gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The phosphatase and tensin homolog regulates epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor response by targeting EGFR for degradation (2010)

The phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a tumor suppressor that is inactivated in many human cancers. PTEN loss has been associated with resistance to inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), but the molecular basis of this resistance is unclear. It is believed that unopposed phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) activation through multiple receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) can relieve PTEN-deficient cancers from their "dependence" on EGFR or any other single RTK for survival. Here we report a distinct resistance mechanism whereby PTEN inactivation specifically raises EGFR activity by impairing the ligand-induced ubiquitylation and degradation of the activated receptor through destabilization of newly formed ubiquitin ligase Cbl complexes. PTEN-associated resistance to EGFR kinase inhibitors is phenocopied by expression of dominant negative Cbl and can be overcome by more complete EGFR kinase inhibition. PTEN inactivation does not confer resistance to inhibitors of the MET or PDGFRA kinase. Our study identifies a critical role for PTEN in EGFR signal termination and suggests that more potent EGFR inhibition should overcome resistance caused by PI3K pathway activation.
Infliximab modifies mesenteric adipose tissue alterations and intestinal inflammation in rats with TNBS-induced colitis (2012)

Our results suggest that infliximab could contribute to the control of intestinal inflammation by modifying adipokine production by mesenteric adipose tissue.
Silicon epitaxy by low-energy plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1998)

A new technique for semiconductor epitaxy at low substrate temperatures is presented, called low-energy dc plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The method has been applied to Si homoepitaxy at substrate temperatures between 400 and 600 °C and growth rates between 0.1 and 1 nm/s, using silane as the reactive gas. The quality of the Si films has been examined by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning tunneling microscopy, cross-section transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution x-ray diffraction. Two effects have been identified to lead to the formation of stacking faults after an initial layer of defect-free growth: (1) substrate bombardment by ions with energies in excess of 15 eV, and (2) hydrogen adsorption limiting the surface mobility of Si atoms and silane radicals. Both result in the accumulation of surface roughness, facilitating the nucleation of stacking faults when the roughness reaches a critical level. Defect introduction can be eliminated effectively by biasing the substrate during growth and by decreasing the hydrogen coverage, either by admixing small amounts of germane to the silane or by using a sufficiently high plasma density.
Structure and mechanism of action of the Acyl‐CoA dehydrogenases 1 (1995)

Mitochondrial beta-oxidation involves a family of flavoproteins that introduce a C-C double bond into their fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Deficiencies of these acyl-CoA dehydrogenases lead to fatty acid oxidation disorders involving life-threatening episodes of metabolic derangement. This review focuses on the medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase as the best-understood member of its class. The crystal structure of the enzyme and salient features of its substrate specificity and mechanism of action are summarized. The surprising observation of a catalytically essential amino acid residue that nevertheless is not conserved in the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase family is discussed.
ZONA PELLUCIDA GLYCOPROTEINS (1988)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Adaptation of Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus (LAV) to Replication in EBV-Transformed B Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines (1984)

A strain of lymphadenopathy associated retrovirus ( LAV ) passaged in vitro was used to infect a lymphoblastoid cell line obtained by transformation with Epstein-Barr virus of B lymphocytes from a healthy donor. The virus produced from this line (B- LAV ) was also able to grow at a high rate in some other lymphoblastoid lines and in a Burkitt lymphoma line. This adapted strain retained the biochemical, ultrastructural, and antigenic characteristics of the original strain, as well as its tropism for normal T4+ lymphocytes. It is thus possible to grow LAV in large quantities that can be used for the preparation of diagnostic reagents. The interaction between such a human retrovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, a DNA virus, may have some implication for the pathology of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related diseases.
Electrostatic Switching for Spatiotemporal Dose Control in a Transmission Electron Microscope (2022)

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Role of θ Toxin, a Sulfhydryl-Activated Cytolysin, in the Pathogenesis of Clostridial Gas Gangrene (1993)

