gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interindividual variation in the attractiveness of human odours to the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae s. s. (2006)

Differences between human individuals in their attractiveness to female mosquitoes have been reported repeatedly, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Skin emanations from 27 human individuals, collected on glass marbles, were tested against ammonia in a dual-choice olfactometer to establish their degrees of attractiveness to anthropophilic Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Ammonia was used as a standard odour source because of its proven attractiveness to An. gambiae s.s. Skin emanations from most volunteers attracted significantly more mosquitoes than ammonia. There were clear differences in the attractiveness of skin emanations from different volunteers relative to that of ammonia, as well as in the strength of the trap entry response. Consistent differences were observed when emanations from the three most and the three least attractive volunteers were tested pairwise. No gender or age effect was found for relative attractiveness or trap entry response. Emanations from volunteers with higher behavioural attractiveness elicited higher electroantennogram response amplitudes in two pairs, but in a third pair a higher electroantennogram response was found for the less attractive volunteer. These results confirm that odour contributes to the differences in attractiveness of humans to mosquitoes.
Automated segmentation of skin-tone regions in video sequences (2004)

The paper introduces an automatic video object extraction algorithm based on color segmentation. The algorithm focuses on extracting the skin of a human object in an image. The algorithm includes preprocessing, edge detection, classification of pixels and blocks, block clustering, region growing, edge following and final extraction of the human skin-tone region. Through use of these steps, pixel-wise accuracy is achieved in the segmented object of interest. The algorithm gives very promising result in situations such as video conferencing, seminars and surveillance systems.
Oligonucleotide‐Based Knockdown Technologies: Antisense Versus RNA Interference (2003)

The postgenomic era is characterized by an almost intimidating amount of information regarding the sequences and expression of previously unknown genes. In response, researchers have developed an increasing interest in functional studies. At the start of such a study, one may have little more than sequence information and bioinformatic annotation. The next step is to hypothesize a potential role in the context of a cell. Testing of the hypothesis needs to be fast, cheap, and applicable to a large number of genes. Knockdown methods that rely on binding of antisense oligonucleotides to mRNA combined with a subsequent functional assay in cell culture fulfil these requirements: sequence information is sufficient for synthesis of active inhibitors. Depending on the in vitro model chosen, knockdown of gene expression can be achieved with medium or even high throughput. The two most popular methods of knockdown in cell culture are the use of antisense oligonucleotides that rely on ribonuclease H (RNAse H)-dependent cleavage of mRNA, and RNA interference triggered by small double-stranded RNA molecules. Both methods act in a sequence-specific manner and can give efficient knockdown. In both cases, researchers struggle with nonspecific "off-target" effects and the difficulty of site selection. Studies that compare the methods differ in their judgment as to which method is superior.
Objectivity, Subjectivity and Statistical Evidence (2014)

&lt;strong&gt;Introduction:&lt;/strong&gt; Statistics has applications in many fields. The point behind all of these applications is that there are questions for which there is no obvious way that we can obtain definitive answers. The reason for this lies in variation, which can arise for many reasons, and this leads to uncertainty. The health sciences provides an excellent example of this as the variation among patients, such as physical, genetic and lifestyle characteristics, lead to different responses to a treatment for a health problem. We are then left with the questions of whether or not a treatment works and, if so, how well.
Antisense E1AF transfection restrains oral cancer invasion by reducing matrix metalloproteinase activities. (1997)

E1AF is a newly identified human ets-family transcription factor. We have reported that E1AF can up-regulate transcription of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes and confers invasive phenotype on human cancer cells. HSC3 is an oral squamous-cell-carcinoma-derived cell line, and it manifests high levels of E1AF and MMP-1 and -9 gene expression that are associated with invasive potential. We reconstructed an E1AF antisense expression vector, transfected HSC3 cells with the vector, and obtained HSC3AS cells that express E1AF antisense RNA. HSC3AS showed decreasing mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1, -3, and -9. Moreover, HSC3AS showed lower invasive potential in vitro three-dimensional raft culture and in vivo implantation into nude mice. These results imply that transfection of antisense E1AF inhibits tumor invasion by down-regulating MMP genes.
Subband beamformer combined with time-frequency ICA for extraction of target source under reverberant environments (2009)

