gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A SEMI-IMMERSIVE SYNTHETIC ENVIRONMENT FOR COOPERATIVE AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL (2000)

Nowadays many software applications in Air Traffic Control manage ATC data in bidimensional maps, so the modern workstations interfaces in some extent lack of interactivity and require the interpretation of large amount of data presented in very synthetic or symbolic way. In this paper a new interface for real 3D ATC data visualization and interaction is presented; it exploits a Virtual Reality immersive technique to give the operator an intuitive tool for managing air traffic approaching airports in crowded areas. ATC-VR is a smart computer-human interface developed to allow the operator to keep all variables under control on a Virtual Reality desk. Using stereoscopic glasses and 3-D pointing devices the operator can “fly through” a scenery, in which a “tactical” situation is represented superimposing a realistic rendering of the landscape, aircrafts flying in the area and big amount of graphical information concerning flight paths, constraints, predicted underseparations, weather conditions, etc. Interacting with the 3-D graphical representations, the operator can manage the traffic while the software acts as a supervisor allowing only actions which are compatible with the constrains. This kind of interface allows also multiple operators co-operating at the same time in directing the air traffic.
Rearrangement of CRLF2 is associated with mutation of JAK kinases, alteration of IKZF1, Hispanic/Latino ethnicity, and a poor outcome in pediatric B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2010)

Gene expression profiling of 207 uniformly treated children with high-risk B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia revealed 29 of 207 cases (14%) with markedly elevated expression of CRLF2 (cytokine receptor-like factor 2). Each of the 29 cases harbored a genomic rearrangement of CRLF2: 18 of 29 (62%) had a translocation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene IGH@ on 14q32 to CRLF2 in the pseudoautosomal region 1 of Xp22.3/Yp11.3, whereas 10 (34%) cases had a 320-kb interstitial deletion centromeric of CRLF2, resulting in a P2RY8-CRLF2 fusion. One case had both IGH@-CRLF2 and P2RY8-CRLF2, and another had a novel CRLF2 rearrangement. Only 2 of 29 cases were Down syndrome. CRLF2 rearrangements were significantly associated with activating mutations of JAK1 or JAK2, deletion or mutation of IKZF1, and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (Fisher exact test, P < .001 for each). Within this cohort, patients with CRLF2 rearrangements had extremely poor treatment outcomes compared with those without CRLF2 rearrangements (35.3% vs 71.3% relapse-free survival at 4 years; P < .001). Together, these observations suggest that activation of CRLF2 expression, mutation of JAK kinases, and alterations of IKZF1 cooperate to promote B-cell leukemogenesis and identify these pathways as important therapeutic targets in this disease.
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) to Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Mapping (2002)

This document describes a way to perform the mapping between two signaling protocols: the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) and the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) User Part (ISUP) of Signaling System No. 7 (SS7). This mechanism might be implemented when using SIP in an environment where part of the call involves interworking with the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
Severe reduction in leukocyte adhesion and monocyte extravasation in mice deficient in CC chemokine receptor 2 (2020)

CC chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is a prominent receptor for the monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP) group of CC chemokines. Mice generated by gene targeting to lack CCR2 exhibit normal leukocyte rolling but have a pronounced defect in MCP-1-induced leukocyte firm adhesion to microvascular endothelium and reduced leukocyte extravasation. Constitutive macrophage trafficking into the peritoneal cavity was not significantly different between CCR2-deficient and wild-type mice. However, after intraperitoneal thioglycollate injection, the number of peritoneal macrophages in CCR2-deficient mice did not rise above basal levels, whereas in wild-type mice the number of macrophages at 36 h was ≈3.5 times the basal level. The CCR2-deficient mice showed enhanced early accumulation and delayed clearance of neutrophils and eosinophils. However, by 5 days neutrophils and eosinophils in both CCR2-deficient and wild-type mice had returned to near basal levels, indicating that resolution of this inflammatory response can occur in the absence of macrophage influx and CCR2-mediated activation of the resident peritoneal macrophages. After intravenous injection with yeast β-glucan, wild-type mice formed numerous large, well-defined granulomas throughout the liver parenchyma, whereas CCR2-deficient mice had much fewer and smaller granulomas. These results demonstrate that CCR2 is a major regulator of induced macrophage trafficking in vivo.
Contribution of vasopressin to blood pressure regulation during hypovolemic hypotension in humans (1993)

