gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic voltage scaling for commercial FPGAs (2006)

A methodology for supporting dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) on commercial FPGAs is described. A logic delay measurement circuit (LDMC) is used to determine the speed of an inverter chain for various operating conditions at run time. A desired LDMC value, intended to match the critical path of the operating circuit plus a safety margin, is then chosen; a closed loop control scheme is used to maintain the desired LDMC value as chip temperature changes, by automatically adjusting the voltage applied to the FPGA. We describe experiments using this technique on various circuits at different clock frequencies and temperatures to demonstrate its utility and robustness. Power savings between 4% and 54% for the V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">INT</sub> supply are observed
Polyphasic linkage between protein solubility and ligand binding in the hemoglobin-polyethylene glycol system. (1980)

Dilute hemoglobin A, hemoglobin S, and horse hemoglobins can be made to precipitate by addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG itself has no effect on the oxygen affinity of the soluble hemoglobin. In the resulting two-phase system the amount of precipitation is dependent on the oxygen saturation and, conversely, thw two-phase mixtures exhibit altered oxygen affinity such as is seen with gelled hemoglobin S. A decreased oxygen affinity results when the deoxy form is the less soluble as in the case of hemoglobin A or S. When the oxy form is the less soluble, as in the case of horse hemoglobin, an affinity increase results. These reciprocal shifts in solubility and oxygen affinity are seen as thermodynamically linked processes, independent of solid phase structure. However, the structure, as seen by electron microscopy, reveals that deoxyhemoglobin S gelled in the absence of PEG is identical with deoxyhemoglobin S solid phase formed in the presence of PEG.
WRINKLED1 specifies the regulatory action of LEAFY COTYLEDON2 towards fatty acid metabolism during seed maturation in Arabidopsis (2007)

The WRINKLED1 (WRI1) transcription factor has been shown to play a role of the utmost importance during oil accumulation in maturing seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about the regulatory processes involved. In this paper, comprehensive functional analyses of three new mutants corresponding to null alleles of wri1 confirm that the induction of WRI1 is a prerequisite for fatty acid synthesis and is important for normal embryo development. The strong expression of WRI1 specifically detected at the onset of the maturation phase in oil-accumulating tissues of A. thaliana seeds is fully consistent with this function. Complementation experiments carried out with various seed-specific promoters emphasized the importance of a tight regulation of WRI1 expression for proper oil accumulation, raising the question of the factors controlling WRI1 transcription. Interestingly, molecular and genetic analyses using an inducible system demonstrated that WRI1 is a target of LEAFY COTYLEDON2 and is necessary for the regulatory action of LEC2 towards fatty acid metabolism. In addition to this, quantitative RT-PCR experiments suggested that several genes encoding enzymes of late glycolysis, the fatty acid synthesis pathway, and the biotin and lipoic acid biosynthetic pathways are targets of WRI1. Taken together, these results indicate new relationships in the regulatory model for the control of oil synthesis in maturing A. thaliana seeds. In addition, they exemplify how metabolic and developmental processes affecting the developing embryo can be coordinated at the molecular level.
20(S)-Hydroxycholesterol Inhibits PPARγ Expression and Adipogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Through a Hedgehog-Dependent Mechanism (2007)

Treatment of M2 cells with the osteogenic oxysterol 20S completely inhibited adipocyte formation induced by troglitazone after 10 days. PPARgamma mRNA expression assessed by RT-qPCR was significantly induced by Tro after 48 (5-fold) and 96 h (130-fold), and this induction was completely inhibited by 20S. In contrast, 20S did not inhibit PPARgamma transcriptional activity in M2 cells overexpressing PPARgamma and retinoid X receptor (RXR). To elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) by which 20S inhibits PPARgamma expression and adipogenic differentiation, we focused on the hedgehog signaling pathway, which we previously showed to be the mediator of osteogenic responses to oxysterols. The hedgehog signaling inhibitor, cyclopamine, reversed the inhibitory effects of 20S and Shh on troglitazone-induced adipocyte formation in 10-day cultures of M2 cells by 70% and 100%, respectively, and the inhibitory effect of 20S and Shh on troglitazone-induced PPARgamma expression was fully reversed at 48 h by cyclopamine. Furthermore, 20S and Shh greatly inhibited PPARgamma2 promoter activity induced by CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha overexpression. These studies show that, similar to the induction of osteogenesis, the inhibition of adipogenesis in murine MSCs by the osteogenic oxysterol, 20S, is mediated through a hedgehog-dependent mechanism(s).
Gene therapy with novel adeno‐associated virus vectors substantially diminishes atherosclerosis in a murine model of familial hypercholesterolemia (2004)

