gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Transglutaminase Catalysis on the Functional and Immunoglobulin Binding Properties of Peanut Flour Dispersions Containing Casein (2008)

The functionality of light roasted peanut flour (PF) dispersions containing supplemental casein (CN) was altered after polymerization with microbial transglutaminase (TGase). The formation of high molecular weight covalent cross-links was observed with likely development of PF-PF, PF-CN, and CN-CN polymers based on Western blotting patterns visualized using antiserum directed against Ara h 1, Ara h 2, Ara h 3, or casein. The gelling temperature of TGase-treated PF dispersions containing 2.5% CN was significantly raised compared to the nontreated PF-CN control solutions. Furthermore, the gel strength and water holding capacity of cross-linked PF-CN test samples containing 5% CN was increased, while the yield stress and apparent viscosity were lowered compared to control dispersions. The immunological staining patterns were also changed where, in some cases, IgE binding to TGase-treated PF-CN fractions appeared less reactive compared to equivalent polymeric PF dispersions lacking supplemental CN and non-cross-linked PF-CN samples. Perhaps, covalent modification masked IgE peanut protein binding epitopes, at least to some degree, on an individual patient basis. Casein proved to be an effective cosubstrate with PF for creating Tgase modified PF-CN dispersions for use as a novel high protein food ingredient.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF 4,7‐DIHYDRO‐4‐OXOTHIENO(2,3‐B)PYRIDINE‐5‐CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (1978)

Abstract Aus den Aminothjophenen (I) und dem Methylenmalonat (II) werden die Diester (III) synthetisiert und thermisch zu den Thienopyr1dincarboxyla‐ ten (IV) cyclisiert, deren N‐Ethyl‐Derivate (V) zu den Carbonsäuren (VI) hydrolysiert werden.
Standard for the transmission of IP datagrams over IEEE 802 networks (1988)

This RFC specifies a standard method of encapsulating the Internet
Protocol (IP) datagrams and Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests
and replies on IEEE 802 Networks to allow compatible and interoperable
implementations. This RFC specifies a protocol standard for the
Internet community.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Carcinoembryonic Antigen(CEA) in Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix: Prognostic Significance of Localization Pattern of CEA. (1991)

Immunohistochemical localization of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was investigated with 100 cases of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in order to evaluate the relationship of the positive pattern of CEA to the prognoses of patients with this neoplasm. Positive staining for CEA using peroxidase-antiperoxidase method was noticed in all tumors studied. The localization patterns of CEA were divided into the following four types depending on the location of CEA-positive areas in cancer nests: central type, surrounding type, diffuse type, and focal type. Survival curves based on calculation by the method of Kaplan-Meier showed that prognosis of patient was most excellent in the disease of central type, which was followed by surrounding type, diffuse type, and focal type, in this order. The survival curve for central type was significantly better than those for diffuse type and focal type (p less than 0.05) as assessed by Log rank test. In squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix, consequently, prognosis of patient might be favorable when CEA is demonstrated in the center part of cancer nests by an immunohistochemical technique.
Achromatizing the Human Eye (1991)

Ocular chromatic dispersion manifests itself as wavelength-dependent image planes, image sizes, and image positions, and it has been suggested that ocular chromatic aberration is the most important of the eye's optical aberrations. Most attempts to correct for the eye's chromatic aberration (achromatize the human eye) have concentrated on correcting the wavelength-dependent image planes or chromatic difference of refractive error (CDRx). There are two optical techniques that correct for CDRx (special achromatizing lenses and multiple channel display systems) by making the ocular image planes of all wavelengths coincident. A different approach simply avoids the effects of ocular CDRx by using small pupils which effectively make all images diffraction-limited irrespective of wavelength-dependent differences in image planes. Theoretical and experimental evidence shows that achromatizing lenses provide an accurate correction for CDRx. In spite of the pre-eminence of chromatic aberrations, and the effectiveness of the corrections, no obvious improvements in vision accompany correction. We show that loss of retinal image quality due to CDRx may be subthreshold (less than ocular depth of focus). We also show that achromatizing methods can introduce their own chromatic aberrations that can easily exceed those present in the uncorrected eye. The precise location of the eye with respect to the achromatizing device determines the amount of these additional aberrations. Therefore, in order to achromatize the eye effectively, careful control of eye position is essential.
Improving subsalt imaging with illumination‐based weighting of RTM 3D angle gathers (2011)

