gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion implantation in semiconductors—Part I: Range distribution theory and experiments (1968)

Ion implantation in semiconductors provides a doping technique with several potential advantages over more conventional doping methods. Among the most important of these are: 1) the ability to introduce into a variety of substrates precise amounts of nearly any impurity element desired; 2) the ability to control doping profiles in three dimensions by modulating the energy, current, and position of the ion beam; and 3) the possibility of avoiding certain undesirable effects that accompany the high-temperature diffusion process. Ion implantation can also be used in conjunction with other fabrication techniques to produce device structures that no one process can produce simply by itself. Current research in the field is directed toward several problems that must be solved before the full impact of ion implantation on semiconductor technology can be soundly predicted. In particular, it is necessary to be able to predict the distribution profiles of the implanted ions accurately, to know which crystalline sites the implanted ions occupy, to know the nature of the damage centers that are introduced by the implantation process, and to determine the extent to which these defects can he removed by appropriate annealing procedures. Theoretical and experimental work pertinent to the problem of predicting impurity distribution profiles in ion-implanted material are reviewed here. A review of current research on the other problems listed will be given in Part II, together with the characteristics of a number of interesting semiconductor devices that have already been fabricated by ion implantation.
Realism vs. optimality: a systems-engineered wide area network design system (2002)

Research is described in modeling, analysis and design of large scale, wide area communications networks. The thrust of the work has been directed towards large scale packet-switched data communications networks employing the US Department of Defense (DoD) suite of protocols. While there are a number of peculiarities (e.g., objectives and constraints on designs) specific to DoD technology networks which may not be found in all non-DoD environments, the DoD environment embodies many of the complicating aspects of a variety of data communications technologies: uncertain traffic; dynamic, adaptive routing; multiple, conflicting, and noncommensurate objectives; a broad spectrum of network sizes and purposes; numerous network reliability and survivability concerns; and internetworking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Retrograde, Transneuronal Spread of Pseudorabies Virus in Defined Neuronal Circuitry of the Rat Brain Is Facilitated by gE Mutations That Reduce Virulence (1999)

The pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE gene encodes a multifunctional membrane protein found in infected cell membranes and in the virion envelope. Deletion of the gE gene results in marked attenuation of the virus in almost every animal species tested that is permissive for PRV. A common inference is that gE mutants are less virulent because they have reduced ability to spread from cell to cell; e.g., gE mutants infect fewer cells and, accordingly, animals live longer. In this report, we demonstrate that this inference does not hold in a rat experimental model for virus invasion of the brain. We find that animals infected with gE mutants live longer despite extensive retrograde, transneuronal spread of virus in the rat brain. In this model of brain infection, virus is injected into the stomach musculature and virions spread to the brain in long axons of brain stem neurons that give rise to the tenth cranial nerve (the vagus). The infection then spreads from neuron to neuron in well-defined, and physically separated, areas of the brain involved in autonomic regulation of the viscera. We examined the progression of infection of five PRV strains in this circuitry: the wild-type PRV-Becker strain, the attenuated PRV-Bartha vaccine strain, and three gE mutants isogenic with the PRV-Becker strain. By 60 to 67 h after infection, all PRV-Becker-infected animals were dead. Analysis of Becker-infected rats killed prior to virus-induced death demonstrated that the virus had established an infection only in the primary vagal neurons connected directly to the stomach and synaptically linked neurons in the immediate vicinity of the caudal brain stem. There was little spread to other neurons in the vagus circuitry. In contrast, rats infected with PRV-Bartha or PRV-Becker gE mutants survived to at least 96 h and exhibited few overt signs of disease. Despite this long survival and the lack of symptoms, brains of animals sacrificed at this time revealed extensive transsynaptic infection not only of the brain stem but also of areas of the forebrain synaptically linked to neurons in the brain stem. This finding provides evidence that the gE protein plays a role in promoting symptoms of infection and death in animals that is independent of neuron-to-neuron spread during brain infection. When this early virulence function is not active, animals live longer, resulting in more extensive spread of virus in the brain.
Imaging of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase activity in living neural cells using a novel fluorescent substrate (1997)

