gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Doppler scanning in aneurysm surgery]. (2001)

Subarachnoid hemorrhage still represents important medical problem, from both, ineffective prevention and high morbidity and mortality rate of the condition. On the other hand, majority of patients who survive initial hemorrhage and successful clipping of their aneurysm can live without major medical restrictions. Apart from surviving the initial attack the most important condition is properly clipped aneurysm. Doppler scanning control allows precise placement of the clip on the neck of an aneurysm. Since January 1997 through December 1999 the authors have surgically treated 204 aneurysms in 181 patient. In 40 surgeries the Doppler scanning was employed after the aneurysm complex was dissected free. Using 20 MHz PW Doppler probe the flow within the aneurysm and in the involved arteries was measured (usual depth 1.5 mm, range 1-2.5 mm). After the clipping the flow was evaluated again, to ensure proper exclusion of an aneurysm and good flow in involved arteries. The authors consider the Doppler scanning to be important technical aid in aneurysm surgery, especially in anatomically complex situations.
Dolutegravir &ndash; a review of the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety in the treatment of HIV (2015)

Dolutegravir is the newest integrase strand transfer inhibitor to be approved for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Dolutegravir is equivalent or superior to existing treatment regimens in both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced patients including those with previous raltegravir or elvitegravir failure. The consistent efficacy coupled with excellent tolerability and infrequent drug-drug interactions makes the co-formulation of dolutegravir with two nucleotide reverse-transcriptase inhibitors an attractive treatment option. This review summarizes the pharmacokinetics, adverse event profile, and efficacy of dolutegravir in the treatment of HIV.
Respiratory modulation of heart sound morphology (2009)

Heart sounds, the acoustic vibrations produced by the mechanical processes of the cardiac cycle, are modulated by respiratory activity. We have used computational techniques of cluster analysis and classification to study the effects of the respiratory phase and the respiratory resistive load on the temporal and morphological properties of the first (S1) and second heart sounds (S2), acquired from 12 healthy volunteers. Heart sounds exhibited strong morphological variability during normal respiration and nearly no variability during apnea. The variability was shown to be periodic, with its estimated period in good agreement with the measured duration of the respiratory cycle. Significant differences were observed between properties of S1 and S2 occurring during inspiration and expiration. S1 was commonly attenuated and slightly delayed during inspiration, whereas S2 was accentuated and its aortic component occurred earlier at late inspiration and early expiration. Typical split morphology was observed for S1 and S2 during inspiration. At high-breathing load, these changes became more prominent and occurred earlier in the respiratory cycle. Unsupervised cluster analysis was able to automatically identify the distinct morphologies associated with different respiratory phases and load. Classification of the respiration phase (inspiration or expiration) from the morphology of S1 achieved an average accuracy of 87 +/- 7%, and classification of the breathing load was accurate in 82 +/- 7%. These results suggest that quantitative heart sound analysis can shed light on the relation between respiration and cardiovascular mechanics and may be applied to continuous cardiopulmonary monitoring.
CAMPURAN KALSIUM HIDROKSIDA-IODOFORM SEBAGAI BAHAN PENGISI SALURAN AKAR UNTUK PERAWATAN SALURAN AKAR GIGI DESIDUI (2009)

Gigi desidui memiliki saluran akar yang rumit dengan banyak saluran akar tambahan. Hal ini berakibat tidak optimalnya pembersihan saluran akar dalam preparasi biomekanis. Kekurangan ini dapat diatasi dengan penggunaan bahan-bahan kimiawi, termasuk bahan pengisi saluranakar yang mempunyai sifatantibakteri. Bahan pengisi saluran akar untuk gigi desidui yang biasa digunakan adalah kalsium hidroksida. Untuk meningkatkan sifat dan manfaatnya dilakukan Pencampuran kalsium hidroksida dengan bahan lainnya. Tujuantelaahpustakaini untukmembahas beberapa penelitian\nTentang pencampuran kalsium hidroksida dan iodoform sebagai bahanpengisi saluran akar pada gigi desidui. Pencampuran antara kalsium hidroksida dan iodoform menghasilkan bahan pengisi saluran akar gigi desidui dengan sifat anti bakteri, biokompatibilitas dan radio pasitas yang lebih baik.
Low Temperature Eutectic Bonding for In-Plane Type Micro Thermoelectric Cooler (2001)

