gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasminogen Activation at Low Temperatures in Plasma Samples Gontaining Therapeutic Concentrations of Tissue-Type Plasm i nogen Activator or Other Thrombolytic Agents (1990)

It is known that in vitro plasminogen activation in blood samples taken during thrombolytic therapy with tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) may lead to artefactually low fibrinogen and alpha 2-antiplasmin values. To mimic this phenomenon, pooled normal plasma was supplemented with 2.5 micrograms/ml t-PA and incubated at various temperatures. The rates of fibrinogen degradation and alpha 2-antiplasmin consumption were most pronounced at 37 degrees C, were less pronounced at 25 degrees C, but surprisingly, did not further decrease at 10 degrees C, 0 degrees C or -8 degrees C. In contrast, when plasma was supplemented with 160 IU/ml urokinase or 30 IU/ml streptokinase, the rates of fibrinogen degradation and alpha 2-antiplasmin consumption gradually decreased with incubation temperature and were negligible at 10 degrees C and lower temperatures. The rate of plasminogen activation also decreased gradually with temperature in mixtures of purified fibrinogen, plasminogen, alpha 2-antiplasmin and t-PA. These results imply that, in a plasma milieu, additional factors with a stimulatory activity are involved in t-PA-induced plasminogen activation at around 0 degrees C. The abnormally high reaction rate at low temperatures explains in vitro plasminogen activation observed during the processing of t-PA-containing blood samples. In contrast to the activation of plasminogen by t-PA, the slow inhibition of t-PA (2.5 micrograms/ml) by proteinase inhibitors in plasma could be minimized to a negligible level by keeping the plasma samples at 0 degrees C. This makes it possible to reliably monitor t-PA activity during thrombolytic therapy.
The three members of the selectin receptor family recognize a common carbohydrate epitope, the sialyl Lewis(x) oligosaccharide (1992)

The selectins (lectin-EGF-complement binding-cell adhesion molecules [LEC-CAMs]) are a family of mammalian receptors implicated in the initial interactions between leukocytes and vascular endothelia, leading to lymphocyte homing, platelet binding, and neutrophil extravasation. The three known selectins, L-selectin (leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 [LECAM-1]), E-selectin (endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 [ELAM-1]), and P-selectin (GMP-140) share structural features that include a calcium-dependent lectin domain. The sialyl Lewis(x) carbohydrate epitope has been reported as a ligand for both E- and P-selectins. Although L-selectin has been demonstrated to bind to carbohydrates, structural features of potential mammalian carbohydrate ligand(s) have not been well defined. Using an ELISA developed with a sialyl Lewis(x)-containing glycolipid and an E-selectin-IgG chimera, we have demonstrated the direct binding of the L-selectin-IgG chimera to sialyl Lewis(x). This recognition was calcium dependent, and could be blocked by Mel-14 antibody but not by other antibodies. Recognition was confirmed by the ability of cells expressing the native L-selectin to adhere to immobilized sialyl Lewis(x). These data suggest that the sialyl Lewis(x) oligosaccharide may form the basis of a recognition domain common to all three selectins.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2014)

the prevalence of individuals with reduced renal function based on serum creatinine was lower, reinforcing the need to follow the recommendations of the SBN and the National Kidney Disease Education Program (NKDEP) in estimating the value of the glomerular filtration rate as a complement to the results of serum creatinine to better assess the renal function of patients.
Synthesis of .alpha.-benzyl .gamma.-lactam, .alpha.-benzyl .delta.-lactam, and .alpha.-benzylproline derivatives as conformationally restricted analogs of phenylalaninamide (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of .alpha.-benzyl .gamma.-lactam, .alpha.-benzyl .delta.-lactam, and .alpha.-benzylproline derivatives as conformationally restricted analogs of phenylalaninamideMark W. Holladay and Alex M. NadzanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 12, 3900–3905Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00012a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00012a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views529Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transient event detection in spectral envelope estimates for nonintrusive load monitoring (1995)

This paper describes the theoretical foundation and prototype implementation of a power system transient event detector for use in a nonintrusive load monitor (NILM). The NILM determines the operating schedule of the major electrical loads in a building from measurements made at the electric utility service entry. The transient event detector extends the applicability of the NILM to challenging commercial and industrial sites. A spectral preprocessor for use in the transient event detector is introduced first. Then, the transient event detection algorithm is developed. The performance of the algorithm is illustrated with results from a prototype event detector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Bone morphogenetic proteins and a signalling pathway that controls patterning in the developing chick limb (1994)

