gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of combined human neutrophil cathepsin G and elastase on induction of secretory cell metaplasia and emphysema in hamsters, with in vitro observations on elastolysis by these enzymes. (1985)

To determine whether purified human neutrophil cathepsin G (Cat-G) can act by itself or in concert with purified human neutrophil elastase (HNE) in the induction of emphysema and bronchial secretory cell metaplasia (SCM), we gave golden Syrian hamsters 100 micrograms of HNE alone or in combination with either 100 or 200 micrograms of Cat-G. Other groups of animals received intratracheal doses of up to 600 micrograms of Cat-G alone. The severity of emphysema was determined from measurements of lung volumes, compliance, forced expiratory flow, and the mean linear intercept. The severity of SCM in the main airways was graded on sections stained by the alcian blue and periodic acid-Schiff reaction. The Cat-G was a weak inducer of SCM; significant SCM was produced by 400 and 600 micrograms but not by 100 or 200 micrograms or 200 micrograms of Cat-G. The Cat-G (100 and 200 micrograms) did not potentiate the SCM induced by 100 micrograms of HNE. The Cat-G alone did not produce emphysema, and neither 100 nor 200 micrograms of Cat-G potentiated the mild emphysema induced by 100 micrograms of HNE. These results were not consonant with a report that Cat-G and HNE were synergistic in solubilizing human lung elastin. We therefore measured the ability of Cat-G and HNE to solubilize several radiolabeled elastins. The combination of Cat-G and HNE did not solubilize significantly more hamster lung elastin (23%) than the sum of their individual activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Ion pairing and reactivity of enolate anions. 7. A spectacular example of the importance of rotational barriers: the ionization of Meldrum's acid (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon pairing and reactivity of enolate anions. 7. A spectacular example of the importance of rotational barriers: the ionization of Meldrum's acidEdward M. Arnett and John A. Harrelson Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3, 809–812Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00237a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00237a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1908Altmetric-Citations87LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of Apolipoprotein A-I Helix 10 in Apolipoprotein-mediated Cholesterol Efflux via the ATP-binding Cassette Transporter ABCA1 (2002)

Recent studies of Tangier disease have shown that the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)/apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) interaction is critical for high density lipoprotein particle formation, apoA-I integrity, and proper reverse cholesterol transport. However, the specifics of this interaction are unknown. It has been suggested that amphipathic helices of apoA-I bind to a lipid domain created by the ABCA1 transporter. Alternatively, apoA-I may bind directly to ABCA1 itself. To better understand this interaction, we created several truncation mutants of apoA-I and then followed up with more specific point mutants and helix translocation mutants to identify and characterize the locations of apoA-I required for ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux. We found that deletion of residues 221-243 (helix 10) abolished ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from cultured RAW mouse macrophages treated with 8-bromo-cAMP. Point mutations in helix 10 that affected the helical charge distribution reduced ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux versus the wild type. We noted a strong positive correlation between cholesterol efflux and the lipid binding characteristics of apoA-I when mutations were made in helix 10. However, there was no such correlation for helix translocations in other areas of the protein as long as helix 10 remained intact at the C terminus. From these observations, we propose an alternative model for apolipoprotein-mediated efflux.
ADP-Ribosylation of Actin by theClostridium botulinumC2 Toxin in Mammalian Cells Results in Delayed Caspase-Dependent Apoptotic Cell Death (2008)

ABSTRACT The binary C2 toxin from Clostridium botulinum mono-ADP-ribosylates G-actin in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. This modification leads to depolymerization of actin filaments accompanied by cell rounding within 3 h of incubation but does not immediately induce cell death. Here we investigated the long-term responses of mammalian cell lines (HeLa and Vero) following C2 toxin treatment. Cells stayed round even though the toxin was removed from the medium after its internalization into the cells. No unmodified actin reappeared in the C2 toxin-treated cells within 48 h. Despite actin being completely ADP-ribosylated after about 7 h, no obvious decrease in the overall amount of actin was observed for at least 48 h. Therefore, ADP-ribosylation was not a signal for an accelerated degradation of actin in the tested cell lines. C2 toxin treatment resulted in delayed apoptotic cell death that became detectable about 15 to 24 h after toxin application in a portion of the cells. Poly(ADP)-ribosyltransferase 1 (PARP-1) was cleaved in C2 toxin-treated cells, an indication of caspase 3 activation and a hallmark of apoptosis. Furthermore, specific caspase inhibitors prevented C2 toxin-induced apoptosis, implying that caspases 8 and 9 were activated in C2 toxin-treated cells. C2I, the ADP-ribosyltransferase component of the C2 toxin, remained active in the cytosol for at least 48 h, and no extensive degradation of C2I was observed. From our data, we conclude that the long-lived nature of C2I in the host cell cytosol was essential for the nonreversible cytotoxic effect of C2 toxin, resulting in delayed apoptosis of the tested mammalian cells.
Mucosal Antitoxic and Antibacterial Immunity after Cholera Disease and after Immunization with a Combined B Subunit-Whole Cell Vaccine (1984)