In animals subjected to hemorrhage, plasma arginine vasopressin concentrations increase to levels sufficient to cause vasoconstriction, thus attenuating the hypotensive response. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of vasopressin to blood pressure regulation during hypotension in humans. Hypotension was induced in twelve normal subjects by lower body negative pressure (LBNP) before and after intravenous administration of vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist. Before drug administration, LBNP reduced systolic blood pressure from 125 +/- 4 to 78 +/- 12 mmHg (P < 0.01) as vasopressin concentration increased from 2.9 +/- 0.6 to 17 +/- 6 pg/ml (P < 0.05). After administration of the vasopressin antagonist, LBNP reduced systolic blood pressure from 128 +/- 3 to 89 +/- 11 mmHg (P < 0.01). The hypotensive response to LBNP was not potentiated by inhibiting vasopressin's vasoconstrictive effects (P = NS). Thus hypotension causes marked increases in plasma vasopressin concentration. In contrast to findings in animal studies, however, vasopressin does not contribute to the maintenance of blood pressure during hypotension in humans.
Vaccinia virus ribonucleotide reductase. Correlation between deoxyribonucleotide supply and demand. (1993)

Ribonucleotide reductase has been suggested as a rate-limiting enzyme in DNA synthesis, partly because activities of the enzyme in cell-free preparations are low relative to rates needed to sustain DNA replication at observed rates. Vaccinia virus, with a large duplex DNA genome, encodes both subunits of a specific ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase. In this report, we describe quantitative analysis of ribonucleotide reductase protein levels and DNA accumulation in vaccinia virus-infected cell extracts, to correlate the supply of deoxyribonucleotides with the demand for these precursors in viral DNA synthesis. To do this, we generated polyclonal antisera to TrpE fusion proteins constructed from the carboxyl termini of both subunits of viral ribonucleotide reductase. We used S1 nuclease and immunoprecipitation analysis to determine the transcriptional and translational kinetics of vaccinia virus ribonucleotide reductase expression. Enzyme activity and ribonucleotide reductase protein stability were also assayed during the time course of viral infection. Enzyme-linked immunoassays were used to quantitate protein levels, and filter hybridizations were used to measure the accumulation of viral DNA. We show that ribonucleotide reductase activity in vaccinia virus-infected cells is severalfold higher than needed to provide deoxyribonucleotides at rates commensurate with DNA synthesis. Thus, while the enzyme is important as catalyst for the first committed reaction in DNA replication, it is not rate-limiting for this process.
Alternative splicing generates at least five different isoforms of the human basic-FGF receptor. (1991)

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are polypeptide mitogens that induce the proliferation of a wide variety of cell types. Of the seven family members, the best characterized are basic and acidic FGF. In addition to their mitogenic effects, they participate in angiogenesis, differentiation and maintenance of survival of neurons, cell migration and embryonal development. Of all family members, keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is unique in that it is a specific mitogen for epithelial cells and does not interact with the FGF receptor of fibroblasts. To study the interactions between KGF and its receptor, we isolated KGF and FGF receptors from keratinocytes and fibroblasts, respectively. In the course of this study, we isolated five different variants of the FGF receptor from human fibroblasts and showed that all were derived from a single genetic locus. Four of these variants encode transmembrane receptors and can be divided into two subgroups that differ from one another with respect to the number (two or three) of immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains. Within each subgroup, one receptor differed from the other by the presence of a two-codon insertion. Thus, all the variations among the four isoforms are localized to their ligand binding domains. The fifth isoform encodes a molecule truncated just 3' to the first Ig-like domain and thus could be secreted from the cell. The transcripts encoding the long and short isoforms were found to be expressed in many cell types, but their relative levels of expression varied greatly depending on the cell type. These findings indicate that alternative splicing generates diverse FGF receptor isoforms in human cells.
The Discovery of Tadalafil:  A Novel and Highly Selective PDE5 Inhibitor. 1: 5,6,11,11a-Tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[1‘,5‘:1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indole-1,3(2H)-dione Analogues (2003)

