gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Doxorubicin conjugated with a monoclonal antibody directed to a human melanoma-associated proteoglycan suppresses the growth of established tumor xenografts in nude mice. (1988)

Doxorubicin (DXR) was covalently conjugated to a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 9.2.27 (IgG2a), which recognizes a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan expressed preferentially on the surface of human melanoma cells. Immunoconjugates with a molar ratio of DXR to mAb ranging from 2:1 to 10:1 were obtained by coupling the drug via an acid-sensitive linker, cis-aconitic anhydride. The immunoreactivity of mAb 9.2.27 was well retained after conjugation. DXR-mAb 9.2.27 conjugates were found to be 2 orders of magnitude more potent in killing tumor cells in vitro (IC50 = 0.1 microM) than free drug targeted to drug receptor(s). Most significantly, DXR-mAb 9.2.27 immunoconjugates specifically suppressed the growth of established tumors in vivo and prolonged the life-span of tumor-bearing nude mice. This suppression of melanoma growth achieved by the immunoconjugate was both tumor and antibody specific. A biodistribution study indicated that DXR-mAb 9.2.27 conjugates delivered at least 4 times more DXR (3.7% total injected dose per g of tumor) as compared to free DXR alone (0.8% total injected dose per g of tumor) in tumor-bearing nude mice 48 hr postinjection. The tumor-suppressive effects of DXR-mAb 9.2.27 conjugates are even more remarkable since free DXR did not suppress tumor growth in vivo and also because this drug per se is known to be quite ineffective for the treatment of human melanoma.
High-Efficiency Ligation and Recombination of DNA Fragments by Vertebrate Cells (1983)

DNA-mediated gene transfer (transfection) is used to introduce specific genes into vertebrate cells. Events soon after transfection were quantitatively analyzed by determining the infectivity of the DNA from an avian retrovirus and of mixtures of subgenomic fragments of this DNA. The limiting step of transfection with two DNA molecules is the uptake by a single cell of both DNA's in a biologically active state. Transfected cells mediate ligation and recombination of physically unlinked DNA's at nearly 100 percent efficiency.
Kinetic studies on decomposition of glutathione. I. Decomposition in solid state. (1978)

The decomposition of crystalline glutathione (GSH) by water vapour was studied kinetically. The decomposition time course of GSH polymorphs (α and β forms) showed the pattern like autocatalytic reaction in a solid state. The logarithmic plots of the decomposed ratio vs. the reaction time were almost linear for the β form, but broken to two lines for the α form. Decomposition of the α form was more rapid than the β form under the same condition of temperature and humidity. The effect of oxygen in air on the rate was almost negligible. The reaction rate in the early stage of the decomposition was concluded to be larger than the rate calculated from the reaction model in which GSH decomposed in the saturated solution on the crystal surface. The rates were apparently proportional to about 3 to 5 powers of humidity. γ-Glutamyl bond was broken and some parts of products underwent intramolecular condensation in the decomposition. A small amount of oxidized GSH was formed but the decreased ratio of reductivity of the sample was considerable and increased with increasing decomposition ratio of GSH. Apparent activation energy for decomposition of both forms was 32 to 33 kcal/mol.
Increased number of chromosomal imbalances and high-level DNA amplifications in mantle cell lymphoma are associated with blastoid variants. (1999)

Mantle cell lymphomas (MCLs) are characterized by 11q13 chromosomal translocations and cyclin D1 overexpression. The secondary genetic and molecular events involved in the progression of these tumors are not well known. In this study, we have analyzed 45 MCLs (32 typical and 13 blastoid variants) by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). To identify the possible genes included in the abnormal chromosome regions, selected cases were analyzed for P53, P16(INK4a), RB, C-MYC, N-MYC, BCL2, BCL6, CDK4, and BMI-1 gene alterations. The most frequent imbalances detected by CGH were gains of chromosomes 3q (49%), 7p (27%), 8q (22%), 12q (20%), 18q (18%), and 9q34 (16%) and losses of chromosomes 13 (44%), 6q (27%), 1p (24%), 11q14-q23 (22%), 10p14-p15 (18%), 17p (16%), and 9p (16%). High-level DNA amplifications were identified in 11 different regions of the genome, predominantly in 3q27-q29 (13%), 18q23 (9%), and Xq28 (7%). The CGH analysis allowed the identification of regional consensus areas in most of the frequently involved chromosomes. Chromosome gains (P =. 02) and losses (P =.01) and DNA amplifications (P =.015) were significantly higher in blastoid variants. The significant differences between blastoid and typical tumors were gains of 3q, 7p, and 12q, and losses of 17p. CGH losses of 17p correlated with P53 gene deletions and mutations. Similarly, gains of 12q and high-level DNA amplifications of 10p12-p13 were associated with CDK4 and BMI-1 gene amplifications, respectively. One of 2 cases with 8q24 amplification showed C-MYC amplification by Southern blot. Alterations in 2p, 3q, 13, and 18q were not associated with N-MYC, BCL6, RB, or BCL2 alterations, respectively, suggesting that other genes may be the targets of these genetic abnormalities in MCLs. Increased number of gains (0 v 1-4 v >4 gains per case) (P =.002), gains of 3q (P =.02), gains of 12q (P =.03), and losses of 9p (P =. 003) were significantly associated with a shorter survival of the patients. These results indicate that an increased number of chromosome imbalances are associated with blastoid variants of MCLs and may have prognostic significance.
Activation of natural killer T cells in NZB/W mice induces Th1-type immune responses exacerbating lupus (2003)

