gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiretroviral therapy in 1999 for antiretroviral-naive individuals with HIV infection. (1999)

The choice of initial antiretroviral regimen for treating people infected with HIV is crucial to successful long-term control of virus replication. Potent antiretroviral therapy substantially suppresses viral replication as measured by plasma HIV RNA levels to below limits of detection: the current standard of care is usually a combination of at least three drugs and frequently includes a protease inhibitor, or alternatively a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (nnRTI). Patients who have low CD4+ cell counts (< or = 200 CD4+ cells/mm3) or high plasma HIV RNA levels (> or = 100,000 copies/ml) may not attain maximal suppression of HIV replication when treated with current regimens and may require more aggressive therapy. In contrast, patients with relatively normal CD4+ cell counts and low to non-measurable levels of plasma HIV RNA over prolonged periods (i.e., slow or non-progressors) may not require immediate antiretroviral therapy. These individuals should reconsider treatment when either the CD4+ cell count declines or the HIV RNA level increases. Early and potent antiretroviral therapy should provide more durable virological and clinical benefits for many patients, especially if they receive sufficient counselling and support to aid adherence to the treatment regimen. The optimum time to initiate antiretroviral therapy is not well established, but to maximise the recovery of the immune system and the virological and clinical benefits, initiation of therapy is generally recommended for individuals who have symptoms or those with plasma HIV RNA levels > 5000-10,000 copies/ml, or CD4+ cell counts < 500 cells/mm3. The current choice of initial antiretroviral regimens includes two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nRTI) with a potent, well-tolerated HIV-1 protease inhibitor or nnRTI. Recent short-term activity data (24-week comparative clinical trial data) indicate that regimens combining three nRTI, including abacavir, could also be considered. Other emerging combination regimens for consideration include two HIV-1 protease inhibitors with one or two nRTI, or a combination of drugs from all current categories (e.g., nRTI with a nnRTI and HIV-1 protease inhibitor). The goal of antiretroviral therapy is to maximise suppression of HIV replication and thereby prevent or delay viral resistance, restore immunological function and improve clinical outcome. Since evolution of the virus towards resistance can occur with plasma HIV RNA levels between 50 and 500 copies/ml, current standards for best suppression of HIV replication have shifted to declines in plasma HIV RNA to < 50 copies/ml. In addition, non-adherence to any regimen is associated with the greatest risk for virological failure. Therefore, both the decision to initiate therapy and the choice of initial therapy should be carefully weighted and balanced with the long-term implications of antiretroviral therapy.
Inhibition of Hedgehog Signaling Enhances Delivery of Chemotherapy in a Mouse Model of Pancreatic Cancer (2009)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is among the most lethal human cancers in part because it is insensitive to many chemotherapeutic drugs. Studying a mouse model of PDA that is refractory to the clinically used drug gemcitabine, we found that the tumors in this model were poorly perfused and poorly vascularized, properties that are shared with human PDA. We tested whether the delivery and efficacy of gemcitabine in the mice could be improved by coadministration of IPI-926, a drug that depletes tumor-associated stromal tissue by inhibition of the Hedgehog cellular signaling pathway. The combination therapy produced a transient increase in intratumoral vascular density and intratumoral concentration of gemcitabine, leading to transient stabilization of disease. Thus, inefficient drug delivery may be an important contributor to chemoresistance in pancreatic cancer.
Allogeneic Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor–Secreting Tumor Immunotherapy Alone or in Sequence with Cyclophosphamide for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: A Pilot Study of Safety, Feasibility, and Immune Activation (2008)

Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting pancreatic cancer cell lines CG8020/CG2505 alone or in sequence with cyclophosphamide showed minimal treatment-related toxicity in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Also, mesothelin-specific T-cell responses were detected/enhanced in some patients treated with CG8020/CG2505 immunotherapy. In addition, cyclophosphamide-modulated immunotherapy resulted in median survival in a gemcitabine-resistant population similar to chemotherapy alone. These findings support additional investigation of cyclophosphamide with CG8020/CG2505 immunotherapy in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer.
Growth of Axiomatic Design through Industrial Practice (1996)

Abstract— This paper discusses the advances of axiomatic design, both as a design approach in industry andas a research field. It is demonstrated that the growth is based on industrial practice and a vision of designtheory. The information presented in this paper is based on experience from implementation of axiomaticdesign in industry in Asia, the USA, and Europe. Specifically, this paper presents strategic implications ofimplementing a new design method within a company, two generic implementation approaches, risks andbenefits of each approach based on actual implementation cases, and some examples of products developed byindustry by using axiomatic design. The paper also points out the importance of continued teaching andresearch in the area of axiomatic design. It outlines a typical course for industry given at MIT and presentsissues for future research.Keywords: design theory, axioms, industrial application, education and training, research1. IntroductionThis paper shows how industrial practice is contributing tothe advancement of design theory. Axiomatic design theoryprovides a valuable framework for guiding designers throughthe design process to achieve positive results in terms of thefinal design object. Design theory
Monoclonal antibody against the N-terminal end of human plasma fibronectin (1983)

