gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The asymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-amino acids. Electrophilic azidation of chiral imide enolates, a practical approach to the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-.alpha.-azido carboxylic acids (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe asymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-amino acids. Electrophilic azidation of chiral imide enolates, a practical approach to the synthesis of (R)- and (S)-.alpha.-azido carboxylic acidsDavid A. Evans, Thomas C. Britton, Jonathan A. Ellman, and Roberta L. DorowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 10, 4011–4030Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00166a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00166a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6334Altmetric-Citations404LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Turnip crinkle virus defective interfering RNAs intensify viral symptoms and are generated de novo. (1989)

Defective interfering (DI) RNAs have been isolated from a broad spectrum of animal viruses and have recently been identified in plant virus infections. Because of their ubiquitous nature, DIs are thought to play an important role in virus replication and yields. DI RNAs have now been found in association with a natural isolate of turnip crinkle virus (TCV-B) and are generated de novo after inoculation of turnip with virus derived from cloned transcripts. DI RNA G, naturally found in the TCV-B isolate, is a mosaic molecule with 5' and 3' viral segments and a repeat of 36 nucleotides at the beginning of the 3' segment. The 5'-terminal 21 nucleotides of DI RNA G were not similar to genomic TCV sequences but did resemble sequences found at the 5' end of other small RNAs associated with TCV (satellite RNAs). DI RNA G interferes with the accumulation of TCV genomic RNA and, unlike other DI RNAs, intensifies the symptoms of its helper virus. Infection of turnip with virus derived from cloned transcripts of TCV-B resulted in de novo generation of a DI RNA, DI1 RNA. DI1 RNA differed from DI RNA G by containing exact 5' and 3' ends of TCV as well as an internal virus segment.
Wnt signaling in eye organogenesis (2008)

The vertebrate eye consists of multiple tissues with distinct embryonic origins. To ensure formation of the eye as a functional organ, development of ocular tissues must be precisely coordinated. Besides intrinsic regulators, several extracellular pathways have been shown to participate in controlling critical steps during eye development. Many components of Wnt/Frizzled signaling pathways are expressed in developing ocular tissues, and substantial progress has been made in the past few years in understanding their function during vertebrate eye development. Here, I summarize recent work using functional experiments to elucidate the roles of Wnt/Frizzled pathways during development of ocular tissues in different vertebrates.
Cellular Mechanisms of Multiple Myeloma Bone Disease (2013)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy of differentiated plasma cells that accumulates and proliferates in the bone marrow. MM patients often develop bone disease that results in severe bone pain, osteolytic lesions, and pathologic fractures. These skeletal complications have not only a negative impact on quality of life but also a possible effect in overall survival. MM osteolytic bone lesions arise from the altered bone remodeling due to both increased osteoclast activation and decreased osteoblast differentiation. A dysregulated production of numerous cytokines that can contribute to the uncoupling of bone cell activity is well documented in the bone marrow microenvironment of MM patients. These molecules are produced not only by malignant plasma cells, that directly contribute to MM bone disease, but also by bone, immune, and stromal cells interacting with each other in the bone microenvironment. This review focuses on the current knowledge of MM bone disease biology, with particular regard on the role of bone and immune cells in producing cytokines critical for malignant plasma cell proliferation as well as in osteolysis development. Therefore, the understanding of MM pathogenesis could be useful to the discovery of novel agents that will be able to both restore bone remodelling and reduce tumor burden.
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates from various sources (1991)

A total of 17 B. burgdorferi isolates from various sources were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of whole-cell proteins, restriction enzyme analysis, Southern hybridization with probes complementary to unique regions of evolutionarily conserved genes (16S rRNA and fla), and direct sequencing of in vitro polymerase chain reaction-amplified fragments of the 16S rRNA gene. Three groups were distinguished on the basis of phenotypic and genotypic traits, the latter traced to the nucleotide sequence level.
Avaliação dos conhecimentos nutricionais de educadores físicos em academias de Belém-PA (2009)

The spread of erroneous conceptions about the apprentices of physical exercise feeding has as contribution the orientation accomplished by people no qualified. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional knowledge of Physical Educators in 22 gyms of Belem-pa. The study group was constituted 110 individuals who each answered a questionnaire. The results showed for an insufficient knowledge about the feeding and nutrition addressed apprentices of physical exercise, confirming the non qualification and the specialized professional’s importance for the appropriate orientation in the area of sporting nutrition.
Wound pathophysiology, infection and therapeutic options (2002)

