gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studentsʼ learning styles do affect performance (1995)

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A variant CRISPR-Cas9 system adds versatility to genome engineering (2013)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND SYNTHESES OF CARBANILIDE AND SALICYLANILIDE DERIVATIVES (1983)

Abstract Durch Addition der Amine (I) an das Isocyanat (II) werden die Harnstoffe (III) hergestellt.
Unidirectional Scaffold‐Strand Arrangement in DNA Origami (2013)

In a parallel universe: DNA origami structures based on modified parallel double-crossover tiles (see scheme) were constructed and a unidirectional (parallel) arrangement of the scaffold strand (gray lines) was used in the assembly of a variety of 2D and 3D DNA origami structures. This will greatly expand the diversity of DNA origami and enable their assembly into larger structures.
Reflex studies and MRI in the restless legs syndrome (1996)

Brainstem and spinal pathways of untreated patients with idiopathic restless legs syndrome (RLS) were examined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), blink reflex, first and second exteroceptive suppression (ES1, ES2) of temporalis muscle, and H reflex. MRI of 25 patients elicited no structural lesions beyond age-related atrophy or white matter lesions on proton density- and T2-weighted coronal and axial images. All patients showed a normal latency of the soleus H reflex (mean +/- SD latency = 31.22 +/- 2.81 ms) and the H/M ratio was 48 +/- 17%. The duration and onset latency of the direct and indirect blink reflex responses were normal in all patients compared with those of controls (p > 0.5). There was no significant difference in ES1 and ES2 latencies or duration between patients and controls (p > 0.5). These results suggest that the etiology of RLS symptoms does not involve structural lesions.
Direct detection and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in clinical samples such as skin biopsy specimens and expectorations by multiplex PCR based on two outer membrane lipoprotein genes, oprI and oprL (1997)

A multiplex PCR test based on the simultaneous amplification of two lipoprotein genes, oprI and oprL, was designed and evaluated for its ability to directly detect fluorescent pseudomonads (amplification of oprI open reading frame, 249 bp) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (amplification of oprL open reading frame, 504 bp) in clinical material. A collection of reference strains including 20 different species of fluorescent pseudomonads was tested. Positive PCR results for both genes were observed only for P. aeruginosa isolates (n = 150), including strains of clinical and environmental origin, while only one gene, oprI, was amplified from the other fluorescent pseudomonads. All other bacteria tested (n = 15) were negative by the amplification test. The lower detection level for P. aeruginosa was estimated to be 10(2) cells/ml. Preliminary evaluation on testing skin biopsy specimens from patients with burns (n = 14) and sputum samples from cystic fibrosis patients (n = 49) and other patients (n = 19) showed 100% sensitivity and 74% specificity in comparison with culture. This multiplex PCR assay appears promising for the rapid and sensitive detection of P. aeruginosa in clinical specimens. Further evaluation of its specificity in longitudinal clinical studies is warranted.
Vaccination of Mice and Cattle with Plasmid DNA Encoding the Mycobacterium bovis Antigen MPB83 (2000)

A scientific review of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain has concluded that the development of a cattle vaccine holds the best prospect for long-term disease control. Recent reports of successful DNA vaccination against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in small animal models have raised the possibility of using a similar strategy to produce vaccines against Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle. To test this possibility, BALB/c mice were immunized with DNA encoding the M. bovis antigen MPB83. The mice responded to vaccination with a mixed IgG1/IgG2a response to the antigen and were protected from intravenous challenge with virulent M. bovis to a similar extent as those vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin. The immunogenicity of the DNA vaccine in cattle was tested, after having established that DNA encoding MPB83 was immunogenic and elicited protective immunity in mice. In these studies, vaccinated animals had strong proliferative responses to MPB83.
Endocytosis and intracellular fate of liposomes using pyranine as a probe (1990)

Lipid vesicles (liposomes) containing pH-sensitive fluorophores were used as probes for the study of liposome entry and intracellular fate. Pyranine [8-hydroxy-1,3,6-pyrenetrisulfonate (HPTS)] was entrapped in the liposome aqueous core during preparation to provide a means of detecting internalization into living cells. HPTS is highly water soluble and shows a strong pH-dependent shift in its fluorescence excitation spectrum. Fluorescence emission (FEM) is slightly pH dependent with excitation (lambda EX) at 350-415 nm but highly pH dependent with lambda EX at 450 nm. Liposomes bearing a net negative charge bound rapidly to CV-1 cells and underwent endocytosis. One hour after liposome addition, high FEM with lambda EX at 413 nm and low FEM with lambda EX at 450 nm suggest that most cell-associated liposomes had been internalized and resided at a mean pH of approximately 6.6. Collapse of cellular H+ gradients with NH4Cl or monensin treatment rapidly and reversibly increased FEM with lambda EX at 450 nm. Direct examination by fluorescence microscopy corroborates the fluorometric data on internalization; over time, FEM remained high with lambda EX at 350-405 nm but decreased with lambda EX at 450-490 nm, showing that all lipid vesicles were internalized within 40 min at 37 degrees C. Acidification of intracellular liposomes increased over 3 h, reaching a minimum value of approximately pH 5.5. HPTS persisted within acidic cellular vesicles for 2-3 days, and cytoplasmic dye was observed infrequently, suggesting that liposome fusion with cellular membranes seldom occurs. Material delivered to the endocytic pathway via lipid vesicles labeled an assortment of intracellular organelles of varying motility and morphology, including dynamic tubular structures whose lumen is acidic.
The Major Brain Endocannabinoid 2-AG Controls Neuropathic Pain and Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Patients with Neuromyelitis Optica (2013)

