gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Innovation in Wellbore Perforation Using High-Power Laser (2005)

Abstract For the past nine years, a team of scientists has been examining the possibility of applying high-powered laser technology as a non-explosive alternative to current well construction and completion methods. With an application emphasis on wellbore perforation, experiments have demonstrated that high-powered fiber lasers are capable of cutting and perforating through rocks while improving porosity and permeability. Fiber lasers are a leading candidate for downhole laser applications. They exhibit several key advantages over other industrial and military lasers, including high efficiencies in energy conversion; rugged, transportable dimensions; and the only ones that can deliver laser power at a long distance from the surface to downhole targets via fiber optics with minimum energy loss. This experiment simulated rock perforations at surface and downhole pressure conditions using a 5.34 kiloWatt (kW) Ytterbium-doped multiclad fiber laser and a specially designed high-pressure triaxial cell that allowed the beam to strike a pressure-charged core. At downhole conditions (with under-balanced pressure at 2000 psi), the fiber laser perforated sandstone and limestone with 87 % and 35 % more efficiency, respectively, than at zero-pressure conditions. When at-balanced (with triaxial conditions at 2000 psi and no pore pressure), the fiber laser perforated sandstone and limestone with 61 % and 17 % more efficiency, respectively, than at zero-pressure conditions. This increased efficiency for rocks perforated at downhole conditions affirms high-powered laser as a highly promising alternative to convention wellbore perforation. Background Since 1997, the Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and its research partners have investigated the application of high-power laser energy to well perforation and completion. In this research, various types of lasers (CO2, Nd:YAG, COIL, MIRACL, and fiber laser) with output power ranging from 1 to 1200 kiloWatts (kW) were evaluated for perforation applications. Advances in fiber laser technology make the fiber laser the leading laser for perforation and downhole application. Its advantages over other commercially available lasers are its high output efficiency of 20% (Figure 1), electric efficiency (wall plug) 20 to 25%, small footprint of 0.5 m2 (Figure 2), no maintenance, and ease of deliverability to downhole through fiber optics cable. With the small footprint and high efficiency, the laser can be transported to the field at any location.
RD20, a Stress-Inducible Caleosin, Participates in Stomatal Control, Transpiration and Drought Tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana (2010)

Plants overcome water deficit conditions by combining molecular, biochemical and morphological changes. At the molecular level, many stress-responsive genes have been isolated, but knowledge of their physiological functions remains fragmentary. Here, we report data for RD20, a stress-inducible Arabidopsis gene that belongs to the caleosin family. As for other caleosins, we showed that RD20 localized to oil bodies. Although caleosins are thought to play a role in the degradation of lipids during seed germination, induction of RD20 by dehydration, salt stress and ABA suggests that RD20 might be involved in processes other than germination. Using plants carrying the promoter RD20::uidA construct, we show that RD20 is expressed in leaves, guard cells and flowers, but not in root or in mature seeds. Water deficit triggers a transient increase in RD20 expression in leaves that appeared predominantly dependent on ABA signaling. To assess the biological significance of these data, a functional analysis using rd20 knock-out and overexpressing complemented lines cultivated either in standard or in water deficit conditions was performed. The rd20 knock-out plants present a higher transpiration rate that correlates with enhanced stomatal opening and a reduced tolerance to drought as compared with the wild type. These results support a role for RD20 in drought tolerance through stomatal control under water deficit conditions.
Death of PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons induced by adenoviral‐mediated FAD human amyloid precursor protein gene expression (1999)

