance. In this regard, we develop here multi-functional AAVs by engineering precision tethering of oligonucleotides onto the AAV surface, and thereby enabling a spectrum of nucleic-acid programmable functionalities. Towards this, we engineered genetically encoded incorporation of unnatural amino acids (UAA) bearing bio-orthogonal chemical handles onto capsid proteins. Via these we enabled site-specific coupling of oligonucleotides onto the AAV capsid surface using facile click chemistry. The resulting oligo-AAVs could be sequence specifically labeled, and also patterned in 2D using DNA array substrates. Additionally, we utilized these oligo conjugations to engineer viral shielding by lipid-based cloaks that efficaciously protected the AAV particles from neutralizing serum. We confirmed these 'cloaked AAVs' retained full functionality via their ability to transduce a range of cell types, and also enable robust delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 effectors. Taken together, we anticipate this programmable oligo-AAV system will have broad utility in synthetic biology and AAV engineering applications.
Human bone marrow stromal cell cultures conditioned by traumatic brain tissue extracts: Growth factor production (2002)

Treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) with bone marrow stromal cells (MSCs) improves functional outcome in the rat. However, the specific mechanisms by which introduced MSCs provide benefit remain to be elucidated. Currently, the ability of therapeutically transplanted MSCs to replace injured parenchymal CNS tissue appears limited at best. Tissue replacement, however, is not the only possible compensatory avenue in cell transplantation therapy. Various growth factors have been shown to mediate the repair and replacement of damaged tissue, so trophic support provided by transplanted MSCs may play a role in the treatment of damaged tissue. We therefore investigated the temporal profile of various growth factors, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor (NGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), within cultures of human MSCs (hMSCs) conditioned with cerebral tissue extract from TBI. hMSCs were cultured with TBI extracts of rat brain in vitro and quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were performed. TBI-conditioned hMSCs cultures demonstrated a time-dependent increase of BDNF, NGF, VEGF, and HGF, indicating a responsive production of these growth factors by the hMSCs. The ELISA data suggest that transplanted hMSCs may provide therapeutic benefit via a responsive secretion of an array of growth factors that can foster neuroprotection and angiogenesis.
Experimental investigations of organic molecular nonlinear optical polarizabilities. 2. A study of conjugation dependences (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExperimental investigations of organic molecular nonlinear optical polarizabilities. 2. A study of conjugation dependencesLap Tak Cheng, Wilson Tam, Seth R. Marder, Albert E. Stiegman, Geert Rikken, and Charles W. SpanglerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 26, 10643–10652Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100179a027https://doi.org/10.1021/j100179a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1275Altmetric-Citations490LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Differentiation of Striated Muscle Fibers in Monolayer Cultures of Rat Anterior Pituitary (1989)

Striated muscle fibers appeared in monolayer cultures of rat anterior pituitary cells maintained in αMinimum Essential Medium (αMEM). As muscle differentiation in cultures of pituitary cells under ordinary conditions has not hitherto been reported, an in vitro study was undertaken to determine what factor(s) is responsible for this myogenesis. When dispersed anterior pituitary cells were culrured in three different media, αMEM, Medium 199 and Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), only αMEM induced a high incidence of striated muscles. The nature of the serum (fetal calf, calf and horse) and its concentration (1-10%) did not affect myogenesis. In monolayers in αMEM, the sequence of differentiation of striated muscle was as follows: 1) Elongated cells, resembling myoblasts appeared; 2) these cells fused; and finally 3) cross striations appeared. Rhythmic contraction was most intense in striated muscle fibers, but it was also obsrved in myotubes without cross striations and even in myogenic cells before fusion. The possible origin of muscles in these pituitary cultures is discussed.
In vitro activity of the novel echinocandin CD101 at pH 7 and 4 against Candida spp. isolates from patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis (2017)

CD101 had potent activity against all Candida isolates tested, including azole-resistant strains. Although there was some reduction in activity at pH 4 versus 7, the resulting MIC values were still well below the intravaginal CD101 drug concentrations anticipated to be present following topical administration. These results support continued development of topical CD101 for the treatment of VVC/RVVC.
The Role of Bone Marrow in Bone Morphogenetic Protein-induced Repair of Femoral Massive Diaphyseal Defects (1982)

