gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of inflammation in CNS injury and disease (2006)

For many years, the central nervous system (CNS) was considered to be 'immune privileged', neither susceptible to nor contributing to inflammation. It is now appreciated that the CNS does exhibit features of inflammation, and in response to injury, infection or disease, resident CNS cells generate inflammatory mediators, including proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins, free radicals and complement, which in turn induce chemokines and adhesion molecules, recruit immune cells, and activate glial cells. Much of the key evidence demonstrating that inflammation and inflammatory mediators contribute to acute, chronic and psychiatric CNS disorders is summarised in this review. However, inflammatory mediators may have dual roles, with detrimental acute effects but beneficial effects in long-term repair and recovery, leading to complications in their application as novel therapies. These may be avoided in acute diseases in which treatment administration might be relatively short-term. Targeting interleukin (IL)-1 is a promising novel therapy for stroke and traumatic brain injury, the naturally occurring antagonist (IL-1ra) being well tolerated by rheumatoid arthritis patients. Chronic disorders represent a greater therapeutic challenge, a problem highlighted in Alzheimer's disease (AD); significant data suggested that anti-inflammatory agents might reduce the probability of developing AD, or slow its progression, but prospective clinical trials of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or cyclooxygenase inhibitors have been disappointing. The complex interplay between inflammatory mediators, ageing, genetic background, and environmental factors may ultimately regulate the outcome of acute CNS injury and progression of chronic neurodegeneration, and be critical for development of effective therapies for CNS diseases.
B Lymphocytes Induce the Formation of Follicular Dendritic Cell Clusters in a Lymphotoxin α–dependent Fashion (1998)

Lymphotoxin (LT)alpha is expressed by activated T cells, especially CD4(+) T helper type 1 cells, and by activated B and natural killer cells, but the functions of this molecule in vivo are incompletely defined. We have previously shown that follicular dendritic cell (FDC) clusters and germinal centers (GCs) are absent from the peripheral lymphoid tissues of LTalpha-deficient (LTalpha-/-) mice. LTalpha-/- mice produce high levels of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M, but very low levels of IgG after immunization with sheep red blood cells. We show here that LTalpha-expressing B cells are essential for the recovery of primary, secondary, and memory humoral immune responses in LTalpha-/- mice. It is not necessary for T cells to express LTalpha to support these immune functions. Importantly, LTalpha-expressing B cells alone are essential and sufficient for the formation of FDC clusters. Once these clusters are formed by LTalpha-expressing B cells, then LTalpha-deficient T cells can interact with B cells to generate GCs and productive class-switched antibody responses. Thus, B cells themselves provide an essential signal that induces and maintains the lymphoid microenvironment essential for GC formation and class-switched Ig responses.
Rapid and quantitative detection of the microbial spoilage in milk using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics (2008)

Microbiological safety plays a very significant part in the quality control of milk and dairy products worldwide. Current methods used in the detection and enumeration of spoilage bacteria in pasteurized milk in the dairy industry, although accurate and sensitive, are time-consuming. FT-IR spectroscopy is a metabolic fingerprinting technique that can potentially be used to deliver results with the same accuracy and sensitivity, within minutes after minimal sample preparation. We tested this hypothesis using attenuated total reflectance (ATR), and high throughput (HT) FT-IR techniques. Three main types of pasteurized milk - whole, semi-skimmed and skimmed - were used and milk was allowed to spoil naturally by incubation at 15 degrees C. Samples for FT-IR were obtained at frequent, fixed time intervals and pH and total viable counts were also recorded. Multivariate statistical methods, including principal components-discriminant function analysis and partial least squares regression (PLSR), were then used to investigate the relationship between metabolic fingerprints and the total viable counts. FT-IR ATR data for all milks showed reasonable results for bacterial loads above 10(5) cfu ml(-1). By contrast, FT-IR HT provided more accurate results for lower viable bacterial counts down to 10(3) cfu ml(-1) for whole milk and, 4 x 10(2) cfu ml(-1) for semi-skimmed and skimmed milk. Using FT-IR with PLSR we were able to acquire a metabolic fingerprint rapidly and quantify the microbial load of milk samples accurately, with very little sample preparation. We believe that metabolic fingerprinting using FT-IR has very good potential for future use in the dairy industry as a rapid method of detection and enumeration.
Preweaning Diet Programs Postweaning Plasma Thyroxine Concentrations in Baboons (1996)

