gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bilateral subthalamic stimulation impairs cognitive-motor performance in Parkinson's disease patients (2008)

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a surgical procedure that has been shown effective in improving the cardinal motor signs of advanced Parkinson's disease, however, declines in cognitive function have been associated with bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS. Despite the fact that most activities of daily living clearly have motor and cognitive components performed simultaneously, postoperative assessments of cognitive and motor function occur, in general, in isolation of one another. The primary aim of this study was to determine the effects of unilateral and bilateral STN DBS on upper extremity motor function and cognitive performance under single- and dual-task conditions in advanced Parkinson's disease patients. Data were collected from eight advanced Parkinson's disease patients between the ages of 48 and 70 years (mean 56.5) who had bilaterally placed STN stimulators. Stimulation parameters for DBS devices were optimized clinically and were stable for at least 6 months prior to study participation. Data were collected while patients were Off anti-parkinsonian medications under three stimulation conditions: Off stimulation, unilateral DBS and bilateral DBS. In each stimulation condition patients performed a cognitive (n-back task) and motor (force tracking) task under single- and dual-task conditions. During dual-task conditions, patients performed the n-back and force-maintenance task simultaneously. Under relatively simple dual-task conditions there were no differences in cognitive or motor performance under unilateral and bilateral stimulation. As dual-task complexity increased, cognitive and motor performance was significantly worse with bilateral compared with unilateral stimulation. In the most complex dual-task condition (i.e. 2-back + force tracking), bilateral stimulation resulted in a level of motor performance that was similar to the Off stimulation condition. Significant declines in cognitive and motor function under modest dual-task conditions with bilateral but not with unilateral STN DBS suggest that unilateral procedures may be an alternative to bilateral DBS for some patients, in particular, those with asymmetric symptomology. From a clinical perspective, these results underscore the need to assess cognitive and motor function simultaneously during DBS programming as these conditions may better reflect the context in which daily activities are performed.
Cloning and functional analysis of a cDNA encoding a novel 139 kDa starch synthase from potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) (1996)

Three isoforms of starch synthase were shown to be present in soluble potato tuber extracts by activity staining after native gel electrophoresis. An antibody directed against a domain conserved in starch synthases was used to clone a cDNA for one of these isoforms by screening a tuber-specific expression library. A partial cDNA of 2.6 kbp was obtained and used to isolate a full-length cDNA of 4167 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence identifies the protein as a novel type of starch synthase from potato with a molecular mass of 139.2 kDa for the immature enzyme including its transit peptide. This novel isoform was designated SS III. An analysis of the expression pattern of the gene indicates that SS III is equally expressed in tubers of different developmental stages as well as in sink and source leaves. In several independent transgenic potato lines, where the expression of SS III was repressed using the antisense approach, the activity of a specific starch synthase isoform was reduced to non-detectable levels as determined through activity staining after native gel electrophoresis. The reduction of this isoform of starch synthase leads to the synthesis of a structurally modified starch in the transgenic plants: there is a drastic change in granule morphology and an increased level of covalently linked phosphate.
Effect of heat on extracted HIV viral infectivity and antibody activity using the filter paper technique of blood sampling (1989)

The diagnostic potential of the standardized filter paper technique at an outpatient clinic was further evaluated for individuals infected with HIV; the inactivation of HIV in dried blood from filter paper was also investigated. Heat treatment at 56 degrees C or 70 degrees C for 1 h did not demonstrably affect antibody activity as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Prolonged treatment up to 18 h reduced the activity to some extent. Drying at room temperature of filter papers which had been soaked with HIV was sufficient to inactivate low, but not high, amounts of infectious virus. After exposure of the filter paper discs to 56 degrees C or 70 degrees C for 1 h, HIV could not be isolated from the extracts. The obvious advantage of blood collection on filter paper for serological studies makes it an alternative to venipuncture, especially when the blood might be contagious for HIV.
Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) for IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS (2016)

