gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Effect of inhibiting the expression of hSMG-1 on chemosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer H1299 cells]. (2011)

The inhibition of hSMG-1 significantly enhances the sensitivity of human lung cancer H1299 cells to gemcitabine and cisplatin through an induction of more apoptotic cells. And the activation of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway is involved.
Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by zeolite‐supported gelatin–Fe complex (2001)

Abstract Zeolite‐supported gelatin–iron complex (zeo–gelatin–Fe) was prepared from zeolite, gelatin and ferric chloride, and was found to be useful as a chiral catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of some ketones to corresponding chiral alcohols, such as 2‐butanone to ( S )‐2‐butanol, acetophenone to ( R )‐1‐phenylethanol, diacetone alcohol to ( S )‐2‐methyl‐2,4‐pentane‐diol, 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to ( R )‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone to ( R )‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol in 52–100% optical yields, respectively, at 20 ° C and under atmospheric hydrogen pressure. In the case of asymmetric hydrogenation of 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to ( R )‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol, when a proper content of iron in the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex and suitable reaction conditions were selected, the product and optical yields could be amounted to 80 and 100%, respectively, and the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex catalyst could be reused several times without remarkable change in the optical catalytic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Generative Image Modeling Using Spatial LSTMs (2015)

Modeling the distribution of natural images is challenging, partly because of strong statistical dependencies which can extend over hundreds of pixels. Recurrent neural networks have been successful in capturing long-range dependencies in a number of problems but only recently have found their way into generative image models. We here introduce a recurrent image model based on multi-dimensional long short-term memory units which are particularly suited for image modeling due to their spatial structure. Our model scales to images of arbitrary size and its likelihood is computationally tractable. We find that it outperforms the state of the art in quantitative comparisons on several image datasets and produces promising results when used for texture synthesis and inpainting.
A Controlled Trial of Selegiline, Alpha-Tocopherol, or Both as Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease (1997)

In patients with moderately severe impairment from Alzheimer's disease, treatment with selegiline or alpha-tocopherol slows the progression of disease.
Alternative Applications of the Femtosecond Laser in Ophthalmology (2010)

Advancements in technology have allowed measurable improvements in the surgical safety, efficiency, speed, and versatility of FS lasers in ophthalmology.
In vitroandin vivoEfficacy of Acid-Sensitive Transferrin and Albumin Doxorubicin Conjugates in a Human Xenograft Panel and in the MDA-MB-435 Mamma Carcinoma Model (2000)

Acid-sensitive transferrin and albumin conjugates with doxorubicin have recently been developed with the aim of circumventing the systemic toxicity and improving the therapeutic efficacy of this anticancer agent. The in vitro activity of two acid-sensitive transferrin and albumin doxorubicin conjugates and free doxorubicin was evaluated in twelve human tumour xenografts using a clonogenic assay. The inhibitory effects and the activity profile of the conjugates was, in general, comparable to that of doxorubicin (mean IC(70) -value for doxorubicin approximately 0.1 microM and 0.1 - 0.4 microM for the conjugates). Subsequently, the efficacy of an acid-sensitive transferrin and albumin doxorubicin conjugate, which both incorporated a phenylacetyl hydrazone bond as a predetermined breaking point, was evaluated in the xenograft mamma carcinoma model MDA-MB-435 in comparison to free doxorubicin (dose, i.v.: 2 x 4, 8 and 12 mg/kg). The conjugates showed significantly reduced toxicity (reduced lethality and body weight loss) with a concomitantly stable or slightly improved antitumour activity compared to free doxorubicin. At the dose of 12 mg/kg mortality was unacceptably high in the doxorubicin treated group ( approximately 80%); in contrast, no mortality was observed with the conjugate treated animals with body weight loss < 10 %. In a further experiment, therapy with the acid-sensitive doxorubicin albumin conjugate at 3 x 12 mg/kg in the MDA-MB-435 model resulted in a significantly improved antitumour activity over free doxorubicin at its optimal dose of 2 x 8 mg/kg. In conclusion, acid-sensitive transferrin and albumin doxorubicin conjugates can be administered at higher doses than free doxorubicin in nude mice models with a concomitant improvement in antitumour activity. Interestingly, there is no pronounced difference between identically constructed transferrin and albumin doxorubicin conjugates with regard to in vitro or in vivo efficacy.
ProteinSeq: High-Performance Proteomic Analyses by Proximity Ligation and Next Generation Sequencing (2011)