Purified human plasma fibronectin was digested with cathepsin G and the degradation products were tested for reactivity towards a monoclonal antibody. In an immunoblotting assay, after sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the digestion products, the 85 000-Mr and 72 000-Mr gelatin- and heparin-binding fragments as well as the N-terminal 30 000-Mr heparin-binding fragment reacted with the antibody, whereas the 64 000-Mr gelatin- and heparin-binding fragment did not. In enzyme immunoassay the antibody reacted with intact fibronectin and the 30 000-Mr fragment but not with a 40 000-Mr gelatin-binding fragment. The alignment of the binding domains in these fragments and in the intact molecule [Vartio (1982) Eur. J. Biochem. 123, 223-233] localizes the antigenic determinant to the 21 000 Da N-terminal Staphylococcus aureus-binding region of fibronectin.
Inactivation of the CDKN2/p16/MTS1 gene is frequently associated with aberrant DNA methylation in all common human cancers. (1995)

The tumor suppressor gene CDKN2/p16/MTS1, located on chromosome 9p21, is frequently inactivated in many human cancers through homozygous deletion. Recently, we have reported another pathway of inactivation that involves loss of transcription associated with de novo methylation of a 5' CpG island of CDKN2/p16 in lung cancers, gliomas, and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. We now show that this aberrant CpG island methylation also occurs frequently in cell lines of breast cancer (33%), prostate cancer (60%), renal cancer (23%), and colon cancer (92%) and is associated with loss of transcription. Primary tumors of the breast (31%) and colon (40%) also displayed de novo methylation of this CpG island. This alteration of p16 in colon cancer was particularly striking, since inactivation does not occur through homozygous deletion in this tumor type. Our data show that in tumors, de novo methylation of the 5' CpG island is a frequent mode of inactivation of CDKN2/p16 and also firmly demonstrate that CDKN2/p16 is one of the most frequently altered genes in human neoplasia.
Social Networks in Peer-to-Peer Systems (2005)

The Gnutella protocol requires peers to broadcast messages to their neighbours when they search files. The message passing generates a lot of traffic in the network, which degrades the quality of service. We propose using social networks to optimize the speed of search and to improve the quality of service in a Gnutella based peer-to-peer environment. Once peers generate their "friends lists", they use these lists to semantically route queries in the network. This helps to reduce the search time and to decrease the network traffic by minimizing the number of messages circulating in the system as compared to standard Gnutella. We demonstrate by simulating such an environment with the JADE multi-agent system platform that by learning other peers' interests, building and exploiting their social networks (friends lists) to route queries semantically, peers can get more relevant resources faster and with less traffic generated, i.e. that the performance of the Gnutella system can be improved.
Data collection and SCADA over GEO-MSS satellites using Spread SCMA (2009)

With the deployment of high EIRP and high G/T L-and/ or S-band geo-synchronous mobile satellites such as TerreStar, ICO, and SkyTerra, low power and long battery-life user terminals (UTs) can be employed to provide data collection and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) services. These services are typically of low data rate, low duty factor, and geographically dispersed, using unattended and battery operated UTs, which must be low cost and have long battery life. This paper presents a unique spread scrambled coded multiple access (SSCMA) scheme to achieve the low-cost and long battery-life objectives. This scheme employs low-rate forward error correction (FEC) coding and spectral spreading to achieve a power efficiency better than CDMA over a given BW without requiring complicated power control. System design, UT characteristics, and transmission performance will be presented.
The preparation of ammonium hydroxide for laboratory use (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe preparation of ammonium hydroxide for laboratory useKenneth A. Kobe and Ted S. Markov Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1941, 18, 1, 29Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1941Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 January 1941Published inissue 1 January 1941https://doi.org/10.1021/ed018p29RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views3884Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A CRISPR/Cas9 Toolbox for Multiplexed Plant Genome Editing and Transcriptional Regulation (2015)