This document defines procedures for using Seamless Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (S-BFD) in IPv4, IPv6, and MPLS environments.
N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin inhibits glycolipid biosynthesis but does not affect N-linked oligosaccharide processing. (1994)

We have previously reported that the imino sugar N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (NB-DNJ) inhibits glycolipid biosynthesis, in addition to its known activity as an inhibitor of the N-linked oligosaccharide processing enzyme alpha-glucosidase I. In an attempt to dissociate these two activities and identify an inhibitor which was more selective for the glycolipid biosynthetic pathway, several imino sugars have been N-alkylated and tested for inhibitory activity. The galactose analogue N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ) was found to be a potent inhibitor of glycolipid biosynthesis but in contrast to NB-DNJ had no effect on the maturation of N-linked oligosaccharides or on lysosomal glucocerebrosidase. The effect of increasing N-alkyl chain length on glycolipid inhibition was investigated. Nonalkylated DGJ, the N-methyl and N-ethyl derivatives, were noninhibitory. However, N-propylation resulted in partial inhibition while the N-butyl and N-hexyl derivatives resulted in maximal inhibition. Increasing alkyl chain length also resulted in increased potency of glucosyltransferase inhibition. In an in vitro Gaucher's disease model NB-DGJ was as effective as NB-DNJ in preventing glycolipid storage and may represent a more selective potential therapeutic agent than NB-DNJ for the management of this and other glycosphingolipidoses.
Use of Granular Activated Carbon Columns for Lead Removal (1994)

The use of granular activated carbon (GAC) columns to treat lead wastewaters was investigated. Synthetic wastewaters containing Pb (10 or 50 mg/ L), acetic acid (0.001 N) or EDTA (1:0.1 or 1:1 Pb:EDTA molar ratios) were studied. For lead‐only and lead‐acetic acid experiments significant quantities [70 to 325 bed volumes (BV)] of wastewater were treated prior to breakthrough (Ce=0.03C0); X/M‐values were as high as about 30 mg Pb/g carbon. For EDTA experiments, Ce was always >0.03C0. The amount of lead not removed corresponded to the amount that was complexed by EDTA. Column pH is the critical parameter influencing column performance. The increase in effluent Pb concentration corresponded with the decrease in column pH. GAC columns were successfully regenerated using a 1L(≈8BV)0.1NHNO3 rinse followed by a 1L0.1NNaOH rinse. Column performance was not adversely affected by regeneration. When the regeneration step was used on virgin carbon, a dramatic improvement in column performance was observed and was attributed to the increase in carbon surface pH(pH≈11) and the deposition of OH− in the pore liquid. Possible removal mechanisms are precipitation of lead on the carbon surface, precipitation in the pore liquid, and adsorption (surface complexation).
Reducing blood loss in burn care* (2007)

Critical Care Medicine: February 2007 - Volume 35 - Issue 2 - p 665 doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000255164.13662.15
Estrogen receptor beta in breast cancer. (2002)

Estrogen is essential for normal growth and differentiation in the mammary gland. It also supports growth of approximately 50% of primary breast cancers. For this reason, removal of estrogen or blocking of its action with the anti-estrogen, tamoxifen, is the main treatment for estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha)-positive tumors. In 1996, when oncologists became aware of a second ER, ERbeta, there was some doubt as to whether this receptor would be of importance in breast cancer because the clinical consensus was that responsiveness to tamoxifen is related to the presence of ERalpha in breast cancer. Today we know that ERalpha and ERbeta have distinct cellular distributions, regulate separate sets of genes and can oppose each other's actions on some genes. We also know that ERbeta is widely expressed in both the normal and malignant breast and that there are proliferating cells in the breast which express ERbeta. In this review we summarize what is known about ERbeta in breast cancer and examine the possibility that ERbeta-selective ligands may well represent a useful class of pharmacological tools with a novel target, namely proliferating cells expressing ERbeta.
A Novel Human Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Model in Humanised Mice (2017)