Starting from ethyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate (beta-CCE), 1, a modest inhibitor of type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE5), a series of functionalized tetrahydro-beta-carboline derivatives has been identified as a novel chemical class of potent and selective PDE5 inhibitors. Optimization of the side chain on the hydantoin ring of initial lead compound 2 and of the aromatic ring on position 5 led to the identification of compound 6e, a highly potent and selective PDE5 inhibitor, with greater selectivity for PDE5 vs PDE1-4 than sildenafil. Compound 6e demonstrated a long-lasting and significant blood pressure lowering effect after iv administration in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model but showed only moderate oral in vivo efficacy.
Formation, Occurrence, and Carcinogenicity of N-Nitrosamines in Tobacco Products (1981)

Tobacco and tobacco smoke contain three types of N-nitrosamines. These are the volatile nitrosamines (VNA), nitrosamines deriving from residues of agricultural chemicals on tobacco, and the tobacco specific nitrosamines (TSNA). All three types of nitrosamines are formed during tobacco processing and during smoking. The VNA can be selectively reduced in cigarette smoke by cellulose acetate filter tips. Of the nitrosamines deriving from agricultural chemicals, we have so far only detected the animal carcinogen nitrosodiethanolamine in concentrations of 0.1-6.8 ppm in tobacco and 10-40 ng per cigarette in the smoke. TSNA are formed during tobacco processing and smoking from nicotine, nornicotine and anatabine. Their concentrations range from 1-100 ppm in tobacco and from 1-10 µg/cig. in cigarette smoke. Selective removal of TSNA from mainstream smoke by cellulose acetate filters was demonstrated and can be enhanced by perforation of the filter tip. In mice, rats and hamsters, N'-nitrosonornicotine is a moderately active carcinogen while 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone is a strong carcinogen. N-nitrosoanatabine is being bioassayed at this time.
Nucleic Acid Testing to Detect HBV Infection in Blood Donors (2011)

Triplex nucleic acid testing detected potentially infectious HBV, along with HIV and HCV, during the window period before seroconversion. HBV vaccination appeared to be protective, with a breakthrough subclinical infection occurring with non-A2 HBV subgenotypes and causing clinically inconsequential outcomes. (Funded by the American Red Cross and others.).
Drug Delivery Using Nanoparticle‐Stabilized Nanocapsules (2010)

Klein, aber fein: Gängige Methoden für die Herstellung von Öl-in-Wasser-Emulsionen ergeben Nanopartikel-stabilisierte Kapseln (NPSCs), die für einen effizienten Wirkstofftransport zu groß sind. Durch das Kombinieren von Wasserstoffbrücken und elektrostatischen Wechselwirkungen wurden nun stabile NPSCs mit Durchmessern von etwa 100 nm erzeugt, die in Transportstudien mit HeLa-Zellen vielversprechende Ergebnisse erzielen. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Enzymatic Biosensors Based on Carbon Nanotubes Paste Electrodes (2004)

Abstract The performance of enzymatic biosensors based on the immobilization of different enzymes within a carbon nanotubes paste electrode (CNTPE) prepared by dispersion of multi‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and mineral oil is reported in this work. The strong electrocatalytic activity of carbon nanotubes towards the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and quinones and the oxidation of NADH have allowed an effective low‐potential amperometric determination of lactate, phenols, catechols and ethanol, in connection with the incorporation of lactate oxidase, polyphenol oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase/NAD + , respectively, within the composite matrix. Compared to the analogous enzymatic CPEs, a great enhancement in the response is observed at the enzymatic CNTPEs. Therefore, highly sensitive lactate, phenols, catechols and alcohols biosensors without using any metal or redox mediator can be obtained with this new composite material.
Impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance. What best predicts future diabetes in Mauritius? (1999)