Despite intense interest, methods that provide enhanced sensitivity and specificity in parallel measurements of candidate protein biomarkers in numerous samples have been lacking. We present herein a multiplex proximity ligation assay with readout via realtime PCR or DNA sequencing (ProteinSeq). We demonstrate improved sensitivity over conventional sandwich assays for simultaneous analysis of sets of 35 proteins in 5 µl of blood plasma. Importantly, we observe a minimal tendency to increased background with multiplexing, compared to a sandwich assay, suggesting that higher levels of multiplexing are possible. We used ProteinSeq to analyze proteins in plasma samples from cardiovascular disease (CVD) patient cohorts and matched controls. Three proteins, namely P-selectin, Cystatin-B and Kallikrein-6, were identified as putative diagnostic biomarkers for CVD. The latter two have not been previously reported in the literature and their potential roles must be validated in larger patient cohorts. We conclude that ProteinSeq is promising for screening large numbers of proteins and samples while the technology can provide a much-needed platform for validation of diagnostic markers in biobank samples and in clinical use.
A highly manufacturable corner rounding solution for 0.18 μm shallow trench isolation (2002)

In this work, we first establish the relationship between corner leakage and corner rounding through device simulation. Then, we demonstrate a novel method to produce corner rounding, using a post-CMP, high temperature re-oxidation process (HTR-STI). A semi-empirical model correlating rounding with re-oxidation and nitride mask thickness is derived from mechanical studies. Finally, we show the electrical properties of devices with HTR-STI for the 0.18 /spl mu/m technology.
Macromol. Mater. Eng. 6/2010 (2010)

Cover: The cover shows a new electrospun biocomposite with synergistic effects, such as the electrospinnability of polycaprolactone (PCL), improved mechanical and cellular response of silk fibroin (SF), and hydrophilicity and various growth factors of small intestine submucosa (SIS). The hydrophilicity of PCL/SF/SIS composites is incredibly improved compared to that of the pure PCL and PCL/SF composites. Further details can be found in the article by S. Hong and G. H. Kim* on page 529.
Protein kinase C isotypes in human erythroleukemia (K562) cell proliferation and differentiation. Evidence that beta II protein kinase C is required for proliferation (1993)

The human erythroleukemia (K562) cell line undergoes megakaryocytic differentiation and cessation of proliferation when treated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). To investigate the role of individual protein kinase C (PKC) isotypes in these events, we have assessed PKC isotype expression during leukemic proliferation and PMA-induced differentiation. Immunoblot analysis using isotype-specific antibodies demonstrates that proliferating K562 cells express the alpha, beta II, and zeta PKC isotypes. PMA-induced differentiation and cytostasis lead to a decrease in beta II PKC and increases in alpha and zeta PKC levels. The role of the alpha and beta II PKC isotypes was further assessed in cells overexpressing these isotypes. K562 cells overexpressing human alpha PKC grew more slowly and were more sensitive to the cytostatic effects of PMA than control cells, whereas cells overexpressing beta II PKC were less sensitive to PMA. PMA-induced cytostasis is reversed upon removal of PMA. Resumption of proliferation is accompanied by reexpression of beta II PKC to near control levels, whereas alpha and zeta PKC levels remain elevated for several days after removal of PMA. Proliferation of PMA-withdrawn cells can be partially inhibited by antisense beta II PKC oligodeoxyribonucleotide. Growth inhibition is dose-dependent, specific for beta II PKC-directed antisense oligonucleotide, and associated with significant inhibition of beta II PKC levels indicating that beta II PKC is essential for K562 cell proliferation. Sodium butyrate, which unlike PMA induces megakaryocytic differentiation without cytostasis, causes increases in both alpha and beta II PKC levels. These data demonstrate that beta II PKC is required for K562 cell proliferation, whereas alpha PKC is involved in megakaryocytic differentiation.
Directed Evolution of an RNA Enzyme (1992)

