gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical Efficacy and Side Effects of Acitretin on the Disorders of Keratinization: A One‐year Study (1993)

Acitretin, Ro 10-1670, the principal and free acid metabolite of etretinate, was used to treat twenty patients with disorders of keratinization. An open, prospective study of clinical efficacy, tolerability, and the effects of acitretin on lipid metabolism, hepatic function, and the osteoarticular system was performed over a one year period. Each patient was initially treated with 30 mg/day of acitretin or approximately 0.6 mg/kg/day. Doses were adjusted according to the clinical efficacy and maintained for one year. There were no statistically significant changes in liver function tests or lipid profile. Twelve of eighteen evaluated patients developed asymptomatic skeletal changes; the most common change was disc space narrowing, especially at thoracic-spine level (7 of 18 patients). The earliest bone change was detected 9 months after treatment. Acitretin is effective in improving the disorders of keratinization with mild mucocutaneous side effects and asymptomatic osteoarticular changes.
Cyclophosphamide and Cisplatin Compared with Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Patients with Stage III and Stage IV Ovarian Cancer (1996)

Incorporating paclitaxel into first-line therapy improves the duration of progression-free survival and of overall survival in women with incompletely resected stage III and stage IV ovarian cancer.
Orthogonally Protected Lanthionines:  Synthesis and Use for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of an Analogue of Nisin Ring C (2005)

[structure: see text] Lanthionine, a thioether analogue of cystine, is a key component of the lantibiotics, a family of modified peptides bearing multiple thioether bridges resulting from posttranslational modifications between side chains. It is also used as a conformational constraint in medicinally active peptides. We have explored two synthetic routes to give lanthionine, orthogonally protected with Alloc/allyl and Fmoc groups. One route utilized a carbamate-protected iodoalanine that yielded a mixture of diastereoisomers, and one utilized a trityl-protected iodoalanine, formed via a Mitsunobu reaction, that gave the single desired lanthionine, in complete regio- and diastereoselectivity. We then used this orthogonally protected lanthionine in the solid-phase synthesis of an analogue of a fragment of nisin containing its ring C. The chemoselective deprotection of the allyl and Alloc groups of the incorporated lanthionine unit was followed by regio- and stereoselective cyclization on resin to give the desired lanthionine-bridged peptide.
Derivation of Hair-Inducing Cell from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2015)

Dermal Papillae (DP) is a unique population of mesenchymal cells that was shown to regulate hair follicle formation and growth cycle. During development most DP cells are derived from mesoderm, however, functionally equivalent DP cells of cephalic hairs originate from Neural Crest (NC). Here we directed human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to generate first NC cells and then hair-inducing DP-like cells in culture. We showed that hESC-derived DP-like cells (hESC-DPs) express markers typically found in adult human DP cells (e.g., p-75, nestin, versican, SMA, alkaline phosphatase) and are able to induce hair follicle formation when transplanted under the skin of immunodeficient NUDE mice. Engineered to express GFP, hESC-derived DP-like cells incorporate into DP of newly formed hair follicles and express appropriate markers. We demonstrated that BMP signaling is critical for hESC-DP derivation since BMP inhibitor dorsomorphin completely eliminated hair-inducing activity from hESC-DP cultures. DP cells were proposed as the cell-based treatment for hair loss diseases. Unfortunately human DP cells are not suitable for this purpose because they cannot be obtained in necessary amounts and rapidly loose their ability to induce hair follicle formation when cultured. In this context derivation of functional hESC-DP cells capable of inducing a robust hair growth for the first time shown here can become an important finding for the biomedical science.
Community-associated Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus, Switzerland (2005)

Two case-control studies evaluated the prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) carriage at hospital admission and characteristics of patients with CA-MRSA. Among 14,253 patients, CA-MRSA prevalence was 0.9/1,000 admissions. Although 5 CA-MRSA isolates contained Panton-Valentine leukocidin, only 1 patient had a previous skin infection. No easily modifiable risk factor for CA-MRSA was identified.
[Phage T7 RNA-polymerase: gene cloning and its structure]. (1984)

