gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibins, Activins, and Follistatins: Gonadal Proteins Modulating the Secretion of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (1988)

The endocrine system displays highly complex interactions among its components. Excesses or deficiencies of hormone production in one gland may alter the production of hormones by others. Several physiological functions are affected by a balance among hormones acting either together or in sequence. For example, FSH secretion has been demonstrated to be affected by hypothalamic influences upon the anterior pituitary through a specific releasing factor, the decapeptide LRF. This decapeptide stimulates the release of both LH and FSH by the pituitary, and these gonadotropins cause the production of steroids by the testes and the ovaries. Gonadal steroids in the blood act directly upon the anterior pituitary to regulate the output of gonadotropins as originally proposed by Moore and Price in 1932 (3), or act indirectly upon the hypothalamus to adjust the output of pituitary hormones in accordance with the needs of the reproductive system. However, such a simple negative feedback of steroids on the hypothalamic-hypophysial axis cannot account for the differential secretion of FSH observed during the estrus cycle. Therefore, the concept that a gonadal protein, inhibin, specifically regulates FSH secretion was proposed. This concept has now been validated by the isolation and characterization of two forms of inhibin that exert their effects on the pituitary to suppress FSH secretion both in vitro and probably in vivo. Furthermore, the production of inhibin is stimulated by FSH, thus establishing a reciprocal relationship between the release of FSH and inhibin. Since hormones in the body are controlled through interlocking complexes of factors, a variety of secondary factors, in one way or another, may also exert influence on the regulation of FSH secretion. As an example, TGF beta, a protein growth factor found in all tissues, promotes the basal secretion of FSH by the pituitary and enhances FSH-mediated estrogen production by the granulosa cells. It is therefore not surprising that two forms of a novel protein, activin and activin A, isolated from the same FF from which inhibins were isolated, show bioactivities similar to those of TGF beta. These activins are formed as dimers of the two beta-subunits of inhibin, probably as a result of the rearrangement of the gene products. This novel observation that different arrangements of gene products can result in opposite biological activities may thus reflect a wholly different level of control of FSH secretion. If such a phenomenon occurs in other biosystems, it would represent an important form of homeostatic mechanism for controlling biologically active substances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Parallel Processing with the Perfect Shuffle (1971)

Given a vector of N elements, the perfect shuffle of this vector is a permutation of the elements that are identical to a perfect shuffle of a deck of cards. Elements of the first half of the vector are interlaced with elements of the second half in the perfect shuffle of the vector.
A simple and high-effective electrolyte mediated with p-phenylenediamine for supercapacitor (2012)

A redox intermedium p-phenylenediamine (PPD) with quick reversible faradaic processes is introduced into KOH electrolyte, referred to as pseudocapacitive effect occurring on the electrode/electrolyte surface. The KOH + PPD electrolyte as potential electrolyte for supercapacitors is investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy and electrochemical methods. As expected, the supercapacitor with KOH + PPD electrolyte has a much higher electrode specific capacitance (605.225 F g−1) than the one with conventional KOH electrolyte (144.037 F g−1) at the same current density of 1 A g−1. Simultaneously, the supercapacitor with KOH + PPD electrolyte exhibits a much higher energy density (19.862 W h kg−1) than the supercapacitor with conventional KOH electrolyte (4.458 W h kg−1). Furthermore, the supercapacitor with KOH + PPD electrolyte shows superior charge–discharge stability. After 4000 cycles, its capacitive retention ratio is still as high as 94.530%.
Metamorphic materials: Restructuring siliceous mesoporous materials* (1995)

Effective tailoring of pore sizes in mesoporous molecular sieves (see Figure) has been achieved by a novel method involving the restructuring of the mesopores under mild aqueous conditions. A studyis reported aimed at elucidating the underlying chemistry. It is suggested that further investigation could provide insight into natural biomineral resorption and lead to materials with enhanced biocompatibility characteristics magnified image .
Truncation of the c-myb gene by a retroviral integration in an interleukin 3-dependent myeloid leukemia cell line. (1986)

Among a series of myeloid leukemia cell lines, one (NFS-60) was found to have a rearrangement of the c-myb locus. The rearrangement involved the integration of a retrovirus into the region of the gene corresponding to the sixth exon of the avian c-myb locus. The insertion is associated with the production of a truncated RNA and the introduction of a terminator codon at the juncture of the long terminal repeat and the c-myb locus. The properties of the NSF-60 cells were compared with those of other myeloid cell lines, and the known sequence of differentiation induced by interleukin 3. Similar to other myeloid cell lines, the NFS-60 cells do not terminally differentiate in response to interleukin 3, granulocyte/macrophage, or granulocyte colony-stimulating factor suggesting that the cells are transformed with regard to their ability to differentiate. The NFS-60 cells are totally dependent on interleukin 3 for growth and maintenance of viability in vitro but also proliferate in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. The properties of the cells support the concept that the c-myb protooncogene is involved in the control of normal differentiation of hematopoietic cells.
An update on disordered iron metabolism and iron overload (2010)