Using vectors based on novel nonhuman primate AAVs, which provide advantages in terms of efficiency, we were able to achieve a long-term correction of the metabolic defect in LDL receptor deficient mice.
Evolutionary divergence and functions of the ADAM and ADAMTS gene families (2009)

The 'A-disintegrin and metalloproteinase' ( ADAM ) and 'A-disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs' ( ADAMTS ) genes make up two similar, yet distinct, gene families. The human and mouse genomes contain 21 and 24 putatively functional protein-coding ADAM genes, respectively, and 24 versus 32 putatively functional protein-coding ADAMTS genes, respectively. Analysis of evolutionary divergence shows that both families are unique. Each of the two families can be separated, if need be, into groups of more closely related members: six subfamilies for ADAM , four subfamilies for ADAMTS. The presence of both disintegrin and peptidase domains within the ADAM and ADAMTS proteins implies multiple biological roles within the cell. Membrane-anchored ADAM proteins are best known for their role in activating zymogens--including tumour necrosis factor-alpha, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and amyloid precursor protein (APP). ADAM proteins can also participate in cell adhesion via their interaction with integrins in neighbouring cells. ADAMTS are secreted proteins that participate in extracellular matrix maintenance by way of their cleavage of procollagen and proteoglycans. ADAMTS proteins also are involved in coagulation by cleaving von Willibrand factor precursor protein. ADAM and ADAMTS proteins participate in a wide range of cellular processes, including cell adhesion and migration, ectodomain shedding, proteolysis, development, ovulation and angiogenesis. Because these enzymes are believed to play an important role in a number of pathologies, including Alzheimer's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma and cancer progression, the products of the ADAM and ADAMTS genes represent promising drug targets for the prevention and management of a number of human diseases.
Cannabis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Hypothetical and Practical Applications, and a Call for Clinical Trials (2010)

Significant advances have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), yet this has not translated into any greatly effective therapies. It appears that a number of abnormal physiological processes occur simultaneously in this devastating disease. Ideally, a multidrug regimen, including glutamate antagonists, antioxidants, a centrally acting anti-inflammatory agent, microglial cell modulators (including tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha] inhibitors), an antiapoptotic agent, 1 or more neurotrophic growth factors, and a mitochondrial function-enhancing agent would be required to comprehensively address the known pathophysiology of ALS. Remarkably, cannabis appears to have activity in all of those areas. Preclinical data indicate that cannabis has powerful antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. In the G93A-SOD1 ALS mouse, this has translated to prolonged neuronal cell survival, delayed onset, and slower progression of the disease. Cannabis also has properties applicable to symptom management of ALS, including analgesia, muscle relaxation, bronchodilation, saliva reduction, appetite stimulation, and sleep induction. With respect to the treatment of ALS, from both a disease modifying and symptom management viewpoint, clinical trials with cannabis are the next logical step. Based on the currently available scientific data, it is reasonable to think that cannabis might significantly slow the progression of ALS, potentially extending life expectancy and substantially reducing the overall burden of the disease.
Dynamic scene analysis (1984)

http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/5747/5/bac5009.0001.001.pdf
ChemInform Abstract: Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis. The Silyl‐Phosphoramidite Method (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Of microneedles and ultrasound: Physical modes of gastrointestinal macromolecule delivery (2016)

