gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surfactant Protein D Reduces Alveolar Macrophage Apoptosis In Vivo (2002)

Surfactant protein D (SP-D) is a molecule of the innate immune system that recognizes the patterns of surface carbohydrate on pathogens and targets them for phagocytosis and killing. SP-D-deficient mice show an increased number of macrophages in the alveolar space, excess surfactant phospholipid, overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and the development of emphysema. We report here that SP-D-deficient mice have a 5- to 10-fold increase in the number of apoptotic and necrotic alveolar macrophages, as defined by annexin V and propidium iodine staining, respectively. Intrapulmonary administration of a truncated 60-kDa fragment of human recombinant SP-D reduces the number of apoptotic and necrotic alveolar macrophages and partially corrects the lipid accumulation in SP-D-deficient mice. The same SP-D fragment binds preferentially to apoptotic and necrotic alveolar macrophages in vitro, suggesting that SP-D contributes to immune homeostasis in the lung by recognizing and promoting removal of necrotic and apoptotic cells.
NG2 proteoglycan-binding peptides target tumor neovasculature. (1999)

NG2 is the rat homologue of the human melanoma proteoglycan, also known as the high molecular weight melanoma-associated antigen. This developmentally regulated membrane-spanning chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan is expressed primarily by glial, muscle, and cartilage progenitor cells. Upon maturation, these cell types down-regulate NG2 expression. In adult animals, the expression of NG2 is restricted to tumor cells and angiogenic tumor vasculature, making this proteoglycan a potential target for directing therapeutic agents to relevant sites of action. To this end, we have identified specific NG2-binding peptides by screening a phage-displayed random peptide library on purified NG2. Several rounds of biopanning on NG2 resulted in the specific enrichment of two phage-displayed decapeptides, TAASGVRSMH and LTLRWVGLMS. The binding of these phages to NG2 was inhibitable both by soluble NG2 and by glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins containing the cognate peptide sequences. In addition, direct binding between GST-TAASGVRSMH and GST-LTLRWVGLMS fusion proteins and NG2 was demonstrated in solid-phase binding assays. Interestingly, these NG2-binding fusion proteins cross-inhibited each other's binding to NG2, suggesting that the two sequences bind to the same or overlapping sites on the proteoglycan. Upon injection into tumor-bearing mice, NG2-binding phages specifically homed to tumor vasculature in wild-type mice but did not localize to the tumor vasculature in NG2 knockout mice. The in vivo targeting capability of these sequences suggests that they can be used for tumor targeting.
Miniature superconducting filters (1996)

Because of the intrinsic low loss of high temperature superconductors at microwave frequencies it is possible to reduce the size of filters while still retaining excellent performance. In order to accomplish this reduction in size new filter geometry is required. Under this theme of miniaturization a number of new and novel types of microwave filter are discussed, this includes delay line filters, lumped element filters and filters based on slow wave structures. Each of the filters are constructed out of high temperature superconductors (HTS).
EBI2, GPR18, and GPR17 – Three Structurally Related but Biologically Distinct 7TM Receptors (2011)

7TM receptors constitute one of the largest superfamilies of proteins in the human genome. They are involved in a large number of physiological and pathological processes in the human body and thus represent major and important drug targets for the pharmaceutical industry. Although the majority have been deorphanized, many remain orphan, and these orphan receptors constitute a large pool of potential drug targets. This review focuses on one of these orphan targets, the Epstein-Barr Virus-induced receptor 2, EBI2 (or GPR183), together with two structurally related receptors, GPR17 and GPR18. The pharmacology and "druggability" of these three receptors is reviewed through a thorough description of their structural and functional properties and in vivo biology together with a status of currently available ligands for these receptors.
Mutants of human insulin‐like growth factor II (1992)

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF II) and four structural analogs, constructed by site-directed mutagenesis, were expressed as protein A fusion proteins in Escherichia coli BL21pLysS cells, cleaved with cyanogen bromide and purified by affinity chromatography and HPLC. Two mutants (Ser29 substituted by Arg-Leu-Pro-Gly, and Ser33 substituted by Cys-Gly-Asp) represent two naturally occurring variants of IGF II. The other two mutants, (7-67)IGF II and (9-67)IGF II, are truncated at the amino-terminus in analogy to the naturally occurring des(1-3)IGF I ('truncated IGF I'). These mutants were tested for their binding affinities to type-1 and type-2 IGF receptors, to IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) and for their stimulation of thymidine incorporation into DNA. The affinities of the Ser29 and Ser33 mutants to the type-1 IGF receptor were 85% and 39%, respectively, compared to wild-type IGF II, those of (7-67)IGF II and (9-67)IGF II 96% and 15%, respectively. The potencies of the Ser33 and the (9-67) mutant to stimulate thymidine incorporation into DNA correlated closely with the affinities to the type-1 IGF receptor, whereas the bioavailability of the Ser29 mutant was lower and that of the (7-67) mutant higher than the type-1 receptor binding, possibly due to interferences with endogenously secreted IGFBPs. The affinities of the Ser29 and Ser33 mutants to the type-2 IGF receptor were 110% and 71%, respectively, those of the two truncated mutants 25% and 23%, respectively. The affinity of the Ser29 mutant to IGFBP-3 was increased to 171%, whereas those of the Ser33 mutant and the two truncated mutants were reduced (34%, 10% and 19%, respectively).
Studies on the Biosynthesis of Epothilones: The Biosynthetic Origin of the Carbon Skeleton. (2000)