Iron overload is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in transfusion-dependent anemias. Greater understanding of the mechanisms of iron regulation and the role of toxic iron moieties and their predilection for certain organs has enhanced our ability to better target therapies in recent years, as illustrated by the Thalassemia syndromes.
Heat stress protects the perfused rabbit heart from complement-mediated injury (1996)

We determined if heat stress induction of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 modulates complement activation in an experimental model of xenograft rejection. Male New Zealand White rabbits were heat stressed (core body temperature to 42 degrees C for 15 min; n = 9). Control rabbits (n = 13) were not exposed to heat stress. Hearts were removed 18 h later and perfused by the Langendorff method. After equilibration, human plasma (source of human complement) was added to the perfusion medium. Hemodynamic variables recorded during perfusion with human plasma were improved in hearts from heat-stressed animals compared with control hearts. Assembly of the soluble membrane attack complex was reduced in the interstitial fluid effluent from the heat-stressed hearts. Electron microscopic evidence of ultrastructural changes was attenuated in the hearts from heat-stressed rabbits. Myocardial tissue from heat-stressed animals exhibited an increase in inducible HSP 70 that was virtually absent in the hearts of control rabbits. Previous whole body hyperthermia protects the rabbit heart against the detrimental effects of heterologous plasma, suggesting that heat-stress induction of HSP 70 limits the extent of complement activation by a discordant vascularized tissue (xenograft). Induction of heat stress proteins by the donor organ might be an important mechanism affecting the outcome of xenograft transplants.
Influence of fat replacement by inulin on rheological properties, kinetics of rennet milk coagulation, and syneresis of milk gels (2013)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of inulin as a fat replacer on the rheological properties, coagulation kinetics, and syneresis of milk gels. A randomized factorial design, replicated 3 times, with 3 inulin concentrations (0, 3, and 6%), 2 levels of fat (<0.2 and 1.5%), and 3 coagulation temperatures (27, 32, and 37°C) was used. The coagulation process was monitored using near-infrared spectrometry, small amplitude oscillatory rheometry, and visual coagulation indexes. The syneresis was evaluated by volumetric methods. Inulin addition increased the rates of aggregation and curd firming reactions in the casein gels. The observed effect, which was more evident on the aggregation reaction, depended on the concentration of inulin and the coagulation temperature. Addition of 6% inulin reduced the clotting time by approximately 26% and the time at which the gel reached a storage modulus equal to 30 Pa by approximately 36%. The optical parameter R'max, defined as the maximum value of change in light backscatter profile/change in time (where R' = dR/dt), was used to calculate an approximation of the temperature coefficients (Q10) for milk coagulation. Increasing fat concentration induced a consistent increase in all the optical, rheological, and visual parameters studied, although the observed trend was not statistically significant. The addition of inulin at a level of 6% produced a reduction in syneresis and increased the curd yield by approximately 30%. It was concluded that the addition of inulin affects the kinetics of milk coagulation and the cutting time and, therefore, the use of inline sensors such as near-infrared spectrometry may be necessary for optimal process control.
Strategic down-regulation of DNA polymerase β by antisense RNA sensitizes mammalian cells to specific DNA damaging agents (1995)

Previously, mouse NIH 3T3 cells were stably transfected with human DNA polymerase beta (beta-pol) cDNA in the antisense orientation and under the control of a metallothionein promoter [Zmudzka, B.Z. and Wilson, S.H. (1990) Som. Cell Mol. Gen., 16, 311-320]. To assess the feasibility of enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapy by an antisense approach and to confirm a role for beta-pol in cellular DNA repair, we looked for increased sensitivity to DNA damaging agents under conditions where beta-pol is down-regulated in the antisense cell line. Such a sensitization is anticipated only where beta-pol is rate-limiting in a DNA repair pathway. A number of agents were tested: cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II (cisplatin); 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1- nitrosourea (BCNU); ionizing radiation and the radio-mimetic drug bleomycin; the bifunctional alkylating agents nitrogen mustard and L-phenylalanine mustard (melphalan); the monofunctional alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation. In the cases of cisplatin and UV radiation, a significant enhancement of cytotoxicity was observed. Damage as a result of both of these agents is thought to be repaired by the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. The results suggest that, in this cell line, beta-pol is involved in and is rate-limiting in NER. We propose that down-regulation of beta-pol by antisense approaches might be used to enhance the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin and other DNA damaging chemotherapeutic agents.
A Review of Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease (2016)