Gene 1.0 to T7 phage coding for a phage-specific RNA polymerase has been cloned in a plasmid vector. One of the clones obtained, viz. E. coli K12 HB101 (pSK-T7-1.0a), produced an active T7 RNA polymerase as revealed by the fact that its extract stimulated RNA synthesis on the T7 DNA template in the presence of rifampicin. Analysis of gene 1.0 fragments isolated from pSK-T7-1.0a plasmid made it possible to refine the sequence of this gene which has been recently published by the authors of the present paper and, independently, by other workers. Another plasmid, pSK-T7-1.0b, did not differ from pSK-T7-1.0a in the restriction map. However, it failed to induce production of a rifampicin-insensitive RNA polymerase. Sequencing revealed a deletion of one T residue in gene 1.0 present in this plasmid.
Skin‐infiltrating Lymphocytes in Normal and Disordered Skin: Activation Signals and Functional Roles in Psoriasis and Mycosis Fungoides‐type Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma (1992)

Abstract T lymphocytes recruited into the skin can experience several different outcomes. On the one hand, they may be recruited by adhesion molecules and chemoattractants to enter the perivascular space, but never undergo activation. Other T cells undergo activation and further differentiation under the influence of the cutaneous milieu. These activated lymphocytes then coordinate specific and non‐specific immune responses characteristic of inflamed tissue. We have explored two models for studying the activation and function of skin infiltrating T lymphocytes (SIL's). In the first model, we have identified a family of Langerhans cell‐related professional dendritic antigen presenting cells that exist in the epidermis and dermis of normal skin, atopic skin, and mycosis fungoides skin. These have APC abilities to activate freshly recruited resting blood T cells that are distinct from another family of macrophage‐related cells abnormally present in sunburned or psoriatic skin. In the second model, we examined the function of cells that have already been recruited into the skin of patients with psoriasis and mycosis fungoides. Lesional psoriasis and mycosis fungoides T cells exhibited a variety of T cell receptor gene rearrangements, conclusively demonstrating that heterogeneous populations of T lymphocytes exist in inflamed human skin. From psoriasis, clones were identified that were particularly effective at inducing normal keratinocytes to assume “psoriatic” phenotypic features and functions. Thus, lesional psoriatic SIL's could induce HLA‐DR, ICAM, and CDw60 on normal keratinocytes. In addition, psoriatic SIL's induced increased keratinocyte proliferation and cytokine profile changes characteristic of psoriatic epidermis. In conclusion, certain APC subsets dominate epidermal and dermal compartments in normal and diseased skin, and may influence the level of activation and type of differentiation of freshly recruited SIL's. Established SIL's demonstrate functions that serve to propagate the self sustaining pathophysiology of chronic disease.
High-Volume Natural Pozzolan Concrete for Structural Applications (2007)

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Liposome Supported Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Interaction Mechanism, Light Controlled Content Release, and Intracellular Delivery (2014)

Zwitterionic phosphotydylcholine lipo-somes stably adsorb a number of metal oxide nanoparticles via its phosphate group. This is different from physisorption and fusion with SiO2. The hybrid materials can be internalized by cancer cells and TiO2 allows light controlled liposome content release.
Packet data capacity in a wideband CDMA system (2002)

An analytical formula similar to the Qualcomm capacity formula for speech is theoretically derived for cellular packet data with ARQ. The value of the target E/sub b//N/sub 0/ that gives the highest system capacity can from the formula together with the E/sub b//N/sub 0/ to BLER (block error rate) mapping be found. (We define a block to be the smallest unit that is re-transmissible on the air-interface.) The system capacity can be found except for a multiplicative constant which depends on the reuse and on the path loss function. System simulations aiming for confirming the theory has been performed for a downlink 32 kbps data channel in a CDMA test system with non-orthogonal DL. Results for the alpha-group concept (WCDMA) in ETSI are also shown. The optimal value of the target E/sub b//N/sub 0/ found by simulations is very close to the one given by the theory. Furthermore, the ratio of the capacity in the two cases investigated (with and without fast PC) is very close to what was predicted by the theory. The result in this paper indicate that using the theory makes it possible to optimize coding, interleaving and block size with respect to system capacity by only performing link simulations. Hence, system simulations are probably not needed for this optimization procedure.
Antenna characterization for the Wideband Instrument for Snow Measurements (WISM) (2015)

