gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photonics (2000)

Just as the beginnings of electrical engineering came before the discovery of the electron, A. G. Bell's demonstration of the photophone-the granddaddy of photonics experiments in the context of communications-came before the era of the photon. History, like everyday life, abounds with proof that one can do a lot with elements of the natural world without fully understanding them. But better understanding of nature's fundamentals, a worthy end in itself, often unlocks a world of applications, and photonics technology is hot on the heels of electronics in proving that again. The paper reviews the development of photonics technology such as the the use of quantum mechanical devices as light sources, as well as glass fibers engineered to guide light waves over worthwhile distances for optical communication, WDM systems, and SONET/SDH systems.
High-efficiency gene transfer and selection of human hematopoietic progenitor cells with a hybrid EBV/retroviral vector expressing the green fluorescence protein. (1998)

We report a retroviral expression vector (PINCO) that allows high-efficiency gene transfer and selection of hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). The main characteristics of this vector are the presence outside the two long terminal repeats of the EBV origin of replication and the EBNA-1 gene and the presence in the retrovirus of the cDNA that encodes for the enhanced green fluorescence protein (GFP), controlled by a cytomegalovirus promoter. Transient transfection of PINCO in Phoenix packaging cells results in episomal propagation of the plasmid and generates viral titers as high as 10(7) colony-forming units/ml. Infection of established cell lines with the PINCO retrovirus yields more than 95% GFP-expressing cells. GFP expression remains stable for months in infected cell cultures and can easily be monitored by fluorescent microscopy or fluorescence-activated cell-sorting (FACS) analysis of living cells. The PINCO vector allows efficient expression of a second gene (thymidine kinase, Shc, and PML), and there is strict correlation between GFP and second gene expression levels in the infected cells. PINCO was used to infect human HPCs; infection efficiency was about 50%. GFP-positive cells can be FACS sorted to yield a homogeneous population of infected cells. FACS-sorted GFP-positive HPC cells have, with respect to unfractionated HPC cells, the same frequency of long-term culture initiating cells and an identical capacity to undergo multilineage and unilineage differentiation. The entire gene transfer procedure, from the transfection of the packaging cell line to the infection of target cells, requires less than a week. The high viral titer and the easy obtainment of homogeneously infected cell populations without drug selection procedures make PINCO an ideal vector for gene transfer of human primary hemopoietic cells.
Fast and robust fixed-point algorithms for independent component analysis (1999)

Independent component analysis (ICA) is a statistical method for transforming an observed multidimensional random vector into components that are statistically as independent from each other as possible. In this paper, we use a combination of two different approaches for linear ICA: Comon's information-theoretic approach and the projection pursuit approach. Using maximum entropy approximations of differential entropy, we introduce a family of new contrast (objective) functions for ICA. These contrast functions enable both the estimation of the whole decomposition by minimizing mutual information, and estimation of individual independent components as projection pursuit directions. The statistical properties of the estimators based on such contrast functions are analyzed under the assumption of the linear mixture model, and it is shown how to choose contrast functions that are robust and/or of minimum variance. Finally, we introduce simple fixed-point algorithms for practical optimization of the contrast functions. These algorithms optimize the contrast functions very fast and reliably.
A Maximum Power Point Tracker Optimized for Solar Powered Cars (1990)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The following is an efficiency study of a key component in a solar powered car: the maximum power point tracker (MPPT). An MPPT is necessary where to maximize the power delivered from solar cells to batteries. A design optimization for the tracker is crucial for its use in solar powered cars since these vehicles have a very limited amount of input power. Unfortunately, the power stage of a maximum power tracker, consisting of inductors, capacitors, diodes, and MOSFETs, may waste a small yet significant percentage of the total power out of the solar cells. Most trackers today are about 95% efficient. The objective here is to raise the efficiency to 98%.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Once the input and output current and voltages have been selected, each component of the tracker can be optimized for maximum efficiency. After examining the conduction, switching, and gate losses of the MOSFET and diode, the optimum design can be found. The key to making the tracker most efficient is to look at the entire package of parts and optimize several variables at once: frequency, number of devices in parallel (a method of reducing resistive losses), and heat sinking. Using this information, other circuit configurations can be analyzed and external variables can be manipulated to obtain the maximum efficiency. Additional crucial parameters such as weight, cost and space taken up by the tracker must be considered in the design. In the end, based on the key equations which are derived, a super efficient maximum power point tracker can be designed and built to the specifications of the user.&lt;/div&gt;
Supernumerary Tooth in Nasal Cavity with Septal Perforation (2002)