The biosynthetic origin of the epothilone skeleton was studied by the incorporation of 13C and radioactively labeled precursors by Sorangium cellulosum So ce90. The carbon atoms are derived from acetate, propionate, the methyl group of S-adenosyl-methionine, and cysteine which also introduces the sulfur and nitrogen atoms. Epothilone biosynthesis starts with the formation of the thiazole part from acetate and cysteine. The incorporation of acetate or propionate units results in the formation of epothilones A and B, respectively. To introduce the epoxide function of epothilones A and B molecular oxygen is used.
Temperature Corrected Thrombelastography in Hypothermic Patients (1995)

Thrombelastograms and other coagulation studies are performed at 37 degrees C, regardless of the patient's body temperature.This prospective study of 45 patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation was conducted to evaluate the effect on the thrombelastogram performed at the patient's actual body temperature compared with a control thrombelastogram heated in the standard fashion to 37 degrees C. Thrombelastograms were obtained after the induction of anesthesia and at various times throughout the operation when clinically indicated. A freshly drawn sample of the patient's blood was divided into two aliquots and run simultaneously on two thrombelastographs; one thrombelastograph was modified with a thermostat to perform the test at the patient's body temperature and the other was unmodified to serve as a control. The temperature of the patients in this study ranged from 36.9 degrees C to 32 degrees C. The variables of the thrombelastogram measured were: r (reaction time in minutes), r + K (coagulation time in minutes), alpha (coagulation rate in degrees), and MA (maximum amplitude in millimeters). Whenever the patient's body temperature was less than 37 degrees C, statistically significant prolongation of the reaction time, coagulation time, and decrease in the clot formation rate occurred compared with control variables at 37 degrees C. Overall means were as follows: r for control, 8.24 +/- 0.28 min; r for temperature corrected, 9.32 +/- 0.27 min; r + K for control, 15.4 +/- 0.65 min; r + K for temperature corrected, 17.5 +/- 0.81 min; and alpha for control, 39.8 +/- 1.22 degrees; alpha for temperature corrected, 37.7 +/- 1.23 degrees. The MA was not significantly different between the temperature corrected thrombelastograms and the control thrombelastograms regardless of the patient's body temperature. These changes suggest that performing thrombelastograms in the standard fashion may overestimate the quality of the coagulation system in vivo when the patient's temperature is less than 37 degrees C. (Anesth Analg 1995;81:608-11)
In Vivo Cochlear Hair Cell Generation and Survival by Coactivation of -Catenin and Atoh1 (2015)

Hearing loss in humans from aging, noise exposure, or ototoxic drugs (i.e., cisplatin or some antibiotics) is permanent and affects every segments of the population, worldwide. However, birds, frog, and fish have the ability to recover hearing, and recent studies have focused on understanding and applying what we have learned from them for restoring hearing in humans. However, studies have been hampered by low efficiency, limited cell numbers, and subsequent death of these newly generated auditory cells. Here, we describe a combinatorial approach, which results in the generation of auditory cells in greater numbers than previously reported, with most of them surviving to adult ages in vivo. These results provide a basis for combinatorial therapeutics for hearing restoration efforts.
Allosteric control by calcium and mechanism of desensitization of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase of Escherichia coli. (1980)

5CIPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from Escherichia coli, strain K12, has been purified by a procedure involving osmotic shock.The molecular weight, using various methods, is estimated to be about 53,000.Different lines of evidence suggest that the enzyme is monomeric.NADH, contrary to earlier reports, is shown not to inhibit the enzyme, but to interfere with the formation of oxalacetate-Fast Violet B complexes in the assay medium.The enzyme is shown to require a divalent metal ion for activity.This requirement is fulfilled by magnesium, manganese, or calcium, although the maximum velocity obtained with each ion varies considerably.When the enzyme is saturated ~t h magnesium, both Mn2+ and Caz+ further activate the enzymic reaction.The enzyme can be desensitized to calcium activation by treatment with trypsin.This treatment leads to the formation of a larger fragment which has a molecular weight of about 40,000 and is resistant to further proteolysis by trypsin.The desensitized enzyme still shows activation by manganese in the presence of magnesium.The maximal velocity obtainable with Mn2+ is also higher with the desensitized enzyme compared to the native form.The binding curve of the calcium analogue, terbium, to the native enzyme is biphasic.It, however, binds very poorly to the desensitized enzyme.It is concluded that calcium has an allosteric site on the enzyme surface which is distinct from the Mn2+ or M 8 + binding sites.
Conformational Aspects of Polypeptide Structure. XXII. Aromatic Side-Chain Effects from Poly-L-p-aminophenylalanine and Derivatives* (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConformational Aspects of Polypeptide Structure. XXII. Aromatic Side-Chain Effects from Poly-L-p-aminophenylalanine and Derivatives*Murray Goodman and Evaristo PeggionCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 5, 1533–1540Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00857a040https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00857a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Case-based reasoning and the deep structure approach to knowledge representation (1991)

Knowledge representation has been idenfied as the most important issue facing the field of AI and Law.1 The nature of legal reasoning and decision making, in particular the way judges decide hard cases, have been important jurisprudential issues for many years. it is inescapable that a Iegaf expert system which attempts to emulate the reasoning processes of a lawyer must embody a theory of legaf reasotting.2 Building a legal expert system is thus not just an exercise in computer programming, but requires sotid and articulated jurisprudentiaf foundations.
Built-in redundancy analysis for memory yield improvement (2003)

With the advance of VLSI technology, the capacity and density of memories is rapidly growing. The yield improvement and testing issues have become the most critical challenges for memory manufacturing. Conventionally, redundancies are applied so that the faulty cells can be repairable. Redundancy analysis using external memory testers is becoming inefficient as the chip density continues to grow, especially for the system chip with large embedded memories. This paper presents three redundancy analysis algorithms which can be implemented on-chip. Among them, two are based on the local-bitmap idea: the local repair-most approach is efficient for a general spare architecture, and the local optimization approach has the best repair rate. The essential spare pivoting technique is proposed to reduce the control complexity. Furthermore, a simulator has been developed for evaluating the repair efficiency of different algorithms. It is also used for determining certain important parameters in redundancy design. The redundancy analysis circuit can easily be integrated with the built-in self-test circuit.
Decision making and the avoidance of cognitive demand. (2010)

Behavioral and economic theories have long maintained that actions are chosen so as to minimize demands for exertion or work, a principle sometimes referred to as the law of less work. The data supporting this idea pertain almost entirely to demands for physical effort. However, the same minimization principle has often been assumed also to apply to cognitive demand. The authors set out to evaluate the validity of this assumption. In 6 behavioral experiments, participants chose freely between courses of action associated with different levels of demand for controlled information processing. Together, the results of these experiments revealed a bias in favor of the less demanding course of action. The bias was obtained across a range of choice settings and demand manipulations and was not wholly attributable to strategic avoidance of errors, minimization of time on task, or maximization of the rate of goal achievement. It is remarkable that the effect also did not depend on awareness of the demand manipulation. Consistent with a motivational account, avoidance of demand displayed sensitivity to task incentives and covaried with individual differences in the efficacy of executive control. The findings reported, together with convergent neuroscientific evidence, lend support to the idea that anticipated cognitive demand plays a significant role in behavioral decision making.
Effects of spinal cord stimulation on myocardial ischaemia during daily life in patients with severe coronary artery disease. A prospective ambulatory electrocardiographic study. (1994)

SCS not only reduced symptoms but also myocardial ischaemia. Therefore, SCS appears to be both a safe and an effective therapy for patients with refractory angina.
Fido: A Cache That Learns to Fetch (1991)

This paper describes Fido, a predictive cache [Palmer 19901 that prefetches by employing an associative memory to recognize access patterns within a context over time. Repeated training adapts the associative memory contents to data and access pattern changes, allowing on-line access predictions for prefetching. We discuss two salient elements of Fido- MLP, a replace-ment policy for managing prefetched objects, and Estimating Prophet, the component that recognizes patterns and predicts access. We then present some early simulation results which suggest that predictive caching works well and conclude that it is a promising method. 1
Screw pumps provide high efficiency in transport of Orinoco bitumen (1995)

