gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Analysis of Cross-Linking Copolymers (2000)

Copolymerization of ST (styrene) with EDM (ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) gives nonlinear polymers. The average molecular weight and polydispersity of copolymers composed of ST and EDM were measured using the GPC (gel permeation chromatography) technique, and an exponential increase in both quantities with reaction time was observed. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of the copolymers were taken to prove the structure and purity of the products and to calculate the composition and pendant content of the copolymers. The ratio of the pendant double bonds of the copolymers was determined from the 1H NMR spectra. A remarkable increase in the ratio of the pendant double bonds with reaction time was observed. The mechanism for the chain propagation was studied and found to follow the terminal model. Reacitvity ratios were found to be r1 = 0.452 ± 0.031 for monomer ST and r2 = 0.297 ± 0.027 for monomer EDM. According to the size distribution of the copolymers measured by DLS (dynamic light scattering) and the average radii of gyration measured by SLS (static light scattering) techniques, the samples showed strong polydispersity and an increase in molecular size with reaction time. Unusually high molecular weight values were observed after a certain reaction time.
Evidence for Apoptosis After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rat Striatum (2000)

The overall hypothesis that cell death after intracerebral hemorrhage is mediated in part by apoptotic mechanisms was tested. Intracerebral hemorrhage was induced in rats using stereotactic infusions of 0.5 U of collagenase (1-microL volume) into the striatum. After 24 hours, large numbers of TUNEL-positive stained cells with morphologies suggestive of apoptosis were present in the center and periphery of the hemorrhage. Double staining with Nissl and immunocytochemical labeling with antibodies against neuronal nuclei and glial fibrillary acidic protein suggested that these TUNEL-positive cells were mostly neurons and astrocytes. Electrophoresis of hemorrhagic brain extracts showed evidence of DNA laddering into approximately 200-bp fragments. Western blots showed cleavage of the cytosolic caspase substrate gelsolin. The density of TUNEL-positive cells at 24 and 48 hours after hemorrhage was significantly reduced by treatment with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor zVADfmk. It was unlikely that apoptotic changes were due to neurotoxicity of injected collagenase because TUNEL-positive cells and DNA laddering were also obtained in an alternative model of hemorrhage where autologous blood was infused into the striatum. Furthermore, equivalent doses of collagenase did not induce cell death in primary neuronal cultures. These results provide initial evidence that apoptotic mechanisms may mediate some of the injury in brain after intracerebral hemorrhage.
Classic Measures of Hip Dysplasia Do Not Correlate with Three-Dimensional Computer Tomographic Measures and Indices (2011)

Level III.
Complete structure of lipid A obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of the heptoseless mutant of Salmonella typhimurium. (1983)

A highly purified monophosphoryl lipid A, TLC-3 fraction obtained from the lipopolysaccharides of the heptoseless mutant Salmonella typhimurium G30/C21 was converted to the dimethyl pentatrimethylsilyl derivative and analyzed by proton NMR spectroscopy at 400 MHz. Substantial downfield shifts of the resonances for protons at the 3- and 3'-carbons of the glucosamine disaccharide to 5.06 and 5.15 ppm, respectively, occurred from the normal range of 3.5-4.1 ppm, indicating that these two positions on the sugar rings were acylated. Significant downfield shift of the resonances for protons at the 4- and 6'-carbons did not occur, indicating the absence of acyl groups at these two positions. Since positive ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry previously established the presence of hydroxymyristoyl and myristoxymyristoyl esters at the reducing end and distal subunits, respectively, these acyl groups must be attached to the oxygen of the corresponding 3- and 3'-carbons of lipid A. With these results, we can now describe the complete structure of the monophosphoryl lipid A, TLC-3 from S. typhimurium.
Some Aspects of the Measurement of the Q Factor of Transmission Lines (1963)

This paper deals with two basic problems in the measurement of the Q factor of low-loss transmission lines: 1) long lines and 2) short lines with appreciable direct coupling between the driving and pickup probes. The results are given as relative ordinates on the (distorted) resonance curve which correspond to the correct values of /spl plusmn//spl 1/2//spl delta//spl iota/ or /spl plusmn//spl 1/2//spl delta//spl conint/ defined by Q =/spl conint/ / /spl delta//spl conint/=/spl iota/ / /spl delta//spl iota/.
Inhibition of cell proliferation by ciprofibrate in glutathione S-transferase P1-1-positive rat hepatic hyperplastic nodules. (1994)

