gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstration of High Frequency Data Link on FR4 Printed Circuit Board Using Optical Waveguides (2007)

We report the development of a low cost, simple optical circuit board (OECB) using large core multi mode polymer waveguide on FR4 printed circuit board (PCB). The design of this OECB uses only a 45deg-ended waveguide to couple and decouple the optical signal directly between the optical devices and the waveguide. The 45deg mirror is formed using excimer laser process on a multi mode waveguide with temperature stability at reflow temperature. The optical waveguide is attached to a diced channel in the FR4 PCB using adhesive to form a completely planar circuit. This allows the laser diode and the photodiode to be assembled directly above the input and output of the waveguide using precision flip chip technology, which provides good alignment accuracy. This helps to increase the mechanical reliability of the circuit and minimize assembly requirements. Most importantly, all the electronic and optoelectronic devices used are commercially available components, the FR4 PCB fabrication process is standard process, the component assembly process is normal reflow process and the method is amenable for manufacturing. In the present publication, we report the details of the design, assembly process, high accuracy optical device attachment, performance characterization and testing results.
Potent Immunosuppressants, 2-Alkyl-2-aminopropane-1,3-diols (1996)

Several immunosuppressants, ISP-I [(2S,3R,4R)-(E)-2-amino-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-14-oxoeicos++ +-6-enoic acid, myriocin = thermozymocidin] and mycestericins A-G, were isolated from culture broths of Isaria sinclairii and Mycelia sterilia, respectively. In order to investigate structure-activity relationships, extensive modifications of ISP-I were conducted, and it was established that the fundamental structure possessing the immunosuppressive activity is a symmetrical 2-alkyl-2-aminopropane-1,3-diol. The tetradecyl, pentadecyl, and hexadecyl derivatives prolonged rat skin allograft survival in the combination of LEW donor and F344 recipient and were more effective than cyclosporin A. Among them, 2-amino-2-tetradecylpropane-1,3-diol hydrochloride, ISP-I-55, showed the lowest toxicity. ISP-I-55 is a promising lead compound for the development of effective immunosuppressants for organ transplantations and for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Common vaccine antigens inhibit allergen‐induced sensitization and airway hyperresponsiveness in a murine model (2006)

Vaccination with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids alone or in combination with whole cell pertussis vaccine prior to allergen sensitization prevented allergen-induced Th2 immune responses. Vaccine antigens may down-regulate allergic responses to a range of common allergens.
Investigation of Changes in the Surface Structure of LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode Materials Induced by the Initial Charge (2014)

We use transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to investigate the evolution of the surface structure of LixNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials (NCA) as a function of the extent of first charge at room temperature using a combination of high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM) imaging, selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). It was found that the surface changes from the layered structure (space group R3̅m) to the disordered spinel structure (Fd3̅m), and eventually to the rock-salt structure (Fm3̅m), and that these changes are more substantial as the extent of charge increases. EELS indicates that these crystal structure changes are also accompanied by significant changes in the electronic structure, which are consistent with delithiation leading to both a reduction of the Ni and an increase in the effective electron density of oxygen. This leads to a charge imbalance, which results in the formation of oxygen vacancies and the development of surface porosity. The degree of local surface structure change differs among particles, likely due to kinetic factors that are manifested with changes in particle size. These results demonstrate that TEM, when coupled with EELS, can provide detailed information about the crystallographic and electronic structure changes that occur at the surface of these materials during delithiation. This information is of critical importance for obtaining a complete understanding of the mechanisms by which both degradation and thermal runaway initiate in these electrode materials.
Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Specific Sequences in Genomic DNA Amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction (2004)

We document the surprising result that single-stranded DNA adsorbs on negatively charged gold nanoparticles (Au-nps) with a rate that depends on sequence length and temperature. After ss-DNA adsorbs on Au-nps, we find that the particles are stabilized against salt-induced aggregation. These observations can be rationalized on the basis of electrostatics and form the basis for a colorimetric assay to identify specific sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA. The assay is label-free, requires no covalent modification of the DNA or Au-np surfaces, and takes on the sensitivity of PCR. Most important, binding of target and probe takes place in solution where hybridization occurs in less than 1 min. As an example, we test PCR-amplified genomic DNA from clinical samples for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a fatal arrhythmia known as long QT syndrome.
Theory and Practice (2000)