Chronic kidney disease is complex in both adults and children, but the disease is far from the same between these populations. Here we review the marked differences in etiology, comorbidities, impact of disease on growth and quality of life, issues unique to adolescents and transitions to adult care, and special considerations of congenital kidney and urinary tract anomalies for transplantation.
High-Efficiency Organic Solar Concentrators for Photovoltaics (2008)

The cost of photovoltaic power can be reduced with organic solar concentrators. These are planar waveguides with a thin-film organic coating on the face and inorganic solar cells attached to the edges. Light is absorbed by the coating and reemitted into waveguide modes for collection by the solar cells. We report single- and tandem-waveguide organic solar concentrators with quantum efficiencies exceeding 50% and projected power conversion efficiencies as high as 6.8%. The exploitation of near-field energy transfer, solid-state solvation, and phosphorescence enables 10-fold increases in the power obtained from photovoltaic cells, without the need for solar tracking.
Effect of powder polydispersity on aerosol generation. (2002)

The present study has demonstrated that the amount of fines available in the aerosol could be modified by the primary powder polydispersity.
The Potential Use of Radio Frequency Identification Devices for Active Monitoring of Blood Glucose Levels (2009)

Imagine a diabetes patient receiving a text message on his mobile phone warning him that his blood glucose level is too low or a patient's mobile phone calling an emergency number when the patient goes into diabetic shock.Both scenarios depend on automatic, continuous monitoring of blood glucose levels and transmission of that information to a phone. The development of advanced biological sensors and integration with passive radio frequency identification technologies are the key to this. These hold the promise of being able to free patients from finger stick sampling or externally worn devices while providing continuous blood glucose monitoring that allows patients to manage their health more actively. To achieve this promise, however, a number of technical issues need to be addressed.
Brain-specific proteins in cerebrospinal fluid for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases (2003)

Neurodegenerative disorders have traditionally been classified according to clinical criteria, e.g. as dementia syndromes (the best known is Alzheimer's disease) or as movement disorders (e.g. Parkinson's disease). Another subdivision is based on recent insights into the respective pathogenetic mechanisms, leading to the recognition of so-called tauopathies and alpha-synucleinopathies. It is this increased knowledge of the underlying (neuro)pathological mechanisms that has sparked interest in studies aimed at the identification of disease-specific biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for this field of neurological disorders. This review deals with the recent progress that has been made in identification, quantification and subsequent validation of brain-specific proteins in CSF for the diagnosis of various neurodegenerative disorders. Development of disease-specific CSF biomarkers will undoubtedly add to the process of differential diagnosis early in the course of the disease.
Selective V2-Receptor Vasopressin Antagonism Decreases Urinary Aquaporin-2 Excretion in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure (1999)

Aquaporin-2 (AQP-2), a water channel located on the apical membrane of collecting duct cells, regulates water reabsorption under the control of vasopressin (AVP). Using an antibody directed to human AQP-2, a quantitative Western blot analysis was performed to determine the collecting duct responsiveness to an oral, nonpeptide, V2 receptor antagonist (VPA-985) in patients with chronic NYHA II and III heart failure. Standards were derived by conjugating the immunizing peptide to maleimide-activated bovine serum albumin and a standard curve was generated for each blot. Quantification of baseline steady-state AQP-2 excretion was done by collecting urine on the day before study drug administration. The next day patients received either placebo or VPA-985 at one of four different doses and urine was collected every 2 h. Thereafter, urinary AQP-2 excretion was calculated as a ratio of the urine flow and was expressed in pmol/h. During baseline, steady-state excretion did not change significantly (T0-T2, 458 +/- 44; T2-T4, 443 +/- 35; T4-T6, 422 +/- 35; T6-T8, 401 +/- 30). Compared to placebo, urinary AQP-2 excretion decreased significantly and in all groups in a dose-dependent manner during VPA-985 administration. The most impressive decrease was observed in the 250-mg group (T0-T2, 89 +/- 5; T2-T4, 50 +/- 18; T4-T6, 43 +/- 22; T6-T8, 42 +/- 23; P < 0.001 during each period compared with baseline and placebo results). VPA-985 significantly increased solute-free water clearance and urine output and significantly decreased urinary osmolality. Urinary AQP-2 excretion correlated best with solute-free water clearance during T0-T2 and T2-T4 collection, but a correlation with urinary osmolality and urinary output was also found during these periods. In conclusion, AQP-2 urinary excretion, as measured by quantitative Western analysis, is a sensitive biologic marker to assess the short-term responsiveness of the collecting duct to a V2 receptor AVP antagonist in chronic heart failure.
Rapid induction and reversal of a bacteriostatic condition by controlled expression of toxins and antitoxins (2002)