Experimental characterization of the antenna for the Wideband Instrument for Snow Measurement (WISM) under development for the NASA Earth Science Technology Office (ESTO) Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), is discussed. A current sheet antenna, consisting of a small, 6×6 element, dual-linear polarized array with integrated beamformer, feeds an offset parabolic reflector, enabling WISM operation over an 8 to 40 GHz frequency band. An overview of the test program implemented for both the feed and the reflector antenna is given along with select results for specific frequencies utilized by the radar and radiometric sensors of the WISM.
M icroHeatPipes and O\her High Thermal Conductivity Materials into Microchannel Heat Sinks - (1998)

Multi-Chip Modules (MCMs) have benefited from the use of microchannels for the effective removal of heat. This paper covers an investigation in which micro-heat pipes and other high thermal conductivity materials (such as graphite) have been incorporated in different configurations into MCM's microchannel heat sink designs. The addil:ion of micro-heat pipes into a microchannel heat sink system allows for the increase of heat dissipation capabilities without increasing the flow- through (pumping power). It will be shown here computational studieis in which the following parameters are changed fin material, fin height, heat pipe configuration, pumping power. The numerical simulations were carried out using ICEPAK which is a commercial finite e:lement CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamic) software package by Fluent, Inc. Results indicate that higher heat transfer rates are indeed achieved by incorporating micro heat pipes and other high thermal conductivity materials into microchannel heat sinks. Typical increases in heat transfer out of the systems was found to be roughly of the order of 10-20% overplain microchannels for same flow rate and pressure
Ionic requirements for RNA binding, cleavage, and ligation by the hairpin ribozyme (1993)

Metal ion requirements for RNA binding, cleavage, and ligation by the hairpin ribozyme have been analyzed. RNA cleavage is observed when Mg2+, Sr2+, or Ca2+ are added to a 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer, indicating that these divalent cations were capable of supporting the reaction. No reaction was observed when other ions (Mn2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Ba2+, Na+, K+, Li+, NH4+, Rb+, and Cs+) were tested. In the absence of added metal ions, spermidine can induce a very slow ribozyme-catalyzed cleavage reaction that is not quenched by chelating agents (EDTA and EGTA) that are capable of quenching the metal-dependent reaction. Addition of Mn2+ to a reaction containing 2 mM spermidine increases the rate of the catalytic step by at least 100-fold. Spermidine also reduces the magnesium requirement for the reaction and strongly stimulates activity at limiting Mg2+ concentrations. There are no special ionic requirements for formation of the initial ribozyme-substrate complex--analysis of complex formation using native gels and kinetic assays shows that the ribozyme can bind substrate in 40 mM Tris-HCl buffer. Complex formation is inhibited by both Mn2+ and Co2+. Ionic requirements for the ribozyme-catalyzed ligation reaction are very similar to those for the cleavage reaction. We propose a model for catalysis by the hairpin ribozyme that is consistent with these findings. Formation of an initial ribozyme-substrate complex occurs without the obligatory involvement of divalent cations. Ions (e.g., Mg2+) can then bind to form a catalytically proficient complex, which reacts and dissociates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Photothermal flow cytometry in vitro for detection and imaging of individual moving cells (2007)

PT cytometry can be extended to the study of cells in flow. This new technique increases the speed of cell analysis approximately 10(2) times over that of conventional PT technique, with the potential to achieve a rate of 10(4)-10(5) cells/s in specific PT applications, which has previously been realized only with cells under static conditions.
The role of the Cys191-Cys220 disulfide bond in trypsin: new targets for engineering substrate specificity (1997)

