gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Definition and Characterization of an Inhibitor for Interleukin-31 (2010)

Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a recently described T cell-derived cytokine, mainly produced by T helper type 2 cells and related to the IL-6 cytokine family according to its structure and receptor. IL-31 is the ligand for a heterodimeric receptor composed of a gp130-like receptor (GPL) associated with the oncostatin M receptor (OSMR). A link between IL-31 and atopic dermatitis was shown by studying the phenotype of IL-31 transgenic mice and IL-31 gene haplotypes in patients suffering from dermatitis. In this study, we generated a potent IL-31 antagonist formed by external portions of OSMR and GPL fused with a linker. This fusion protein, OSMR-L-GPL, consisting of 720 amino acids, counteracted the binding of IL-31 to its membrane receptor complex and the subsequent signaling events involving the STATs and MAPK pathways. Neutralizing effects were found in IL-31-sensitive cell lines, including brain-derived cells and primary cultures of keratinocytes.
A New Semiconductor Photocell Using Lateral Photoeffect (1957)

The effect of illumination of a semiconductor junction is, as is well-known, a photovoltage between the two sides of the junction. In this article it will be shown that a nonuniform illuimination gives a lateral photovoltage parallel to the junction in addition to the (transverse) photovoltage mentioned above. A photocell will be described that uses the lateral effect and can detect the position of a light spot to less than 100 Å. By utilizing an associated lens or aperture, one can measure an angular motion smaller than 0.1 second of arc. The output voltage of the cell is a linear function of the position of the light spot, with zero output for the light spot in the center, reversing in sign when the light spot changes from one side to the other of the center position. The linearity is better than 1.5 per cent over a distance of 0.030 inch. The equivalent noise resistance of the cell is equal to its output resistance, approximately 100 ohms. The sensitivity of the cell is approximately 200 microamperes per lumen and its frequency response is about the same as that of junction transistors. The response curve can be shifted by the application of a voltage between the base contacts. This is an electronic equivalent of a mechanical translation of the cell. It is also possible to do the equivalent of "chopping" the light by applying a modulating voltage to the alloyed dot.
Facilitated Expansion of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Single‐Cell Enzymatic Dissociation (2007)

Traditionally, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are propagated by mechanical dissection or enzymatic dissociation into clusters of cells. To facilitate up-scaling and the use of hESC in various experimental manipulations, such as fluorescence-activated cell sorting, electroporation, and clonal selection, it is important to develop new, stable culture systems based on single-cell enzymatic propagation. Here, we show that hESCs, which were derived and passaged by mechanical dissection, can be rapidly adjusted to propagation by enzymatic dissociation to single cells. As an indication of the stability of this culture system, we demonstrate that hESCs can be maintained in an undifferentiated, pluripotent, and genetically normal state for up to 40 enzymatic passages. We also demonstrate that a recombinant trypsin preparation increases clonal survival compared with porcine trypsin. Finally, we show that human foreskin fibroblast feeders are superior to the commonly used mouse embryonic fibroblast feeders in terms of their ability to prevent spontaneous differentiation after single-cell passaging. Importantly, the culture system is widely applicable and should therefore be of general use to facilitate reliable large-scale cultivation of hESCs, as well as their use in various experimental manipulations. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Eccentric contraction-induced injury of mouse soleus muscle: effect of varying [Ca2+]o (1994)

