gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phone number portability for PCS systems with ATM backbones using distributed dynamic hashing (1997)

Current cellular subscribers have a geographic phone number (e.g., in AMPS and US digital cellular systems) or a number which contains the network provider's identity (e.g., in GSM), and whenever subscribers register or receive (and possibly, originate) a call, a home location register (HLR) database has to be queried. The wired infrastructure supports a function called global title translation (GTT) that converts the subscriber's number to an HLR database address. A special feature of next generation wireless access service will be to support personal communication services (PCS) and wireless subscribers with portable personal numbers, or nongeographic phone numbers (NGPNs), that do not indicate the service provider or HLR database serving the user. In addition, the GTT function may not be available when the wired backbone is an ATM network. Thus a key function required in future wireless access systems with wired ATM backbones will be the ability to translate an NGPN to the identity of the HLR which serves the subscriber, a process we call NGPN translation. We discuss the requirements of NGPN translation and some alternative schemes. We propose two schemes for fast, efficient, scalable and flexible NGPN translation which use ideas of dynamic hashing, caching, and indirection. The schemes use a hash function in the visiting location registers (VLRs) (or serving SCP) and a set of distributed translation servers which store the NGPN-to-HLR mapping. We discuss how the operations required to maintain the translation information can be performed. Finally, we perform a simplified analysis of the scalability of the alternative schemes as well as the hash-based schemes we propose.
Improved 16-QAM constellation labeling for BI-STCM-ID with the Alamouti scheme (2005)

We design constellation labeling maps for bit-interleaved space-time coded modulation with iterative decoding (BI-STCM-ID) over Rayleigh block-fading channels using the Alamouti scheme and N/sub r/ receive antennas. To achieve the largest asymptotic coding gain from the constellation labeling, we propose a new design criterion that maximizes the (-2N/sub r/)-th power mean of the squared Euclidean distances associated with all "error-free feedback" events in the constellation. Based on this power mean criterion, we show that the labeling optimization problem falls into the category of quadratic assignment problems. We propose two novel 16-QAM labeling maps that are particularly designed for N/sub r/=1 and N/sub r/=2, respectively. Numerical results show that both labeling maps achieve about 1 dB coding gain over the conventional 16-QAM modified set partitioning labeling.
Power quality monitoring (2003)

Summary form only given as follows. Today, power quality monitoring is an essential service many utilities perform for their industrial and other key commercial customers. Because of the technology and software now available, this monitoring is highly effective. Not only can a monitoring system provide information about the quality of the power and the causes of power system disturbances, but it can identify problem conditions throughout the system before they cause widespread customer complaints, equipment malfunctions, and even equipment failures. Power quality problems are not necessarily limited to the utility power system. Many surveys have shown that the majority of problems are localized within customer facilities. Given this fact, monitoring provides a key opportunity for a utility to protect its reputation and improve its relationship with customers. Essential requirements for a successful monitoring system include extensive data processing capabilities, easily understood reporting, and universal sharing of information. In this paper, we introduce a database management PQ software, equipped with statistical analysis and plotting tools and wrapped in a user-friendly interface. It consists of two major components, the Power Quality Data Manager and the Power Quality Data Analyzer. It offers users the ability to process and analyze many types of data by integrating all of the information from numerous monitoring devices into one relational database. It provides the means to automate the loading of new data using the Power Quality Data Manager Module, as well as provide the means to create automated and customized reports via the Power Quality Data Analyzer Module.
Effect of microencapsulation on oxygen toxicity in probiotic bacteria (2003)