In vivo treatment of mice with the natural killer T (NKT) cell ligand, α-galactosylceramide (αGalCer), ameliorates autoimmune diabetes and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) by shifting pathogenic Th1-type immune responses to nonpathogenic Th2-type responses. In the current study, in vivo activation of NKT cells in adult NZB/W mice by multiple injections of αGalCer induced an abnormal Th1-type immune response as compared with the Th2-type response observed in nonautoimmune C57BL/6 mice. This resulted in decreased serum levels of IgE, increased levels of IgG2a and IgG2a anti–double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) Ab's, and exacerbated lupus. Conversely, treatment of NZB/W mice with blocking anti-CD1d mAb augmented Th2-type responses, increased serum levels of IgE, decreased levels of IgG2a and IgG2a anti-dsDNA Ab's, and ameliorated lupus. While total CD4+ T cells markedly augmented in vitro IgM anti-dsDNA Ab secretion by splenic B cells, the non–CD1d-reactive (CD1d-αGalCer tetramer-negative) CD4+ T cells (accounting for 95% of all CD4+ T cells) failed to augment Ab secretion. The CD1d-reactive tetramer-positive CD4+ T cells augmented anti-dsDNA Ab secretion about tenfold. In conclusion, activation of NKT cells augments Th1-type immune responses and autoantibody secretion that contribute to lupus development in adult NZB/W mice, and anti-CD1d mAb might be useful for treating lupus.
[Antivitamin activity of thiaminase from freshwater bicuspid molluscs after parenteral administration of the enzyme to albino mice]. (1977)

Thiaminase from bicuspid mollusc, after a single administration into mice (25 or 50 un, subcutaneously), caused a decrease in the activity of transketolase and alpha-ketoglutaric acid dehydrogenase in the animal tissues within 3 hrs. The maximal antivitaminous effect of thiaminase was manifested within 2-5 days and slightly decreased within 7 days (at a dose of 25 un). Amount of thiamin was decreased in mice liver tissue from 6.54+/-0.36 mcg/g to 4.84+/-0.23 mcg/g within the second day after the thiaminase administration. Transketolase and alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase from liver and kidney were more sensitive to the antivitaminous effect of thiaminase. General condition of the animals was not altered by parenteral administration of thiaminase during a week. Thiaminase may be recommended for modelling of thiamin deficiency in animals maintained at conventional diets.
A Survey on Web Pre-Fetching and Web Caching Techniques in a Mobile Environment (2012)

As the Internet continues to grow in size and popularity, web traffic and network bottlenecks are major issues in the network world. The continued increase in demand for objects on the Internet causes severe overloading in many sites and network links. Many users have no patience in waiting more than few seconds for downloading a web page. Web traffic reduction techniques are necessary for accessing the web sites efficiently with the facility of existing network. Web pre-fetching techniques and web caching reduces the web latency that we face on the internet today. This paper describes about the various prefetching and caching techniques, how they predict the web object to be pre-fetched and what are the issues challenges involved when these techniques are applied to a mobile environment.
Comparison of 2.5D and 3D Quantification of Femoral Head Coverage in Normal Control Subjects and Patients with Hip Dysplasia (2015)

