gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The synthesis and characterization of α- and (β-L-fucopyranosyl phosphates and GDP fucose (1981)

Guanosine diphosphate fucose (GDPFuc) has been synthesized chemically in an overall yield of 40% from fucose. This synthesis was made possible by increasing the yield of the key intermediate, β-L-fucopyranosyl phosphate, five-fold over that previously reported (Prihar and Behrman. Biochemistry, 12, 997 (1973)), by utilizing guanosine 5′-phosphoric di-n-butylphosphinothioic anhydride (Furusawa et al. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans I, 171 (1976)) or GMP morpholdate for the synthesis of GDPFuc, and by improving the method of isolating intermediates and the final product. At pH 3, GDPFuc is degraded to GDP with a half-life of 7 h at 37 °C and 52 h at 4 °C. At pH values between 5 and 8, less than 10% is degraded after 7 days. Neither 20 mM Mn 2+ nor Mg 2+ in 0.2 M PIPES buffer at pH 7.5 stimulate the hydrolysis of GDPFuc. Heteronuclear, C–P and H–P coupling constants indicate that the preferential position of the phosphate moiety in both β-L-fucopyranosyl phosphate and GDPFuc is trans to C-2. In the ribose moiety of GDPFuc, the 5′-phosphate is trans to C-4. The 1 Hand 13 C nmr parameters of intermediates and products are reported.
Acoustic behaviour of plastics for medical applications (2004)

The rectangular and square samples of bio-plastic materials namely, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene plastic (PS material), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), bakelite (G-10), nylon, Y-dent and teflon (PTFE) used for different applications in hospitals have been studied. These samples collected from different hospitals in Delhi (Safdarjang Hospital, Batra Hospital, AIIMS) have been studied for ultrasonic velocity, elasticity, acoustic impedance etc. at room temperature (24oC). The average values of ultrasonic velocity and elasticity are found to vary directly with the density. The ultrasonic parameters measured at 2.5 MHz are reported here.
Enhanced cAMP generation and insulin-releasing potency of two novel Tyr1-modified enzyme-resistant forms of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide is associated with significant antihyperglycaemic activity in spontaneous obesity-diabetes (2002)

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an important incretin hormone, which potentiates glucose-induced insulin secretion. Antihyperglycaemic actions of GIP provide significant potential in Type II diabetes therapy. However, inactivation of GIP by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and its consequent short circulating half-life limit its therapeutic use. Therefore two novel Tyr(1)-modified analogues of GIP, N-Fmoc-GIP (where Fmoc is 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl) and N-palmitate-GIP, were synthesized and tested for metabolic stability and biological activity. Both GIP analogues were resistant to degradation by DPP IV and human plasma. In Chinese hamster lung (CHL) cells expressing the cloned human GIP receptor, both analogues exhibited a 2-fold increase in cAMP-generating potency compared with native GIP (EC(50) values of 9.4, 10.0 and 18.2 nM respectively). Using clonal BRIN-BD11 cells, both analogues demonstrated strong insulinotropic activity compared with native GIP ( P <0.01 to P <0.001). In obese diabetic ( ob / ob ) mice, administration of N-Fmoc-GIP or N-palmitate-GIP (25 nmol/kg) together with glucose (18 mmol/kg) significantly reduced the peak 15 min glucose excursion (1.4- and 1.5-fold respectively; P <0.05 to P <0.01) compared with glucose alone. The area under the curve (AUC) for glucose was significantly lower after administration of either analogue compared with glucose administered alone or in combination with native GIP (1.5-fold; P <0.05). This was associated with a significantly greater AUC for insulin (2.1-fold; P <0.001) for both analogues compared with native GIP. A similar pattern of in vivo responsiveness was evident in lean control mice. These data indicate that novel N-terminal Tyr(1) modification of GIP with an Fmoc or palmitate group confers resistance to degradation by DPP IV in plasma, which is reflected by increased in vitro potency and greater insulinotropic and antihyperglycaemic activities in an animal model of Type II diabetes mellitus.
Novel regio- and stereoselective modifications of heparin in alkaline solution. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence (1989)

