gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
La representación en la teoría del estado premoderna: sobre el principio de representación en la "Política" de Johannes Altusio (2004)

El pequeno y util volumen, editado por Gerd Kleinheyer y Jan Schroder, que, en un reducido espacio, presentan en orden alfabetico un gran numero de “juristas alemanes durante un periodo de cinco siglos”, comienza --como no podria ser de otro modo tras el famoso redescubrimiento de Altusio por parte de Otto von Gierke--[1] con un articulo precisamente sobre el Profesor de Derecho de Herborn, posteriormente sindico municipal de Emden, Juan Altusio (1557 o 1563-1638). En este texto, redactado en la Corte de Hagen, se encuentra –con referencia a la teoria sistematica de la sociedad, presente en la Politica[2], obra principal de Altusio--la siguiente concisa frase: “es caracteristico del sistema de Altusio la aplicacion a todo lugar del principio de representacion”.[3] La tesis de que todo el sistema de la teoria altusiana de la consociacion estaba vinculado a la aplicacion del principio de representacion, debe ser analizada aqui en dos fases. La primera parte recapitula la estructura de la teoria politica de Altusio, su esquema institucional, con el fin de determinar el lugar y la funcion del denominado principio de representacion en la Ciencia de la Politica. Luego, en una segunda parte, sera analizado, segun este resultado, si y de que modo, el concepto de representacion se puede contar entre las ideas constitutivas del sistema de la Politica del autor de Herborn. Despues de una tercera parte a modo de resumen, la conclusiva cuarta parte debe poner de manifiesto, al menos, algunas de las consecuencias que se derivan del analisis del supuestamente caracteristico principio de representacion para la valoracion de aquellas maximas que se suelen utilizar preferentemente para caracterizar la teoria politica de Altusio --como son las de: soberania popular y democracia, control del poder y derecho de resistencia, Estado federal, pacto y federalismo, Derecho Natural secularizado, principio individualista, liberalismo y Estado constitucional.
A Potent Inhibitor of Ethylene Action in Plants (1976)

Ag(I), applied foliarly as AgNO(3), effectively blocked the ability of exogenously applied ethylene to elicit the classical "triple" response in intact etiolated peas (Pisum sativumcv. Alaska); stimulate leaf, flower, and fruit abscission in cotton (Gossypium hirsutumcv. Stoneville 213); and induce senescence of orchids (Hybrid white Cattleya, Louise Georgeianna). This property of Ag(I) surpasses that of the well known ethylene antagonist, CO(2), and its persistence, specificity, and lack of phytotoxicity at effective concentrations should prove useful in defining further the role of ethylene in plant growth.
Next-Generation Trading in Futures Markets: A Comparison of Open Outcry and Order Matching Systems (1999)

:The introduction of new screen-based systems for trading securities and futures contracts has led to the emergence ofa “market for markets,” and exchanges, broker-dealer firms, and market data vendors are competing to offer trade execution services that will attract customers and trading volumes. This competition is favored in the United States by regulatory bodies such as the SEC and the CFTC, which have taken steps such as encouraging the listing of equity options on multiple exchanges and approving the applications of screen-based systems for designation as contract markets. This paper examines the design of one screen-based futures market, the Cantor Financial Futures Exchange (CX), and describes its capabilities relative to the rival, floor-based market in Chicago. In comparison to traditional open-outcry mechanisms, the CX order-matching system maintains strict first in-first out time priority among submitted orders. Using a simple simulation model, we see that order matching leads to faster completion of desired trades and about a one-third reduction in transactions costs.
Diagnosis of Cirrhosis by Spiral Computed Tomography (2008)

Spiral CT demonstrates high accuracy and interobserver agreement in the diagnosis of cirrhosis, suggesting CT may be a supplementary diagnostic test in patients who have contraindications to biopsy or have equivocal biopsy findings.
Comparative Analyses of Mechanistic Differences Among Antiestrogens1 (1999)