Clostridial infections cause a wide variety of dramatic infections and intoxications. In each case the major virulence factors are extracellular toxins. Clostridium perfringens produces potent exotoxins, which are its major virulence factors. theta Toxin, a thiol-activated cytolysin, causes the clear zone of hemolysis around colonies on blood-agar plates, suppresses myocardial contractility ex vivo, and induces shock within 1 to 2 hours in vivo. Low concentrations of theta toxin induce priming and degranulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) and functional up-regulation of PMN-dependent adherence molecules such as the integrin CD11/CD18, whereas higher concentrations are cytotoxic. Similarly, theta toxin causes concentration- and time-dependent induction of endothelial cell synthesis of platelet-activating factor, a potent proinflammatory lipid autocoid that mediates endothelial cell-dependent adherence of PMNs. These data suggest that theta toxin in high concentrations is a potent cytolysin and promotes direct vascular injury at the site of infection. At lower concentrations theta toxin activates PMNs and endothelial cells, and in so doing promotes vascular injury distally by activating adherence mechanisms. The rapid tissue necrosis associated with C. perfringens infection may be related to progressive vascular compromise orchestrated by dysregulated host-cell responses induced by theta toxin.
Lanthanide Complexes as Paramagnetic Probes for 19F Magnetic Resonance (2011)

Abstract The physicochemical basis of probe design for 19 F MRS and MRI applications is reviewed. Complexes that give a single major resonance in solution are described, in which the Ln 3+ ion is about 6 Å from the 19 F label. Sensitivity improvements of 15‐fold are reported in both imaging and spectroscopy based on longitudinal relaxation enhancement. The pseudocontact shift allows an amplification of chemical shift non‐equivalence in responsive 19 F probes, e.g. for monitoring pH in the range between 5 and 8.
Cutting Edge: Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)-Deficient Mice Are Hyporesponsive to Lipopolysaccharide: Evidence for TLR4 as the Lps Gene Product (1999)

The human homologue of Drosophila Toll (hToll), also called Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), is a recently cloned receptor of the IL-1/Toll receptor family. Interestingly, the TLR4 gene has been localized to the same region to which the Lps locus (endotoxin unresponsive gene locus) is mapped. To examine the role of TLR4 in LPS responsiveness, we have generated mice lacking TLR4. Macrophages and B cells from TLR4-deficient mice did not respond to LPS. All these manifestations were quite similar to those of LPS-hyporesponsive C3H/HeJ mice. Furthermore, C3H/HeJ mice have, in the cytoplasmic portion of TLR4, a single point mutation of the amino acid that is highly conserved among the IL-1/Toll receptor family. Overexpression of wild-type TLR4 but not the mutant TLR4 from C3H/HeJ mice activated NF-kappaB. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that TLR4 is the gene product that regulates LPS response.
Investigation of cortical activation patterns in response to the inter-digit vibrotactile stimulation (2012)

Mechanosensation includes the detection of mechanical stimuli from mechanoreceptors and sensory signal transduction to the somatosensory cortex through neural afferents. Previous studies reported the sensory signals of flutter (5–50 Hz) and vibration (50–400 Hz) traveled through separated neural afferents of rapidly adapting type 1 (RA) and rapidly adapting type 2 (PC) respectively, and they activated the primary (S1) and secondary (S2) somatosensory cortices with spatially distinct patterns. In this study, we investigated the cortical activation patterns of S1 and S2 in response to flutter and vibration delivered onto the tips of index (D2) and little (D5) digits using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We demonstrated that D2 provided more apparent cortical activation patterns that the event of flutter stimulation elicited contralateral S1 and bilateral S2 activation while the event of vibration stimulation mainly elicited bilateral S2 activation due to the somatotopic neural projection mechanisms of the RA and PC afferents and the density distribution of mechanoreceptors.
Arabinogalactan-Proteins: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function (1983)