Abstract We report the fabrication of a micro thermoelectric (TE) cooler (μ-TEC), lithographically patterned and integrated with silicon micromachining technologies, with an emphasis on two low temperature eutectic bonding techniques used to connect p- and n-type TE microbeams. The result is a microscale cooling spot suspended only by microbridges made purely of TE material at the center of a silicon frame. With no additional material in contact with the cooling spot, thermal leakage is minimized — the critical requirement in making effective μ-TEC’s. Since TE materials degrade at high temperature (&amp;gt; 400°C), connections of p-n microbeams are limited to only low temperature (∼250°C) bonding methods. The overall fabrication procedure has been designed such that most TE thin films can be used without the need to redesign the remaining process flow of the device as TE materials research continues to advance.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis. (1986)

Receptor-mediated endocytosis is a process whereby extraceilular macromolecules and particles gain entry to the intracellular en- vironment (1-3). This process is common to virtually all eu- karyotic cells except the mature erythrocyte. Cells use receptormediated endocytosis for a wide variety of functions. The most obvious of these activities is nutritional but others include host defense, transport, and processing. Some of these are listed in Table At least seven broad classes of ligand receptor systems involve receptor-mediated endocytosis (Table In general, macromolecular ligands bind to specific cell surface receptors which move to and cluster within specialized regions of the plasma membrane termed "coated pits" (4). These 0. l-,gm diam invaginations of the plasma membrane (5, 6) demonstrate a characteristic fuzzy cytoplasmic border when viewed in the transmission electron microscope (Fig. This cytoplasmic coat is composed ofa family ofproteins with the major species having a molecular weight of 180,000 D, termed "clathrin" (7). In ad- dition, these coat proteins generally include a pair ofpolypeptides of 33,000-35,000 D (referred to as clathrin light chains), a group of proteins of 100,000-1 10,000 D, a 50,000-D phosphoprotein, and the variable presence of a 56,000 D protein (most probably tubulin) (8). In vitro and presumably in vivo, clathrin proteins self-assemble into a structure containing three heavy and three light chains. This structure has been termed a triskelion, denoting its three-legged appearance (9). When viewed as a rapid-freeze etched image under the scanning electron microscope, the coated pits and their progeny, the coated vesicles, appear as a cagelike structure composed of a polygonal lattice of hexagons and pentagons (10) (Fig. The arrangement of the clathrin triskelions in cages is suggested by the shape and lengths ofthe arms, which appear to span two sides ofthe lattice. In all observed cage structures, three edges join at a vertex. Thus the assembly and packing of clathrin into the hexagons and pentagons may be analogous to the situation in spherical viruses (8, 1 1). In general, coated pits comprise 1-2% of the plasma membrane surface area of most cells (although certain types may contain much larger pro- portions).
Bonding Trends in Lewis Acid Adducts of S4N4 – X‐ray Structure of TeCl4·S4N4 (2006)

Abstract Tetrasulfur tetranitride and tellurium tetrachloride react in dichloromethane to form a 1:1 adduct TeCl 4 · S 4 N 4 ( 1 ). The crystal structure of 1 shows that TeCl 4 is bonded to the S 4 N 4 ring through a Te–N linkage. As a consequence, the transannular S ··· S bonds in S 4 N 4 are broken and the molecule assumes an open, monocyclic conformation. The Te–N bond of 2.16(1) Å is slightly longer than the single bond. The S–N bonds span a range of 1.55(1)–1.67(1) Å. The adduct 1 was also characterized by mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy. The bonding and spectroscopic properties of 1 are compared by DFT calculations at the B3PW91/(RLC ECP) level of theory with those of BF 3 · S 4 N 4 ( 2 ), SO 3 · S 4 N 4 ( 3 ), AsF 5 · S 4 N 4 ( 4 ), SbCl 5 · S 4 N 4 ( 5 ) for which experimental structural information is available. The structural and bonding trends in TeF 4 · S 4 N 4 ( 6 ), TeBr 4 · S 4 N 4 ( 7 ), and SeX 4 · S 4 N 4 [X = F ( 8 ), Cl ( 9 ), Br ( 10 )] are also discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Overview of liposomes (1991)

