gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulsed power-driven high-power microwave sources (2004)

The advent of pulsed power technology in the 1960s has enabled the development of very high peak power sources of electromagnetic radiation in the microwave and millimeter wave bands of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such sources have applications in plasma physics, particle acceleration techniques, fusion energy research, high-power radars, and communications, to name just a few. This article describes recent ongoing activity in this field in both Russia and the United States. The overview of research in Russia focuses on high-power microwave (HPM) sources that are powered using SINUS accelerators, which were developed at the Institute of High Current Electronics. The overview of research in the United States focuses more broadly on recent accomplishments of a multidisciplinary university research initiative on HPM sources, which also involved close interactions with Department of Defense laboratories and industry. HPM sources described in this article have generated peak powers exceeding several gigawatts in pulse durations typically on the order of 100 ns in frequencies ranging from about 1 GHz to many tens of gigahertz.
A cell culture medium that supports the differentiation of human retinal pigment epithelium into functionally polarized monolayers. (2001)

We have provided immunocytochemical evidence that the CEM replacement medium supports the appropriate membrane domain expression of Na,K ATPase when the cells are grown on Millicell chambers. Excellent TERs and robust expression of bestrophin are also observed. This combination of features was not observed when other, standard culture media were used. The results suggest that, under these conditions, cultured human RPE develops a highly differentiated and functional polarity appropriate for the in vitro modeling of RPE in vivo function.
Clinical trial of carbazepine (tegretol) in trigeminal neuralgia. (1966)

Carbazepine, Tegretol (5-carbamyl-dibenz (b,f)- azepin), originally known as G.32883 and introduced in 1959 as an anticonvulsant, was first shown to have some effect in relieving the pain oftrigeminal neural- gia by
Synthesis and properties of functional aliphatic polycarbonates (2003)

Abstract Two, functional, cyclic carbonate monomers, 5‐methyl‐5‐methoxycarbonyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one and 5‐methyl‐5‐ethoxy carbonyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐2‐one, were synthesized starting from 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl) propionic acid. The ring‐opening polymerization of the cyclic carbonate monomers in bulk with stannous 2‐ethylhexanoate as a catalyst under different conditions was examined. The results showed that the yield and molecular weight of polycarbonates were significantly influenced by the reaction conditions. The polycarbonates obtained were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, and differential scanning calorimetry. Their molecular weight was measured by gel permeation chromatography. The in vitro biodegradation and controlled drug‐release properties of the polycarbonates were also investigated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 4001–4006, 2003
Impact of increased infarct transmurality on remodeling and function during healing after anterior myocardial infarction in the dog (1992)

To determine the impact of greater infarct transmurality on changes in left ventricular remodeling and function after acute anterior myocardial infarction, serial topographic and functional parameters (two-dimensional echocardiograms) and hemodynamics over 6 weeks, and postmortem topography (planimetry) at 6 weeks, were measured in chronically instrumented dogs randomized to standard coronary artery ligation (group 1) or a modified lower ligation plus collateral obliteration to decrease collateral inflow and increase transmurality (group 2). At 6 weeks, postmortem scar size and collagen were similar in the two groups, but group 2 had greater transmurality associated with more necrosis relative to area at risk, Q waves, infarct expansion, thinning, regional bulging, and cavity dilatation. Over the 6 weeks, group 2 showed more early expansion, late thinning and regional bulging in the short axis, larger diastolic and systolic volumes, and more apical aneurysmal bulging in the long-axis, reflecting more topographic deterioration. More important, group 2 showed greater regional and global left ventricular dysfunction over 6 weeks, lower ejection fraction at 2 days with further decrease over 6 weeks, and more left ventricular thrombus, ventricular arrhythmias, and deaths. In addition, transmurality correlated with the severity of remodeling and dysfunction. The findings indicate that transmurality is a major determinant of remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction during healing after anterior infarction.
Nonstructural protein 3 of the hepatitis C virus encodes a serine-type proteinase required for cleavage at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 junctions (1993)

