gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fiber-optic ac electric-field sensor based on the electrostrictive effect (1992)

We report a fiber-optic ac electric-field sensor based on the electrostrictive effect. The dc-biased electrostrictive transducer—lead magnesium niobate-based ferroelectric relaxor—displays an electric-field resolution of 7(μV/m)/Hz with a corresponding voltage resolution of 1nV/Hz for 15 cm of fiber. Such high resolution is possible in nonlinear transducers owing to the dependence of the ac strain on applied dc bias. Conversely, the ac strain in linear piezoelectric transducers does not vary with the dc field, and the ultimate resolution obtained with such devices is dependent only on the piezoelectric constant and the total fiber length.
Enhanced Expression of Thrombospondin–1 and Hypovascularity in Human Cholangiocarcinoma (1998)

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) is relatively hypovascular, in contrast to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is often highly vascular. We investigated if the diminished vascularity of CCC is related to altered expression of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), an antiangiogenic factor, and/or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic factor, comparing the relationships with those of high- and low-vascular HCC. We also investigated the relationship between the mutation of the p53 gene and TSP-1 expression or VEGF expression. Northern blot analysis and immunohistochemical staining were performed on surgically resected human CCC and HCC. The ratios of TSP-1 mRNA level in cancer cells versus adjacent noncancerous cells (T/N ratios) were significantly higher in CCC (n = 11) than in HCC with high vascularity (n = 15). In contrast, T/N ratios of VEGF mRNA level in CCC (n = 11) were comparable with those in HCC with low vascularity (n = 5). In CCC, the cancer cells and fibroblasts were positively stained with anti-TSP-1 antibody. We observed that T/N ratios of VEGF mRNA level, but not those of the TSP-1 mRNA level, were significantly correlated with vascularity in HCC. The relative increase in TSP-1 and the relative decrease in VEGF in tumors compared with normal tissue may underlie the limited angiogenesis of CCC. The p53 gene did not affect the expression of TSP-1 in CCC or VEGF in HCC.
Cytokine Enhancement of Anaphylaxis (2004)

Two distinct pathways of anaphylaxis in the mouse have similar clinical features: the classical pathway in which antigen cross-linking of IgE bound to FcepsilonRI on mast cells induces histamine release, and a second pathway, in which cross-linking of macrophage FcgammaRIII by antigen-IgG complexes induces release of platelet activating factor. IgG antibodies are a double-edged sword, blocking the first pathway but mediating the second. Both anaphylaxis pathways are considerably enhanced by interleukin (IL)4 or IL13 through a Stat6-dependent, gammac-independent mechanism. Enhancement is rapid, sensitive, and observed during infection with intestinal nematode parasites, where it probably contributes to parasite expulsion. Enhancement involves increased sensitivity to mediators (platelet activating factor, histamine, serotonin, and cysteinyl leukotrienes), rather than increased mediator production, and is mediated by a synergistic increase in vascular permeability by cytokine plus mediator. Basophil production of IL4 and IL13, which is more sensitive to FcepsilonRI cross-linking than mast cell release of mediators, may sensitize target cells to mediators prior to their release. Inhibitors of IL4 and IL13 may ameliorate allergy by rapidly blocking the sensitizing effects of these cytokines on the effector phase of the allergic response, as well as by more slowly blocking the induction phase of this response.
Deep Neural Networks for YouTube Recommendations (2016)

YouTube represents one of the largest scale and most sophisticated industrial recommendation systems in existence. In this paper, we describe the system at a high level and focus on the dramatic performance improvements brought by deep learning. The paper is split according to the classic two-stage information retrieval dichotomy: first, we detail a deep candidate generation model and then describe a separate deep ranking model. We also provide practical lessons and insights derived from designing, iterating and maintaining a massive recommendation system with enormous user-facing impact.
Purification, Characterization, Molecular Cloning, and Subcellular Distribution of Neutral Ceramidase of Rat Kidney (2001)