Supernumerary teeth occur in a wide variety of sites. Those that have been reported include palate, mandibular condyle, coronoid process, orbit, maxillary antrum and nasal cavity. Supernumerary teeth manifest in different ways depending on the site. Reported symptoms and signs associated with supernumerary teeth in the nasal cavity (nasal teeth) have included facial pain, external nasal deformities, foul smelling rhinorrhea, recurrent epistaxis and oronasal fistula. Very rarely, septal perforation has been reported. We present one case in which eruption of tooth into the nasal cavity was associated with nasal septal perforation and removed by appropriate surgery. (Korean J Otolaryngol 2002;45:187-90)
Design and Diversity Analysis of Large Combinatorial Libraries Using Cell-Based Methods (1999)

Generation of large libraries of small molecules has required a reexamination of the methods chemists use to select their starting materials for synthesis. When a few reagents can be used to generate vast numbers of compounds, selection of an appropriately diverse set of starting materials is important. Since syntheses involve reactions between specific functional groups, it is reasonable to sort reagents by these groups. Then the diversity of the fragments attached to the given reactive functionality may be examined. This diversity may be defined in terms of the biologically relevant properties of a three-dimensional structure. Cell-based methodology can be used to divide reagents into convenient subsets from which representative diverse reagents can be selected for library synthesis. For ECLiPS libraries, analyses of the reagents used in each individual step have proven to be a useful strategy. Further cell-based analyses of the actual libraries in conjunction with biological activity data have shown clustering of actives in the selected diversity spaces.
Synthesis and Full Characterization of Molybdenum and Antimony Corroles and Utilization of the Latter Complexes as Very Efficient Catalysts for Highly Selective Aerobic Oxygenation Reactions (2005)

Two molybdenum and three antimony corroles were isolated and characterized by NMR, EPR, and electrochemistry. The very negative reduction potentials of the (oxo)molybdenum(V) corroles are clearly related to their inactivity as oxygen transfer reagents and the unsuccessful attempts to isolate lower-valent molybdenum corroles. X-ray crystallography of the (oxo)molybdenum(V) corrole 1a and the trans-difluoroantimony(V) corrole 2c, the first of their kind, revealed that their molecular structures represent extreme cases of such complexes: a highly domed corrole with very large out-of-plane metal displacement for 1a (0.73 Angstroms) and a very flat corrole with the metal ion in its center for 2c. All three antimony corroles displayed high activity and selectivity as catalysts for the photoinduced oxidation of thioanisole by molecular oxygen, with superior results obtained in alcoholic solvents with 2c as catalyst. Allylic and tertiary benzylic CH bonds were also oxidized under those conditions, with absolute selectivity to the corresponding hydroperoxides.
A collagen-like glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix is the undegraded form of type VI collagen (1984)

The 140 000-dalton collagenous glycoprotein (CGP) from calf aorta and ligament characterized by Gibson & Cleary (1982) [Gibson, M.A., & Cleary, E.G. (1982) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 105, 1288-1295] has been studied. In the electron microscope, rotary-shadowed CGP molecules appear similar to the dimers of type VI collagen (short-chain collagen, intima collagen) described by other authors [Furthmayr, H., Wiedemann, H., Timpl, R., Odermatt, E., & Engel, J. (1983) Biochem. J. 211, 303-311] except that they have larger globular domains. As shown by gel electrophoresis, pepsin treatment of CGP at 4 degrees C either before or after reduction releases polypeptide chains corresponding in size to those of type VI collagen. Electron microscopic examination shows that pepsin digestion of nonreduced CGP removes the outer globular domains, reduces the size of the inner ones, and separates the paired central strands. The residual structures look like type VI collagen dimers. When intact CGP is reduced, monomers with two large globular ends are obtained. Pepsin digestion of monomers removes most or all of both globular domains. In immunoblots, CGP and its pepsin-derived fragments react with antibodies directed against type VI collagen. The results indicate that type VI collagen is an integral component of CGP.
Chlorogenic acid reduces the plasma glucose peak in the oral glucose tolerance test: effects on hepatic glucose release and glycaemia (2007)

The effects of chlorogenic acid (CA) on hepatic glucose output, blood glucose levels and on glucose tolerance were analysed. Hepatic uptake of CA and its effects on hepatic catabolism of L-alanine and glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) activity were also evaluated. CA (1 mM) inhibited about 40% of G-6-Pase activity (p < 0.05) in the microsomal fraction of hepatocytes, but no effect was observed on production of glucose from gluconeogenesis or on L-alanine catabolism, at various concentrations of CA (0.33, 0.5 and 1 mM), in liver perfusion experiments. Since there were indications of a lack of uptake of CA by the liver, it is possible that this compound did not reach sufficiently high intracellular levels to inhibit the target enzyme. Accordingly, intravenous administration of CA also failed to provoke a reduction in blood glucose levels. However, CA did promote a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in the plasma glucose peak at 10 and 15 min during the oral glucose tolerance test, probably by attenuating intestinal glucose absorption, suggesting a possible role for it as a glycaemic index lowering agent and highlighting it as a compound of interest for reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Optical trapping platform based on highly confining silicon waveguiding structures with microfluidics (2008)