Previous studies have demonstrated that short-term treatment with a peroxisome proliferator (PP) decreased the size and number of genotoxic carcinogen-induced hepatic hyperplastic lesions identified by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) or glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (rGSTP1-1) staining. However, longer-term PP treatment of animals bearing similar hepatic hyperplastic lesions produced an increase in both the size and number of liver tumors. To characterize the hepatic hyperplastic lesions which are inhibited or promoted by PP, a unique double labeling technique was developed to determine the relative rate of cell division (e.g., DNA synthesis) in rGSTP1-1-positive nodules before and after ciprofibrate (Cip) treatment. rGSTP1-1-positive nodules were induced with the Solt-Farber resistance protocol (diethylnitrosamine-2-acetylaminofluorene partial hepatectomy). Eleven weeks after diethylnitrosamine initiation, 3 groups of rats were maintained on a control chow diet or switched to a powdered chow diet containing 0.025% Cip or 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) for the last 8 days of the experiment. A minipump implanted in the abdominal cavity released [methyl-3H]thymidine continuously for 72 h and was then removed prior to CIp or PB treatment. A second minipump was then implanted which released bromodeoxyuridine to the abdominal cavity 5 days after the start of Cip or PB administration and lasted for 72 h until the termination of the experiment. Both the [methyl-3H]thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine labeling indices (LIs) were determined in the same group of cells within individual rGSTP1-1-positive nodules in the right posterior lobes of livers. PB treatment increased both the average number of persistent GGT-positive nodules and the ratio of persistent GGT-positive to rGSTP1-1-positive nodules/cm2. In contrast, Cip treatment greatly decreased the average number and area of persistent GGT-positive nodules, as well as the ratio between persistent GGT-positive and rGSTP1-1-positive nodules/cm2. Cip treatment also resulted in a 40% decrease in the average LI in the rGSTP1-1-positive nodules. In some rGSTP1-1-positive nodules, the LI was decreased from > 40% prior to Cip treatment to < 5% afterward, suggesting that Cip treatment interrupted progression in these nodules. Such drastic changes in the LI before and after treatments were not observed in either PB- or vehicle-treated (control) animals. A number of small nodules with a high bromodeoxyuridine LI but with no or very few [methyl-3H]thymidine-labeled nuclei and negative GGT and rGSTP1-1 staining were detected only in the Cip group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Cilomilast, an orally active phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor for the treatment of COPD (2005)

Cilomilast is a highly selective, orally active phosphodiesterase (PDE)4 inhibitor currently under evaluation for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). PDE4 is the predominant cyclic AMP-degrading enzyme in various inflammatory cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages, T-cells and monocytes. As a second-generation PDE4 inhibitor, cilomilast demonstrates a markedly improved side-effect profile over the prototype rolipram. In humans, cilomilast is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and is almost completely bioavailable with nearly no first-pass hepatic metabolism. Cilomilast has been shown to be well tolerated in both short- and long-term studies in doses of up to 15 mg twice daily. Phase II and III studies demonstrated improvements in lung function and quality of life in patients with COPD. Significant reduction was observed in subepithelial neutrophil, CD68(+) monocyte and CD8(+) lymphocyte densities in bronchial biopsies of COPD patients following administration of cilomilast for 12 weeks. As there are no pharmacokinetic interactions between cilomilast and commonly prescribed drugs such as theophylline, salbutamol, erythromycin and corticosteroids, or with smoking, it can be assumed that no dose adjustments will be required in patients with COPD. Cilomilast is thus a promising substance for use in the anti-inflammatory treatment of COPD.
Efficacy of an Encapsulated Probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in Women with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (2006)

B. infantis 35624 is a probiotic that specifically relieves many of the symptoms of IBS. At a dosage level of 1 x 10(8) cfu, it can be delivered by a capsule making it stable, convenient to administer, and amenable to widespread use. The lack of benefits observed with the other dosage levels of the probiotic highlight the need for clinical data in the final dosage form and dose of probiotic before these products should be used in practice.
Intradermal Administration of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Induces a T Cell- and Eosinophil-Dependent Systemic Th2 Inflammatory Response (2008)

The epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is sufficient to induce asthma or atopic dermatitis-like phenotypes when selectively overexpressed in transgenic mice, or when driven by topical application of vitamin D3 or low-calcemic analogues. Although T and B cells have been reported to be dispensable for the TSLP-induced inflammation in these models, little is known about the downstream pathways or additional cell types involved in the inflammatory response driven by TSLP. To characterize the downstream effects of TSLP in vivo, we examined the effects of exogenous administration of TSLP protein to wild-type and genetically deficient mice. TSLP induced a systemic Th2 inflammatory response characterized by increased circulating IgE and IgG1 as well as increased draining lymph node size and cellularity, Th2 cytokine production in draining lymph node cultures, inflammatory cell infiltrates, epithelial hyperplasia, subcuticular fibrosis, and up-regulated Th2 cytokine and chemokine messages in the skin. Responses to TSLP in various genetically deficient mice demonstrated T cells and eosinophils were required, whereas mast cells and TNF-alpha were dispensable. TSLP-induced responses were significantly, but not completely reduced in IL-4- and IL-13-deficient mice. These results shed light on the pathways and cell types involved in TSLP-induced inflammation.
Use of earth observation data for applications in public health (2013)

The Earth Observation (EO) data with their advantages in spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions have demonstrated their great value in providing information about many of the components that comprise environmental systems and ecosystems for decades that are crucial to the understating of public health issues. This literature review shows that in conjunction with in situ data collection, EO data have been used to observe, monitor, measure and model many environmental variables that are associated with disease vectors. Furthermore, satellite derived aerosol optical depth has been increasingly employed to estimate ground-level PM2.5 concentrations, which have been found to associate with various health outcomes such as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. It is suggested that Landsat-like imagery data may provide important data sources to analyse and understand contagious and infectious diseases at the local and regional scales, which are tied to urbanisation and associated impacts on the environment. There is also a great need of data products from coarse resolution imagery, such as those from moderate resolution imaging spectrometer, multiangle imaging spectroradiometer and geostationary operational environmental satellite , to model and characterise infectious diseases at the continental and global scales. The infectious diseases at greater geographical scales have become unprecedentedly significant as global climate change and the process of globalisation intensify. The relationship between infectious diseases and environmental characteristic have been explored by using statistical, geostatistical and physical models, with recent emphasis on the use of machine-learning techniques such as artificial neural networks. Lastly, we suggest that the planned HyspIRI mission is crucial for observing, measuring and modelling environmental variables impacting various diseases as it will improve both spectral resolution and revisit time, thus contributing to better prediction of occurrence of infectious diseases, target intervention and tracking of epidemic events.
Transcranial Contrast Imaging of Cerebral Perfusion in Patients With Space-Occupying Intracranial Lesions (2006)

By using contrast-enhanced transcranial duplex sonography, it is possible to image the perfusion deficit in cerebral microcirculation in patients with intracranial space-occupying lesions. These results should be confirmed by more pathologic cases and correlated with magnetic resonance imaging and other neuroimaging techniques. Additionally, further technical development in sonographic systems is necessary to improve the diagnostics of cerebral perfusion deficit.
A biochemist's view of long-term potentiation. (1996)

This review surveys the molecular mechanisms of long-term potentiation (LTP) from the point of view of a biochemist. On the basis of available data, LTP in area CA1 of the hippocampus is divided into three phases--initial, early, and late--and the mechanisms contributing to the induction and expression of each phase are examined. We focus on evidence for the involvement of various second messengers and their effectors as well as the biochemical strategies employed in each phase to convert a transient signal into a lasting change in the neuron. We also consider, from a biochemical perspective, the implications of a multiphase model for LTP.
Medical research, past, present, and future. (1995)

1995 marks the centennial year of the discovery of x-rays. The medical profession advanced rapidly following Roentgen's discovery of the x-ray. Every aspect of medicine came to rely on radiology in some way. The x-ray not only revolutionized diagnostic medicine, it transformed therapeutic medicine as well. Only months after its discovery, the x-ray was being used with therapeutic intent, thus began radiation therapy. We can examine the development of radiation oncology in several periods.
The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Data (2009)