In order to visualize the activity of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in living cells, we have constructed a new fluorescence PKA substrate by conjugating a fluorescence probe to a partial amino acid sequence of PKA regulatory domain II which contains a specific autophosphorylation site. The fluorescent peptide was cell-permeable and became phosphorylated when the intracellular cAMP concentration was increased, resulting in a decrease in its fluorescence intensity. In NG108-15 cells, PKA activity was localized to the cytosol around the nucleus. In cultured hippocampal neurons, addition of L-glutamate caused PKA activation associated with increase of the cellular cAMP.
Differential Protein Interactions of NMDA Receptor NR2 Subunits (2011)

NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDAR) regulate neurotransmission and excitotoxicity. NMDAR signaling is believed to be dependent on NR2 subunit (A-D) composition and interactions with intracellular proteins. To determine the role of individual NR2 subunits in NMDAR signaling, I examined the biochemical interactions and colocalization of NR2A and NR2B NMDAR subunits with PSD-95 and CaMKII. Immunofluorescent colocalization revealed that by perturbing PSD-95 PDZ interactions using a targeted peptide (TAT-NR2B9c) increased association of PSD-95 with NR2A and CaMKII with NR2B; furthermore, decreases in association of CaMKII with NR2A and PSD-95 with NR2B were observed. The effects of TAT-NR2B9c were dependent upon NMDAR stimulation with 10μM NMDA and were not observed in untreated cells or at toxic doses of NMDA (40 μM). Thus, disrupting PSD-95 PDZ interactions produced activity-dependent differences in the co-localization of NR2A and NR2B with key signaling proteins, providing evidence that individual NR2 subunits may confer differential signaling to NMDARs.
Expression cloning of a rat liver Na(+)-independent organic anion transporter. (1994)

Using expression cloning in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we have isolated a cDNA encoding a rat liver organic anion-transporting polypeptide (oatp). The cloned oatp mediated Na(+)-independent uptake of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) which was Cl(-)-dependent in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at low BSP concentrations (e.g., 2 microM). Addition of increasing amounts of BSA had no effects on the maximal velocity of initial BSP uptake, but it increased the Km value from 1.5 microM (no BSA) to 24 microM (BSA/BSP molar ratio, 3.7) and 35 microM (BSA/BSP ratio, 18.4). In addition to BSP, the cloned oatp also mediated Na(+)-independent uptake of conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids. Sequence analysis of the cDNA revealed an open reading frame of 2010 nucleotides coding for a protein of 670 amino acids (calculated molecular mass, 74 kDa) with four possible N-linked glycosylation sites and 10 putative transmembrane domains. Translation experiments in vitro indicated that the transporter was indeed glycosylated and that its polypeptide backbone had an apparent molecular mass of 59 kDa. Northern blot analysis with the cloned probe revealed crossreactivity with several mRNA species from rat liver, kidney, brain, lung, skeletal muscle, and proximal colon as well as from liver tissues of mouse and rabbit, but not of skate (Raja erinacea) and human.
A 1.5 Gb/s link interface chipset for computer data transmission (1991)

The authors designed a set of four ICs to provide encoding, multiplexing, clock extraction/demultiplexing, and decoding for gigabit-rate serial data transmission. These chips form a high bandwidth data link for point-to-point communication. A new line code is implemented that provides DC balance, efficient encoding, framing, and simple clock extraction. Embedded in the code is a fixed transition used by the phase/frequency locked loop (PLL) for simple clock extraction and frame synchronization. Unlike other links, this PLL requires no trimming for data retiming, either in production or later. An on-chip voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with a tuning range of 1.1-1.6 GHz is available for use with the PLL. With this chip set the authors demonstrated a transmission rate of 16 bits in parallel at 75 MHz or, with encoding overhead, a serial rate of 1.5 Gb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The neu (c-erbB-2) oncogene. (1989)