These data demonstrate the higher sensitivity of IGT over IFG for predicting progression to type 2 diabetes. Screening by the criteria for IFG alone would identify fewer people who subsequently progress to type 2 diabetes than would the oral glucose tolerance test.
A New Class of Functionalized Polyoxometalates:  Synthetic, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of Organoimido Derivatives of [Mo6O19]2- (2000)

A convenient method for the systematic introduction of a variety of organoimido ligands at terminal oxo sites in the hexamolybdate cluster [Bu4N]2[Mo6O19] is described, consisting of reaction with the appropriate organic isocyanate RNCO (R = n-butyl, cyclohexyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) in pyridine solution. Singly functionalized imido-hexamolybdates [Mo6O18(NR)]2- incorporating each of the above substituents are described. In the case of the 2,6-(diisopropyl)phenylimido ligand (NAr), multiple functionalization has also been achieved: hexamolybdate derivatives [Mo6O(19-x)(NAr)x]2- incorporating two, three, four, and five NAr ligands at terminal sites have been prepared. The complexes have been characterized by cyclic voltammetry, multinuclear (1H, 14N, 17O, and 95Mo) NMR and electronic spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies.
The Mechanism of Diabetes Control After Gastrointestinal Bypass Surgery Reveals a Role of the Proximal Small Intestine in the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes (2006)

This study shows that bypassing a short segment of proximal intestine directly ameliorates type 2 diabetes, independently of effects on food intake, body weight, malabsorption, or nutrient delivery to the hindgut. These findings suggest that a proximal intestinal bypass could be considered for diabetes treatment and that potentially undiscovered factors from the proximal bowel might contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Web-based educational tools for speech technology (1998)

This paper describes the efforts at KTH in creating educational tools for speech technology. The demand for such tools is increasing with the advent of speech as a medium for man– machine communication. The world wide web was chosen as our platform in order to increase the usability and accessibility of our computer exercises. The aim was to provide dedicated educational software instead of exercises based on complex research tools. Currently, the set of exercises comprises basic speech analysis, multi-modal speech synthesis and spoken dialogue systems. Students access web pages in which the exercises have been embedded as applets. This makes it possible to use them in a classroom setting, as well as from the students’ home computers.
Regression of Solid Tumors by Induction of MazF, a Bacterial mRNA Endoribonuclease (2014)

MazF from Escherichia coli is an endoribonuclease that specifically cleaves mRNAs at ACA sequences. Its induction in mammalian cells has been shown to cause programmed cell death. Here we explored if a bacterial MazF-MazE toxin-antitoxin system can be used for gene therapy. For this, we first constructed a tetracycline-inducible MazF expression system in human embryonic kidney cells (T-Rex 293-mazF). Solid tumors were formed by injecting T-Rex 293-mazF cells into nude mice. All 8 mice injected with the cells developed solid tumors, which regressed upon induction of MazF. In 4 mice, tumors completely regressed, while in the remaining 4 mice, tumors reappeared after apparent significant regression, which was found to be due to the lack of presence of functional MazF. Notably, the MazF-mediated regression of the tumors was counteracted by the expression of its cognate antitoxin MazE. These results indicate that a bacterial MazF-MazE toxin-antitoxin system may have potential to be used as a therapeutic tool.
Self-validation improves Coriolis flowmeter (1995)

This article continues the theme of describing the technical and economic advantages of applying internal diagnostics for sensors, over traditional centralized schemes. In a previous article, this author argued for the need to create a standard set of metrics that describes the validity of measurement data. At the end of that article, the SEVA (self-validating) sensor was outlined. The SEVA sensor is described here in more detail, and uses as an example, a prototype based on a commercial mass flowmeter developed by Oxford University, The Foxboro Co. (Foxboro, Mass.), and Imperial Chemical Industries (London). (from Author).
Practical Kinematics for Real-Time Implementation of Continuum Robots (2006)

