gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antifungal activity of interleukin-2-activated natural killer (NK1.1+) lymphocytes against Candida albicans (1998)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2)-activated lymphocytes interact directly with, and inhibit, the growth of Candida albicans hyphae. C. albicans-stimulated natural killer (NK1.1+) lymphocytes were demonstrated to secrete a soluble product capable of directly affecting C. albicans yeast forms. Antibodies specific for interferon-gamma completely eliminated the antifungal activity of the NK1.1+ lymphocyte product and diminished the antifungal activity of NK1.1+ lymphocytes against C. albicans. Antibodies specific for other cytokines had no such effect. These data demonstrate that C. albicans-stimulated NK1.1+ lymphocytes have antifungal activity against C. albicans yeast cells via the release of interferon-gamma. This antifungal activity was demonstrable only against the yeast form of the fungus, with no effect on C. albicans hyphae.
Fiber channel (FCS)/ATM interworking: a design solution (2002)

The paper addresses the main functions of a gateway between the fibre channel standard (FCS) and an ATM network. The fibre channel provides a general transport vehicle for upper layer protocols such as the intelligent peripheral interface (IPI), small computer system interface (SCSI), high-performance parallel interface (HIPPI) data framing and others at scalable speeds of 265 Mbit/s, 531 Mbit/s and 1.06 Gbit/s. ATM wide area networks will provide cell based transmission and switching at rates of 155 Mbit/s and above. The paper describes design solutions to obtain very high throughput using hardware processing and careful protocol functions relaying between the two standards.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
HPLC of biological macromolecules (2002)

THE TECHNIQUE. Silica as a Support in HPLC of Biomacromolecules. Organic Polymer Support Materials. Size Exclusion Chromatography. Ion-Exchange Chromatography. Reversed Phase and Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography of Proteins and Peptides. Metal Interaction Chromatography. Preparative Chromatography. Sample Preparation. Gradient Elution Separation of Large Biomolecules. CLASS SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS. Analytical HPLC of Peptides. HPLC of Membrane Proteins. HPLC of Cereal Endosperm Storage Proteins. Analysis of Hemoglobin Variants and HbA1c, U. Turpeinen. Antibodies. Glycoproteins. DETECTION METHODS. Immunodetection of Proteins in High-Resolution Separation Systems. Characterization of Proteins, Peptides, and Polynucleotides by Mass Spectrometry. Detection and Analysis of Proteins by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Photodiode Array Detection. Index.
Online Detection of High-Resistance Connections With Negative-Sequence Regulators in Three-Phase Induction Motor Drives (2014)

High-resistance connections in electric drives can cause localized overheating and motor supply voltage unbalance, which degrade the performance, efficiency, and reliability of the system. An enhanced field-oriented control scheme for induction machines that is capable of detecting resistive unbalance due to high-resistance connections, and regulating the negative-sequence current is proposed as the main contribution of this paper. Resistive unbalance is detected and located while maintaining the symmetric drive behavior both under transient and steady-state operating conditions. The negative-sequence regulator adopted in addition to the traditional current regulator for rotor field-oriented control is used to compensate for the voltage unbalance caused by the inherent asymmetries in the cable and stator winding and by the poor contacts. A model that shows the relationship between the resistive unbalance and negative-sequence current components is derived from the analysis of the proposed scheme. The theoretical analysis and the validity of the detection technique are confirmed with an experimental study on a 4-kW induction motor drive.
An Extended AODV Routing for Reduction of Control Messages in Ad hoc Networks (2007)

In this paper, we propose more effective method for route search in ad hoc networks, that is extended from a most typical routing protocol, AODV. In the proposed method, nodes can search adequate route by means of unicast messages using out-of-date route information if possible, before searching it by means of flooding mechanism. This method introduces two new message formats; Unicast Route Request and Waiting Route Reply. In this proposed method, if the route to the destination indicated by Invalid entries is still available, the source does not have to do more Expanding Ring Search. As a consequence, proposed method can reduce the number of control messages.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor (EGF-R) in human pituitary adenomas: EGF-R correlates with tumor aggressiveness. (1996)