The delivery of macromolecules via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is one the most exciting, yet challenging frontiers in drug delivery. Over 90 y ago, the same year Banting and Macleod were awarde...
Expression of functional IL-2 receptors on mature splenic dendritic cells (2000)

We report here the expression of functional IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) on mature splenic dendritic cells (DC) and synergistic effect of IL-2 on IFN-gamma production by DC. IL-2 augmented IL-12-dependent IFN-gamma production by DC purified from both splenocytes of wild-type and anti-asialoGM1 Ab-treated Rag-2(-/-) splenocytes devoid of T, B, NK and NKT cells. A neutralizing mAb against IL-2Ralpha blocked such enhancing effect of IL-2 on IFN-gamma production, indicating the presence of functional IL-2R on DC. Synergistic effects of IL-2 were also observed on IFN-gamma production by DC stimulated through CD40 or MHC class II, suggesting that T cell-derived IL-2 can act on DC during antigen presentation. Furthermore, we provide evidence that DC produce IFN-gamma during interaction with allogeneic CD4(+) T cells from IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. These results suggest that IL-2 produced by naive T cells upon antigen stimulation is an important factor during Th0 to Th1 differentiation by inducing IFN-gamma from DC.
Monoclonal antibodies that recognize discrete forms of tubulin. (1982)

Anti-tubulin antibodies secreted by plasmacytoma NSI-spleen cell hybrids were detected by an indirect binding assay. Different antibodies bound to different combinations of the tubulins as resolved by isoelectric focusing. Two monoclonal antibodies (TUB 2.1 and TUB 2.5) labeled only (i) the tubulin band on a polyacrylamide electropherogram and (ii) beta-tubulins as resolved by isoelectric focusing. The fraction that was specifically bound and eluted from antibody affinity columns was enriched in beta-tubulins as compared with alpha-tubulins, suggesting the possibility of some soluble tubulin homodimers and alpha,beta-heterodimers. Double labeling experiments were used to show that all detectable microtubules contained beta-tubulin.
Acetylcholine and adenosine diphosphate cause endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated human pulmonary arteries (1990)

Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation mediated by endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF) has been extensively studied in animals but only limited studies in man are available. Demonstration of EDRF-mediated dilatation of human vessels is fundamental for understanding the mechanisms of vascular diseases in man. We have investigated endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated human pulmonary arteries. Vascular segments, taken from uninvolved regions of resected lung from eight patients undergoing lobectomy for lung carcinoma, were cut into rings. In rings precontracted with phenylephrine, both acetylcholine (ACh) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) induced dose-dependent relaxation in the presence of endothelium but not when the endothelium had been carefully removed. The rings without endothelium relaxed completely with sodium nitroprusside, a vasodilator agent acting directly on vascular smooth muscle. Pre-incubation with indomethacin, a cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor which blocks production of prostacyclin, did not alter the vasorelaxant responses to ACh and ADP, suggesting that one (or several) non-prostanoid EDRF(s) are responsible for the endothelium-dependent relaxation of isolated human pulmonary arteries.
Weight control and its beneficial effect on fertility in women with obesity and polycystic ovary syndrome (1997)

Obesity may be an important pathogenetic factor involved in the development of hyper-androgenism in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Among several other mechanisms, hyperinsulinaemia plays a fundamental role, due to its gonadotrophic function, which has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, not surprisingly, weight loss may be expected to have several beneficial effects upon clinical, endocrinological and metabolic features of obese women presenting both PCOS. In particular, weight loss appears to be associated with a significant improvement in menses abnormalities, ovulation and fertility rates, and with a reduction of hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinaemia, and altered gonadotrophin pulsatile secretion. The central role of improved insulin concentrations and insulin-resistant state is emphasized by the fact that similar effects can be achieved by both short- and long-term administration of metformin, an insulin-lowering drug which ameliorates peripheral insulin action in non-diabetic insulin resistant states. We therefore recommend weight loss as a first-line therapeutic option in all women with obesity and PCOS.
Identification and Characterization of CPP32/Mch2 Homolog 1, a Novel Cysteine Protease Similar to CPP32 (1996)