Antiestrogens such as tamoxifen are one of the most effective methods of treating estrogen receptor (ERalpha) positive breast cancers; however, the effectiveness of this therapy is limited by the almost universal development of resistance to the drug. If antiestrogens are recognized differently by the cell as it has been suggested, then in disease conditions where tamoxifen fails to function effectively, a mechanistically different antiestrogen might yield successful results. Although many antiestrogens have been developed, a direct comparison of their mechanisms of action is lacking, thus limiting their utility. Therefore, to determine if there are mechanistic differences among available antiestrogens, we have carried out a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms of action of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (40HT), idoxifene, raloxifene, GW7604, and ICI 182,780. Using a novel set of peptides that recognize different surfaces on ERalpha, we have found that following binding to ERalpha, each ligand induces a distinct ERalpha-ligand conformation. Furthermore, transcriptional assays indicate that each ERalpha-ligand complex is recognized distinctly by the transcription machinery, and consequently, antiestrogens vary in their ability to inhibit estradiol- and 40HT-mediated activities. Relative binding assays have shown that the affinity of these ligands for ERalpha is not always representative of their inhibitory activity. Using this assay, we have also shown that the pharmacology of each antiestrogen is influenced differently by hormone binding proteins. Furthermore, GW7604, like ICI 182,780, but unlike the other antiestrogens evaluated, decreases the stability of the receptor. Overall, our results indicate that there are clear mechanistic distinctions among each of the antiestrogens studied. However, GW7604 and ICI 182,780 differ more significantly from tamoxifen than idoxifene and raloxifene. These data, which reveal differences among antiestrogens, should assist in the selection of compounds for the clinical regulation of ERalpha function.
[Identification of Borrelia isolated in the USSR from Ixodes persulcatus Schulze ticks]. (1988)

The data on the identification of 7 spirochetal isolates from Ixodes persulcatus ticks collected in Leningrad Province and the Khabarovsk Territory are presented. These isolates, studied with the use of monoclonal antibodies, have been shown to belong to Borrelia burgdorferi.
The heat shock response in HeLa cells is accompanied by elevated expression of the c-fos proto-oncogene. (1987)

Several known inducers of the heat shock response (heat stress, arsenite, and heavy metals) were shown to cause a significant elevation of c-fos mRNA in HeLa cells. Heat stress resulted in a time- and temperature-dependent prolonged elevation in the level of c-fos mRNA, which was accompanied by increased translation of c-fos protein and its appearance in the nucleus. Elevated expression of c-fos during heat stress was paralleled by induction of hsp 70 mRNA, while levels of c-myc and metallothionein mRNAs declined. Treatment of HeLa cells with arsenite or heavy metals also resulted in increased levels of hsp 70, as well as c-fos mRNA. Although elevated expression of c-fos was prevented by inhibitors of RNA synthesis, analysis of relative rates of gene transcription showed that during heat stress there was a negligible change in c-fos transcription. Therefore, the enhanced expression of c-fos during the heat shock response is likely to occur primarily through posttranscriptional processes. Cycloheximide was also shown to significantly increase the c-fos mRNA level in HeLa cells. There results are consistent with the observation that these inducers of the heat shock response, as well as cycloheximide, repress protein synthesis and suggest that the increase in the level of c-fos mRNA is caused by an inhibition of protein synthesis. This supports the hypothesis that c-fos mRNA is preferentially stabilized under conditions which induce the heat shock response, perhaps by decreased synthesis of a short-lived protein which regulates c-fos mRNA turnover.
Electron‐Transport Chains of Escherichia coli (1973)

The properties of a 5‐aminolaevulinic acid synthetase‐deficient mutant of Escherichia coli K12Ymel grown aerobically or anaerobically in the presence or absence of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid are described. In the absence of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid no detectable cytochromes are produced, respiration rates are lowered, and the concentration of menaquinone in the cell is increased. The absence of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid from the growth medium has no apparent effect on the Mg 2+ dependent ATPase activity or on the concentrations of ubiquinone and flavoprotein(s) in the cell. Two methods for the reconstitution of respiration by cells grown aerobically or anaerobically in the absence of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid are described. With intact cells, reconstitution is achieved in 3 h at 37 °C and is dependent on the presence of 5‐aminolaevulinic acid and a fermentable carbon source. With cell‐free extracts, respiration can be reconstituted by the addition of haematin in 15–20 min at 37 °C provided that ATP is also present. It is concluded that the reconstitution of respiration by both methods is achieved in the absence of protein synthesis, indicating that the apoproteins of cytochromes, involved in electron transport with oxygen as terminal electron acceptor, are synthesized and incorporated into the membrane in the absence of haem synthesis. From an examination of the cytochromes produced during the reconstitution experiments, it is suggested that two membrane‐bound electron transport systems using oxygen as terminal electron acceptor can co‐exist in E. coli. The first involving cytochrome b 556 with cytochrome o as terminal oxidase is the system normally present under aerobic growth conditions, and the second is induced under conditions when the concentrations of NADH and ADP in the cell are likely to be high and involves cytochrome b 558 with cytochrome a 2 as the terminal oxidase.
Cell-invasive activity of epitope-tagged adenylate cyclase of Bordetella pertussis allows in vitro presentation of a foreign epitope to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (1995)