Previously, we reported two types of neutral ceramidase in mice, one solubilized by freeze-thawing and one not. The former was purified as a 94-kDa protein from mouse liver, and cloned (Tani, M., Okino, N., Mori, K., Tanigawa, T., Izu, H., and Ito, M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 11229--11234). In this paper, we describe the purification, molecular cloning, and subcellular distribution of a 112-kDa membrane-bound neutral ceramidase of rat kidney, which was completely insoluble by freeze-thawing. The open reading frame of the enzyme encoded a polypeptide of 761 amino acids having nine putative N-glycosylation sites and one possible transmembrane domain. In the ceramidase overexpressing HEK293 cells, 133-kDa (Golgi-form) and 113-kDa (endoplasmic reticulum-form) Myc-tagged ceramidases were detected, whereas these two proteins were converted to a 87-kDa protein concomitantly with loss of activity when expressed in the presence of tunicamycin, indicating that the N-glycosylation process is indispensable for the expression of the enzyme activity. Immunohistochemical analysis clearly showed that the ceramidase was mainly localized at the apical membrane of proximal tubules, distal tubules, and collecting ducts in rat kidney, while in liver the enzyme was distributed with endosome-like organelles in hepatocytes. Interestingly, the kidney ceramidase was found to be enriched in the raft microdomains with cholesterol and GM1 ganglioside.
Simalytic Hybrid Modeling: Planning the Capacity of Client/Server Applications (1997)

The designs of computer applications are changing from single system designs to cross platform client/server designs. Modeling provides the necessary tools and techniques for planning the capacity of large multiple system computer installations by constructing an enterprise view of the applications with an understanding of each of these systems and the interrelationships between them. The Simalytic^TM Modeling Technique (from Simulation/Analytic) is a hybrid technique for planning the computer system capacity requirements of these complex applications by modeling at an enterprise level. This methodology uses a general purpose simulation tool as an underlying framework and an analytic tool to represent individual nodes. It takes advantage of features in the different techniques (simulation vs. analytic queuing theory) as well as features in the different tools (platform-centric vs. general purpose) by defining the interface between the simulation framework and queuing theory node models. Results of the initial implementations of the different techniques are presented and compared to show how a Simalytic Model produces comparable results for a variety of scenarios.
Glaciological Reconnaissance of the Sukkertoppen Ice Cap, South-West Greenland (1963)

Abstract Gravity studies indicate that the Sukkertoppen ice cap is about 400 m. thick. The annual snow accumulation increases westwards from about 13 g. cm. −2 near the eastern edge of the ice cap to about 34 g. cm. −2 near Mount Atter, in the south-west. Probably all of the ice cap is “temperate”.
Novel Agonists and Antagonists for Human Protease Activated Receptor 2 (2010)

Human protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is associated with inflammatory diseases and cancers. PAR2 is activated by serine proteases that cleave its N-terminus and by synthetic peptides corresponding to the new N-terminus. Peptide agonists are widely used to characterize physiological roles for PAR2 but typically have low potency (e.g., SLIGKV-NH(2), SLIGRL-NH(2)), uncertain target selectivity, and poor bioavailability, limiting their usefulness for specifically interrogating PAR2 in vivo. Structure-activity relationships were used to derive new PAR2 agonists and antagonists containing nonpeptidic moieties. Agonist GB110 (19, EC(50) 0.28 μM) selectively induced PAR2-, but not PAR1-, mediated intracellular Ca(2+) release in HT29 human colorectal carcinoma cells. Antagonist GB83 (36, IC(50) 2 μM) is the first compound at micromolar concentrations to reversibly inhibit PAR2 activation by both proteases and other PAR2 agonists (e.g., trypsin, 2f-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2), 19). The new compounds are selective for PAR2 over PAR1, serum stable, and suitable for modulating PAR2 in disease models.
Reactions catalyzed by minerals. Part I. Polymerization of styrene (1965)