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been localized in several human neoplasms and has been shown to have a significant correlation to prognosis. We investigated the potential role of the EGF receptor (EGF-R) system in pituitary tumorigenesis by examining the expression of EGF and EGF-R in the different types of human pituitary adenomas. EGF was identified by immunohistochemistry in all cell types of the nontumorous adenohypophysis and in all types of morphologically characterized functional (n = 9) and nonfunctional (n = 17) adenomas. To confirm local EGF synthesis, ribonucleic acid (RNA) from human pituitary adenomas was reverse transcribed and PCR amplified. Transcript signals of the expected size were identified, with marked variation in 41 of 48 adenomas. To assess possible secretion in vitro, EGF was measured in pituitary tumor culture medium. No measurable quantities of EGF were present in conditioned culture medium from all 35 adenomas examined, consistent with the rapid uptake of EGF by unoccupied functional EGF-R sites. Using a specific monoclonal antibody that recognizes the extracellular ligand-binding domain of the human EGF-R, we found EGF-R in cells in the normal pituitary and in some functional and nonfunctional adenomas with extremely variable intensity. By RT-PCR, EGF-R messenger RNA (mRNA) expression was also identified, with marked variation in all 48 adenomas examined and in the nontumorous pituitary. The highest degrees of EGF-R mRNA expression were present in somatotroph adenomas and the aggressive silent subtype 3 adenomas. Tumors from patients with recurrent acromegaly demonstrated significantly higher levels of EGF-R mRNA than those from patients with nonrecurrent disease. In conclusion, EGF and EGF-R are expressed in a variable manner in all types of human pituitary adenomas. The overexpression of EGF-R in recurrent somatotroph adenomas and aggressive silent subtype 3 adenomas suggests a selective mechanism for the EGF/EGF-R family in the growth of aggressive pituitary tumors.
Translational Regulation by P38 Mitogen–Activated Protein Kinase Signaling During Human Cholangiocarcinoma Growth (2003)

The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is aberrantly expressed and maintains transformed cell growth in malignant human cholangiocytes. Because cell growth requires and is intimately related to protein synthesis, our aims were to assess the effect of p38 MAPK signaling on protein synthesis during growth of malignant human cholangiocytes. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity during mitogenic stimulation decreased protein synthesis rates and tumor cell xenograft growth in nude mice. Altered protein synthesis resulted from decreased translational efficiency with impaired initiation of translation. Mitogenic stimulation resulted in phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)-4E. Inhibition of p38 MAPK signaling or functional dysregulation of translation by small interfering double-stranded RNA (siRNA) to eIF-4E decreased anchorage-independent growth of malignant cholangiocytes. In conclusion, these studies identify a relationship between p38 MAPK activity and the regulation of protein synthesis during human cholangiocarcinoma growth. As protein synthesis is intimately linked to cell growth, dysregulation of translation initiation is a mechanism by which cellular p38 MAPK signaling participates in growth regulation of malignant cholangiocytes.
Properties of [3H]bunazosin binding in rat kidney. (1988)

Properties of alpha 1-adrenoceptor binding in the renal cortex of rats were studied with [3H]bunazosin as the radiolabeled ligand. Both temperature and incubation time influenced bunazosin receptor binding. Subcellular distribution of [3H]-bunazosin binding revealed that the membrane fraction (30,000 x g pellet) had the largest proportion of total binding sites. Pretreatment of membrane preparation at 56 degrees C for 30 minutes greatly decreased the specific binding of [3H]-bunazosin, though there was no significant effect of the pretreatment at 24 degrees C and 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. Among various cations, some divalent ions such as Cu++ and Zn++ greatly decreased bunazosin binding, whereas monovalent ions had no effect on specific binding. Results of Scatchard analysis suggested that the rat renal cortex membrane has single binding sites with an apparent dissociation constant of 0.38 +/- 0.06 nmol/L, though the rat medulla membrane has no potent binding activity with bunazosin. The displacement study revealed that various adrenergic agents inhibit [3H]bunazosin binding in dose-dependent fashion; the rank order of potencies was bunazosin prazosin > phentolamine >> dl-norepinephrine > clonidine, yohimbine >> pindolol, propranolol. These findings reveal that bunazosin has specific receptor binding in the rat renal cortex, indicating that alpha 1-adrenoceptors exist in the rat renal cortex.
COX-2 Inhibitors and Cardiovascular Risk (2007)

Placebo-controlled trials of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) selective for COX-2 have revealed an enhanced risk for cardiovascular events. COX-2 inhibitors (coxibs) selectively reduce vascular prostacyclin synthesis without disrupting COX-1-derived thromboxane synthesis in platelets. Removal of prostacyclin's capacity to restrain all known endogenous compounds contributing to platelet activation and vasoconstriction is a well-recognized mechanism for coxib action in the cardiovascular system which can pre-dispose to thrombosis, hypertension and atherosclerosis. Novel mouse models of selective COX-2 inhibition and disruption of microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 have been exploited to reveal the relative importance of prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2 in cardiovascular homeostasis. This review discusses the background to our current understanding of coxibs and provides further information relating to recent mechanistic insights into how COX-2 inhibition promotes cardiovascular risk.
Key Role of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Class IB in Pancreatic Cancer (2010)