The adenylate cyclase (AC) toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis has an invasive catalytic domain (AC domain) which penetrates the cytoplasmic membrane of a variety of eukaryotic cells and intoxicates them by unregulated synthesis of cyclic AMP. Previous work led to identification of five permissive sites in the AC domain at which heterologous peptides are accommodated without affecting its enzymatic properties. We have constructed a set of CyaA toxins tagged at these permissive sites by insertion of a CD8+ T-cell epitope, RPQASGVYMGNLTAQ, from the nucleoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Introduction of the epitope at any of the five sites did not affect the capacity of the toxin to deliver its AC domain into target cells. Moreover, the toxin with the inserted epitope was shown to sensitize target cells for lysis by epitope-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro, showing that the tagged AC was processed for presentation of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus epitope in association with the major histocompatibility complex class I molecules. This finding indicates that by virtue of delivery of foreign epitopes into the antigen-presenting cells, purpose-designed recombinant CyaAs may be useful for induction of specific major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted cell-mediated immunity also in vivo.
Demodicidosis simulating acute graft‐versus‐host disease after allogeneic stem cell transplantation in one patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (2012)

One important differential diagnosis of facial erythema in a patient receiving an allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT) is acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Demodex folliculorum has been rarely implicated in the development of facial rashes in immunosuppressed patients, including BMT recipients. We report the case of a patient, suffering from acute lymphoblastic leukemia, who after bone marrow transplantation developed a facial rash due to D. folliculorum mimicking GVHD. Differential diagnosis of facial rashes and demodicidosis after BMT is reviewed.
Thermodynamic and activation parameters for binding of a pyrene-labeled substrate by the Tetrahymena ribozyme: docking is not diffusion-controlled and is driven by a favorable entropy change (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermodynamic and activation parameters for binding of a pyrene-labeled substrate by the Tetrahymena ribozyme: docking is not diffusion-controlled and is driven by a favorable entropy changeYi Li, Philip C. Bevilacqua, David Mathews, and Douglas H. TurnerCite this: Biochemistry 1995, 34, 44, 14394–14399Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00044a016https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00044a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
AS-1411, a guanosine-rich oligonucleotide aptamer targeting nucleolin for the potential treatment of cancer, including acute myeloid leukemia. (2010)

In development by Antisoma plc, AS-1411 is the first oligodeoxynucleotide aptamer to reach phase I and II clinical trials for the potential treatment of cancers, including acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). As an aptamer, AS-1411 does not appear to engage in hybridization-requiring pathways such as antisense effect, siRNA or triple helix formation. Instead, AS-1411 appears to bind to nucleolin specifically, and is subsequently internalized into the tumor cell. Nucleolin is an abundant protein, with expression that is correlated with the proliferative status of the cell: nucleolin levels are higher in tumors and actively dividing cells. Because of the multifunctional nature of nucleolin, it is probable that many secondary targets are affected following treatment with AS-1411. AS-1411 has demonstrated preclinical growth inhibition activity against a wide variety of tumor cell lines at concentrations in the micromolar range, and resulted in good efficacy in mice xenografted with tumor cells of human origin. In a phase I clinical trial in patients with advanced, refractory cancers with metastases at multiple sites, AS-1411 was safe and well tolerated; in addition, one complete response and one ongoing partial response were reported in two patients with renal cell carcinoma. A phase II trial of AS-1411 in combination with cytarabine in patients with AML demonstrated the combination to be superior to cytarabine alone. Thus, AS-1411 appears to be a promising candidate for cancer treatment in these pathologies. A greater understanding of the mechanism of action of this agent is essential to aid in future research.
5-HT1A Receptor, an Old Target for New Therapeutic Agents (2008)

The serotonin receptor subtype 5 HT(1A) was one of the first serotonin receptor subtypes pharmacologically characterized. Over the last twenty years the 5 HT(1A) receptor has been the object of intense research efforts as witnessed by the 5 HT(1A) acting drugs marketed as anxiolytics. In recent years, several new chemical entities targeting the 5 HT(1A) receptor (alone or in combination with other molecular targets) have been proposed for novel therapeutic indications (neuroprotection, cognitive impairment, Parkinson Disease and related disorders, pain treatment). The present review will focus on those 5 HT(1A) receptor agents that entered preclinical trials starting from 2000.
Cholinergic Control of Cognitive Resources (1993)

In this paper, we describe our approach to the investigation of cholinergic modulation of human information processing. In a continuing series of studies from our laboratories, we have systematically examined the extent to which current psychological models of information processing provide an adequate framework for the interpretation of the modulatory effects of cholinergic agents on cognitive performance measures. We suggest that the data are consistent with the view of attention and memory as processes which operate through a common, limited capacity executive mechanism, rather than separable serial processes described in the traditional modular models of memory.
Growth and characterization of 4H-SiC epilayers on substrates with different off-cut angles (2005)