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic evidence is presented in characterizing three new structurally modified forms of heparin. One of these, polymer M-I, represents a conversion of about two-thirds of the α-L-iduronic acid 2-sulfate residues (1) into residues of a 2,3-anhydro derivative (3), through the action of sodium hydroxide. The formation of 3 is attributed to a base-catalysed displacement of the sulfate group of 1 by an intramolecular attack of O-3 on C-2. In more concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, heparin is transformed almost quantitatively into polymer M-II, which differs from it in having residues of (non-sulfated) α-L-iduronic acid (4) in place of 1. It is likely that 3 is an intermediate, and that a selective nucleophilic attack of hydroxide ion at C-2 accounts for the ido configuration in 4. The third modification, giving polymer M-III, is induced when a neutral or weakly alkaline solution of M-I is heated at 70 °C or above, which promotes a different stereochemistry in the hydrolysis of the 2,3-oxirane ring of 3. Hence, in contrast to residues of 4 in M-II, most of the uronic acid residues of M-III appear to have the alternate, α-L-galacto, configuration. As shown by a comparison of beef lung and hog mucosal heparin, the rate at which M-I is converted into M-III is facilitated by the higher level of structural heterogeneity in the mucosal heparin. Whereas the formation of M-I, -II, and -III is accompanied by only moderate depolymerization, these novel polymers retain little of the anti-coagulant and anti-XA activities of the unmodified heparin. Keywords: NMR spectroscopy, heparin, desulfation, anhydroaldoside, base-catalysed displacement.
The chemical constituents of Australian Flindersia species. XIX. Triterpenoids from the leaves of F. bourjotiana F. Muell (1966)

From the leaves of Flindersia bourjotinna F. Muell. there were isolated sitosterol, triacontanol, lupeol, germanicol, germanicone, and four new triterpenoids, the bourjotinolones A, B, and C, and bourjotone. By chemical degradation and spectroscopic methods, the structures of these substances were shown to be 21,24-epoxy-23,25-dihydroxytirucall-7-en-3one, 23,24-dihydroxytirucalla-7,25-dien- 3-one, 25-chloro-23,24-dihydroxytirucall-7-en-3-one, and 25,26,27-trisnortirucall-7- ene-3,23-dione, respectively. Bourjotinolone C is almost certainly an artefact but bourjotinolone B and bourjotone are less likely to be. From biogenetic and N.M.R. spectral considerations, the absolute stereochemistry of the new triterpenes may be deduced.
Multiple Exciton Generation in Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2011)

Multiple exciton generation in quantum dots (QDs) has been intensively studied as a way to enhance solar energy conversion by utilizing the excess energy in the absorbed photons. Among other useful properties, quantum confinement can both increase Coulomb interactions that drive the MEG process and decrease the electron-phonon coupling that cools hot excitons in bulk semiconductors. However, variations in the reported enhanced quantum yields (QYs) have led to disagreements over the role that quantum confinement plays. The enhanced yield of excitons per absorbed photon is deduced from a dynamical signature in the transient absorption or transient photoluminescence and is ascribed to the creation of biexcitons. Extraneous effects such as photocharging are partially responsible for the observed variations. When these extraneous effects are reduced, the MEG efficiency, defined in terms of the number of additional electron-hole pairs produced per additional band gap of photon excitation, is about two times better in PbSe QDs than that in bulk PbSe. Thin films of electronically coupled QDs have shown promise in simple photon-to-electron conversion architectures. If the MEG efficiency can be further enhanced and charge separation and transport can be optimized within QD films, then QD solar cells can lead to third-generation solar energy conversion technologies.
Automatic Counterflow Pipeline Synthesis (1998)

The Counterflow Pipeline (CFP) organization may be a good target for synthesis of application-specific microprocessors because it has a regular and simple structure. This paper describes early work using CFP&#39;s to improve overall application performance by tailoring a CFP to the kernel loop of an application. A CFP is customized for an application using the kernel loop&#39;s data dependency graph to determine processor functionality and interconnection. Our technique builds the design space for a given data dependency graph and explores the space to find the design with the best performance. Preliminary results indicate that speed-up for several small graphs range from 1.3 to 2.0 and that our design space traversal heuristics find designs that are within 10% of optimal.
Invited. In vivo MRI thermometry using a phase‐sensitive sequence: Preliminary experience during MRI‐guided laser‐induced interstitial thermotherapy of brain tumors (1998)