Wound healing is a complex and highly regulated process that can be compromised by both endogenous factors (pathophysiological) and exogenous factors (micro-organisms). Microbial colonisation of both acute and chronic wounds is inevitable, and in most situations endogenous bacteria predominate, many of which are potentially pathogenic in the wound environment. The risk of wound infection increases as local conditions favour bacterial growth rather than host defence. Consequently a primary objective in wound management is to redress the host-bacterial balance, and this is most effectively achieved by ensuring that the wound is cleared of devitalised tissue and foreign bodies, the bacterial load and inflammation are controlled, and that adequate tissue perfusion is maintained. Although surgical debridement is the most rapid and effective technique for removing devitalised tissue, topical enzymes, moisture-retentive dressings, biosurgical therapy and vacuum therapy have been used as alternative approaches to wound cleansing and preparation. Topical antimicrobial agents continue to be used widely for preventing wound infection and current interest is focused on alternatives to antibiotics, such as antimicrobial moisture-retentive dressings, honey, essential oils and cationic peptides. In addition to the need to control wound microflora, unregulated inflammation caused by both micro-organisms and underlying abnormal pathophysiological conditions is a major factor associated with poor healing in chronic wounds. Consequently, therapeutic strategies that target chronic inflammatory processes are critical to wound progression. The success of future therapies will be dependent on a growing understanding of the pathophysiological processes and the host-bacterial interactions that significantly influence wound healing.
Recombinant mouse gamma interferon induces the priming step in macrophage activation for tumor cell killing. (1983)

Mouse macrophages become activated to kill tumor cells by traversing a series of steps (1-3). The first of these does not cause the expression of cytolytic activity; instead, it primes macrophages to respond to a second signal(s) that then triggers the onset of killing (4-7). The mediator that is responsible for priming is contained, along with other lymphokines, in the culture supernatants of concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells (5-7) cloned T lymphocytes (8), or some T cell hybridomas (9). Close association has been noted between macrophage priming activity and antiviral activity that is attributable to gamma interferon (10-12). However, unequivocal evidence that the two activities are products of the same molecule has not been available. We now how conclusively by using mouse gamma interferon (MulFN-gamma)3 produced by recombinant DNA technology that, in addition to antiviral activity, this lymphokine has the capacity to induce the priming step in the process of macrophage activation for tumor cell killing.
lonic liquids as conyenient latent hardeners of epoxy resins (2003)

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (BMITF) was used as a ionic liquid hardener of the Epidian 6 dian epoxy resin. Effect of BMITF (0.5-5 phr) and hardening time at 190 °C on crosslinking of the resin was determined on the basis of glass transition temperature (T g ) values. Investigations were performed using DSC, FT-IR, DMTA and rheometry. BMITF shows features of a latent hardener and could find application e.g. in adhesive, cast and coating compositions.
Preventive Analgesia (2011)

The classic definition of preemptive analgesia requires 2 groups of patients to receive identical treatment before or after incision or surgery. The only difference between the 2 groups is the timing of administration of the drug relative to incision. The constraint to include a postincision or postsurgical treatment group is methodologically appealing, because in the presence of a positive result, it provides a window of time within which the observed effect occurred, and thus points to possible mechanisms underlying the effect: the classic view assumes that the intraoperative nociceptive barrage contributes to a greater extent to postoperative pain than does the postoperative nociceptive barrage. However, this view is too restrictive and narrow, in part because we know that sensitization is induced by factors other than the peripheral nociceptive barrage associated with incision and subsequent noxious intraoperative events. A broader approach to the prevention of postoperative pain has evolved that aims to minimize the deleterious immediate and long-term effects of noxious perioperative afferent input. The focus of preventive analgesia is not on the relative timing of analgesic or anesthetic interventions, but on attenuating the impact of the peripheral nociceptive barrage associated with noxious preoperative, intraoperative, and/or postoperative stimuli. These stimuli induce peripheral and central sensitization, which increase postoperative pain intensity and analgesic requirements. Preventing sensitization will reduce pain and analgesic requirements. Preventive analgesia is demonstrated when postoperative pain and/or analgesic use are reduced beyond the duration of action of the target drug, which we have defined as 5.5 half-lives of the target drug. This requirement ensures that the observed effects are not direct analgesic effects. In this article, we briefly review the history of preemptive analgesia and relate it to the broader concept of preventive analgesia. We highlight clinical trial designs and examples from the literature that distinguish preventive analgesia from preemptive analgesia and conclude with suggestions for future research.
Therapeutic Strategies for Targeting Ras Proteins (2011)