We propose a novel beamforming method that is complementarily combined with the time-frequency domain independent component analysis (TF-ICA). Under reverberant environments, performance of TF-ICA is known to be limited. On the other hand, when time period in which there are only noise sources (noise-only period) is given, beamforming based on multichannel spatial prediction (MSP-BF) are shown to achieve good noise reduction performance. The proposed method applies noise-period identification based on the output of TF-ICA to obtain a noise-only period. MSP-BF using the obtained noise-only period is performed. Furthermore, to avoid performance degradation, the proposed method selects the better output signal obtained by TF-ICA and MSP-BF. Experimental results under a reverberant environment indicate that the proposed method outperforms TF-ICA. Furthermore, thanks to output-signal selector, even when there are no noise-only periods, performance degradation can be avoided. 1.
Changes in the Risk-Management Environment for Monetary Policy (2017)

In response to the massive challenges presented by the global financial crisis, in late 2007 the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) began a series of large reductions in its traditional policy tool, the overnight interest rate in the federal funds market. By December 2008 the Committee had lowered the target to its effective lower bound (ELB) of 0 to 25 basis points.1 Later, in an attempt to provide additional monetary stimulus, the FOMC implemented nontraditional policy tools, such as large-scale asset purchases and forward guidance about how long the fed funds rate would stay at very low levels.
A Genomic-Systems Biology Map for Cardiovascular Function (2001)

With the draft sequence of the human genome available, there is a need to better define gene function in the context of systems biology. We studied 239 cardiovascular and renal phenotypes in 113 male rats derived from an F2 intercross and mapped 81 of these traits onto the genome. Aggregates of traits were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 7, and 18. Systems biology was assessed by examining patterns of correlations ("physiological profiles") that can be used for gene hunting, mechanism-based physiological studies, and, with comparative genomics, translating these data to the human genome.
Arrest of Listeria movement in host cells by a bacterial ActA analogue: implications for actin-based motility. (1994)

Upon entering the host cell's cytoplasm, the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes can subvert the normal contractile system of the host cell; subsequent assembly of polar actin-filament structures is likely to provide the force for rapid intracellular bacterial movement and its cell-to-cell spread. We have now investigated the functional consequences of microinjecting Listeria-infected PtK2 cells with a synthetic peptide, CFEFPPPPTDE. This peptide represents one of four related oligoproline stretches in ActA, a bacterial surface protein necessary for Listeria-induced actin assembly. Over an estimated intracellular concentration range of 80 nM to 0.8 microM, this analogue rapidly blocks the formation of the actin-filament tails and arrests intracellular bacterial motility. Over the same time scale and concentration range, introduction of the ActA analogue also causes host cell membrane retraction. Bodipyphallacidin staining reveals that microinjection of the ActA analogue results in massive retraction of the actin cytoskeleton. Microinjection of 1-20 microM poly(L-proline) (intracellular concentration) fails to block Listeria intracellular movement or polar actin-filament assembly. As observed with ActA, however, poly(L-proline) does cause membrane retraction. Our findings demonstrate the efficacy of low molecular weight peptides in efforts to distinguish mechanistic features in Listeria motility and PtK2 host cell membrane reorganization. These observations also suggest that a cytoskeletal component sensitive to specific oligoproline peptides may participate in protein-protein interactions essential for both of these actin-associated processes.
Effect of evodiamine on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medulla. (1997)