We demonstrate strongly enhanced optical trapping forces on sub-micron-diameter dielectric spheres within a pressure-driven microfluidic flow of several hundred mum/s using the evanescent field of the light in silicon waveguides.
Repair inhibition in tumours irradiated with fast protons and negative pions. (1990)

Solid Ehrlich mouse tumours were irradiated in the 80 MeV proton beam of the Paul-Scherrer-Institute. The tumour volume was measured as a function of time after irradiation and two experimental endpoints were determined: local tumour control and minimal tumour volume after irradiation. The application of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG; 2 mg/kg) increased the radiation effect of protons by a factor of 1.4. The same tumour system was used with negative pions. Human tumours are usually irradiated with a mixed radiation produced by the "spot-scan-technique". This radiation quality was simulated in the mouse experiment by two successive irradiations with a spot of densely ionizing peak pions and a spot of sparsely ionizing plateau pions. Application of 2-DG raised the radiation effect due to the sparsely ionizing component again by a factor of 1.4. This indicates that clinical results in radiotherapy might be improved by application of 2-DG during the treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: CHLORINATION OF 1H‐PYRROLO(3,2‐C)PYRIDINE‐4,6(5H,7H)‐DIONE (3,7‐DIDEAZAXANTHINE) AND ITS 5‐METHYL DERIVATIVE (1978)

Abstract Bei der Behandlung mit Phenylphosphordichlorid erhält man aus dem Imid (Ia) das Dichlor‐Derivat (IIa), das auch aus der N‐Methyl‐ Verbindung (Ib) unter gleichen Bedingungen gebildet wird.
Listeria monocytogenesMutants That Fail To Compartmentalize Listerolysin O Activity Are Cytotoxic, Avirulent, and Unable To Evade Host Extracellular Defenses (2003)

Listeria monocytogenes is a facultative intracellular bacterial pathogen that escapes from a phagosome and grows in the host cell cytosol. Escape of the bacterium from the phagosome to the cytosol is mediated by the bacterial pore-forming protein listeriolysin O (LLO). LLO has multiple mechanisms that optimize activity in the phagosome and minimize activity in the host cytosol. Mutants that fail to compartmentalize LLO activity are cytotoxic and have reduced virulence. We sought to determine why cytotoxic bacteria have attenuated virulence in the mouse model of listeriosis. In this study, we constructed a series of strains with mutations in LLO and with various degrees of cytotoxicity. We found that the more cytotoxic the strain in cell culture, the less virulent it was in mice. Induction of neutropenia increased the relative virulence of the cytotoxic strains 100-fold in the spleen and 10-fold in the liver. The virulence defect was partially restored in neutropenic mice by adding gentamicin, an antibiotic that kills extracellular bacteria. Additionally, L. monocytogenes grew more slowly in extracellular fluid (mouse serum) than within tissue culture cells. We concluded that L. monocytogenes controls the cytolytic activity of LLO to maintain its nutritionally rich intracellular niche and avoid extracellular defenses of the host.
<title>Noise and discrimination performance of the MINACE optical correlation filter</title> (1991)

A new distortion-invariant optical correlation filter used to produce easily detectable correlation peaks in the presence of noise and clutter, and to provide better intraclass recognition, is presented. The new minimum noise and correlation energy (MINACE) filter produces sharp correlation peaks while maintaining an acceptable SNR in the correlation plane output in the presence of false targets (discrimination) and noise (clutter and background). The MINACE filter achieves this by use of a new tighter bound to the correlation plane energy problem. New test results are presented to show that this approach provides improved recognition (and reduced true class training set size), good discrimination, and improved performance in noise and clutter. Filter size requirements for such advanced distortion- invariant filters are also addressed.
Inhibition of Membrane Type-1 Matrix Metalloproteinase by Cancer Drugs Interferes with the Homing of Diabetogenic T Cells into the Pancreas (2005)

