gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
End-to-end Interpretable Neural Motion Planner (2021)

In this paper, we propose a neural motion planner (NMP) for learning to drive autonomously in complex urban scenarios that include traffic-light handling, yielding, and interactions with multiple road-users. Towards this goal, we design a holistic model that takes as input raw LIDAR data and a HD map and produces interpretable intermediate representations in the form of 3D detections and their future trajectories, as well as a cost volume defining the goodness of each position that the self-driving car can take within the planning horizon. We then sample a set of diverse physically possible trajectories and choose the one with the minimum learned cost. Importantly, our cost volume is able to naturally capture multi-modality. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in real-world driving data captured in several cities in North America. Our experiments show that the learned cost volume can generate safer planning than all the baselines.
Efficient Implementation of Keyless Signatures with Hash Sequence Authentication. (2014)

Abstract. We present new ideas for decreasing the size of secure memory needed for hardware imple-mentations of hash-sequence based signatures proposed recently by Buldas, Laanoja and Truu (in the following referred to as BLT). In their scheme, a message m is signed by time-stamping a concatena-tion m‖zt of the message and the one-time pseudo-random password zt intended to sign messages at a particular time t. The signature is valid only if the time-stamp points to the same time t. Hence, the one time passwords cannot be abused after their use. To efficiently and securely implement such a scheme at the client side, dedicated hardware is needed and thereby, the solutions that save the (secure) memory and computational time are important. For such schemes, the memory consumption directly depends on the efficiency of the hash sequence reversal algorithms. The best known reversal algorithm for the BLT scheme uses O(log2 `) memory. This means that for a signing key that is valid for one year (i.e. ` ≈ 225 with one-second time resolution), the device needs to store about 252 = 625 hash values which for SHA-256 hashing algorithm means about 20 K bytes of secure memory. Another problem with hash sequence reversal algorithms is that they mostly assume that the signature device is always connected to the computer or has an independent power supply. This is a serious limitation for smart-card implementations of the scheme.
Transcription Against an Applied Force (1995)

The force produced by a single molecule of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase during transcription was measured optically. Polymerase immobilized on a surface was used to transcribe a DNA template attached to a polystyrene bead 0.5 micrometer in diameter. The bead position was measured by interferometry while a force opposing translocation of the polymerase along the DNA was applied with an optical trap. At saturating nucleoside triphosphate concentrations, polymerase molecules stalled reversibly at a mean applied force estimated to be 14 piconewtons. This force is substantially larger than those measured for the cytoskeletal motors kinesin and myosin and exceeds mechanical loads that are estimated to oppose transcriptional elongation in vivo. The data are consistent with efficient conversion of the free energy liberated by RNA synthesis into mechanical work.
Marburg virus gene 4 encodes the virion membrane protein, a type I transmembrane glycoprotein (1993)

Gene 4 of Marburg virus, strain Musoke, was subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. It is 2,844 nucleotides long and extends from genome position 5821 to position 8665 (EMBL Data Library, emnew: MVREPCYC [accession no. Z12132]). The gene is flanked by transcriptional signal sequences (start signal, 3'-UACUUCUUGUAAUU-5'; termination signal, 3'-UAAUUCUUUUU-5') which are conserved in all Marburg virus genes. The major open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of 681 amino acids (M(r), 74,797). After in vitro transcription and translation, as well as expression in Escherichia coli, this protein was identified by its immunoreactivity with specific antisera as the unglycosylated form of the viral membrane glycoprotein (GP). The GP is characterized by the following four different domains: (i) a hydrophobic signal peptide at the amino terminus (1 to 18), (ii) a predominantly hydrophilic external domain (19 to 643), (iii) a hydrophobic transmembrane anchor (644 to 673), and (iv) a small hydrophilic cytoplasmic tail at the carboxy terminus (674 to 681). Amino acid analysis indicated that the signal peptide is removed from the mature GP. The GP therefore has the structural features of a type I transmembrane glycoprotein. The external domain of the protein has 19 N-glycosylation sites and several clusters of hydroxyamino acids and proline residues that are likely to be the attachment sites for about 30 O-glycosidic carbohydrate chains. The region extending from positions 585 to 610 shows significant homology to a domain observed in the envelope proteins of several retroviruses and Ebola virus that has been suspected to be responsible for immunosuppressive properties of these viruses. A second open reading frame of gene 4 has the coding capacity for an unidentified polypeptide 112 amino acids long.
Anticonvulsant Properties of Calcium Channel Blockers in Mice: N‐Methyl‐D‐, L‐Aspartate‐ and Bay K 8644‐Induced Convulsions are Potently Blocked by the Dihydropyridines (1993)

