gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the energy and transportation component for junior high school technology education programs in Taiwan (1996)

The purpose of this study was to identify the appropriate content of the Energy and Transportation (E&T) unit for use in instruction in the junior high school Technology Education (TE) programs in Taiwan. Another purpose was to provide the Taiwanese higher education program administrators and educational planners with practical information for use in effectively designing and implementing preservice and in-service teacher preparation programs. Survey instruments were developed through a literature review and validated by nine experts in E&T. The samples included 400 stratified and randomly selected TE teachers from four geographic parts of Taiwan, 200 stratified and randomly selected industrial managers from four industries, and all 43 industrial technology education faculty in the teacher preparation universities of Taiwan. A 61.43% usable return rate was reached after two follow-up mailings. Based on the data analysis, 42 E&T content items were identified as being important in 9 categories including sources of energy, energy converters, costs of energy, energy conservation practices, transmission of energy, land transportation, marine transportation, air & space transportation, and careers. A five-point Likert Scale was used to rate perceived importance and perceived knowledge level of each item by the respondents. One-way ANOVAs were used to detect perceptual differences among the three groups. Furthermore, Fisher's Least Significant Difference Procedure at the.05 and.01 level was used to identify the significant differences between any two groups on the items that had been detected by the ANOVAs below the.05 level. The major conclusions drawn from the study were: (a) The grand mean of 39 out of 42 items were rated as being important or very important. (b) The most important category identified by the respondents was energy conservation practices, followed by careers and sources of energy. (c) Nine significant differences of knowledge level were found between the teacher and manager group, as well as between the faculty and teacher group. However, only three significant differences were found between managers and faculty members. (d) Of the total 42 content items that were rated by the teachers, the average importance level was 3.51 (high) and knowledge level 2.37 (low). This shows a large discrepancy between ratings by the teachers of importance level and knowledge level. The transportation area showed the greatest discrepancy between importance level and knowledge level. The necessity for in-service training of E&T content, based on rated importance and knowledge level, appears to be high.
Reconfigurable Architectures for System LevelApplications of Adaptive Computing (1999)

The System Level Applications of Adaptive Computing (SLAAC) project is defining an open, distributed, scalable, adaptive computing systems architecture based on a highspeed network cluster of heterogeneous, FPGA‐accelerated nodes. Two reference implementations of this architecture are being created. The Research Reference Platform (RRP) is a Myrinet TM cluster of PCs with PCI‐based FPGA accelerators (SLAAC‐1). The Deployable Reference Platform (DRP) is a Myrinet cluster of PowerPC TM nodes with VME‐based FPGA accelerators (SLAAC‐2) and a commercial 6U‐VME quad‐ PowerPC board (CSPI M2641S) serving as the carrier. A key strategy proposed for successful ACS technology insertions is source‐code compatibility between the RRP and DRP platforms. This paper focuses on the development of the SLAAC‐1 and SLAAC‐2 accelerators and how the network‐centric SLAAC system‐level architecture has shaped their designs. A preliminary mapping of a Synthetic Aperture Radar/Automatic Target Recognition (SAR/ATR) algorithm to SLAAC‐2 is also discussed.
Monte Carlo-based inverse model for calculating tissue optical properties Part I: Theory and validation on synthetic phantoms (2006)

A flexible and fast Monte Carlo-based model of diffuse reflectance has been developed for the extraction of the absorption and scattering properties of turbid media, such as human tissues. This method is valid for a wide range of optical properties and is easily adaptable to existing probe geometries, provided a single phantom calibration measurement is made. A condensed Monte Carlo method was used to speed up the forward simulations. This model was validated by use of two sets of liquid-tissue phantoms containing Nigrosin or hemoglobin as absorbers and polystyrene spheres as scatterers. The phantoms had a wide range of absorption (0-20 cm(-1)) and reduced scattering coefficients (7-33 cm(-1)). Mie theory and a spectrophotometer were used to determine the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients of the phantoms. The diffuse reflectance spectra of the phantoms were measured over a wavelength range of 350-850 nm. It was found that optical properties could be extracted from the experimentally measured diffuse reflectance spectra with an average error of 3% or less for phantoms containing hemoglobin and 12% or less for phantoms containing Nigrosin.
Low Programming Current Phase Change Memory Cell with Double GST Thermally Confined Structure (2007)

A novel PCM cell with double GST thermally confined structure was proposed and fabricated in this work. by inserting an extra bottom GST layer under the confined GST region, the heat loss can be effectively prevented and the temperature profile over active region becomes more uniform. thus, a low reset current less than 0.3 ma can be achieved and the set performance is also improved to be faster than 200 ns.
Variational Dropout and the Local Reparameterization Trick (2015)