We show here that bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is involved in patterning the developing chick limb. During early stages of limb development, mesenchymal expression of the Bmp-2 gene is restricted to the posterior part of the bud, in a domain that colocalizes with the polarizing region. The polarizing region is a group of cells at the posterior margin of the limb bud that can respecify the anteroposterior axis of the limb when grafted anteriorly and can activate expression of genes of the HoxD complex. We dissect possible roles of BMP-2 in the polarizing region signalling pathway by manipulating the developing wing bud. Retinoic acid application, which mimics the effects of polarizing region grafts, activates Bmp-2 gene expression in anterior cells. This shows that changes in anteroposterior pattern are correlated with changes in Bmp-2 expression. When polarizing region grafts are placed at the anterior margin of the wing bud, the grafts continue to express the Bmp-2 gene and also activate Bmp-2 expression in the adjacent anterior host mesenchyme. These data suggest that BMP-2 is part of the response pathway to the polarizing signal, rather than being the signal itself. In support of this, BMP-2 protein does not appear to have any detectable polarizing activity when applied to the wing bud. The pattern of Bmp-4 gene expression in the developing wing bud raises the possibility that BMP-2 and BMP-4 could act in concert. There is a close relationship, both temporal and spatial, between the activation of the Bmp-2 and Hoxd-13 genes in response to retinoic acid and polarizing region grafts, suggesting that expression of the two genes might be linked.
Human beta-defensin-1: an antimicrobial peptide of urogenital tissues. (1998)

Antimicrobial peptides are widely distributed mediators of innate host defense in animals and plants. A 36 amino acid antimicrobial peptide belonging to the defensin family, and named human beta-defensin-1 (HBD-1), was purified recently from hemodialysate fluid, but its tissue sources were not identified. By Northern blotting, we found the highest concentrations of HBD-1 mRNA in the kidney and the female reproductive tract. In situ hybridization localized the HBD-1 mRNA in the epithelial layers of the loops of Henle, distal tubules, and the collecting ducts of the kidney and the epithelial layers of the vagina, ectocervix, endocervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes in the female reproductive tract. Using a novel technique designed to detect cationic peptides in urine, we recovered several forms of HBD-1 ranging in length from 36 to 47 amino acid (aa) residues and differing from each other by amino terminal truncation. The total concentration of HBD-1 forms in voided urine was estimated at 10-100 microg/liter, with individual variations in the total amount of HBD-1 peptides and the relative proportion of HBD-1 forms. Multiple forms of HBD-1 (size 36-47 aa) were also found in the blood plasma, bound to carrier macromolecules that released the peptide under acid conditions, and in vaginal mucosal secretions (39, 40, and 44 aa). By immunostaining, HBD-1 was located in the kidney within the lumen of the loops of Henle, but no intracellular storage sites were identified in renal or female reproductive tissues. Recombinant HBD-1 forms (36, 39, and 42 aa) and natural HBD-1 forms were antimicrobial to laboratory and clinical strains of Escherichia coli at micromolar concentrations. HBD-1 activity was not changed appreciably by low pH, but was inhibited by high salt conditions. Some of the HBD-1 peptides retained their activity against E. coli in unconcentrated (low conductance) urine, and the 36 aa form was microbicidal even in normal (high conductance) urine. Production of HBD-1 in the urogenital tract could contribute to local antimicrobial defense.
Lestaurtinib (CEP701) is a JAK2 inhibitor that suppresses JAK2/STAT5 signaling and the proliferation of primary erythroid cells from patients with myeloproliferative disorders (2007)

Recent studies have demonstrated that patients with myeloproliferative disorders (MPDs) frequently have acquired activating mutations in the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. A multikinase screen determined that lestaurtinib (formerly known as CEP-701) inhibits wild type JAK2 kinase activity with a concentration that inhibits response by 50% (IC(50)) of 1 nM in vitro. We hypothesized that lestaurtinib would inhibit mutant JAK2 kinase activity and suppress the growth of cells from patients with MPDs. We found that lestaurtinib inhibits the growth of HEL92.1.7 cells, which are dependent on mutant JAK2 activity for growth in vitro and in xenograft models. Erythroid cells expanded from primary CD34(+) cells from patients with MPDs were inhibited by lestaurtinib at concentrations of 100 nM or more in 15 of 18 subjects, with concomitant inhibition of phosphorylation of STAT5 and other downstream effectors of JAK2. By contrast, growth of erythroid cells derived from 3 healthy controls was not significantly inhibited. These results demonstrate that lestaurtinib, in clinically achievable concentrations, inhibits proliferation and JAK2/STAT5 signaling in cells from patients with MPDs, and therefore holds promise as a therapeutic agent for patients with these disorders.
Virus-Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody Expressed in Milk of Transgenic Mice Provides Full Protection against Virus-Induced Encephalitis (2001)