Salt‐related structures are common in deep water Gulf of Mexico (GOM) exploration. Salt bodies are one of the major obstacles for subsurface imaging because seismic wavefields are strongly folded and distorted when propagating though them. The availability of wide azimuth (WAZ) data and reverse time migration (RTM) boost our ability to image subsalt structures. RTM 3D angle gathers yield rich imaging information in the domain of subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. This information helps us to study illumination and remove residual noise in the data, thereby boosting our potential to achieve optimal images. Here we present a work flow for effectively enhancing images in poorly illuminated areas by applying illumination weighting and amplitude compensation on RTM 3D angle domain common image gathers (ADCIGs). We then demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach with both 2D synthetic data and WAZ field data in the Walker Ridge area of the Gulf of Mexico.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Novel γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type B (GABAB) Receptor Agonists as Gastroesophageal Reflux Inhibitors (2008)

We have previously demonstrated that the prototypical GABA B receptor agonist baclofen inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs), the most important mechanism for gastroesophageal reflux. Thus, GABA B agonists could be exploited for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, baclofen, which is used as an antispastic agent, and other previously known GABA B agonists can produce CNS side effects such as sedation, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting at higher doses. We now report the discovery of atypical GABA B agonists devoid of classical GABA B agonist related CNS side effects at therapeutic doses and the optimization of this type of compound for inhibition of TLESRs, which has resulted in a candidate drug ( R)- 7 (AZD3355) that is presently being evaluated in man.
Stimulation of the expression of osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes in vitro by osteogenin. (1989)

Osteogenin was recently purified and the amino acid sequences of tryptic peptides were determined. Osteogenin in conjunction with insoluble collagenous bone matrix induces cartilage and bone formation in vivo. To understand the mechanism of action of osteogenin, we examined its influence on periosteal cells, osteoblasts, fibroblasts, chondrocytes, and bone marrow stromal cells in vitro. Osteogenin stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity and collagen synthesis in periosteal cells. The cAMP response to parathyroid hormone in periosteal cells was increased by osteogenin. In primary cultures of calvarial osteoblasts, osteogenin stimulated alkaline phosphatase activity, the cAMP response to parathyroid hormone, and the synthesis of collagenous and noncollagenous proteins; however, cell proliferation was not affected. Osteogenin increased the production of sulfated proteoglycans in fetal rat chondroblasts and in rabbit articular chondrocytes. The present experiments demonstrate the significant influence of osteogenin in the stimulation of osteogenic and chondrogenic phenotypes in vitro.
HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitors as Antiretroviral Agents (2016)

Here we review the discovery and the mechanism of action of the small molecules and peptides identified as capsid inhibitors, and discuss their therapeutic potential.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to heat-labile enterotoxin encoded by a plasmid from a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli (1984)