These data represent the first identification of a tumor-specific accumulation of the PI3K isoform p110γ in human cancer. Further, our results signify a critical role for PI3K/p110γ in pancreatic cancer, and we hypothesize that PI3K/p110γ overexpression is a key event in the disease progression.
A WWW-based melody retrieval system (1998)

ABSTRACT: This paper describes a WWW-based melody retrieval system which takes a sung melody as a query and retrieves the song’s title from a music database. In previous works, the pitch information was mainly used as a search clue while the span information was not used effectively, and it was difficult to improve the matching accuracy by using only the pitch information. We therefore propose the following two methods for effective matching: a method for obtaining search clues with the maximum quantity of information from pitch and span and a method for effectively reducing the number of answer candidates. 1
Natively unfolded proteins: A point where biology waits for physics (2002)

The experimental material accumulated in the literature on the conformational behavior of intrinsically unstructured (natively unfolded) proteins was analyzed. Results of this analysis showed that these proteins do not possess uniform structural properties, as expected for members of a single thermodynamic entity. Rather, these proteins may be divided into two structurally different groups: intrinsic coils, and premolten globules. Proteins from the first group have hydrodynamic dimensions typical of random coils in poor solvent and do not possess any (or almost any) ordered secondary structure. Proteins from the second group are essentially more compact, exhibiting some amount of residual secondary structure, although they are still less dense than native or molten globule proteins. An important feature of the intrinsically unstructured proteins is that they undergo disorder-order transition during or prior to their biological function. In this respect, the Protein Quartet model, with function arising from four specific conformations (ordered forms, molten globules, premolten globules, and random coils) and transitions between any two of the states, is discussed.
Pyroelectric ceramics and devices for thermal infra-red detection and imaging (1991)

Abstract Pyroelectric detectors offer major advantages in terms of cost and ease-of-operation over cooled photon detectors of long wavelength infra-red radiation. This paper reviews the requirements of a pyroelectric material to maximise its effectiveness in different types of detector and compares the properties of ferroelectric ceramics with those of different single crystal materials. The control of the electrical properties of modified lead zirconate by doping is discussed. The concept of using a ferroelectric close to Tc under an applied electric bias as a dielectric bolometer is introduced and the properties of three different ferroelectric ceramics, barium strontium titanate, lanthanum-doped lead magnesium niobate and lead scandium tantalate are compared. It is shown that figures-of-merit can be achieved in lead scandium tantalate under DC bias which are up to three times greater than more conventional pyroelectric materials. Finally, the use of pyroelectric ceramics is illustrated by reference to selected devices for thermal imaging applications.
Using dynamic programming for solving variational problems in vision (1990)

Dynamic programming is discussed as an approach to solving variational problems in vision. Dynamic programming ensures global optimality of the solution, is numerically stable, and allows for hard constraints to be enforced on the behavior of the solution within a natural and straightforward structure. As a specific example of the approach's efficacy, applying dynamic programming to the energy-minimizing active contours is described. The optimization problem is set up as a discrete multistage decision process and is solved by a time-delayed discrete dynamic programming algorithm. A parallel procedure for decreasing computational costs is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles to Reduce Aggregation and Nonspecific Binding (2006)

In this article, a systematic study of the design and development of surface-modification schemes for silica nanoparticles is presented. The nanoparticle surface design involves an optimum balance of the use of inert and active surface functional groups to achieve minimal nanoparticle aggregation and reduce nanoparticle nonspecific binding. Silica nanoparticles were prepared in a water-in-oil microemulsion and subsequently surface modified via cohydrolysis with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and various organosilane reagents. Nanoparticles with different functional groups, including carboxylate, amine, amine/phosphonate, poly(ethylene glycol), octadecyl, and carboxylate/octadecyl groups, were produced. Aggregation studies using SEM, dynamic light scattering, and zeta potential analysis indicate that severe aggregation among amine-modified silica nanoparticles can be reduced by adding inert functional groups, such as methyl phosphonate, to the surface. To determine the effect of various surface-modification schemes on nanoparticle nonspecific binding, the interaction between functionalized silica nanoparticles and a DNA chip was also studied using confocal imaging/fluorescence microscopy. Dye-doped silica nanoparticles functionalized with octadecyl and carboxylate groups showed minimal nonspecific binding. Using these surface-modification schemes, fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles can be more readily conjugated with biomolecules and used as highly fluorescent, sensitive, and reproducible labels in bioanalytical applications.
Web search engines (1998)

This review looks briefly at the history of World Wide Web search engine development, considers the current state of affairs, and reflects on the future. Networked discovery tools have evolved along with Internet resource availability. World Wide Web search engines display some complexity in their variety, content, resource acquisition strategies, and in the array of tools they deploy to assist users. A small but growing body of evaluation literature, much of it not systematic in nature, indicates that performance effectiveness is difficult to assess in this setting. Significant improvements in general-content search engine retrieval and ranking performance may not be possible, and are probably not worth the effort, although search engine providers have introduced some rudimentary attempts at personalization, summarization, and query expansion. The shift to distributed search across multitype database systems could extend general networked discovery and retrieval to include smaller resource collections with rich metadata and navigation tools. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adhesion, migration and communication in melanocytes and melanoma (2005)