Microencapsulation was tested for its protective role against oxygen toxicity in probiotic bacteria. Two strains of Bifidobacterium lactis and one strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus were encapsulated in calcium alginate and grown aerobically in reconstituted skim milk broth for 24 h. Counts of encapsulated cells in all three strains were one log higher than corresponding free cell counts. The encapsulated cell count (log 10 cfu/mL) of B. lactis 920 was 9.12 as against 8.66 of free cells whereas L. acidophilus 2409 when encapsulated, demonstrated a cell count (log 10 cfu/mL) of 7.84 as compared to a free cell count of 6.67. In a follow-up study, the protective effect of microencapsulation was also tested in yogurt. Twelve strains of L. acidophilus and Bifidobacterium spp. were encapsulated and incorporated in yogurt for 24 h maintained aerobically at 6°C. Interestingly, while microencapsulation was found to significantly increase viability in six strains, no significant difference was observed between encapsulated cell counts and free cell counts in the other six strains. Preliminary evidence therefore suggests that although microencapsulation can offer protection to probiotic bacteria against oxygen toxicity in broth culture, further optimisation studies are needed before its application in yogurt.
Synthesis of enamides (1988)

(Z)-3-Arylprop-2-enoic acids can be converted by the Curtius procedure, through the acyl azides, into (Z)-2-arylethenyl isocyanates, which with methanol give methyl (Z)-N-(2-arylethenyl)carbamates. Acylation of the (Z)-enecarbamates, through their anions, leads to methyl (Z)-N-acyl-N-(2arylethenyl)carbamates, which on treatment with lithium iodide in boiling N,N-dimethylformamide or acetonitrile undergo demethoxycarbonylation to give (Z)-enamides. This stereospecific route to enamides can also be used in the E-series. Treatment of (Z)- or (E)-2-arylethenyl isocyanates with trifluoroacetic acid gives (E)-N-(2-arylethenyl)trifluoroacetamides, the anions of which, with acylating agents, give (E)-enamides directly.
Dielectrophoretic mobility determination in DC insulator‐based dielectrophoresis (2011)

Insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) is a powerful tool for separating and characterizing particles, yet it is limited by a lack of quantitative characterizations. Here, this limitation is addressed by employing a method capable of quantifying the DEP mobility of particles. Using streak-based velocimetry the particle properties are deduced from their motion in a microfluidic channel with a constant electric field gradient. From this approach, the DEP mobility of 1 μm polystyrene particles was found to be -2±0.4 10(-8) cm4 /(V2 s). In the future, such quantitative treatment will allow for the elucidation of unique insights and rational design of devices.
Subcellular Localization of Alcohol Acetyltransferase in Strawberry Fruit. (1999)

The first step of the extraction of alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) from fruits is usually achieved by preparation of free-cells with enzymatic maceration of tissues. The free-cells from strawberry tissue were suspended in a suitable buffer and disrupted by centrifugation. The supernatant held a strong activity of AAT. The addition of 0.1% Triton X-100 to the extraction buffer indicated that a minor part of AAT was bound-form. Strawberry pulp was grated in isotonic solution (0.5 M sorbitol and 2.5% ficoll), then fractionated through a sucrose-gradient layer (20-65%) by centrifugation (82,200×g, 3 h). The distribution of AAT in the subcellular fraction of the grated pulp was similar to those of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (cytosolic enzyme) and anthocyanin (vacuolar pigment). Protoplasts were prepared by enzymatic digestion, and fractionated by stepwise gradient sucrose centrifugation, into the collapsed vacuole part and miniprotoplasts. Miniprotoplasts consisting only of cytosol, were formed from protoplasts during the preparation. Since most activities of AAT were detected in the miniprotoplast fraction, we concluded that most AAT was located in the cytosol.
Successful Treatment of Advanced Metastatic Prostate Cancer following Chemotherapy Based on Molecular Profiling (2012)

After Taxotere fails, treatment options for metastatic prostate cancer are limited. The three drugs with FDA approval in this setting, Jevtana, Provenge and Zytiga, are associated with median survivals of less than 2 years. In part, the impact on survival is the result of low response rates, indicating a significant proportion of patients exhibiting de novo resistance to these agents. An alternate approach is to let treatment selection be governed by gene expression profiling so that the treatment is tailored to the specific patient. Here, we report a case of metastatic prostate cancer with a dramatic response to treatment selected based on molecular profiling. This patient had failed LHRH agonist, bicalutamide, Taxotere, and doxorubicin. Molecular profiling showed overexpression of the androgen receptor and he had a dramatic response of measurable disease to second-line hormonal therapy with ketoconazole, estrogen and Leukine.
Expression, isolation, and characterization of an active site (serine 528—-alanine) mutant of recombinant bovine prothrombin (1991)