Many of the problems associated with conventional drug therapy may be circumvented by the use of delivery systems which, in a variety of ways, will optimize drug action. Among the systems being investigated, liposomes hold considerable promise. Versatility in both the structural characteristics of liposomes and their ability to accommodate a wide range of drugs has contributed to the design of appropriate formulations with optimal pharmacological actions. Areas in which such formulations have been already applied successfully experimentally or clinically, include cancer chemotherapy, antimicrobial therapy and vaccines.
Phase I Trial of Intravenous Administration of PV701, an Oncolytic Virus, in Patients With Advanced Solid Cancers (2002)

PV701 warrants further study as a novel therapeutic agent for cancer patients.
Humanization of the mouse mammary gland by replacement of the luminal layer with genetically-engineered preneoplastic human cells (2014)

Due to a typesetting error, the labelling was changed and the figures in this article [1] were presented in the order 2, 4, 10, 6, 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 and the supplementary figure links were inverted. The revised version has the figures in the correct order.
Alkylation of Cysteine 41, but Not Cysteine 200, Decreases the ADP-ribosytransferase Activity of the S1 Subunit of Pertussis Toxin (1989)

Sulfhydryl-alkylating reagents are known to inactivate the NAD glycohydrolase and ADP-ribosyltransferase activities of the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, a protein which contains two cysteines at positions 41 and 200. It has been proposed that NAD can retard alkylation of one of the two cysteines of this protein (Kaslow, H.R., and Lesikar, D.D. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 4397-4402). We now report that NAD retards the ability of these alkylating reagents to inactivate the S1 subunit. In order to determine which cysteine is protected by NAD, we used site-directed mutagenesis to construct analogs of the toxin with serines at positions 41 and/or 200. Sulfhydryl-alkylating reagents reduced the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the analog with a single cysteine at position 41; NAD retarded this inactivation. In contrast, sulfhydryl-alkylating reagents did not inactivate analogs with serine at position 41. An analog with alanine at position 41 possessed substantial ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. We conclude that alkylation of cysteine 41, and not cysteine 200, inactivates the S1 subunit of pertussis toxin, but that the sulfhydryl group of cysteine 41 is not essential for the ADP-ribosyltransferase activity of the toxin. These results suggest that the region near cysteine 41 contributes to features of the S1 subunit important for ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we found that changing aspartate 34 to asparagine, arginine 39 to lysine, and glutamine 42 to glutamate had little effect on ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. However, substituting an asparagine for the histidine at position 35 markedly decreased, but did not eliminate, ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. Chou-Fasman analysis predicted no significant modifications in secondary structure of the S1 peptide with the change of histidine 35 to asparagine. Thus, histidine 35 may interact with a substrate of the S1 subunit without being essential for catalysis.
Functional consequences of S1P receptor modulation in rat oligodendroglial lineage cells (2007)

Fingolimod (FTY720) and its phosphorylated form FTY720P are modulators of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, which are G-protein coupled receptors linked to cell migration and vascular maturation. The efficacy of FTY720 in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis and its animal models has been attributed to its inhibition of lymphocyte trafficking to target organs. In this study, we examined the role of S1P receptors in cultured rat oligodendrocytes (OLGs) and OLG progenitor cells (OPCs) using the active phosphorylated form of FTY720. We found that (1) FTY720P improves the survival of neonatal rat OLGs during serum withdrawal, which is associated with the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK1/2) and Akt; (2) FTY720P regulates OPC differentiation into OLGs in a concentration-dependent manner; and (3) S1P receptors are differentially modulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) resulting in downregulation of S1P5 and upregulation of S1P1 in OPCs. In addition, siRNA studies revealed that S1P1 participates in PDGF-induced OPC mitogenesis. We conclude that S1P1 and S1P5 serve different functions during oligodendroglial development, and possibly during remyelination.
Phase I Study of NK012, a Novel SN-38–Incorporating Micellar Nanoparticle, in Adult Patients with Solid Tumors (2010)