The effect of evodiamine on catecholamine secretion from bovine adrenal medulla was investigated. Evodiamine, a bioactive component isolated from dry unripened fruit of Evodia rutaecarpa Bentham, was found to stimulate the secretion of catecholamine from perfused bovine adrenal medulla at a concentration of 10 microM and its effect persisted for at least 30 min. This stimulatory effect of evodiamine was abolished by omission of Ca2+ from the perfusion fluid. Evodiamine (0.1-10 microM) markedly enhanced the secretion of catecholamine from the adrenal medulla induced by acetylcholine (100 microM or high K+(56 mM). The secretion of catecholamine was promptly enhanced by acetylcholine or high K+, but returned to the control level on treatment for 20 min. However, when evodiamine was added to the perfusion fluid after acetylcholine or high K+ stimulation for 10 min, the secretion of catecholamine again increased greatly. These results indicate that evodiamine not only stimulated the secretion of catecholamine from bovine adrenal medulla but also reversed insensitivity of these cells to acetylcholine or high K+ stimulation.
High Proportion of Wrongly Identified Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriers by Use of a Rapid Commercial PCR Assay Due to Presence of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Element Lacking the mecA Gene (2010)

During a 9-month period, 217 patients were newly diagnosed as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriers by using a commercial rapid PCR-based test (GeneXpert). However, no MRSA was recovered by culturing the second swab in 61 of these patients. Further analyses showed that 28 (12.9%) of the patients harbored S. aureus isolates with a staphylococcal cassette chromosome element lacking the mecA gene and were thus incorrectly determined to be MRSA carriers.
ChemInform Abstract: A CERIUM‐NIOBIUM‐(ALUMINUM) OXIDE POROUS GLASS‐CERAMIC (1982)

Abstract Untersucht werden l0 von Na‐borosilicat‐Glas abgeleitete Gläser, in denen SiO 2 durch die Oxidkombination CeO2°C 3 Nbgos ersetzt ist (Zusammensetzung: 5‐20 mol‐% Na 2 O, 55‐70% B 2 O 3 , 20‐30% CeO2°C 3 Nb 2 O 5 ).
Three-dimensional noninvasive imaging of the vasculature in the mouse brain using a high resolution photoacoustic scanner (2009)

The application of a novel photoacoustic imaging instrument based on a Fabry-Perot polymer film sensing interferometer to imaging the small animal brain is described. This approach provides a convenient backward mode sensing configuration that offers the prospect of overcoming the limitations of existing piezoelectric based detection schemes for small animal brain imaging. Noninvasive images of the vasculature in the mouse brain were obtained at different wavelengths between 590 and 889 nm, showing that the cerebral vascular anatomy can be visualized with high contrast and spatial resolution to depths up to 3.7 mm. It is considered that the instrument has a role to play in characterizing small animal models of human disease and injury processes such as stroke, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury.
Spindle assembly checkpoint component CaMad2p is indispensable for Candida albicans survival and virulence in mice (2002)