The neu gene was first identified in rat tumors that had been induced by the carcinogen ethyl nitrosourea. The human homolog of neu, usually designated c-erbB-2, is located on chromosome 17, q21. It specifies a transmembrane receptor-like phosphoglycoprotein that is closely related to the EGFr (c-erbB-1). The ligand for c-erbB-2 is not known. A significant proportion of adenocarcinomas (especially of the breast, colon, and pancreas) have amplification and/or overexpression of c-erbB-2. The unique qualities associated with the subset of tumors that overexpress c-erbB-2 have not yet been firmly identified.
The effects of bilateral lesions of the amygdala on dyadic social interactions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). (2001)

The role of the amygdala in dyadic social interactions of adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was assessed after bilateral ibotenic acid lesions. Social, nonsocial, and spatial behaviors of amygdalectomized and control monkeys were assessed in 3 dyadic experiments: constrained, unconstrained, and round robin. Lesions produced extensive bilateral damage to the amygdala. Across all experiments, the amygdalectomized monkeys demonstrated increased social affiliation, decreased anxiety, and increased confidence compared with control monkeys, particularly during early encounters. Normal subjects also demonstrated increased social affiliation toward the amygdalectomized subjects. These results indicate that amygdala lesions in adult monkeys lead to a decrease in the species-normal reluctance to immediately engage a novel conspecific in social behavior. The altered behavior of the amygdalectomized monkeys may have induced the increased social interactions from their normal companions. This is contrary to the idea that amygdalectomy produces a decrease in social interaction and increased aggression from conspecifics.
Gene expression signatures of human cell and tissue longevity (2016)

Different cell types within the body exhibit substantial variation in the average time they live, ranging from days to the lifetime of the organism. The underlying mechanisms governing the diverse lifespan of different cell types are not well understood. To examine gene expression strategies that support the lifespan of different cell types within the human body, we obtained publicly available RNA-seq data sets and interrogated transcriptomes of 21 somatic cell types and tissues with reported cellular turnover, a <i>bona fide</i> estimate of lifespan, ranging from 2 days (monocytes) to a lifetime (neurons). Exceptionally long-lived neurons presented a gene expression profile of reduced protein metabolism, consistent with neuronal survival and similar to expression patterns induced by longevity interventions such as dietary restriction. Across different cell lineages, we identified a gene expression signature of human cell and tissue turnover. In particular, turnover showed a negative correlation with the energetically costly cell cycle and factors supporting genome stability, concomitant risk factors for aging-associated pathologies. In addition, the expression of p53 was negatively correlated with cellular turnover, suggesting that low p53 activity supports the longevity of post-mitotic cells with inherently low risk of developing cancer. Our results demonstrate the utility of comparative approaches in unveiling gene expression differences among cell lineages with diverse cell turnover within the same organism, providing insights into mechanisms that could regulate cell longevity.
Interleukin 15 Is Required for Proliferative Renewal of Virus-specific Memory CD8 T Cells (2002)

The generation and efficient maintenance of antigen-specific memory T cells is essential for long-lasting immunological protection. In this study, we examined the role of interleukin (IL)-15 in the generation and maintenance of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells using mice deficient in either IL-15 or the IL-15 receptor alpha chain. Both cytokine- and receptor-deficient mice made potent primary CD8 T cell responses to infection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), effectively cleared the virus and generated a pool of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells that were phenotypically and functionally similar to memory CD8 T cells present in IL-15(+/+) mice. However, longitudinal analysis revealed a slow attrition of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in the absence of IL-15 signals. This loss of CD8 T cells was due to a severe defect in the proliferative renewal of antigen-specific memory CD8 T cells in IL-15(-/-) mice. Taken together, these results show that IL-15 is not essential for the generation of memory CD8 T cells, but is required for homeostatic proliferation to maintain populations of memory cells over long periods of time.
Targeting of acute myeloid leukaemia by cytokine‐induced killer cells redirected with a novel CD123‐specific chimeric antigen receptor (2013)