An active site mutant bovine prothrombin cDNA (Ser528----Ala) has been constructed, subcloned, and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The recombinant mutant prothrombin, expressed at the level of 1.5-2.0 micrograms/ml of cell medium, was fully carboxylated (9.9 +/- 0.4 mol of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid/mol of prothrombin). The mutant prothrombin could be activated to thrombin by Taipan snake venom and activated to meizothrombin by ecarin in a manner comparable to native bovine prothrombin or recombinant wild-type bovine prothrombin. The mutant meizothrombin thus formed was stable and did not autolyze. The initial rate of cleavage of mutant prothrombin catalyzed by the full prothrombinase was only 28% of the rate of cleavage of native prothrombin, while recombinant wild-type prothrombin was cleaved at the same rate as the native molecule. The mutant thrombin, obtained from the mutant prothrombin in situ by prothrombinase or Taipan snake venom activation, showed no enzymatic activity toward either fibrinogen or a synthetic chromogenic substrate, D-phenylalanyl-L-pipecolyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide dihydrochloride (S2238). The mutant thrombin also bound dansylarginine-N-(3-ethyl-1,5-pentanediyl)amide, a specific fluorescent inhibitor of the thrombin active site, with a weaker binding affinity (kd = 5.4 x 10(-8) M) than did native thrombin (kd = 1.7 x 10(-8) M). These results indicate that the mutant recombinant prothrombin described here is a useful tool for the study of meizothrombin or thrombin without the complications arising from the proteolytic activities of these molecules. Study of the activation of this mutant has already revealed a functional link between the site of initial cleavage by the prothrombinase and the conformation at the nascent active site of prothrombin.
The effects of topical drugs and preservatives on the tears and corneal epithelium in dry eye. (1985)

Medications used in 'Dry Eye' patients are reviewed for their effects on the corneal surface including the overlying tear film. Preservatives are discussed, since they affect the properties of commercial preparations which may be instilled frequently as a substitute for normal tears. The major beneficial effect which a topically applied agent can have on epithelium is to supplement or stabilise the tear film. Thimerosal sometimes triggers a sensitivity reaction, and other mercurial compounds are unstable. Benzalkonium chloride compromises both corneal epithelium and tear film. Some cationic detergents, including chlorhexidine digluconate and polyquat, cause less disruption at prophylactic concentrations. The use of a small drop size is helpful in preventing toxic effects of preservatives. All preservatives should be avoided when unit doses of a sterile tear replacement, such as saline, can be made available. Topical antibiotics should be used only to control known bacterial infections, avoiding high concentrations of bacitracin, gentamicin, and neomycin. Steroids and antibiotic/steroid combinations must be used with great caution, and only when uncontrolled ocular inflammation justifies the risk of possible corneal ulceration.
Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/Plasmin Is Essential for Long-Term Hippocampal Plasticity (2004)

Long-term memory is thought to be mediated by protein synthesis-dependent, late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP). Two secretory proteins, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), have been implicated in this process, but their relationship is unclear. Here we report that tPA, by activating the extracellular protease plasmin, converts the precursor proBDNF to the mature BDNF (mBDNF), and that such conversion is critical for L-LTP expression in mouse hippocampus. Moreover, application of mBDNF is sufficient to rescue L-LTP when protein synthesis is inhibited, which suggests that mBDNF is a key protein synthesis product for L-LTP expression.
Photovoltaic Technology: The Case for Thin-Film Solar Cells (1999)

The advantages and limitations of photovoltaic solar modules for energy generation are reviewed with their operation principles and physical efficiency limits. Although the main materials currently used or investigated and the associated fabrication technologies are individually described, emphasis is on silicon-based solar cells. Wafer-based crystalline silicon solar modules dominate in terms of production, but amorphous silicon solar cells have the potential to undercut costs owing, for example, to the roll-to-roll production possibilities for modules. Recent developments suggest that thin-film crystalline silicon (especially microcrystalline silicon) is becoming a prime candidate for future photovoltaics.
Rutile TiO2 nanowire-based perovskite solar cells (2014)