One of the world`s largest known deposits of extra natural bitumen is located in the Orinoco River basin of eastern Venezuela. Production and transportation of an emulsion of bitumen and water is one of the major projects being directed by Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. This paper reviews the pump selection options considered in transporting this bitumen to a viable processing facility. The three pump types evaluated were centrifugal, reciprocating, or rotary screw. Performance and cost parameters are evaluated and the screw pump was determined to be the most economical, high performance choice. The paper goes on to describe the installation of the main transport lines and efficiency of these new pumps.
Heart Rate Recovery after Maximal Exercise Is Associated with Acetylcholine Receptor M2 (CHRM2) Gene Polymorphism (2006)

Determinants of heart rate (HR) recovery after exercise are not well known, although attenuated HR recovery is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. PURPOSe: Since acetylcholine receptor subtype M2 (CHRM2) plays a key role in cardiac chronotropic response, we tested the hypothesis that in healthy individuals the CHRM2 gene polymorphisms are associated with HR recovery one minute after the termination of maximal exercise test, both before and after endurance training. METHODS: The study population consisted of sedentary males and females (n=95, 42±5 yr) assigned either to a training (n=80) or a control group (n=15). A 2-week laboratory-controlled endurance training program included five 40-min sessions a week at 70–80% of the maximum HR. RESULTS: The HR recovery differed between the Intron 5 rs324640 genotypes at baseline (C/C −33±10, C/T −33±7 and T/T −40±1 1 beats per minute (bpm), P=0.008). Endurance training further strengthened the association: the less common C/C homozygotes showed 6 and 12 bpm lower HR recovery than the C/T heterozygotes, and the T/T homozygotes (P=0.001), respectively. A similar association was found between an A/T transversion at the 3' UTR of the CHRM2 gene and HR recovery at baseline (P=0.025) and after endurance training (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that DNA sequence variation in the CHRM2 locus is a potential modifier of HR recovery in the sedentary state, and after short-term endurance training program in healthy individuals. Supported by the Medical Council of the Finnish Academy of Science, Helsinki, Finland and the Ministry of Education, Helsinki, Finland.
In vitro cytotoxicity of (211)at-astatide and (131)I-iodide to glioma tumor cells expressing the sodium/iodide symporter. (2003)

Treatment of NIS-expressing cells with (211)At-astatide resulted in higher absorbed doses and increased cytotoxicity per unit administered activity than that observed with (131)I-iodide. These results suggest that (211)At-astatide may be a promising treatment strategy for the therapy of NIS-expressing tumors.
Identification of mutations in the c-mpl gene in congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (1999)

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare disorder expressed in infancy and characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia and megakaryocytopenia with no physical anomalies. Our previous hematological analysis indicated similarities between human CAMT and murine c-mpl (thrombopoietin receptor) deficiency. Because the c-mpl gene was considered as one of the candidate genes for this disorder, we analyzed the genomic sequence of the c-mpl gene of a 10-year-old Japanese girl with CAMT. We detected two heterozygous point mutations: a C-to-T transition at the cDNA nucleotide position 556 (Q186X) in exon 4 and a single nucleotide deletion of thymine at position 1,499 (1,499 delT) in exon 10. Both mutations were predicted to result in a prematurely terminated c-Mpl protein, which, if translated, lacks all intracellular domains essential for signal transduction. Each of the mutations was segregated from the patient's parents. Accordingly, the patient was a compound heterozygote for two mutations of the c-mpl gene, each derived from one of the parents. The present study suggests that at least a certain type of CAMT is caused by the c-mpl mutation, which disrupts the function of thrombopoietin receptor.
Rational approaches to resistance: nucleoside analogues. (1996)

Widespread use of nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors that incompletely suppress viral replication has led to the emergence of resistant viral strains, with a consequent risk of transmission of drug-resistant virus. Combinations of protease inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors may slow viral replication sufficiently to prevent generation of resistant virus, to extend the duration of antiviral activity and increase the benefit to patients.
Multimedia authoring, development environments, and digital video editing (1994)

Multimedia systems integrate text, audio, video, graphics, and other media and allow them to be utilized in a combined and interactive manner. Using this exciting and rapidly developing technology, multimedia applications can provide extensive benefits in a variety of arenas, including research, education, medicine, and commerce. While there are many commercial multimedia development packages, the easy and fast creation of a useful, full-featured multimedia document is not yet a straightforward task. This paper addresses issues in the development of multimedia documents, ranging from user-interface tools that manipulate multimedia documents to multimedia communication technologies such as compression, digital video editing and information retrieval. It outlines the basic steps in the multimedia authoring process and some of the requirements that need to be met by multimedia development environments. It also presents the role of video, an essential component of multimedia systems and the role of programming in digital video editing. A model is described for remote access of distributed video. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research directions and new uses of multimedia documents.