Here, we report an indispensable role for spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) component CaMad2p in the survival and virulence of Candida albicans in mice. We hypothesized that cell cycle checkpoint functions, especially those monitoring the integrity of DNA and chromosome segregation, might be required for the pathogen to repair damage caused by host defence. To test this idea, we created SAC-defective mutants by deleting the CaMAD2 gene that encodes a key component of the SAC pathway. The CaMAD2 mutant appears normal in morphology, growth rate and growth mode switch in unperturbed conditions. However, it quickly loses viability when treated with nocodazole, which causes disassembly of mitotic spindles. The mutant also exhibits increased frequency of chromosome loss. The virulence of the mutant is greatly reduced in mice, presumably because of the inability of the mutant cells to stop the cell cycle when the host defence damages cellular components important for chromosome segregation. Supporting this hypothesis, unlike the wild-type cells that can proliferate within and eventually grow out of macrophages, most of the CaMAD2 null mutant cells are unable to survive. This study suggests that SAC is required for survival of C. albicans in the host and could thus be targeted for anti-C. albicans therapies.
Assessment of Hepatic Toxicity from Treatment with 90 Y-SMT 487 (OctreoTher™) in Patients with Diffuse Somatostatin Receptor Positive Liver Metastases (2003)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is evidence for hepatocellular radiation injury following treatment with (90)Y-SMT487 ((90)Y-DOTA-tyr3-octreotide, OctreoTher(TM)) in patients with extensive liver metastases from neuroendocrine tumors. Patients reported in this study participated in a Phase II trial of efficacy and safety of (90)Y-SMT487. The trial design called for three treatment cycles of 120 mCi each (4400 MBq) of (90)Y-SMT487. (111)In-pentetreotide SPECT images were used to determine the extent of liver metastases. Serum AST, ALT, and alkaline phosphatase levels were obtained at baseline and following each cycle of therapy. Least squares fit was applied to the serial liver enzyme measurements in patients with extensive liver metastases. Post-therapy liver enzyme measurements were also evaluated using WHO common toxicity criteria. Repeated-measures ANOVA and paired t-test were applied to the serial enzyme measures. There were 21 subjects. Fifteen of these had hepatic metastases with 12 demonstrating extensive (defined as 25% or more) liver involvement. In only 4 of these 15 did any of the three enzyme levels increase in WHO toxicity grade from baseline to final follow-up. We conclude that patients with diffuse SSTR positive hepatic metastases can be treated with a cumulative administered activity of 360 mCi (90)Y-SMT487 with only a small chance of developing mild acute or subacute hepatic radiation injury.
An Instrument for Automated Purification of Nucleic Acids from Contaminated Forensic Samples (2008)

Forensic crime scene sample analysis, by its nature, often deals with samples in which there are low amounts of nucleic acids, on substrates that often lead to inhibition of subsequent enzymatic reactions such as PCR amplification for STR profiling. Common substrates include denim from blue jeans, which yields indigo dye as a PCR inhibitor, and soil, which yields humic substances as inhibitors. These inhibitors frequently co-extract with nucleic acids in standard column or bead-based preps, leading to frequent failure of STR profiling. We present a novel instrument for DNA purification of forensic samples that is capable of highly effective concentration of nucleic acids from soil particulates, fabric, and other complex samples including solid components. The novel concentration process, known as SCODA, is inherently selective for long charged polymers such as DNA, and therefore is able to effectively reject known contaminants. We present an automated sample preparation instrument based on this process, and preliminary results based on mock forensic samples.
Primary responses of human T cells to mycobacteria: a frequent set of γ/δ T cells are stimulated by protease‐resistant ligands (1990)

T lymphocyte subsets expressing either T cell receptor alpha/beta or gamma/delta were selected from human peripheral blood T cells and proliferative responses to molecular mass-fractionated mycobacterial lysates were determined. alpha/beta T cells primarily responded to fractions greater than 30 kDa whereas gamma/delta T cells preferentially reacted to fractions less than 3 kDa. Protease digestion abolished the stimulating activities for alpha/beta T cells, confirming that alpha/beta T cells respond to protein components. In contrast, components recognized by gamma/delta T cells proved resistant to protease digestion. In limiting dilution studies, frequencies of proliferating gamma/delta T cells remained virtually unaltered by protease treatment of stimulating lysates, while those of alpha/beta T cells became almost undetectable. Furthermore, only few gamma/delta T cells responded to the 65-kDa heat-shock protein. Our data indicate that, unlike alpha/beta T cells, gamma/delta T cells respond to mycobacterial components which are resistant to vigorous protease digestion.
The level of urinary secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) of patients with IgA nephropathy is elevated and associated with pathological phenotypes (2009)

