gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distributed segmentation and classification of human actions using a wearable motion sensor network (2008)

We propose a distributed recognition method to classify human actions using a low-bandwidth wearable motion sensor network. Given a set of pre-segmented motion sequences as training examples, the algorithm simultaneously segments and classifies human actions, and it also rejects outlying actions that are not in the training set. The classification is distributedly operated on individual sensor nodes and a base station computer. We show that the distribution of multiple action classes satisfies a mixture subspace model, one sub-space for each action class. Given a new test sample, we seek the sparsest linear representation of the sample w.r.t. all training examples. We show that the dominant coefficients in the representation only correspond to the action class of the test sample, and hence its membership is encoded in the representation. We further provide fast linear solvers to compute such representation via l <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> -minimization. Using up to eight body sensors, the algorithm achieves state-of-the-art 98.8% accuracy on a set of 12 action categories. We further demonstrate that the recognition precision only decreases gracefully using smaller subsets of sensors, which validates the robustness of the distributed framework.
Angiomyolipoma of the liver in fine‐needle aspiration biopsies (1999)

BACKGROUND Angiomyolipoma (AML) of the liver is an uncommon benign lesion that may be difficult to distinguish clinically, radiographically, and morphologically from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) of three AMLs of the liver were compared with FNABs from eight cases of HCC. Immunoperoxidase stains for HMB-45, muscle specific actin, and CAM 5.2 were performed on two cell blocks and one resection of AML. RESULTS All three AMLs yielded cellular aspirates. They were composed of clusters of cells with arborizing transgressing endothelium but no peripherally wrapping endothelium. Smooth muscle cells of AML showed fibrillar cytoplasm and indistinct cytoplasmic borders; HCC showed granular cytoplasm and distinct cytoplasmic borders. Extramedullary hematopoiesis was present only in AML. Mitotic figures were seen only in HCC. Intranuclear inclusions, nucleoli, and large, atypical cells were present in both AML and HCC. Fat was seen in only one case of AML and was scant. Immunoperoxidase stains for HMB-45 and smooth muscle actin were positive in AML and negative in adjacent normal liver. CAM 5.2 stain was negative in AML. CONCLUSIONS The cytologic features seen on FNABs of AML are distinct from those of HCC. Immunoperoxidase stains can aid in the definitive diagnosis on FNAB. It is important to recognize AML on FNAB to allow conservative clinical management. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:25–30. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Tensegrity II. How structural networks influence cellular information processing networks (2003)

The major challenge in biology today is biocomplexity: the need to explain how cell and tissue behaviors emerge from collective interactions within complex molecular networks. Part I of this two-part article, described a mechanical model of cell structure based on tensegrity architecture that explains how the mechanical behavior of the cell emerges from physical interactions among the different molecular filament systems that form the cytoskeleton. Recent work shows that the cytoskeleton also orients much of the cell's metabolic and signal transduction machinery and that mechanical distortion of cells and the cytoskeleton through cell surface integrin receptors can profoundly affect cell behavior. In particular, gradual variations in this single physical control parameter (cell shape distortion) can switch cells between distinct gene programs (e.g. growth, differentiation and apoptosis), and this process can be viewed as a biological phase transition. Part II of this article covers how combined use of tensegrity and solid-state mechanochemistry by cells may mediate mechanotransduction and facilitate integration of chemical and physical signals that are responsible for control of cell behavior. In addition, it examines how cell structural networks affect gene and protein signaling networks to produce characteristic phenotypes and cell fate transitions during tissue development.
A candidate mammalian DNA methyltransferase related to pmt1p of fission yeast (1998)

Trace levels of 5-methylcytosine persist in the DNA of mouse embryonic stem cells that are homozygous for null mutations in Dnmt1 , the gene for the one previously recognized metazoan DNA methyltransferase. This residual 5-methylcytosine may be the product of a candidate second DNA methyltransferase, Dnmt2, that has now been identified in human and mouse. Dnmt2 contains all the sequence motifs diagnostic of DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferases but appears to lack the large N-terminal regulatory domain common to other eukaryotic methyltransferases. Dnmt2 is more similar to a putative DNA methyltransferase of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe than to Dnmt1. Dnmt2 produces multiple mRNA species that are present at low levels in all tissues of human and mouse and is not restricted to those cell types known to be active in de novo methylation. The human DNMT2 gene was mapped to chromosome 10p12-10p14 in a panel of radiation hybrids. Dnmt2 is a candidate for the activity that methylates newly integrated retroviral DNA and maintains trace levels of 5-methylcytosine in the DNA of embryonic stem cells homozygous for null mutations in Dnmt1.
Preparation of 1‐Methoxy‐2‐(4‐Methoxyphenoxy)Benzene (2005)