Hip dysplasia is characterized by insufficient femoral head coverage (FHC). Quantification of FHC is of importance as the underlying goal of the surgery to treat hip dysplasia is to restore a normal acetabular morphology and thereby to improve FHC. Unlike a pure 2D X-ray radiograph-based measurement method or a pure 3D CT-based measurement method, previously we presented a 2.5D method to quantify FHC from a single anteriorposterior (AP) pelvic radiograph. In this study, we first quantified and compared 3D FHC between a normal control group and a patient group using a CT-based measurement method. Taking the CT-based 3D measurements of FHC as the gold standard, we further quantified the bias, precision and correlation between the 2.5D measurements and the 3D measurements on both the control group and the patient group. Based on digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs), we investigated the influence of the pelvic tilt on the 2.5D measurements of FHC. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for absolute agreement was used to quantify interobserver reliability and intraobserver reproducibility of the 2.5D measurement technique. The Pearson correlation coefficient, r, was used to determine the strength of the linear association between the 2.5D and the 3D measurements. Student's t-test was used to determine whether the differences between different measurements were statistically significant. Our experimental results demonstrated that both the interobserver reliability and the intraobserver reproducibility of the 2.5D measurement technique were very good (ICCs > 0.8). Regression analysis indicated that the correlation was very strong between the 2.5D and the 3D measurements (r = 0.89, p < 0.001). Student's t-test showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the 2.5D and the 3D measurements of FHC on the patient group (p > 0.05). The results of this study provided convincing evidence demonstrating the validity of the 2.5D measurements of FHC from a single AP pelvic radiograph and proved that it could serve as a surrogate for 3D CT-based measurements. Thus it may be possible to use this method to avoid a CT scan for the purpose of estimating 3D FHC in diagnosis and post-operative treatment evaluation of patients with hip dysplasia.
TRAM: A Tree-based Reliable Multicast Protocol (1998)

: This paper describes TRAM, a scalable reliable multicast transport protocol. TRAM is designed to support bulk data transfer with a single sender and multiple receivers. It uses dynamic trees to implement local error recovery and to scale to a large number of receivers without seriously impacting the sender. It also includes flow control, congestion control, and other adaptive techniques necessary to operate efficiently and fairly with other protocols across the wide variety of link and client characteristics that make up the Internet as well as intranets. TRAM has been successfully used to implement several bulk data delivery applications. TRAM has been tested and simulated in a number of network environments. email addresses: dahming.chiu@east.sun.com stephen.hurst@east.sun.com miriam.kadansky@east.sun.com joseph.wesley@east.sun.com 1998 Sun Microsystems, Inc. All rights reserved. The SML Technical Report Series is published by Sun Microsystems Laboratories, of Sun Mic...
Antiparallel Sheet Formation in β-Peptide Foldamers:  Effects of β-Amino Acid Substitution on Conformational Preference1 (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTAntiparallel Sheet Formation in β-Peptide Foldamers: Effects of β-Amino Acid Substitution on Conformational Preference1Susanne Krauthäuser, Laurie A. Christianson, Douglas R. Powell, and Samuel H. GellmanView Author Information Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin Madison, Wisconsin 53706 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 48, 11719–11720Publication Date (Web):December 3, 1997Publication History Received2 September 1997Published online3 December 1997Published inissue 1 December 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9730627https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9730627rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1174Altmetric-Citations173LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amides,Chemical structure,Conformation,Noncovalent interactions,Substituents Get e-Alerts
Two L-Asparaginases from Escherichia coli B. Their Separation, Purification, and Antitumor Activity* (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTwo L-Asparaginases from Escherichia coli B. Their Separation, Purification, and Antitumor Activity*H. A. Campbell, L. T. Mashburn, E. A. Boyse, and L. J. OldCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 3, 721–730Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00855a011https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00855a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views617Altmetric-Citations182LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Spectral Tuning of Azobenzene Photoswitches for Biological Applications (2009)

Longer switching wavelengths and good photochemical yields and stabilities of the cis isomers in reducing aqueous environments are achieved by introducing 2,2'-aminoalkyl substituents into 4,4'-diamido-substituted azobenzenes. The products are thus suitable for photocontrol of biomolecular structures in intracellular environments, such as switching between two peptide configurations (see picture).
Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are differentially expressed during the soybean life cycle and in transformed tobacco plants. (1989)

We investigated the structure, organization, and developmental regulation of soybean Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes. The Kunitz trypsin inhibitor gene family contains at least 10 members, many of which are closely linked in tandem pairs. Three Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes, designated as KTi1, KTi2, and KTi3, do not contain intervening sequences, and are expressed during embryogenesis and in the mature plant. The KTi1 and KTi2 genes have nearly identical nucleotide sequences, are expressed at different levels during embryogenesis, are represented in leaf, root, and stem mRNAs, and probably do not encode proteins with trypsin inhibitor activity. By contrast, the KTi3 gene has diverged 20% from the KTi1 and KTi2 genes, and encodes the prominent Kunitz trypsin inhibitor found in soybean seeds. The KTi3 gene has the highest expression level during embryogenesis, and is also represented in leaf mRNA. All three Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes are regulated correctly in transformed tobacco plants. Our results suggest that Kunitz trypsin inhibitor genes contain different combinations of cis-control elements that program distinct qualitative and quantitative expression patterns during the soybean life cycle.
The Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein Vip3A lyses midgut epithelium cells of susceptible insects (1997)