Recent studies have demonstrated deposition of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in glomeruli of some patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of urinary sIgA in IgAN patients with different pathological phenotypes and whether it could be used as a non-invasive biomarker for assessment of kidney injury in IgAN. Urine samples from 202 patients with IgAN were collected on the day of renal biopsy. Forty-eight fulfilled the histopathological criteria of Haas-I or II (group 1), 60 fulfilled Haas-III (group 2) and 94 patients fulfilled Haas-IV or V (group 3). Urine samples from 60 healthy sex- and age-matched volunteers with negative urinalysis were collected as normal controls. Urinary sIgA was detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and was corrected by urinary creatinine. In comparison with normal controls, the levels of urinary sIgA were significantly higher in IgAN [2.22 (0-43.82) microg/mg Cr versus 1.08 (0-16.49) microg/mg Cr, P < 0.001]. The levels of urinary sIgA were significantly higher in group 3 than that in group 2 and group 1 [3.54 (0-43.82) microg/mg Cr versus 1.63 (0-15.88) microg/mg Cr versus 0.91 (0-11.79), P < 0.001], and group 2 than group 1 (P = 0.014). The levels of urinary sIgA were associated positively with proteinuria (r = 0.443, P < 0.001), serum creatinine (r = 0.376, P < 0.001) and histopathological parameters, such as ratio of global sclerosis (r = 0.356, P < 0.001), ratio of total crescents (r = 0.339, P < 0.001) and ratios of cellular crescents (r = 0.231, P < 0.001). The levels of urinary sIgA were associated closely with histopathological phenotypes of IgAN and might be used as a non-invasive biomarker to evaluate kidney injury in IgAN.
118. Some amino-derivatives of dihydro-β-quinindene and tetrahydroacridine (1947)

V. Petrow, J. Chem. Soc., 1947, 634 DOI: 10.1039/JR9470000634
Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder (2006)

Duloxetine (60 mg daily) is effective in the prevention of relapse of MDD during continuation treatment.
Slow-Time Changes in Human EMG Muscle Fatigue States Are Fully Represented in Movement Kinematics (2008)

The ability to identify physiologic fatigue and related changes in kinematics can provide an important tool for diagnosing fatigue-related injuries. This study examined an exhaustive cycling task to demonstrate how changes in movement kinematics and variability reflect underlying changes in local muscle states. Motion kinematics data were used to construct fatigue features. Their multivariate analysis, based on smooth orthogonal decomposition, was used to reconstruct physiological fatigue. Two different features composed of (1) standard statistical metrics (SSM), which were a collection of standard long-time measures, and (2) phase space warping (PSW)-based metrics, which characterized short-time variations in the phase space trajectories, were considered. Movement kinematics and surface electromyography (EMG) signals were measured from the lower extremities of seven highly trained cyclists as they cycled to voluntary exhaustion on a stationary bicycle. Mean and median frequencies from the EMG time series were computed to measure the local fatigue dynamics of individual muscles independent of the SSM- and PSW-based features, which were extracted solely from the kinematics data. A nonlinear analysis of kinematic features was shown to be essential for capturing full multidimensional fatigue dynamics. A four-dimensional fatigue manifold identified using a nonlinear PSW-based analysis of kinematics data was shown to adequately predict all EMG-based individual muscle fatigue trends. While SSM-based analyses showed similar dominant global fatigue trends, they failed to capture individual muscle activities in a low-dimensional manifold. Therefore, the nonlinear PSW-based analysis of strictly kinematic time series data directly predicted all of the local muscle fatigue trends in a low-dimensional systemic fatigue trajectory. These results provide the first direct quantitative link between changes in muscle fatigue dynamics and resulting changes in movement kinematics.
Modulating the release kinetics through the control of the permeability of the layer-by-layer assembly: a review (2009)

The layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technique has emerged as a simple and versatile method for coating biological and non-biological templates for various biomedical applications. A promising avenue of this technique lies in the encapsulation of drugs and other biological substances for controlled release. Fundamental studies of LbL assembly on flat surfaces have provided a sound understanding of film deposition theory and its pertinence to ionic and molecular transport and diffusion through polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films. However, there is a lack of information on the permeability of three-dimensional PEM shell systems. In either PEM films or shells, it has been shown that drug release is a function of the ionic strength, pH and/or multilayer thickness. This report aims to provide an overview of the physicochemical parameters affecting the permeability of two- and three-dimensional multilayer shells, including ionic strength, layer number and pH. Furthermore, their synergic effect on loading and release of biologically active molecules from LbL multilayers are discussed.