A holistic theory of career development is presented that places an emphasis on extrinsic and intrinsic characteristics. The four extrinsic characteristics — individual professional career development, economic/philosophical influences, industry/technology development and environmental philosophy — are matched to the traditional “big four” theories. By examining the confluence of the four axes presented in the model, counsellors can work with clients to answer important career issues.
PTEN Loss Inhibits CHK1 to Cause Double Stranded-DNA Breaks in Cells (2005)

CHK1 is an essential kinase involved in the regulation of the cell cycle progression and preservation of genomic integrity. Inhibition of CHK1 leads to the accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks. Loss of PTEN impairs CHK1-mediated checkpoint activation due to cytoplasmic sequestration of ubiquitinated CHK1. Here, we provide evidence that another consequence of reduced CHK1 function in PTEN deficient cells is the accumulation of double-stranded DNA breaks. Moreover, we show that the site of CHK1 ubiquitination (K274) is near the site of AKT phosphorylation (S280). Overall, these data demonstrate that lack of PTEN generates DNA damage due to inappropriate inactivation of CHK1.DNA damage due to the loss of PTEN is likely to stimulate tumor development.
Preselection of retrovirally transduced bone marrow avoids subsequent stem cell gene silencing and age-dependent extinction of expression of human β-globin in engrafted mice (2000)

Transcriptional silencing of genes transferred into hematopoietic stem cells poses one of the most significant challenges to the success of gene therapy. If the transferred gene is not completely silenced, a progressive decline in gene expression as the mice age often is encountered. These phenomena were observed to various degrees in mouse transplant experiments using retroviral vectors containing a human beta-globin gene, even when cis-linked to locus control region derivatives. Here, we have investigated whether ex vivo preselection of retrovirally transduced stem cells on the basis of expression of the green fluorescent protein driven by the CpG island phosphoglycerate kinase promoter can ensure subsequent long-term expression of a cis-linked beta-globin gene in the erythroid lineage of transplanted mice. We observed that 100% of mice (n = 7) engrafted with preselected cells concurrently expressed human beta-globin and the green fluorescent protein in 20-95% of their RBC for up to 9.5 mo posttransplantation, the longest time point assessed. This expression pattern was successfully transferred to secondary transplant recipients. In the presence of beta-locus control region hypersensitive site 2 alone, human beta-globin mRNA expression levels ranged from 0.15% to 20% with human beta-globin chains detected by HPLC. Neither the proportion of positive blood cells nor the average expression levels declined with time in transplanted recipients. Although suboptimal expression levels and heterocellular position effects persisted, in vivo stem cell gene silencing and age-dependent extinction of expression were avoided. These findings support the further investigation of this type of vector for the gene therapy of human hemoglobinopathies.
PictureViewer - A mobile application using network coding (2009)

This paper looks into the implementation details of network coding for a mobile application running on commercial mobile phones. The mobile application coined PictureViewer can convey pictures from one source device to many neighboring devices using WiFi. The advantage of network coding in this context is that the source devices only needs a minimal amount of knowledge about the targets received packets and therefore only a minimal amount of feedback is needed to ensure reliable data delivery. The implemented network coding algorithms are tailored to be fast and energy efficient on commercial mobile phones. The goal of the paper is therefore to investigate those algorithms and to demonstrate that network coding can be deployed on state of the art mobile phones.
On the relevance of communication costs of rollback-recovery protocols (1995)

Article Free Access Share on On the relevance of communication costs of rollback-recovery protocols Author: E. N. Elnozahy Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA Department of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PAView Profile Authors Info & Claims PODC '95: Proceedings of the fourteenth annual ACM symposium on Principles of distributed computingAugust 1995 Pages 74–79https://doi.org/10.1145/224964.224973Online:20 August 1995Publication History 11citation211DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations11Total Downloads211Last 12 Months4Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Pneumococcal serotypes and their clinical relevance (1998)

