gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of action of nonionic block copolymer adjuvants. (1994)

Nonionic block copolymer adjuvants typically induce high-titer, long-lasting antibody responses, cell-mediated immunity, CTLs, and modulate the isotype and specificity of antibody. Their primary activity is modulation of hydrophobic adhesive interactions. The copolymers adhere to lipids, promote retention of protein antigen to surfaces, activate complement, and induce expression of class II (IA) on macrophages. They produce a concentrated surface matrix of antigen and activated host mediators that facilitates antigen presentation to cells of the immune system. The copolymer adjuvants act synergistically with multiple MDP and LPS preparations to increase total titers, especially those of the IgG2a and IgG2b isotypes. A surprising discovery was that they influence the specificity of antibody by at least two mechanisms. Saline formulations and oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions induced more antibody against labile, conformationally dependent epitopes on the surface of particles than water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions. Finally, we found that very large copolymers are able to stabilize water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) or multiple emulsions that can protect antigen during passage through the upper GI tract. They are therefore attractive vehicles for oral delivery of vaccines.
Clinical study on increased serum thyroxine-binding globulin in cancerous state. (1981)

Serum thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) in 169 patients with various cancers was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Eleven patients showed a high serum TBG level (greater than 35 micrograms/ml). Two of them had been treated with estrogen for prostate cancer. One patient had high serum TBG with serum hepatitis. Another 8 cases had normal liver function and also normal levels serum estrogen. Thus, about 4.7% (8/169) of the cancer patients had high serum TBG and mild hyperthyroxinemia caused by unknown mechanisms. The high TBG level in these patients continued until just before death, or in some cases decreased to normal after removal of cancer tumors by operation. Cancer is occasionally associated with an increase in serum TBG. Although the mechanism is not clear, the increased TBG in the cancerous state in interesting and has significance as a tumor marker.
Inhibition of the allergic response by regulatory T cells (2006)

Allergen-specific regulatory T cells play an important role in controlling the development of allergy and asthma.
Antiviral l -Nucleosides Specific for Hepatitis B Virus Infection (2001)

A unique series of simple "unnatural" nucleosides has been discovered to inhibit hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication. Through structure-activity analysis it was found that the 3'-OH group of the beta-L-2'-deoxyribose of the beta-L-2'-deoxynucleoside confers specific antihepadnavirus activity. The unsubstituted nucleosides beta-L-2'-deoxycytidine, beta-L-thymidine, and beta-L-2'-deoxyadenosine had the most potent, selective, and specific antiviral activity against HBV replication. Human DNA polymerases (alpha, beta, and gamma) and mitochondrial function were not affected. In the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection, viral load was reduced by as much as 10(8) genome equivalents/ml of serum and there was no drug-related toxicity. In addition, the decline in woodchuck hepatitis virus surface antigen paralleled the decrease in viral load. These investigational drugs, used alone or in combination, are expected to offer new therapeutic options for patients with chronic HBV infection.
RNA‐binding proteins and post‐transcriptional gene regulation (2008)

RNAs in cells are associated with RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) to form ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. The RBPs influence the structure and interactions of the RNAs and play critical roles in their biogenesis, stability, function, transport and cellular localization. Eukaryotic cells encode a large number of RBPs (thousands in vertebrates), each of which has unique RNA-binding activity and protein-protein interaction characteristics. The remarkable diversity of RBPs, which appears to have increased during evolution in parallel to the increase in the number of introns, allows eukaryotic cells to utilize them in an enormous array of combinations giving rise to a unique RNP for each RNA. In this short review, we focus on the RBPs that interact with pre-mRNAs and mRNAs and discuss their roles in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression.
A grid-interactive photovoltaic uninterruptible power supply system using battery storage and a back up diesel generator (2000)