We investigate a local reparameterizaton technique for greatly reducing the variance of stochastic gradients for variational Bayesian inference (SGVB) of a posterior over model parameters, while retaining parallelizability. This local reparameterization translates uncertainty about global parameters into local noise that is independent across datapoints in the minibatch. Such parameterizations can be trivially parallelized and have variance that is inversely proportional to the minibatch size, generally leading to much faster convergence. Additionally, we explore a connection with dropout: Gaussian dropout objectives correspond to SGVB with local reparameterization, a scale-invariant prior and proportionally fixed posterior variance. Our method allows inference of more flexibly parameterized posteriors; specifically, we propose variational dropout, a generalization of Gaussian dropout where the dropout rates are learned, often leading to better models. The method is demonstrated through several experiments.
Immobilized Biomaterials—Techniques and Applications (1982)

Abstract The immobilization of enzymes, cofactors and whole cells offers the potential of economical exploitation of biomaterial activity. Enzymes or cells can be immobilized by binding to carriers through adsorption or covalent linkages or by entrapment in a polymer matrix or microencapsulation. The development of immobilized biomaterial systems requires the involvement of biochemical, kinetics and reactor design principles. Examples of commercial scale applications of immobilized biomaterial systems are the production of a fructose‐rich syrup from starch and the synthesis of L ‐amino acids by selective hydrolysis of N ‐acyl‐ D , L ‐amino acids.
Economies of the former Soviet Union : an input-output approach to the 1987 national accounts (1992)

The author uses an input-output (I-O) approach to derive internationally comparable estimates of GNP for the 15 economies of the Former Soviet Union (FSU). The commonly accepted measure of economic output of GDP or GNP based on the System of National Accounts (SNA) cannot be readily estimated for these economies because relevant statistical reporting systems have yet to be set up to replace the system used historically - the Material Product System (MPS). The author's three-tier approach improves on the short-cut method of bridge tables (from MPS to SNA) by integrating additional financial data and using the inherent cross-checks of I-O tables. The three steps in the process are to: (1) analyze the official 20-sector MPS-type I-O tables; (2) integrate financial data on services, etc., from National Economic Balance (NEB) tables; and (3) convert the I-O table derived from the integrated NEB tables to SNA forms. The author resolves inconsistencies between Goskomstat I-O tables for the overall FSU accounts and those for the 15 individual FSU economies by drawing on data from other financial tables. The main adjustments are in inter-republic trade, which is included in individual FSU economies'I-Os, but not in the overall I-O for the FSU, and for unplanned sectors (military, police, and so on). Additional adjustments necessary to estimate GNP from net material product - such as inclusion of nonmaterial services - are explicitly shown in the appropriate I-O sectors. Appendices report details on these and other adjustments, notably the apportionment and reevaluation of inter-republic trade from internal to foreign trade prices. The end product is one in which income, output, and expenditures are estimated in a consistent SNA-type framework for the overall FSU and for the 15 individual FSU economies. These I-O tables provide the information needed for macroeconomic and sectoral analysis, and form the basis for estimating per capita GNP for these economies. The author presents the three-tier I-O tables for the FSU region as a whole in this paper, but presents only the SNA tier for individual economies.
Role of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Dahl Salt-Sensitive Hypertension (1999)

The goal of this study was to determine the role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the arterial pressure, renal hemodynamic, and renal excretory changes that occur in Dahl salt-resistant (DR) and salt-sensitive (DS) rats during changes in Na intake. Fifty-three DR and DS rats/Rapp strain of 7 to 8 weeks of age with indwelling arterial and venous catheters were subjected to low (0.87 mmol/d) or high (20.6 mmol/d) Na intake beginning 2 days before the start of the control period. Measurements were made during a 5-day control period followed by a 5-day period of nNOS inhibition with intravenous 7-nitroindazole (7NI, 1.67 mg. kg-1. h-1) or vehicle infusion. After 5 days of 7NI, mean arterial pressure increased to 120+/-6% control in the DR-high Na, 7NI rats compared with 98+/-1% control (P<0.05) in the DR-high Na alone rats. After 5 days of 7NI, DS-high Na rats, which had a control arterial pressure 31 mm Hg higher than the comparable DR rats, increased their arterial pressure to 114+/-3% control, which was not significantly different from the DS-high Na alone pressure of 110+/-2% control. No significant changes occurred in glomerular filtration rate, effective renal plasma flow, urinary Na excretion, or urine volume because of 7NI. However, plasma renin activity decreased significantly in DR and DS rats on low Na intake with 7NI infusion. The data demonstrate that the highly salt-resistant DR rat became salt-sensitive during nNOS inhibition with 7NI. However, the arterial pressure of the DS rat was not affected by 7NI. This suggests that nitric oxide produced by nNOS in the DR rat normally helps to prevent salt-sensitive hypertension and that low functional levels of nNOS in the DS rat may contribute to its salt-sensitivity.
Spine Update (1994)