The Vip3A protein is a member of a newly discovered class of vegetative insecticidal proteins with activity against a broad spectrum of lepidopteran insects. Histopathological observations indicate that Vip3A ingestion by susceptible insects such as the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) causes gut paralysis at concentrations as low as 4 ng/cm2 of diet and complete lysis of gut epithelium cells resulting in larval death at concentrations above 40 ng/cm2. The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), a nonsusceptible insect, does not develop any pathology upon ingesting Vip3A. While proteolytic processing of the Vip3A protein by midgut fluids obtained from susceptible and nonsusceptible insects is comparable, in vivo immunolocalization studies show that Vip3a binding is restricted to gut cells of susceptible insects. Therefore, the insect host range for Vip3A seems to be determined by its ability to bind gut cells. These results indicate that midgut epithelium cells of susceptible insects are the primary target for the Vip3A insecticidal protein and that their subsequent lysis is the primary mechanism of lethality. Disruption of gut cells appears to be the strategy adopted by the most effective insecticidal proteins.
Neutrality Conditions for Block Copolymer Systems on Random Copolymer Brush Surfaces (1999)

The wetting behavior of P(S-b-I) and P(S-b-nBMA) thin films placed upon tunable P(S-r-MMA) brush surfaces is addressed. Homopolymer dewetting experiments show an increase in interfacial energy between PI and P(S-r-MMA) with increasing styrene fraction, while the interfacial energy dependence of PnBMA with brush composition was indeterminate. Reflection optical micrographs of block copolymer films cast on PS and PMMA brush surfaces show island/hole structures that are indicative of a parallel orientation of the block copolymer domains with respect to the film boundaries. The micrographs are identical in structure and are comprised of the same interference colors, indicating antisymmetric wetting conditions for films cast upon both PS and PMMA brush surfaces. Thus, for P(S-b-I) and P(S-b-nBMA) films cast upon PMMA brush surfaces, unfavorable wetting of the PS component occurs at the PMMA brush surface in order to avert PI/PMMA and PnBMA/PMMA interactions which are more unfavorable. Consequently, the dependence of the interfacial energy between PI or PnBMA with P(S-r-MMA) random copolymer brushes as a function of styrene content does not influence the behavior of these systems. The general wetting behavior of block copolymer films on random copolymer surfaces is discussed with specific attention being made to wetting condition inversions and neutral surfaces.
Dendrimer-based nanoparticles for cancer therapy (2009)

Recent work has suggested that nanoparticles in the form of dendrimers may be a keystone in the future of therapeutics. The field of oncology could soon be revolutionized by novel strategies for diagnosis and therapy employing dendrimer-based nanotherapeutics. Several aspects of cancer therapy would be involved. Diagnosis using imaging techniques such as MRI will be improved by the incorporation of dendrimers as advanced contrast agents. This might involve novel contrast agents targeted specifically to cancer cells. Dendrimers can also be being applied to a variety of cancer therapies to improve their safety and efficacy. A strategy, somewhat akin to the "Trojan horse," involves targeting anti-metabolite drugs via vitamins or hormones that tumors need for growth. Further applications of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy, boron neutron capture therapy, and gene therapy for cancer are being examined. This presentation will cover the fundamentals of research utilizing dendrimers for cancer diagnosis and therapy. An evaluation of this new technologies will detail what advantage dendrimer based therapeutics might have over conventional cancer drugs.
Scaling results on the sum capacity of cellular networks with MIMO links (2006)

Scaling results for the sum capacity of the multiple access, uplink channel are provided for a flat-fading environment, with multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) links, when there is interference from other cells. The classical MIMO scaling regime is considered in which the number of antennas per user and per base station grow large together. Utilizing the known characterizations of the limiting eigenvalue distributions of large random matrices, the asymptotic behavior of the sum capacity of the system is characterized for an architecture in which the base stations cooperate in the joint decoding process of all users (macrodiversity). This asymptotic sum capacity is compared with that of the conventional scenario in which the base stations only decode the users in their cells. For the case of base station cooperation, an interesting "resource pooling" phenomenon is observed: in some cases, the limiting performance of a macrodiversity multiuser network has the same asymptotic behavior as that of a single-user MIMO link with an equivalent amount of pooled received power. This resource pooling phenomenon allows us to derive an elegant closed-form expression for the sum capacity of a new version of Wyner's classical model of a cellular network, in which MIMO links are incorporated into the model.