Neutralizing antibodies represent a major host defense mechanism against viral infections. In mammals, passive immunity is provided by neutralizing antibodies passed to the offspring via the placenta or the milk as immunoglobulin G and secreted immunoglobulin A. With the long-term goal of producing virus-resistant livestock, we have generated mice carrying transgenes that encode the light and heavy chains of an antibody that is able to neutralize the neurotropic JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM). MHV-JHM causes acute encephalitis and acute and chronic demyelination in susceptible strains of mice and rats. Transgene expression was targeted to the lactating mammary gland by using the ovine beta-lactoglobulin promoter. Milk from these transgenic mice contained up to 0.7 mg of recombinant antibody/ml. In vitro analysis of milk derived from different transgenic lines revealed a linear correlation between antibody expression and virus-neutralizing activity, indicating that the recombinant antibody is the major determinant of MHV-JHM neutralization in murine milk. Offspring of transgenic and control mice were challenged with a lethal dose of MHV-JHM. Litters suckling nontransgenic dams succumbed to fatal encephalitis, whereas litters suckling transgenic dams were fully protected against challenge, irrespective of whether they were transgenic. This demonstrates that a single neutralizing antibody expressed in the milk of transgenic mice is sufficient to completely protect suckling offspring against MHV-JHM-induced encephalitis.
The Role of CTLA-4 in Regulating Th2 Differentiation (1999)

To examine the role of CTLA-4 in Th cell differentiation, we used two newly generated CTLA-4-deficient (CTLA-4-/-) mouse strains: DO11. 10 CTLA-4-/- mice carrying a class II restricted transgenic TCR specific for OVA, and mice lacking CTLA-4, B7.1 and B7.2 (CTLA-4-/- B7.1/B7.2-/- ). When purified naive CD4+ DO11.10 T cells from CTLA-4-/- and wild-type mice were primed and restimulated in vitro with peptide Ag, CTLA-4-/- DO11.10 T cells developed into Th2 cells, whereas wild-type DO11.10 T cells developed into Th1 cells. Similarly, when CTLA-4-/- CD4+ T cells from mice lacking CTLA-4, B7. 1, and B7.2 were stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 Ab and wild-type APC, these CTLA-4-/- CD4+ T cells produced IL-4 even during the primary stimulation, whereas CD4+ cells from B7.1/B7.2-/- mice did not produce IL-4. Upon secondary stimulation, CD4+ T cells from CTLA-4-/- B7.1/B7.2-/- mice secreted high levels of IL-4, whereas CD4+ T cells from B7.1/B7.2-/- mice produced IFN-gamma. In contrast to the effects on CD4+ Th differentiation, the absence of CTLA-4 resulted in only a modest effect on T cell proliferation, and increased proliferation of CTLA-4-/- CD4+ T cells was seen only during secondary stimulation in vitro. Administration of a stimulatory anti-CD28 Ab in vivo induced IL-4 production in CTLA-4-/- B7.1/B7.2-/- but not wild-type mice. These studies demonstrate that CTLA-4 is a critical and potent inhibitor of Th2 differentiation. Thus, the B7-CD28/CTLA-4 pathway plays a critical role in regulating Th2 differentiation in two ways: CD28 promotes Th2 differentiation while CTLA-4 limits Th2 differentiation.
Structure of water adsorbed on smectites (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of water adsorbed on smectitesGarrison Sposito and Rene ProstCite this: Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 6, 553–573Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00052a001https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00052a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1696Altmetric-Citations420LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Superconductor analog-to-digital converters (2004)

Ultrafast switching speed, low power, natural quantization of magnetic flux, quantum accuracy, and low noise of cryogenic superconductor circuits enable fast and accurate data conversion between the analog and digital domains. Based on rapid single-flux quantum (RSFQ) logic, these integrated circuits are capable of achieving performance levels unattainable by any other technology. Two major classes of superconductor analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are being developed - Nyquist sampling and oversampling converters. Complete systems with digital sampling at rates of /spl sim/20 GHz and above have been demonstrated using low-temperature superconductor device technology. Some ADC components have also been implemented using high-temperature superconductors. Superconductor ADCs have unique applications in true digital-RF communications, broadband instrumentation, and digital sensor readout. Their designs, test results, and future development trends are reviewed.
Trade policy reform in Latin America and the Caribbean in the 1980s (1993)