NK012 was well tolerated and showed antitumor activity including partial responses and several occurrences of prolonged stable disease across a variety of advanced refractory cancers. Phase II studies are ongoing.
Attention Is All You Need (2025)

The dominant sequence transduction models are based on complex recurrent or convolutional neural networks in an encoder-decoder configuration. The best performing models also connect the encoder and decoder through an attention mechanism. We propose a new simple network architecture, the Transformer, based solely on attention mechanisms, dispensing with recurrence and convolutions entirely. Experiments on two machine translation tasks show these models to be superior in quality while being more parallelizable and requiring significantly less time to train. Our model achieves 28.4 BLEU on the WMT 2014 English-to-German translation task, improving over the existing best results, including ensembles by over 2 BLEU. On the WMT 2014 English-to-French translation task, our model establishes a new single-model state-of-the-art BLEU score of 41.8 after training for 3.5 days on eight GPUs, a small fraction of the training costs of the best models from the literature. We show that the Transformer generalizes well to other tasks by applying it successfully to English constituency parsing both with large and limited training data.
Recent advances in ABE fermentation: hyper-butanol producing Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 (2001)

This is an overview of the mutant strain Clostridium beijerinckii BA101 which produces solvents (acetone-butanol-ethanol, ABE) at elevated levels. This organism expresses high levels of amylases when grown on starch. C. beijerinckii BA101 hydrolyzes starch effectively and produces solvent in the concentration range of 27-29 g x l(-1). C. beijerinckii BA101 has been characterized for both substrate and butanol inhibition. Supplementing the fermentation medium (MP2) with sodium acetate enhances solvent production to 33 g x l(-1). The results of studies utilizing commercial fermentation medium and pilot plant-scale reactors are consistent with the results using small-scale reactors. Pervaporation, a technique to recover solvents, has been applied to fed-batch reactors containing C. beijerinckii BA101, and solvent production as high as 165 g x l(-1) has been achieved. Immobilization of C. beijerinckii BA101 by adsorption and use in a continuous reactor resulted in reactor productivity of 15.8 g x l(-1) x h(-1). Recent economic studies employing C. beijerinckii BA101 suggested that butanol can be produced at US$0.20-0.25 x lb(-1) by employing batch fermentation and distillative recovery. Application of new technologies such as pervaporation, fed-batch culture, and immobilized cell reactors is expected to further reduce these prices.
Characterization and Optimization of an Entropic Trap for DNA Separation (2001)

Recently, a microfabricated entropic trap array was demonstrated to be useful in separating large (5-200 kbp) DNA molecules efficiently (within approximately 30 min), by dc electrophoresis, on a microchip platform without a sieving matrix. This paper reports further development of the technique, with emphasis on optimizing separation selectivity and resolution. The interaction of DNA molecules with regularly spaced entropic barriers was modeled in order to predict the effect of changing various structural parameters. The selectivity (differential mobility) was shown to be dependent on the depth of deep and shallow channel regions, applied electric field, and number of entropic barriers. Experimental data were compared with the prediction of the model. It was expected from the model that, in the low-field (severe trapping) limit, separation resolution should depend only on the number of entropic traps. However, in reality, resolution did depend on the applied field because the relaxation of DNA is not achieved at high fields. The requirement and feasibility of megabase pair DNA separation with the entropic trap array device was discussed.
A Comparative Evaluation of Unsupervised Anomaly Detection Algorithms for Multivariate Data (2016)

Anomaly detection is the process of identifying unexpected items or events in datasets, which differ from the norm. In contrast to standard classification tasks, anomaly detection is often applied on unlabeled data, taking only the internal structure of the dataset into account. This challenge is known as unsupervised anomaly detection and is addressed in many practical applications, for example in network intrusion detection, fraud detection as well as in the life science and medical domain. Dozens of algorithms have been proposed in this area, but unfortunately the research community still lacks a comparative universal evaluation as well as common publicly available datasets. These shortcomings are addressed in this study, where 19 different unsupervised anomaly detection algorithms are evaluated on 10 different datasets from multiple application domains. By publishing the source code and the datasets, this paper aims to be a new well-funded basis for unsupervised anomaly detection research. Additionally, this evaluation reveals the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches for the first time. Besides the anomaly detection performance, computational effort, the impact of parameter settings as well as the global/local anomaly detection behavior is outlined. As a conclusion, we give an advise on algorithm selection for typical real-world tasks.
Determination of Optimal Parameters for Laser for Nonablative Remodeling with a 1.54 μm Er (2002)