Abstract 4‐Methoxyphenol 1‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone Cesium carbonate 2‐Bromoanisole 2,2,6,6‐Tetramethylheptane Copper(I) chloride Methyl‐ t‐ butyl ether
A wireless portable video-on-demand system (2002)

Our present ability to work with video has been confined to a wired environment, requiring both the video encoder and decoder to be physically connected to a power supply and a wired communication link. This paper presents a portable video-on-demand system capable of delivering high-quality image and video data in a wireless environment. The discussion will focus on both the architectural and circuit design techniques developed for implementing a high-performance, error-resistant video compression/decompression system at power levels that are two orders of magnitude below existing solutions. This low-power video compression system not only provides a compression efficiency better than industry standards, but also embeds a high degree of error tolerance in the compression algorithm itself to guard against transmission errors often encountered in wireless communication.
Angiogenesis (2006)

Angiogenesis inhibitors for the treatment of cancer have now been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States, and in 28 other countries including China. Clinical application of this new class of drugs is informed by certain principles from angiogenesis research. Oncogenic mutations initiate tumorigenesis, but angiogenesis is necessary for expansion of tumor mass. Two angiogenesis inhibitors have been developed that have a broad spectrum of anticancer activity, yet virtually no side effects. Endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors act as tumor suppressor proteins. The angiogenic response in vivo is based on the genetic background of the host. Several types of angiogenesis inhibitors reveal a biphasic, U-shaped curve of efficacy. "Antiangiogenic chemotherapy" is a novel approach to the treatment of drug resistance.
Comparison of Rapid Methods for Analysis of Bacterial Fatty Acids (1974)

When rapid gas-liquid chromatography methods for determination of bacterial fatty acids were compared, results showed that saponification was required for total fatty acid analysis. Transesterification with boron-trihalide reagents (BF(3)-CH(3)OH, BCl(3)-CH(3)OH) caused extensive degradation of cyclopropane acids and was less effective than saponification in releasing cellular hydroxy fatty acids. Digestion of cells with tetramethylammonium hydroxide was unsatisfactory because of extraneous gas-liquid chromatography peaks and because of lower recovery of branched-chain and hydroxy fatty acids. A simple, rapid saponification procedure which can be used for total cellular fatty acid analysis of freshly grown cells is described.
Gain characteristics of 1.55-μm high-speed multiple-quantum-well lasers (1995)

We describe the important characteristics of high-speed p-doped compressively strained MQW lasers obtained from comprehensive below-threshold DC measurements. Results of gain and differential gain versus wavelength and carrier density are verified by above-threshold resonance measurements. Measurement-derived design curves of gain, differential gain, and linewidth enhancement factor allow device optimization for high speed and low chirp.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Model for an Electromotive Force Generator in the Magnetosphere: A Source of Discrete Auroral Arcs (1987)

Abstract : We present results obtained from solving Maxwell's and Vlasov's equations to obtain the electrical structure of the sheath which separates magnetospheric particle populations of different densities and temperatures. It is shown that for reasonable magnetospheric plasma populations an electric potential difference of several kilovolts exists across such a boundary. This potential can serve as the necessary EMF for the auroral current circuit. Ths colocation between a magnetospheric plasma boundary and a discrete aurora is a natural consequence of this picture.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELBA) (2003)

In general, immunological methods are not very well suited for a quantitative determination of the antigen to be studied. The ELISA technique, however, can be used for a quantitative or at least semiquantitative determination of the concentration of a certain antigen. The method was first introduced by Engvall and Perlmann (1). The principle of ELISA (see Fig. 1), also called the double antibody sandwich technique, is the following: Antibodies against the antigen to be measured are adsorbed to a solid support, in most cases a polystyrene microtiter plate. After coating the support with antibody and washing, the antigen is added and will bind to the adsorbed antibodies. Next, a conjugate that will also bind to the antigen is added. Conjugates are antibody molecules to which an enzyme is covalently bound. Fig. 1. The main steps in a (noncompetitive) ELISA test. (1) The antibody to the antigen being quantitated is adsorbed onto a solid phase, usually polystyrene. (2) The sample containing the antigen being measured is then added. (3) Following the incubation and washing steps, a second enzyme-labeled antibody is then added. After further incubation and washing steps, enzyme substrate is added. (A substrate is chosen that will give a colored product). The amount of color produced is therefore proportional to the amount of antigen bound to the original antibody.
Information capacity and resolution in an optical system (1986)

The concept of invariance of information capacity is discussed and applied to the resolution of an optical system. Methods of obtaining superresolution in microscopy are discussed, and scanning microscopy has many distinct advantages for such applications.
Antiretroviral Compounds: Mechanisms Underlying Failure of HAART to Eradicate HIV-1 (2005)

