gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ISO audio coding standard (2002)

An ISO audio coding standard is being developed that will provide an audio quality comparable to that of a compact disc using a reduced bit rate of about 2*128 kb/s for a stereo sound signal instead of 2*706 kb/s. Four coding algorithms have been considered in order to develop the audio coding standard. Two of these coding algorithms have been tested and are outlined. The ASPEC algorithm uses a modified discrete cosine transform with overlapping blocks and dynamic windowing in order to map the input samples into frequency coefficients. The MUSICAM algorithm uses a subband analysis filter bank with 32 equally spaced subbands to map the input samples into frequency coefficients. Concepts for improvement of the coding algorithms are discussed which might be the basis for future ISO activities aiming at a bit rate of only 2*64 kb/s for a stereo sound signal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Real-time 3D imaging of Haines jumps in porous media flow (2013)

Newly developed high-speed, synchrotron-based X-ray computed microtomography enabled us to directly image pore-scale displacement events in porous rock in real time. Common approaches to modeling macroscopic fluid behavior are phenomenological, have many shortcomings, and lack consistent links to elementary pore-scale displacement processes, such as Haines jumps and snap-off. Unlike the common singular pore jump paradigm based on observations of restricted artificial capillaries, we found that Haines jumps typically cascade through 10-20 geometrically defined pores per event, accounting for 64% of the energy dissipation. Real-time imaging provided a more detailed fundamental understanding of the elementary processes in porous media, such as hysteresis, snap-off, and nonwetting phase entrapment, and it opens the way for a rigorous process for upscaling based on thermodynamic models.
Currents, torques, and polarization factors in magnetic tunnel junctions (2005)

Bardeen's transfer-Hamiltonian method is applied to magnetic tunnel junctions having a general degree of atomic disorder. The results reveal a close relationship between magnetoconduction and voltage-driven pseudotorque, and also provide a means of predicting the thickness dependence of tunnel-polarization factors. Among the results: (i) The torque generally varies with moment direction as $\mathrm{sin}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ensuremath{\theta}$ at constant applied voltage. (ii) Whenever polarization factors are well defined, the voltage-driven torque on each moment is uniquely proportional to the polarization factor of the other magnet. (iii) At finite applied voltage, this relation implies significant voltage-asymmetry in the torque. For one sign of voltage the torque remains substantial even if the magnetoconductance is greatly diminished. (iv) A broadly defined junction model, called ideal middle, allows for atomic disorder within the magnets and $\mathrm{F}∕\mathrm{I}$ interface regions. In this model, the spin-$(\ensuremath{\sigma})$ dependence of a basis-state weighting factor proportional to the sum over general state index $p$ of ${(\ensuremath{\int}\ensuremath{\int}dydz{\ensuremath{\Psi}}_{p,\ensuremath{\sigma}})}^{2}$ evaluated within the (e.g., vacuum) barrier generalizes the local state density in previous theories of the tunnel-polarization factor. (v) For small applied voltage, tunnel-polarization factors remain legitimate up to first order in the inverse thickness of the ideal middle. An algebraic formula describes the first-order corrections to polarization factors in terms of newly defined lateral autocorrellation scales.
DNA Relatedness among Phenotypically Similar Species of Pichia (1992)

Comparisons of nuclear DNA complementarity were used to determine the extent of genetic relatedness between phenotypically similar species of Pichia. Pichia xylosa, a presumed synonym of P. toletana, proved to be a distinct but closely related species. P. guilliermondii and Candida guilliermondii were confirmed as a teleomorph/anamorph pair. Hansenula ukrainica was shown to be conspecific with P. (H.) anomala and P. cellobiosa to be conspecific with P. methanolica.
EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF ENZYMATIC POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT BY INTRAVITREAL INJECTION OF HYALURONIDASE (1998)

Intravitreal injection of hyaluronidase in doses of 10 IU or higher induces posterior vitreous detachment in rabbits over a period of 5 weeks. Intravitreal doses of 20 IU or less do not appear to affect the biomicroscopic morphology or function of ocular structures adversely. Injections of hyaluronidase, therefore, could be considered as an alternative or adjunct to conventional mechanical vitrectomy.
Reduced cardiac output in imported Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2011)