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of varying extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]o) on eccentric contraction-induced muscle injury. Isolated mouse soleus muscles (n = 64) performed either 20 eccentric or 20 isometric contractions over a 40-min period in a Krebs buffer containing 0.5, 1.25, or 5.0 mM Ca2+. Measurements of contractile function and lactate dehydrogenase accumulation in the buffer were then made every 15 min for 2 h. Prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, and tyrosine accumulation in the incubation medium and total muscle [Ca2+] were measured at the end of the experiment. Reductions in maximal isometric tetanic force for muscles immediately after performance of 20 eccentric and 20 isometric contractions were 21.1 +/- 1.4 and 1.2 +/- 0.7%, respectively. Total muscle [Ca2+] was 28-37% higher in muscles that performed eccentric contractions than in those that performed isometric contractions. However, estimates made with a confocal laser scanning microscope and fluo 3 do not indicate that there was a difference in free cytosolic [Ca2+] between fibers from injured and control muscles. Also, leukotriene B4, prostaglandin E2, and tyrosine accumulation in the buffer from muscles that performed eccentric contractions was not elevated over that from muscles that performed isometric contractions. Furthermore, lactate dehydrogenase accumulation and reductions of contractile function over the 2-h incubation period were not enhanced by higher [Ca2+]o or influenced by the type of contraction. These findings suggest that muscles that were injured by eccentric contractions were able to buffer the increased influx of extracellular Ca2+, maintain a normal free cytosolic [Ca2+], and avoid activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive degradative pathways.
Human homologue of murine tumor rejection antigen gp96: 5'-regulatory and coding regions and relationship to stress-induced proteins. (1990)

Cell-surface glycoproteins of 96 kDa (gp96) have been implicated in immunogenicity of methylcholanthrene-induced mouse sarcomas in syngeneic hosts. In view of the potential immunogenicity of gp96-related molecules in human tumors, we have defined the 5'-regulatory and complete coding regions of a human gp96 transcript. The 5'-regulatory region contains an imperfect heat shock element apart from other regulatory sequences. The amino acid sequence of human gp96 is 96% homologous to its murine counterpart and genes for the two molecules show significant homology between untranslated regions. Comparison of gp96 sequences to other sequences in DNA and protein data bases indicates significant homology with the stress proteins 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein (grp94) and 108-kDa heat shock protein (hsp108) and 99-kDa endoplasmic reticular protein (ERp99). These molecules are either identical or represent a family of closely related molecules. With regard to their role in tumor immunity, it needs to be determined whether gp96 molecules are tumor antigens per se or whether they serve as carriers of other immunogenic moieties.
Efficient high-speed near-infrared Ge photodetectors integrated on Si substrates (2000)

We have fabricated Ge/Si heterojunction photodetectors with high responsivities of 550 mA/W at 1.32 μm and 250 mA/W at 1.55 μm and time responses shorter than 850 ps. High quality Ge was epitaxially grown on Si using ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition followed by cyclic thermal annealing. The beneficial effect of the post-growth thermal annealing on the electrical properties of Ge epilayers, due to the reduction of threading-dislocation densities, is confirmed by the dramatic enhancement of the performance of the photodetectors.
Developmental Changes in the Free Amino Acid Pool and Total Protein Amino Acids of Pea Cotyledons (Pisum sativum L.) (1983)

Changes in the levels of twenty-two free amino acids and in the amino acid composition of the total protein were measured throughout the development of cotyledons of a dwarf garden pea, Pisum sativum cv Greenfeast, grown in a constant environment. A sensitive double-isotope dansylation technique was used. Fresh weight, dry weight, and protein content were also followed. Twenty of the amino acids showed synchronous changes in levels, giving a developmental pattern containing four peaks; major peaks occurred very early and very late in development. The amino acid composition of the total protein, which was always very different from that of the free amino acid pool, showed early changes to one consistent with the final storage protein composition of the seed. These changes included a 50% drop in methionine content and a 70% rise in cysteine. While the maximum free methionine level occurred early in development, that of cysteine was late.
Spontaneous Remission of Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report and Immunological Correlates (1994)

Spontaneous remission of renal cell carcinoma is a rare occurrence for which immunological factors have been implicated as a possible mechanism. We report a case of spontaneous remission of metastatic renal cell carcinoma in which we assayed various immune parameters. At remission we found no enhancement of natural killer cell, lymphokine-activated killer cell or lymphocyte proliferative response.
Membranous and cytoplasmic staining of Ki67 is associated with HER2 and ER status in invasive breast carcinoma (2009)