We have studied processing of the nonstructural (NS) polyprotein of the hepatitis C virus. A series of cDNAs corresponding to predicted NS2/3/4 or NS3/4 regions were constructed, and processing of the polyproteins was studied in an in vitro transcription-translation system. We report that a catalytically active serine-type proteinase is encoded by the NS3 region. Substitution of the serine residue of the putative catalytic triad (H, D, and S) by alanine blocked cleavage at the NS3/4 junction, while processing between NS2 and NS3 was not affected. Thus, cleavage at the NS2/3 junction is mediated either by cellular enzymes or by an NS-2 inherent proteinase activity. Deletion analysis of an NS3/4 cDNA construct mapped the amino terminus of the enzymatically active proteinase between amino acids 1049 and 1065 of the polyprotein. As internal deletions of variable segments of the presumed helicase domain prevented processing at the NS314 junction, a continuous NS3 region appears to be required for processing at this site. To analyze hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage in vivo, recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing NS2/3/4 or NS3/4/5 proteins were generated. In agreement with the in vitro data, cleavage between NS2 and NS3 was independent of a catalytically active NS3 proteinase, whereas substitution of the active-site serine residue by the amino acid alanine completely blocked processing at the NS3/4 and NS4/5 junctions. These results demonstrate that NS3 encodes the viral proteinase essential for generating the amino termini of NS4 and NS5.
Comparison of Lithium Gadolinium Borate Crystal Grains in Scintillating and Nonscintillating Plastic Matrices (2013)

We present a method for detecting neutrons using scintillating lithium gadolinium borate crystal grains in a plastic matrix while maintaining high gamma rejection. We have procured two cylindrical detectors, 5" × 5", containing 1% crystal by mass and with the crystal grains having a typical dimension of 1 mm. One detector was made with scintillating plastic, and one with nonscintillating plastic. Pulse shape analysis was used to reject gamma ray backgrounds. The scintillating detector was measured to have an intrinsic fast fission neutron efficiency of 0.4% and a gamma sensitivity <; 4.93 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> , while the nonscintillating detector had a neutron efficiency of 0.6 or 0.7%, depending on analysis integration limits, with gamma sensitivity <; 4.93 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> and (3.25 ±2.84) × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> , respectively. We determine that increasing the neutron detection efficiency by a factor of 5-6 will make the detector competitive with moderated <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> He tubes, and we discuss several simple and straightforward methods for obtaining or surpassing such an improvement. We end with a discussion of possible applications, both for the scintillating-plastic and nonscintillating-plastic detectors.
A Whole Recombinant Yeast-Based Therapeutic Vaccine Elicits HBV X, S and Core Specific T Cells in Mice and Activates Human T Cells Recognizing Epitopes Linked to Viral Clearance (2014)

Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) is characterized by sub-optimal T cell responses to viral antigens. A therapeutic vaccine capable of restoring these immune responses could potentially improve HBsAg seroconversion rates in the setting of direct acting antiviral therapies. A yeast-based immunotherapy (Tarmogen) platform was used to make a vaccine candidate expressing hepatitis B virus (HBV) X, surface (S), and Core antigens (X-S-Core). Murine and human immunogenicity models were used to evaluate the type and magnitude of HBV-Ag specific T cell responses elicited by the vaccine. C57BL/6J, BALB/c, and HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice immunized with yeast expressing X-S-Core showed T cell responses to X, S and Core when evaluated by lymphocyte proliferation assay, ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining (ICS), or tumor challenge assays. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were observed. Human T cells transduced with HBc18-27 and HBs183-91 specific T cell receptors (TCRs) produced interferon gamma (IFNγ following incubation with X-S-Core-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs). Furthermore, stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from CHB patients or from HBV vaccine recipients with autologous DCs pulsed with X-S-Core or a related product (S-Core) resulted in pronounced expansions of HBV Ag-specific T cells possessing a cytolytic phenotype. These data indicate that X-S-Core-expressing yeast elicit functional adaptive immune responses and supports the ongoing evaluation of this therapeutic vaccine in patients with CHB to enhance the induction of HBV-specific T cell responses.
Supervised Descent Method and Its Applications to Face Alignment (2013)

Many computer vision problems (e.g., camera calibration, image alignment, structure from motion) are solved through a nonlinear optimization method. It is generally accepted that 2nd order descent methods are the most robust, fast and reliable approaches for nonlinear optimization of a general smooth function. However, in the context of computer vision, 2nd order descent methods have two main drawbacks: (1) The function might not be analytically differentiable and numerical approximations are impractical. (2) The Hessian might be large and not positive definite. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Supervised Descent Method (SDM) for minimizing a Non-linear Least Squares (NLS) function. During training, the SDM learns a sequence of descent directions that minimizes the mean of NLS functions sampled at different points. In testing, SDM minimizes the NLS objective using the learned descent directions without computing the Jacobian nor the Hessian. We illustrate the benefits of our approach in synthetic and real examples, and show how SDM achieves state-of-the-art performance in the problem of facial feature detection. The code is available at www.humansensing.cs. cmu.edu/intraface.
Differential translocation of protein kinase C isozymes by phorbol esters, EGF, and ANG II in rat liver WB cells (1998)

The protein kinase C (PKC) family represents an important group of enzymes whose activation is associated with their translocation from the cytosol to different cellular membranes. In this study, the spatial distribution of PKC-alpha, -delta and -epsilon in rat liver epithelial (WB) cells has been examined by Western blot analysis after subcellular fractionation. Cytosolic, membrane, nuclear, and cytoskeletal fractions were obtained from cells stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), angiotensin II (ANG II), or epidermal growth factor (EGF). PMA caused most of the PKC-alpha, -delta and -epsilon initially present in the cytosol to be transported to the membrane and nuclear fractions. In contrast, both ANG II and EGF induced only a minor translocation of PKC-alpha to the membrane fraction but caused a statistically significant membrane-directed movement of PKC-delta and -epsilon. Translocation of PKC-delta and -epsilon to the nucleus induced by ANG II and EGF was transient and quantitatively smaller than that induced by PMA. PKC-delta and -epsilon were present in the cytoskeleton of resting cells, but although PMA, ANG II, and EGF caused some changes in their content, these were variable, suggesting that the cytoskeleton fraction was heterogeneous. PKC depletion inhibited ANG II-induced mitogenesis and the sustained activation of Raf-1 and extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK). However, although PKC depletion inhibited EGF-induced mitogenesis, the maximum EGF-induced activation of the ERK pathway was only slightly retarded. We hypothesize that PKC-delta and -epsilon are involved in mitogenesis via both ERK-dependent and ERK-independent mechanisms. These results support the notion that specific PKC isozymes exert spatially defined effects by virtue of their directed translocation to distinct intracellular sites.
Recent advances in the development of telomerase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer (1999)

Telomerase is an holoenzyme responsible for the maintenance of telomeres, the protein-nucleic acid structures which exist at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that serve to protect chromosomal stability and integrity. Telomerase activity is essential for the sustained proliferation of most immortal cells, including cancer cells. Since the discovery that telomerase activity is expressed in 85 - 90% of all human tumours and tumour-derived cell lines but not in most normal somatic cells, telomerase has become the focus of much attention as a novel and potentially highly-specific target for the development of new anticancer chemotherapeutics. Herein we review recent advances in the development of telomerase inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. To date, these have included antisense strategies, reverse transcriptase inhibitors and compounds capable of interacting with high-order telomeric DNA tetraplex ('G-quadruplex') structures to prevent enzyme access to the necessary linear telomere substrate. In addition, a number of telomerase-inhibitory therapies have been shown to synergistically enhance the effects of clinically-established anticancer drugs. Critical appraisal of each individual approach is provided, together with highlighted areas of likely future development. We also review recent developments in telomere and telomerase biology, of which a more detailed understanding would be essential in order to further develop the present classes of telomerase inhibitors into viable, clinically applicable therapies.
Enhancement of the Anthrax AVA Vaccine with CpG ODN's (2005)