Pneumococcal disease is endemic all over the world. Epidemics may occur, most often in closed institutional settings such as schools and military camps,1-3 but account for only a minority of all the cases. The total incidence of pneumococcal pneumonia in Western populations is 1–5 per 1000 person-years, and several times higher in the very young and the elderly. In developing countries it is estimated that at least one million children below the age of five die each year from pneumococcal pneumonia.4 Streptococcus pneumoniae is also the most important pathogen in bacterial meningitis, otitis media, and sinusitis. The annual incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia in North America and Europe is at least 10–20 per 100 000 individuals, the majority of cases being due to pneumonia. However, the most common host-parasite interrelationship is the asymptomatic carriage of one (or occasionally two or more) pneumococcal strains in the nasopharynx.5 6 

As in other Gram positive bacteria, the pneumococcal cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and teichoic acid (fig 1). A predominant component of teichoic acid is the C-polysaccharide which is covalently bound to the peptidoglycan layer and distributed both on its inner and outer side.7 The exact chemical structure of the C-polysaccharide has been established as a ribitol teichoic acid containing glucose, 2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxygalactose, galactosamine, ribitol phosphate, and phosphorylcholine.8 Interestingly, each of these components has been identified as constituents of different capsular polysaccharides, possibly pointing to an evolutionary origin of the capsular substances from the C-polysaccharide.



Figure 1 
Schematic illustration of the arrangement of the pneumococcal cell wall.



All wild strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae are provided with a polysaccharide capsule. To date, 90 distinct capsular types have been described, six of them very recently.9Some of the types are antigenically related to each other and such related types are included together in …
Fibroblast activation protein: Purification, epitope mapping and induction by growth factors (1994)

The human fibroblast activation protein (FAP) defined by monoclonal antibody (MAb) F19 is a cell surface antigen expressed in reactive stromal fibroblasts of breast, colorectal, lung and other epithelial cancers. In contrast to its stroma-specific localization in epithelial neoplasms, FAP is expressed in the malignant mesenchymal cells of bone and soft tissue sarcomas. FAP is transiently expressed in some fetal mesenchymal tissues but is absent or expressed at low levels in most adult tissues. FAP is induced in cultured fibroblasts and, in these cells, consists of a M(r) 95,000 subunit (FAP alpha) carrying the F19 epitope and a non-covalently bound M(r) 105,000 subunit (FAP beta) lacking the F19 epitope. Using MAb F19 and 5 newly derived MAbs, we identify 3 distinct epitopes on FAP alpha and tentatively assign one epitope to FAP beta. Analysis of detergent extracts of a FAP alpha high beta- sarcoma cell line by size exclusion-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that FAP alpha does not elute as a M(r) 95,000 species but as part of a high-molecular weight complex (M(r) > 400,000) that dissociates into M(r) 95,000 subunits in SDS gels. Immunoaffinity purification of FAP alpha followed by tryptic digestion, reversed-phase HPLC and microsequencing identified 3 unique FAP alpha peptides, with 2 showing sequence similarity (23/38 identical amino acids) to segments of CD26, a T-cell activation antigen. CD26 is a membrane-bound enzyme (dipeptidyl aminopeptidase IV), but immunopurified FAP alpha has little if any dipeptidase activity with typical CD26 substrates. Finally, studies with FAPlow leptomeningeal fibroblasts revealed that transforming growth factor-beta, 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate and retinoids can upregulate FAP expression, whereas serum and several other factors had no or little effect on FAP levels. FAP and CD26 may belong to a family of structurally related but functionally distinct activation proteins that are expressed on different cell types and show unique modes of regulation in normal and malignant cells.
Influence of the Substituent and Polymerization Methodology on the Properties of Chiral Poly(dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]pyrrole)s (2007)

