gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of IL-5 in IL-2-induced eosinophilia. In vivo and in vitro expression of IL-5 mRNA by IL-2. (1990)

We recently demonstrated in vivo that IL-5 was an important mediator of eosinophilia in mice with parasite infections. In this study, we examined whether or not IL-5 was actually responsible for the eosinophilia induced by injection of human rIL-2. Mice administered hIL-2 developed eosinophilia during the course of the series of injections. This eosinophilia could be suppressed by a single injection of mAb against murine IL-5. The number of eosinophilic precursors increased more in the spleen cells of the IL-2-treated mice in comparison to the control mice, although in bone marrow precursors showed little change. Similarly, the number of granulocytic precursors increased markedly in the spleen cells of IL-2-treated mice. In vitro polymerase chain reaction amplification of cDNA subfragments corresponding to IL-5 mRNA (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction), followed by Southern blot analysis, revealed enhancement of IL-5 mRNA expression in spleen cells 3 days after starting the human IL-2 injections. We also observed enhanced murine IL-5 mRNA expression in spleen cells stimulated with IL-2 in vitro. The level of murine IL-5 mRNA expression by IL-2-stimulated spleen cells from normal mice increased at 24 h, reached a plateau after 48 h, and decreased again within 72 h of starting culture. These results indicate that the eosinophilia induced by IL-2 in vivo is presumably mediated by IL-5 released from IL-2-stimulated lymphocytes.
Inhibition of RNase P RNA cleavage by aminoglycosides (1999)

A number of aminoglycosides have been reported to interact and interfere with the function of various RNA molecules. Among these are 16S rRNA, the group I intron, and the hammerhead ribozymes. In this report we show that cleavage by RNase P RNA in the absence as well as in the presence of the RNase P protein is inhibited by several aminoglycosides. Among the ones we tested, neomycin B was found to be the strongest inhibitor with a Ki value in the micromolar range (35 microM). Studies of lead(II)-induced cleavage of RNase P RNA suggested that binding of neomycin B interfered with the binding of divalent metal ions to the RNA. Taken together, our findings suggest that aminoglycosides compete with Mg2+ ions for functionally important divalent metal ion binding sites. Thus, RNase P, which is an essential enzyme, is indeed a potential drug target that can be used to develop new drugs by using various aminoglycosides as lead compounds.
Endonuclease V ( nfi ) Mutant of Escherichia coli K-12 (1998)

Endonuclease V (deoxyinosine 3' endonuclease), the product of the nfi gene, has a specificity that encompasses DNAs containing dIMP, abasic sites, base mismatches, uracil, and even untreated single-stranded DNA. To determine its importance in DNA repair pathways, nfi insertion mutants and overproducers (strains bearing nfi plasmids) were constructed. The mutants displayed a twofold increase in spontaneous mutations for several markers and an increased sensitivity to killing by bleomycin and nitrofurantoin. An nfi mutation increased both cellular resistance to and mutability by nitrous acid. This agent should generate potential cleavage sites for the enzyme by deaminating dAMP and dCMP in DNA to dIMP and dUMP, respectively. Relative to that of a wild-type strain, an nfi mutant displayed a 12- to 1,000-fold increase in the frequency of nitrite-induced mutations to streptomycin resistance, which are known to occur in A x T base pairs. An nfi mutation also enhanced the lethality caused by a combined deficiency of exonuclease III and dUTPase, which has been attributed to unrepaired abasic sites. However, neither the deficiency nor the overproduction of endonuclease V affected the growth of the single-stranded DNA phages M13 or phiX174 nor of Uracil-containing bacteriophage lambda. These results suggest that endonuclease V has a significant role in the repair of deaminated deoxyadenosine (deoxyinosine) and abasic sites in DNA, but there was no evidence for its cleavage in vivo of single-stranded or uracil-containing DNA.
Positron emission tomography and autoradiography: Principles and applications for the brain and heart (1986)

This is a text on cerebral and myocardial imaging using positron emission tomography and autoradiography. Contributors in nuclear medicine and biophysics define the central principles of these complex and rapidly evolving imaging technologies - their theoretical foundations, the nature of biochemical events being measured, the basis for constructing tracer kinetic models, the criteria governing radiopharmaceutical design, and the rationale for PET in the clinical setting.
Dapiprazole Clinical Efficiency for Counteracting Tropicamide 1% (1994)