Membranous/cytoplasmic Ki67 identifies a group of breast carcinomas that may be important to consider separately in prognostic and predictive studies. The mechanism of subcellular Ki67 relocalization remains elusive and further studies are required to establish both the cause and effect of this unusual pattern of Ki67 immunoreactivity.
Feasible characteristic evaluations of resonant tank PWM inverter-linked DC-DC high-power converters for medical-use high-voltage application (2002)

The main purpose of this study is to describe the particular characteristic features and inherent benefits of series, parallel and series-parallel resonant tank inverter-fed DC-DC power converters with a high-voltage high-frequency transformer link for medical-use X-ray high-voltage power generators from a practical application viewpoint, along with a specially-designed high-voltage transformer and its dynamic circuit modeling considering iron and copper loss resistances. An effective method to take advantage of the harmful parasitic resonant circuit parameters of the high-voltage high-frequency transformers which are used in three typical resonant tank circuit topologies and their output voltage performances in both the steady and dynamic-states are comparatively discussed. The dynamic and steady-state characteristics of these resonant power converters are evaluated on the basis of computer simulation results under the conditions of wide allowable load ranges used in actual X-ray high-voltage DC power generators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Co-localization of elements required for phorbol ester stimulation and glucocorticoid repression of proliferin gene expression. (1989)

Proliferin (PLF) gene expression provides a model of growth-related transcriptional activation in mouse cells. Transcription from a cloned PLF promoter is inducible by phorbol esters, and this induction involves a region of 31 bp that includes an AP-1 site and a cluster of sites similar to the simian virus 40 (SV40) SphI element. The mutation of either the AP-1 or the SphI sites abolishes phorbol ester induction, and the transfer of this 31-bp sequence to a site upstream of a minimal promoter is sufficient to confer phorbol-ester responsiveness. In contrast to phorbol esters, glucocorticoids repress PLF transcription, which results in a reduced accumulation of PLF mRNA in serum-stimulated cells. Repression is dependent on the glucocorticoid receptor, which binds to the PLF promoter in a region that includes the AP-1 site, and the 31-bp phorbol ester 12-O-tetra decanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-inducible region is sufficient to mediate glucocorticoid repression. In addition, extracts from glucocorticoid-treated and untreated mouse cells are found to differ in the nature of the protein complexes that interact with the AP-1 site.
Deregulation of a Hox Protein Regulatory Network Spanning Prostate Cancer Initiation and Progression (2012)

These data implicate deregulation of the Hox protein cofactors Meis1, Meis2, and Pbx1 as serving a critical function to suppress prostate cancer initiation and progression.
Effects of peripheral sensory input on cortical inhibition in humans (2002)

Cortical inhibitory systems play an important role in motor output. The motor cortex can be inhibited by intracortical mechanisms and by peripheral sensory inputs. We examined whether cortical inhibition from peripheral sensory input is mediated through previously identified intracortical inhibitory systems and how these inhibitory systems interact. Two types of intracortical inhibition were assessed by paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) was determined with a subthreshold conditioning stimulus (CS) followed by a test stimulus 2 ms later and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) with suprathreshold conditioning and test stimuli 100 ms apart. Cortical inhibition from peripheral sensory input was induced by median nerve stimulation (MNS) of the right hand and followed by a suprathreshold TMS over the left motor cortex 200 ms later. The first set of experiments tested the effects of different test stimulus intensities on SICI, LICI and cortical inhibition induced by median nerve stimulation (MNSI). With higher test stimulus intensities, LICI and MNSI decreased whereas SICI showed a trend towards an increase. The extent of SICI, LICI and MNSI did not correlate. The second experiment assessed the interaction between MNSI and LICI. The results of applying MNSI and LICI simultaneously were compared with MNSI and LICI alone. MNSI was virtually abolished in the presence of LICI and LICI was also significantly decreased in the presence of MNSI. Thus, the effects of MNSI and LICI when applied together were much less than their expected additive effects when applied alone. The degree of interaction between MNSI and LICI was related to the combined strength of MNSI and LICI but not to the strength of LICI alone. The third experiment investigated the interaction between SICI and MNSI. MNSI and SICI were applied together and the results were compared with MNSI and SICI alone. SICI remained unchanged in the presence of MNSI. We conclude that MNSI is mediated by circuits distinct from those mediating LICI or SICI. The MNSI circuits seem to have an inhibitory interaction with the LICI circuits, whereas the SICI and MNSI circuits do not seem to interact.
Preferential contribution of B7‐H1 to programmed death‐1‐mediated regulation of hapten‐specific allergic inflammatory responses (2003)