We used adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human amyloid precursor proteins (h-APPs) to evaluate the role of various h-APPs in causing neuronal cell death. We were able to infect PC12 cells with very high efficiency because ≈90% of the cells were cytochemically positive for β-galactosidase activity when an adenoviral vector containing LacZ cDNA was used to infect cells. Cells infected with adenovirus containing h-APP cDNA showed high-level transcription and expression of h-APP as measured by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western immunoblot analyses, respectively. Intracellular and extracellular levels of h-APP were elevated approximately 17- and 24-fold in cultures infected with recombinant adenovirus containing wild-type mutant and 13- and 17-fold with V642F mutant. No elevation in h-APP was seen in cultures infected with antisense h-APP or null adenovirus. H-APP levels were maximal 3 days after infection. Overexpression of V642F mutant h-APP in PC12 cells and hippocampal neurons resulted in about a twofold increase in death compared with overexpression of wild-type h-APP. These results demonstrate the usefulness of recombinant adenoviral mediated gene transfer in cell culture studies and suggest that overexpression of a familial Alzheimer's disease mutant APP may be toxic to neuronal cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 55:629–642, 1999 © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Targeted Drug Delivery to Chemoresistant Cells:  Folic Acid Derivatization of FdUMP[10] Enhances Cytotoxicity toward 5-FU-Resistant Human Colorectal Tumor Cells (2001)

Current chemotherapy protocols that include fluoropyrimidines, such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), are limited by the development of chemoresistance during the course of treatment. Our laboratory has developed a novel class of fluoropyrimidines, FdUMP[N], that are oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) composed of some number, N, of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-O-monphosphate (FdUMP) nucleotides. Novel synthetic procedures are described that permit conjugation of folic acid to the 5'-OH of FdUMP[10] via a phosphodiester linkage using automated synthesis. The synthetic methods developed are generally applicable for ODN conjugation with folic acid. The folic acid conjugate FA-FdUMP[10] showed improved cytotoxicity toward human colorectal tumor cells (H630), and 5-FU-resistant colorectal tumor cells (H630-10). Enhanced cytotoxicity was observed for FA-FdUMP[10] relative to nonconjugated FdUMP[10] for cells grown under folate-restricted conditions, consistent with cellular uptake being, in part, receptor-mediated. Folate receptor alpha (FRalpha) mRNA was shown by RT-PCR to be overexpressed 26.3-fold in 5-FU-resistant H630-10 cells relative to H630 cells. Thus, FA-FdUMP[N] may prove useful for the treatment of 5-FU-resistant malignancies.
Molecular Determinants for the Tissue Specificity of SERMs (2002)

Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) mimic estrogen action in certain tissues while opposing it in others. The therapeutic effectiveness of SERMs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene in breast cancer depends on their antiestrogenic activity. In the uterus, however, tamoxifen is estrogenic. Here, we show that both tamoxifen and raloxifene induce the recruitment of corepressors to target gene promoters in mammary cells. In endometrial cells, tamoxifen, but not raloxifene, acts like estrogen by stimulating the recruitment of coactivators to a subset of genes. The estrogen-like activity of tamoxifen in the uterus requires a high level of steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1) expression. Thus cell type- and promoter-specific differences in coregulator recruitment determine the cellular response to SERMs.
Comprehensive copy number and gene expression profiling of the 17q23 amplicon in human breast cancer (2001)

The biological significance of DNA amplification in cancer is thought to be due to the selection of increased expression of a single or few important genes. However, systematic surveys of the copy number and expression of all genes within an amplified region of the genome have not been performed. Here we have used a combination of molecular, genomic, and microarray technologies to identify target genes for 17q23, a common region of amplification in breast cancers with poor prognosis. Construction of a 4-Mb genomic contig made it possible to define two common regions of amplification in breast cancer cell lines. Analysis of 184 primary breast tumors by fluorescence in situ hybridization on tissue microarrays validated these results with the highest amplification frequency (12.5%) observed for the distal region. Based on GeneMap'99 information, 17 known genes and 26 expressed sequence tags were localized to the contig. Analysis of genomic sequence identified 77 additional transcripts. A comprehensive analysis of expression levels of these transcripts in six breast cancer cell lines was carried out by using complementary DNA microarrays. The expression patterns varied from one cell line to another, and several overexpressed genes were identified. Of these, RPS6KB1, MUL, APPBP2, and TRAP240 as well as one uncharacterized expressed sequence tag were located in the two common amplified regions. In summary, comprehensive analysis of the 17q23 amplicon revealed a limited number of highly expressed genes that may contribute to the more aggressive clinical course observed in breast cancer patients with 17q23-amplified tumors.
Expression of a functional single chain antibody on the surface of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus as a step towards selective tumour cell targeting. (1997)