Mouse models have contributed to the bulk of knowledge on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Nevertheless, substantial differences exist between human and mouse immune system. We aimed to establish and characterise a SLE model mediated by human immune system. Injection of pristane into immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune system (humanised mice) recapitulated key SLE features, including: production of human anti-nuclear autoantibodies, lupus nephritis, and pulmonary serositis. There was a reduction in the number of human lymphocytes in peripheral blood, resembling lymphopenia in SLE patients. Concurrently, B cells and T cells were systemically hyperactivated, with a relative expansion of CD27<sup>+</sup> and CD27<sup>-</sup>IgD<sup>-</sup> memory B cells, increased number of plasmablasts/plasma cells, and accumulation of effector memory T cells. There was also an increased production of human pro-inflammatory cytokines, including: IFN-γ, IL-8, IL-18, MCP-1, and IL-6, suggesting their role in SLE pathogenesis. Increased expression of type I IFN signature genes was also found in human hepatocytes. Altogether, we showed an SLE model that was mediated by human immune system, and which recapitulated key clinical and immunological SLE features. The advancements of humanised mice SLE model would provide an in vivo platform to facilitate translational studies and pre-clinical evaluations of human-specific mechanisms and immunotherapies.
Browser-style interfaces to a home automation network (1997)

The design and implementation of a browser-style interface to a home automation network is described. The interface supports browsing and navigation of network devices and context structures and the user can interact with individual devices on the network and access and control content and object structures within these devices. The interface can be used to access a local home automation network from a standard desktop PC, or from a TV/set-top box system with built-in interface hardware. Furthermore, as the interface is implemented using conventional Internet and home network technology it can provide access and control services to the home network from any computer with an Internet connection.
Recent technical strategies to identify diagnostic biomarkers for ovarian cancer (2007)

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among North American women. Regrettably, there is currently no reliable circulating biomarker that can detect ovarian cancer in its early stages. The CA125 biomarker is very useful for treatment response monitoring, but its sensitivity is very low for early detection. Thus, there is an urgent need for the identification of new circulating biomarkers/panel of biomarkers that could be used to diagnose ovarian cancer before it becomes clinically detectable and advanced. Unfortunately, the strategies used in the past years to identify such biomarkers have not led to any outstanding candidate. This review summarizes the different approaches used in the last decade and suggests which strategies should be adopted in the near future in order to lead to the successful identification of new ovarian cancer diagnostic biomarkers.
Survey of model-based failure detection and isolation in complex plants (1988)

Techniques to detect and isolate failures in complex technological systems, such as sensor biases, actuator malfunctions, leaks, and equipment deterioration are surveyed. The methods are based on analytical redundancy afforded by a mathematical model of the system. The main components of such techniques are residual generation using the model, signature generation by statistical testing, and signature analysis. Model-structural conditions for failure isolation are introduced together with transformation methods to implement them. Sensitivity and robustness considerations are presented, and a design framework based on model redundancy is proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Interleukin-11 Induces Complex Formation of Grb2, Fyn, and JAK2 in 3T3L1 Cells (1995)

Previous studies suggested that interleukin-11 (IL-11) induces the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in mouse 3T3L1 cells. However, the mechanisms by which IL-11 activates MAPK remain elusive. Our present results show that IL-11 promotes the formation of the active GTP-bound form of Ras, suggesting that IL-11 actions may be transduced in part through the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. By immunoblotting and immunoprecipitation, we further demonstrate the association of tyrosine phosphoproteins with Grb2, an adaptor protein serving as a key intermediate for Ras activation. These phosphotyrosine-containing proteins have been subsequently identified to be JAK2, Fyn, and Syp. JAK2 and Fyn are transiently associated with Grb2 upon stimulation with IL-11, suggesting that JAK2 and Fyn may be involved in transducing signals from the IL-11 receptor-glycoprotein 130 to the Ras system through Grb2. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-11-induced interactions of JAK2, Fyn, and Grb2 may not only provide a novel mechanism for the activation of the Ras/MAPK system but also indicate cross-talk among diverse signaling pathways.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Computed Tomographic Colonography for the Detection of Advanced Neoplasia in Individuals at Increased Risk of Colorectal Cancer (2009)