We evaluated the clinical usefulness of dapiprazole in reversing the effects of tropicamide 1.0%. Our study was random, masked with placebo, and used one eye of each subject as a control. Thirty subjects were given dapiprazole as directed by the manufacturer 30 min after being dilated by one drop each of proparacaine 0.5%, tropicamide 1.0%, and then 5 min later another drop of tropicamide 1.0%. Pupil diameter, amplitude of accommodation, conjunctival injection, and intraocular pressure were evaluated. Each of these variables was measured: (1) before instillation of the diagnostic agents; (2) before the instillation of dapiprazole; and (3) at 30, 60, 120, and 180 min after the final instillation of dapiprazole. The average pupillary recovery time for dapiprazole-treated eyes was significantly less than for nontreated eyes. Accommodation also showed faster recovery. Comfortable reading ability returned after approximately 43 min with dapiprazole vs. 66 min without dapiprazole. All of our subjects exhibited conjunctival hyperemia after the administration of dapiprazole. This persisted throughout the 180 min observation period after its administration.
Magnetic Properties of Single-Domain Iron and Iron-Cobalt Particles Prepared by Borohydride Reduction (1961)

Air-stable, single-domain Fe and Fe-Co particles prepared by the reaction of the metal salts with aqueous borohydride have higher coercivities and axial ratios if prepared in a magnetic field. Oxide and boride impurities are indicated by elemental analyses and lowered saturation magnetizations. Studies of coercivitiesand magnetizations as a function of temperature, remanence ratios, and rotational hysteresis measurements indicate single-domain behavior with coercivity controlled by shape and somewhat by crystalline anisotropy in approximate agreement with the predictions of the Jacobs-Bean “chain of spheres” model.
Distribution of Bacterial Proteins in Biofilms Formed by Non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (2006)

The ability to preserve the fragile ultrastructural organization of bacterial biofilms using cryo-preparation methods for electron microscopy has enabled us to probe sections through non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) biofilms and determine the localization of NTHi-specific lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and proteins within these structures. Some of the proteins we examined are currently being considered as candidates for vaccine development, so it is important that their distribution and accessibility within the biofilms formed by NTHi be determined. We have localized LOS to the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the biofilm and the P6 outer membrane protein to the membrane of what appear to be viable bacteria within the biofilm. The Hap and HWM1/HMW2 adhesive proteins were associated with bacteria within the biofilm and were present in the biofilm ECM. The IgA1 protease is a secreted protein that was also associated with NTHi in the biofilm and was in the ECM, but was more concentrated in the top region of the biofilm, suggesting a role in protecting biofilm bacteria from antibody attack.
Safety Issues Related to Retroviral-Mediated Gene Transfer in Humans (1991)

The first three approved human clinical trials utilizing retroviral-mediated gene transfer are now underway. While this technology holds great promise for the study and treatment of human disease, it also poses a number of safety concerns. In evaluating clinical protocols, potential complications and the likelihood of their occurrence are estimated by review committees so that a risk/benefit assessment can be made. Current knowledge, reviewed in this article, suggests that no acute complications secondary to retroviral-mediated gene transfer are likely, but the possibility of long-term or unforeseen sequelae in patients suggests the need for post-treatment monitoring.
Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis: noncollagenous proteins and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of cartilage. (2001)

Cartilage contains numerous noncollagenous proteins in its extracellular matrix, including proteoglycans. At least 40 such molecules have been identified, differing greatly in structure, distribution, and function. Some are present in only selected cartilages or cartilage zones, some vary in their presence with a person's development and age, and others are more universal in their expression. Some may not even be made by the chondrocytes, but may arise by absorption from the synovial fluid. In many cases, the molecules' function is unclear, but the importance of others is illustrated by their involvement in genetic disorders. This review provides a selective survey of these molecules and discusses their structure, function, and involvement in inherited and arthritic disorders.
Anti–Interleukin-31 Receptor A Antibody for Atopic Dermatitis (2017)

In this phase 2 trial, nemolizumab at all monthly doses significantly improved pruritus in patients with moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis, which showed the efficacy of targeting interleukin-31 receptor A. The limited size and length of the trial preclude conclusions regarding adverse events. (Funded by Chugai Pharmaceutical; XCIMA ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01986933 .).
Immunotherapy in gastric cancer (2014)