Under normal conditions, homeostasis determines whether a cell remains quiescent, proliferates, differentiates, or undergoes apoptosis. In this state of homeostasis, keratinocytes control melanocyte growth and behaviour through a complex system of paracrine growth factors and cell-cell adhesion molecules. Alteration of this delicate homeostatic balance and can lead to altered expression of cell-cell adhesion and cell communication molecules and to the development of melanoma. Melanoma cells escape from this control by keratinocytes through three major mechanisms: (1) down-regulation of receptors important for communication with keratinocytes such as E-cadherin, P-cadherin, desmoglein and connexins, which is achieved through growth factors produced by fibroblasts or keratinocytes; (2) up-regulation of receptors and signalling molecules not found on melanocytes but important for melanoma-melanoma and melanoma-fibroblast interactions such as N-cadherin, Mel-CAM, and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1); (3) loss of anchorage to the basement membrane because of an altered expression of the extracellular-matrix binding integrin family. In the current review, we describe the alterations in cell-cell adhesion and communication associated with melanoma development and progression, and discuss how a greater understanding of these processes may aid the future therapy of this disease.
MLL, a mammalian trithorax- group gene, functions as a transcriptional maintenance factor in morphogenesis (1998)

Determinative events in vertebrate embryogenesis appear to require the continuous expression of spatial regulators such as the clustered homeobox genes. The mechanisms that govern long-term patterns of gene expression are not well understood. In Drosophila, active and silent states of developmentally regulated loci are maintained by trithorax and Polycomb group. We have examined the developmental role of a mammalian homolog of trx and putative oncogene, Mll. Knockout mice reveal that Mll is required for maintenance of gene expression early in embryogenesis. Downstream targets of Mll including Hoxa7 are activated appropriately in the absence of Mll but require Mll for sustaining their expression. The Mll-/- phenotype manifests later in development and is characterized by branchial arch dysplasia and aberrant segmental boundaries of spinal ganglia and somites. Thus, Mll represents an essential mechanism of transcriptional maintenance in mammalian development, which functions in multiple morphogenetic processes.
Transforming growth factor type beta induces monocyte chemotaxis and growth factor production. (1987)

Recent studies have focused on the potential role of transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-beta) as an immunoregulatory peptide. In this context, we demonstrate that TGF-beta is a potent chemoattractant for human peripheral blood monocytes. At concentrations from 0.1 to 10 pg/ml, TGF-beta induces directed monocyte migration in vitro. Consistent with this observation is the expression of high-affinity TGF-beta receptors on the monocytes with a Kd of 1-10 pM. At higher concentrations of TGF-beta (greater than or equal to 1 ng/ml), monocytes are stimulated to generate biologically active mediator(s) that enhance fibroblast growth. Gene expression for one of these growth factors, interleukin 1, is induced in monocytes within hours after exposure to TGF-beta. Thus, TGF-beta may provide an important signal for monocyte recruitment and for regulation of their synthesis of mediators of fibroblast growth and activity in wound healing.
A Personal News Service Based on a User Model Neural Network (1992)

New methods are needed for accessing very large information services. This paper proposes the use of a user model neural network to allow better access to a news service. The network is constructed on the basis of articles read, and articles marked as rejected. It adapts over time to better represent the user’s interests and rank the articles supplied by the news service. Using an augmented keyword search we can also search for articles using keywords in conjunction with the user model neural network. Trials of the system in a USENET news environment show promising results for the use of this approach in information retrieval.
Reranking Medline Citations by Relevance to a Difficult Biological Query. (2003)

We have initialized research aimed at automatically extracting Medline citations of biomedical articles and reranking them according to their relevance to a certain biomedical property difficult to express as PubMed query. Our proposed approach to this problem is to train support vector machines as classifiers able to distinguish relevant citations from the rest of retrieved citations. We used their predictions to re-rank citations retrieved from PubMed and represented as vectors of term frequencies. Major improvements were achieved in reranking citations with respect to protein disorder-function relationships where the average relative ranking of a relevant citation was improved from 48% to 16%. On average only 13% and 28% of citations relevant to our target topic were recalled in the top 5 and top 10 citations retrieved by queering PubMed with disordered protein names. By our reranking method, this was improved to about 58% and 78%, respectively, suggesting that the proposed method might provide a cost-effective tool for identifying articles that are difficult to express as specific PubMed queries.