Recurrent myelitis is one of the predominant characteristics in patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO). While paresis, visual loss, sensory deficits, and bladder dysfunction are well known symptoms in NMO patients, pain has been recognized only recently as another key symptom of the disease. Although spinal cord inflammation is a defining aspect of neuromyelitis, there is an almost complete lack of data on altered somatosensory function, including pain. Therefore, eleven consecutive patients with NMO were investigated regarding the presence and clinical characteristics of pain. All patients were examined clinically as well as by Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) following the protocol of the German Research Network on Neuropathic Pain (DFNS). Additionally, plasma endocannabinoid levels and signs of chronic stress and depression were determined. Almost all patients (10/11) suffered from NMO-associated neuropathic pain for the last three months, and 8 out of 11 patients indicated relevant pain at the time of examination. Symptoms of neuropathic pain were reported in the vast majority of patients with NMO. Psychological testing revealed signs of marked depression. Compared to age and gender-matched healthy controls, QST revealed pronounced mechanical and thermal sensory loss, strongly correlated to ongoing pain suggesting the presence of deafferentation-induced neuropathic pain. Thermal hyperalgesia correlated to MRI-verified signs of spinal cord lesion. Heat hyperalgesia was highly correlated to the time since last relapse of NMO. Patients with NMO exhibited significant mechanical and thermal dysesthesia, namely dynamic mechanical allodynia and paradoxical heat sensation. Moreover, they presented frequently with either abnormal mechanical hypoalgesia or hyperalgesia, which depended significantly on plasma levels of the endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerole (2-AG). These data emphasize the high prevalence of neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia in patients with NMO. The degree of mechanical hyperalgesia reflecting central sensitization of nociceptive pathways seems to be controlled by the major brain endocannabinoid 2-AG.
Glycopeptide enrichment and separation for protein glycosylation analysis (2012)

Protein glycosylation plays key roles in many biological processes. In addition, alterations in protein glycosylation have been related to different diseases, as well as may affect the properties of recombinant proteins used as human therapeutics. For this reason, protein glycosylation analysis is of main interest in biomedical and biopharmaceutical research. Although recent advances in LC-MS analysis have made possible glycoprotein glycosylation site identification, characterization of glycoprotein glycan structures, as well as glycoprotein identification and quantification, protein glycosylation analysis in complex samples still remains a difficult task. This is due to low proportions of glycopeptides in comparison to peptides obtained after glycoprotein digestion, the suppression of the glycopeptide MS signals in the presence of peptides, and the high heterogeneity of glycopeptides. Thus, in the recent years, continuous efforts have been devoted to the development of glycopeptide enrichment and separation strategies to facilitate and improve glycoprotein glycosylation analysis in complex samples. This review summarizes the different methodologies that can be employed for glycopeptide enrichment/separation from complex samples including methods based on lectin affinity enrichment, covalent interactions, or chromatographic separations and solid-phase extraction.
Emergence of a New Cholera Pandemic: Molecular Analysis of Virulence Determinants in Vibrio cholerae 0139 and Development of a Live Vaccine Prototype (1994)

In October 1992, a non-O1 strain of Vibrio cholerae emerged as a cause of epidemic cholera in India and Bangladesh. This antigenically novel clone has been designated serogroup O139 synonym Bengal. Since its emergence, V. cholerae O139 has caused a massive cholera epidemic throughout and beyond the Indian subcontinent. Molecular analysis of virulence determinants in clinical isolates suggests that O139 strains are highly related to El Tor O1 strains. Unlike other non-O1 strains, O139 strains carry multiple copies of the cholera toxin genetic element and also genes for the toxin-coregulated pilus. These results guided construction of a live V. cholerae O139 vaccine prototype through deletion of genes for at least four specific virulence determinants (ctxA, ace, zot, and cep) as well as other factors involved in site-specific and homologous recombination (RS1, attRS1, and recA). It is hoped that this attenuated live vaccine will help control the pandemic spread of V. cholerae O139.
Multimodality Molecular Imaging Identifies Proteolytic and Osteogenic Activities in Early Aortic Valve Disease (2007)