Different lengths of rutile TiO2 nanowires (NW) with wide-open space for effective material filling were used as photoanodes for perovskite solar cells. Cells with 900 nm nanowires as photoanodes exhibit a current density of 22 mA cm(-2) and an efficiency of 11.7%, outperforming the reported TiO2 nanowire-based perovskite solar cells.
Power-performance analysis of a simple one-bit transceiver (2017)

We analyze a one-bit wireless transceiver whose architecture is simple enough that its power versus performance profile can be modeled analytically. We then utilize multiple such transceivers in a communication system operating at millimeter-wave carrier frequencies. Various aspects of the system are analyzed, including the optimum achievable throughput for a given amount of total consumed power. An analogy is drawn between the “transceiver cell” proposed herein and a “computational cell” commonly used in neural networks that allows us to apply neural-network type algorithms to aid in difficult tasks such as channel estimation for a large number of transceivers.
Intramammary calcifications without an associated mass in benign and malignant diseases. (1980)

During a 16-year period, 42,888 clinical and radiographic breast studies were performed on 8,000 women. Of this number, 1,161 malignant and 5,270 benign lesions were histologically confirmed. Biopsy of 468 of the 721 breasts that had clustered calcifications not associated with a mass and that were subject to a five- to 16-year follow-up demonstrated 353 benign and 115 malignant lesions. Radiography of the biopsy specimen assured removal and proper study of the area of concern. Radiographic characteristics of the calcifications provide clues to estimate the risk of carcinoma. However, these signs are so nonspecific that all radiographically demonstrable clusters of stippled calcification require histopathologic study. Treatment prior to the formation of a mass provides an excellent prognosis.
Lymphatic Clearance of the Brain: Perivascular, Paravascular and Significance for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2016)

The lymphatic clearance pathways of the brain are different compared to the other organs of the body and have been the subject of heated debates. Drainage of brain extracellular fluids, particularly interstitial fluid (ISF) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), is not only important for volume regulation, but also for removal of waste products such as amyloid beta (Aβ). CSF plays a special role in clinical medicine, as it is available for analysis of biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Despite the lack of a complete anatomical and physiological picture of the communications between the subarachnoid space (SAS) and the brain parenchyma, it is often assumed that Aβ is cleared from the cerebral ISF into the CSF. Recent work suggests that clearance of the brain mainly occurs during sleep, with a specific role for peri- and para-vascular spaces as drainage pathways from the brain parenchyma. However, the direction of flow, the anatomical structures involved and the driving forces remain elusive, with partially conflicting data in literature. The presence of Aβ in the glia limitans in Alzheimer's disease suggests a direct communication of ISF with CSF. Nonetheless, there is also the well-described pathology of cerebral amyloid angiopathy associated with the failure of perivascular drainage of Aβ. Herein, we review the role of the vasculature and the impact of vascular pathology on the peri- and para-vascular clearance pathways of the brain. The different views on the possible routes for ISF drainage of the brain are discussed in the context of pathological significance.
Update on the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. (2007)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) remain the mainstay of treatment for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) though one recent trial suggests that continuous as opposed to on-demand use may be superior in preventing progression of structural damage. One particular NSAID, which is a highly selective cyclo-oxygenase 2 inhibitor, etoricoxib, may be superior to standard NSAIDs for AS. Second-line agents typically used for rheumatoid arthritis appear to lack efficacy. Salazopyrin is only moderately effective in the subgroup of AS patients with concomitant peripheral arthritis and not in those with purely axial disease. A recent trial showed that there is no greater efficacy in patients presenting early in their disease course. Three anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents, infliximab, etanercept, and adalimumab, are now available for the treatment of AS, the latest being adalimumab. All possess similar clinical efficacy in phase III trials with response rates of about 60%. Imaging studies using magnetic resonance show substantial amelioration of inflammatory lesions in the spine and sacroiliac joints. There is as yet no evidence that any of these agents prevent progression of structural damage. One study that evaluated etanercept demonstrated no impact on damage progression. Increasing evidence points to the superiority of the two monoclonal antibodies, infliximab and adalimumab, over etanercept for the treatment of extra-articular manifestations typically seen in AS such as acute anterior uveitis and inflammatory bowel disease. All three agents can be used as monotherapy and concomitant methotrexate appears to offer no advantages although insufficient doses have been used to date. Future studies should target patients earlier in their disease course as well as those with adverse prognostic factors such as elevated serum metalloproteinase 3 levels and radiographic evidence of spinal ankylosis.
The Chemistry of Nanostructured Materials (2003)