RelE and ChpAK (MazF) toxins of Escherichia coli have previously been described as proteins that mediate efficient cell killing. We show here that induction of relE or chpAK transcription does not confer cell killing but, instead, induces a static condition in which the cells are still viable but unable to proliferate. Later induction of transcription of the antitoxin genes relB or chpAI fully reversed the static condition induced by RelE and ChpAK respectively. We also provide a mechanistic explanation for these findings. Thus, induction of relE transcription severely inhibited translation, whereas induction of chpAK transcription inhibited both translation and replication. Hence, most likely, lack of colony formation is due to inhibition of translation in the case of relE and inhibition of translation and/or replication in the case of chpAK. Consistent with this proposal, later induction of transcription of the cognate antitoxin genes simultaneously reversed cell stasis and the inhibitory effects of RelE and ChpAK on macromolecular syntheses. These results preclude that RelE and ChpAK mediate cell killing during the conditions used here. In vivo and in vitro analyses of a mutant RelE protein supported that inhibition of colony formation was due to inhibition of translation.
Spatially resolved distribution of dislocations and crystallographic tilts in GaN layers grown on Si(111) substrates by maskless cantilever epitaxy (2006)

The spatial distribution of strain, misfit and threading dislocations, and crystallographic orientation in uncoalesced GaN layers grown on Si(111) substrates by maskless cantilever epitaxy was studied by polychromatic x-ray microdiffraction, high resolution monochromatic x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Tilt boundaries formed at the column/wing interface depending on the growth conditions. A higher lateral to vertical growth ratio suppressed sidewall deposition and was found to produce larger lattice tilts in the GaN films. Two kinds of crystallographic tilts are observed in the films. The measurements revealed that the free-hanging wings are tilted upward at room temperature in the direction perpendicular to the stripes. Finite element simulations of the thermally induced part of the wing tilt are presented. Moreover, a misorientation between the GaN(0001) and the Si(111) planes is observed in the parallel to the stripe direction. Its origin is discussed with respect to the strain of the epitaxial GaN on a miscut Si(111) surface and misfit dislocations formed at the interface.
CD8: adhesion molecule, co-receptor and immuno-modulator. (2004)

CD8 is a cell surface glycoprotein found in cytotoxic T lymphocytes, which are important components in cellular immunity, esp. in the immune response to cancer and chronic infections. There are two forms of CD8, either as an alphaalpha homodimer or alphabeta heterodimer. It acts as an "assistant" or co-receptor in the function of cytotoxic T cells where specific immunity is mediated by interaction of specific T cell receptor (alphabeta TCR) and its ligand peptide major histocompatibility complex (pMHC). CD8 also binds to pMHC but away from the interface of pMHC and TCR contact, thereof no influence on the specificity of this interaction. If the TCR and CD8 bind to the same pMHC at the same time, CD8 is defined as a co-receptor, functioning through its signalling via its cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphorylation pathway; if CD8 binds to pMHC independently of the TCR, it is defined as an adhesion molecule. At present, the co-receptor function theory is dominated in the field. Recent study has also shown that murine CD8 alphaalpha binds to TL antigen, an MHC homologue, therefore acts as an immuno-modulator. In this review, we discuss these current understandings of the three aspects of the CD8 functions and their structural basis.
Contribution of the MUC1 tandem repeat and cytoplasmic tail to invasive and metastatic properties of a pancreatic cancer cell line. (2003)

MUC1 is a polymorphic, highly glycosylated, type I transmembrane protein expressed by ductal epithelial cells of many organs including pancreas, breast, gastrointestinal tract, and airway. MUC1 is overexpressed and differentially glycosylated by adenocarcinomas that arise in these organs, and is believed to contribute to invasive and metastatic potential by contributing to cell surface adhesion properties [via the tandem repeat (TR) domain] and through morphogenetic signal transduction [via the cytoplasmic tail (CT)]. The large extracellular TR of MUC1 consists of a heavily glycosylated, 20 amino acid sequence that shows allelic variation with respect to number of repeats. This portion of MUC1 may directly mediate adhesive or antiadhesive interactions with other surface molecules on adjacent cells and through these interactions initiate signal transduction pathways that are transmitted through the CT. We investigated the contribution of the TR domain and the CT of MUC1 to the in vivo invasive and metastatic potential, and the gene expression profile of the human pancreatic tumor cell line S2-013. Results showed that S2-013 cells overexpressing full-length MUC1 displayed a less invasive and metastatic phenotype compared with control-transfected cells and cells expressing MUC1 lacking the TR domain or CT. Clonal populations were analyzed by cDNA array gene expression analysis, which showed differences in the gene expression profiles between the different cell lines. Among the genes differentially expressed were several that encode proteins believed to play a role in invasion and metastasis.
Oral candidal carriage and infection in insulin‐treated diabetic patients (1999)

The epidemiology of oral candidal carriage and infections in diabetic patients is complex and includes species which have not been previously reported in this group of patients. The development of oral candidosis in insulin-treated diabetes mellitus patients is not the result of a single entity, but rather, a combination of risk factors.