The S1 binding site of trypsin is cross-linked by the conserved Cys191-Cys220 disulfide bond. The substitution of Cys191 and Cys220 with Ala decreases the activity of trypsin by 20-200-fold as measured by kcat/K(m) for the hydrolysis of amide substrates; in contrast, ester hydrolysis is decreased by < 10-fold. Similar decreases are observed in the hydrolysis of oligopeptide and single amino acid substrates. This decrease in activity results from a decrease in the acylation rate. The substrate binding and deacylation rate are not affected by the loss of the disulfide bond. C191A/C220A binds BPTI with the same affinity as trypsin, although the affinity of benzamidine is decreased 10-fold and the affinity of leupeptin is decreased 1000-fold. The CD spectrum of C191A/C220A displays significant differences from that of trypsin; these differences most likely result from the loss of the disulfide chromophore, although perturbation of enzyme structure cannot be discounted. The loss of the Cys191-Cys220 disulfide has no effect on the stability of trypsin as measured by urea denaturation. Single and double substitutions of Ser at positions 191 and 220 have a similar activity to C191A/C220A. These results indicate that the Cys191-Cys220 disulfide bond is not essential for the function, structure or stability of trypsin.
Polar-loop transmitter (1979)

A new approach to the design of s.s.b. transmitters, which overcomes the problems of the present-day transmitters, is proposed. This is based on the generation of r.f. energy at channel frequency and the use of a feedback control system to regulate the output spectrum of the transmitter so that it approximates arbitrarily closely to that of a low-level s.s.b. signal generated in a conventional way. The principles of design are applicable to all frequencies and power levels, and also readily adaptable to other modes of modulation.
Self-Assembly of Proteins into Designed Networks (2003)

A C4-symmetric tetrameric aldolase was used to produce a quadratic network consisting of the enzyme as a rigid four-way connector and stiff streptavidin rods as spacers. Each aldolase subunit was furnished with a His6 tag for oriented binding to a planar surface and two tethered biotins for binding streptavidin in an oriented manner. The networks were improved by starting with composite units and also by binding to nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid-lipid monolayers. The mesh was adjustable in 5-nanometer increments. The production of a net with switchable mesh was initiated with the use of a calcium ion-containing beta-helix spacer that denatured on calcium ion depletion.
Dispersion of soluble matter in solvent flowing slowly through a tube (1953)

Abstract When a soluble substance is introduced into a fluid flowing slowly through a small-bore tube it spreads out under the combined action of molecular diffusion and the variation of velocity over the cross-section. It is shown analytically that the distribution of concentration produced in this way is centred on a point which moves with the mean speed of flow and is symmetrical about it in spite of the asymmetry of the flow. The dispersion along the tube is governed by a virtual coefficient of diffusivity which can be calculated from observed distributions of concentration. Since the analysis relates the longitudinal diffusivity to the coefficient of molecular diffusion, observations of concentration along a tube provide a new method for measuring diffusion coefficients. The coefficient so obtained was found, with potassium permanganate, to agree with that measured in other ways. The results may be useful to physiologists who may wish to know how a soluble salt is dispersed in blood streams.
Elution of Antibiotics from a Novel Cross-linked Dextran Gel: In vivo Quantification (2009)

Amikacin-, vancomycin- or amikacin/clindamycin-impregnated gel was placed subcutaneously on either side of horses' necks a total of 6 times each. Interstitial fluid was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours, and days 2 through 10, via capillary ultrafiltration probes placed within the incision (0cm) and 1.5cm laterally. Plasma or serum was collected at days 0, 1 and 7. Biopsy samples were obtained at the completion of the study. A histomorphologic score was assigned to each sample, and the differences in mean scores between treatment (gel) and control incisions were assessed using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Amikacin and vancomycin samples were analyzed via fluorescence polarization immunoassay; clindamycin samples were analyzed via high performance liquid chromatography. Concentrations greater than 2000 times the MIC of vancomycin and clindamycin, greater than 1000 times the MIC of amikacin, and greater than 800 times the MIC of amikacin (amikacin/clindamycin gel) were obtained at 0cm. Mean concentrations remained above MIC for vancomycin and clindamycin for 10 days (0cm) and 8 days (1.5cm); for 9 days (0cm) and 7 days (1.5cm) for amikacin gel; and for 9 days (0cm) and 5 days (1.5cm) for amikacin (amikacin/clindamycin gel). Mean plasma amikacin and vancomycin concentrations were negligible; serum clindamycin concentrations were greater than MIC (0.52µg/ml and 0.63µg/ml) at 24 hours and 7 days respectively. There were no significant differences in histomorphologic scores between treatment and control incisions. Cross-linked dextran gel is a safe, effective alternative for local antibiotic delivery in horses, with substantially high local concentrations and minimal systemic absorption for amikacin- and vancomycin-impregnated gels.
Improving Multi-Level NAND Flash Memory Storage Reliability Using Concatenated BCH-TCM Coding (2009)