Recombinant vaccinia virus with tumour cell specificity may provide a versatile tool either for direct lysis of cancer cells or for the targeted transfer of genes encoding immunomodulatory molecules. We report the expression of a single chain antibody on the surface of extracellular enveloped vaccinia virus. The wild-type haemagglutinin, an envelope glycoprotein which is not required for viral infection and replication, was replaced by haemagglutinin fusion molecules carrying a single chain antibody directed against the tumour-associated antigen ErbB2. ErbB2 is an epidermal growth factor receptor-related tyrosine kinase overexpressed in a high percentage of human adenocarcinomas. Two fusion proteins carrying the single chain antibody at different NH2-terminal positions were expressed and exposed at the envelope of the corresponding recombinant viruses. The construct containing the antibody at the site of the immunoglobulin-like loop of the haemagglutinin was able to bind solubilized ErbB2. This is the first report of replacement of a vaccinia virus envelope protein by a specific recognition structure and represents a first step towards modifying the host cell tropism of the virus.
Fermentative Production of Pyruvic Acid from Citrus Peel Extract byDebaryomyces coudertii (1982)

Fermentative production of pyruvic acid by yeasts was studied using extracts from citrus natsudaidai peel as a carbon source. Many yeasts showed good growth. Of these yeasts, Debaryomyces coudertii IFO 1381 produced pyruvic acid at high yield. Pretreatment of the peel extract with Amberlite IR-120B (Na+) led to increased production of pyruvic acid. Under optimum conditions, the accumulation of pyruvic acid reached a maximum of 970 mg/100ml at 48 hr-fermentation. The pyruvic acid from the fermentation broth was identified with lactic acid dehydrogenase and by comparisons of properties of its 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone with those of authentic pyruvic acid in paper chromatography, IR spectrometry and elemental analysis.
Circulating soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor is stably elevated during the first week of treatment in the intensive care unit and predicts mortality in critically ill patients (2011)

In sepsis and non-sepsis patients suPAR serum concentrations are increased upon admission to the ICU, likely reflecting the activation state of the immune system, and remain stably elevated in the initial course of treatment. Low suPAR levels are a positive predictor of ICU- and overall survival in critically ill patients, including sepsis and non-sepsis patients. Aside from its value as a promising new prognostic biomarker, both experimental and clinical studies are required in order to understand the specific effects and regulatory mechanisms of suPAR in SIRS and sepsis, and may reveal new therapeutic options.
The activation of prothrombin by the prothrombinase complex. The contribution of the substrate-membrane interaction to catalysis. (1994)

The conversion of prothrombin to thrombin requires the cleavage of two peptide bonds and is catalyzed by the prothrombinase complex composed of factors Xa and Va assembled on a membrane surface. Presteady-state kinetic studies of the effects of membranes on the proteolytic reaction were undertaken using model membranes composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (PCPS). The concentration of PCPS was varied to alter the concentration of free phospholipid available for substrate binding without influencing the concentration of membrane-assembled prothrombinase. In fluorescence stopped-flow measurements, increasing concentrations of PCPS resulted in an increase in the rate of product formation. Assessment of bond cleavage by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis following rapid chemical quench using 125I-prothrombin revealed that the activation reaction proceeded through the ordered cleavage at Arg323-Ile324 followed by cleavage at Art274-Thr275 at all concentrations of PCPS. Increasing the PCPS concentration resulted in a large increase in the Arg323-Ile324 cleavage reaction with a much smaller effect on the subsequent cleavage at Arg274-Thr275, thereby leading to an increase in the extent of accumulation of the intermediate, meizothrombin. Fluorescence stopped-flow and rapid chemical quench measurements were also conducted using prethrombin 2 plus fragment 1.2 or meizothrombin as substrates to assess the influence of PCPS on the individual cleavage reactions. The rate of cleavage at Arg323-Ile324 by prothrombinase was increased approximately 60-fold with increasing PCPS, whereas the cleavage at Arg274-Thr275 was increased by a factor of approximately 5. These differential effects of PCPS on the two cleavage reactions adequately explain changes in the extent of accumulation of meizothrombin during prothrombin activation. Proteolytic removal of the membrane binding fragment 1 domain of the substrates, meizothrombin and prethrombin 2-fragment 1.2, had no effect on the cleavage at Arg274-Thr275 at saturating PCPS but completely eliminated the membrane-dependent rate enhancement for cleavage at Arg323-Ile324. Thus, membrane binding by the substrate is essential for the first cleavage reaction at Arg323-Ile324, which leads to the conversion of prothrombin to meizothrombin. In contrast, the substrate-membrane interaction mediated by the fragment 1 domain has no detectable effect on the second cleavage reaction at Arg274-Thr275 which is required for the conversion of meizothrombin to thrombin.
Parallel Coordinate Descent for L1-Regularized Loss Minimization (2011)

