gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Monodisperse Hollow Silica Nanospheres for Nano Insulation Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Life Cycle Assessment (2013)

The application of manufactured nanomaterials provides not only advantages resulting from their unique properties but also disadvantages derived from the high energy use and CO2 burden related to their manufacture, operation, and disposal. It is therefore important to understand the trade-offs of process economics of nanomaterial production and their associated environmental footprints in order to strengthen the existing advantages while counteracting disadvantages. This work reports the synthesis, characterization, and life cycle assessment (LCA) of a new type of superinsulating materials, nano insulation materials (NIMs), which are made of hollow silica nanospheres (HSNSs) and have great flexibility in modifying their properties by tuning the corresponding structural parameters. The as-prepared HSNSs in this work have a typical inner pore diameter of about 150 nm and a shell thickness of about 10–15 nm and exhibit a reduced thermal conductivity of about 0.02 W/(m K) because of their size-dependent thermal conduction at the nanometer scale. The energy and raw material consumption related to the synthesis of HSNSs have been analyzed by the LCA method. The results indicate that the recycle of chemicals, up-scaling production, and use of environmentally friendly materials can greatly affect the process of environmental footprints. New synthesis routes for NIMs with improved thermal performance and energy and environmental features are also recommended on the basis of the LCA study.
Vehicle Cabin Air Quality with Fractional Air Recirculation (2013)

&lt;div class="section abstract"&gt;&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A fractional recirculation of cabin air was proposed and studied to improve cabin air quality by reducing cabin particle concentrations. Vehicle tests were run with differing number of passengers (1, 2, 3, and 4), four fan speed settings and at 20, 40, and 70 mph. A manual control was installed for the recirculation flap door so different ratios of fresh air to recirculated air could be used. Full recirculation is the most efficient setting in terms of thermal management and particle concentration reduction, but this causes elevated CO₂ levels in the cabin. The study demonstrated cabin CO₂ concentrations could be controlled below a target level of 2000 ppm at various driving conditions and fan speeds with more than 85% of recirculation. The proposed fractional air recirculation method is a simple yet innovative way of improving cabin air quality. Some energy saving is also expected, especially with the air conditioning system. More recirculation means less energy is required to cool the cabin air, as opposed to cooling 100% outside air under hot weather conditions.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
What are the reasons for negative phase III trials of molecular‐target‐based drugs? (2004)

The results of molecular-biological studies of cancer are changing the way we diagnose and treat cancer. Target-based drug discovery selects agents for development based on their mechanisms of action. The interaction between target-based drugs and their targets can be described by classical drug-receptor theory. Clinical trials have demonstrated that some effective target-based drugs induce apoptosis, even though they are considered to be cytostatic. Numerous phase III trials of target-based drugs have been conducted. Although some have yielded strongly positive results, the majority of the results have been negative. This article seeks to clarify the value of molecular-target-based therapy and to discuss the reasons for negative results in phase III trials. The importance of proof-of-principle studies is stressed throughout preclinical and clinical trials of molecular-target-based drugs.
In Vitro Transcription (1972)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Pharmacological characterization of acetylcholine‐stimulated [35S]‐GTPγS binding mediated by human muscarinic m1–m4 receptors: antagonist studies (1993)

1. We have used dose-ratio analysis to estimate functionally the affinity constants (pKb) and Schild slope factors of a range of selective or atypical antagonists at human muscarinic m1-m4 receptors. 2. The functional response was the stimulation by acetylcholine of [35S]-GTP gamma S binding to membranes from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing individual receptor subtypes. 3. A novel experimental design and analysis was used which allowed the estimation of affinity and Schild slope factor from a single antagonist inhibition curve, and the results were compared with other methods of analysis, both theoretically valid and invalid. 4. In general, the affinity estimates were very similar to previously reported values obtained in binding studies with animal tissues and cloned human receptors and the Schild slope factors were close to unity. 5. These results demonstrate the validity of the assay and provide no evidence for species differences in antagonist affinity for muscarinic receptor subtypes. 6. The results confirm both the utility of himbacine in distinguishing between m1 and m4 receptors and a previously reported modest m4-selectivity for tropicamide and secoverine. 7. The cholinesterase inhibitor, tacrine (THA), had a potency profile similar to that of gallamine but with less selectivity. Its affinity could not be determined since it had Schild slope factors of about 2 at all subtypes. 8. o-Methoxy-sila-hexocyclium had only a modest selectivity for the m1 subtype.
The PARP inhibitor olaparib induces significant killing of ATM-deficient lymphoid tumor cells in vitro and in vivo (2010)

The Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) gene is frequently inactivated in lymphoid malignancies such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), T-prolymphocytic leukemia (T-PLL), and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and is associated with defective apoptosis in response to alkylating agents and purine analogues. ATM mutant cells exhibit impaired DNA double strand break repair. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition that imposes the requirement for DNA double strand break repair should selectively sensitize ATM-deficient tumor cells to killing. We investigated in vitro sensitivity to the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor olaparib (AZD2281) of 5 ATM mutant lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), an ATM mutant MCL cell line, an ATM knockdown PGA CLL cell line, and 9 ATM-deficient primary CLLs induced to cycle and observed differential killing compared with ATM wildtype counterparts. Pharmacologic inhibition of ATM and ATM knockdown confirmed the effect was ATM-dependent and mediated through mitotic catastrophe independently of apoptosis. A nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) murine xenograft model of an ATM mutant MCL cell line demonstrated significantly reduced tumor load and an increased survival of animals after olaparib treatment in vivo. Addition of olaparib sensitized ATM null tumor cells to DNA-damaging agents. We suggest that olaparib would be an appropriate agent for treating refractory ATM mutant lymphoid tumors.
Carrier trapping and current collapse mechanism in GaN metal–semiconductor field-effect transistors (2004)

A mechanism for current collapse in GaN metal–semiconductor field-effect transistors is proposed, which assumes the existence of acceptor traps with multiple states in the band gap. Current collapse has been experimentally observed in the current–voltage characteristic after the drain voltage sweep had exceeded the threshold for impact ionization in a previous measurement. In the proposed model, electrons generated by impact ionization are captured by neutral acceptor trap states in the substrate located above the valence band. The charged trap states move to an energy level located near midgap, creating a positively charged depletion region in the channel, and causing current collapse. With increasing drain bias, the quasi-Fermi level approaches the charged trap states at the drain end of the gate, initiating detrapping of the electrons and restoring the current. The calculated results show good agreement with published experimental data.
Protection against Marek's disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein B of Marek's disease virus (1992)

Fowlpox virus (FPV) recombinants expressing the glycoprotein B and the phosphorylated protein (pp38) of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus (MDV) were assayed for their ability to protect chickens against challenge with virulent MDV. The recombinant FPV expressing the glycoprotein B gene elicited neutralizing antibodies against MDV, significantly reduced the level of cell-associated viremia, and, similar to the conventional herpesvirus of turkeys, protected chickens against challenge with the GA strain and the highly virulent RB1B and Md5 strains of MDV. The recombinant FPV expressing the pp38 gene failed to either elicit neutralizing antibodies against MDV or protect the vaccinated chickens against challenge with MDV.
A collective data generation method for speech language models (2010)

Recently we began using Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), an Internet marketplace, to deploy our spoken dialogue systems to large audiences for user testing and data collection purposes. This crowdsourcing method of collecting data contrasts with the time- and labor- intensive developer annotation methods. In this paper, we compare these data in various combinations with traditionally-collected corpora for training our speech recognizer's language model. Our results show that AMT text queries are effective for initial language model training for spoken dialogue systems, and that crowd-sourced speech collection within the context of a spoken dialogue framework provides significant improvement.
15.6-Gb/s transmission over 1 km of next generation multimode fiber (2002)

In this letter, we report on a 15.6-Gb/s transmission over 1 km of next generation multimode fiber. The short wavelength vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) transmitter module used a SiGe bipolar VCSEL driver. The multimode fiber was almost ideal and had a total differential mode delay width of only 0.056 ps/m. We also achieved 20-Gb/s transmission over 200 m.
Investigation of the N-Substituent Conformation Governing Potency and μ Receptor Subtype-Selectivity in (+)-(3R,4R)-Dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)- piperidine Opioid Antagonists (1998)

A study of the binding site requirements associated with the N-substituent of (+)-(3R,4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) derivatives was undertaken using a set of rigid vs flexible N-substituents. The study showed that compounds 7-9 bearing the trans-cinnamyl N-substituent most closely reproduced the potency at the opioid receptor of the flexible N-propylphenyl or N-propylcyclohexyl analogues previously reported. Neither the N-substituted cis-cinnamyl nor the cis-phenylcyclopropylmethyl compounds 10 and 11, respectively, showed high affinity for the opioid receptor. However, the N-trans-phenylcyclopropylmethyl compound 12 closely approximated the affinity of compounds 7-9. Additionally, we found that free rotation of the phenyl ring is necessary for high affinity binding and mu receptor subtype selectivity as the planar N-substituted thianaphthylmethyl and benzofuranylmethyl compounds 13 and 14 had significantly lower binding affinities. Altogether, these findings suggest that the high binding affinity, selectivity, and antagonist potency of N-propylphenyl or N-propylcyclohexyl analogues of (+)-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) are achieved via a conformation wherein the connecting chain of the N-substituents is extended away from piperidine nitrogen with the appended ring system rotated out-of-plane relative to the connecting chain atoms. This conformation is quite similar to that observed in the solid state for 5, as determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. Additionally, it was found that, unlike naltrexone, N-substituents bearing secondary carbons attached directly to the piperidine nitrogen of 4 suffer dramatic losses of potency vs analogues not substituted in this manner. Using a functional assay which measured stimulation or inhibition of [35S]GTP-gamma-S binding, we show that the trans-cinnamyl analogues of (+)-(3R, 4R)-dimethyl-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine (4) retain opioid pure antagonist activity and possess picomolar antagonist potency at the mu receptor.
Engagement of the CD137 (4‐1BB) costimulatory molecule inhibits and reverses the autoimmune process in collagen‐induced arthritis and establishes lasting disease resistance (2004)