By storing more than one bit in each memory cell, multi-level per cell (MLC) NAND flash memories are dominating global flash memory market due to their appealing storage density advantage. However, continuous technology scaling makes MLC NAND flash memories increasingly subject to worse raw storage reliability. This paper presents a memory fault tolerance design solution geared to MLC NAND flash memories. The basic idea is to concatenate trellis coded modulation (TCM) with an outer BCH code, which can greatly improve the error correction performance compared with the current design practice that uses BCH codes only. The key is that TCM can well leverage the multi-level storage characteristic to reduce the memory bit error rate and hence relieve the burden of outer BCH code, at no cost of extra redundant memory cells. The superior performance of such concatenated BCH-TCM coding systems for MLC NAND flash memories has been well demonstrated through computer simulations. A modified TCM demodulation approach is further proposed to improve the tolerance to static memory cell defects. We also address the associated practical implementation issues in case of using either single-page or multi-page programming strategy, and demonstrate the silicon implementation efficiency through application-specific integrated circuit design at 65 nm node.
Extraction, Separation, and Purification of Wheat Gluten Proteins and Related Proteins of Barley, Rye, and Oats (2003)

The wheat proteins, which are active in celiac disease and other glutenrelated conditions, are defined as prolamins, in that they are soluble as individual subunits in alcohol-water mixtures, such as 50% (v/v) aqueous propan-1-ol or 60-70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol. However, in wheat grain and flour, about half of these subunits are present in polymers that are not soluble in alcohol-water mixtures unless disulfide bonds between the component subunits are reduced using an agent such as 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) or dithiothreitol (DTT). These alcohol-insoluble polymers are traditionally called glutenins and the related alcohol-soluble monomers are called gliadins; the two groups of proteins together form the major part of the gluten fraction. Gluten can be readily prepared from wheat by washing dough to remove the bulk of the starch, cell-wall material, and soluble components. It is a cohesive viscoelastic mass that contains, in addition to the gluten proteins, small amounts of other proteins, residual starch (about 25% dry wt), and lipid.
Progress and Promise of FDG-PET Imaging for Cancer Patient Management and Oncologic Drug Development (2005)

2-[(18)F]Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) assesses a fundamental property of neoplasia, the Warburg effect. This molecular imaging technique offers a complementary approach to anatomic imaging that is more sensitive and specific in certain cancers. FDG-PET has been widely applied in oncology primarily as a staging and restaging tool that can guide patient care. However, because it accurately detects recurrent or residual disease, FDG-PET also has significant potential for assessing therapy response. In this regard, it can improve patient management by identifying responders early, before tumor size is reduced; nonresponders could discontinue futile therapy. Moreover, a reduction in the FDG-PET signal within days or weeks of initiating therapy (e.g., in lymphoma, non-small cell lung, and esophageal cancer) significantly correlates with prolonged survival and other clinical end points now used in drug approvals. These findings suggest that FDG-PET could facilitate drug development as an early surrogate of clinical benefit. This article reviews the scientific basis of FDG-PET and its development and application as a valuable oncology imaging tool. Its potential to facilitate drug development in seven oncologic settings (lung, lymphoma, breast, prostate, sarcoma, colorectal, and ovary) is addressed. Recommendations include initial validation against approved therapies, retrospective analyses to define the magnitude of change indicative of response, further prospective validation as a surrogate of clinical benefit, and application as a phase II/III trial end point to accelerate evaluation and approval of novel regimens and therapies.