Various techniques of percutaneous lumbar disc surgery have become popular for treating lumbar disc herniations. There is a vast and increasing body of literature on this topic that consists mainly of retrospective, uncontrolled clinical studies, technical articles, and case reports. A literature analysis revealed two different techniques, both termed “percutaneous discectomy.” One is the selective removal of nucleus pulposus from the herniation site with various manual and automated instruments under endoscopic control (percutaneous nucleotomy with discoscopy, arthroscopic microdiscectomy, percutaneous endoscopic discectomy); the other is the removal of nucleus pulposus from the center of the disc space with one single automated instrument (automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy) to achieve an intradiscal decompression. Selective percutaneous discectomy with endoscopic control requires a restrictive selection of patients and can achieve clinical results comparable with microdiscectomy under controlled conditions. There is no scientifically proven validity of automated percutaneous lumbar discectomy compared with standard surgical methods and chemo-nucleolysis. The majority of the articles analyzed did not fulfill the selection criteria of Spine. Additional prospective, randomized and controlled studies are needed to define the eventual role of percutaneous lumbar discectomy on a scientific basis.
Selective dsDNA‐Templated Formation of Copper Nanoparticles in Solution (2010)

A helping strand: A method to selectively form copper nanoparticles in solution using double-stranded DNA has been developed. The size of the nanoparticles is controlled by the length of the dsDNA template, and single-stranded DNA did not act as a template (see scheme). Single-stranded overhangs in dsDNA were used to prepare a nanostructure in which two metallized dsDNA segments were linked together by a nonmetallized rigid linker. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Bacille Calmette‐Guerin can induce cellular apoptosis of urothelial cancer directly through toll‐like receptor 7 activation (2015)

Immunotherapy using bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) instillation is the mainstay treatment modality for superficial urothelial cancer (UC) through toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of cognitive immune response. We investigated the roles of TLR7 in the activation of apoptosis in UC cells after BCG treatment. The in vitro cytotoxicity effect of BCG on UC cells was measured by a modified 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazo-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium assay. Expressions of TLR7 mRNA and protein in native UC cells prior to and after BCG treatment were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot methods. Phagocytotic processes after BCG treatment in UC cells were observed microscopically using a specific immunostain, subsequent cellular apoptosis-related signals induced by TLR7 were analyzed by western blot. Low-grade UC cells, TSGH8301, showed significant cellular death (4.23-fold higher than the high-grade UC cells T24 and J82) when treated with BCG and the BCG cytotoxicity was displayed in a dose-time-dependent manner. TSGH8301 cells had the highest content of TLR7 mRNA, 7.2- and 4.5-fold higher than that of T24 and J82 cells, respectively. TLR7 protein expression was also significantly increased in TSGH8301 cells. Phagocytosis-related markers, including beclin 1, ATG2, and LC3, were increased when TSGH8301 cells were treated by BCG. Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinases 2 and 4 were also increased markedly in TSGH8301 cells. On the contrary, cellular apoptosis of TSGH8301 cells decreased by 34% when TLR7 activation was suppressed by the TLR antagonist IRS661 after BCG treatment. Our findings suggest that well differentiated TCC cells have higher expression of TLR7 and BCG can drive cellular death of TCC cells directly via TLR7 activation and related apoptotic pathway.
Robot programming using augmented reality (2006)

Prof. Nee has truly been like a 'father' to me during this period of time. He encouraged me whenever I felt like quitting and allowed me to go through challenges that were necessary to build my character, even when I did not realise it! I also have to mention that Prof. Nee is a true gentleman, evident in how he deals with the pressure of
Adaptive Reaction to Stress (1950)

Institute of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec; Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, December, 1949, New York.
Neural development in human embryonic stem cells-applications of lentiviral vectors (2011)

The derivation of neural lineages from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) in vitro is based largely on exposure of hESCs to exogenous signals and substrates, designed to mimic conditions in the developing embryo. However, selection of specific lineages and the discovery of gene function in human neural development may be enhanced by the ability to intrinsically regulate gene expression. Recombinant lentiviral vectors provide an efficient method to stably introduce genes into hESC and their differentiating derivatives. Here we review the methods used to derive neural cells from hESCs, transduction of these cells with lentiviral vectors, and improvements that have been made to the vectors to enhance viral integration and transgene expression. Finally, we explore prospects for future uses of lentiviral vectors in hESC research, including their applications in library screening for drug development, zinc finger nucleases for gene editing and optogenetics to interrogate cellular pathways and function.
Observational study of spinal muscular atrophy type I and implications for clinical trials (2014)