In a group of persons at increased risk for CRC, CT colonography compared with colonoscopy resulted in a negative predictive value of 96.3% overall. When limited to FOBT-positive persons, the negative predictive value was 84.9%.
Effects of Oral Branched‐Chain Amino Acids on Hepatic Encephalopathy and Outcome in Patients With Liver Cirrhosis (2013)

Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) constituting of valine, leucine, and isoleucine act as both substrates of proteins and as key regulators for various nutrient metabolisms. Patients with liver cirrhosis frequently lack sufficient BCAAs and therefore suffer from various metabolic disorders. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a severe metabolic disorder with neurologic manifestations such as flapping tremors and coma in patients with liver cirrhosis. In addition, a mild form of HE known as minimal HE (MHE) is an important social issue because it occurs in up to 80% of patients with chronic liver disease and affects prognosis and activities of daily living, possibly resulting in falls and motor vehicle accidents. Although HE/MHE can be caused by various pathological conditions, including in an accumulation of mercaptans, short-chain fatty acids, and alterations in the gut flora, hyperammonemia has also been implicated in an important pathogenesis of HE/MHE. Besides urea cycle of liver, ammonia can be detoxified in the skeletal muscles by the amidation process for glutamine synthesis using BCAAs. Thus, BCAA supplementation may enhance detoxification of ammonia in skeletal muscle and may be a possible therapeutic strategy for HE/MHE. In this review, we summarize the clinical impacts of BCAA supplementation on HE/MHE and discuss possible mechanisms for a BCAA-induced improvement of HE/MHE. Furthermore, we present some modifications of oral BCAA therapy for improvement of efficacy in HE treatment. We also briefly describe pleiotropic benefits of BCAAs on life-threatening events and overall prognosis in patients with liver cirrhosis.
A novel cyclic analog of neuropeptide Y specific for the Y2 receptor (1992)

The low-molecular-mass, cyclic analog of neuropeptide Y, [Ahx5-24, gamma-Glu2-epsilon-Lys30] NPY (YESK-Ahx-RHYINKITRQRY; Ahx, 6-aminohexanoic acid; NPY, neuropeptide Y), was synthesized and investigated for receptor binding, inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation, inhibition of electrically stimulated rat vas deferens contractions and ability to increase blood pressure. Like the linear peptide [Ahx5-24] NPY (YPSK-Ahx-RHYINLITRQRY), the more rigid, cyclic analog showed good correlation between receptor binding to rabbit kidney membranes and biological activity in the vas deferens assay. Binding of this peptide to a new Y2-receptor-expressing cell line was slightly reduced, compared to the linear peptide [Ahx5-24] NPY, however inhibition of cAMP accumulation was even more efficient. Unlike the linear peptide [Ahx5-24] NPY, the cyclic analog did not induce a blood pressure increase in rats. Reduced binding to Y1 receptor-expressing SK-N-MC cells, as well as the loss of capability of signal transduction, suggest that only Y2-mediated activity is preserved after cyclization. The selectivity of the cyclic compound for Y2 subtypes of NPY receptors with respect to inhibition of cAMP accumulation is more than fortyfold increased, as compared to the linear NPY-(13-36) peptide, which has been used to determine Y2 selectivity so far.
microRNAs regulate human embryonic stem cell division (2009)

microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate numerous physiological processes such as cell division and differentiation in many tissue types including stem cells. To probe the role that miRNAs play in regulating processes relevant to embryonic stem cell biology, we used RNA interference to silence DICER and DROSHA, the two main miRNA processing enzymes. Consistent with a role for miRNAs in maintaining normal stem cell division and renewal, we found that perturbation of miRNA pathway function in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) attenuates cell proliferation. Normal cell growth can be partially restored by introduction of the mature miRNAs miR-195 and miR-372. These miRNAs regulate two tumor suppressor genes, respectively: WEE1, which encodes a negative G2/M kinase modulator of the CycB/CDK complex and CDKN1A, which encodes p21, a CycE/CDK cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor that regulates the G1/S transition. We show that in wild-type hESCs, WEE 1 levels control the rate of hESC division, whereas p21 levels must be maintained at a low level for hESC division to proceed. These data support a model for hESC cell cycle control in which miRNAs regulate negative cell cycle modulators at two phases of the cell cycle to ensure proper replenishment of the stem cell population.
Inhibition of metal corrosion by bacteria (1991)