Ras genes are frequently activated in cancer. Attempts to develop drugs that target mutant Ras proteins have, so far, been unsuccessful. Tumors bearing these mutations, therefore, remain among the most difficult to treat. Most efforts to block activated Ras have focused on pathways downstream. Drugs that inhibit Raf kinase have shown clinical benefit in the treatment of malignant melanoma. However, these drugs have failed to show clinical benefit in Ras mutant tumors. It remains unclear to what extent Ras depends on Raf kinase for transforming activity, even though Raf proteins bind directly to Ras and are certainly major effectors of Ras action in normal cells and in development. Furthermore, Raf kinase inhibitors can lead to paradoxical activation of the MAPK pathway. MEK inhibitors block the Ras-MAPK pathway, but often activate the PI3'-kinase, and have shown little clinical benefit as single agents. This activation is mediated by EGF-R and other receptor tyrosine kinases through relief of a negative feedback loop from ERK. Drug combinations that target multiple points within the Ras signaling network are likely to be necessary to achieve substantial clinical benefit. Other effectors may also contribute to Ras signaling and provide a source of targets. In addition, unbiased screens for genes necessary for Ras transformation have revealed new potential targets and have added to our understanding of Ras cancer biology.
Estrogen receptors α and β in the rodent mammary gland (2000)

While advances in science and technology have increased options for treating breast cancer, current social trends have changed the way people deal with this disease. Women in the United States are no longer simply passive patients, but rather they are survivors, advocates and activists who are speaking up for themselves and speaking out for issues relevant to the treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
Transport characteristics of three fluorescent conjugated bile acid analogs in isolated rat hepatocytes and couplets (1995)

The transport properties of three different synthetically prepared fluorescent conjugated bile acid analogs (FBA), all with the fluorophore on the side chain, were determined using isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatocyte couplets. The compounds studied were cholylglycylamidofluorescein (CGamF), cholyl(N epsilon-nitrobenzoxadiazolyl [NBD])-lysine (C-NBD-L), and chenodeoxycholyl-(N epsilon-NBD)-lysine (CDC-NBD-L). When hepatocytes were incubated at 37 degrees C with 0.3 mumol/L of FBA and 0.15 mol/L of Na+, cell fluorescence increased linearly with time at a rate (U/min) of 7.8 +/- 0.5 for CGamF, 7.2 +/- 0.3 for C-NBD-L, and 13.7 +/- 1.0 for CDC-NBD-L (mean, +/- SE; n = 40 to 90). Uptake was concentration dependent for concentrations less than 20 mumol/L and was saturable. The Michaelis constant (Km) value (mumol/L) for CGamF was 10.8, for C-NBD-L was 3.8, and for CDC-NBD-L was 3.0. In the absence of Na+, the uptake rate was decreased by 50% for CGamF and by 38% for C-NBD-L; but uptake of CDC-NBD-L was unchanged and thus Na+ independent. Cellular uptake of all three derivatives was specific to hepatocytes and was absent in several nonhepatocyte cell lines. For CGamF and C-NBD-L, both Na(+)-dependent and Na(+)-independent uptake was inhibited by 200-fold excess concentrations of cholyltaurine, dehydrocholyltaurine, and cholate, but for CDC-NBD-L, these nonfluorescent bile acids did not inhibit initial uptake. The intracellular fluorescence of CGamF was strongly pH dependent at an excitation wavelength of 495 nm, but pH independent at 440 nm excitation. In contrast, intracellular fluorescence of C-NBD-L and CDC-NBD-L was pH independent. All three FBA were secreted into the canalicular space of approximately 50% to 60% of couplets. Cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion with either CN- or atractyloside inhibited secretion of all three FBA. The multispecific organic anion transporter (MOAT) inhibitor, chlorodinitrobenzene, blocked secretion of fluorescent MOAT substrates at a concentration of 1 mumol/L. At this concentration it did not affect secretion of the three FBA. At higher concentrations, chlorodinitrobenzene partially inhibited the canalicular secretion of CGamF but not the other two FBA. In conclusion, all three FBA are secreted by canalicular membrane bile acid transporters, but the sinusoidal uptake characteristics of CGamF and C-NBD-L are more similar than those of CDC-NBD-L to the transport properties of cholyltaurine. Therefore, C-NBD-L appears to be the best of the three for studies of conjugated trihydroxy-bile acid transport in hepatocytes.
Malignant mesotheliomas. Improved differential diagnosis from lung adenocarcinomas using monoclonal antibodies 44-3A6 and 624A12. (1986)