This paper introduces three algorithms which are essential for the practical, real-time implementation of continuum robots. Continuum robots lack the joints and links which compose traditional and high-degree-of-freedom robots, instead relying on finite actuation mechanisms to shape the robot into a smooth curve. Actuator length limits shape the configuration or joint space of continuum manipulators, introducing couplings analyzed in this paper which must be understood to make effective use of continuum robot hardware. Based on the new understanding of the configuration space uncovered, this paper then derives the workspace of continuum robots when constrained by actuator length limits. Finally, a tangle/untangle algorithm correctly computes the shape of the distal segments of multisection tendon-actuated continuum robots. These contributions are essential for effective use of a wide range of continuum robots, and have been implemented and tested on two different types of continuum robots. Results and insight gained from this implementation are presented
Photoacoustic imaging and temperature measurement for photothermal cancer therapy (2008)

Photothermal therapy is a noninvasive, targeted, laser-based technique for cancer treatment. During photothermal therapy, light energy is converted to heat by tumor-specific photoabsorbers. The corresponding temperature rise causes localized cancer destruction. For effective treatment, however, the presence of photoabsorbers in the tumor must be ascertained before therapy and thermal imaging must be performed during therapy. This study investigates the feasibility of guiding photothermal therapy by using photoacoustic imaging to detect photoabsorbers and to monitor temperature elevation. Photothermal therapy is carried out by utilizing a continuous wave laser and metal nanocomposites broadly absorbing in the near-infrared optical range. A linear array-based ultrasound imaging system is interfaced with a nanosecond pulsed laser to image tissue-mimicking phantoms and ex-vivo animal tissue before and during photothermal therapy. Before commencing therapy, photoacoustic imaging identifies the presence and spatial location of nanoparticles. Thermal maps are computed by monitoring temperature-induced changes in the photoacoustic signal during the therapeutic procedure and are compared with temperature estimates obtained from ultrasound imaging. The results of our study suggest that photoacoustic imaging, augmented by ultrasound imaging, is a viable candidate to guide photoabsorber-enhanced photothermal therapy.
The Complete Human Olfactory Subgenome (2001)

Olfactory receptors likely constitute the largest gene superfamily in the vertebrate genome. Here we present the nearly complete human olfactory subgenome elucidated by mining the genome draft with gene discovery algorithms. Over 900 olfactory receptor genes and pseudogenes (ORs) were identified, two-thirds of which were not annotated previously. The number of extrapolated ORs is in good agreement with previous theoretical predictions. The sequence of at least 63% of the ORs is disrupted by what appears to be a random process of pseudogene formation. ORs constitute 17 gene families, 4 of which contain more than 100 members each. "Fish-like" Class I ORs, previously considered a relic in higher tetrapods, constitute as much as 10% of the human repertoire, all in one large cluster on chromosome 11. Their lower pseudogene fraction suggests a functional significance. ORs are disposed on all human chromosomes except 20 and Y, and nearly 80% are found in clusters of 6-138 genes. A novel comparative cluster analysis was used to trace the evolutionary path that may have led to OR proliferation and diversification throughout the genome. The results of this analysis suggest the following genome expansion history: first, the generation of a "tetrapod-specific" Class II OR cluster on chromosome 11 by local duplication, then a single-step duplication of this cluster to chromosome 1, and finally an avalanche of duplication events out of chromosome 1 to most other chromosomes. The results of the data mining and characterization of ORs can be accessed at the Human Olfactory Receptor Data Exploratorium Web site (http://bioinfo.weizmann.ac.il/HORDE).
Quiescent T Lymphocytes as an Inducible Virus Reservoir in HIV-1 Infection (1991)

To better understand the basis for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persistence and latency, the form in which viral DNA exists in the peripheral T lymphocyte reservoir of infected individuals was investigated. In asymptomatic individuals, HIV-1 was harbored predominantly as full-length, unintegrated complementary DNA. These extrachromosomal DNA forms retained the ability to integrate upon T cell activation in vitro. In patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), there was an increase in integrated relative to extrachromosomal DNA forms. By analysis of DNA from patient lymphocyte subpopulations depleted of human lymphocyte antigen-Dr receptor-positive cells, quiescent T cells were identified as the source of extrachromosomal HIV-1 DNA. Thus quiescent T lymphocytes may be a major and inducible HIV-1 reservoir in infected individuals.