Agonistic antibodies against CD137 act as costimulators in the activation of CD8 T cells. They enhance the immune response against syngeneic tumour grafts and suppress T cell-dependent humoral immune responses in vivo. The present study was undertaken to determine whether suppression of antibody production by anti-CD137 mAb affects the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Male DBA/1J mice were immunized with bovine collagen II (CII) and treated with an agonistic anti-CD137 mAb or an isotype-matched control mAb. Mice were assessed regularly for macro- and microscopic signs of arthritis and for the appearance of collagen-specific antibody production. Interferon (IFN)-gamma determination, FACS analysis of splenocytes and histopathological joint examinations were performed after the animals were killed. Administration of anti-CD137 mAb at the time of collagen immunization blocked the development of disease and inhibited the humoral immune response against CII. Agonistic anti-CD137 mAb exhibited therapeutic efficacy even after the immune response to CII had succeeded and the disease became apparent. Furthermore, it induced a protective memory in the animals, enabling resistance to subsequent challenges with the pathogenic antigen. Our results suggest a key role for CD137 in the pathogenesis of CIA. This model provides insights into immunoregulatory conditions that control the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
Use of a laser-induced fluorescence thermal imaging system for film cooling heat transfer measurement (1996)

This paper describes a novel approach based on fluorescence imaging of thermographic phosphor that enables the simultaneous determination of both local film effectiveness and local heat transfer on a film-cooled surface. The film cooling model demonstrated consists of a single row of three discrete holes on a flat plate. The transient temperature measurement relies on the temperature-sensitive fluorescent properties of europium-doped lanthanum oxysulfide (La{sub 2}O{sub 2}S:Eu{sup +3}) thermographic phosphor. A series of full-field surface temperatures, mainstream temperatures, and coolant film temperatures were acquired during the heating of a test surface. These temperatures are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients and the film effectiveness simultaneously. Because of the superior spatial resolution capability for the heat transfer data reduced from these temperature frames, the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) imaging system, the present study observes the detailed heat transfer characteristics over a film-protected surface. The trend of the results agrees with those obtained using other conventional thermal methods, as well as the liquid crystal imaging technique. One major advantage of this technique is the capability to record a large number of temperature frames over a given testing period. This offers multiple-sample consistency.
Sports Broadcasting and the Law (1984)

Nearly forty-five years ago, on May 17, 1939, the Columbia and Princeton baseball teams squared off to battle for fourth place in the Ivy League.The game would have been as unremarkable as the issue it decided,' but for the fact that it became the first sports event ever televised in America.By today's standards, the telecast was of exceptionally poor quality.The celebrated Bill Stern, who announced the telecast, reportedly "prayed for all the batters to strike out" because that "was the one thing [he] knew the camera could record." ' 2 Even less clear than the picture itself was the future that lay ahead for televised sports.Orrin E. Dunlap, Jr., who did The New York Times' coverage of radio in those days, perhaps best expressed
B3.4 - Practical Tunneling Magnetoresistive Z-Axis Sensors (2015)

A practical tunneling magnetoresistive magnetic field sensor for detecting the magnetic field component perpendicular to the plane of the sensor substrate (Z-axis) is described. The sensor consists of MgO-based MTJs (magnetic tunnel junctions) interconnected as a full-bridge and combined with an array of on-chip flux concentrators. The flux concentrator array is designed to steer the flux from the vertical direction into the in-plane direction parallel to the surface of the substrate enabling the MTJ full-bridge to exhibit true push-pull operation, while additionally providing a high packing density of MTJ elements, which enables robust and high precision performance. The resulting single-chip sensors can be tuned for high sensitivity exceeding 3 mV/V/G or wide dynamic range exceeding 1000 G.
2-(.omega.-Aminoalkyl)-4-tert-butyl-6-phenylphenols as antimalarial agents (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-(.omega.-Aminoalkyl)-4-tert-butyl-6-phenylphenols as antimalarial agentsWarren G. Duncan and David W. HenryCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1969, 12, 4, 711–712Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00304a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00304a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views71Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Increased 24-Hour Endothelin-1 Urinary Excretion in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1994)

