gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics vs. PZT? (2006)

Investigations in the development of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics have recently claimed properties comparable to that of PZT-based materials. In this work, the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the various systems were contrasted in relation to their respective Curie temperatures. Though comparable with respect to T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> , enhanced properties reported in the K,NaNbO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> family are the result of increased polarizability associated with the T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">orthor-tetragonal</sub> polymorphic phase transition being compositionally shifted downward and not from a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) as widely reported. As expected, the properties are strongly temperature dependent unlike that observed for MPB systems. Analogous to PZT, enhanced properties are noted for MPB compositions in the Na,BiTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -BaTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> and the ternary system with K,BiTiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> , but offer properties significantly lower than that of PZTs. The consequence of a ferroelectric to antiferroelectric transition well below T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> further limits their usefulness.
Programming and erase with floating-body for high density low voltage flash EEPROM fabricated on SOI wafers (2002)

The new portable computing and telecommunications market requires high performance, low power, high density electrically reprogrammable non-volatile memories. Memories integrated with information handling circuits on SOI wafers can offer significant advantages for high speed computation, better isolation, lower leakage, better noise immunity, and excellent CMOS latch-up margin. A NOR Virtual Ground (NVG) flash memory cell fabricated on an SOI wafer is considered. The fabrication process for NVG on SOI can be unchanged if the silicon thickness of the SOI wafer is properly chosen and doped, such that the N+ bit-line (Source/Drain) touches the oxide layer. One important feature of cells on SOI is that it is difficult to ground the p-body of cell and it will be left floating during all memory operations. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of the floating body on channel-hot-electron (CHE) programming and Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) channel erase used in NVG flash memory.
Including antenna models in microwave imaging for breast cancer screening (2006)

Microwave imaging is emerging as a tool for screening for breast cancer, but the lack of methods for including the characteristics of the antennas of the imaging systems in the imaging algorithms limits their performance. In this paper, a method for incorporating the full antenna characteristics, in terms of the transmission-matrix representation, in a frequency-domain imaging algorithm is presented. The algorithm is tested on a simulation of the physical-anomaly tomography (PAT) scanner imaging system developed at the Technical University of Denmark and is shown to have superior performance when compared to a simple algorithm in which the antennas are assumed to be ideal dipoles.
Learning Patterns from Unix Process Execution Traces for Intrusion Detection (1997)

In this paper we describe our preliminary experiments to extend the work pioneered by Forrest (see Forrest et al. 1996) on learning the (normal and abnormal) patterns of Unix processes. These patterns can be used to identify misuses of and intrusions in Unix systems. We formulated machine learning tasks on operating system call sequences of normal and abnormal (intrusion) executions of the Unix sendmail program. We show that our methods can accurately distinguish all abnormal executions of sendmail from the normal ones provided in a set of test traces. These preliminary results indicate that machine learning can play an important role by generalizing stored sequence information to perhaps provide broader intrusion detection services. The experiments also reveal some interesting and challenging problems for future research.
Recombinant Activated Factor VII for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage (2005)

Treatment with rFVIIa within four hours after the onset of intracerebral hemorrhage limits the growth of the hematoma, reduces mortality, and improves functional outcomes at 90 days, despite a small increase in the frequency of thromboembolic adverse events.
Finite Amplitude Gravity Waves in the Venus Atmosphere Generated by Surface Topography (1992)

A two-dimensional, fully nonlinear, nonhydrostatic, gravity wave model is used to study the evolution of gravity waves generated near the surface of Venus. The model extends from near the surface to well above the cloud layers. Waves are forced by applying a vertical wind at the bottom boundary. The boundary vertical wind is determined by the product of the horizontal wind and the gradient of the surface height. When wave amplitudes are small, the near-surface horizontal wind is the zonally averaged basic-state zonal wind, and the length scales of the forcing that results are characteristic of the surface height variation. When the forcing becomes larger and wave amplitudes affect the near-surface horizontal wind field, the forcing spectrum becomes more complicated, and a spectrum of waves is generated that is not a direct reflection of the spectrum of the surface height variation. Model spatial resolution required depends on the amplitude of forcing; for very nonlinear cases considered, vertical resolution was 250 m, and horizontal resolution was slightly greater than 1 km. For smaller forcing amplitudes, spatial resolution was much coarser, being 1 km in the vertical and about 10 km in the horizontal. Background static stability and mean wind are typical of those observed in the Venus atmosphere.
State retention flip flop architectures with different tradeoffs using crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide transistors implemented in a 32-bit normally-off microprocessor (2014)