The results support previous reports suggesting impaired cardiac function contributing to clinical manifestations in P. falciparum malaria. Findings may be relevant for fluid management and should be further explored in endemic regions.
Prolactin Receptor Antagonists That Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer Cell Lines (1995)

We investigated the mechanism of action of the human prolactin (hPRL) receptor on four different breast cancer cell lines, T-47D, MCF-7, BT-474, and SK-BR3, that express elevated levels of the receptor compared with normal cells. Cells treated with human growth hormone (hGH), which binds and activates the hPRL receptor, exhibited bell-shaped dose-response growth curves consistent with the sequential dimerization mechanism proposed for the hPRL receptor (Fuh, G., Colosi, P., Wood, W.I., and Wells, J.A. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5376-5381). Growth stimulation was enhanced by Zn2+, which preferentially increases the affinity of hGH for the hPRL receptor. Furthermore, receptor-selective variants of hGH that bind the hPRL receptor but not the hGH receptor were agonistic, providing additional support that specific binding to the hPRL receptor can stimulate these breast cancer cells to grow. On this basis we produced variants of hGH and human placental lactogen (hPL) that were potential antagonists because they bind but do not dimerize the hPRL receptor. The hPL-based antagonist was less potent than the hGH-based antagonist toward the growth of MCF-7 cells, consistent with the lower affinity of hPL for hPRL receptor than for hGH. However, the hPL-based antagonist was more potent than the hGH antagonist for BT-474 cells. Antibodies to the hPRL receptor inhibited growth of FDC-P1 cells transfected with the hPRL receptor; these also inhibited MCF-7 cells and T47D cells but not BT-474 cells. A unique feature of BT-474 cells was found when screening its cDNA revealed the presence of a novel alternative splice of the hPRL receptor that codes for the soluble extracellular domain; this may explain these differential inhibitory effects. These studies provide further molecular insight into the potential role of the hPRL receptor in breast cancer and demonstrate that hPRL receptor antagonists can inhibit the growth of breast cancer cells.
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Blood Pressure Homeostasis: Evidence from Short-Term Hypothyroidism in Humans (2002)

Arterial hypertension is known to be frequently associated with thyroid dysfunction, with a particularly high prevalence in chronic hypothyroidism. However, to our knowledge no comprehensive study addressed causal mechanisms possibly involved in this association. We here report the physiological relationships between blood pressure and neuro-humoral modifications induced by acute hypothyroidism in normotensive subjects. Twelve normotensive patients with previous total thyroidectomy were studied. Ambulatory 24-h blood pressure monitoring was performed, and free T(3), free T(4), TSH, PRA, aldosterone, cortisol, adrenaline, and noradrenaline were assayed 6 wk after oral L-T(4) withdrawal (phase 1) and 2 months after resumption of treatment (phase 2). During the hypothyroid state (TSH, 68.1 +/- 27.7 muIU/ml; mean +/- SD), daytime arterial systolic levels slightly, but significantly, increased (125.5 +/- 9.7 vs. 120.4 +/- 10.8 mm Hg; P &lt; 0.05), and daytime diastolic levels (84.6 +/- 7.9 vs. 76.4 +/- 6.8 mm Hg; P &lt; 0.001), noradrenaline (2954 +/- 1578 vs. 1574 +/- 962 pmol/liter; P &lt; 0.001), and adrenaline (228.4 +/- 160 vs. 111.3 +/- 46.1 pmol/ liter; P &lt; 0.05) also increased. PRA remained unchanged (0.49 +/- 0.37 vs. 0.35 +/- 0.21 ng/ml.h; P = NS), whereas both aldosterone (310.3 +/- 151 vs. 156.9 +/- 67.5 pmol/liter; P &lt; 0.005) and cortisol. (409.2 +/- 239 vs. 250.9 +/- 113 pmol/liter; P &lt; 0.02) significantly increased. By using univariate logistic regression daytime arterial diastolic values, noradrenaline and aldosterone were found to be significantly related to the hypothyroid state (P &lt; 0.02, P &lt; 0.036, and P &lt; 0.024, respectively). In conclusion, our data show that thyroid hormones participate in the control of systemic arterial blood pressure homeostasis in normotensive subjects. The observed sympathetic and adrenal activation in hypothyroidism, which is reversible with thyroid hormone treatment, may also contribute to the development of arterial hypertension in human hypothyroidism.
Non‐antigenic signals alter memory CD8 T cell development during chronic infection (2008)