Ten calcium channel blockers were evaluated in mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration for prevention of seizures induced by various convulsants. The dihydropyridines (class II calcium antagonists, i.e., nisoldipine, nitrendipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, and nimodipine) selectively prevented seizures elicited by administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMDLA) and the dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644. With regard to prevention of NMDLA-induced seizures and the subsequent mortality, these compounds were similar in potency to the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK801. Unlike MK801 (IC50 = 0.014 microM), the dihydropyridines did not inhibit in vitro binding of MK801 to synaptic membrane fractions prepared from rat cerebrohippocampal tissue. The dihydropyridines did not influence seizures elicited by maximal electroshock (MES). Flunarizine (diphenyl-alkylamine, class IV) was selectively active in the MES test, considerably less potent against NMDLA-induced convulsions/mortality, exhibited weak noncompetitive NMDA antagonism in vitro (IC50 = 28 microM), and was inactive in the PTZ and BAY K 8644 testing paradigms. Diltiazem, a class III benzothiazepine, possessed relatively weak broad spectra of activity against MES, PTZ, NMDLA, and BAY K 8644 test situations. It was inactive in vitro as a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist. The class I compound verapamil (phenylalkylamine) displayed only moderate inhibition of NMDLA-evoked seizures/mortality. Prenylamine (class V) was moderately active against convulsions produced by MES and NMDLA while retaining a degree (IC50 = 16 microM) of noncompetitive NMDA antagonism. Lidoflazine (class VI) was inactive in all tests. The Ca2+ channel blockers and MK801 were inconsistent in their ability to prevent bicuculline (BIC)-elicited convulsions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Progress of Lignification Mediated by Intercellular Transportation of Monolignols During Tracheary Element Differentiation of Isolated Zinnia Mesophyll Cells (2001)

Tracheary element (TE) differentiation is a typical example of programmed cell death (PCD) in higher plants, and maturation of TEs is completed by degradation of all cell contents. However, lignification of TEs progresses even after PCD. We investigated how and whence monolignols are supplied to TEs which have undergone PCD during differentiation of isolated Zinnia mesophyll cells into TEs. Higher densities of cell culture induced greater lignification of TEs. Whereas the continuous exchanging of culture medium suppressed lignification of TEs, further addition of coniferyl alcohol into the exchanging medium reduced the suppression of lignification. Analysis of the culture medium by HPLC and GC-MS showed that coniferyl alcohol, coniferaldehyde, and sinapyl alcohol accumulated in TE inductive culture. The concentration of coniferyl alcohol peaked at the beginning of secondary wall thickening, decreased rapidly during secondary wall thickening, then increased again. These results indicated that lignification on TEs progresses by supply of monolignols from not only TEs themselves but also surrounding xylem parenchyma-like cells through medium in vitro.
Carbonate Deposition During a Time of Mid-Latitude Ocean Cooling: Early Permian Subtropical Sedimentation in the Sverdrup Basin, Arctic Canada (2008)