The midshaft of the femur of one-year-old rats was resected and the reparative process completely blocked by distraction of the bone ends with an omega-shaped wire. Bone repair extended retrograde instead of across the diaphyseal defect and invariably culminated in nonunion. New bone was induced to grow across the defect by implantation of BMP, and regeneration was similarly enhanced by transplantation of autologous marrow, but union was produced only by composite transplants of marrow and implants of BMP. Union occurred more rapidly from the transplant-implant composite than from autologous cortical bone. These observations suggest that bone marrow stroma cell include both pre-existing osteogenic precursor cells and mesenchymal cells that respond to BMP by differentiating into osteoblast for the repair of large femoral bone defects.
Tamoxifen Prevents Bone Loss in Castrated Male Mice (2000)

The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen was administered to intact and castrated male mice, and its effects on tibial bones and circulatory calcium, phosphate and testosterone were compared with controls and castrated animals. Tamoxifen in a dose used in humans for treatment of breast cancer decreased the weight of seminal vesicles, an organ which is highly sensitive to the androgenic effect, decreased the concentration of testosterone, but did not have any negative effect on bone density or mineral content in intact mice. When castrated mice with extraordinarily low concentrations of testosterone and weights of seminal vesicles were treated with tamoxifen, the changes in bone density and bone mineral resulting from castration were not only entirely prevented, but increased above the values of intact mice. At the same time, cortical bone was lost in orchidectomized mice, and this decrease in cortical thickness of femur was completely prevented by tamoxifen treatment. Pharmacological therapy with estrogen agonist on bone, tamoxifen in androgen deficient adult male mice prevents bone loss.
Protein phosphatase PP4 is involved in NHEJ-mediated repair of DNA double-strand breaks (2012)

Reversible phosphorylation is an essential posttranslational modification to turn on/off a protein function and to regulate many cellular activities, including DNA repair. A DNA double-strand break (DSB) is the most lethal form of DNA damage and is mainly fixed by the error-prone nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair and by the high-fidelity homology recombination (HR)-mediated repair. We found previously that protein phosphatase PP4 is required for HR-mediated DSB repair. In this report, we showed that depletion of PP4C by siRNA compromised NHEJ-mediated repair of DSBs induced by the nuclease I-SceI. Both PP4C and its regulatory subunit PP4R2 physically interacted with the chromatin condensation factor KAP1 (KRAB-associated protein 1). Depletion of PP4C led to sustained phosphorylation of KAP1 at Ser824. Conversely, overexpression of PP4C resulted in a decrease of KAP1 phosphorylation. PP4 dephosphorylated pKAP1 in vitro. Inhibition of KAP1 expression resulted in a defect on NHEJ-mediated DSB repair, and co-depletion of PP4c and KAP1 did not have significant synergistic effect on NHEJ-mediated DSB repair. Taken together, our results suggest that PP4C and KAP1 are in the same epistasis group, and PP4 is involved in NHEJ-mediated DSB repair, possibly through regulating the phosphorylation status of KAP1.
Complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase: partial amino acid homology with rat tyrosine hydroxylase. (1986)

We report here the isolation of a cDNA clone containing the full coding region of bovine phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMTase, EC 2.1.1.28, S-adenosyl-L-methionine:phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase). The complete nucleotide sequence of the cDNA has been determined, and the amino acid sequence of PNMTase deduced. Cultured cells transfected with an expression vector containing this cDNA produced high levels of PNMTase enzymatic activity. Antibodies specific for tyrosine hydroxylase [EC 1.14.16.2, tyrosine 3-monooxygenase; L-tyrosine, tetrahydrobiopterine: oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating)], the first enzyme in the catecholamine pathway, possess a striking affinity for the PNMTase protein synthesized in vitro. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of bovine PNMTase to rat tyrosine hydroxylase reveals that PNMTase shares significant homology with tyrosine hydroxylase and supports previous protein and immunological data suggesting that the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes are structurally related.
An update on solutions for red cell storage (2006)