Eight selected hybridoma cell lines that produced monoclonal antibodies against heat-labile enterotoxin from an Escherichia coli strain of human origin (LTh) were characterized. Antibodies produced by these cell lines were tested for binding specificity in a series of solid-phase radioimmunoassays and Western blots by using as test antigens LTh, the A, A1, A2, and B polypeptides of LTh, the heat-labile enterotoxin from an E. coli strain of porcine origin, and cholera toxin. The monoclonal antibodies were also tested for isotype and ability to neutralize LTh. Two of the anti-LTh monoclonal antibodies cross-reacted with cholera toxin, and six were specific for determinants of LTh that were not present on cholera toxin. One was specific for a unique epitope of LTh that was not shared by the heat-labile enterotoxin from an E. coli strain of porcine origin or cholera toxin. Four antibodies specific for epitopes on the B subunit of LTh (LTh-B) reacted with pentameric LTh-B but did not react in Western blots with monomeric LTh-B. The remaining four antibodies were specific for epitopes on LTh-A; two of these antibodies bound to A1, one reacted with A2, and one recognized only intact LTh-A. Only one monoclonal antibody had detectable neutralizing activity, and it was specific for LTh-A.
Oral immunization with recombinant Salmonella typhimurium expressing a cloned Porphyromonas gingivalis hemagglutinin: effect of boosting on mucosal, systemic and immunoglobulin G subclass response (1998)

Live avirulent Salmonella typhimurium are convenient vaccine vectors for the delivery of recombinant antigens for the induction of mucosal and systemic immunity. The hagB gene encodes a hemagglutinin of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a suspected causal agent in human adult periodontal disease. In previous studies, we have shown that hagB can be expressed in avirulent S. typhimurium and is immunogenic when given orally to mice. In this study, we evaluated recall responses in both serum and mucosal secretions after boosting. In addition, we have examined the immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass response in serum to both HagB and the Salmonella carrier. Mice were orally immunized with S. typhimurium expressing the hagB gene and then boosted 14 weeks later. Responses were measured through 27 weeks. Both primary and recall IgG and IgA responses were seen in serum to the purified HagB as well as to the Salmonella carrier. Likewise, mucosal primary and recall responses were seen in saliva, fecal extracts and vaginal washes although the kinetics of the responses differed. The anti-HagB response in serum was dominated by IgG2a during the peak of primary response, prior to boosting and during the peak of the recall response. The anti-S. typhimurium response shifted from predominantly IgG3 following primary immunization to IgG2a after boosting. The IgG1 response was minimal against each antigen. This pattern of IgG subclass distribution is consistent with a Th1-type response. These data indicate that avirulent S. typhimurium is capable of delivering a putative virulence factor from P. gingivalis and inducing a primary and recall response in both serum and secretions and provides a means of studying P. gingivalis virulence factors and for the development of a potential vaccine.
Maglev: a fast and reliable software network load balancer (2016)

Maglev is Google's network load balancer. It is a large distributed software system that runs on commodity Linux servers. Unlike traditional hardware network load balancers, it does not require a specialized physical rack deployment, and its capacity can be easily adjusted by adding or removing servers. Network routers distribute packets evenly to the Maglev machines via Equal Cost Multipath (ECMP); each Maglev machine then matches the packets to their corresponding services and spreads them evenly to the service endpoints. To accommodate high and ever-increasing traffic, Maglev is specifically optimized for packet processing performance. A single Maglev machine is able to saturate a 10Gbps link with small packets. Maglev is also equipped with consistent hashing and connection tracking features, to minimize the negative impact of unexpected faults and failures on connection-oriented protocols. Maglev has been serving Google's traffic since 2008. It has sustained the rapid global growth of Google services, and it also provides network load balancing for Google Cloud Platform.
Sensory conduction of the sural nerve in polyneuropathy (1974)

Using surface electrodes, sensory nerve action potentials (SAP) have been recorded in the proximal segment (mid-calf to lateral malleolus) and the distal segment (lateral malleolus to toe 5) of the sural nerve and in the median nerve in 79 control subjects. The values obtained for the distal segment of the sural nerve varied widely and in seven apparently normal subjects no SAP could be distinguished. In the proximal segment conduction velocities were over 40 m/s and there was no significant change with age, unlike the median nerve in which a highly significant slowing occurred with age. Comparison of the results of sural and median sensory conduction studies in 300 consecutive patients screened for sensory polyneuropathy confirms the value of sural nerve sensory studies as a routine screening test, and confirms the belief that the changes in polyneuropathy are usually more prominent in lower limb nerves. It is therefore suggested that studies of sural sensory conduction form the single most useful test in the diagnosis of sensory polyneuropathy.
SCC: Semantic Context Cascade for Efficient Action Detection (2017)