Corrosion inhibition of steel (ASTM A619) by two marine isolates, Pseudomonas sp.S9 and Serratia marces‐cens EF190, was investigated by weight loss measurements of metal coupons placed in static batch cultures. Artificial seawater with (VNSS) and without (NSS) nutrients was used. The effects of bulk‐ and surface localised cells were compared. Adhesion of cells to the metal surface was quantified microscopically. Corrosion was inhibited in suspensions of high cell density (109.ml−1). The protective effect remained when the metal coupons were separated from the cells by a dialysis membrane. Also, a monolayer of cells on the metal surface lowered the corrosion if immersed in a suspension of sterile filtered spent NSS, but not in fresh sterile NSS. When the metal in fresh sterile NSS was coated with stearic acid however, the attached cells exerted a limited protection. Corrosion of metal coupons occurred in cell‐free suspensions of both VNSS and NSS and in low cell‐density (106.ml−1). Glutaraldehyde‐fixed cells (109.ml−1) did not inhibit corrosion. Protection is suggested to be caused by cellular metabolic activity, including a decrease of the oxygen content. The attached cells may also form a protective film which may lower the diffusion or corrosion products from the surface.
High-Spectral-Efficiency Optical Modulation Formats (2012)

As 100-Gb/s coherent systems based on polarization- division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (PDM-QPSK), with aggregate wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) capacities close to 10 Tb/s, are getting widely deployed, the use of high-spectral-efficiency quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to increase both per-channel interface rates and aggregate WDM capacities is the next evolutionary step. In this paper we review high-spectral-efficiency optical modulation formats for use in digital coherent systems. We look at fundamental as well as at technological scaling trends and highlight important trade-offs pertaining to the design and performance of coherent higher-order QAM transponders.
Obesity: Leptin Receptor Weighs In (1996)

The biggest news in obesity research over the past year has been “the fat gene”: the gene for leptin, a protein that controls body weight in mice. And 1996 is starting off with news that may be just as big. Last week, a research team reported they have cloned DNA that encodes two related receptors that bind the leptin protein in humans and mice, and which may mediate leptin's effects in the body.
Pediatric Feeding and Swallowing Disorders: State of Health, Population Trends, and Application of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (2007)

Over the past two decades, the definition of the STATE OF HEALTH has been expanded from a disease-based condition to one that includes the impact of the disease on an individual's ability to function. The World Health Organization identified the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) as a potential framework for coding functional status and establishing a common, standardized language to describe and study health and health-related domains. The ICF could have significant benefits for speech-language pathologists working with children with feeding and swallowing problems. In this article, the authors describe the changes in the definition of health and justification for the ICF, review population trends relevant to pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders, and summarize potential applications of the ICF.
Targeted disruption of the mouse Stat3 gene leads to early embryonic lethality (1997)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins have been shown to mediate biological actions in response to cytokines. Stat3, a member of the STAT family, is activated by a variety of cytokines, including the interleukin 6 family of cytokines, leptin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and epidermal growth factor. To address the biological function of Stat3, we generated mice deficient in Stat3 by gene targeting. No viable Stat3-deficient mice could be obtained from heterozygote intercross. Analysis of embryos at several gestation times revealed that Stat3-deficient embryos showed a rapid degeneration between embryonic days 6.5 and 7.5, although they developed into the egg cylinder stage until embryonic day 6.0. These results demonstrate that Stat3 is essential for the early development of mouse embryos.