The relative ease, speed, and biological scope of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated Protein9 (Cas9)-based reagents for genomic manipulations are revolutionizing virtually all areas of molecular biosciences, including functional genomics, genetics, applied biomedical research, and agricultural biotechnology. In plant systems, however, a number of hurdles currently exist that limit this technology from reaching its full potential. For example, significant plant molecular biology expertise and effort is still required to generate functional expression constructs that allow simultaneous editing, and especially transcriptional regulation, of multiple different genomic loci or multiplexing, which is a significant advantage of CRISPR/Cas9 versus other genome-editing systems. To streamline and facilitate rapid and wide-scale use of CRISPR/Cas9-based technologies for plant research, we developed and implemented a comprehensive molecular toolbox for multifaceted CRISPR/Cas9 applications in plants. This toolbox provides researchers with a protocol and reagents to quickly and efficiently assemble functional CRISPR/Cas9 transfer DNA constructs for monocots and dicots using Golden Gate and Gateway cloning methods. It comes with a full suite of capabilities, including multiplexed gene editing and transcriptional activation or repression of plant endogenous genes. We report the functionality and effectiveness of this toolbox in model plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and rice (Oryza sativa), demonstrating its utility for basic and applied plant research.
An end -to -end architecture for quality adaptive streaming applications in the Internet (2017)

Lack of QoS support in the Internet has not prevented rapid growth of streaming applications (audio and video). However many of these applications do not perform congestion control effectively. Thus, there is significant concern about the effects on co-existing well-behaved traffic and the potential congestion collapse. In addition, many such applications are unable to perform quality adaptation on-the-fly as available bandwidth changes during a session. The problem is one of adapting the compression without requiring video-servers to re-encode the data, and fitting the resulting stream into varying available bandwidth. At the same time, rapid fluctuations in quality will be disturbing to the users and should be avoided. 
In this dissertation, we will design and evaluate an end-to-end architecture suited for unicast of layered-encoded stored multimedia streams over the Internet. Our architecture reconciles congestion control and quality adaptation which occur on different timescales. It exhibits a TCP-friendly behavior by adopting the Rate Adaptation Protocol (RAP) for end-to-end congestion control. Additionally, it employs a layered framework for quality adaptation to maximize perceptual quality while minimizing rapid, disturbing changes in the quality of the delivered stream as available bandwidth changes. Furthermore, the quality adaptation mechanism provides a tuning parameter that allows the server short-term improvement for long-term smoothing of delivered quality. 
The quality of delivered streams in the end-to-end architecture is limited by the bottleneck along the path between the server and the client. To overcome this limitation, we extend our architecture by adding multimedia proxy caches. Proxy caches perfectly complement our architecture. We describe a fine-grain replacement algorithm for proxy caching mechanism of layered-encoded multimedia streams as well as a pre-fetching scheme to smooth out the variations in quality of a cached stream. Interaction between the pre-fetching and replacement algorithms results in the state of the cache converging to the optimal state such that the quality of a cached stream is proportional to its popularity, and the variations in quality of a cached stream are inversely proportional to its popularity. Thus the proxy can maximize the delivered quality of popular streams to interested clients.
Stimulation of CD40 with purified soluble gp39 induces proinflammatory responses in human monocytes (1995)

CD40 is a glycoprotein of about 50 kDa that plays a crucial role in B cell growth and differentiation. It is found on the surface of B cells, follicular dendritic cells, monocytes, and some endothelial, epithelial, and carcinoma cells. Engagement of CD40 with anti-CD40 mAbs, gp39 expressed on the cell surface or soluble forms of gp39, primes B cells to efficiently respond to subsequent stimulatory signals leading to B cell proliferation, differentiation, and isotype switching. Peripheral monocytes also express CD40 on the cell surface and expression in increased following treatment with IFN-gamma. Using a soluble murine CD8/human gp39 fusion protein (sgp39) we have found that CD40 plays a crucial role in the regulation of monocyte function. Stimulation of human peripheral monocytes with sgp39 induced homotypic aggregation and significantly increased the expression of several cell-surface proteins including CD54, MHC class II, CD86, and CD40. Soluble gp39 also dramatically enhanced monocyte survival, preventing the onset of apoptosis that normally occurs upon withdrawal of serum. Finally, in the absence of any costimulatory molecules, sgp39 stimulated monocytes to produce TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-8. These results suggest that ligation of CD40 on human monocytes induces phenotypic changes that would be expected to influence T cell activation by the monocyte and also to enhance or prolong inflammatory responses.
Studies on the Mechanism of Fatty Acid Synthesis (1965)

Peptide 1 or the 4'-phosphopantetheine-containing peptide.
Sulfated glycans induce rapid hematopoietic progenitor cell mobilization: evidence for selectin-dependent and independent mechanisms (2000)