Abstract Carbonate rocks of the Lower Permian (Sakmarian to Kungurian) Raanes and Great Bear Cape formations accumulated in the Sverdrup Basin during a critical transition period when ocean waters cooled dramatically. These rocks have many attributes similar to sediments deposited in modern subtropical zones. The biota is dominated by a heterozoan assemblage of pelmatozoans, bryozoans, and brachiopods with the addition of photozoan elements such as fusulinids and colonial corals. Associated with the change in the Sverdrup Basin from a tropical to subtropical environment is the first occurrence of glauconite, iron oxides, and storm deposits. The shift in depositional conditions is interpreted to reflect decreased seawater temperature that was brought about by a northward migration to a mid-latitude position frequented by storms. Oceanographic change, however, was not unidirectional, but was complicated by concomitant variations in sea level and oceanography recorded as three distinct phases determined by water depth and temperature. (1) Rocks of the Raanes and lower Great Bear Cape are deep-water and heterozoan. (2) The middle Great Bear Cape records shallow-water subtropical conditions with fusulinids and large colonial corals. (3) The upper Great Bear Cape is entirely heterozoan in all locations, and by implication, all depths. All post-Raanes and Great Bear Cape rocks of the Sverdrup Basin are entirely heterozoan. Taking caution for possible evolutionary changes, subtropical carbonates can be recognized in rocks much older than previously believed. The most important components for identifying subtropical carbonates of the past are large benthic foraminifers in an otherwise heterozoan assemblage, and, as such, the ability to delineate this carbonate realm in the past is currently restricted to times when large benthic foraminifers grew in shallow-marine environments.
Robust Neural-Network-Based Classification of Premature Ventricular Contractions Using Wavelet Transform and Timing Interval Features (2006)

Automatic electrocardiogram (ECG) beat classification is essential to timely diagnosis of dangerous heart conditions. Specifically, accurate detection of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is imperative to prepare for the possible onset of life-threatening arrhythmias. Although many groups have developed highly accurate algorithms for detecting PVC beats, results have generally been limited to relatively small data sets. Additionally, many of the highest classification accuracies (> 90%) have been achieved in experiments where training and testing sets overlapped significantly. Expanding the overall data set greatly reduces overall accuracy due to significant variation in ECG morphology among different patients. As a result, we believe that morphological information must be coupled with timing information, which is more constant among patients, in order to achieve high classification accuracy for larger data sets. With this approach, we combined wavelet-transformed ECG waves with timing information as our feature set for classification. We used select waveforms of 18 files of the MIT/BIH arrhythmia database, which provides an annotated collection of normal and arrhythmic beats, for training our neural-network classifier. We then tested the classifier on these 18 training files as well as 22 other files from the database. The accuracy was 95.16% over 93,281 beats from all 40 files, and 96.82% over the 22 files outside the training set in differentiating normal, PVC, and other beats.
Asbestos fibers mediate transformation of monkey cells by exogenous plasmid DNA. (1988)

We have tested the ability of chrysotile asbestos fibers to introduce plasmid DNA into monkey COS-7 cells and the ability of this DNA to function in both replication and gene expression. Chrysotile fibers are at least as effective as calcium phosphate in standard transfection assays at optimal ratios of asbestos to DNA. After transfection with chrysotile, a minor percentage of introduced plasmid DNA bearing a simian virus 40 origin of replication replicates after 24 hr. Fragmentation of entering DNA is more prominent with asbestos than with calcium phosphate, and after 72 hr most DNA introduced by asbestos is associated with chromosomal DNA. Cells transfected with plasmid p11-4, bearing the p53 protooncogene, express this gene. Cells transfected with pSV2-neo express a gene conferring resistance of antibiotic G418, allowing isolation of colonies of transformed cells after 18 days. The introduction of exogenous DNA into eukaryotic cells could cause mutations in several ways and thus contribute to asbestos-induced oncogenesis.
The calculation of frequency-dependent polarizabilities as pseudo-energy derivatives (1991)