We propose Shotgun, a parallel coordinate descent algorithm for minimizing L1-regularized losses. Though coordinate descent seems inherently sequential, we prove convergence bounds for Shotgun which predict linear speedups, up to a problem-dependent limit. We present a comprehensive empirical study of Shotgun for Lasso and sparse logistic regression. Our theoretical predictions on the potential for parallelism closely match behavior on real data. Shotgun outperforms other published solvers on a range of large problems, proving to be one of the most scalable algorithms for L1.
Phase 2 clinical trial of three formulations of tetravalent live-attenuated dengue vaccine in flavivirus-naïve adults (2009)

Sixteen dose formulations of our live-attenuated tetravalent dengue virus vaccines (TDV) were previously evaluated for safety and immunogenicity. Two of the sixteen candidate TDV formulations (Formulations 13 and 14) were selected for further evaluation. A new TDV formulation, Formulation 17, using a higher primary dog kidney (PDK) cell passage Dengue-1 virus (DENV-1) and a lower PDK cell passage DENV-4, was developed to optimize the neutralizing antibody response. All three formulations consist of combinations of 10exp3-5 pfu/dose of the four dengue vaccine virus serotypes. This double-blind, randomized trial in 71 healthy adult subjects evaluated vaccine safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity. TDV's were given subcutaneously in the deltoid on Day 0 and 180 (6 months). Subjects were seen in clinic on Study Days 0, 10, 28, 180, 190 and 208 and filled out daily symptom diaries for 21 days after each vaccination. Formulation 13 was the most reactogenic, while both Formulations 14 and 17 were similar in reported reactions. Seventy-five percent, 31% and 31% of subjects were viremic on Day 10 after primary vaccination with Formulations 13, 14 and 17 respectively. Viremia was not detected in any subject following the second dose of vaccine. The immunogenicity endpoint was neutralizing antibody titer one month after the second vaccination. Thirty-six percent, 40% and 63% of vaccinated subjects developed tetravalent neutralizing antibodies after two doses of Formulations 13, 14 and 17, respectively. Formulation 17 was selected for further clinical evaluation based on this study.
The role of logic in knowledge representation and commonsense reasoning (1982)

This paper examines the role that formal logic ought to play in representing and reasoning with commonsense knowledge, We take issue with the commonly held view (as expressed by Newell [1980)) that the use of representations based on formal logic is inappropriate in most applications of artificial intelligence. We argue to the contrary that there is an important set of issues, involving incomplete knowledge of a problem situation, that so far have been addressed only by systems b)ased on formal logic and deductive inference, and that, in some sense, probably can be dealt with only by systems based on logic and deduction. We further argue that the experiments of the late l960s on problem- solving by theorem-proving did not show that the use of logic and deduction in AI systems was necessarily inefficient, but rather that what was needed was better control of the deduction process, combined with more attention to the computational properties of axioms.
Isolation of Rochalimaea Species from Cutaneous and Osseous Lesions of Bacillary Angiomatosis (1992)

In bacillary angiomatosis, either of two species of rochalimaea--R. quintana or R. henselae--can be isolated from cutaneous lesions or blood, providing an additional method of diagnosis.
Supermodes for optical transmission (2011)