Anticoagulant and nutrient solutions allow red blood cells to be stored and transported, enabling modern blood banking. The development of these solutions has been slow, covering 90 years, and the reasons for past formulations are best understood in a historical context. Modern red cell storage solutions work well for blood banks, allowing 5-7-week storage, which means more than 90% of collected units find a recipient. Improved scientific understanding of the red cell storage lesion has shown a way to make even better storage solutions, which maintain red cell metabolism and reduce membrane loss.
The effect of hybridization-induced secondary structure alterations on RNA detection using backscattering interferometry (2013)

Backscattering interferometry (BSI) has been used to successfully monitor molecular interactions without labeling and with high sensitivity. These properties suggest that this approach might be useful for detecting biomarkers of infection. In this report, we identify interactions and characteristics of nucleic acid probes that maximize BSI signal upon binding the respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid gene RNA biomarker. The number of base pairs formed upon the addition of oligonucleotide probes to a solution containing the viral RNA target correlated with the BSI signal magnitude. Using RNA folding software mfold, we found that the predicted number of unpaired nucleotides in the targeted regions of the RNA sequence generally correlated with BSI sensitivity. We also demonstrated that locked nucleic acid (LNA) probes improved sensitivity approximately 4-fold compared to DNA probes of the same sequence. We attribute this enhancement in BSI performance to the increased A-form character of the LNA:RNA hybrid. A limit of detection of 624 pM, corresponding to ∼10(5) target molecules, was achieved using nine distinct ∼23-mer DNA probes complementary to regions distributed along the RNA target. Our results indicate that BSI has promise as an effective tool for sensitive RNA detection and provides a road map for further improving detection limits.
HotDataTrap (2012)

Hot data identification is an issue of paramount importance in flash-based storage devices since it has a great impact on their overall performance as well as retains a big potential to be applicable to many other fields. However, it has been least investigated. HotDataTrap is a novel on-line hot data identification scheme adopting a sampling mechanism. This sampling-based algorithm enables HotDataTrap to early discard some of the cold items so that it can reduce runtime overheads and a waste of memory spaces. Moreover, its two-level hierarchical hash indexing scheme helps HotDataTrap directly look up a requested item in the cache and save a memory space further by exploiting spatial localities. Both our sampling approach and hierarchical hash indexing scheme empower HotDataTrap to precisely and efficiently identify hot data with a very limited memory space. Our extensive experiments with various realistic workloads demonstrate that our HotDataTrap outperforms the state-of-the-art scheme by an average of 335% and and our two-level hash indexing scheme considerably improves further HotDataTrap performance up to 50.8%.
Improved Modification of Yeast Uricase with PolyethyleneGlycol, Accompanied with Nonimmunoreactivity towards Anti-Uricase Serum and High Enzymic Activity (1981)

The highly purified uricase from Candida utilis was modified with 2,4-bis(O-methoxypolyethylene glycol)-6-chloro-s-triazine (activated PEG2), which was synthesized from monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (MW 5,000) and cyanuric chloride. Modification of approximately 36 out of the total 98 amino groups in the uricase molecule led to the complete loss of the binding ability towards antiuricase serum from rabbit with the retention of high enzymic activity (45% of native uricase). The modified uricale cleared more slowly from the plasma of mice compared with native uricase.
Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction (2011)

The prevalence of obesity and related disorders such as metabolic syndrome has vastly increased throughout the world. Recent insights have generated an entirely new perspective suggesting that our microbiota might be involved in the development of these disorders. Studies have demonstrated that obesity and metabolic syndrome may be associated with profound microbiotal changes, and the induction of a metabolic syndrome phenotype through fecal transplants corroborates the important role of the microbiota in this disease. Dietary composition and caloric intake appear to swiftly regulate intestinal microbial composition and function. As most findings in this field of research are based on mouse studies, the relevance to human biology requires further investigation.