The authors examine the wide-ranging and fundamental trade reforms undertaken in 16 Latin American and Caribbean countries in the 1980s. These reforms have dramatically altered the nature of the trade regimes in these countries and are particularly significant because they were undertaken during severe economic crisis and uncertainty. The authors show that the average levels and the growth rates of imports and exports were substantially higher during the reform period. But imports did not show the surge many had expected, possibly because of low domestic demand. Domestic demand was low because of stabilization and structural adjustment policies, real exchange rate devaluations, and limited access to foreign loans. All the trade reforms were preceded or accompanied by restrictive fiscal and monetary policies and by devaluations of the real exchange rate. The reform period also moved toward the unification and floating of exchange rates. The trade reforms were associated with changes in the political regimes. In most countries, the reforms began under the auspices of democratically elected governments, despite resistance - belying the conventional wisdom that democratic leaders are particularly vulnerable to powerful special-interest groups and are thus less able to sustain reforms. Crucial to the success in implementing these reforms was the boldness with which the governments pursued them. The authors point out that the success of the trade reforms lies in ensuring their domestic viability through macroeconomic stability and growth. A successful conclusion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations would also enable the countries to realize greater benefits from their trade reforms, making them more sustainable.
Public protection of software (1987)

One of the overwhelming problems that software producers must contend with is the unauthorized use and distribution of their products. Copyright laws concerning software are rarely enforced, thereby causing major losses to the software companies. Technical means of protecting software from illegal duplication are required, but the available means are imperfect. We present protocols that enable software protection, without causing substantial overhead in distribution and maintenance. The protocols may be implemented by a conventional cryptosystem, such as the DES, or by a public key cryptosystem, such as the RSA. Both implementations are proved to satisfy required security criteria.
The ITP syndrome: pathogenic and clinical diversity (2009)

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is mediated by platelet autoantibodies that accelerate platelet destruction and inhibit their production. Most cases are considered idiopathic, whereas others are secondary to coexisting conditions. Insights from secondary forms suggest that the proclivity to develop platelet-reactive antibodies arises through diverse mechanisms. Variability in natural history and response to therapy suggests that primary ITP is also heterogeneous. Certain cases may be secondary to persistent, sometimes inapparent, infections, accompanied by coexisting antibodies that influence outcome. Alternatively, underlying immune deficiencies may emerge. In addition, environmental and genetic factors may impact platelet turnover, propensity to bleed, and response to ITP-directed therapy. We review the pathophysiology of several common secondary forms of ITP. We suggest that primary ITP is also best thought of as an autoimmune syndrome. Better understanding of pathogenesis and tolerance checkpoint defects leading to autoantibody formation may facilitate patient-specific approaches to diagnosis and management.
Species and subtype variants of the N-formyl peptide chemotactic receptor reveal multiple important functional domains. (1993)

The N-formyl peptide receptor (FPR) is a seven transmembrane-domain receptor that mediates trafficking and activation of phagocytic leukocytes in response to N-formyl oligopeptides such as fMet-Leu-Phe. cDNAs for high affinity FPRs have been cloned from both human (huFPR) and rabbit (rabFPR). To identify functional domains of FPR, we have studied two structurally related "natural mutants" that are 100-10,000-fold less sensitive than huFPR and rabFPR to fMet-Leu-Phe owing to sequence differences that are located predominantly in the proposed extracellular and transmembrane domains. The first is murine FPR (muFPR, 76% identical to huFPR) whose gene we have now cloned and expressed in Xenopus oocytes; the second is the previously reported human FPR-like 1 receptor (FPRL1R, 69% identical to huFPR) which was used to construct huFPR-FPRL1R chimeras. Comparison of the structure and function of huFPR, FPRL1R, muFPR, rabFPR, and huFPR-FPRL1R chimeras suggests that multiple non-contiguous residues must be apposed by coordinate folding of all of the extracellular and transmembrane domains in order to form the high affinity fMLF-binding site.
Equine and Canine Influenza H3N8 Viruses Show Minimal Biological Differences Despite Phylogenetic Divergence (2015)

Influenza A viruses can cross species barriers and cause severe disease in their new hosts. Infections with highly pathogenic avian H5N1 virus and, more recently, avian H7N9 virus have resulted in high rates of lethality in humans. Unfortunately, our current understanding of how influenza viruses jump species barriers is limited. Our aim was to provide an overview and biological characterization of H3N8 equine and canine influenza viruses using various experimental approaches, since the canine virus emerged from horses approximately 15 years ago. We showed that although there were numerous genetic differences between the equine and canine viruses, this variation did not result in dramatic biological differences between the viruses from the two hosts, and the viruses appeared phenotypically equivalent in most assays we conducted. These findings suggest that the cross-species transmission and adaptation of influenza viruses may be mediated by subtle changes in virus biology.