Mucosal and systemic immune responses to a new oral cholera vaccine, consisting of the B subunit plus killed vibrios, were studied in Bangladeshi volunteers and compared with those to clinical cholera. A single peroral dose of vaccine induced a local IgA antitoxin response in intestinal-lavage fluid of seven of eight vaccinees; the response closely mimicked that of patients convalescing from cholera, and evidence of the induction of local immunologic memory was found as well. Two peroral doses were needed for stimulation of an intestinal IgA immune response to the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae that was comparable to the response obtained after clinical cholera. This response to peroral immunization was considerably stronger than that to parenteral vaccination, although the intramuscular route gave rise to the strongest IgG antitoxin and antilipolysaccharide responses in serum. The results suggest that B subunit-whole cell vaccine, when given in at least two oral doses, may be a good candidate for use in cholera prophylaxis.
Maintenance procedures for the curtailment of genetic instability: Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 (1977)

Characteristics are described of small-colony variants of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 which are frequently encountered when routine culture maintenance procedures are employed. In contrast to the parental type, smallcolony variants were shown to be resistant to a number of antibiotics, to acridine orange, and to phage which are virulent for the parent colony type. Sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation was similar in both colony types. A simple method for preservation of viable cells is described. The suitability of the method for providing reproducible inocula free from variant cell types is examined.
A Research Primer for Agricultural Educators (2007)

Although corticosteroid therapy might be clinically beneficial for bronchiectasis, very little is known of its effects on the inflammatory and infective markers in bronchiectasis. We have therefore performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effects of a 4-wk administration of inhaled fluticasone in bronchiectasis. Twenty-four patients (12 female; mean age 51 yr) were randomized into receiving either inhaled fluticasone (500 microgram twice daily) via the Accuhaler device (n = 12) or placebo. At each visit, spirometry, 24-h sputum volume, sputum leukocyte density, bacterial densities, and concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) were determined. There was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in sputum leukocyte density and IL-1beta, IL-8, and LTB4 after fluticasone treatment. The fluticasone group had one and the placebo group three episodes of exacerbation. There were no significant changes in spirometry (p > 0.05) or any reported adverse reactions in either group. The results of this study show that high-dose fluticasone is effective in reducing the sputum inflammatory indices in bronchiectasis. Large-scale and long-term studies are indicated to evaluate the effects of inhaled steroid therapy on the inflammatory components in bronchiectasis.
Intratumoral T Cells, Recurrence, and Survival in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (2003)

The presence of intratumoral T cells correlates with improved clinical outcome in advanced ovarian carcinoma.
Cross-talk between branched-chain amino acids and hepatic mitochondria is compromised in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2015)

Elevated plasma branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) in the setting of insulin resistance have been relevant in predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) onset, but their role in the etiology of hepatic insulin resistance remains uncertain. We determined the link between BCAA and dysfunctional hepatic tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, which is a central feature of hepatic insulin resistance and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Plasma metabolites under basal fasting and euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamps (insulin stimulation) were measured in 94 human subjects with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity to identify their relationships with insulin resistance. Furthermore, the impact of elevated BCAA on hepatic TCA cycle was determined in a diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD, utilizing targeted metabolomics and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolic flux analysis. Insulin stimulation revealed robust relationships between human plasma BCAA and indices of insulin resistance, indicating chronic metabolic overload from BCAA. Human plasma BCAA and long-chain acylcarnitines also showed a positive correlation, suggesting modulation of mitochondrial metabolism by BCAA. Concurrently, mice with NAFLD failed to optimally induce hepatic mTORC1, plasma ketones, and hepatic long-chain acylcarnitines, following acute elevation of plasma BCAA. Furthermore, elevated BCAA failed to induce multiple fluxes through hepatic TCA cycle in mice with NAFLD. Our data suggest that BCAA are essential to mediate efficient channeling of carbon substrates for oxidation through mitochondrial TCA cycle. Impairment of BCAA-mediated upregulation of the TCA cycle could be a significant contributor to mitochondrial dysfunction in NAFLD.
Embedded coding of speech: A vector quantization approach (2005)

Embedded speech coders are characterized by the property that their output quality degrades gracefully as their bit rate is decreased. Design methods for vector quantizers with the embedded coding property are presented and their performance simulated for the medium-band of 32-8 Kbits/sec. Listening tests indicate that these coders can provide good quality speech at 32 and 24 Kbits/sec and intelligible speech down to 8 Kbits/sec.
Electrophysiological Approach to Studying CFTR (2003)