As leakage power continues to increase when transistor sizes are downscaled, it becomes increasingly hard to achieve low power consumption in modern chips. Normally-off processors use state-retention and non-volatile circuits to make power gating more efficient with less static power. In this paper, we propose two novel state-retention flip-flop designs based on a parallel and series retention circuit architectures utilizing crystalline indium gallium zinc oxide transistors, which can achieve state retention with zero static power. To demonstrate the application of these different designs, they are implemented in a 32-bit normally-off microprocessor with an energy break-even time of 1.47 µs for the parallel type design and 0.93 µs for the series type design, at a clock frequency of 15 MHz. We show that decreasing the power supply duty cycle to 0.9%, the average current of the processor core can be decreased by over 99% using either type of flip-flop.
Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (Nuclear Receptor 2A1) Is Essential for Maintenance of Hepatic Gene Expression and Lipid Homeostasis (2001)

The numerous functions of the liver are controlled primarily at the transcriptional level by the concerted actions of a limited number of hepatocyte-enriched transcription factors (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1alpha [HNF1alpha], -1beta, -3alpha, -3beta, -3gamma, -4alpha, and -6 and members of the c/ebp family). Of these, only HNF4alpha (nuclear receptor 2A1) and HNF1alpha appear to be correlated with the differentiated phenotype of cultured hepatoma cells. HNF1alpha-null mice are viable, indicating that this factor is not an absolute requirement for the formation of an active hepatic parenchyma. In contrast, HNF4alpha-null mice die during embryogenesis. Moreover, recent in vitro experiments using tetraploid aggregation suggest that HNF4alpha is indispensable for hepatocyte differentiation. However, the function of HNF4alpha in the maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation and function is less well understood. To address the function of HNF4alpha in the mature hepatocyte, a conditional gene knockout was produced using the Cre-loxP system. Mice lacking hepatic HNF4alpha expression accumulated lipid in the liver and exhibited greatly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and increased serum bile acid concentrations. The observed phenotypes may be explained by (i) a selective disruption of very-low-density lipoprotein secretion due to decreased expression of genes encoding apolipoprotein B and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, (ii) an increase in hepatic cholesterol uptake due to increased expression of the major high-density lipoprotein receptor, scavenger receptor BI, and (iii) a decrease in bile acid uptake to the liver due to down-regulation of the major basolateral bile acid transporters sodium taurocholate cotransporter protein and organic anion transporter protein 1. These data indicate that HNF4alpha is central to the maintenance of hepatocyte differentiation and is a major in vivo regulator of genes involved in the control of lipid homeostasis.
Excessive Delivery of Nanostructured Matter to Submersed Cells Caused by Rapid Gravitational Settling (2011)

With very few exceptions, previous nanotoxicity studies implicitly involved the assumption that the techniques developed for risk assessment of hazardous chemical substances can be applied in unchanged form to explore cell response in NP laden media. This misleading approach has the consequence that the actual dose of exposure is ill defined or, more often, completely unknown. Here the effect of gravitational settling on the dose of exposure was explored for commercially available engineered nanostructured matter (nanopowder). Micrometer sized aggregates abundantly present in all nanopowders were fractured as much as possible by probe-type sonication in water or cell culture media. The morphology of cracked aggregates was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Size distributions were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Possible pitfalls encountered in using DLS were documented. Absorbance measurements and optical microscopy served to monitor the rate of gravitational settling on time sales ranging from minutes up to several days. The sonicated particles settled rapidly in all liquid media. At the well bottom, they exhibited intense lateral (two-dimensional) Brownian-like motion, which allowed them to travel large distances. Taken together, the probability for particle-cell contact may be enhanced by a factor of more than 1000 compared to the commonly advocated picture. The very high levels of exposure can give rise to overload effects which are often misinterpreted as evidence of cytotoxicity. To identify the true toxic potential of NPs, future studies must account for these phenomena. It is also argued that stable dispersions of NPs are not required in nanotoxicity studies.
Liquid sample injection using an atmospheric pressure direct current glow discharge ionization source (1992)

An atmospheric pressure DC glow discharge in helium has been used as an ionization source for organic samples introduced by liquid injection into atmospheric pressure ionization mass spectrometry (API/MS). The glow source operates typically in the range up to 1 mA of current at less than 1 kV, although the source can be operated up to a discharge current of 10 mA. Even at the high current used in this work, the protonated molecule, MH+, is observed with little or no fragmentation for many of the samples studied. The detection limits achieved for API glow discharge detection are typically in the low femtomole region for small organic molecules including small biological neurotransmitters, drugs, pesticides, phenylthiohydantoin-substituted amino acids, and explosives. A detection limit of approximately 2 pg has been achieved for tyramine with linear quantitation over at least 3 orders of magnitude. The sensitivity in these experiments has been further improved by optimization of the skimmer-interface system and the liquid injection/nebulization design.
Polymorphisms in fibronectin binding protein A of Staphylococcus aureus are associated with infection of cardiovascular devices (2011)