Infants with SMA-I can be effectively enrolled and retained in a 12-month natural history study until a majority reach the combined endpoint. These outcome data can be used for clinical trial design.
Inversion-type enhancement-mode InP MOSFETs with ALD Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, HfO<inf>2</inf> and HfAlO nanolaminates as high-k gate dielectrics (2007)

We demonstrate here the use of ALD high-k dielectrics for the fabrication of E-mode InP MOSFETs exhibiting well-behaved transistor characteristics. These results suggest new opportunities for evaluating and applying InP as a novel high-mobility channel material for future ultimate CMOS applications.
Effects of Vitamin A and Glucocorticoids upon Inflammation and Collagen Synthesis (1973)

Departments of Surgery, Biochemistry, and Biophysics, University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, California 94122
Exploration of Modalities in Building α-O-Linked Systems through Glycal Assembly:  A Total Synthesis of the Mucin-Related F1α Antigen (1998)

The total synthesis of the F1α antigen, a member of the tumor-associated O-linked mucin glycopeptides, was achieved via two alternative routes. In the first approach, an α-O-linkage between serine/threonine and GalNAc (2-deoxy-2-N-acetylamino-d-galactose) was fashioned first. This prebuilt cassette was then linked to a lactosamine unit. Alternatively, assembly of the trisaccharide glycal preceded activation of the glycal double bond and the construction of the glycopeptide linkage. Both strategies lead to the desired glycosyl amino acid derivatives. During our investigation, we uncovered remarkable effects of even remote protecting groups on the reactivity and stereoselectivity of glycosidations.
An experimental study of the source/drain parasitic resistance effects in amorphous silicon thin film transistors (1992)

The effect of source/drain (S/D) parasitic resistance has been experimentally investigated for amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film transistors (TFTs). In general, the apparent field effect mobility decreases with decreasing channel length. However, the apparent threshold voltage is relatively constant. This may be attributed to an ohmic parasitic resistance due to the use of ion-implanted n+ S/D regions. Self-consistent results were obtained from both TFTs and from independent test structures for the TFT parasitic resistance, contact resistance, and sheet resistance. The results showed that the current spreading under the S/D regions is most critical in determining the magnitude of the total parasitic resistance. In this regard, both the S/D ion implantation and the S/D to gate overlap reduce the total parasitic resistance. Finally, the parasitic resistance is modeled as a gate voltage-modulated channel resistance, under the gate overlap, in series with a constant minimum contact resistance.
Thromboembolic disease due to thermolabile conformational changes of antithrombin Rouen-VI (187 Asn-->Asp) (1994)

A new variant of antithrombin (Rouen-VI, 187 Asn-+Asp) with increased heparin affinity was shown to have normal inhibitory activity which decreased slowly at 4C and rap- idly at 41C. On electrophoresis the freshly isolated variant had an anodal shift relative to native antithrombin due to the mutation. A further anodal transition occurred after either prolonged storage at 4C or incubation at 41C due to the formation of a new inactive uncleaved component with properties characteristic of L-form (latent) antithrom- bin. At the same time, polymerization also occurred with a predominance of di-, tri-, and tetra-mers. These findings fit with the observed mutation of the conserved asparagine (187) in the F-helix destabilizing the underlying A-sheet of the molecule. Evidence of A-sheet perturbation is provided by the increased rate of peptide insertion into the A-sheet and by the decreased vulnerability of the reactive loop to proteolysis. The spontaneous formation of both L-anti- thrombin and polymers is consistent with our crystal struc- ture of intact antithrombin where L-form and active anti- thrombin are linked together as dimers. The nature of this linkage favors a mechanism of polymerization whereby the opening of the A-sheet, to give incorporation of the reactive center loop, is accompanied by the bonding of the loop of one molecule to the C-sheet of the next. The accelerated lability of antithrombin Rouen-VI at 41 versus 37C pro- vides an explanation for the clinical observation that episodes of thrombosis were preceded by unrelated pyrexias.
A comparative study of different methods of processing aortic homografts (1969)

Segments of the same aortic cusp were processed in different ways and compared from a histological and histochemical point of view with a non-processed segment. Changes produced by certain methods of processing bear a resemblance to the changes noted in the normal ageing process of the aortic valves. These changes are commented upon; but further experimental work is necessary to determine which method of processing aortic homografts gives the best long-term results.