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is aphosphorylation and ATP-dependent Cl∼ channel. It is predominantly expressed in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. The presence and function of CFTR in a cell is sensitively measured using electrophysiological techniques. The patch clamp technique is the most frequently used method to measure CFTR in single cells or in isolated patches of cell membrane. A key step for the successful recording of CFTR is its identification and distinction from other Cl∼ channels. In patch clamp recordings this is done by probing for physiological, pharmacological, or biophysical characteristics of the channel. This chapter describes first, how to successfully record CFTR currents using the patch clamp technique. Second, it focuses on current noise analysis as a useful tool to investigate the regulation of CFTR activity.
Acquired resistance in Arabidopsis. (1992)

Acquired resistance is an important component of the complex disease resistance mechanism in plants, which can result from either pathogen infection or treatment with synthetic, resistance-inducing compounds. In this study, Arabidopsis, a tractable genetic system, is shown to develop resistance to a bacterial and a fungal pathogen following 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) treatment. Three proteins that accumulated to high levels in the apoplast in response to INA treatment were purified and characterized. Expression of the genes corresponding to these proteins was induced by INA, pathogen infection, and salicylic acid, the latter being a putative endogenous signal for acquired resistance. Arabidopsis should serve as a genetic model for studies of this type of immune response in plants.
Power distribution systems for future homes (1999)

With the advent of power electronics and the increasing demand for DC power, a new power distribution system for future homes is proposed. The system consists of a power-factor-corrected AC-DC pre-regulator, a battery charger, a bi-directional DC-DC converter, a DC-AC converter, a smart energy meter and an intelligent energy management system. Issues related to power quality, electricity pricing, enabling technologies, load requirements, design and compatibility are investigated. The advantages and feasibility of this system are also discussed.
Scalable adaptive scan (SAS) (2009)

Scan compression has emerged as the most successful solution to solve the problem of rising manufacturing test cost. Compression technology is not hierarchical in nature. Hierarchical implementations need test access mechanisms that keep the isolation between the different tests applied through the different compressors and decompressors. In this paper we discuss a test access mechanism for Adaptive Scan that addresses the problem of reducing test data and test application time in a hierarchical and low pin count environment. An active test access mechanism is used that becomes part of the compression schemes and unifies the test data for multiple CODEC implementations. Thus, allowing for hierarchical DFT implementations with flat ATPG.
World‐class sediment‐hosted stratiform copper deposits: Characteristics, genetic concepts and metallotects (1997)

Detailed studies of the host lithologies, mineral textures, metal zoning and configurations of numerous sediment‐hosted stratiform copper deposits have established a post‐sedimentary (diagenetic) timing and overprint concept for the genesis of this important mineral deposit type. Metals were probably deposited from low‐temperature oxidised saline brines which circulated across the colour‐distinctive redoxcline between host greybeds (commonly sulfidic ‘black shales’ or marginal‐marine microbial mats) and immature footwall redbeds filling continental rift basins. Adequate sources of ore metals (principally copper ± silver or cobalt) and associated metals (e.g. lead, zinc, cadmium) can be found in the redbeds (or deeper rocks), and the circulation of saline pore fluids to and across the redoxcline may have been induced and focused by normal features of rift geology, such as marginal basin faults, contrasting stratigraphic permeabilities, overpressured pore fluids and anomalous thermal gradients. Besides the identification of major greybed/redbed contacts and the longstanding recognition that stratiform copper deposits are commonly associated with extensive continental redbed and evaporitic units, exploration may be guided by the observation that stratiform copper deposits are restricted in geologic time to continental rift zones, to low palaeolatitudes where evaporites tend to form, and to sediments younger than the apparent oxidation of the Earth's atmosphere at about 2.3 Ga (essentially post‐Archaean time). Thus, successful exploration for stratiform copper deposits will probably depend more and more commonly on the detection and refined reconstruction of redbed/greybed sedimentary environments in zones of crustal extension at low palaeolatitudes post‐dating Archaean time and especially on hypothesised patterns of ore brine circulation in the redbed/greybed package following sedimentation.
On universal hypotheses testing via large deviations (1991)

A prototype problem in hypotheses testing is discussed. The problem of deciding whether an i.i.d. sequence of random variables has originated from a known source P/sub 1/ or an unknown source P/sub 2/ is considered. The exponential rate of decrease in type II probability of error under a constraint on the minimal rate of decrease in type I probability of error is chosen for a criterion of optimality. Using large deviations estimates, a decision rule that is based on the relative entropy of the empirical measure with respect to P/sub 1/ is proposed. In the case of discrete random variables, this approach yields weaker results than the combinatorial approach used by Hoeffding (1965). However, it enables the analysis to be extended to the general case of R/sup n/-valued random variables. Finally, the results are extended to the case where P/sub 1/ is an unknown parameter-dependent distribution that is known to belong to a set of distributions (P/sup 0//sub 1/, theta in Theta ).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Isolation and mapping of a human septin gene to a region on chromosome 17q, commonly deleted in sporadic epithelial ovarian tumors. (2000)