Memory CD8 T cells are a critical component of protective immunity. After an acute infection or vaccination, a small pool of antigen‐specific CD8 T cells differentiate from effector to memory CD8 T cells. They acquire several properties, including the ability to rapidly produce anti‐viral cytokines and a high proliferative capacity, that allow them to confer protection. During chronic infection, however, CD8 T cells undergo altered memory differentiation and do not acquire the properties that are attributed to memory CD8 T cells. While antigen load has been shown to correlate with the severity of CD8 T cell dysfunction, it is not clear if persistent antigen signaling alone is responsible for all the defects that occur during chronic infection. We have found that the non‐antigenic signals present during chronic infection influence the survival, phenotype and proliferative capacity of antigen‐specific CD8 T cells differentiating from the effector to memory stage, but did not have a profound effect on cytokine production. Furthermore, the chronic inflammatory environment may be sufficient to delay the differentiation of effector memory CD8 T cells to central memory. These findings indicate that TCR and non‐TCR signals may alter different aspects of memory differentiation during chronic infection.
Change in relationship status following traumatic brain injury (1997)

Previous studies have highlighted the burden placed on family members and close partners of individuals who have sustained traumatic brain injury. This burden of stress has been attributed to the neurobehavioural sequelae of such injuries. However, the extent to which brain injury affects marriages and close relationships has never been statistically evaluated. This study looked at 131 adults with traumatic brain injury in order to determine the incidence of divorce/separation; 49 per cent of our sample reported that they had divorced or separated from their partners during a 5-8-year period following brain injury. Factors which may predict the outcome of relationships include severity of injury (as determined by length of post-traumatic amnesia), length of relationship, and time since injury. The influence of these factors in determining the risk of relationship breakdown is discussed.
SNP Discovery and Haplotype Analysis in the Segmentally Duplicated DRD5 Coding Region (2009)

The dopamine receptor 5 gene (DRD5) holds much promise as a candidate locus for contributing to neuropsychiatric disorders and other diseases influenced by the dopaminergic system, as well as having potential to affect normal behavioral variation. However, detailed analyses of this gene have been complicated by its location within a segmentally duplicated chromosomal region. Microsatellites and SNPs upstream from the coding region have been used for association studies, but we find, using bioinformatics resources, that these markers all lie within a previously unrecognized second segmental duplication (SD). In order to accurately analyze the DRD5 locus for polymorphisms in the absence of contaminating pseudogene sequences, we developed a fast and reliable method for sequence analysis and genotyping within the DRD5 coding region. We employed restriction enzyme digestion of genomic DNA to eliminate the pseudogenes prior to PCR amplification of the functional gene. This approach allowed us to determine the DRD5 haplotype structure using 31 trios and to reveal additional rare variants in 171 unrelated individuals. We clarify the inconsistencies and errors of the recorded SNPs in dbSNP and HapMap and illustrate the importance of using caution when choosing SNPs in regions of suspected duplications. The simple and relatively inexpensive method presented herein allows for convenient analysis of sequence variation in DRD5 and can be easily adapted to other duplicated genomic regions in order to obtain good quality sequence data.
Development of a PCR Assay for Rapid Detection of Enterococci (1999)