In this paper, the concept of supermode is introduced for long-distance optical transmission systems. The supermodes exploit coupling between the cores of a multi-core fiber, in which the core-to-core distance is much shorter than that in conventional multi-core fiber. The use of supermodes leads to a larger mode effective area and higher mode density than the conventional multi-core fiber. Through simulations, we show that the proposed coupled multi-core fiber allows lower modal dependent loss, mode coupling and differential modal group delay than few-mode fibers. These properties suggest that the coupled multi-core fiber could be a good candidate for both spatial division multiplexing and single-mode operation.
65.2: Distinguished Paper : World‐Largest (6.5”) Flexible Full Color Top Emission AMOLED Display on Plastic Film and Its Bending Properties (2009)

Abstract The world largest flexible full color 6.5‐inch active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display with top emission mode on plastic film is demonstrated. The active matrix backplanes were fabricated using metal oxide thin film transistors (TFTs). The n‐channel metal oxide TFTs on plastic film exhibited field‐effect mobility of 17.8 cm 2 /Vs, threshold voltage of 0.4 V, on/off ratio of 1.1× 108, and subthreshold slope of 0.34 V/dec. These TFT performance characteristics made it possible to integrate scan driver circuit, demux switching and compensation circuit on the panel. Bending tests were performed with TFT backplane samples to determine critical curvature radius to which the panel can be bent without TFT performance degradation. The results were compared with the calculations that took into account thicknesses and mechanical constants of flexible substrate and of thin‐film layers in AMOLED device.
EGF-R expression in ductal breast cancer: proliferation and prognostic implications. (1997)

We studied epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) expression in relation to steroid receptor status, flow cytometric DNA content and S-phase fraction (%S) in a selected case series of 129 ductal primary operable breast cancer to determine the possible role of EGF-R in prognosis assessment. EGF-R expression was positively related with proliferation activity, suggesting that EGF-R could be involved in the regulation of breast cancer cell growth. We found about 80% of highly proliferating DNA aneuploid tumors in the EGF-R positive category, while the EGF-R negative tumors showed a lower frequency of highly proliferating DNA aneuploid tumors (57%), confirming the important role of EGF-R in breast cancer aggressiveness and progression. No relationship between EGF-R expression and steroid receptor status was observed. To better understand how EGF-R and estrogen receptor (ER) operate together to stimulate breast cancer cell growth, we analyzed the %S in the two groups of ER negative (ER-) and ER positive (ER+) tumors, stratifying the patients on the basis of EGF-R tumor positivity. Here breast tumor proliferation activity seems mainly to be induced by the stimulus of EGF-R, the %S values of the EGF-R negative tumors in the ER- and ER+ groups being 6.1 and 6.9%, respectively. Instead, the median %S of EGF-R positive tumors was 10% in the ER- class and 14% in the ER+ group. The analysis of the percentages of 5-year patient disease free survival were 84% for patients with EGF-R negative tumors and 61% for patients with EGF-R positive lesions, respectively. The data reported here further show the crucial role of EGF-R in breast cancer cell growth and that the EGF-R overexpression is indicative of a poor prognosis.
莱维·施特劳斯与结构人类学——从社会地理学看结构主义 (1986)

结构主义观点从语言学和心理学被引到社会科学的主导地位,并且如格里哥里所认为,最终也应用于人文地理学,莱维·施特劳斯对此起了突出作用,故此社会地理学界对结构人类学的忽视是颇令人奇怪的。莱维·施特劳斯的结构人类学作为当代社会“必不可少的一面”,确实值得密切注意。在《如何成为一个人类学者》那篇坦率的文章里,莱维·施特劳斯提到他早期思想发展的三个重要影响因素:地质学、精神分析学和马克思主义。他认为这三者是相通的,因为它们都运用这样一种解释方法,即把一种对已知事物的理解应用到另一事物中。地质学是通过引证地表底层的地质结构而广泛解释地壳的表面形态;弗洛伊德的精神分析学说是把行为联