Abstract The polymerization of styrene on neutral mineral surfaces has been studied. It has been shown that the polymerization has characteristics expected for both a radical and cationic reaction, and a mechanism involving a radical‐carbonium ion is proposed to explain this evidence. A range of mineral catalysts have been investigated and a tentative theory proposed to relate the variation in activity with catalyst structure. Experiments have also been carried out to define the specific portion of the mineral surface responsible for the catalyst activity.
Method for Determining Internal P-Wave Speed and Thickness of Concrete Plates (2006)

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Surfactant-enhanced liquid–liquid extraction in microfluidic channels with inline electric-field enhanced coalescence (2005)

Continuous microfluidic liquid-liquid extraction is realized in a microfluidic device by generating emulsions with large interfacial areas for mass transfer, and subsequently breaking these emulsions using electric fields into easily separated segments of immiscible liquids (plugs). The microfluidic device employs insulated electrodes in a potassium hydroxide-etched channel to create large electric fields (100 kV m(-1)) that drive coalescence of the emulsion phase. The result is a transition from disperse to slug flow that can then readily be separated by gravity. Extractions of phenol and p-nitrophenol from an aqueous to hexane-surfactant solution serve as model systems. In addition to the increased surface area in the emulsion, extraction efficiency is enhanced by reverse micelles resulting from the presence of surfactants. The surfactant concentration is varied approximately 1-10 wt% and a general two-parameter model is developed to quantify the extraction behavior and demonstrate the effectiveness of reverse micelle enhanced extraction.
Inhaled Antibiotics to Treat Lung Infection (2013)

The development of inhaled antibiotics to treat lung infection is an active field, with four approved products in the USA and more in the late stages of clinical development. The efficacies of TOBI® tobramycin (Novartis) and Cayston® aztreonam lysate (Gilead), the approved inhaled antibiotics for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients colonized with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have been well documented. Recent approvals for a second-generation tobramycin solution, Bethkis®, and a tobramycin powder formulation in a dry-powder inhaler (DPI), TOBI Podhaler®, indicate that the inhaled antibiotic marketplace in CF is becoming very competitive. Other indications are also receiving interest. While there have been a number of recent reviews from a clinical, technical or regulatory perspective in the field of inhaled antibiotics, as well as others focused on a specific product or data from a recent clinical trial, there have not been any that describe the patent coverage of these products. This review addresses that missing piece.
Precise Skin-Tone and Under-Tone Estimation by Large Photo Set Information Fusion (2015)

This paper proposes a novel method for the estimation of a person's skin-tone and under-tone by analyzing a large collection of photos of that person. By excluding badly lit images, and analyzing well-lit skin pixels, it becomes possible to compute an overall skin-tone estimate which is in-line with the person's true skin shade, and based on this, to determine a person's under-tone. Based on a study involving 15,590 user sessions and 104,366 photos, it was found that the proposed methodology can detect the normalized RGB of the person's skin-tone with 2.3% RMSE, or based on the CIE76 color difference measure, obtain an average Delta E color difference of 3.15 in L*a*b* color space.
Safety and Efficacy of Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: A Phase I/II Proof of Concept Trial (2011)

Side effects and tolerability were similar to those found in disorders currently treated with VNS. Preliminary outcome measures suggested that VNS may be a useful adjunct treatment for FM patients resistant to conventional therapeutic management, but further research is required to better understand its actual role in the treatment of FM.
Toward a Definition of Self: Proteomic Evaluation of the Class I Peptide Repertoire (2004)

MHC class I molecules present host- and pathogen-derived peptides for immune surveillance. Much attention is given to the search for viral and tumor nonself peptide epitopes, yet the question remains, "What is self?" Analyses of Edman motifs and of small sets of individual peptides suggest that the class I self repertoire consists of thousands of different peptides. However, there exists no systematic characterization of this self-peptide backdrop, causing the definition of class I-presented self to remain largely hypothetical. To better understand the breadth and nature of self proteins sampled by class I HLA, we sequenced >200 endogenously loaded HLA-B*1801 peptides from a human B cell line. Peptide-source proteins, ranging from actin-related protein 6 to zinc finger protein 147, possessed an assortment of biological and molecular functions. Major categories included binding proteins, catalytic proteins, and proteins involved in cell metabolism, growth, and maintenance. Genetically, peptides encoded by all chromosomes were presented. Statistical comparison of proteins presented by class I vs the human proteome provides empiric evidence that the range of proteins sampled by class I is relatively unbiased, with the exception of RNA-binding proteins that are over-represented in the class I peptide repertoire. These data show that, in this cell line, class I-presented self peptides represent a comprehensive and balanced summary of the proteomic content of the cell. Importantly, virus- and tumor-induced changes in virtually any cellular compartment or to any chromosome can be expected to be presented by class I molecules for immune recognition.
The use of bifunctional biotinyl compounds to determine the arrangement of subunits in avidin (1971)