We tested the hypothesis that breast- and formula-feeding of infant baboons affect postweaning plasma thyroid hormone concentrations and that differences in thyroid hormone concentrations are associated with long-term effects of infant diet on lipoprotein concentrations and cholesterol metabolism. Newborn baboons were breast-fed (n = 12) or fed formulas with a high polyunsaturated/saturated (P/S) fat ratio (n = 11) or with a low P/S ratio (n = 12) similar to baboon breast milk. Baboons were weaned at 14 weeks of age to a high cholesterol, saturated fat diet. Plasma thyroid hormone concentrations were measured in this group of baboons until about 223 weeks of age. Thyroid hormones were also measured at 400 weeks in a second group of adult baboons (n = 80) that as infants were either breast-fed or fed formulas with varying levels of cholesterol. Baboons breast-fed as infants averaged 11% higher (P < 0.03) thyroxine (T4) concentrations from 34 to 400 weeks of age compared with those fed formulas. From 70 to 400 weeks of age breast-fed baboons had 10% lower T3/T4 ratios (P < 0.03). Breast- versus formula-feeding did not affect postweaning T3 and fT3 concentrations. Postweaning thyroid hormone concentrations were not significantly affected by the P/S ratio or the cholesterol level of the infant formulas. The rank correlation of the means of the sire progeny groups for T4 and HDL-C concentrations was statistically significant (rn = -0.83; P < 0.05). Partial correlations of T4 concentrations with body weight, feed intake, or measures of cholesterol metabolism were not significant. T4 concentrations were significantly correlated with T3 concentrations (r = 0.42; P < 0.02), and T3 concentrations were correlated with bile acid synthesis rate (r = 0.47; P < 0.01), acyl-CoA cholesterol acyltransferase (r = 0.66; P < 0.001), and plasma HDL1-C levels (r = -0.49; P < 0.007). These effects suggest that altered thyroid hormone homeostasis may partially mediate the long-term differences in cholesterol metabolism caused by breast-versus formula-feeding.
Computing Absolute Transmissibility in the Presence of Fine-Scale Heterogeneity (1987)

Abstract This paper presents an algorithm to compute transmissibility when there is permeability heterogeneity and anisotropy at the subgrid scale. The need for a tensor representation of macroscopic transmissibility in order to scale properly the effects of microscale permeability variations is demonstrated. Methods for computing tensor transmissibility and the use of tensor transmissibility in reservoir simulation are described. The proposed method is applicable even when the variance of permeability is large and the principal directions of the transmissibility tensor are not aligned with the coordinate axes. Examples demonstrate that the general tensor scaling procedure can give accurate, efficient production estimates on a coarse grid.
Proteomic analysis of skin irritation reveals the induction of HSP27 by sodium lauryl sulphate in human skin (2002)

Our findings suggest that HSP27 may serve as a sensitive marker of skin irritation and eventually as a novel tool in clinics for testing the sensitivity of the patient for a panel of irritants.
Metabolomics comparison of red cells stored in four additive solutions reveals differences in citrate anticoagulant permeability and metabolism (2017)

Metabolic signatures that discriminate between 'fresh' and 'old' stored red cells are dependent upon additive solutions. Specifically, the incorporation and metabolism of citrate in additive solutions with lower chloride ion concentration is altered and impacts glycolysis.
Massive Cell Death of Immature Hematopoietic Cells and Neurons in Bcl-x-Deficient Mice (1995)

bcl-x is a member of the bcl-2 gene family, which may regulate programmed cell death. Mice were generated that lacked Bcl-x. The Bcl-x-deficient mice died around embryonic day 13. Extensive apoptotic cell death was evident in postmitotic immature neurons of the developing brain, spinal cord, and dorsal root ganglia. Hematopoietic cells in the liver were also apoptotic. Analyses of bcl-x double-knockout chimeric mice showed that the maturation of Bcl-x-deficient lymphocytes was diminished. The life-span of immature lymphocytes, but not mature lymphocytes, was shortened. Thus, Bcl-x functions to support the viability of immature cells during the development of the nervous and hematopoietic systems.
Fast and Accurate Image Matching with Cascade Hashing for 3D Reconstruction (2014)