Gastric cancer is the second most common of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the majority of cases gastric cancer is advanced at diagnosis and although medical and surgical treatments have improved, survival rates remain poor. Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful and promising clinical approach for treatment of cancer and has shown major success in breast cancer, prostate cancer and melanoma. Here, we provide an overview of concepts of modern cancer immunotherapy including the theory, current approaches, remaining hurdles to be overcome, and the future prospect of cancer immunotherapy in the treatment of gastric cancer. Adaptive cell therapies, cancer vaccines, gene therapies, monoclonal antibody therapies have all been used with some initial successes in gastric cancer. However, to date the results in gastric cancer have been disappointing as current approaches often do not stimulate immunity efficiently allowing tumors continue to grow despite the presence of a measurable immune response. Here, we discuss the identification of targets for immunotherapy and the role of biomarkers in prospectively identifying appropriate subjects or immunotherapy. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms by which tumor cells escape host immunosurveillance and produce an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. We show how advances have provided tools for overcoming the mechanisms of immunosuppression including the use of monoclonal antibodies to block negative regulators normally expressed on the surface of T cells which limit activation and proliferation of cytotoxic T cells. Immunotherapy has greatly improved and is becoming an important factor in such fields as medical care and welfare for human being. Progress has been rapid ensuring that the future of immunotherapy for gastric cancer is bright.
Involvement of ZFR1 of Fusarium verticillioides in kernel colonization and the regulation of FST1 , a putative sugar transporter gene required for fumonisin biosynthesis on maize kernels (2008)

Fumonisins comprise a class of carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides during colonization of maize kernels. In previous work, we identified ZFR1, which is predicted to encode a Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc finger transcription factor required for fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) production during growth on kernels. In this study, we characterized the role of ZFR1 in colonizing maize kernels and inducing FB(1) biosynthesis. The ZFR1 deletion strain (Deltazfr1) grew approximately 2.5-fold less than the wild-type on endosperm tissue and a variety of other carbon sources, including glucose and amylopectin. However, the Deltazfr1 strain displayed higher alpha-amylase activity and expression of genes involved in starch saccharification than the wild-type, thus indicating that the reduced growth of the Deltazfr1 strain was not due to inhibition of amylolytic enzymes. In the wild-type strain, expression of six genes encoding putative sugar transporters was significantly greater on endosperm tissue than on germ tissue, and expression of at least three of the six genes was negatively affected by disruption of ZFR1. Intriguingly, disruption of FST1 had no effect on growth, kernel colonization or kernel pH but decreased FB(1) production by approximately 82% on maize kernels. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that ZFR1 controls FB(1) biosynthesis by regulating genes involved in the perception or uptake of carbohydrates.
An Infrared Study of Adsorbed Organophosphonates on Silica:  A Prefiltering Strategy for the Detection of Nerve Agents on Metal Oxide Sensors (2001)

The gas-phase adsorption of the nerve gas simulant dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) along with trimethyl phosphate (TMP), methyl dichlorophosphate (MDCP), and trichlorophosphate (TCP) on silica have been studied using infrared spectroscopy. Each phosphonate compound adsorbs through a different number of H-bonds of the methoxy and PO moieties with the surface hydroxyl groups on silica. The strength of the adsorption depends on the number and type of the H-bonds and follows the order TCP < MDCP < DMMP < TMP. TCP is completely removed from silica by evacuation at room temperature, adsorbed MDCP is removed by evacuation at 150 °C, DMMP requires an evacuation temperature of 300 °C, and TMP is eliminated at 400 °C. All phosphonate compounds molecularly desorb, and the silica returns to its original state. The differences in the reactivity of phosphonate compounds on silica from other oxides demonstrate the potential use of silica in prefiltering/preconcentrating strategies for semiconductive metal oxide based sensing devices. Specifically, it is shown that silica can be used to selectively adsorb DMMP from a gas stream containing methanol/DMMP mixtures.
A Dual Mode Redundant Approach for Microprocessor Soft Error Hardness (2011)

A dual mode redundant (DMR) logic data path with instruction restart that detects errors at register file (RF) write-back is presented. The DMR RF allows SEU correction using parity to detect RF entry nibbles that are correct in one copy but not the other. Detection and backing out incorrect write data are also described. The radiation hardened by design (RHBD) circuits are implemented in 90 nm CMOS. The DMR microarchitecture is described, including pipelining, error handling, and the associated hardware. Heavy ion and proton testing validate the approach. Experimentally measured cross sections and examples of errors due to pipeline SET or RF SEU are shown. Critical node spacing and the mitigation of multiple node collection are also described.
Input shaping controllers for slewing flexible structures (2003)

Several input shaping controllers are developed for slewing flexible structures. These controllers are verified experimentally on a flexible planar truss testbed. Two open-loop input shaping schemes are considered: the first with a pulse input, and the second with the reference input corresponding to the rigid body minimum time solution. Input shaping feedback schemes include the use of a shaper as a precompensator for a proportional-derivative controller with acceleration feedback and the development of a discrete-time dynamic system representation of input shaping which allows for design of feedback outside the shaper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Diffraction imaging in depth (2008)