Magnetically Tunable Colloidal Photonic Crystals (J-P Ge et al.) Metal-Organic Frameworks (T A Makal et al.) Structural DNA Nanotechnology: Information Guided Self-Assembly (J Sharma et al.) Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Lithium Batteries (F-Y Cheng et al.) Nanocrystaline Oxide Semiconductors for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (Y-Y Wu) One-Dimensional Nanostructured Electrodes for High Capacity Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes (C K Chan & Y Cui) Chemistry of Vertically-Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (Q Zhang & L-M Dai) Nanostructured Photoelectrodes for Solar Powered Applications Synthetic Chemistry of Titanium Dioxide (H G Yang et al.).
Cloning and structural characterization of the genes coding for adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from Propionibacterium shermanii (1989)

The structural genes coding for both subunits of adenosylcobalamin-dependent methylmalonyl-CoA mutase from the Gram-positive bacterium Propionibacterium shermanii have been cloned, with the use of synthetic oligonucleotides as primary hybridization probes. The genes are closely linked and are transcribed in the same direction. Nucleotide sequence analysis of 4.5 kb of DNA encompassing both genes allowed us to infer the complete amino acid sequence of the two subunits: the beta-subunit is the product of the upstream gene, and consists of 638 amino acid residues (Mr 69465) and the alpha-subunit consists of 728 amino acid residues (Mr 80,147). There is a very close structural homology between the two subunits, reflecting the probable duplication of a common ancestral gene. A sequence present only in the alpha-subunit is significantly homologous to a portion of the sequence of the methylmalonyl-CoA-binding subunit of transcarboxylase from P. shermanii [Samols, Thornton, Murtif, Kumar, Haase & Wood (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 6461-6464], and this homologous region may form part of the CoA ester-binding site in both enzymes.
IL-4- and IL-5-dependent protective immunity to Onchocerca volvulus infective larvae in BALB/cBYJ mice. (1994)

A significant reduction in challenge worm survival occurred when BALB/cBYJ mice were vaccinated against Onchocerca volvulus infective third stage larvae (L3) by using irradiated O. volvulus L3. Challenge infections consisted of L3 implanted in diffusion chambers, which were used as a means to contain, and thus efficiently recover, the larvae from the host. The goal of the present study was to describe the mechanism of immune-mediated killing of O. volvulus L3 in diffusion chambers in mice. Direct contact between host cells and parasites was required for killing of larvae in immunized hosts. To define the mechanism of immune-mediated killing in this system, the time of influx of cells and cytokines into the infection site was compared with the time challenge infections were killed. The only cell type that was found to increase in diffusion chambers in immunized mice was eosinophils; maximal levels of eosinophils were coincident with the time of parasite killing. IL-5 was found in diffusion chambers of immunized mice coincident with the time of parasite killing; IL-5 was not found in diffusion chambers recovered from control mice. Significant levels of IFN-gamma were absent in the diffusion chambers of both groups. Immunized mice were treated with mAb to eliminate IL-5 or IL-4 to assess the role these cytokines or their by-products play in larval killing. Elimination of either IL-5 or IL-4 significantly reduced the protective effects of vaccination against larval O. volvulus.
Characterization of ocular hypertension induced by adenosine agonists. (1996)

These data demonstrate that adenosine receptor agonists can induce an acute rise in IOP in rabbits and cats. On the basis of pharmacologic characteristics, the rise in IOP is consistent with the activation of ocular adenosine A2 receptors. Functional studies indicate that at high doses, this rise in IOP involves an increase in aqueous flow and the breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier.