gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogels based on hydrophilic side‐chain siloxanes (1995)

Abstract Methacrylate end‐capped diethylene glycol propyl methyl ether, 5‐hexyl‐1,2‐diol, and 3‐propyloxy‐1,2‐propane diol side‐chain siloxanes were evaluated for potential use as hydrogels for contact lens application. The preparation of the methacrylate end‐capped ether, hexane diol, and propane diol side‐chain siloxanes was accomplished in two relatively simple synthetic steps: The first step consisted of the acid‐catalyzed co‐ring opening polymerization of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane, tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane, and 1‐3‐bis‐methacryloyl‐butyltetramethyldisiloxane, followed by a platinum‐catalyzed hydrosilation with (in separate experiments) diethylene glycol allyl methyl ether, trimethylsilyl protected 3‐allyloxy‐1,2‐propane diol, and trimethylsilyl protected 5‐hexene‐1,2‐diol. The trimethylsilyl protecting groups was removed using a 10% 0.1 N HCl solution in 2‐propanol. Radical polymerization of the methacrylate end‐capped ether, hexane, and propane diol side‐chain siloxanes with hydrophilic monomers, such as dimethylacrylamide, and a strengthening agent, isobornylmethacrylate, resulted in transparent hydrogels possessing a wide range of water contents, high oxygen permeability, and a low modulus of elasticity and, for the propane diol side‐chain siloxanes, excellent hydrolytic stability. The ether side‐chain siloxane‐based hydrogels exhibited poor hydrolytic stability. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Site-Specific Modification Using the 2′-Methoxyethyl Group Improves the Specificity and Activity of siRNAs (2017)

Rapid progress has been made toward small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy for human disorders, but rationally optimizing siRNAs for high specificity and potent silencing remains a challenge. In this study, we explored the effect of chemical modification at the cleavage site of siRNAs. We found that modifications at positions 9 and 10 markedly reduced the silencing potency of the unmodified strand of siRNAs but were well tolerated by the modified strand. Intriguingly, addition of the 2'-methoxyethyl (MOE) group at the cleavage site improved both the specificity and silencing activity of siRNAs by facilitating the oriented RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) loading of the modified strand. Furthermore, we combined MOE modifications at positions 9 and 10 of one strand together with 2'-O-methylation (OMe) at position 14 of the other strand and found a synergistic effect that improved the specificity of siRNAs. The surprisingly beneficial effect of the combined modification was validated using siRNA-targeting endogenous gene intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). We found that the combined modifications eliminated its off-target effects. In conclusion, we established effective strategies to optimize siRNAs using site-specific MOE modifications. The findings may allow the creation of superior siRNAs for therapy in terms of activity and specificity.
Disruption of MHC Class II-Restricted Antigen Presentation by Vaccinia Virus (2005)

Vaccinia virus (VV), currently used in humans as a live vaccine for smallpox, can interfere with host immunity via several discrete mechanisms. In this study, the effect of VV on MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation was investigated. Following VV infection, the ability of professional and nonprofessional APC to present Ag and peptides to CD4+ T cells was impaired. Viral inhibition of class II Ag presentation could be detected within 1 h, with diminished T cell responses dependent upon the duration of APC infection and virus titer. Exposure of APC to replication-deficient virus also diminished class II Ag presentation. Virus infection of APC perturbed Ag presentation by newly synthesized and recycling class II molecules, with disruptions in both exogenous and cytoplasmic Ag presentation. Virus-driven expression of an endogenous Ag, failed to restore T cell responsiveness specific for this Ag in the context of MHC class II molecules. Yet, both class II protein steady-state and cell surface expression were not altered by VV. Biochemical and functional analysis revealed that VV infection directly interfered with ligand binding to class II molecules. Together, these observations suggest that disruption of MHC class II-mediated Ag presentation may be one of multiple strategies VV has evolved to escape host immune surveillance.
Most Nonparotid “Acinic Cell Carcinomas” Represent Mammary Analog Secretory Carcinomas (2013)

Acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is a low-grade salivary gland malignancy characterized by serous acinar differentiation. Most ACCs arise in the parotid gland, but ACCs have been reported to originate in nonparotid salivary glands where serous acini are less abundant. Given the recent discovery of mammary analog secretory carcinoma (MASC)-a salivary malignancy that histologically mimics ACC-a retrospective reevaluation of nonparotid ACCs is warranted. The surgical pathology archives of The Johns Hopkins Hospital were searched for all ACCs arising outside of the parotid gland. For each case, the histologic slides were reviewed; immunohistochemical analysis (mammaglobin, S100 protein) was performed; and confirmatory ETV6 breakapart fluorescence in situ hybridization assay was completed. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from the medical records. Fourteen extraparotid tumors diagnosed as ACC were identified. Eleven of 14 (79%) tumors harbored the ETV6 translocation (oral cavity=9 of 11; submandibular gland=2 of 2). The translocation-positive tumors occurred in 7 women and 4 men ranging in age from 20 to 86 years (mean, 56 y) and usually presented as painless masses. Immunohistochemistry for mammaglobin and S100 was positive in all 11 translocation-positive tumors but negative in the 3 translocation-negative tumors. Histologically, the translocation-positive tumors exhibited uniform cells with vacuolated cytoplasm, microcystic/cystic and papillary architecture, and intraluminal secretions; however, the presence of basophilic cytoplasmic granules was conspicuously absent. Basophilic cytoplasmic granules, indicative of true serous acinar differentiation, were present in the 3 translocation-negative tumors. Of the translocation-positive tumors, only 1 locally recurred, and none metastasized. Most alleged ACCs of nonparotid origin actually represent misclassified MASCs. The impact of diagnostic error is mitigated by the low-grade nature of MASC that, like ACCs, do not appear to be clinically aggressive.
Fragmentation of Optically Active (1‐Phenylethyl)‐ and (1‐Naphthylethyl)ureas in Refluxing Alcohols: Easy Preparation of Optically Active Amines of High Optical Purity (1986)

Abstract (1‐Phenylethyl)‐ and (1‐naphthylethyl)ureas, obtained in the reaction of racemic amines with optically pure isocyanates, are separated and then decomposed in refluxing alcohols, to afford optically pure secondary amines and optically pure alkyl carbamates in quantitative yields. The scope of this fragmentation for the resolution of racemic mixtures of amines is illustrated by several examples of biologically important compounds. Carbamates obtained by this fragmentation can readily be recycled.
<title>UV coatings produced with plasma-ion-assisted deposition</title> (1999)

Plasma-IAD with the APS has been applied for a large number of different layer systems in production an ind R and D. The ability for the production of shift free multilayer coatings for the visible and NIR spectral range is utilized in manufacture for many applications such as steep edge filters for color separation, rugate filters for laser protection and narrow-bandpass filters for wavelength division multiplexing. An overview was given. Shift free narrowband filters for the UV-B region were published in 1996. The paper reports the result of UV coatings using plasma ion assisted deposition. Tantala/silica and hafnia/silica combinations have been used for multilayer coatings in the UV-A and UV-B spectral range. Single layers of silica and alumina and multilayer systems with both materials were investigated in the UV-B and UV-C region. The coatings were characterized by obtained transmittance and reflectance curves as well as absorption and scattering measurements. The temperature stability results are compared with coatings in the visible and NIR spectral range published.
Developability studies before initiation of process development (2013)

Monoclonal antibodies constitute a robust class of therapeutic proteins. Their stability, resistance to stress conditions and high solubility have allowed the successful development and commercialization of over 40 antibody-based drugs. Although mAbs enjoy a relatively high probability of success compared with other therapeutic proteins, examples of projects that are suspended due to the instability of the molecule are not uncommon. Developability assessment studies have therefore been devised to identify early during process development problems associated with stability, solubility that is insufficient to meet expected dosing or sensitivity to stress. This set of experiments includes short-term stability studies at 2-8 þC, 25 þC and 40 þC, freeze-thaw studies, limited forced degradation studies and determination of the viscosity of high concentration samples. We present here three case studies reflecting three typical outcomes: (1) no major or unexpected degradation is found and the study results are used to inform early identification of degradation pathways and potential critical quality attributes within the Quality by Design framework defined by US Food and Drug Administration guidance documents; (2) identification of specific degradation pathway(s) that do not affect potency of the molecule, with subsequent definition of proper process control and formulation strategies; and (3) identification of degradation that affects potency, resulting in program termination and reallocation of resources.
Potential antitumor agents. 14. Acridylmethanesulfonanilides (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotential antitumor agents. 14. AcridylmethanesulfonanilidesBruce F. Cain, Ralph N. Seelye, and Graham J. AtwellCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 9, 922–930Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00255a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00255a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views409Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multiplexed metropolis light transport (2014)

Global illumination algorithms using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) sampling are well-known for their efficiency in scenes with complex light transport. Samples in such algorithms are generated as a history of Markov chain states so that they are distributed according to the contributions to the image. The whole process is done based only on the information of the path contributions and user-defined transition probabilities from one state to the others. In light transport simulation, however, there is more information that can be used to improve the efficiency of path sampling. A notable example is multiple importance sampling (MIS) in bidirectional path tracing, which utilizes the probability densities of constructing a given path with different estimators. While MIS is a powerful ordinary Monte Carlo method, how to incorporate such additional information into MCMC sampling has been an open problem. We introduce a novel MCMC sampling framework, primary space serial tempering , which fuses the ideas of MCMC sampling and MIS for the first time. The key idea is to explore not only the sample space using a Markov chain, but also different estimators to generate samples by utilizing the information already available for MIS. Based on this framework, we also develop a novel rendering algorithm, multiplexed Metropolis light transport , which automatically and adaptively constructs paths with appropriate techniques as predicted by MIS. The final algorithm is very easy to implement, yet in many cases shows comparable (or even better) performance than significantly more complex MCMC rendering algorithms.
Purification and characterization of acetate kinase from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila. Evidence for regulation of synthesis. (1988)

Acetate kinase was purified 102-fold to a specific activity of 656 mumol of ADP formed/min/mg of protein from acetate-grown Methanosarcina thermophila. The enzyme was not intrinsically membrane bound. The native enzyme (Mr 94,000) was an alpha 2 homodimer with a subunit Mr of 53,000. The activity was optimum between pH 7.0 and 7.4. A pI of 4.7 was determined. The enzyme was stable to O2 and stable to heating at 70 degrees C for 15 min but was rapidly inactivated at higher temperatures. The apparent Km for acetate was 22 mM and for ATP was 2.8 mM. The enzyme phosphorylated propionate at 60% of the rate with acetate but was unable to use formate. TTP, ITP, UTP, GTP, and CTP replaced ATP as the phosphoryl donor to acetate. The enzyme required one of several divalent cations for activity; the maximum rate was obtained with Mn2+. Western blots of cell extract proteins showed that acetate grown cells synthesized higher quantities of the acetate kinase than did methanol grown cells.
Các phẩm chất chú ý của lứa tuổi thanh niên sinh viên (2011)

Kết quả nghien cứu phản anh một số đặc trưng về cac phẩm chất chu ý của sinh vien như: khối lượng chu ý co phần tang len, sự phân phối va di chuyển chu ý giảm đi từ 18-21 tuổi. Mức độ phat triển cac phẩm chất chu ý khac khong co sự thay đổi. Tim hiểu mức độ chu ý của nhom sinh vien hai nam đầu với nhom sinh vien hai nam cuối đại học cho thấy chỉ số của cac phẩm chất chu ý tương đối giống nhau. Nhin chung, mức độ chu ý của sinh vien từ 18-21 tuổi của những nam đầu đến những nam cuối học đại học la ổn định
Rendezvousing with location-aware devices: Enhancing social coordination (2005)

Emerging technologies such as location-awareness devices have the potential to significantly impact users’ social coordination, particularly while rendezvousing. It is important that we explore how new technologies influence social behaviours and communication in order to realize their full potential. This paper presents a field study investigating the use of mobile location-aware devices for rendezvous activities. Participants took part in one of three mobile device conditions (a mobile phone, a location-aware handheld, or both a mobile phone and a location-aware handheld) and completed three rendezvousing scenarios. The results reveal key differences in communication patterns between the mediums, as well as the potential strengths and limitations of location-aware devices for social coordination. The paper concludes with a discussion of relevant design issues drawn from observations gathered during the field study.
Tolerance and Specificity of Polyketide Synthases (1999)

Polyketide synthases catalyze the assembly of complex natural products from simple precursors such as propionyl-CoA and methylmalonyl-CoA in a biosynthetic process that closely parallels fatty acid biosynthesis. Like fatty acids, polyketides are assembled by successive decarboxylative condensations of simple precursors. But whereas the intermediates in fatty acid biosynthesis are fully reduced to generate unfunctionalized alkyl chains, the intermediates in polyketide biosynthesis may be only partially processed, giving rise to complex patterns of functional groups. Additional complexity arises from the use of different starter and chain extension substrates, the generation of chiral centers, and further functional group modifications, such as cyclizations. The structural and functional modularity of these multienzyme systems has raised the possibility that polyketide biosynthetic pathways might be rationally reprogrammed by combinatorial manipulation. An essential prerequisite for harnessing this biosynthetic potential is a better understanding of the molecular recognition features of polyketide synthases. Within this decade, a variety of genetic, biochemical, and chemical investigations have yielded insights into the tolerance and specificity of several architecturally different polyketide synthases. The results of these studies, together with their implications for biosynthetic engineering, are summarized in this review.
Studies on the inhibition of human thrombin: effects of plasma and plasma constituents. (1982)