Forty-three malignant pleural mesotheliomas and 10 known metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas to the pleura were studied by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies 44-3A6 and 624A12. Monoclonal antibodies 44-3A6 and 624A12 were raised against human pulmonary carcinoma cell lines; they recognize a membrane-associated protein of 40,000 mol wt and a specific sugar sequence of lacto-N-fucopentose III, respectively. Samples were also studied with a broad-spectrum antikeratin antibody and a polyclonal antibody to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). These investigations were performed on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues. The mesotheliomas comprised only grossly evident, pleurectomized, or pneumonectomized cases; they included 22 epithelial, 15 biphasic, and 6 spindle cell types. Electron-microscopic study was also done on 9 cases. None of the mesotheliomas was immunoreactive to 624A12, while 9/10 metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas were convincingly immunoreactive. Monoclonal antibody 44-3A6 immunostained all of the metastatic adenocarcinomas strongly, whereas only 10/43 mesotheliomas were focally and weakly immunoreactive. The latter included 5 epithelial and 4 biophasic mesotheliomas and 1 spindle cell mesotheliomas; the immunoreaction was confined to scattered single cells, and the staining pattern was readily discernible from that of adenocarcinomas. Forty of 43 mesotheliomas were strongly immunoreactive with the broad-spectrum anti-keratin antibody, whereas 8/10 metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas showed focal and rather weak staining. Seven of 10 metastatic adenocarcinomas were immunoreactive to anti-CEA antibody, while only 15/43 mesotheliomas displayed weak immunoreactivity. It is concluded that monoclonal antibodies 44-3A6 and 624A12 are excellent phenotypic markers of metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinomas to the pleura and thus are useful for the differential diagnosis of pleural mesotheliomas. Given conventionally fixed and processed tissues, it appears that the combined use of these monoclonal antibodies may be more effective for that differential diagnosis than anti-CEA and anti-keratin antibodies.
Key differentiation steps in normal B cells and in myeloma cells. (1997)

The malignant plasma cell in multiple myeloma expresses a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) with a somatically mutated variable region. In humans, somatic hypermutation of Ig variable regions only occurs in mature B cells, during the helper T-cell (TH)-dependent germinal center (GC) reaction. Within this context, the major differentiation steps in normal B cells will be discussed: B-cell maturation, B-cell activation, the GC reaction--during which the B cells strongly proliferate and somatic hypermutation in conjunction with stringent cell selection leads to antibody affinity maturation--and the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells or memory cells. The myeloma cell resembles a normal plasma cell with regard to many of its biologic features, such as its homing to the bone marrow, interaction with stromal cells, or even its capacity to suppress hematopoiesis. While the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-10 disappears during normal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells, that of transforming growth factor beta 1 persists. Thus, normal plasma cells in principle could, like myeloma cells, suppress hematopoiesis if their proportion in the bone marrow greatly increased (this could occur, for example, in bone marrow aplasia). The specific key alteration leading to multiple myeloma still remains to be identified.
Intraoperative methods for confirmation of correct placement of the vagus nerve stimulator (2001)

Vagus nerve stimulation is a progressive therapy for intractable epilepsy. Variations in cervical anatomy can complicate localization of the vagus nerve and may lead to inappropriate placement of the stimulator leads. We have developed two intraoperative techniques that improve correct identification of the vagus nerve. Both of these techniques utilize the co-localization of the recurrent laryngeal nerve with the vagus nerve. For patients undergoing stimulator placement with regional and local anesthesia, the stimulator current intensity is increased until alteration of voice can be confirmed with a voice test. Patients undergoing general anesthesia can also be tested by direct stimulation of the isolated vagus nerve. Utilizing visualization of the larynx and vocal cords via fiberoptic endoscopy, direct stimulation of the vagus nerve will produce a contraction of the left lateral wall of the larynx and tightening of the left vocal cord. Neither of these procedures produce any untoward effects for the patients. We have found these methods improve our ability to confirm correct placement of the stimulator with minimal increase in operative time (with Video).
L’apprentissage lexical en deuxième langue : des réseaux évolutifs (1999)

En partant de la prise en compte de la dimension physiologique de l’apprentissage, le présent article explore la notion de réseau telle qu’elle s’applique à l’apprentissage lexical en deuxième langue. Conformément à la plupart des théories psycholinguistiques, y compris le connexionnisme, on supposera que les représentations mentales s’établissent et deviennent accessibles grâce à la diffusion d’une activation à travers des populations de neurones. En gardant cette idée en tête lors de l’établissement d’un modèle fonctionnel des phénomènes cognitifs, on peut tenter de caractériser le développement du lexique mental en deuxième langue. Certains aspects de ce développement sont automatiques, variant selon le degré et la nature des contacts avec la langue cible. D’autres peuvent être infléchis par une pédagogie appropriée, c’est-à-dire qui prend en compte non seulement les objectifs à atteindre, mais aussi les contraintes imposées par le fonctionnement cognitif des apprenants.