Despite the recent advances in large-scale video analysis, action detection remains as one of the most challenging unsolved problems in computer vision. This snag is in part due to the large volume of data that needs to be analyzed to detect actions in videos. Existing approaches have mitigated the computational cost, but still, these methods lack rich high-level semantics that helps them to localize the actions quickly. In this paper, we introduce a Semantic Cascade Context (SCC) model that aims to detect action in long video sequences. By embracing semantic priors associated with human activities, SCC produces high-quality class-specific action proposals and prune unrelated activities in a cascade fashion. Experimental results in ActivityNet unveils that SCC achieves state-of-the-art performance for action detection while operating at real time.
Polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression by neurons and astrolial molecule in the rat dentate gyrus declines dramatically with increasing age (1995)

The expression of polysialylated neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation of young (postnatal day 40), mature (postnatal day 80) and aged (postnatal day 540) male Wistar rats has been investigated by immunohistochemical techniques employing a monoclonal antibody specific for neural cell adhesion molecule-linked alpha 2,8 polysialic acid. A strong immunoreactivity was found on the cell bodies, dendrites and axons of granule-like neuronal cells at the border between the hilar region and the granule cell layer of the young rat. In the mature animal the number of immunoreactive neurons declined dramatically and were virtually absent in the aged group. Using an alternative fixation procedure, glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and polysialylated astroglia processes were found in close proximity to the dendrites of the polysialylated granule-like cells. The number of astroglial processes traversing the granule cell layer showed a similar age-dependent decline to that observed with the polysialylated neurons. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive and polysialylated stellate astroglia were present throughout the hippocampal formation, but did not show the marked age-dependent decline observed with the astroglial processes in the granule cell layer. The neuronal dendrites and astroglial processes exhibited a strict numerical ratio in the young and mature animal and, in double immunofluorescence studies with anti-polysialic acid and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein, the astroglial processes exhibited apparent points of cell and/or dendritic contact. These findings suggest that loss of polysialylated astroglial processes precedes the decline in polysialylated dentate neurons.
Single-Step Kinetics of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Mutants Responsible for Virus Resistance to Nucleoside Inhibitors Zidovudine and 3-TC (1997)

Two mutants of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) associated with high-level resistance of the virus to AZT (RT-AZT: D67N, K70R, T215Y, K219Q, and M41L) or 3-TC (RT-3TC: M184V) were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. None of these mutants showed significant changes in the affinity and kinetics of binding to a DNA/DNA primer/template. RT-AZT was investigated in detail with respect to its kinetics of incorporation of nucleotides. No change in the relative rates of TMP and AZTMP incorporation could be detected for RT-AZT with respect to wild type RT. These results imply that there is no increased discrimination against AZTTP in the mutant. This was found for DNA/DNA and DNA/RNA primer/template. Additionally, rapid kinetics of incorporation of 3'-amino-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate (a possible metabolite of AZT) were investigated and compared with TMP incorporation, but no difference in its relative rates of incorporation between wild type RT and RT-AZT was detected. In contrast, the already very slow rate of incorporation of 3-TCMP seen with wild type enzyme was drastically reduced (by a factor of 23 and 36 with DNA/DNA primer/template and DNA/RNA primer/template, respectively) for RT-3TC, showing a clear correlation between in vitro and in vivo effects. The affinity of 3-TCTP to the RT-3TC-primer/template complex was not affected by the mutation M184V. A 1.6-fold cross-resistance to ddATP, the converted form of the prodrug ddI, could also be shown for RT-3TC, but no cross-resistance to ddCTP was detected. Additionally, rapid kinetics of AZTMP incorporation by RT-3TC were investigated. There was an indication of a slightly higher rate of incorporation of AZTMP by RT-3TC than wild type RT.
One percent of human circulating B lymphocytes are capable of producing the natural anti-Gal antibody (1993)