An in vitro evolution procedure was used to obtain RNA enzymes with a particular catalytic function. A population of 10(13) variants of the Tetrahymena ribozyme, a group I ribozyme that catalyzes sequence-specific cleavage of RNA via a phosphoester transfer mechanism, was generated. This enzyme has a limited ability to cleave DNA under conditions of high temperature or high MgCl2 concentration, or both. A selection constraint was imposed on the population of ribozyme variants such that only those individuals that carried out DNA cleavage under physiologic conditions were amplified to produce "progeny" ribozymes. Mutations were introduced during amplification to maintain heterogeneity in the population. This process was repeated for ten successive generations, resulting in enhanced (100 times) DNA cleavage activity.
Simple construction of almost k-wise independent random variables (2002)

The authors present three alternative simple constructions of small probability spaces on n bits for which any k bits are almost independent. The number of bits used to specify a point in the sample space is O(log log n+k+log 1/ epsilon ), where epsilon is the statistical difference between the distribution induced on any k-bit locations and the uniform distribution. This is asymptotically comparable to the construction recently presented by J. Naor and M. Naor (1990). An advantage of the present constructions is their simplicity. Two of the constructions are based on bit sequences that are widely believed to possess randomness properties, and the results can be viewed as an explanation and establishment of these beliefs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP-38) Protects Cerebellar Granule Neurons from Apoptosis by Activating the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAP Kinase) Pathway (1997)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptides (PACAP-27 and PACAP-38) are neuropeptides of the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/secretin/glucagon family. PACAP receptors are expressed in different brain regions, including cerebellum. We used primary culture of rat cerebellar granule neurons to study the effect of PACAP-38 on apoptosis induced by potassium deprivation. We demonstrated that PACAP-38 increased survival of cerebellar neurons in a dose-dependent manner by decreasing the extent of apoptosis estimated by DNA fragmentation. PACAP-38 induced activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-type of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase through a cAMP-dependent pathway. PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK (MAP kinase kinase), completely abolished the antiapoptotic effect of PACAP-38, suggesting that MAP kinase pathway activation is necessary for PACAP-38 action.
A novel member of the transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptor family is specifically expressed in the gonads and in mesenchymal cells adjacent to the müllerian duct (1994)

The activin and TGF-beta type II receptors are members of a separate subfamily of transmembrane receptors with intrinsic protein kinase activity, which also includes the recently cloned TGF-beta type I receptor. We have isolated and characterized a cDNA clone (C14) encoding a new member of this subfamily. The domain structure of the C14-encoded protein corresponds with the structure of the other known transmembrane serine/threonine kinase receptors. It also contains the two inserts in the kinase domain that are characteristic for this subfamily. Using in situ hybridization, C14 mRNA was detected in the mesenchymal cells located adjacent to the müllerian ducts of males and females at day 15 (E15) of embryonic development. Marked C14 mRNA expression was also detected in the female gonads. In female E16 embryos, the C14 mRNA expression pattern remained similar to that in E15 embryos. However, in male E16 embryos C14 mRNA was detected in a circular area that includes the degenerating müllerian duct. The expression of C14 mRNA was also studied using RNase protection assays. At E15 and E16, C14 mRNA is expressed in the female as well as in the male urogenital ridge. However, at E19, a high C14 mRNA level in the female urogenital ridge contrasts with a lack of C14 mRNA in the male urogenital ridge. This correlates with the almost complete degeneration of the müllerian ducts in male embryos at E19. C14 mRNA expression was also detected in embryonic testes at E15, E16 and E19 using RNase protection assays, but at much lower levels than those found in the developing ovaries.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Detailed Analysis of the Surface Area and Elasticity in the Saturated 1,2-Diacylphosphatidylcholine/Cholesterol Binary Monolayer System (2015)

The surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms of DMPC, DPPC, and DSPC/cholesterol binary monolayers were systematically measured with great care to gain insight into the lateral molecular packing in these binary monolayer systems. The average molecular area A and the area elastic modulus C(s)⁻¹ at a given surface pressure were calculated as a function of cholesterol mole fraction x(chol). As a result, data reliable enough for the analysis of detailed phase behavior were obtained. We identified several characteristic phase regions and assigned the phase state in each region on the basis of the deviation of A(x(chol)) and C(s)⁻¹(x(chol)) from ideal additivity. We also estimated the partial molecular areas of DMPC, DPPC, DSPC, and cholesterol in the single-phase regions, where C(s)⁻¹(x(chol)) values fell on an ideal additivity curve. We found that the addition of cholesterol induces the formation of a highly condensed phase where the diacylphosphatidylcholine (diacyl PC) molecule has a surface area even smaller than that in the solid phase, irrespective of the surface pressure and the chain length of diacyl PC. Here, we call the cholesterol-induced condensed phase the CC phase. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the basic features of A(x(chol)) and C(s)⁻¹(x(chol)) profiles can be explained semiquantitatively by assuming the state of vicinity lipids surrounding sparsely distributed cholesterol molecules in the low x(chol) region as a third state of the diacyl PC molecule in addition to the states in the pure diacyl PC monolayer and in the CC phase.
Cyclophilin A is an inflammatory mediator that promotes atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E–deficient mice (2010)

Cyclophilin A (CyPA; encoded by Ppia) is a ubiquitously expressed protein secreted in response to inflammatory stimuli. CyPA stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression, and inflammatory cell chemotaxis. Given these activities, we hypothesized that CyPA would promote atherosclerosis. Apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice fed a high-cholesterol diet for 16 wk developed more severe atherosclerosis compared with Apoe(-/-)Ppia(-/-) mice. Moreover, CyPA deficiency was associated with decreased low-density lipoprotein uptake, VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) expression, apoptosis, and increased eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) expression. To understand the vascular role of CyPA in atherosclerosis development, bone marrow (BM) cell transplantation was performed. Atherosclerosis was greater in Apoe(-/-) mice compared with Apoe(-/-)Ppia(-/-) mice after reconstitution with CyPA(+/+) BM cells, indicating that vascular-derived CyPA plays a crucial role in the progression of atherosclerosis. These data define a role for CyPA in atherosclerosis and suggest CyPA as a target for cardiovascular therapies.
Analysis of human megakaryocytic cells using dual‐color immunofluorescence labeling (2000)

Background Megakaryocytes are classically identified by their cellular morphology and expression of platelet glycoproteins. Methods In this study, the expression of GPIIIa (CD61) on hemopoietic cells was analyzed by dual-fluorescence flow cytometry. Results All monocytic cells (CD14+) were shown to coexpress CD61. As the expression of platelet protein on these monocytic cells cannot be reduced by treating the cells with anticoagulant (ethlyenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]), this observation is not simply due to platelet adhesion. When sorted CD61loCD14+ cells were studied by light and electron microscopy, platelets or platelet fragments could not be detected on the cell surface. These cells were found to have typical monocytic morphology but no megakaryocytic characteristics. Conclusions This finding demonstrates that without careful definition, the quantitation of megakaryocytic cells will be inappropriately high. A clear and unambiguous criteria for the identification of megakaryocytic cells is described based on the high expression of platelet glycoprotein (e.g., CD61hi or CD41hi) but not the monocyte marker (CD14neg). Cytometry 41:308–315, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Coronene-transition metal complex: View from quantum chemistry and statistical mechanics (2012)

Coronene consists of seven peri-fused benzene rings, regarded as a small fragment of graphene. In the present contribution, the electronic structure as well as solvation structure of coronene and its transition metal complex were studied using density functional theory combined with a statistical mechanics for molecular liquid.
The Protective Role of Glutathione Peroxidase in Apoptosis Induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (1996)

Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx) plays a protective role in oxidative stress-induced apoptosis. In this study, we demonstrated that MDBK cells, a bovine renal epithelial cell line, exhibited internucleosomal DNA fragmentation characteristic of apoptotic cell death under selenium-deficient conditions with lower doses of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) than under selenium-supplemented ones. This was due to a decreased amount of GPx in the cells under selenium-deficient conditions, because other antioxidative enzyme activities were not affected by the selenium supplementation. Cumene hydroperoxide also induced DNA fragmentation in selenium-deficient cells but no ladder formation was observed. Flow cytometric analysis showed that selenium-deficient cells were less capable of scavenging intracellular peroxides after exposure to exogenous H2O2 than selenium-supplemented ones. In contrast, there was no difference in viability between selenium-supplemented and non-supplemented cells in cell survival after exposure to menadione, which activates the electron transport system and increases intracellular superoxide radicals. Clofibrate, a peroxisomal proliferator and an inducer of catalase (CAT), partially protected both Se-deficient and Se-supplemented cells from exogenous H202. We concluded that selenium-deficient cells were more easily brought to apoptotic cell death by peroxides, but not by superoxide radicals, than selenium-supplemented ones and that CAT could compensate for the depletion of GPx to a certain degree by scavenging H2O2.
Role of serotonin in memory impairment (2000)

As a result of its presence in various structures of the central nervous system serotonin (5-HT) plays a role in a great variety of behaviours such as food intake, activity rythms, sexual behaviour and emotional states. Despite this lack of functional specialization, the serotonergic system plays a significant role in learning and memory, in particular by interacting with the cholinergic, glutamatergic, dopaminergic or GABAergic systems. Its action is mediated via specific receptors located in crucial brain structures involved in these functions, primarily the septo-hippocampal complex and the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM)-frontal cortex. Converging evidence suggests that the administration of 5-HT2A/2C or 5-HT4 receptor agonists or 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 and 5-HT1B receptor antagonists prevents memory impairment and facilitates learning in situations involving a high cognitive demand. In contrast, antagonists for 5-HT2A/2C and 5-HT4, or agonists for 5-HT1A or 5-HT3 and 5-HT1B generally have opposite effects. A better understanding of the role played by these and other serotonin receptor subtypes in learning and memory is likely to result from the recent availability of highly specific ligands, such as 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A receptor antagonists, and new molecular tools, such as gene knock-out mice, especially inducible mice in which a specific genetic alteration can be restricted both temporally and anatomically.
Acceleration of oligomerization, not fibrillization, is a shared property of both α-synuclein mutations linked to early-onset Parkinson's disease: Implications for pathogenesis and therapy (2000)

The Parkinson's disease (PD) substantia nigra is characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies containing fibrillar alpha-synuclein. Early-onset PD has been linked to two point mutations in the gene that encodes alpha-synuclein, suggesting that disease may arise from accelerated fibrillization. However, the identity of the pathogenic species and its relationship to the alpha-synuclein fibril has not been elucidated. In this in vitro study, the rates of disappearance of monomeric alpha-synuclein and appearance of fibrillar alpha-synuclein were compared for the wild-type (WT) and two mutant proteins, as well as equimolar mixtures that may model the heterozygous PD patients. Whereas one of the mutant proteins (A53T) and an equimolar mixture of A53T and WT fibrillized more rapidly than WT alpha-synuclein, the other (A30P) and the corresponding equimolar mixture with WT fibrillized more slowly. However, under conditions that ultimately produced fibrils, the A30P monomer was consumed at a comparable rate or slightly more rapidly than the WT monomer, whereas A53T was consumed even more rapidly. The difference between these trends suggested the existence of nonfibrillar alpha-synuclein oligomers, some of which were separated from fibrillar and monomeric alpha-synuclein by sedimentation followed by gel-filtration chromatography. Spheres (range of heights: 2-6 nm), chains of spheres (protofibrils), and rings resembling circularized protofibrils (height: ca. 4 nm) were distinguished from fibrils (height: ca. 8 nm) by atomic force microscopy. Importantly, drug candidates that inhibit alpha-synuclein fibrillization but do not block its oligomerization could mimic the A30P mutation and thus may accelerate disease progression.