During the past decade, combined highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) consisting of the nucleoside, non-nucleoside and protease inhibitors has improved the outlook for HIV-infected individuals. However, despite the clinical improvement associated with HAART, current antiviral drug regimens are not able to eradicate HIV due to the persistence of virus in cellular reservoirs (predominantly long-lived memory CD4+ T cells and cells of the macrophage lineage) and anatomical sanctuary sites (brain and possibly testis). Detailed knowledge of viral reservoirs is essential for the effective design of therapeutic eradication strategies such as immunostimulation of virus-persistent reservoirs and better penetration of antiretroviral drugs into sanctuary sites. The recent therapeutic approaches undertaken thus far, including immune activation, intensification protocols combined with HAART, antiretroviral treatment during seroconversion, structured treatment interruptions, activation of latent infection or targeted killing of viral reservoirs have failed to completely eradicate the virus. This review provides an evaluation of the current HAART regimens exploring the reasons for their inability to eradicate HIV from cellular reservoirs and anatomical sanctuary sites. We also provide examples of therapeutic strategies that aim to eradicate the virus, flush out reservoirs and increase antiretroviral drug concentration in these cells and tissue compartments.
Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease (2003)

Although most cases of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease are sporadic, some cases are clearly familial. This review, part of the Genomic Medicine series, examines the genetics of these familial forms. Although the inherited forms are rare, the knowledge derived from investigating their pathobiology has improved our understanding of the pathobiology of the more common, sporadic forms of the diseases.
Nowcasting GDP and Inflation: The Real-Time Informational Content of Macroeconomic Data Releases (2005)

This paper formalizes the process of updating the nowcast and forecast on output and inflation as new releases of data become available. The marginal contribution of a particular release for the value of the signal and its precision is evaluated by computing &amp;amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;amp;quot;news&amp;amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;amp;quot; on the basis of an evolving conditioning information set. The marginal contribution is then split into what is due to timeliness of information and what is due to economic content. We find that the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia surveys have a large marginal impact on the nowcast of both inflation variables and real variables, and this effect is larger than that of the Employment Report. When we control for timeliness of the releases, the effect of hard data becomes sizeable. Prices and quantities affect the precision of the estimates of inflation, while GDP is affected only by real variables and interest rates.
Nightguard vital bleaching: effects on enamel surface texture and diffusion. (1990)

A recently reported technique for bleaching vital discolored teeth involves the use of a mouthguard and 10% carbamide peroxide without preoperative etching or postoperative polishing of the enamel. This in vitro study evaluated the effects of the bleaching agent on the surface texture of the enamel. Thirty-three extracted teeth were subjected to 10% carbamide peroxide for a period equivalent to 5 weeks of nighttime wear. A control area on each tooth had been covered and sealed. All discolored teeth experienced lightening, but there was no difference in color between the treated and control areas; the color-changing effects apparently extend to portions of the tooth not in direct contact with the solution. Epoxy replicas of the teeth were examined under a scanning electron microscope. No etching was apparent, and no difference in surface texture between treated and control areas was detected.
Activation of Ca2+ current in Jurkat T cells following the depletion of Ca2+ stores by microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors. (1994)

The mechanism of TCR-stimulated Ca2+ influx was studied in the Jurkat human T cell line using Ca2+ indicator dyes and whole-cell patch clamp. Ca2+ influx induced by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3)-coupled surface receptors (either the TCR or a heterologous muscarinic receptor) was compared with Ca2+ influx induced by inhibitors of the microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase (thapsigargin, cyclopiazonic acid, di-tert-butylhydroquinone), which release stored Ca2+ without production of IP3. The same Ca2+ influx pathway could be activated by IP3-dependent or IP3-independent means, and therefore appeared to be regulated by the fullness of the microsomal Ca2+ stores rather than by the direct action of IP3. Depletion of stored Ca2+ by either receptor stimulation or microsomal Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibition activated a low conductance, Ca(2+)-selective, non-voltage-activated membrane current. Ca2+ currents induced by receptor stimulation and Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibition were not additive. Several properties of the depletion-activated Ca2+ current suggest that it is carried by a novel type of Ca2+ channel rather than an electrogenic carrier or pump. The conductance saturated when external Ca2+ was raised (Kd approximately 2 mM) and became highly permeable to monovalent cations when external Ca2+ was lowered to below 100 nM, much as has been observed for some voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The Ca2+ current was reversibly blocked by > 90% with 0.3 mM Cd2+, whereas the same concentration of Ni2+ or Co2+ blocked only 50 to 60% of the current. However, the absence of voltage-dependent activation, relative conductance sequence for divalent cations (Ca2+ > Ba2+ approximately Sr2+ >> Mn2+), and lack of inhibition by nifedipine, D600, diltiazem, delta-conotoxin, or aga-IVa were unlike that of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
The Food and Drug Administration and its influence on home bleaching. (1993)