Image matching is one of the most challenging stages in 3D reconstruction, which usually occupies half of computational cost and inaccurate matching may lead to failure of reconstruction. Therefore, fast and accurate image matching is very crucial for 3D reconstruction. In this paper, we proposed a Cascade Hashing strategy to speed up the image matching. In order to accelerate the image matching, the proposed Cascade Hashing method is designed to be three-layer structure: hashing lookup, hashing remapping, and hashing ranking. Each layer adopts different measures and filtering strategies, which is demonstrated to be less sensitive to noise. Extensive experiments show that image matching can be accelerated by our approach in hundreds times than brute force matching, even achieves ten times or more than Kd-tree based matching while retaining comparable accuracy.
The bone morphogenetic protein antagonist gremlin 1 is overexpressed in human cancers and interacts with YWHAH protein (2006)

Gremlin 1 may play an oncogenic role especially in carcinomas of the uterine cervix, lung, ovary, kidney, breast, colon, pancreas, and sarcoma. Over-expressed gremlin 1 functions by interaction with YWHAH. Therefore, Gremlin 1 and its binding protein YWHAH could be good targets for developing diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against human cancers.
Evolution of a Manufacturing Route to Omarigliptin, A Long-Acting DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2015)

Development of a convergent synthesis of omarigliptin (MK-3102) suitable for commercial manufacture is described. The target molecule is assembled through a diastereoselective reductive amination of a highly functionalized pyranone with a mesylated pyrazole followed by deprotection of a Boc group. The synthesis of the pyranone relies on three Ru-catalyzed reactions: (1) a DKR reduction of a rac-α-aminoketone to set the two contiguous stereogenic centers, (2) a cycloisomerization of a bis-homopropargylic alcohol to a dihydropyran, and, finally, (3) a Ru-catalyzed oxidation of a pyranol to the desired pyranone. The regioselective synthesis of a N-Boc-1-mesyl pyrazole fragment was achieved via base-promoted mesyl group isomerization to afford 30:1 selectivity. A highlight of the endgame process development is telescoping a Boc deprotection and reductive amination followed by direct crystallization of the penultimate from the reaction mixture. This avoids handling of an unstable, mutagenic 1-mesylpyrazole BSA salt used in the earlier multikilogram deliveries and improves the overall diastereoselectivity and efficiency of the route.
Cucurbitane Glycosides Derived from Mogroside IIE: Structure-Taste Relationships, Antioxidant Activity, and Acute Toxicity (2014)

Mogroside IIE is a bitter triterpenoid saponin which is the main component of unripe Luo Han Guo fruit and a precursor of the commercially available sweetener mogroside V. In this study, we developed an enzymatic glycosyl transfer method, by which bitter mogroside IIE could be converted into a sweet triterpenoid saponin mixture. The reactant concentration, temperature, pH and buffer system were studied. New saponins with the α-glucose group were isolated from the resulting mixtures, and the structures of three components of the extract were determined. The structure-taste relationships of these derivatives were also studied together with those of the natural mogrosides. The number and stereoconfiguration of glucose groups present in the mogroside molecules were found to be the main factor to determine the sweet or bitter taste of a compound. The antioxidant and food safety properties were initially evaluated by their radical scavenging ability and via 7 day mice survival tests, respectively. The results showed that the sweet triterpenoid saponin mixture has the same favorable physiological and safety characteristics as the natural mogrosides.
Isotretinoin for Low-Grade Cervical Dysplasia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Women (2002)