The definition of frequency-dependent polarizabilities α(−ω;ω), β(−2ω;ω,ω), β(−ω;ω,0), and β(0;ω,−ω) is discussed, and it is argued that the most convenient definitions are as energy derivatives, a pseudo-energy being defined as the expectation value of [H−i(∂/∂t)]. This definition outlines a straightforward procedure for obtaining frequency-dependent polarizabilities for all quantum chemistry methods including those which account for the effects of electron correlation. It is demonstrated at the self-consistent field level of theory that αλμ(−ω;ω) cos ωt may be considered as the derivative of the static dipole moment μλ with respect to the strength Eωμ of a frequency-dependent field Eωμ cos ωt (as is usual), or as the derivative of an appropriately defined frequency-dependent dipole moment μμ cos ωt with respect to a static field E0λ. In this way, polarizabilities may be determined from finite static field calculations on lower-order tensors. Therefore, α(−ω;ω) cos ωt is defined within second-order Mo/ller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) as the second derivative of the MP2 energy with respect to one static and one frequency-dependent field. An analytic expression is given for αλμ(−ω;ω) at the MP2 level of theory. An MP2 frequency-dependent dipole expression is also defined, which if finite static field calculations are applied, gives the same values for αλμ(−ω;ω). MP2 values are reported for α(−ω;ω) of formaldehyde and ammonia for a range of frequency ω=0.01–0.1 a.u. From comparison of the self-consistent field (SCF) and MP2 values of the frequency-dependent contribution to ᾱ(−ω;ω), it is concluded that it is appropriate to use an SCF frequency-dependent correction in conjunction with a static polarizability determined at a higher level of theory in order to obtain an accurate value for ᾱ(−ω;ω) of H2CO in this frequency range. For ammonia, the frequency-dependent contribution to ᾱ(−ω;ω) is more sensitive to electron correlation. Nevertheless, compared to the total polarizability ᾱ(−ω;ω), the error in the frequency-dependent contribution determined using the SCF method is small (∼2% at ω=0.1 a.u.)
FHWA's Maintenance Decision Support System Project: Results and Recommendations (2005)

The Federal Highway Administration's Office of Transportation Operations Road Weather Management Program began a project in FY 1999 to develop a prototype winter road maintenance decision support system (MDSS). The MDSS capabilities are based on feedback received by the FHWA in 2001 from maintenance managers at a number of state departments of transportation (DOTs) as part of an initiative to capture surface transportation weather decision support requirements. The MDSS project goal is to seed the implementation of advanced decision support services provided by the private sector for state DOTs. This has been achieved by developing core software capabilities that serve as a basis for these tailored products. After the 2001 user needs assessment was completed, the MDSS program was extended with the objective of developing and demonstrating a functional prototype MDSS. Field demonstrations of the prototype MDSS were conducted in Iowa between February and April 2003, and during the winter of 2004. The performance of the prototype MDSS was much improved during the second winter. The weather and road condition predictions were more accurate, and the treatment recommendations generated by the system were reasonable given the predicted conditions. Iowa garage supervisors actively considered the treatment guidance, and on occasion they successfully used the recommended treatments without modification. This paper describes the status of the MDSS project, results and lessons learned from the field demonstrations, and future development efforts.
MovieNet: A Holistic Dataset for Movie Understanding (2020)

Recent years have seen remarkable advances in visual understanding. However, how to understand a story-based long video with artistic styles, e.g. movie, remains challenging. In this paper, we introduce MovieNet -- a holistic dataset for movie understanding. MovieNet contains 1,100 movies with a large amount of multi-modal data, e.g. trailers, photos, plot descriptions, etc. Besides, different aspects of manual annotations are provided in MovieNet, including 1.1M characters with bounding boxes and identities, 42K scene boundaries, 2.5K aligned description sentences, 65K tags of place and action, and 92K tags of cinematic style. To the best of our knowledge, MovieNet is the largest dataset with richest annotations for comprehensive movie understanding. Based on MovieNet, we set up several benchmarks for movie understanding from different angles. Extensive experiments are executed on these benchmarks to show the immeasurable value of MovieNet and the gap of current approaches towards comprehensive movie understanding. We believe that such a holistic dataset would promote the researches on story-based long video understanding and beyond. MovieNet will be published in compliance with regulations at https://movienet.github.io.
‘‘Quantum’’ chaos in billiards studied by microwave absorption (1990)

The eigenfrequencies of resonance cavities shaped as stadium or Sinai billiards are determined by microwave absorption. In the applied frequency range 0--18.74 GHz the used cavities can be considered as two dimensional. For this case quantum-mechanical and electromagnetic boundary conditions are equivalent, and the resonance spectrum of the cavity is, if properly normalized, identical with the quantum-mechanical eigenvalue spectrum. Spectra, containing up to a thousand eigenfrequencies, are obtained within minutes. Statistical properties of the spectra as well as their correlation with classical periodic orbits are discussed.
Adaptation of Lowe's camera pose recovery algorithm to mobile robot self-localisation (2002)