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands, B7-H1/PD-L1 and B7-DC/PD-L2, are new CD28-B7 family members that may be involved in the regulation of immune responses. We examined the roles of these molecules in mouse hapten-induced contact hypersensitivity (CH). Administration of anti-PD-1 mAb at sensitization significantly enhanced and prolonged ear swelling. Treatment with anti-B7-H1 mAb, but not anti-B7-DC mAb, also enhanced CH reactions. The anti-PD-1 mAb treatment at sensitization significantly increased the T cell number of draining lymph nodes (DLN). B7-H1 was induced on activated T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the skin and the DLN, whereas B7-DC expression was restricted to dendritic cells (DC) in the dermis and the DLN. A particular subset of DC, B7-H1(+)B7-DC(-)CD86(low), was found in sensitized DLN. The blockade of B7-H1, but not B7-DC, dramatically enhanced the initial T cell proliferative responses against hapten-pulsed DLN APC, suggesting the preferential contribution of B7-H1 to the T cell-APC interaction. Our results demonstrate the regulatory role of PD-1 and the differential roles of B7-H1 and B7-DC in hapten-induced immune responses. The PD-1-B7-H1 pathway may play a unique role in regulating inflammatory responses.
Comparative evaluation of a commercial enzyme immunoassay for the detection of human antibody to Rickettsia typhi (1995)

A commercial enzyme immunoassay kit called the Dip-S-Ticks (DS) for the detection of total immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM human antibodies to Rickettsia typhi was evaluated. In tests with 340 serum samples from patients with diagnosed cases of rickettsial diseases, patients suffering from other febrile illnesses, and normal subjects, the DS compared favorably with the standard indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) test. At IFA cutoff titers of > or = 1.64 and > or = 1:128, the DS showed sensitivities of 88.2 and 91.4% and specificities of 91.8 and 87.7%, respectively. The DS test correlated significantly with both the IFA IgG (r = 0.84, P < 0.0005) and IgM (r = 0.63, P < 0.0005) titers. Only 80% of IgG and 82% of IgM IFA readings determined by two technicians were within one dilution, while the DS was more reliable, with 100% within one dot. The rapidity, reliability, and simplicity of the DS suggest that it is a suitable test for use in clinical laboratories unable to perform the IFA test.
Multi-Vehicle Collision Avoidance via Hamilton-Jacobi Reachability and Mixed Integer Programming (2016)

Multi-agent differential games are important and useful tools for analyzing many practical problems. With the recent surge of interest in using UAVs for civil purposes, the importance and urgency of developing tractable multi-agent analysis techniques that provide safety and performance guarantees is at an all-time high. Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) reachability has successfully provided safety guarantees to small-scale systems and is flexible in terms of system dynamics. However, the exponential complexity scaling of HJ reachability prevents its direct application to large scale problems when the number of vehicles is greater than two. In this paper, we overcome the scalability limitations of HJ reachability by using a mixed integer program that exploits the properties of HJ solutions to provide higher-level control logic. Our proposed method provides safety guarantee for three-vehicle systems -- a previously intractable task for HJ reachability -- without incurring significant additional computation cost. Furthermore, our method is scalable beyond three vehicles and performs significantly better by several metrics than an extension of pairwise collision avoidance to multi-vehicle collision avoidance. We demonstrate our proposed method in simulations.
Recovery of brain blood flow changes from diffuse correlation spectroscopy data using a layered Monte Carlo forward model (2014)