In Brief OBJECTIVE To estimate the efficacy of isotretinoin for prevention of progression of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) of the cervix to high-grade lesions or invasive cervical cancer; to estimate the regression rate of low-grade SIL with isotretinoin and the toxicity of isotretinoin in this setting; and to correlate serum CD4 levels with progression of low-grade SIL. METHODS A randomized, phase III, observation-controlled, multicenter trial was performed in which 117 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women with low-grade SIL of the cervix received either oral isotretinoin at 0.5 mg/kg per day for 6 months or observation. Papanicolaou smears and colposcopy/biopsy were done at regular intervals during follow-up. The primary endpoint was progression to high-grade SIL or cervical cancer. RESULTS Twenty-one of 102 women (20.6%) completing follow-up experienced progression to high-grade SIL, 13 in the observation group and eight in the isotretinoin group. This difference was not significant (P = .29). No cases of invasive cancer were seen. Baseline CD4 levels were lower than anticipated (median 329 cells/mm3), but not associated with time to progression (P = .36). Most subjects (63 of 102, 61.7%) used highly active antiretroviral therapy. Subjects under age 30 were more likely to progress than those older than 30 (P = .046). CONCLUSION Isotretinoin was not associated with longer time to progression of low-grade SIL. This appears to be a chronic condition in HIV-positive women, with a low risk of progression and significant rate of resolution. As in the general population, observation without excisional therapy may be appropriate for HIV-positive women with low-grade SIL. Low-grade cervical dysplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected women appears to be a chronic condition that does not respond to oral isotretinoin and often resolves spontaneously.
Structural defects and luminescence features in heteroepitaxial GaN grown on on-axis and misoriented substrates (2005)

The microstructure and luminescence properties of a series of GaN epilayers grown on sapphire and SiC substrates with various misorientations have been correlated to assess the origins of the luminescence features in the misoriented samples. Samples grown on 3.5° offcut SiC and 5° and 9° offcut sapphire substrates both exhibit photoluminescence peaks near ∼3.2 and ∼3.4eV, which are absent in the on-axis SiC and sapphire cases. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the misoriented samples have configurations of I1 basal plane stacking faults, which fold into prismatic stacking faults with stair-rod dislocations at their intersections. The luminescence features are proposed to possibly arise from transitions involving the prismatic stacking faults and∕or the stair-rod dislocations associated with their mutual intersections and their intersections with the basal plane stacking faults.
Tumor volume determines the feasibility of cell‐free DNA sequencing for mutation detection in non‐small cell lung cancer (2016)

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and digital PCR technologies allow analysis of the mutational profile of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in individuals with advanced lung cancer. We have now evaluated the feasibility of cfDNA sequencing for mutation detection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer at earlier stages. A total of 150 matched tumor and serum samples were collected from non-small cell lung cancer patients at stages IA-IIIA. Amplicon sequencing with DNA extracted from tumor tissue detected frequent mutations in EGFR (37% of patients), TP53 (39%), and KRAS (10%), consistent with previous findings. In contrast, NGS of cfDNA identified only EGFR, TP53, and PIK3CA mutations in three, five, and one patient, respectively, even though adequate amounts of cfDNA were extracted (median of 4936 copies/mL serum). Next-generation sequencing showed a high accuracy (98.8%) compared with droplet digital PCR for cfDNA mutation detection, suggesting that the low frequency of mutations in cfDNA was not due to a low assay sensitivity. Whereas the yield of cfDNA did not differ among tumor stages, the cfDNA mutations were detected in seven patients at stages IIA-IIIA and at T2b or T3. Tumor volume was significantly higher in the cfDNA mutation-positive patients than in the negative patients at stages T2b-T4 (159.1 ± 58.0 vs. 52.5 ± 9.9 cm<sup>3</sup> , P = 0.014). Our results thus suggest that tumor volume is a determinant of the feasibility of mutation detection with cfDNA as the analyte.
Nonuniformity of tumor dose in radioimmunotherapy. (1990)