Abnormalities in endothelin-1 (ET-1) pulmonary metabolism have been reported in patients with pulmonary hypertension, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study we have evaluated the 24-hour urinary excretion of ET-1 in COPD patients both during acute exacerbation and stable phase of the disease. ET-1 plasma and urinary levels were measured in 13 COPD patients on admission to the hospital for an acute exacerbation and at the recovery period. Ten healthy volunteers were also studied. Determination of plasma and 24-Hour urinary ET-1 levels were carried out with a radioimmunoassay test. Plasma ET-1 levels in COPD patients were similar during exacerbation and recovery and were not significantly different from those in the healthy subjects. 24-hour urinary excretion of ET-1 was increased in COPD patients during acute exacerbation; it decreased during recovery, but remained elevated when compared to normal subjects. A negative correlation was found between arterial oxygen pressure and ET-1 excretion; no correlation was found between plasma and urinary ET-1 values. In conclusion, COPD patients excrete higher amounts of ET-1 compared to healthy subjects. Urinary ET-1 values are further increased during acute exacerbation of the disease.
Higher-Order Oligomerization Targets Plasma Membrane Proteins and HIV Gag to Exosomes (2007)

Exosomes are secreted organelles that have the same topology as the cell and bud outward (outward is defined as away from the cytoplasm) from endosome membranes or endosome-like domains of plasma membrane. Here we describe an exosomal protein-sorting pathway in Jurkat T cells that selects cargo proteins on the basis of both higher-order oligomerization (the oligomerization of oligomers) and plasma membrane association, acts on proteins seemingly without regard to their function, sequence, topology, or mechanism of membrane association, and appears to operate independently of class E vacuolar protein-sorting (VPS) function. We also show that higher-order oligomerization is sufficient to target plasma membrane proteins to HIV virus-like particles, that diverse Gag proteins possess exosomal-sorting information, and that higher-order oligomerization is a primary determinant of HIV Gag budding/exosomal sorting. In addition, we provide evidence that both the HIV late domain and class E VPS function promote HIV budding by unexpectedly complex, seemingly indirect mechanisms. These results support the hypothesis that HIV and other retroviruses are generated by a normal, nonviral pathway of exosome biogenesis.
Targeted overexpression of IGF-I evokes distinct patterns of organ remodeling in smooth muscle cell tissue beds of transgenic mice. (1997)

Smooth muscle cells (SMC) of the vascular wall, bladder, myometrium, and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts retain the ability to proliferate postnatally, which enables adaptive responses to injury, hormonal, or mechanical stimulation. SMC growth is regulated by a number of mesenchymal growth factors, including insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). To explore the function of IGF-I on SMC in vivo, the mouse SMC alpha-actin promoter fragment SMP8 (-1074 bp, 63 bp of 5'UT and 2.5 kb of intron 1) was cloned upstream of rat IGF-I cDNA, and the fusion gene microinjected to fertilized eggs of the FVB-N mouse strain. Mating of hemizygous mice with controls produced about 50% transgenic offspring, with equal sex distribution. Transgenic IGF-I mRNA expression was confined to SMC-containing tissues, with the following hierarchy: bladder > stomach > aorta = uterus > intestine. There was no transgene expression in skeletal muscle, heart, or liver. Radioimmunoassayable IGF-I content was increased by 3.5- to 4-fold in aorta, and by almost 10-fold in bladder of transgenic mice at 5 and 10 wk, with no change in plasma IGF-I levels. Wet weight of bladder, stomach, intestine, uterus, and aorta was selectively increased, with no change in total body or carcass weight of transgenic animals. In situ hybridization showed that transgene expression was exquisitely targeted to the smooth muscle layers of the arteries, veins, bladder, ureter, stomach, intestine, and uterus. Paracrine overproduction of IGF-I resulted in hyperplasia of the muscular layers of these tissues, manifesting in remarkably different phenotypes in the various SMC beds. Whereas the muscular layer of the bladder and stomach exhibited a concentric thickening, the SMC of the intestine and uterus grew in a longitudinal fashion, resulting in a marked lengthening of the small bowel and of the uterine horns. This report describes the first successful targeting of expression of any functional protein capable of modifying the phenotype of SMC in transgenic mice. IGF-I stimulates SMC hyperplasia, leading to distinct patterns of organ remodeling in the different tissue environments.