BACKGROUND Nonablative subsurface heating is a challenge for medical laser companies. Among the different lasers proposed today, the erbium-glass (Er:glass) laser combined with contact cooling could be an alternative for nonablative remodeling. OBJECTIVE To investigate the risk of side effects according to the quality of cooling and number of pulses. METHODS A clinical evaluation was performed on 10 patients using an Er:glass laser (1.54 μm) with contact sapphire cooling handpiece (+5°C). Periorbital and perioral areas were treated with a number of pulses increasing gradually from three to eight for a total energy of 24–64 J/cm2. The presence or absence of swelling, crust, blister, and erythema were graded at 7 days. At 3 months postoperatively, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, textural changes, and scars were evaluated clinically. RESULTS Periorbital and perioral areas respond differently to the number of pulses defining a "safe" clinical threshold. The periorbital site is very sensitive to dermal heating and efficacy of contact cooling; the anatomic features of this body location may explain these differences. CONCLUSION Selective dermal heating can be achieved with an Er:glass laser coupled with a contact cooling handpiece. The quality of the contact cooling and the number of pulses appear to be important parameters for safety and reproducible clinical results.
Silicon nanowhiskers grown on a hydrogen-terminated silicon {111} surface (1998)

Using a hydrogen-terminated Si {111} surface as a substrate, we have grown Si nanowhiskers along the 〈112〉 direction by the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. The minimum silicon core diameter was 3 nm and the maximum length was about 2 μm. The minimum silicon core diameter is close to the critical value for visible light emission due to the quantum confinement effect. In contrast to an oxidized Si surface, the hydrogen-terminated surface facilitates the formation of small molten Au–Si catalysts at a lower temperature (500 °C) which is slightly above the eutectic temperature. The formation of catalysts and the subsequent growth at the low temperature yield thin Si nanowhiskers on a Si substrate.
Base J: Discovery, Biosynthesis, and Possible Functions (2008)

In 1993, a new base, beta-d-glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil (base J), was identified in the nuclear DNA of Trypanosoma brucei. Base J is the first hypermodified base found in eukaryotic DNA. It is present in all kinetoplastid flagellates analyzed and some unicellular flagellates closely related to trypanosomatids, but it has not been found in other protozoa or in metazoa. J is invariably present in the telomeric repeats of all organisms analyzed. Whereas in Leishmania nearly all J is telomeric, there are other repetitive DNA sequences containing J in T. brucei and T. cruzi, and most J is outside telomeres in Euglena. The biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps: First, a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine (HOMedU), and then this HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. This review discusses the identification and localization of base J in the genome of kinetoplastids, the enzymes involved in J biosynthesis, possible biological functions of J, and J as a potential target for chemotherapy of diseases caused by kinetoplastids.
Conversion ofmeso-2,3-Butanediol into 2-Butanol by Lactobacilli. Stereochemical and Enzymatic Aspects (1997)

A number of strains of Lactobacillus spp. from foods were screened for their ability to convert meso-2,3-butanediol into 2-butanol. Only three strains of L. brevis transformed the meso-diol into the secondary alcohol. These strains as well as the others unable to metabolize meso-2,3-butanediol exhibited the capacity to hydrogenate 2-butanone to 2-butanol. In both types of lactobacilli, an inverse relationship was observed between the diol or ketone concentration and the abundance of the R form of 2-butanol. This fact has been interpreted in terms of a co-occurrence of two dehydrogenases, both acting on the ketone with different kinetic parameters and opposite enantioselectivities. These results represent a further support to the assumption that 2-butanol present in distillates originates from the enzymatic activity of lactobacilli growing on mashes and give the most likely explanation of the enantiomeric excess of (R)-2-butanol generally found in distillates. Keywords: 2-Butanol; meso-2,3-butanediol; lactobacilli; diacetyl; acetoin; dehydrogenases