The purpose of this study was the application of the proton-resonance-frequency method to monitor laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy (LITT) in a patient with an astrocytoma WHO II. A phase-sensitive two-dimensional (2D) fast low-angle shot (FLASH) sequence was used to determine the temperature-related phase shifts during LITT. Temperature maps were displayed during therapy with a temporal resolution of 20 seconds. Irradiation was discontinued as soon as the 60 to 65 degrees C isotherm reached the margin of the tumor. A contrast-enhanced MRI study performed immediately after therapy showed a good correlation of the size of an enhancing rim around the lesion with the 60 to 65 degrees C isotherm. The preliminary results of our study indicate that MRI guidance of LITT may be improved by temperature quantification based on the proton-resonance-frequency method.
Rheological Characterization of Nephila Spidroin Solution (2002)

We report the results of an investigation into the rheology of solutions of natural spider silk dope (spinning solution). We demonstrate that dilute dope solutions showed only shear thinning as the shear rate increased while more concentrated solutions showed an initial shear thinning followed by a shear thickening and a subsequent decline in viscosity. The critical shear rate for shear thickening depended on dope concentration and was very low in concentrated solutions. This helps to explain how spiders are able to spin silk at very low draw rates and why they use a very concentrated dope solution. We also show that the optimum shear rate for shear thickening in moderately concentrated solutions occurred at pH 6.3 close to the observed pH at the distal end of the spider's spinning duct. Finally, we report that the addition of K(+) ions to dilute dope solutions produced a spontaneous formation of nanofibrils that subsequently aggregated and precipitated. This change was not seen after the addition of other common cations. Taken together, these observations support the hypothesis that the secretion of H(+) and K(+) by the spider's duct together with moderate strain rates produced during spinning induce a phase separation in the silk dope in which the silk protein (spidroin) molecules are converted into insoluble nanofibrils.
Performance of hybrid ARQ for high speed downlink packet access in UMTS (2002)

An expanded effort is underway to support the evolution of the UMTS standard to meet the rapidly developing needs associated with wireless Internet applications. The support of packet-switched high-speed data users is provided by means of a new, shared channel called HS-DSCH (high speed downlink shared channel) that preferably serves one packet data user at a time in a time-multiplexed manner. A number of performance enhancing technologies are included in the high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) proposal to ensure high peak and average packet data rates while supporting circuit switched voice and packet data on the same spectrum. These techniques include adaptive modulation and coding (AMC), hybrid ARQ (HARQ), fat-pipe scheduling, fast cell site selection (FCSS) and multiple input multiple output (MIMO) antenna techniques. In this paper, we provide the performance comparison of different HARQ schemes being considered for HSDPA.
Molecular phylogenetic inference from saber-toothed cat fossils of Rancho La Brea. (1992)

A method for the successful extraction of sequestered cellular DNA from 14,000-year-old fossil bones was developed and applied to asphalt-preserved specimens of the extinct saber-toothed cat, Smilodon fatalis. Two distinct gene segments, the mitochondrial gene for 12S rRNA and nuclear FLA-I (the feline class I major histocompatibility complex gene), from three different individual fossil specimens were cloned and sequenced after PCR amplification. Comparison of fossil-derived DNA sequences to homologous regions in 15 living carnivorous species, including 9 species of Felidae and 6 nonfelids, affirmed the phylogenetic placement of Smilodon within the modern radiation of Felidae distinct from the Miocene paleofelid (Nimravidae) saber-toothed "cat" species. These results raise the prospect of obtaining genetically informative DNA from preserved bones of extinct fossil species, particularly among the 2 million specimens excavated from the asphaltic sediments at Rancho La Brea in metropolitan Los Angeles.
Geraniol attenuates 2-acetylaminofluorene induced oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in the liver of wistar rats (2015)

2-Acetylaminofluorene (2-AAF), is a well-known liver toxicant, generally used to induce tumors in laboratory animals. Geraniol (GE), a monoterpene found in essential oils of herbs and fruits, has been known to possess preventive efficacy against chemically induced toxicities. The present study was designed to analyze the protective effect of GE against 2-AAF induced oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperproliferation and apoptotic tissue damage in the liver of female Wistar rats. 2-AAF (0.02% w/w in diet) was administered and subjected to partial hepatectomy, as a mitogenic stimulus for the induction of hyperproliferation of liver tissue. GE was pre-treated orally at two different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg b.wt.) dissolved in corn oil. GE pre-treatment significantly ameliorated 2-AAF induced oxidative damage by diminishing tissue lipid peroxidation accompanied by the increase in enzymatic activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione content. The level of serum toxicity markers (AST, ALT, LDH) was found to be decreased. Pre-treatment with GE downregulated the expression of caspase-3,9, COX-2, NFkB, PCNA, iNOS, VEGF and significantly decreased disintegration of DNA. Histological findings further revealed that GE significantly restores the architecture of liver tissue. In the light of the above observations it may be concluded that GE may be used as preventive agent against 2-AAF induced oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperproliferation and apoptotic damage.
Estrogen Receptor Modulators:  Identification and Structure−Activity Relationships of Potent ERα-Selective Tetrahydroisoquinoline Ligands (2003)