Enterococci are becoming major nosocomial pathogens, and increasing resistance to vancomycin has been well documented. Conventional identification methods, which are based on culturing, require 2 to 3 days to provide results. PCR has provided a means for the culture-independent detection of enterococci in a variety of clinical specimens and is capable of yielding results in just a few hours. However, all PCR-based assays developed so far are species specific only for clinically important enterococci. We have developed a PCR-based assay which allows the detection of enterococci at the genus level by targeting the tuf gene, which encodes elongation factor EF-Tu. Initially, we compared the nucleotide sequences of the tuf gene from several bacterial species (available in public databases) and designed degenerate PCR primers derived from conserved regions. These primers were used to amplify a target region of 803 bp from four enterococcal species (Enterococcus avium, E. faecalis, E. faecium, and E. gallinarum). Subsequently, the complete nucleotide sequences of these amplicons were determined. The analysis of a multiple alignment of these sequences revealed regions conserved among enterococci but distinct from those of other bacteria. PCR primers complementary to these regions allowed amplification of genomic DNAs from 14 of 15 species of enterococci tested (E. solitarius DNA could not be amplified). There was no amplification with a majority of 79 nonenterococcal bacterial species, except for 2 Abiotrophia species and several Listeria species. Furthermore, this assay efficiently amplified all 159 clinical isolates of enterococci tested (61 E. faecium, 77 E. faecalis, 9 E. gallinarum, and 12 E. casseliflavus isolates). Interestingly, the preliminary sequence comparison of the amplicons for four enterococcal species demonstrated that there were some sequence variations which may be used to generate species-specific internal probes. In conclusion, this rapid PCR-based assay is capable of detecting all clinically important enterococci and has potential for use in clinical microbiology laboratories.
cis‐Parinaric acid is a ligand for the human peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ: development of a novel spectrophotometric assay for the discovery of PPARγ ligands (1998)

Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is the subject of intense investigation as a target for drugs against diabetes, atherosclerosis and cancer. For this reason there is considerable interest in the spectrum of compounds that bind this receptor. In this paper we have identified cis ‐parinaric acid (CPA) as a novel hPPARγ ligand. The binding of this fatty acid to the receptor increases its fluorescence and causes a shift in the UV spectrum. This spectral shift is reversible by competition with other known ligands for PPARγ. This report represents the first direct demonstration of a fatty acid binding to PPARγ.
Estradiol Down‐Regulates LPS‐Induced Cytokine Production and NFkB Activation in Murine Macrophages (1997)

Because cytokines are important mediators of immune function, the alteration of cytokine production by 17 beta-estradiol may thus have a profound effect on the outcome of immune response during inflammation.
Comparison of excessive balmer α line broadening of inductively and capacitively coupled RF, microwave, and glow-discharge hydrogen plasmas with certain catalysts (2003)

From the width of the 656.3-nm Balmer /spl alpha/ line emitted from inductively and capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF), microwave, and glow-discharge plasmas, it was found that inductively coupled RF helium-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen plasmas showed extraordinary broadening corresponding to an average hydrogen atom energy of 250-310 and 180-230 eV, respectively, compared to 30-40 and 50-60 eV, respectively, for the corresponding capacitively coupled plasmas. Microwave helium-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen plasmas showed significant broadening corresponding to an average hydrogen atom energy of 180-210 and 110-130 eV, respectively. The corresponding results from the glow-discharge plasmas were 33-38 and 30-35 eV, respectively, compared to /spl ap/ 4 eV for plasmas of pure hydrogen, neon-hydrogen, and xenon-hydrogen maintained in any of the sources. Similarly, the average electron temperatures T/sub e/ for helium-hydrogen and argon-hydrogen inductively coupled RF and microwave plasmas were high (43 200 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, 18 600 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, 30 500 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, and 13 700 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, respectively); compared to 9300 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, 7300 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, 8000 /spl plusmn/ 5% K, and 6700 /spl plusmn/ 5% K for the corresponding plasmas of xenon-hydrogen and hydrogen alone, respectively. Stark broadening or acceleration of charged species due to high electric fields cannot explain the inductively coupled RF and microwave results since the electron density was low and no high field was present. Rather, a resonant energy transfer mechanism is proposed.
Magnetic and Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Multimodality Imaging (2007)