This paper presents a practical implementation of a grid interactive photovoltaic uninterruptible power supply (UPS) system using battery storage and a back up diesel generator. The system incorporates 2.5 kWp of photovoltaic arrays, a 10 kVA power conditioning unit capable of operating in both inverting and charging modes, and a 300-Ah battery bank. Two such systems were installed in two Indian cities. The project was implemented using soft loans available in India through a World Bank Loan for photovoltaic market development. The system has been working satisfactorily since May 1997 and has demonstrated the capability of the system to provide uninterrupted power, demand side management function and load voltage stabilization in a grid which experiences frequent blackouts and under/over voltage problems. Some results from the field installation are also included in this paper.
Isolation, cloning, mapping, and nucleotide sequencing of the gene encoding flavodoxin in Escherichia coli (1991)

The flavodoxins constitute a highly conserved family of small, acidic electron transfer proteins with flavin mononucleotide prosthetic groups. They are found in prokaryotes and in red and green algae, where they provide electrons at low potentials for the reduction of nitrogen by nitrogenase, for the light-dependent reduction of NADP+ in photosynthesis, and for the reduction of sulfite. Proteins with the physical characteristics of flavodoxins have been implicated in the reductive activation of pyruvate formate-lyase and cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase in Escherichia coli. We have purified flavodoxin to homogeneity from E. coli, determined its N-terminal amino acid sequence, and used this sequence to construct a 64-fold degenerate oligonucleotide probe for the flavodoxin gene. Because the phenotype of a flavodoxin mutant is not known, we used this degenerate probe to screen the phages of the Kohara library and identified two phages, with inserts mapping at approximately 16 min, that hybridized to the probe. The flavodoxin gene, designated fldA, was subcloned from the DNA in the overlap region of these two clones. The deduced amino acid sequence, determined by nucleotide sequencing of the flavodoxin gene, shows strong homology with flavodoxins from nitrogen-fixing bacteria and cyanobacteria. The fldA gene maps at 15.9 min on the E. coli chromosome and is transcribed in a counterclockwise direction.
Aromatic Aldehydes from Benzyl Alcohols via Inorganic Hypochlorite Oxidation1 (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAromatic Aldehydes from Benzyl Alcohols via Inorganic Hypochlorite Oxidation1CAL Y. MEYERSCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 4, 1046–1050Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01063a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01063a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views442Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monitoring Patients with Left Ventricular Failure by Electrical Impedance Tomography (1999)

Acute left ventricular failure (LVF) is a common medical emergency but detection and monitoring of pulmonary oedema remains problematic. Fluid is an important determinant of tissue impedance. Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique allowing localisation of impedance changes within tissue. We have investigated the relationship between LVF and the electrical impedance of lung tissue. Twenty patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute left ventricular failure were compared with 30 normal subjects. Patients were monitored using serial chest radiographs and electrical impedance tomography measurements of lung impedance during hospital admission. Radiographs were graded according to the severity of pulmonary oedema by two independent radiologists. Lung impedance was significantly (P<0.0001) lower than normal in patients with left ventricular failure. Values returned towards the normal range as LVF resolved. There was a similar improvement in the score of the chest radiographs. The electrical impedance of the lung is low in left ventricular failure and increases following treatment.
Single and Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetics of Methionyl Growth Hormone in Children with Idiopathic Growth Hormone Deficiency* (1991)