The effects of blood plasma and some plasma constituents on several types of thrombin inhibitors were quite varied. Two active esters were rapidly destroyed by serum albumin; one of these reacted initially with Lys-199, the residue that is also acylated by aspirin. Of two sulfonyl fluorides one was unaffected by albumin, and the other bound reversibly to albumin; this binding was greater with albumin acetylated at Tyr-411 near the binding site for medium-chain fatty acids. The effects of a chloromethyl ketone were inhibited, apparently reversibly, by albumin but were practically abolished by glutathione. Of two potent reversible inhibitors one was unaffected by plasma constituents, while the other was over 10-fold less potent in plasma than in fibrinogen. The effect of plasma could be partially explained by binding to albumin and lipoproteins.
Finding people by sampling (1999)

We show how to use a sampling method to find sparsely clad people in static images. People are modeled as an assembly of nine cylindrical segments. Segments are found using an EM algorithm and then assembled into hypotheses incrementally, using a learned likelihood model. Each assembly step passes on a set of samples of its likelihood to the next; this yields effective pruning of the space of hypotheses. The collection of available nine-segment hypotheses is then represented by a set of equivalence classes, which yield an efficient pruning process. The posterior for the number of people is obtained from the class representatives. People are counted quite accurately in images of real scenes using a MAP estimate. We show the method allows top-down as well as bottom up reasoning. While the method can be overwhelmed by very large numbers of segments, we show that this problem can be avoided by quite simple pruning steps.
Anti-helminthic drugs in recurrent apthous stomatitis: A short review (2014)

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a common mucosal condition producing painful ulcerations in the oral cavity and considerable clinical morbidity. The etiology remains obscure, though local trauma, psychologic stress, hematinic deficiencies and immune dysregulation have been implicated. Though the primary goals of therapy are symptomatic relief of pain, the clinicians are aiming toward reducing the frequency, duration, number of ulcerations and increasing ulcer free periods with systemic drug therapy if topical medications appear ineffective. Levamisole, an antihelminthic drug has been tried with promising results in patients with severe RAS providing long-term benefits.
Identification of five different insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) from adult rat serum and molecular cloning of a novel IGFBP-5 in rat and human (1991)

Five different insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) were isolated from adult rat serum using gel filtration, ligand affinity chromatography, and two steps of reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Three of them were identified as IGFBP-2, -3, and -4 by their amino-terminal amino acid sequences. One of the remaining two proteins was the rat homologue of the partially characterized IGFBP isolated originally from human cerebrospinal fluid, while the other appeared to be a novel member of the IGFBP family. IGFBP-1 was not found in the adult rat serum under our experimental procedures. cDNAs encoding the novel IGFBP were isolated and characterized from a rat ovary and a human placenta library. The mature protein predicted for both species contained 252 amino acids including 18 cysteines that were located in the homologous positions as IGFBP-1, -2, -3, and -4. We propose to name this protein IGFBP-5. Northern analysis of IGFBP-5 mRNA in rat tissues demonstrated that transcription of this gene is highly active in kidney, although the mRNA was detectable in all tissues examined. Alignment of the amino acid sequences of the five rat IGFBPs revealed a 47-60% similarity, indicating that their individual genes diverged from a single ancestral gene by successive gene duplication in a short time frame during evolution. The chromosomal localizations of IGFBP-1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 genes in human have been determined using polymerase chain reaction on somatic cell hybrid DNAs of human and hamster, and the results showed that they were located on chromosomes 7, 2, 7, 17, and 5, respectively.
Polymerization of Ethylene with Cationic Palladium and Nickel Catalysts Containing Bulky Nonenolizable Imine−Phosphine Ligands (2002)

A number of bulky, nonenolizable Pd(II) and Ni(II) imine−phosphine complexes have been synthesized and tested in the ethylene polymerization. These catalysts show improved temperature stability with respect to the corresponding diimine complexes. Nickel imine−phosphine precatalysts containing gem-dimethyl substituent α to phosphorus display moderate activity and produce substantially higher molecular weight polyethylene compared to the corresponding enolizable complexes.
Cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: phospholipase activity and its relationship to autolysis (1978)

The relationship between conditions which permit or inhibit cell lysis and those which promote phospholipid hydrolysis in Neisseria gonorrhoeae was investigated. Suspension of exponential-phase gonococci in buffer in the absence of divalent cations resulted in autolysis but not in phosphlipid hydrolysis. The addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ to the buffer inhibited autolysis and markedly stimulated the hydrolysis of phosphatidylethanolamine. Incubation of cells in buffer at pH 6 inhibited both autolysis and phospholipid hydrolysis.
Estrogen Receptor Pathway: Resistance to Endocrine Therapy and New Therapeutic Approaches (2006)

Endocrine therapy is widely accepted as the most important treatment for all patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. However, despite the positive effect of endocrine therapy on clinical outcome, resistance to these drugs inevitably develops. This article reviews the problem of resistance to hormonal therapy and addresses potential approaches to overcome intrinsic or acquired mechanisms of resistance.