ABSTRACT High resolution imaging is of great value to an interpreter, for instance to enable identification of small scale faults, and to locate formation pinch‐out positions. Standard approaches to obtain high‐resolution information, such as coherency analysis and structure‐oriented filters, derive attributes from stacked, migrated images. Since they are image‐driven, these techniques are sensitive to artifacts due to an inadequate migration velocity; in fact the attribute derivation is not based on the physics of wave propagation. Diffracted waves on the other hand have been recognized as physically reliable carriers of high‐ or even super‐resolution structural information. However, high‐resolution information, encoded in diffractions, is generally lost during the conventional processing sequence, indeed migration kernels in current migration algorithms are biased against diffractions. We propose here methods for a diffraction‐based, data‐oriented approach to image resolution. We also demonstrate the different behaviour of diffractions compared to specular reflections and how this can be leveraged to assess characteristics of subsurface features. In this way a rough surface such as a fault plane or unconformity may be distinguishable on a diffraction image and not on a traditional reflection image. We outline some characteristic properties of diffractions and diffraction imaging, and present two novel approaches to diffraction imaging in the depth domain. The first technique is based on reflection focusing in the depth domain and subsequent filtering of reflections from prestack data. The second technique modifies the migration kernel and consists of a reverse application of stationary‐phase migration to suppress contributions from specular reflections to the diffraction image. Both techniques are proposed as a complement to conventional full‐wave pre‐stack depth migration, and both assume the existence of an accurate migration velocity.
Developments in the Laboratory Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors: A Review (2007)

Abstract Numerous laboratory methods have been developed to evaluate the concentration of various corrosion inhibitors in oil and gas production fluids. The laboratory evaluation, often referred to as residual analysis, provides quick monitoring of the adequacy of treatment levels of corrosion inhibitors in different applications, time of dispersion or travel through fluids as well as efficiency of the inhibitor. The review will discuss procedures, varying from the simple wet techniques to the sophisticated and expensive instrumental procedures, from bulk analysis to specie-specific techniques. Establishing mass balance using analytical techniques with batch samples of corrosion inhibitors as standards can be tricky. Factors such as partitioning, chemical reactions with other chemical species, adsorption onto solids, solubility changes, etc. must be understood and considered in the calculations. The utility and applicability of the methods will be compared with respect to cost and ease of setup, range of applications, selectivity, accuracy, detection limit, reproducibility and limitations. The review will include analysis of the industry needs and challenges facing the researchers developing new procedures.
Comparison of Ethylene Production by Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia solanacearum (1999)

ABSTRACT Strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi and Ralstonia solanacearum produced ethylene at rates 20- and 200-fold lower, respectively, than strains of P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, and sesami. In the current study, we investigated which ethylene biosynthetic pathways were used by P. syringae pv. pisi and R. solanacearum. Neither the activity of an ethylene-forming enzyme nor a corresponding efe gene homolog could be detected in R. solanacearum, suggesting synthesis of ethylene via 2-keto-4-methyl-thiobutyric acid. In contrast, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent ethylene formation was observed with P. syringae pv. pisi, and Southern blot hybridization revealed the presence of an efe homolog in this pathovar. The efe genes from P. syringae pvs. cannabina, glycinea, phaseolicola, pisi, and sesami were sequenced. Nucleotide sequence comparisons indicated that the efe gene in pv. pisi was not as highly conserved as it was in other P. syringae pathovars. The pv. pisi efe homolog showed numerous nucleotide substitutions and a deletion of 13 amino acids at the C-terminus of the predicted gene product. These sequence alterations might account for the lower rate of ethylene production by this pathovar. All ethylene-producing P. syringae pathovars were virulent on bush bean plants. The overlapping host range of these pathovars suggests that horizontal transfer of the efe gene may have occurred among bacteria inhabiting the same host.
Erlotinib (Tarceva®): a promising drug targeting epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase (2003)

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is correlated with a poor prognosis in several human malignancies. In addition, cancers overexpressing EGFR respond poorly to both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Therefore, EGFR is a viable target for cancer therapy. This review will address how EGFR blockade modulates signal transduction, leading to alterations in the cell cycle progression with secondary inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of cancer cells. As a prototypical example, erlotinib (Tarceva), a reversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor will be discussed. This drug has demonstrated promising antitumor activity in Phase II trials in several solid tumors and definitive Phase III studies to demonstrate clinical benefit have completed accrual.