Medical implants, like cardiovascular devices, improve the quality of life for countless individuals but may become infected with bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus. Such infections take the form of a biofilm, a structured community of bacterial cells adherent to the surface of a solid substrate. Every biofilm begins with an attractive force or bond between bacterium and substratum. We used atomic force microscopy to probe experimentally forces between a fibronectin-coated surface (i.e., proxy for an implanted cardiac device) and fibronectin-binding receptors on the surface of individual living bacteria from each of 80 clinical isolates of S. aureus. These isolates originated from humans with infected cardiac devices (CDI; n = 26), uninfected cardiac devices (n = 20), and the anterior nares of asymptomatic subjects (n = 34). CDI isolates exhibited a distinct binding-force signature and had specific single amino acid polymorphisms in fibronectin-binding protein A corresponding to E652D, H782Q, and K786N. In silico molecular dynamics simulations demonstrate that residues D652, Q782, and N786 in fibronectin-binding protein A form extra hydrogen bonds with fibronectin, complementing the higher binding force and energy measured by atomic force microscopy for the CDI isolates. This study is significant, because it links pathogenic bacteria biofilms from the length scale of bonds acting across a nanometer-scale space to the clinical presentation of disease at the human dimension.
Distinct Contributions of Vaccine-Induced Immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a Antibodies to Protective Immunity against Influenza (2006)

Vaccination represents the most effective form of protection against influenza infection. While neutralizing antibodies are typically measured as a correlate of vaccine-induced protective immunity against influenza, nonneutralizing antibodies may contribute to protection or amelioration of disease. The goal of this study was to dissect the individual contributions of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a antibody isotypes to vaccine-induced immunity against influenza virus. To accomplish this, we utilized an influenza vaccine regimen that selectively enhanced IgG1 or IgG2a antibodies by using either DNA or viral replicon particle (VRP) vectors expressing influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) (HA-DNA or HA-VRP, respectively). After HA-DNA vaccination, neutralizing antibodies were detected by both in vitro (microneutralization) and in vivo (lung viral titer) methods and were associated with increased IgG1 expression by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Vaccination with HA-VRP did not strongly stimulate either neutralizing or IgG1 antibodies but did induce IgG2a antibodies. Expression of IgG2a antibodies in this context correlated with clearance of virus and increased protection against lethal influenza challenge. Increased induction of both antibody isotypes as measured by ELISA was a better correlate for vaccine efficacy than neutralization alone. This study details separate but important roles for both IgG1 and IgG2a expression in vaccination against influenza and argues for the development of vaccine regimens that stimulate and measure expression of both antibody isotypes.
Using system dynamics to develop policies that matter: global management of poliomyelitis and beyond (2008)

Abstract We offer an example of modeling that influenced global health policy related to polio and we provide some insights about the modeling process. Although system dynamics lies at the heart of our modeling, we emphasize that downplaying the modeling to focus on the policy questions played a critical role in the use of the results by decision makers. Here we provide details of the system dynamics modeling that underlies our research on polio, and discuss the process we followed to bring scientific modeling of a highly complex issue to policymakers. We hope that providing a better understanding of our efforts and describing our continuing analytical journey provides useful insights for others who seek to use system dynamics to develop policies that matter. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Hidden Markov Models and other Finite State Automata for Sequence Processing (2002)

LIDIAP
16S Ribosomal DNA Sequences of Anaerobic Cocci and Proposal of Ruminococcus hansenii comb. nov. and Ruminococcus productus comb. nov. (1994)

The 16S ribosomal DNA sequences of representative members of the family Peptococcaceae were determined. The members of the family examined were divided into the following four phylogenetic groups: Peptococcus niger ATCC 27731T (T = type strain), the Sarcina-Peptostreptococcus anaerobius group, the ruminococcus-coprococcus group, and the peptostreptococcus group. Peptococcus niger, the type species of the family, was not related to other members of the family. Peptostreptococcus anaerobius ATCC 27337T, the type strain of the type species of the genus Peptostreptococcus, was closely related to Clostridium sordellii NCIB 10717T (level of sequence similarity, 85%). Sarcina ventriculi GIFU 7886, a spore-forming anaerobic gram-positive coccus, clustered with Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124T at a similarity value of 91%. Members of the Sarcina-Peptostreptococcus anaerobius group clustered with clostridia at similarity values ranging from 85 to 91%. The type strains of Peptostreptococcus prevotii, Peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Peptostreptococcus magnus clustered at levels of sequence homology of 84 to 93%. This cluster was not included in the Peptococcus niger group or the Peptostreptococcus anaerobius group. Thus, these members of the genus Peptostreptococcus should be separated from the other members of the genus and also from members of the family Peptococcaceae. The sequence of Peptostreptococcus productus ATCC 27340T was different from the sequences of Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Peptococcus niger. The sequence of Streptococcus hansenii ATCC 27752T, a strictly anaerobic strain, was different from the sequences of other streptococci; this strain clustered with Peptostreptococcus productus, coprococci, and ruminococci. Several phenotypic characteristics of Streptococcus hansenii ATCC 27752T were similar to characteristics of ruminococci.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Glycoprotein biosynthesis in yeast (1993)