The development of nanoparticulate contrast agents is providing an increasing contribution to the field of diagnostic and molecular imaging. Such agents provide several advantages over traditional compounds. First, they may contain a high payload of the contrast-generating material, which greatly improves their detectability. Second, multiple properties may be easily integrated within one nanoparticle to allow its detection with several imaging techniques or to include therapeutic qualities. Finally, the surface of such nanoparticles may be modified to improve circulation half-lives or to attach targeting groups. Magnetic resonance imaging and optical techniques are highly complementary imaging methods. Combining these techniques would therefore have significant advantages and may be realized through the use of nanoparticulate contrast agents. This review gives a survey of the different types of fluorescent and magnetic nanoparticles that have been employed for both magnetic resonance and optical imaging studies.
Immunostaining for Met/HGF Receptor May be Useful to Identify Malignancies in Thyroid Lesions Classified Suspicious at Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy (2001)

The receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (Met) is not expressed in the normal thyroid but it is overexpressed in most thyroid carcinomas. We evaluated whether Met immunostaining of cytological smears from fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) may be useful for the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Notably, routine cytological examination often fails to distinguish well-differentiated follicular carcinomas and a proportion of papillary carcinomas (low-grade papillary carcinomas and papillary carcinomas follicular variant [FVPTC]) from benign lesions: all these lesions are usually classified as suspicious. We examined 80 thyroid lesions diagnosed as suspicious at cytology that had subsequently undergone surgery. The histologic diagnosis had been: papillary carcinomas (n = 14), FVPTC (n = 11), follicular carcinomas (n = 25), atypical follicular adenomas (n = 5), follicular adenomas (n = 20), and nodular goiters (n = 5). We also studied typical papillary carcinomas (n = 30) and nodular goiters (n = 10), all correctly diagnosed at cytology. In lesions classified suspicious at routine cytology, Met immunostaining was positive in 12 of 14 (85.7%) papillary carcinomas, 8 of 11 (72.7%) FVPTC, 7 of 25 (28%) follicular carcinomas, and 5 of 5 atypical adenomas. In contrast, none of the 25 lesions cytologically suspicious but benign at histology were positive. These data suggest that Met immunostaining of suspicious cytological smears are useful for identifying malignant lesions, especially those with a papillary histotype.
The neuregulin, glial growth factor 2, diminishes autoimmune demyelination and enhances remyelination in a chronic relapsing model for multiple sclerosis (1998)

Glial growth factor 2 (GGF2) is a neuronal signal that promotes the proliferation and survival of the oligodendrocyte, the myelinating cell of the central nervous system (CNS). The present study examined whether recombinant human GGF2 (rhGGF2) could effect clinical recovery and repair to damaged myelin in chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the mouse, a major animal model for the human demyelinating disease, multiple sclerosis. Mice with EAE were treated with rhGGF2 during both the acute and relapsing phases. Clinically, GGF2 treatment delayed signs, decreased severity, and resulted in statistically significant reductions in relapse rate. rhGGF2-treated groups displayed CNS lesions with more remyelination than in controls. This correlated with increased mRNA expression of myelin basic protein exon 2, a marker for remyelination, and with an increase in the CNS of the regulatory cytokine, interleukin 10, at both the RNA and protein levels. Thus, a beneficial effect of a neurotrophic growth factor has been demonstrated on the clinical, pathologic, and molecular manifestations of autoimmune demyelination, an effect that was associated with increased expression of a T helper 2 cytokine. rhGGF2 treatment may represent a novel approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis.
Clinical Utility of Doppler Echocardiography and Tissue Doppler Imaging in the Estimation of Left Ventricular Filling Pressures (2000)

The combination of tissue Doppler imaging of the mitral annulus and mitral inflow velocity curves provides better estimates of LV filling pressures than other methods (pulmonary vein, preload reduction). However, accurate prediction of filling pressures for an individual patient requires a stepwise approach incorporating all available data.
Pupil Size in Relation to Mental Activity during Simple Problem-Solving (1964)

Changes in pupil size during the solving of simple multiplication problems can be used as a direct measure of mental activity. The pupil response not only indicates mental activity in itself but shows that mental activity is closely correlated with problem difficulty, and that the size of the pupil increases with the difficulty of the problem. These findings relate to recent Russian research on the pupillary reflex in connection with orienting and brain stimulation.