Allele losses from chromosome 17 are common in sporadic ovarian tumors. Previously, we reported high rates of LOH (up to 70%) from 17q25 at the marker THH59 in a bank of malignant ovarian tumors. We have extended this study to 70 tumors with 17 markers from the long arm of chromosome 17. In most cases, the data are consistent with whole chromosome loss, but we have identified a minimal region of deletion that is centered around 4 microsatellites with zero recombination at map position 106.9 cM. A P1/BAC contig across the region (approximately 200 kb) was constructed and used to determine the precise position and order of the microsatellites. The contig was shown to hybridize to 17q25 by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The DNA sequence of the entire contig was determined and analyzed by BLAST searches. A 4-kb cDNA was subsequently identified with homology to the yeast, Drosophila and mammalian septin family of genes. We have designated this gene Ovarian/Breast (Ov/Br) septin. Two splice variants were demonstrated within the 200-kb contig, which differ only at exon 1. Within the contig, approximately 45% of the septin alpha transcript was identified and 38% of the septin beta transcript. The septins are a family of genes involved in cytokinesis and cell cycle control. Their known functions are consistent with the hypothesis that the human 17q25 septin gene is a candidate for the ovarian tumor suppressor gene.
Estradiol Represses Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Tax Activation of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Gene Transcription (2002)

Adult T-cell leukemia is caused by human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). The HTLV-I Tax protein is essential for clinical manifestations because it activates viral and cellular gene transcription. Tax enhances production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), which may lead to bone and joint destruction. Because estrogens might prevent osteoporosis by repressing TNF-alpha gene transcription, we investigated whether estrogens inhibit the transcriptional effects of Tax on the TNF-alpha promoter. Tax activated the -1044, -163, and -125 TNF-alpha promoters by 9-25-fold but not the -82 promoter, demonstrating that Tax activation requires the -125 to -82 region, known as the TNF response element (TNF-RE). Three copies of the TNF-RE upstream of the minimal thymidine kinase promoter conferred a similar magnitude of activation by Tax. We demonstrated that c-Jun, NFkappaB, p50, and p65 interact with and activate the TNF-RE by using mutational analysis of the TNF-RE, Tax mutants that selectively activate NFkappaB or the cAMP-response element binding protein/activating transcription factor pathway, and gel shift assays with nuclear extracts. Estradiol markedly repressed Tax-activated transcription of the TNF-alpha gene with estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta. Nuclear extracts from U2OS cells stably transfected with ER(alpha) demonstrated that ERs interact with the TNF-RE. Our studies provide evidence that ERs repress Tax-activated TNF-alpha transcription by interacting with a c-Jun and NFkappaB platform on the TNF-RE. Estrogens may ameliorate bone and inflammatory joint diseases in patients infected with HTLV-I by repressing transcription of the TNF-alpha gene.
Chicken cathelicidin-B1, an antimicrobial guardian at the mucosal M cell gateway (2007)

Mucosal epithelial M cells provide an efficient portal of entry for microorganisms. Initially defined by their irregular microvilli and abundant transcytotic channels in the avian bursa of Fabricius, M cells also are found in the lymphoid follicle-associated epithelium of the mammalian appendix, Peyer's patches, and other mucosal surface-lymphoid interfaces. We describe here a previously unrecognized cathelicidin gene in chickens, chCATH-B1, that is expressed exclusively in the epithelium of the bursa of Fabricius. Like the mature peptides of previously identified cathelicidins, the carboxyl-terminal peptide of chCATH-B1 has broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. chCATH-B1 expression is restricted to the secretory epithelial cell neighbors of the M cells, whereas its mature peptide is transported to become concentrated on the fibrillar network surrounding basolateral surfaces of the M cells that overlie the bursal lymphoid follicles. We conclude that chCATH-B1 is well placed to serve a protective antimicrobial role at the M cell gateway.
Active-amplifier-array diagnostics using high-resolution electrooptic field mapping (2001)

Several Ka-band spatial-amplifier power combiners and their free-space feeds were characterized using a high-resolution extreme-near-field electrooptic measurement technique. The two-dimensional electric-field amplitude and phase maps obtained from several arrays are presented. The usefulness of the technique for diagnostic purposes during the design and prototyping stages of the active arrays is discussed. In particular, the electrooptic maps were shown to be valuable for making improvements in the bias line design in one case, and for isolating faulty unit cells in another case.