INTRODUCTION . DISTRIBUTION AND STRUCTURE OF ARABINOGALACTAN-PROTEINS AND ARABINOGALACTANS . Distribution . Structures of AGs and AGPs . COMPLEXING OF AGPs WITH ARTIFICIAL CARBOHYDRATE ANTIGENS, LECTINS, AND ANTISERA . AGP-Artificial Carbohydrate Antigen Interactions . AGP-Lectin Interactions . AGP-Antisera Interactions . CELL WALL GL YCOPROTEINS AND LECTINS OF THE SOLANACEAE .. . . ......... . . . . ..... . . . Isolation . Composition . Structure . BIOSYNTHESIS OF AGPs . Peptidyl-Proline Hydroxylation . In vitro Synthesis of the Protein Precursor of the Cell Wall Glycoprotein .. Biosynthesis of AG Polysaccharide . SUbcellular Location of AGP Biosynthesis .. Turnover of AGPs . FUNCTION . Potential for Specific Interactions .. ��':-li:z'Jf�:(!:;:�� .. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Analogy with Animal Glycosaminoglycans .. CONCLUSIONS .
Trends in the use of disease modifying antirheumatic medications in rheumatoid arthritis, 1980-1995: results from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys. (1999)

Use of DMARD in RA has increased in the recent past, but DMARD are currently used by fewer than 44% of patients with RA. Use of DMARD has not increased over time among patients of physicians other than rheumatologists.
The Hepatitis B Virus-X Protein Activates a Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Survival Signaling Cascade (2001)

The hepatitis B virus-X (HBx) protein is known as a multifunctional protein that not only coactivates transcription of viral and cellular genes but coordinates the balance between proliferation and programmed cell death, by inducing or blocking apoptosis. In this study the role of the HBx protein in activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was investigated as a possible cause of anti-apoptosis in liver cells. HBx relieved serum deprivation-induced and pro-apoptic stimuli-induced apoptosis in Chang liver (CHL) cells. Treatment with 1-d-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-myo-inositol, an antagonist to PI3K, which blocks the formation of 3'-phosphorylated phosphatidyl inositol in CHL cells transformed by HBx (CHL-X) but not normal Chang liver (CHL) cells, showed a marked loss of viability with evidence of apoptosis. Similarly, treatment with wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI3K, stimulated apoptosis in HBx-transformed CHL cells but not in normal cells, confirming that HBx blocks apoptosis through the PI3K pathway. The serine 47 threonine kinase, Akt, one of the downstream effectors of PI3K-dependent survival signaling was 2-fold higher in HBx-transformed CHL (CHL-X) cells than CHL cells. Phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473 and Bad at serine 136 were induced by HBx, which were specifically blocked by wortmannin and dominant negative mutants of Akt and Bad, respectively. We also demonstrated that HBx inhibits caspase 3 activity and HBx down-regulation of caspase 3 activity was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor. Regions required for PI3K phosphorylation on the HBx protein overlap with the known transactivation domains. HBx blocks apoptosis induced by serum withdrawal in CHL cells in a p53-independent manner. The results indicate that, unlike other DNA tumor viruses that block apoptosis by inactivating p53, the hepatitis B virus achieves protection from apoptotic death through a HBx-PI3K-Akt-Bad pathway and by inactivating caspase 3 activity that is at least partially p53-independent in liver cells. Moreover, these data suggest that modulation of the PI3K activity may represent a potential therapeutic strategy to counteract the occurrence of apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
Detailed Molecular Fingerprinting of Four New Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Cell Lines and Their Use for Verification of RhoB as a Molecular Therapeutic Target (2010)

Molecular descriptions of thyroid lines were matched to the originating tumors, setting a new standard for cell line characterization. Furthermore, suppressed RhoB is implicated as a molecular target for therapy against ATC because five classes of drugs up-regulate RhoB and inhibit growth dose-responsively.
Effect of Growth, Liquidity, Business Risk and Asset Usage Activity, Toward Capital Structure, Financial Performance and Corporate Value (Study at Manufacturing Companies Listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010-2015) (2017)