We have identified and characterized a novel cysteine protease named CMH-1 that is a new member of the interleukin 1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) family of proteases with substrate specificity for Asp-X. CMH-1 has the highest similarity to CPP32 (52% amino acid identity) and MCH2 (31% identical). CMH-1 shares conserved amino acid residues that form the core structure of ICE as well as those residues involved in catalysis and in the P1 aspartate binding. Overexpression of CMH-1 in COS cells resulted in the processing of CMH-1 and the induction of apoptosis of transfected cells. Coexpression of CMH-1 with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) also resulted in a specific cleavage of PARP. Purified recombinant CMH-1 cleaved PARP but not interleukin 1 beta precursor in vitro.
Expression and assembly of a functional E1 component (alpha 2 beta 2) of mammalian branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in Escherichia coli. (1992)

We have expressed an active recombinant E1 decarboxylase component of the mammalian branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex in Escherichia coli by subcloning mature E1 alpha and E1 beta subunit cDNA sequences into a bacterial expression vector. To permit affinity purification under native conditions, the mature E1 alpha subunit was fused with the affinity ligand E. coli maltose-binding protein (MBP) through an endoprotease Factor Xa-specific linker peptide. When co-expressed, the MBP-E1 alpha fusion and E1 beta subunits were shown to co-purify as a MBP-E1 component that exhibited both E1 activity and binding competence for recombinant branched-chain E2 component. In contrast, in vitro mixing of individually expressed MBP-E1 alpha and E1 beta did not result in assembly or produce E1 activity. Following proteolytic removal of the affinity ligand and linker peptide with Factor Xa, a recombinant E1 species was eluted from a Sephacryl S-300HR sizing column as an enzymatically active 160-kDa species. The latter showed 1:1 subunit stoichiometry, which was consistent with an alpha 2 beta 2 structure. The recovery of this 160-kDa recombinant E1 species (estimated at 0.07% of total lysate protein) was low, with the majority of the recombinant protein lost as insoluble aggregates. Our findings suggest that the concurrent expression of both E1 alpha and E1 beta subunits in the same cellular compartment is important for assembly of both subunits into a functional E1 alpha 2 beta 2 heterotetramer. By using this co-expression system, we also find that the E1 alpha missense mutation (Tyr-393----Asn) characterized in Mennonites with maple syrup urine disease prevents the assembly of soluble E1 heterotetramers.
Wide-Bandgap Solid-State Circuit Breakers for DC Power Systems: Device and Circuit Considerations (2015)

DC circuit protection applications provide a unique market opportunity for wide-bandgap (WBG) semiconductors, which are outside the conventional focus on power electronic converters. This paper presents an overview of emerging dc power systems, the needs for dc solid-state circuit breakers (SSCBs), and the benefits and advantages of various WBG SSCB concepts. Furthermore, a new class of self-powered SSCBs based on SiC or GaN normally-ON switching devices is proposed in this paper. One implementation of the SSCB concept based on a 1200 V SiC JFET experimentally demonstrated turn-off of a fault current of 125 A at a dc voltage of 400 V within 1 μs without requiring any external power supply. The SSCB detects short-circuit faults by sensing its drain-source voltage rise and draws power from the fault condition to turn off the SiC JFET. Various implementations of the SSCB concept for unipolar and bipolar capability using both SiC and GaN are also discussed from both device and circuit perspectives. It is concluded that very low ON-resistance normally-ON WBG switching devices are excellent candidates for the emerging SSCB applications.
The rat mixed lymphocyte reaction: roles of a dendritic cell in intestinal lymph and T-cell subsets defined by monoclonal antibodies. (1981)