The adhesive mechanisms leading to the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow into the blood are poorly understood. We report on a role for selectins and fucoidan in progenitor mobilization. Baseline levels of circulating HPCs are increased in endothelial selectin-deficient (P/E-/-) mice. Similar levels are observed when E-selectin null (E-/-) mice are treated with anti-P-selectin antibody or with fucoidan (which inhibits P- and L-selectin function). In particular, administration of 2 doses of fucoidan (25 mg/kg) over 6 hours produces profound mobilization of progenitors in wild-type mice and the response is greatly enhanced in E-/- and P/E-/- mice. Competitive reconstitution experiments reveal that fucoidan also elicits long-term (more than 6 months) repopulating stem cells. Mobilization assays using chimeric mice harboring L-selectin-deficient progenitors and wild-type progenitors expressing the green fluorescence protein suggest that L-selectin expression is not required but confers an advantage for fucoidan-induced mobilization. Sulfation is critical as desulfated fucoidan is ineffective. In addition, sulphogalactosylceramide (sulfatide) but not heparin can induce HPC mobilization. Our results indicate that administration of sulfated glycans, especially with concurrent inhibition of E-selectin function, represents a powerful novel method for rapid mobilization of long-term-repopulating stem cells. These findings may help elucidate the mechanisms of HPC trafficking during development and adult life.
Comparison of Nasal Prong Pressure and Thermistor Measurements for Detecting Respiratory Events during Sleep (2004)

NPP measurements are superior to TH measurements for detecting obstructive respiratory events during sleep. Measurement of NPP is a simple, practical, sensitive and reliable method for detecting the whole spectrum of SDB. We recommend incorporating nasal prongs in routine polysomnographic monitoring.
IVERMECTIN AS AN ANTIPARASITIC AGENT FOR USE IN HUMANS (1991)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Neuronal P2X7Receptors Are Targeted to Presynaptic Terminals in the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (2001)

The ionotropic ATP receptor subunits P2X(1-6) receptors play important roles in synaptic transmission, yet the P2X(7) receptor has been reported as absent from neurons in the normal adult brain. Here we use RT-PCR to demonstrate that transcripts for the P2X(7) receptor are present in extracts from the medulla oblongata, spinal cord, and nodose ganglion. Using in situ hybridization mRNA encoding, the P2X(7) receptor was detected in numerous neurons throughout the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Localizing the P2X(7) receptor protein with immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed that it is targeted to presynaptic terminals in the CNS. Anterograde labeling of vagal afferent terminals before immunohistochemistry confirmed the presence of the receptor in excitatory terminals. Pharmacological activation of the receptor in spinal cord slices by addition of 2'- and 3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate (BzATP; 30 microm) resulted in glutamate mediated excitation of recorded neurons, blocked by P2X(7) receptor antagonists oxidized ATP (100 microm) and Brilliant Blue G (2 microm). At the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) immunohistochemistry revealed that the P2X(7) receptor was present in motor nerve terminals. Furthermore, motor nerve terminals loaded with the vital dye FM1-43 in isolated NMJ preparations destained after application of BzATP (30 microm). This BzATP evoked destaining is blocked by oxidized ATP (100 microm) and Brilliant Blue G (1 microm). This indicates that activation of the P2X(7) receptor promotes release of vesicular contents from presynaptic terminals. Such a widespread distribution and functional role suggests that the receptor may be involved in the fundamental regulation of synaptic transmission at the presynaptic site.
Calcium-Magnesium Exchange in Montmorillonite and Vermiculite (1972)

Abstract An experimentally determined Ca-Mg exchange isotherm of montmorillonite is reported. The selectivity coefficient of this exchange over a wide range of Mg saturation was calculated and found constant. Standard free energies of exchange, thermodynamic equilibrium constants and activity coefficients of the exchangeable Ca and Mg ions in vermiculite and montmorillonite, were predicted from knowledge of the microstructure of these two clays, assuming that coulombic forces are the main ones playing a role in the interaction between the counterions and the charged clay surface. The standard free energies of exchange (ΔG Ca °Mg = 238 cal/mole) predicted a preference for Ca in montmorillonite and a preference for Mg in vermiculite (ΔG Ca °Mg = - 1665 cal/mole). The predicted thermodynamic equilibrium constants were compatible with the experimentally determined selectivity coefficients K s Ca Mg = 0·67 as compared with K s Ca Mg = 0·68 in montmorillonite, which remains constant over all the range of Mg saturation, and K Ca Mg = 16·7 as compared with K s Ca Mg = 13·9 in vermiculite at 95% Mg saturation. The activity coefficients of Ca and Mg counterions in montmorillonite were found to be and , respectively, and to remain constant. The activity coefficients of exchangeable Ca and Mg in vermiculite were found to be and , respectively, at an equivalent fraction of unity. The activity coefficient of exchangeable Mg increased as the saturation with Mg decreased, and was found to be 1·7 × 10 -3 in the range of the low Mg saturation. The microstructure, the isomorphic substitution and the surface charge density provided an understanding of the changes taking place in the activity coefficients of the counterions.