Current therapeutic regimens for acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) are still associated with high rates of relapse. Immunotherapy with T-cells genetically modified to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) represents an innovative approach. Here we investigated the targeting of the interleukin three receptor alpha (IL3RA; CD123) molecule, which is overexpressed on AML bulk population, CD34(+) leukaemia progenitors, and leukaemia stem cells (LSC) compared to normal haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs), and whose overexpression is associated with poor prognosis. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells were transduced with SFG-retroviral-vector encoding an anti-CD123 CAR. Transduced cells were able to strongly kill CD123(+) cell lines, as well as primary AML blasts. Interestingly, secondary colony experiments demonstrated that anti-CD123.CAR preserved in vitro HSPCs, in contrast to a previously generated anti-CD33.CAR, while keeping an identical cytotoxicity profile towards AML. Furthermore, limited killing of normal monocytes and CD123-low-expressing endothelial cells was noted, thus indicating a low toxicity profile of the anti-CD123.CAR. Taken together, our results indicate that CD123-specific CARs strongly enhance anti-AML CIK functions, while sparing HSPCs and normal low-expressing antigen cells, paving the way to develop novel immunotherapy approaches for AML treatment.
Monitoring urine oxygen tension during acute change in cardiac output in dogs (1995)

To evaluate whether renal blood flow (RBF) can be monitored during acute change in cardiac index, ureter urine oxygen tension (PuO2) and bladder urine oxygen tension (PbO2) were measured in six mongrel dogs. PuO2, cardiac index, and RBF increased after dobutamine infusion and decreased after propranolol infusion. PuO2 had an excellent correlation with RBF (r = 0.94) and a fair correlation with cardiac index (r = 0.50) and mean blood pressure (r = 0.56); RBF had a fair correlation with mean blood pressure (r = 0.52, P < 0.05) but was not related to cardiac index. With multiple-regression analysis, PuO2 was found to be the significant factor related to RBF. PbO2 had a good correlation with PuO2 (r = 0.94) at control levels. Furthermore, when two dogs were added to evaluate relationships among PbO2, PuO2, and RBF, PbO2 had an excellent correlation with PuO2 (r = 0.92) and RBF (r = 0.91). These data indicate that PuO2 is a more sensitive predictor of RBF than cardiac index and mean blood pressure and that PbO2 can be a noninvasive indicator reflecting RBF during acute circulatory change in dogs.
Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology (1993)

Reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM), namely superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals and hydrogen peroxide, are produced as a consequence of the physiological metabolic reactions and functioning of the central nervous system. ROM have also been implicated in the aetiopathogenic processes of a number of pathological conditions of the brain. While primarily indirect, evidence for this view is accumulating, and credence for the participation of free radical oxidative interactions in promoting tissue injury in such conditions as brain trauma, ischaemia, and toxicity, and in neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's dementia, multiple sclerosis, and lipofuscinosis, is growing. Concomitant with this new understanding of the injurious role of free radical oxidants in neural pathology, is the increasing appreciation for the need for both fundamental and clinical research into the development of the potential preventative and therapeutic benefits that are now being foreseen for a variety of antioxidant nutritional and pharmacological interventions.
Flat-response spin-exchange relaxation free atomic magnetometer under negative feedback (2014)

We demonstrate that the use of negative feedback extends the detection bandwidth of an atomic magnetometer in a spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) regime. A flat-frequency response from zero to 190 Hz was achieved, which is nearly a three-fold enhancement while maintaining sensitivity, 3 fT/Hz1/2 at 100 Hz. With the extension of the bandwidth, the linear correlation between measured signals and a magne-tocardiographic field synthesized for comparison was increased from 0.21 to 0.74. This result supports the feasibility of measuring weak biomagnetic signals containing multiple frequency components using a SERF atomic magnetometer under negative feedback.
Synthesis of Novel Indeno[1,2-c]isoquinoline Derivatives (2010)