This research is motivated by the thought that there is contradiction in the capital structure theory and empirical findings about the previous peneltian funding policy that can improve financial performance and corporate value.Analysis techniques, using the Generalized Structured Component Analysis (GSCA).Data sampled 84 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2010 to 2015.This study aims to examine and explain the effect of the company's growth, liquidity, business risk, and asset usage activity on the capital structure, financial performance and corporate value.Test and explain the effect of capital structure on the financial performance and corporate value.Test and explain the effect of the financial performance of the corporate value.The findings of this study is the company's growth has a significant positive impact on capital structure, financial performance, and corporate value.Liquidity significantly negatively impacts the capital structure, and is positively positive on the financial performance and firm value.Business risk positively affects the capital structure, and negatively the financial performance and firm value.Activity usage of assets has a significant negative effect on capital structure, and significant positive to financial performance dap corporate value.The capital structure has a significant negative effect on financial performance, and is significantly positive to firm value.Financial performance has a significant positive effect on firm value.The study concludes that company growth, liquidity, business risk, and asset usage activities can determine the capital structure, financial performance and firm value.Therefore, the company's management and financial analysts can examine the company's growth variables, liquidity and asset usage activities, capital structure, business risk and financial performance to predict the future value of the company.
Wetting and spreading (2009)

Wetting phenomena are ubiquitous in nature and technology. A solid substrate exposed to the environment is almost invariably covered by a layer of fluid material. In this review, the surface forces that lead to wetting are considered, and the equilibrium surface coverage of a substrate in contact with a drop of liquid. Depending on the nature of the surface forces involved, different scenarios for wetting phase transitions are possible; recent progress allows us to relate the critical exponents directly to the nature of the surface forces which lead to the different wetting scenarios. Thermal fluctuation effects, which can be greatly enhanced for wetting of geometrically or chemically structured substrates, and are much stronger in colloidal suspensions, modify the adsorption singularities. Macroscopic descriptions and microscopic theories have been developed to understand and predict wetting behavior relevant to microfluidics and nanofluidics applications. Then the dynamics of wetting is examined. A drop, placed on a substrate which it wets, spreads out to form a film. Conversely, a nonwetted substrate previously covered by a film dewets upon an appropriate change of system parameters. The hydrodynamics of both wetting and dewetting is influenced by the presence of the three-phase contact line separating ``wet'' regions from those that are either dry or covered by a microscopic film only. Recent theoretical, experimental, and numerical progress in the description of moving contact line dynamics are reviewed, and its relation to the thermodynamics of wetting is explored. In addition, recent progress on rough surfaces is surveyed. The anchoring of contact lines and contact angle hysteresis are explored resulting from surface inhomogeneities. Further, new ways to mold wetting characteristics according to technological constraints are discussed, for example, the use of patterned surfaces, surfactants, or complex fluids.
Adaptive rood pattern search for fast block-matching motion estimation (2002)

In this paper, we propose a novel and simple fast block-matching algorithm (BMA), called adaptive rood pattern search (ARPS), which consists of two sequential search stages: 1) initial search and 2) refined local search. For each macroblock (MB), the initial search is performed only once at the beginning in order to find a good starting point for the follow-up refined local search. By doing so, unnecessary intermediate search and the risk of being trapped into local minimum matching error points could be greatly reduced in long search case. For the initial search stage, an adaptive rood pattern (ARP) is proposed, and the ARP's size is dynamically determined for each MB, based on the available motion vectors (MVs) of the neighboring MBs. In the refined local search stage, a unit-size rood pattern (URP) is exploited repeatedly, and unrestrictedly, until the final MV is found. To further speed up the search, zero-motion prejudgment (ZMP) is incorporated in our method, which is particularly beneficial to those video sequences containing small motion contents. Extensive experiments conducted based on the MPEG-4 Verification Model (VM) encoding platform show that the search speed of our proposed ARPS-ZMP is about two to three times faster than that of the diamond search (DS), and our method even achieves higher peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) particularly for those video sequences containing large and/or complex motion contents.
Role of the N- and C-Terminal Domains in Binding of Apolipoprotein E Isoforms to Heparan Sulfate and Dermatan Sulfate: A Surface Plasmon Resonance Study (2008)