As part of a program aimed at the development of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative 27 was discovered by high throughput screening. Successive replacements of the p-F substituent of 27 by an aminoethoxy side chain and of the 1-H of the tetrahydroisoquinoline core by a 1-Me group provided analogues 19 and 20. These compounds showed potencies in a cell-based reporter gene assay (ERE assay) varying between 0.6 and 20 nM and displayed antagonist behaviors in the MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line with IC(50)s in the range of 2-36 nM. The effect of N-phenyl substituents on the activity and pharmacokinetic properties of tetrahydroisoquinoline analogues was explored. As a result of this investigation, two potent derivatives bearing a p-F N-aryl group, 19c and 20c, were discovered as candidates suitable for further profiling. To gain insight into the ligand-receptor interaction, the X-ray crystallographic structure of the 1-H tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative (R)-18a in complex with ERalpha-ligand binding domain (LBD)(301)(-)(553)/C-->S triple mutant was solved to 2.28 A. An overlay of this X-ray crystal structure with that reported for the complex of ERalpha-LBD(301)(-)(553)/carboxymethylated C and raloxifene (5) shows that both compounds bind to the same cleft of the receptor and display comparable binding modes, with differences being observed in the conformation of their "D-ring" phenyl groups.
Chemical and Electronic Effects of Ni in Pt/Ni and Pt/Ru/Ni Alloy Nanoparticles in Methanol Electrooxidation (2002)

Electrooxidation of methanol in sulfuric acid solution was studied using Pt, Pt/Ni(1:1 and 3:1), Pt/Ru/Ni(5:4:1 and 6:3.5:0.5), and Pt/Ru(1:1) alloy nanoparticle catalysts, in relation to methanol oxidation processes in the direct oxidation methanol fuel cell. The Pt/Ni and Pt/Ru/Ni alloys showed excellent catalytic activities compared to those of pure Pt and Pt/Ru. The role of Ni as a catalytically enhancing agent in the oxidation process was interrogated using cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction data showed alloy formation for all Pt/Ni, Pt/Ru/Ni, and Pt/Ru nanoparticles, whereas X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirmed that chemical states of Pt were exclusively metallic. The presence of metallic Ni, NiO, Ni(OH)2, NiOOH, metallic Ru, RuO2, and RuO3 was also confirmed. We found that the Pt4f binding energies for the Pt/Ni and Pt/Ru/Ni alloy nanoparticles were lower than those for clean Pt nanoparticles. The oxides that serve as the oxygen donors for the oxidation process, and the change in the electronic structure of the Pt component in the alloys versus those in Pt and Pt/Ru collectively account, we believe, for enhancement in rates of methanol oxidation. The difference in the peak shift in Pt4f between Pt/Ni and Pt/Ru alloy nanoparticles is discussed by using electronegativities of the three components: Pt, Ru, and Ni. A comparison between the alloy nanoparticle composition and that of disk alloy electrodes under similar conditions was made in terms of the surface-to-volume ratio and surface segregation of the alloying components.
Role of signal recognition particle in the membrane assembly of Sindbis viral glycoproteins (1984)

We have investigated the role of signal recognition particle (SRP) in the biosynthesis of Sindbis glycoproteins by translating the viral 26S mRNA in a wheat-germ cell-free system. SRP was shown to have no effect on the synthesis or proteolytic processing of the cytoplasmic C protein. In contrast, the membrane integration and the proteolytic processing of the viral glycoproteins PE2 and E1 were demonstrated to be SRP-dependent. In the absence of microsomal membranes, SRP caused an arrest of the synthesis of the viral glycoproteins. This arrest could be released by the addition of salt-extracted microsomal membranes. Synchronization experiments indicated that the uncleaved signal sequence of PE2 was recognized by SRP after at most 130 amino acids of PE2 had been polymerized. No apparent interaction of SRP with a putative signal sequence of E1 and/or a 6-kDa peptide could be detected.
850. Bisdiguanides having antibacterial activity (1956)