In this paper, epitaxial growth on 4H-SiC (0001) substrates with 4° and 8° off-cut angles is investigated. Both growth rate and nitrogen doping show a dependence on the C∕Si ratio and off-cut angle. Good surface morphologies are obtained on the 8° off-angle substrates over a wide range of C∕Si ratios, while macrostep bunching is observed on the 4° off-angle substrates depending on C∕Si ratios. Step bunching behaviors on both substrate orientations are investigated by Nomarski microscopy and atomic force microscopy, and possible step bunching mechanisms are proposed to explain the results. Basal plane dislocation (BPD) densities are examined by means of molten KOH etching. Low off-cut angle is found to enhance the conversion of BPDs into threading edge dislocations. A BPD density of 2.6cm−2 is achieved on the 4° off-angle substrate under optimized growth conditions. The effects of changing the C∕Si ratio on BPD densities are also investigated.
Altered expression in squamous carcinoma cells of an orientation restricted epithelial antigen detected by monoclonal antibody A9. (1986)

The monoclonal IgG2a antibody A9 was raised to the UM-SCC-1 human squamous cell carcinoma cell line. Hemadsorption assays using monolayer cultures as target cells revealed a restricted range of A9 reactivity with human cell lines. The A9 antibody was reactive with 29 of 34 squamous cell carcinoma cell lines and with 5 epithelial cancer cell lines of non-squamous origin. In contrast, no antibody binding was detected with twelve malignant melanoma, two fibrosarcoma, two malignant lymphoid, two transitional cell carcinoma, or four adenocarcinoma cell lines. Similarly, normal lymphoid cells, RBC, and fibroblasts from multiple donors were negative. The relative expression of the A9 antigen varied greatly among positive squamous cancer lines such that the 50% endpoint titer of A9 ascites fluid ranged from less than 10(1) for low antigen expressor lines to 10(6) for strong antigen expressors. Hemadsorption tests with secondary passage cultures of normal squamous cells failed to detect A9 binding to the cell surface. However, in experiments with intact colonies in primary cultures of normal squamous cells, antibody binding was observed at the periphery of individual colonies. Mechanical detachment of such colonies revealed A9 antigen bound to the plastic surface underneath the cells, but the newly exposed surface of the cells, like the upper surface, was negative. In contrast, when cells of similar cultures were detached by trypsinization prior to testing no antigen remained on the plastic, but approximately 30% of the trypsinized cells were positive. Similar experiments with the five surface-negative squamous cell carcinoma cell lines revealed that cryptic A9 antigen could also be detected underneath mechanically detached cells and on the surface of 100% of trypsinized cells. Trypsinization of melanomas and fibroblasts did not reveal A9 antigen. Immunoperoxidase assays on frozen sections of normal epidermis localized A9 antigen to the basal cells and the basement membrane region. In frozen sections of squamous cancers, individual tumor cells and particularly the growing edge of the tumors were strongly stained by A9, while in basal cell cancers only very slight staining could be detected. Thus, in normal epithelial cells the A9 antigen appears to be expressed only by the stem cell subset. In squamous cancer cells, the expression of the A9 antigen is not only increased but appears to have escaped the orientation restriction characteristic of normal epithelial cells.
Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic study of oral Curcuma extract in patients with colorectal cancer. (2001)

Curcuma spp. extracts, particularly the dietary polyphenol curcumin, prevent colon cancer in rodents. In view of the sparse information on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of curcumin in humans, a dose-escalation pilot study of a novel standardized Curcuma extract in proprietary capsule form was performed at doses between 440 and 2200 mg/day, containing 36-180 mg of curcumin. Fifteen patients with advanced colorectal cancer refractory to standard chemotherapies received Curcuma extract daily for up to 4 months. Activity of glutathione S-transferase and levels of a DNA adduct (M(1)G) formed by malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation and prostaglandin biosynthesis, were measured in patients' blood cells. Oral Curcuma extract was well tolerated, and dose-limiting toxicity was not observed. Neither curcumin nor its metabolites were detected in blood or urine, but curcumin was recovered from feces. Curcumin sulfate was identified in the feces of one patient. Ingestion of 440 mg of Curcuma extract for 29 days was accompanied by a 59% decrease in lymphocytic glutathione S-transferase activity. At higher dose levels, this effect was not observed. Leukocytic M(1)G levels were constant within each patient and unaffected by treatment. Radiologically stable disease was demonstrated in five patients for 2-4 months of treatment. The results suggest that (a) Curcuma extract can be administered safely to patients at doses of up to 2.2 g daily, equivalent to 180 mg of curcumin; (b) curcumin has low oral bioavailability in humans and may undergo intestinal metabolism; and (c) larger clinical trials of Curcuma extract are merited.