The ability of apolipoprotein E (apoE) to bind to cell-surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is important for lipoprotein remnant catabolism. Using surface plasmon resonance, we previously showed that the binding of apoE to heparin is a two-step process; the initial binding involves fast electrostatic interaction, followed by a slower hydrophobic interaction. Here we examined the contributions of the N- and C-terminal domains to each step of the binding of apoE isoforms to heparan sulfate (HS) and dermatan sulfate (DS). ApoE3 bound to less sulfated HS and DS with a decreased favorable free energy of binding in the first step compared to heparin, indicating that the degree of sulfation has a major effect on the electrostatic interaction of GAGs with apoE. Mutation of a key Lys residue in the N-terminal heparin binding site of apoE significantly affected this electrostatic interaction. Progressive truncation of the C-terminal alpha-helical regions which favors the monomeric form of apoE3 greatly weakened the ability of apoE3 to bind to HS, with a much reduced favorable free energy of binding of the first step, suggesting that the C-terminal domain contributes to the GAG binding of apoE by the oligomerization effect. In agreement with this, dimerization of the apoE3 N-terminal fragment via disulfide linkage restored the electrostatic interaction of apoE with HS. Significantly, apoE4 exhibited much stronger binding to HS and DS than apoE2 or apoE3 in both lipid-free and lipidated states, perhaps resulting from enhanced electrostatic interaction through the N-terminal domain. This isoform difference in GAG binding of apoE may be physiologically significant such as in the retention of apoE-containing lipoproteins in the arterial wall.
The matrix‐degrading metalloproteinases (1992)

The matrix-degrading metalloproteinases are an intriguing family of enzymes that have evolved to digest specific extracellular matrix components. The expression of these enzymes is very highly regulated and can be controlled transcriptionally by a number of growth factors, tumor promoters, oncogenes, and hormones. It is suggested that the coordinated regulation of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors by these agents modify the integrity of the extracellular matrix. These modifications may, at least in part, be responsible for mediating the effects of these factors on complex physiological processes.
Determination of trace tin in flow systems at an epoxy–carbon powder–8-hydroxyquinoline composite electrode (2000)

An epoxy–carbon powder composite electrode bulk modified with 8-hydroxyquinoline was fabricated for the continuous flow and flow injection anodic differential pulse voltammetric determinations of Sn(II) after open circuit preconcentration. Factors affecting Sn(II) determination were systematically investigated and an optimized procedure was developed. Under the optimized conditions for the continuous flow system with 10 min accumulation, the calibration plot was linear from 5.00 × 10−9 to 1.00 × 10−6 M and a detection limit of 4.6 × 10−10 M (0.055 ppb, S/N = 3) was found. For six consecutive differential pulse stripping experiments each of Sn(II) concentrations of 5.00 × 10−9, 5.00 × 10−8 and 5.00 × 10−7 M (10 min accumulations), relative standard deviations of 9.68, 7.45 and 3.38%, respectively, were obtained. For the flow injection mode, a detection limit of 5.4 ng (500 μl injection of 0.91 × 10−8 M, S/N = 3) was achieved. Selected metal ions and other substances were investigated for interferences. The developed method was tested with a spiked United States Environmental Protection Agency water quality control sample (USEPA WP 386) and then applied to the determinations of tin in human hair, canned fruit juice and spiked sea-water samples.