We have discovered that clinically tested inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases can control the functional activity of T cell membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) and the onset of disease in a rodent model of type 1 diabetes in non-obese diabetic mice. We determined that MT1-MMP proteolysis of the T cell surface CD44 adhesion receptor affects the homing of T cells into the pancreas. We also determined that both the induction of the intrinsic T cell MT1-MMP activity and the shedding of cellular CD44 follow the adhesion of insulin-specific, CD8-positive, Kd-restricted T cells to the matrix. Conversely, inhibition of these events by AG3340 (a potent hydroxamate inhibitor that was widely used in clinical trials in cancer patents) impedes the transmigration of diabetogenic T cells into the pancreas and protects non-obese diabetic mice from diabetes onset. Overall, our studies have divulged a previously unknown function of MT1-MMP and identified a promising novel drug target in type I diabetes.
Low–threshold calcium spike bursts in the human thalamus (1996)

Positive symptoms arise after lesions of the nervous system. They include neurogenic pain, tinnitus, abnormal movements, epilepsy and certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Stereotactic medial thalamotomies were performed on 104 patients with chronic therapy-resistant positive symptoms. Peroperative recordings of 2012 single units revealed an overwhelming unresponsiveness (99%) to sensory stimuli or motor activation. Among these unresponsive cells, 45.1% presented a rhythmic or random bursting activity. Rhythmic bursting activities had an average interburst interval of 263 +/- 46 ms corresponding to a frequency of 3.8 +/- 0.7 Hz. Frequency variations among the different symptoms were not statistically different. Intraburst characteristics such as the highest frequency encountered in the burst (480 +/- 80 Hz) or the mean frequency of the burst (206 +/- 44 Hz) were also similar in all patients. All bursts, rhythmic or random, fulfilled the extracellular criteria of low-threshold calcium spike (LTS) bursts. After medial thalamotomy and depending on the symptom, 43-67% of the patients reached a 50-100% relief, with sparing of all neurological functions. On the basis of these electrophysiological and clinical results, we propose a unified concept for all positive symptoms centred on a self-perpetuating thalamic cell membrane hyperpolarization, similar to the one seen in slow-wave sleep.
A prospective randomized study comparing the outcome of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer following culture of human embryos individually or in groups before embryo transfer on day 2 (1999)

A prospective randomized trial of in-vitro fertilization and embryo transfer was undertaken to investigate the reported beneficial effects of culturing preimplantation human embryos in groups, rather than individually. A total of 159 treatment cycles, in which the women were matched for age, basal gonadotrophin concentrations and number of previous attempts, were included in the study. Of these, 78 cycles were randomized to the 'individual culture' group, and 81 cycles were randomized to the 'group culture' group. The groups did not differ in terms of the median number of oocytes or embryos obtained per cycle. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of treatment outcome, as assessed by pregnancies or clinical pregnancies.
Caching in large-scale distributed file systems (1993)

This thesis examines the problem of organization for very large-scale distributed file systems (DFSs). Conventional DFSs, based on the client-server model, suffer from bottlenecks when the total client load exceeds the server's capacity. Previous work has suggested that hierarchical client organizations can ameliorate the problem somewhat, but at the expense of a substantial increase in client latency.
An analysis of existing DFS workloads reveals that there is considerable regularity in client file access patterns and that widely shared files lend themselves especially well to caching techniques. In particular, a large proportion of cache miss traffic is for files that are already copied in another client's cache. If clients can share these cached files, the server's load can be reduced by a potentially large margin, making larger-scale systems possible.
We introduce the notion of dynamic hierarchical caching, in which adaptive client hierarchies are constructed on a file-by-file basis. Trace-driven simulation and workload-driven runs of a prototype file system suggest that dynamic hierarchies can reduce server load substantially without the client performance penalties associated with more static schemes.
Applying Auto-ID to Reduce Losses Associated with Shrink ibm business consulting services (2003)

Imagine an environment where your product is on the store shelf each and every time consumers reach for it. Imagine an environment where perishables don’t perish, where theft is fully detectable, where your systems exactly match physical inventory counts, and where transfers with trading partners are automated and precise. Imagine product visibility, transparency and a supply chain built on real time demand and supply information – imagine the impact on your inventory and working capital. Image the impact of the barcode some 25 years ago. Now imagine the impact of Auto-ID. Auto-ID represents a truly transformational technology with the ability to revolutionize the face of the supply chain, retail operations and consumer-facing processes. It has the potential to drive enormous shareholder return benefits across a breadth of key metrics including revenue growth, operating margin, working capital and capital expenditures. Just imagine the possibilities… IBM Business Consulting Services, in conjunction with the Auto-ID Center, has worked with over 25 leading players in the consumer goods and retail sectors to develop a series of white papers around this exciting and emerging technology. Our research is based on current leading practices, making the value proposition all the more compelling. IBM Business Consulting Services has now published four Auto-ID White papers.