The natural anti-Gal antibody constitutes 1% of circulating IgG in humans and interacts specifically with the carbohydrate epitope Gal alpha 1-3Gal beta 1-4GlcNAc-R (the alpha-galactosyl epitope). In view of the unusually large amounts of this antibody in the serum, it was of interest to determine the proportion of circulating B lymphocytes capable of synthesizing anti-Gal. For this purpose, blood B lymphocytes were incubated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and plated in microtiter wells. Proliferation of the EBV transformed B lymphocytes was readily visible after 3 weeks of incubation. The supernatants from wells containing proliferating B-lymphoid clones were assayed for anti-Gal by an agglutination assay with rabbit red blood cells and the specificity of the agglutinating antibodies was further confirmed by their interaction with synthetic oligosaccharides and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with glycoproteins. Approximately 5% of the wells contained anti-Gal antibodies. Limiting dilution studies and IgH gene rearrangement patterns suggested that each well contained an average of five proliferating B-lymphoid clones. Thus, it is concluded that approximately 1% of circulating B lymphocytes are capable of producing anti-Gal. The proportion of anti-Gal--producing lymphoid clones exceeds by fourfold that of clones producing anti-blood group A or anti-blood group B antibodies. Individual anti-Gal clones display fine variations in their combining site, as indicated by their differential interaction with alpha-galactosyl epitopes on glycolipids and on N-linked carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins. The high frequency of precursor B lymphocytes capable of producing anti-Gal, found in every individual and the restricted specificity of this antibody to alpha-galactosyl epitopes, potentially makes anti-Gal--producing lymphocytes an effective system for studying human Ig genes involved in the natural immune response to structurally defined haptens.
Identification of Early Intestinal Neoplasia Protein Biomarkers Using Laser Capture Microdissection and MALDI MS (2009)

Obtaining protein profiles from a homogeneous cell population in tissues can significantly improve our capability in protein biomarker discovery. In this study, unique protein profiles from the top and bottom sections of mouse crypts and Apc(Min+/-) adenomas were obtained using laser capture microdissection (LCM) combined with MALDI MS. Statistically significant protein peaks with differential expression were selected, and a set of novel protein biomarkers were identified. Immunohistochemistry was performed to confirm the differentially expressed protein biomarkers found by LCM combined with MALDI MS. To validate the relevance of the findings in human colorectal cancer (CRC), S100A8 was further confirmed in human CRC using immunohistochemistry. In addition, S100A8 was found to have an increased expression at different human CRC stages (Duke's A-D) compared with controls at both protein (n = 168 cases) and RNA (n = 215 cases) levels. Overall LCM combined with MALDI MS is a promising method to identify intestinal protein biomarkers from minute amounts of tissue. The novel protein biomarkers identified from the top and bottom crypts will increase our knowledge of the specific protein changes taking place during cell migration from the crypt bottom to top. In addition, the identified cancer protein biomarkers will aid in the exploration of colorectal tumorigenesis mechanisms as well as in the advancement of molecularly based diagnosis of colorectal cancer.
Spectral cancellation of microstimulation artifact for simultaneous neural recording in situ (2003)

A fundamental technical hurdle in systems neurophysiology has been to record the activity of individual neurons in situ while using microstimulation to activate inputs or outputs. Stimulation artifact at the recording electrode has largely limited the usefulness of combined stimulating and recording to using single stimulation pulses (e.g., orthodromic and antidromic activation) or to presenting brief trains of pulses to look for transient responses (e.g., paired-pulse stimulation). Using an adaptive filter, we have developed an on-line method that allows continuous extracellular isolation of individual neuron spikes during sustained experimental microstimulation. We show that the technique accurately and robustly recovers neural spikes from stimulation-corrupted records. Moreover, we demonstrate that the method should generalize to any recording situation where a stereotyped, triggered transient might obscure a neural event.