Cells present in the intestinal lymph of rats were obtained in large numbers by removing the mesenteric, portal and caecal lymph nodes and cannulating the thoracic duct 6 weeks later. About 1% of the cells present in the thoracic duct lymph of these mesenteric lymphadenectomized rats had striking dendritic morphology, were strongly Ia+ but labelled weakly with monoclonal antibodies that recognize rat B or T cells. It was found that intestinal lymph was highly enriched for cells that stimulated allogeneic T cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and cells with stimulator activity co-purified with dendritic cells. Thus, these dendritic cells appear phenotypically and functionally similar to the dendritic cells that have been described in the mouse spleen and rat lymph node. The ability of the intestinal lymph cells to stimulate rat T cells was used to determine which of the two subsets of these cells were the prime responders in the rat MLR. These subsets, defined by monoclonal antibodies, have been shown by previous work to display close functional analogies to the Lyt 2+ and Lyt 2- subsets in the mouse and to the two human T-cell subsets that have been defined by monoclonal antibodies. It was found that the T-cell subset that contains the helper cells for antibody responses proliferated when irradiated, fully allogeneic or semi-allogeneic thoracic duct cells were used as stimulators, but the subset containing suppressor T cells did so only in the fully allogeneic system. Detailed studies showed that in the absence of helper cells in the responder population T cells in the stimulator population of helper phenotype were responsible for proliferation of the suppressor T-cell subset observed in fully allogeneic MLRs. Proliferation of the suppressor T-cell subset could be obtained using semi-allogeneic stimulators, provided that the F1 cells were derived from a source containing dendritic cells but it was shown that, as in the case with fully allogeneic stimulators, the helper T cells in the stimulator population were playing an active role. These results demonstrate that proliferation of the suppressor T-cell subset in the rat MLR is dependent on blastogenic activity provided by the helper T-cell subset and suggest that in some situations this blastogenic activity may arise through the recognition, by the helper cells, of environmental antigens presented on dendritic cells. It has been reported that in the human MLR both T-cell subsets proliferate but that only the helper subset does so when antigen-primed cells are stimulated with specific antigen. The present experiments, by emphasizing the activity of helper T cells in the stimulator population in the MLR, cast doubt on the implication that recognition of alloantigens in vitro differs in an essential way from that of soluble antigens.
Fumaric Acid Esters Can Block Pro-Inflammatory Actions of Human CRP and Ameliorate Metabolic Disturbances in Transgenic Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (2014)

Inflammation and oxidative stress have been implicated in the pathogenesis of metabolic disturbances. Esters of fumaric acid, mainly dimethyl fumarate, exhibit immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative effects. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that fumaric acid ester (FAE) treatment of an animal model of inflammation and metabolic syndrome, the spontaneously hypertensive rat transgenically expressing human C-reactive protein (SHR-CRP), will ameliorate inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic disturbances. We studied the effects of FAE treatment by administering Fumaderm, 10 mg/kg body weight for 4 weeks, to male SHR-CRP. Untreated male SHR-CRP rats were used as controls. All rats were fed a high sucrose diet. Compared to untreated controls, rats treated with FAE showed significantly lower levels of endogenous CRP but not transgenic human CRP, and amelioration of inflammation (reduced levels of serum IL6 and TNFα) and oxidative stress (reduced levels of lipoperoxidation products in liver, heart, kidney, and plasma). FAE treatment was also associated with lower visceral fat weight and less ectopic fat accumulation in liver and muscle, greater levels of lipolysis, and greater incorporation of glucose into adipose tissue lipids. Analysis of gene expression profiles in the liver with Affymetrix arrays revealed that FAE treatment was associated with differential expression of genes in pathways that involve the regulation of inflammation and oxidative stress. These findings suggest potentially important anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and metabolic effects of FAE in a model of inflammation and metabolic disturbances induced by human CRP.
JPlag: finding plagiarisms among a set of programs (2000)

JPlag is a system that finds pairs of similar programs among a given set of programs. It has successfully been used in practice to detect plagiarisms among student Java exercise submissions. Support for the languages C, C++ and Scheme is also available. This report presents the design of JPlag, in particular the comparison algorithm, and carefully evaluates JPlag's performance on 12 rather different sets of Java programs. The results indicate that JPlag will find all plagiarisms with only very few exceptions. The execution time is less than one minute for submissions of 100 programs of several hundred lines each.