This paper presents an adaptation of Lowe's numerical model-based camera localisation algorithm to the domain of indoor mobile robotics. While the original method is straightforward and even elegant, it nonetheless exhibits certain weaknesses. First, due to an affine approximation, the method is not consistent with perspective projection especially when the dimensions of objects seen are large in comparison with their distances to the camera. Next, the non-linearity of equations makes convergence properties sensitive both to the initial solution estimate and to noise. By taking the specificity and exigency of the mobile robotics domain into account, a new formulation of this method is proposed in order to improve efficiency, accuracy and robustness in the presence of noisy data and variable initial conditions. According to this formulation, line correspondences are used rather than points, the number of degrees of freedom is reduced, the affine approximation is removed and rotation is uncoupled from translation. Test results with both synthetic and real images illustrate the improvements expected from theoretical modifications.
Phase II study of cabozantinib for patients with advanced RET-rearranged lung cancers. (2015)

8007 Background: RET rearrangements are found in 1-2% of non-small cell lung cancers and are drivers of growth in vitro and in vivo. Cabozantinib is a multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against RET. Methods: This is a single-institution, open-label, phase II trial. Eligible patients (pts) had stage IV RET-rearranged lung cancer, KPS > 70%, and measurable disease (RECIST v1.1). Cabozantinib was administered at 60 mg daily until progression or unacceptable toxicity. Study endpoints included response at 12 weeks, objective response, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and toxicity. Simon two-stage minimax design: H0 10% vs HA 30% overall response rate (ORR). Five responses of a maximum of 25 patients were required to meet the primary endpoint. Results: Twenty pts were treated. The median age was 56 (range 38-80 years). All pts had adenocarcinoma and 60% (12/20) were female. The median number of prior chemotherapy lines was 1 (range 0-5). There were no complete responses. The rate of any partial response (PR) at 12 weeks was 33% (5/15, 95% CI 12-62%). ORR was 28% (5/18, 95% CI 10-53%) with 5 confirmed PRs. Stable disease rate was 72% (13/18, 95% CI 51-93%) including 2 unconfirmed PRs. Median PFS was 7 mo (95% CI 3 mo-not reached). Median OS was not reached. Toxicities were mostly grade 1 or 2 and included fatigue, diarrhea, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, transaminitis, and thrombocytopenia. At least 1 dose reduction was required in 60% (12/20) of pts. Eight patients remain on treatment between 1 and 23 mo. Conclusions: Cabozantinib is active in patients with RET-rearranged lung cancers and responses can be durable. This study has met its primary endpoint. A larger, confirmatory, multi-center trial is now warranted. Clinical trial information: NCT01639508.
Transglycosylation of Mogroside V, a Triterpene Glycoside in Siraitia grosvenori, by Cyclodextrin Glucanotransferase and Improvement of the Qualities of Sweetness (2005)

Mogroside V (MV), a main sweet triterpene glycoside in the extract of the fruit of Luo-han-guo (Siraitia grosvenori Swingle), was transglycosylated by cyclodextrin glucanotransferases (CGTases) using starch as a donor substrate. CGTases from Bacillus macerans, B. circulans, B. stearothermophilus and Thermoanaerobacter sp. were effective for the transglycosylation of MV. It was appropriate for the production of glycosylated MV to react 9% (w/v) MV with 20% (w/v) tapioca starch and B. macerans enzyme (30 U/g-starch) at 50°C and pH 6.5. Under these conditions, the reaction finished within 24 h and more than 90% of a glycosylation yield was attained. Three products that have 1-3 additional glucose residues were identified as transglycosylation products by mass spectrometry. The greater number of glucose residues introduced, the less intensity of sweetness compared to MV was estimated by sensory evaluation. However the qualities of sweetness such as bitterness, after-taste, and peculiarity were improved by transglycosylation.