A series of bisbiotinyl diamines was synthesized with between 9 and 25 bonds between the carboxyl groups of the two biotin residues. It was found that only one of the two biotin residues could combine with avidin when there were fewer than 12 bonds between the biotin residues. Compounds with longer chains behaved in a bifunctional manner and gave rise to linear polymers of avidin, which were characterized by electron microscopy and by gel filtration. The polymers formed with the shorter-chain reagents (12, 13 or 14 bonds) were relatively unstable and could be depolymerized by weakly bound analogues of biotin. The polymers of longer-chain reagents were not depolymerized under these conditions and were only slowly affected by added biotin. When the chain length of the reagent reached 23 bonds the polymers became much shorter, suggesting that the reagent was now able to link two subunits within the same avidin molecule. From the morphology of the polymers it could be concluded that the four subunits of the avidin molecules were arranged with 222 symmetry and that they were grouped in two pairs at opposite ends of the short axis of the molecule whose dimensions were 55Ax55Ax41A.
Use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception in the common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) (2000)

The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a species phylogenetically very close to man. It was not many years ago that the captive population of chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) was considered at risk because of perceived problems with reproductive success. With the potential need for many individuals for research in a variety of areas, particularly in the areas of parasitic and viral infections, an NIH-funded program was established to promote the breeding of the species. That program, the 'National Chimpanzee Breeding and Research Program', was highly successful, so successful, in fact, that there is now a surplus of animals available for current research programs. This situation has prompted the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) as a method of fertility control. Overall, this method is successful and associated with a failure (of pregnancy) rate similar to that reported in the human. Physical and logistic constraints, however, render the method less than ideal for situations where a pregnancy rate of zero is desired.
A Guideline to Univariate Statistical Analysis for LC/MS-Based Untargeted Metabolomics-Derived Data (2012)

Several metabolomic software programs provide methods for peak picking, retention time alignment and quantification of metabolite features in LC/MS-based metabolomics. Statistical analysis, however, is needed in order to discover those features significantly altered between samples. By comparing the retention time and MS/MS data of a model compound to that from the altered feature of interest in the research sample, metabolites can be then unequivocally identified. This paper reports on a comprehensive overview of a workflow for statistical analysis to rank relevant metabolite features that will be selected for further MS/MS experiments. We focus on univariate data analysis applied in parallel on all detected features. Characteristics and challenges of this analysis are discussed and illustrated using four different real LC/MS untargeted metabolomic datasets. We demonstrate the influence of considering or violating mathematical assumptions on which univariate statistical test rely, using high-dimensional LC/MS datasets. Issues in data analysis such as determination of sample size, analytical variation, assumption of normality and homocedasticity, or correction for multiple testing are discussed and illustrated in the context of our four untargeted LC/MS working examples.
Novel Colloidal Interactions in Anisotropic Fluids (1997)

Small water droplets dispersed in a nematic liquid crystal exhibit a novel class of colloidal interactions, arising from the orientational elastic energy of the anisotropic host fluid. These interactions include a short-range repulsion and a long-range dipolar attraction, and they lead to the formation of anisotropic chainlike structures by the colloidal particles. The repulsive interaction can lead to novel mechanisms for colloid stabilization.
A Conserved Sequence Motif in the Integrin β3 Cytoplasmic Domain Is Required for Its Specific Interaction with β3-Endonexin (1997)