The conventional approach to calculating tumor radiation dose from internally administered radioisotopes is by the MIRD schema. The raw input data for such dose calculations is obtained by immunoscintigraphic methods, PLANAR or SPECT imaging. Limitations in the spatial resolution of these techniques can lead to a considerable underestimate of the gross variation in tumor dose. The use of radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies for therapy can result in large nonuniformities in tumor dose. This paper discusses how antibody distribution can influence the energy deposition in the nuclei of target cells. Heterogeneity of antibody binding will lead to an expected decrease in the effectiveness of the radiation delivered. However, enhanced cell killing is possible if the radiolabeled Ab binds to the cell surface membrane and may be further enhanced if the Ab is internalized. Calculations are presented for two cases: (a) a three-dimensional random packing arrangement of cells as a model of the astructural nondifferentiated form seen in some tumors, and (b) differentiated carcinoma of the colon with the cells in tubules. Results for the magnitude of the mean energy deposition to individual cell nuclei from: (a) cell membrane bound 211At, 199Au, 131I, and 90Y-labeled Abs, and (b) a uniform distribution of these sources, as a function of internuclear distance for the two histologies are presented. Energy deposition in tumor cell nuclei from membrane bound radiolabeled antibody may be several times greater than estimated with the assumption of a uniform source distribution.
Molecular genetics of prostate cancer (2000)

Prostate cancer afflicts one man in nine over the age of 65 and represents the most frequently diagnosed cancer in American men Early detection through serum testing for prostate specific antigen (PSA) and improved procedures for surgical intervention and radiation therapy have significantly reduced the number of fatalities; however, there is still no effective cure for men with advanced disease. Therefore, much research has been dedicated to identifying prognostic markers that distinguish indolent versus aggressive forms of prostate cancer. In contrast, significantly less research has been devoted to understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie normal prostate growth and development or cancer initiation and progression.
Towards variable stiffness control of antagonistic twisted string actuators (2014)

This paper shows the possibility of using two antagonistic twisted strings actuators as a new type of variable stiffness actuator. Variable stiffness model of the twisted string actuator is identified empirically, and the control strategy is proposed for simultaneous position and stiffness control of the actuator. A variable stiffness linear joint actuated by antagonistic twisted string actuators is proposed as a target system. The proposed model and control strategy make it possible to control the position and the stiffness of the joint without position and force sensor at the load side. The developed variable stiffness linear joint can be effectively used in applications where weight distribution is vital, such as exoskeleton systems and low weight manipulators.
El SEUE: un instrumento para conocer la satisfacción de los estudiantes universitarios con su educación * (2005)

THE SEUE: AN INSTRUMENT TO ASSESS THE STUDENTS� LEVEL OF SATISFACTION WITH THEIR COLLEGE EDUCATION
The purpose of this article is to present the process of elaboration of an instrument (THE SEUE) for obtaining
information about students� satisfaction with the results and experiences associated with their education. The
construction of the questionnaire is part of a wider investigation that has as objective to value the level of
satisfaction of the students majoring in Education at the University of Los Andes Tachira, Venezuela. The
paper has been organized in five parts that refer to: methodological aspects; review of related literature; related
research, level of the students� satisfaction; presentation of the questionnaire. The instrument�s validity and
reliability are discussed.
Estimating fractal dimension (1990)

Fractals arise from a variety of sources and have been observed in nature and on computer screens. One of the exceptional characteristics of fractals is that they can be described by a noninteger dimension. The geometry of fractals and the mathematics of fractal dimension have provided useful tools for a variety of scientific disciplines, among which is chaos. Chaotic dynamical systems exhibit trajectories in their phase space that converge to a strange attractor. The fractal dimension of this attractor counts the effective number of degrees of freedom in the dynamical system and thus quantifies its complexity. In recent years, numerical methods have been developed for estimating the dimension directly from the observed behavior of the physical system. The purpose of this paper is to survey briefly the kinds of fractals that appear in scientific research, to discuss the application of fractals to nonlinear dynamical systems, and finally to review more comprehensively the state of the art in numerical methods for estimating the fractal dimension of a strange attractor.