New poly(N-substituted dithieno[3,2-b:2‘,3‘-d]pyrrole)s (PDTPs) with high molecular weights, good yields, and increased solubility were prepared, and their supramolecular behavior was studied. The polymers differ in their polymerization method (using chemical oxidants, Stille-couplings, or a Yamamoto-type polymerization) and the bulkiness of the side chain. The solubility of the polymer depends on the bulkiness of the side chains employed, while the yield and, to a lesser extent, the molecular weight depend on the polymerization method. In general, Stille-couplings proved to be the best polymerization method for PDTPs. The higher molecular weight polymers showed more defined voltammograms, higher λmax together with the presence of a vibronic fine-structure, and higher fluorescence yields than lower molecular weight materials. In solution, the polymers are present as highly conjugated rigid rods, which, upon transition to films or in nonsolvents, poorly aggregate. The stacking is more complicated in high molecular weight polymers than in low molecular weight samples.
Structure-function relationship of parathyroid hormone: activation of phospholipase-C, protein kinase-A and -C in osteosarcoma cells (1992)

Recent evidence indicates that after PTh interaction with its receptor, both protein kinase-A (PKA) and protein kinase-C (PKC) are activated. To investigate the relationship between PTH structure and protein kinase stimulation, we have analyzed the effects of synthetic PTH fragments on PKA and PKC in the rat osteogenic sarcoma cells, UMR 106-01. Activation of PKA by 10(-7) M bovine (b) PTH-(1-34) was maximal (2.7-fold of control) at 5 min and remained elevated 15 min after hormone exposure. bPTH-(2-34), at equimolar doses, also stimulated PKA, but with a lower potency (1.4-fold of control), whereas propionyl bPTH-(2-34) [pbPTH-(2-34)], bPTH-(3-34), [Tyr34]bPTH-(7-34) amide [bPTH-(7-34)], and bPTH-(30-34) were ineffective. On the other hand, translocation of PKC activity from the cytosol to the membrane after exposure to bPTH-(1-34) was transient, with a peak at 1 min (1.9-fold of control), and returned to basal levels after 5 min. Other fragments, bPTH-(2-34), pbPTH-(2-34), bPTH-(3-34), and bPTH-(7-34), were also active on PKC, with relative potencies of 81%, 67%, 62%, and 51% of bPTH-(1-34), respectively, whereas bPTH-(30-34) was inactive. bPTH-(1-34), bPTH-(2-34), pbPTH-(2-34), and bPTH-(3-34) also induced inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production, with a potency order of 1.6-, 1.6-, 1.5-, and 1.6-fold over the control value, respectively, thus indicating activation of phospholipase-C. Neither bPTH-(7-34) nor bPTH-(30-34) caused a statistically significant increase in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate production. These results demonstrate that PTH signal transduction through the two different pathways can be dissociated; while activation of the cAMP/PKA system requires amino acids 1 and 2, the phospholipase-C/PKC system is coupled to a longer domain of the hormone's N-terminus.
The retinal pigment epithelial membrane receptor for plasma retinol-binding protein. Isolation and cDNA cloning of the 63-kDa protein. (1993)

Retinol, a metabolic precursor of retinal and retinoic acid, is transported in plasma by the plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP). The cellular uptake of retinol from RBP is believed to involve a specific membrane receptor for RBP. In retinal pigment epithelium the RBP receptor appears to be an oligomeric protein complex, and we have previously identified a 63-kDa membrane protein as part of this receptor. The 63-kDa protein (p63) has now been isolated, and we have cloned the corresponding cDNA. In a data base search no sequences similar to p63 were identified. Hydropathy analyses of the 533 amino acids deduced from the cDNA sequence did not indicate an N-terminal signal sequence or obvious transmembrane regions. In vitro translation of synthetic mRNA encoding p63, in the presence of heterologous microsomes, verified that p63 does not become cotranslationally membrane-inserted. Transcripts for p63 are abundantly expressed in retinal pigment epithelium with no detectable expression in several other tissues. Southern blotting analysis of bovine and human genomic DNA revealed several hybridizing fragments suggesting a complex organization of the corresponding genes.
Cell surface display of recombinant proteins on Staphylococcus carnosus (1995)

A novel expression system for surface display of heterologous proteins on Staphylococcus carnosus cells has been developed. Taking advantage of the promoter and secretion signals, including a propeptide region, from the lipase gene of Staphylococcus hyicus and the cell wall-spanning and membrane-binding region of protein A from Staphylococcus aureus, efficient surface display of an 80-amino-acid peptide from a malaria blood stage antigen could be achieved. A serum albumin binding protein from streptococcal protein G was used both as a general reporter molecule and to increase the accessibility of the surface-displayed proteins. Immunoblotting, immunogold staining, and immunofluorescence on intact recombinant S. carnosus cells verified the presence of the propeptide, the malaria antigen, and the albumin-binding reporter protein on the bacterial surface. For the first time, fluorescence-activated cell sorting was used to analyze the presence of surface-displayed hybrid receptors on gram-positive bacteria.
Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes. (1996)

A human receptor that is selective for the CXC chemokines IP10 and Mig was cloned and characterized. The receptor cDNA has an open reading frame of 1104-bp encoding a protein of 368 amino acids with a molecular mass of 40,659 dalton. The sequence includes seven putative transmembrane segments characteristic of G-protein coupled receptors. It shares 40.9 and 40.3% identical amino acids with the two IL-8 receptors, and 34.2-36.9% identity with the five known CC chemokine receptors. The IP10/Mig receptor is highly expressed in IL-2-activated T lymphocytes, but is not detectable in resting T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes. It mediates Ca2+ mobilization and chemotaxis in response to IP10 and Mig, but does not recognize the CXC-chemokines IL-8, GRO alpha, NAP-2, GCP-2. ENA78, PF4, the CC-chemokines MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MCP-4, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta. RANTES, 1309, eotaxin, nor lymphotactin. The exclusive expression in activated T-lymphocytes is of high interest since the receptors for chemokines which have been shown so far to attract lymphocytes, e.g., MCP-1, MCP-2, MCP-3, MIP-1 alpha, MIP-1 beta, and RANTES, are also found in monocytes and granulocytes. The present observations suggest that the IP10/Mig receptor is involved in the selective recruitment of effector T cells.
T Cell Activation in Rheumatoid Synovium Is B Cell Dependent (2001)

Rheumatoid arthritis results from a T cell-driven inflammation in the synovial membrane that is frequently associated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures. The significance of this extranodal lymphoid neogenesis is unknown. Microdissection was used to isolate CD4 T cells residing in synovial tissue T cell/B cell follicles. CD4 T cells with identical TCR sequences were represented in independent, nonadjacent follicles, suggesting recognition of the same Ag in different germinal centers. When adoptively transferred into rheumatoid arthritis synovium-SCID mouse chimeras, these CD4 T cell clones enhanced the production of IFN-gamma, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha. In vivo activity of adoptively transferred CD4 T cells required matching of HLA-DRB1 alleles and also the presence of T cell/B cell follicles. HLA-DRB1-matched synovial tissues that were infiltrated by T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, but that lacked B cells, did not support the activation of adoptively transferred CD4 T cell clones, raising the possibility that B cells provided a critical function in T cell activation or harbored the relevant Ag. Dependence of T cell activation on B cells was confirmed in B cell depletion studies. Treatment of chimeric mice with anti-CD20 mAb inhibited the production of IFN-gamma and IL-1beta, indicating that APCs other than B cells could not substitute in maintaining T cell activation. The central role of B cells in synovial inflammation identifies them as excellent targets for immunosuppressive therapy.
Essential structure for full enterotoxigenic activity of heat‐stable enterotoxin produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (1985)

Several analogues of heat-stable enterotoxins (STh and STp) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were synthesized. Peptides (STh[6-18] and STp[5-17]) consisting of 13 amino acid residues from the Cys residue near the N-terminus to the Cys residue near the C-terminus and linked by three disulfide bonds had the same biological and immunological properties as native STh and STp, respectively. The results indicated that the sequence with the 13 amino acid residues and three disulfide linkages is essential for full biological activity of ST.