Integrin signaling is mediated by interaction of integrin cytoplasmic domains with intracellular signaling molecules. Recently, we identified a novel 111-amino acid polypeptide, termed beta3-endonexin, which interacts selectively with the integrin beta3 cytoplasmic domain. In the present study we conducted a systematic mutational analysis of both the integrin beta3 cytoplasmic domain and beta3-endonexin to map sites required for interaction. The interaction of the full-length beta3 integrin subunit with beta3-endonexin in vitro required the beta3 cytoplasmic domain. In a yeast two-hybrid system, both membrane-proximal and membrane-distal residues of the beta3 cytoplasmic domain were necessary for interaction with beta3-endonexin. In particular, the membrane-distal NITY motif at beta3 756-759 was critical for the interaction. Exchange of beta3 residues 756-759 (NITY) for the corresponding residues in beta1 (NPKY) endowed the beta1 cytoplasmic domain with the ability to interact with beta3-endonexin. Conversely, exchange of the NPKY motif at beta1 772-775 for the NITY motif in beta3 abolished interaction of this chimeric cytoplasmic domain with beta3-endonexin. Because the NITY motif is present in the beta3 but not the beta1 cytoplasmic domain, these results explain the selective interaction of this cytoplasmic domain with beta3-endonexin. In addition, deletional analysis suggested that a core 91-residue sequence of beta3-endonexin is sufficient for specific binding to the beta3 cytoplasmic domain. These studies have identified a cytoplasmic domain sequence motif that specifies an integrin-specific protein-protein interaction.
Definition of a subset of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells that are permissive to human cytomegalovirus infection (1993)

The identity of cells responsible for transmission of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in blood products or bone marrow transplants is unknown. We have tested the capacity of HCMV to in vitro infect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and found that certain PBMC are permissive to HCMV infection. In vitro-infected viable cells were double stained for surface expression of different HMCV proteins and for cell-type-specific antigens to allow the identification of sensitive cells. All analysis were performed on viable cells, using HCMV-specific monoclonal antibodies and automated flow cytofluorimetry. PBMC were infected either with the laboratory-adapted HCMV strain AD169 or with a virus isolate obtained from a viremic patient. Up to 25% of all PBMC could express the major immediate-early antigen as well as the pp65 antigen, known at the lower matrix protein. Infected cells were mainly CD14+ monocytes, but also a small population of large CD8+ cells were susceptible to HCMV infection. CD19+ B lymphocytes were resistant to HCMV infection. Different populations of infected cells were enriched by using Dynabeads coated with cell-type-specific antibodies, and the presence of infectious virus was demonstrated by incubating the selected and sonicated cell material on human fibroblasts. Only material from infected monocytes and from CD3+ CD8+ cells gave rise to HCMV-specific plaques. The presence of HCMV mRNA as a sign of active viral transcription of the major immediate-early and late pp150 genes in infected cells was demonstrated by using nested reversed polymerase chain reaction. A common denominator was found for all cells that could be infected with HCMV. The CD13 antigen, a 130- to 150-kDa integral membrane protein identical to the enzyme aminopeptidase N, was expressed on all HCMV-permissive cells.
Synthesis of Organic−Inorganic Hybrids via the Non-hydrolytic Sol−Gel Process (2001)

In its most common form, the non-hydrolytic sol−gel (NHSG) process involves the reaction of a "metal" halide with an oxygen donor, leading to the formation of an inorganic oxide. The use of NHSG chemistry for the synthesis of organic−inorganic hybrids is in its infancy compared to progress on hybrid synthesis using hydrolytic sol−gel chemistry. To date, most work has been carried out on the synthesis of organically modified inorganic oxides such as ormosils, with very limited effort on oxide−polymer hybrids and no reported activity on incorporation of small organic molecules into oxide networks. In this paper, reports of the use of the NHSG route to synthesize hybrids are reviewed. The key features of the reaction chemistry are noted, along with a discussion of the scope and limitations of NHSG chemistry in comparison with the hydrolytic route. Promising areas for future study are proposed, together with potential applications of these hybrids.