The era of bleaching vital teeth has captured the attention of the dental profession, the public, the media, and the government. This method, using a custom-fitted mouthguard and a carbamide peroxide solution, is known as home bleaching, matrix bleaching, nightguard vital bleaching, passive bleaching, and dentist-prescribed-home-applied bleaching. Recent action of the US Food and Drug Administration and continued research and clinical experience in the area have provided favorable and unfavorable information about the variations of the technique. This article discusses these variations, with the general conclusion that the technique of vital tooth bleaching, when administered by a dentist using a custom-fitted mouthguard, is as safe as many other routinely performed dental procedures.
An Integrated LMS Adaptive Filter of TX Leakage for CDMA Receiver Front Ends (2006)

The theory and practical implementation of a continuous-time LMS adaptive filter of the TX leakage in CDMA receivers are described. The filter works by injecting a matched out-of-phase copy of the TX leakage into the LNA output. It requires a reference signal coupled from the TX chain, whose I and Q components are appropriately scaled to generate the matched copy. The scale factors are the results of the correlation between the filter output signal and the I/Q components of the reference signal. The filter was designed as part of a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS cellular-band receiver. The effect of the DC offsets in the correlators on the TX leakage rejection ratio (TXRR) was minimized by using the sign-data variant of the LMS algorithm and by increasing the gain of the correlating multipliers. The loop stability margin was improved by swapping the I and Q reference inputs of the scaling multipliers. Without a significant group delay of the TX leakage relative to the reference signal, the filter achieved the maximum TXRR of 28 dB, which was limited by the reference signal coupling. The group delay introduced by the SAW duplexer reduced the minimum TXRR to 10.8 dB. The filter degraded the LNA noise factor and gain by 1.3 dB and 1.7 dB, respectively.
In vitro immunotoxicology (1987)

Increasing concern that certain environmental agents may be directly responsible for adverse changes in immune competence has resulted in immunotoxicology becoming established as an important sub-discipline of toxicological studies.
The ATIS spoken language systems pilot corpus (1990)

Speech research has made tremendous progress in the past using the following paradigm:&bull; define the research problem,&bull; collect a corpus to objectively measure progress, and&bull; solve the research problem.Natural language research, on the other hand, has typically progressed without the benefit of any corpus of data with which to test research hypotheses. We describe the Air Travel Information System (ATIS) pilot corpus, a corpus designed to measure progress in Spoken Language Systems that include both a speech and natural language component. This pilot marks the first full-scale attempt to collect such a corpus and provides guidelines for future efforts.
One Pot Synthesis of Furyl α-Bromoketones from Furyl Ketones Using the A-162 Br 3 -Resin/CH 3 NO 2 System (1992)

Abstract Furyl ketones are brominated in a single - step reaction using the A-162 Br3 −/CH3NO2 system. Furyl α-bromoketones are obtained with good yield and high selectivity.
Single-layer global routing (1994)

We introduce the single-layer global routing problem (SLGRP), also called homotopic routing or rubber-band-equivalent routing, and propose a technique for solving it. Given a set of nets, the proposed technique first determines the routing sequence based on the estimated congestion, the bounding-box length and priority. Then, it finds a routing path, being a sequence of tiles, for each net (one net at a time), avoiding "congested" areas. The overall goal of the algorithm is to maximize the number of routed nets. The proposed global router is the first true single-layer global router ever reported in the literature. The size of tiles, w/spl times/w, is an input parameter in our algorithm. For w=1, the proposed global router serves as an effective detailed router. An optimal postprocessing algorithm, minimizing wire length and number of bends, under homotopic transformation, is presented. The technique has been implemented and tried out for randomly generated data. The algorithm is very efficient and produces good results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Resection of Hepatic Metastases from Colorectal Cancer Biologic Perspectives (1989)

During the past decade the results of slightly fewer than 1000 resections of liver metastases from colorectal carcinoma have been analyzed, retrospectively reanalyzed, and reviewed. The following are confirmed conclusions: major liver resection can be performed safely (less than a 5% operative mortality rate); 20% to 25% of these patients are cured; no other regional therapy options have any curative potential. The following caveats are also obvious: most patients who are operated on are not cured; although predictors have been proposed to select patients most likely to benefit from surgery, none is discriminating in and of itself; most therapy questions in this group of patients have not been addressed in any formal way; surgery for isolated regionally recurrent colon and rectum carcinoma remains an important stopgap only until effective systemic therapy is discovered. This review of our own and other single and multi-institutional prospective and retrospective data will be framed by the following questions. (1) Does resection of liver metastases cure patients or simply select those who would have survived in the long-term without any therapy? (2) In the absence of any formalized, properly designed trial, how can one judge the benefit of resection? (3) Why do metastases recur only in the liver? (4) What new therapies should focus on the predominant secondary failure sites in the majority of patients who do not benefit from hepatic metastasis resection?