Indeno[1,2-c]isochromene was prepared using the readily obtainable starting materials via the condensation of dimethyl homophthalate with 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde in the presence of sodium methoxide in absolute methanol followed by saponification and cyclization with concentrated sulfuric acid at 0°C. The proclivity of cyclized product for undergoing nucleophilic addition has been tested by reaction with nitrogen nucleophiles. Structural assignments are based on spectroscopic data (infrared, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectra) and confirmed by the single-crystal x-ray molecular structure (2 and 3).
Assessment scales in dementia (2012)

Dementia involves progressive and often remorseless decline in cognition, function, behaviour and care needs. Assessment in dementia relies on collateral as well as patient-derived information. Many assessment scales have been developed over decades for use in dementia research and care. These scales are used to reduce uncertainty in decision making, for example in screening for cognitive impairment, making diagnoses of dementia and monitoring change. Ideal scales used in dementia should demonstrate face validity and concurrent validity against gold standard assessments, should be reliable, practical, and should rely on objective rather than subjective information. Assessment scales in the domains of cognition, function, behaviour, quality of life, depression in dementia, carer burden and overall dementia severity are reviewed in this article. The practical use of these scales in clinical practice and in research is discussed.
The Effect of Growth Conditions on Respiratory Activity and Growth Efficiency in Facultative Anaerobes Grown in Chemostat Culture (1971)

SUMMARY: The effects of temperature, pH, dilution rate and oxygen tension on the yield coefficient and respiration rate of Klebsiella aerogenes and Escherichia coli grown in continuous culture were studied. Reduced cell yields and increased oxygen uptake rates were obtained at low oxygen tension (2 to 5 mmHg) without any increase in the concentration of extracellular organic carbon. These effects and changes in the respiration rate with changes in the dilution rate are discussed in relation to the ‘energy efficiency’ of the cells.
Urinary Cannabinoid Detection Times after Controlled Oral Administration of Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol to Humans (2003)

The use of cannabinoid-containing foodstuffs and cannabinoid-based therapeutics, and continued abuse of oral cannabis require scientific data for accurate interpretation of cannabinoid tests and for making reliable administrative drug-testing policy. At the federally mandated cannabinoid cutoffs, it is possible but unlikely for a urine specimen to test positive after ingestion of manufacturer-recommended doses of low-THC hemp oils. Urine tests have a high likelihood of being positive after Marinol therapy. The Emit II and DRI assays had adequate sensitivity and specificity, but the CEDIA assay failed to detect many true-positive specimens.
Klebsiella pneumoniaeLipopolysaccharide O Typing: Revision of Prototype Strains and O-Group Distribution among Clinical Isolates from Different Sources and Countries (1999)

We have previously described an inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for the O typing of O1 lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella pneumoniae which overcomes the technical problems and limitations of the classical O-typing method. In this study, we have extended the method to all of the currently recognized O types. The method was validated by studying the prototype strains that have defined the O groups by the classical tube agglutinatination O-typing method. Based on these results, we confirmed the O types of 60 of 64 typeable strains, and we propose a revised O-antigenic scheme, with minor but necessary changes, consisting of serogroups or serotypes O1, O2, O2ac, O3, O4, O5, O7, O8, and O12. Application of this typing method to 638 K. pneumoniae clinical isolates from Denmark, Spain, and the United States from different sources (blood, urine, and others) showed that up to 80% of these isolates belong to serotypes or serogroups O1, O2, O3, and O5, independently of the source of isolation, and that a major group of nontypeable isolates, representing about 17% of the total, consists of half O+ and half O- strains. Differences were observed, however, in the prevalence of the lipopolysaccharide O types or groups, depending on the country and isolation source.