F. L. Rose and G. Swain, J. Chem. Soc., 1956, 4422 DOI: 10.1039/JR9560004422
DNS NSAP RRs (1992)

This RFC defines the format of two new Resource Records (RRs) for the
Domain Name System (DNS), and reserves corresponding DNS type mnemonic
and numerical codes. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for
the Internet community.
The single-processor concept for protection and control of circuit breakers in low-voltage switchgear (2003)

Protection of low-voltage circuits has been a key area of research and continuous improvement since the invention of electricity. In the current state of the art, fuses and circuit breakers protect individual circuits. These devices, in turn, use many different kinds of trip mechanisms, operating in various modes that require sensing the current that travels through the circuits. Communication networks and external relays are sometimes used to enhance selectivity and provide better protection. In this paper, the authors explore a protection-and-control architecture based on a single processor that provides all the protection and control functions for a lineup of low-voltage switchgear. We demonstrate how this method of protection changes the paradigm from individual circuit protection to system protection, while cost-effectively and significantly increasing system reliability and protection.
Development of High Performance Nanocomposites using Functionalized Plant Oil Resins (2012)

본 연구에서는 식물성 오일로부터 여러 가지 기능기를 가진 soybean resin(AESO, MAESO)을 제조하였으며, nanoclay를 사용하여 새로운 고기능성 바이오-나노 복합 재료를 개발하였다. 또한 제조된 soybean resin을 바인더로 이용하여 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 광전극을 제조하고 친환경 염료감응형 태양전지를 개발하다. 제조된 나노복합재료의 형태는 고분자의 삽입에 의해 층간 간격이 증가된 형태와 박리된 형태를 조절하였으며 나노 클레이 함량이 증가됨에 따라 물리적 성질이 증가하였다. 또한 COOH기가 첨가된 MAESO에서 분산도가 향상되었고 초음파 처리에 의해 분산도가 더욱 향상되어 물리적 특성이 현저히 향상되었다. 또한 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX>를 질산처리 한 후 soybean resin을 바인더로 이용하여 나노 다공성 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 광전극을 제조하였으며 염료를 흡착시킨 후 염료감응형 태양전지를 제조하였다. AESO와 MAESO를 바인더로 제조한 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 광전극에서는 향상된 분산성과 표면적 증가로 인해 염료 흡착량이 증가하였다. 이로 인해 높은 전류밀도를 나타내었으며, 첨가된 기능기의 영향으로 <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> 계면의 저항이 낮아져 매우 좋은 광전기화학적 특성과 높은 효율을 나타내었다. In this study, in order to develop renewable bio-based nanocomposites, multi-functional nanocomposites from soybean resins (AESO, MAESO) and nanoclay were prepared. Photoelectrodes for environmental friendly dye-sensitized solar cell using soybean resin were also prepared. Organo-modified nanoclay was directly dispersed in functionalized soybean resins after mixing with styrene as a comonomer and radical initiator was used to copolymerize the nanocomposites. The observed morphology was a mixture of intercalated/exfoliated structure and the physical properties were improved by adding nanoclay. A nanocomposite using MAESO, which added COOH functional group to the soybean resin, showed better dispersibility than AESO composites. Ultrasonic treatment of the nanocomposites also improved the physical properties. Nanoporous <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> photoelectrode was also prepared using soybean resins as a binder, after acid-treatment of <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> surface using nitric acid. Dye-sensitized solar cells were prepared after adsorbing dye molecules on it. The <TEX>$TiO_2$</TEX> photoelectrode prepared using soybean binder had high current density because of increased surface area by improved dispersibility. The photoelectrochemical properties and conversion efficiency of the solar cell were significantly improved using the soybean binder.
Light-trails: an optical solution for IP transport [Invited] (2004)

Feature Issue on Next-Generation WDM Network Design and Routing (WDMN). We present a solution for IP-centric communication at the optical layer through a combination of a hardware platform and algorithmic implementation. The presented approach, termed light-trails, is shown to yield a reconfigurable networking platform in which optical connections of arbitrary duration can be established and torn down flexibly in negligible time, accommodating the dynamic traffic requirements of the IP world. The hardware platform and protocol are evaluated with tractable mathematical models validated through detailed simulation.