Many proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are modified by the attachment of N-linked saccharides to asparagine, of O-linked mannose glycans to serine or threonine, and of glycosylphosphoinositol membrane anchors. The biosynthetic events leading to these modifications are coupled to the secretory pathway. Early stages of N-linked glycosylation and the formation of glycosylphosphoinositol anchors have been conserved through evolution of eukaryotes. Studies of yeast offer a variety of genetic and molecular biological approaches, which have led to the isolation of different glycosylation mutants and of genes for enzymes involved in glycosylation. Yeast mutants are useful to identify biosynthetic intermediates, to establish whether a given enzyme is essential for viability, and to determine how cellular functions are affected when glycosylation is perturbed. Yeast glycosylation mutants and genes can be used to identify their counterparts in other eukaryotes.
LIP: a lightweight interlayer protocol for preventing packet injection attacks in mobile ad hoc network (2007)

Most ad hoc networks do not implement any network access control, leaving these networks vulnerable to packet injection attacks where a malicious node injects packets into the network with the goal of depleting the resources of the nodes relaying the packets. To prevent such attacks, it is necessary to employ authentication mechanisms that ensure that only authorised nodes can inject traffic into the network. We design a Lightweight Inter-layer Protocol (LIP) for preventing packet injection attacks based on an efficient local broadcast authentication mechanism. In addition to preventing attacks by unauthorised nodes, LIP can also detect and minimise the impersonation attacks by compromised nodes. Through detailed simulation study, we show that LIP is scalable, and it incurs small bandwidth overhead as well as little impact on the traffic delivery ratio even in the case of high node mobility. Moreover, the transparency and independence properties of LIP allows it to be turned on/off as desired and to be integrated seamlessly with secure routing protocols, providing stronger security services for ad hoc networks.
The Estimation of Natural Reflectances By a Cone-Based Linear Mode (1993)

Maloney (1986) reported that 3 basis functions, derived from principal components analysis of the reflectances of Munsell papers, can account for &gt;99% of the variance (from black) in a set of natural reflectances. This raised the possibility that a trichromatic visual system can generate accurate estimates of the reflectances in natural visual scenes. To address this question, a set of 377 reflectance spectra from natural objects (leaves, flowers, and fruits) was collected. (Note that Krinov's reflectances, used in Maloney's and others' studies, represent the space-averaged reflectances from large natural formations, not the reflectances of individual colored objects). The responses of human cones to these natural surfaces was calculated using the cone sensitivities from Stockman et al. (1993). Because these cone sensitivities are not necessarily related to the principal components of the reflectances, a Cone-Based Linear Model (CBLM) was developed for this analysis (R. O. Brown, 1993 OSA Annual Meeting). The CBLM provides a least-squares best fit to the natural reflectances, using the 3 cone responses as coefficients. The CBLM was compared to 2 linear regression models, which are based on the 3 principal components from either the Munsell reflectances (LR-M) or the natural reflectances (LR-N). All these analyses assumed a constant, known illuminant (CIE Source C), and covered the range 400-650 nm.
Crystallization of a complex between the Fab fragment of a human immunoglobulin M (IgM) rheumatoid factor (RF–AN) and the Fc fragment of human IgG4 (1996)

Rheumatoid factors (RF) are the characteristic autoantibodies found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. They recognize epitopes in the Fc region of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and are often of the IgM isotype. In order to analyse the nature of RF-Fc interactions, we have crystallized a complex between the Fab fragment of a human monoclonal IgM rheumatoid factor (RF-AN) and the Fc fragment of human IgG4. The stoichiometry of the complex within the crystals was found to be 2:1 Fab:Fc. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 0.3 nm resolution, and the space group was C2, with cell dimensions a = 16.03 nm, b = 8.19 nm, c = 6.42 nm, beta = 98.3 degrees. We have also determined the sequence of the variable region of the RF-AN light chain, not hitherto reported. This belongs to the V lambda III-a subgroup and is closely related to the germline gene Humlv318, from which it differs in three amino acid residues. This is the first reported crystallized complex between a human autoantibody and its autoantigen.