Abstract : A clinical study Phase 1/2, Proof-of-Concept, Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial Assessing the Immunogenicity and Safety of Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed (BioThrax?), Combined with CPG 7909 in Normal Volunteers, was completed and presented at the 2005 Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, in a poster entitled Marked Enhancement of Antibody Response to Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed with CPG 7909 in Healthy Volunteers. The conclusions from this study included: 1. AVA plus CPG 7909 was reasonably well tolerated; 2. There was a trend to greater frequency and severity of adverse events in the AVA plus CPG 7909 group compared to the AVA alone and CPG 7909 alone groups, but this was not statistically significant; 3. AVA plus CPG 7909 elicited a heightened (6 to 8-fold increase) and accelerated (21 to 24 days) antibody response (p 50% of subjects within 14 days of a single immunization. A robust, large scale manufacturing process of CPG 7909 has been developed and is judged suitable for the supply of drug for further clinical studies and product commercialization.
Heterogeneity in the ability of IgG1 monoclonal anti‐D to promote lymphocyte‐mediated red cell lysis (1989)

Thirty-four IgG anti-D human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) derived from 18 donor were assessed for their ability to mediate lysis of D+ red cells by lymphocytes in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. Cell-bound antibody was quantified and the mAb were compared at similar levels of sensitization. The majority (23/31) of IgG1 and all (3/3) IgG3 mAb were ineffective; two donors produced both lytic and non-lytic anti-D mAb. Greater sensitivity was achieved using fluid-phase antibody (as culture supernatants) in the assay than was obtained with pre-sensitized red cells. Minimum levels of 2000 anti-D molecules per cell were required for lysis using pre-sensitized cells. Partial D red cells (DIVa, DVa and DVI) were lysed by three mAb that were lytic with normal D+ cells. There was no relationship between lytic ability and Gm allotype or D epitope specificity of the antibodies. Four mAb to other blood group specificities were tested: two (anti-E and anti-G) were lytic and two (anti-c and anti-Kell) were not lytic. Possible reasons for the heterogeneity of the lytic activity by the mAb are discussed.
Luteinising hormone-releasing hormone analogue reverses the cell adhesion profile of EGFR overexpressing DU-145 human prostate carcinoma subline (2005)

Cetrorelix, a luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) analogue, has been shown to limit growth of the human androgen-independent prostate cell line DU-145, although other inhibitory actions may also be affected. Both growth and invasion of DU-145 cells are linked to autocrine epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signalling. Invasiveness requires not only cells to migrate to conduits, but also reduced adhesiveness between tumour cells to enable separation from the tumour mass. Thus, we investigated whether Cetrorelix alters the DU-145 cell-cell adhesion and if this occurs via altered EGFR signalling. Pharmacologic levels of Cetrorelix limited the invasiveness of a highly invasive DU-145 subline overexpressing full-length EGFR (DU-145 WT). Extended exposure of the cells to Cetrorelix resulted in increased levels of the cell-cell adhesion complex molecules E-cadherin, alpha- and beta-catenin, and p120. Puromycin blocked the increases in E-cadherin and beta-catenin levels, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is required. The Cetrorelix effect appears to occur via transmodulation of EGFR by a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanism, as there were no changes in DU-145 cells expressing EGFR engineered to negate the PKC transattenuation site (DU-145 A654); downregulation of EGFR signalling produced a similar upregulation in adhesion complex proteins, further suggesting a role for autocrine signalling. Cetrorelix increased the cell-cell adhesiveness of DU-145 WT cells to an extent similar to that seen when autocrine EGFR signalling is blocked; as expected, DU-145 A654 cell-cell adhesion also was unaffected by Cetrorelix. The increased adhesiveness is expected as the adhesion complex molecules moved to the cells' periphery. These data offer direct insight into the possible crosstalk pathways between the LHRH and EGFR receptor signalling. The ability of Cetrorelix to downregulate EGFR signalling and subsequently reverse the antiadhesiveness found in metastatic prostate cancer highlights a novel potential target for therapeutic strategies.
Structural Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana Chromosome 5. I. Sequence Features of the 1.6 Mb Regions Covered by Twenty Physically Assigned P1 Clones (1997)