We use a layered Monte Carlo model of diffuse correlation spectroscopy together with multi-distance measurements to more accurately recover cerebral blood flow changes. We also suggest a method to estimate skull/scalp thickness from the data.
Pharmacology of the Endothelium in Ischemia-Reperfusion and Circulatory Shock (1993)

Endothelial dysfunction is an important early-recurring phenomenon in virtually all forms of ischemia-reperfusion, including a variety of circulatory shock states. The dysfunction appears to be triggered within 2.5 min of the endothelial generation of a large burst of superoxide radicals. However, the initial dysfunction may be amplified by neutrophil-generated factors including oxygen-derived free radicals, cytokines, proteases, and lipid mediators. Moreover, adhesive molecules on the surface of the PMN, along with their ligands on the endothelial cell membrane, appear to promote endothelial dysfunction in ways that may go beyond the adherence of neutrophils on the endothelial surface. These interactions remain to be elucidated but may involve intricate cell signaling pathways. A variety of pharmacologic agents exert endothelial protective effects in ischemia-reperfusion and circulatory shock states. Table 1 summarizes these agents and indicates the major mechanism of preservation of the endothelium. These substances can be classified into three broad categories: (a) substances replacing endogenous cytoprotective agents of endothelial origin including prostacyclin (PGI2), endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF), and adenosine: the endothelium protecting agents include these substances as well as stable analogs of PGI2, and nitric oxide donors; (b) substances that inhibit pro-inflammatory mediators of endothelial origin: the pro-inflammatory agents are primarily platelet activating factor (PAF) and oxygen-derived free radicals (e.g. superoxide radicals) although other mediators may be involved. The therapeutic agents useful in this area are PAF receptor antagonists and free radical scavengers (e.g. superoxide dismutase); (c) substances that inhibit neutrophils or neutrophil-derived mediators: the major neutrophil-derived mediators are oxygen-derived free radicals, cytokines (e.g. TNF alpha and IL-1 beta), proteases (e.g. elastase), and lipid mediators (e.g. LTB4). In addition, adhesive molecules on the neutrophil surface and their endothelial ligands promote endothelial dysfunction and the action of adherent neutrophils. Agents that inhibit some of these mediators are transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), elastase inhibitors, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) receptor antagonists and monoclonal antibodies to adhesive proteins (e.g. anti-CD18, anti-ICAM-1). Further work is needed to clarify these findings and to determine the physiologic and pathophysiologic interactions among these diverse agents. This topic of endothelial dysfunction represents a fertile area for further investigation to elucidate the complex mechanisms of neutrophil-endothelial interactions. These interactions lead to neutrophil adherence to the endothelium, neutrophil migration into the underlying tissues, and subsequent tissue injury (e.g. myocardial reperfusion injury).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Serum and thyroid hormones T3 and T4 regulate nerve growth factor mRNA levels in mouse L cells (1985)

Mouse L cells synthesize and secrete a neurotrophic factor related to the beta subunit of the submaxillary gland nerve growth factor (NGF) of male mice. Use of a cDNA probe which encodes the beta-NGF mRNA demonstrated that L cells produce a transcript identical in size to that of the submaxillary gland. Moreover, target sites of restriction enzymes EcoRI, PstI and BamHI were not significantly rearranged in the beta-NGF gene locus of these cells. The abundance of the beta-NGF transcript was found to depend on culture conditions. Removal of serum depressed the cellular content of polyadenylated RNA by a factor of 1.7, and decreased specifically the pool of beta-NGF transcript by an additional factor of 4. The presence of 10(-7) M testosterone in the serum-free medium did not modify the level of beta-NGF mRNA, while addition of 10(-7) M T3 (or T4) increased this level by a factor of 1.5. These data provide the first evidence that the beta-NGF mRNA of L cells is subjected to regulation, but in a way apparently different from that described for the submaxillary gland.