Molecular imaging can detect in vivo the key cellular events in early aortic valve disease, including endothelial cell and macrophage activation, proteolytic activity, and osteogenesis.
Transferrin conjugation confers mucosal molecular targeting to a model HIV-1 trimeric gp140 vaccine antigen (2011)

The generation of effective immune responses by mucosal vaccination without the use of inflammatory adjuvants, that compromise the epithelial barrier and recruit new cellular targets, is a key goal of vaccines designed to protect against sexually acquired pathogens. In the present study we use a model HIV antigen (CN54gp140) conjugated to transferrin (Tf) and evaluate the ability of the natural transferrin receptor CD71 to modulate immunity. We show that the conjugated transferrin retained high affinity for its receptor and that the conjugate was specifically transported across an epithelial barrier, co-localizing with MHC Class II(+) cells in the sub-mucosal stroma. Vaccination studies in mice revealed that the Tf-gp140 conjugate elicited high titres of CN54gp140-specific serum antibodies, equivalent to a systemic vaccination, when conjugate was applied topically to the nasal mucosae whereas gp140 alone was poorly immunogenic. Moreover, the Tf-gp140 conjugate elicited both IgG and IgA responses and significantly higher gp140-specific IgA titre in the female genital tract than unconjugated antigen. These responses were achieved after mucosal application of the conjugated protein alone, in the absence of any pro-inflammatory adjuvant and suggest a potentially useful and novel molecular targeting approach, delivering a vaccine cargo to directly elicit or enhance pathogen-specific mucosal immunity.
Elastomeric Conductive Composites Based on Carbon Nanotube Forests (2010)

Highly elastic and electrically conductive composite sheets are prepared by infiltration of MWNT forests with polyurethane binder. After initial pretreatment, the composite provides highly reproducible changes in resistivity at elongations up to 40%. Almost no degradation in electrical properties and a linear dependence of resistivity on strain is observed for strains in 10%–20% range.
Azole Phenoxy Hydroxyureas as Selective and Orally Active Inhibitors of 5-Lipoxygenase (1996)

Azole phenoxy hydroxyureas are a new class of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors. Structure-activity relationship studies have demonstrated that electronegative substituents on the 2-phenyl portion of the oxazole tail increased the ex vivo potency of these inhibitors. Similar substitutions on the thiazole analogs had only minor contribution to the ex vivo activity. The trifluoromethyl-substituted oxazole 24 was the best compound of the oxazole series in both the ex vivo (6 h pretreated rats) and in vivo (3 h pretreated rats) RPAR assay with ED50 values of approximately 1 and 3.6 mg/kg, respectively, but was weakly active in the allergic guinea pig assay. Oxazole 50 was equally active in both the RPAR and guinea pig in vivo models and was similar to zileuton. The unsubstituted thiazole 52 was the best compound of the thiazole series, by inhibiting the leukotriene B4 biosynthesis in the RPAR assay (3 h pretreated rats) by 99%, at an oral dose of 10 mg/kg, and the bronchoconstriction in the allergic guinea pig by 50%, at an intravenous dose of 10 mg/kg. Oxazole 24 demonstrated high and selective 5-LO inhibitory activity in the in vitro assays, with IC50 values ranging from 0.08 microM in mouse macrophages to 0.8 microM in human peripheral monocytes to 1.2 microM in human whole blood. This activity was selective for 5-LO, as concentrations up to 15 microM in mouse macrophages did not affect prostaglandin formation. Oxazole 59 was the most active inhibitor in the human monocyte assay with an IC50 value of 7 nM.
Surgical failure following primary retinal detachment surgery by vitrectomy: risk factors and functional outcomes (2010)

The extent of retinal detachment and preoperative PVR are risk factors for surgical failure following vitrectomy for primary retinal detachment. PVR was again confirmed as the major factor influencing visual outcomes.
Carbon Nanotubes as Molecular Quantum Wires (1999)

Carbon nanotubes are cylindrical molecules with a diameter of as little as 1 nanometer and a length up to many micrometers. They consist of only carbon atoms, and can essentially be thought of as a single layer of graphite that has been wrapped into a cylinder, (See figure 1 and the article by Thomas Ebbesen in PHYSICS TODAY, June 1996, page 26).
Mapping hisS, the structural gene for histidyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase, in Escherichia coli (1979)

The structural gene for histidyl-tRNA synthetase was localized to 53.8 min on the Escherichia coli genome. The gene order in this region was determined to be dapE-purC-upp-purG-(guaA, guaB)-hisS-glyA.
Impact of co-culture on pancreatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells (2010)