A total of 20 Pl clones with an average insert size of 80 kb and each containing a marker(s) specifically mapped on chromosome 5 were isolated from a P1 library of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome, and their nucleotide sequences were determined according to a shotgun-based strategy and precisely located on the physical map of chromosome 5 separately constructed. The total length of the sequenced regions were summed up to 1,621,245 bp. By comparison with the sequences in protein and EST databases and analysis with computer programs for gene modeling, a total of 347 potential protein-coding genes and/or gene segments with known or predicted functions were identified. The positions of exons which do not exhibit any similarity to known genes were also predicted. An average density of the genes and/or gene segments assigned so far is 1 gene/4,672 bp. Introns were identified in approximately 78% of the potential genes, and the average number and length of the introns per gene were 3.7 and 161 bp. The transcription level of the predicted genes was roughly monitored by counting the numbers of identified Arabidopsis ESTs. The sequence data and gene information are available through the World Wide Web at Author Webpage .
Simple Photografting Method to Chemically Modify and Micropattern the Surface of SU-8 Photoresist (2006)

SU-8 has gained widespread acceptance as a negative photoresist. It is also finding increasing use as a structural material in microanalytical devices. Consequently, methods to tailor the surface properties of SU-8 as well as to micropattern coatings on the surface of SU-8 are needed. The SU-8 photoresist consists of EPON SU-8 resin mixed with the photoacid generator triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate. This photoacid generator can also serve as a photoinitiator generating free radicals when illuminated with UV light. Under the appropriate conditions, sufficient triarylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate remains within cured SU-8 to act as a source of free radicals and initiate UV-mediated grafting of polymers onto the surface of the SU-8. UV-mediated grafting was used to coat SU-8 surfaces with poly(acrylic acid) and other water-soluble monomers. The SU-8 surface was chemically micropatterned by placing a mask between the UV light and SU-8. The X-Y spatial resolution of micropatterned poly(acrylic acid) on the SU-8 surface was 2 mum. Three applications of these chemically modified SU-8 surfaces were demonstrated. In the first, poly(ethylene glycol) was used to protect the SU-8 from interactions with proteins, yielding a surface resistant to biofouling. In the second demonstration, the SU-8 surface was micropatterned with a cell-resistant layer to guide cellular attachment and growth. In the final application, SU-8 micropallets were encoded with polymer lines. The bar codes were read by either absorbance or fluorescence measurements. Thus, UV-mediated graft polymerization is an efficient and effective method to micropattern coatings onto the surface of SU-8.
Experimental determination of object statistics from noisy images (2003)

Modern imaging systems rely on complicated hardware and sophisticated image-processing methods to produce images. Owing to this complexity in the imaging chain, there are numerous variables in both the hardware and the software that need to be determined. We advocate a task-based approach to measuring and optimizing image quality in which one analyzes the ability of an observer to perform a task. Ideally, a task-based measure of image quality would account for all sources of variation in the imaging system, including object variability. Often, researchers ignore object variability even though it is known to have a large effect on task performance. The more accurate the statistical description of the objects, the more believable the task-based results will be. We have developed methods to fit statistical models of objects, using only noisy image data and a well-characterized imaging system. The results of these techniques could eventually be used to optimize both the hardware and the software components of imaging systems.
Prevention of obesity in Avy/a mice by dehydroepiandrosterone (1977)

Dehydroepiandrosterone, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented Avy/a mice from becoming obese. Decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol accounted for a large portion of the weight difference between treated and control Avy/a mice. Hepatic lipogenesis as measured by 3H2O incorporation into total lipid was less in the dehydroepiandrosterone-treated mice. Dehydroepiandrosterone did not suppress appetite and had no apparent toxic effects at the doses used, and its weight controlling effects were reversible upon withdrawal of treatment.