Problems that involve interacting with humans, such as natural language understanding, have not proven to be solvable by concise, neat formulas like F = ma. Instead, the best approach appears to be to embrace the complexity of the domain and address it by harnessing the power of data: if other humans engage in the tasks and generate large amounts of unlabeled, noisy data, new algorithms can be used to build high-quality models from the data.
Activation of a mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascade induces WRKY family of transcription factors and defense genes in tobacco (2004)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are important signaling modules in eukaryotic cells that convert signals generated from the receptors/sensors to cellular responses. Upon activation, MAPKs can be translocated into nuclei where they phosphorylate transcription factors, which in turn activate gene expression. We recently identified NtMEK2, a tobacco MAPK kinase, as the upstream kinase of SIPK and WIPK, two well-characterized tobacco stress-responsive MAPKs. In the conditional gain-of-function NtMEK2DD transgenic tobacco plants, the activation of endogenous SIPK and WIPK by NtMEK2DD induces several groups of defense genes, including 3-hydroxy-3-methlyglutaryl CoA reductase (HMGR), basic pathogenesis related (PR) genes, systemic acquired resistance gene 8.2 (Sar 8.2), and harpin-induced gene1 (Hin1). To identify the transcription factor(s) involved in the activation of these defense genes, we performed gel-mobility shift assays using nuclear extracts from NtMEK2DD plants. Among the common cis-acting elements present in the promoters of defense-related genes, we observed a strong increase in the binding activity to the W box in nuclear extracts from the NtMEK2DD plants but not the control NtMEK2KR plants. The elevated W-box-binding activity in the nuclear extracts cannot be reversed by phosphatase treatment, excluding the possibility of a direct phosphorylation regulation of WRKY transcription factors by SIPK/WIPK. Instead, we observed a rapid increase in the expression of several WRKY genes in the NtMEK2DD plants. These results suggest that the increase in W-box-binding activity after SIPK/WIPK activation is a result of WRKY gene activation, and the NtMEK2-SIPK/WIPK cascade is involved in regulating the expression of genes ranging from transcription factors to defense genes further downstream during plant defense responses.
Regulation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α-Induced Transactivation by the Nuclear Orphan Receptor TAK1/TR4 (1998)

Recently, we reported the cloning of the nuclear orphan receptor TAK1. In this study, we characterized the sequence requirements for optimal TAK1 binding and analyzed the repression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) signaling pathway by TAK1. Site selection analysis showed that TAK1 has the greatest affinity for direct repeat-1 response elements (RE) containing AGGTCAAAGGTCA (TAK1-RE) to which it binds as a homodimer. TAK1 is a very weak inducer of TAK1-RE-dependent transcriptional activation. We observed that TAK1, as PPARalpha, is expressed within rat hepatocytes and is able to bind the peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) present in the promoter of the PPARalpha target genes rat enoyl-CoA hydratase (HD) and peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX). TAK1 is unable to induce PPRE-dependent transcriptional activation and represses PPARalpha-mediated transactivation through these elements in a dose-dependent manner. Two-hybrid analysis showed that TAK1 does not form heterodimers with either PPARalpha or retinoid X receptor (RXRalpha), indicating that this repression does not involve a mechanism by which TAK1 titrates out PPARalpha or RXRalpha from PPAR.RXR complexes. Further studies demonstrated that the PPARalpha ligand 8(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid strongly promotes the interaction of PPARalpha with the co-activator RIP-140 but decreases the interaction of PPARalpha with the co-repressor SMRT. In contrast, TAK1 interacts with RIP-140 but not with SMRT and competes with PPARalpha for RIP-140 binding. These observations indicated that the antagonistic effects of TAK1 on PPARalpha.RXRalpha transactivation act at least at two levels in the PPARalpha signaling pathway: competition of TAK1 with PPARalpha.RXR for binding to PPREs as well as to common co-activators, such as RIP-140. Our results suggest an important role for TAK1 in modulating PPARalpha-controlled gene expression in hepatocytes.
The Production of an Erythropoietic Factor by the In Situ Perfused Kidney (1961)

Research Articles| February 25 2009 The Production of an Erythropoietic Factor by the In Situ Perfused Kidney Subject Area: Hematology , Oncology James W. Fisher; James W. Fisher From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Medical Units Memphis, Tennessee Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar B.J. Birdwell B.J. Birdwell From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Medical Units Memphis, Tennessee Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Acta Haematol (1961) 26 (4): 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1159/000206656 Article history Published Online: February 25 2009 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation James W. Fisher, B.J. Birdwell; The Production of an Erythropoietic Factor by the In Situ Perfused Kidney. Acta Haematol 1 April 1961; 26 (4): 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1159/000206656 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsActa Haematologica Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1961Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
Apparatus and Methods for Measurement and Interpretation of the Angular Variation of Light Scattering; Preliminary Results on Polystyrene Solutions (1948)

A photoelectric apparatus for the measurement of the angular dependence of light scattering from solutions is described in detail and its performance is discussed. Methods of calculation for the determination of the average extension of the scattering molecules from the data are described. Data are presented for two fractions of polystyrene in various solvents, showing the effect of changing solvent power and temperature, and also confirming a theoretically derived formula for the concentration dependence of the scattering.