Promise of cellular therapy for type 1 diabetes has inspired the search for transplantable cell sources, and embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have emerged as strong candidates. We have developed a directed differentiation protocol to obtain insulin-producing cells from ESCs. The ESCs are first induced towards a homogeneous monolayer of definitive endoderm-like cells by co-culture with primary hepatocytes. Pancreatic commitment is induced by plating the ESC-derived endoderms on Matrigel, along with Sonic hedgehog inhibition and retinoid induction. More than 70% of differentiated cells positively upregulated Pdx-1, along with pro-endocrine transcription factors Ngn3, β2/neroD1, Nkx2.2 and Nkx6.1. Final maturation to islet-specific cells is achieved by co-culturing the ESC-derived pancreatic endocrine cells with endothelial cells, which resulted in Insulin 1 upregulation in 60% of the cell population, along with high levels of IAPP and Glut2. The differentiated cell population also secreted high levels of insulin. Our findings illustrate the significant effect of co-culture in different stages of differentiation and maturation of ESCs in vitro. Such a high yield of pancreatic islet cells has not yet been reported. Our findings establish a robust protocol for islet differentiation.
RBCK1, a Protein Kinase CβI (PKCβI)-interacting Protein, Regulates PKCβ-dependent Function (2006)

RBCK1 (RBCC protein interacting with PKC 1) has originally been identified as a protein kinase CI (PKCI)-binding partner by a two-hybrid screen and as one of the gene transcripts that increases during adult cardiac hypertrophy. To address whether RBCK1 and PKCI functions are interconnected, we used cultured neonatal myocytes where we previously found that the activity of PKCI is required for an increase in cell size, also called hypertrophy. In this study, we showed that acute treatment of cardiac myocytes with phenylephrine, a prohypertrophic stimulant, transiently increased the association of RBCK1 with PKCI within 1 min. A prolonged phenylephrine treatment also resulted in an increase of the interaction of the two proteins. Endogenous RBCK1 protein levels increased upon phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy. Further, adenovirusbased RBCK1 overexpression in the absence of phenylephrine increased cardiac cell size. This RBCK1-mediated hypertrophy required PKC activity, since the increase in cell size was inhibited when the RBCK1-expressing cells were treated with PKCselective antagonists, supporting our previous observation that both PKCI and PKCII are required for hypertrophy. Unexpectedly, RBCK1-induced increased cell size was inhibited by phenylephrine. This effect correlated with a decrease in the level of both PKC isoforms. Most importantly, RNA interference for RBCK1 significantly inhibited the increase in cell size of cardiac myocytes following phenylephrine treatment. Our results suggest that RBCK1 binds PKCI and is a key regulator of PKCI function in cells and that, together with PKCII, the three proteins are essential for developmental hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes.
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging. (1981)

NMR imaging is based on the ability to induce and monitor resonance of the magnetic moment of nuclei with an odd number of protons and/or neutrons in the presence of magnetic fields. By the use of magnetic fields whose strength varies with position, it is possible to define both the location and concentration of resonant nuclei, and, thereby, to create images that reflect their distribution in tissue. Hydrogen because it is the most sensitive of the stable nuclei to NMR and because it is also the most abundant nucleus in the body, is ideally suited for NMR imaging.
Predictors of Airborne Endotoxin in the Home (2001)

We identified home characteristics associated with the level of airborne endotoxin in 111 Boston-area homes enrolled in a cohort study of home exposures and childhood asthma, and we developed a predictive model to estimate airborne endotoxin. We measured endotoxin in family-room air and in dust from the baby's bed, family room, bedroom, and kitchen floor. Level of airborne endotoxin was weakly correlated (r < 0.3) with level of endotoxin in each of the four types of dust samples and was significantly correlated with endotoxin in family-room dust (p < 0.05). Endotoxin in family-room dust accounted for < 6% of the variability of airborne endotoxin. In a multivariate model, certain home characteristics were positively (p < 0.05) associated with airborne endotoxin. These included current presence of dog (difference in level, dog vs. no dog = 72%, partial R(2 )= 12.8%), past presence of dog (partial R(2) = 5.5%), and endotoxin level in family-room dust (partial R(2) = 5.3%). Use of a dehumidifier (partial R(2) = 6.4%) was negatively associated (p = 0.02; difference = -31%) with airborne endotoxin. Other home characteristics were identified as important determinants of increased airborne endotoxin in this model, but individual coefficients were not statistically significant (alpha = 0.05): total amount of fine dust collected in the home (partial R(2 )= 3.8%), concrete floor in family room (3.7%), water damage (3.6%), and use of cool-mist humidifier in past year (2.7%). This multivariate model explained 42% of the variability of airborne endotoxin levels, a substantial improvement over that with dust endotoxin alone. Airborne endotoxin in Boston-area homes appears to be determined by the presence of dogs, moisture sources, and increased amounts of settled dust.