The pharmacokinetics (PK) of methionyl GH (metGH) were characterized in 20 newly diagnosed GH-deficient children (19 males; 12.9 +/- 3.3 yr old; initial height, 138.8 +/- 16.2 cm; weight, 32.1 +/- 13.1 kg) after the first dose (FD) of metGH and again after 4-5 weeks of multiple dosing (MD). All subjects received a total metGH dose of 0.3 mg/kg.week by sc administration, but were randomized to receive the drug daily (D; n = 12; dose, 0.043 mg/kg) or three times per week (TIW; n = 8; dose, 0.1 mg/kg). After drug administration, repeated blood samples (n = 14) were obtained over a 10-h period. Concentrations of metGH from each sample were determined using a monoclonal antibody radiometric assay (range of linearity, 0.5-40.0 ng/ml; coefficient of variation, less than 4%). Plasma concentration vs. time data were curve fit using a nonlinear weighted least squares algorithm which permitted calculation of the following PK parameters (mean +/- SEM; FD vs. MD group): elimination rate constant (0.23 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.25 +/- 0.04 h-1), absorption rate constant (0.43 +/- 0.05 vs. 0.48 +/- 0.04 h-1), elimination half-life (t1/2; 3.01 vs. 2.77 h), total plasma clearance (CL/F; 0.32 +/- 0.02 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.09 L/h.kg), and apparent volume of distribution (VDss/F; 2.2 +/- 0.14 vs. 3.15 +/- 0.28 L/kg). Both the CL/F and VDss/F of metGH were significantly greater when data from the entire study population were compared on the basis of FD vs. MD administration. With the exception of a larger VDss/F in subjects who received daily (3.6 +/- 0.4 L/kg) vs. TIW metGH (2.4 +/- 0.2 L/kg), no significant differences were found for the PK parameters between the D and TIW dosing groups. In all subjects, absorption of metGH was slow, with an average time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax) of 4.4 h and an absorption t1/2 that ranged from 1.4-1.8 h. Proportionality was also found between the dose and the area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve, suggesting dose-independent PK of metGH. Our data demonstrate that the PK of metGH after sc administration to children are markedly different from those previously reported in adults and, also, do not vary as a consequence of dosing schedule (i.e. D vs. TIW). The apparent increase in CL/F and VDss/F for met GH with multiple dosing may reflect concentration-dependent changes in plasma binding of the drug or, alternatively, represent the effect of increased body mass on the pharmacokinetics of GH.
von Willebrand factor (1993)

von Willebrand factor is a multimeric glycoprotein essential for the normal arrest of bleeding after tissue injury (hemostasis). The molecule is present in blood, both in plasma and inside platelets, as well as in endothelial cells and the subendothelial matrix of the vessel wall. Through multiple functional domains, von Willebrand factor mediates the attachment of platelets to exposed tissues, where discontinuity of the vascular endothelium occurs, and the subsequent platelet aggregation leading to the formation of platelet thrombi. The crucial role of von Willebrand factor in platelet function is particularly apparent when hemodynamic conditions create blood flow with high shear stress, as in capillaries under physiologic conditions or in stenosed and partially occluded arteries in disease states. The involvement of von Willebrand factor in the processes that lead to acute thrombosis has attracted considerable interest on the molecular and functional biology of the protein. Indeed, understanding the mechanisms and structural bases for von Willebrand factor function may result in new and effective approaches to anti-thrombotic intervention.
The majority of cells are superinfected in a cloned cell line that produces high levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain MN (1995)

We have isolated seven single-cell clones from an H9 culture infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strain MN so that a stable producer of virus could be obtained. DNAs from these clones were examined by Southern blot analysis and found to contain between one and four proviruses per clone. One of these cell lines, Clone 4, produced high levels of replication-competent virus and contained two proviruses. Southern blot analysis of DNAs from Clone 4 revealed that, after extended culture, some of the cells had acquired additional proviruses, presumably by superinfection. Analysis of Clone 4 single-cell subclones isolated from a late-passage culture found that 14 out of 20 (70%) subclones were reinfected and that 8 out of 20 (40%) were reinfected more than once. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis showed that surface CD4 levels on Clone 4 cells were appropriately down-regulated. Our results indicate that while there is significant interference to superinfection in the Clone 4 culture, it is not absolute and that superinfected cells accumulate in the culture over time in the presence of high virus exposure and extensive cell-to-cell contact. Given our data, it seems likely that superinfection can occur in vivo within the lymphoid reservoirs that harbor human immunodeficiency virus type 1 during the clinically latent period and may contribute to disease progression.
Tetrameric Complexes of Human Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-G Bind to Peripheral Blood Myelomonocytic Cells (1999)

The nonclassical MHC class I molecule human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is selectively expressed on fetal trophoblast tissue at the maternal-fetal interface in pregnancy. It has long been suggested that HLA-G may inhibit maternal natural killer (NK) cells through interaction with particular NK cell receptors (KIRs). To investigate interactions of HLA-G, we constructed phycoerythrin-labeled tetrameric complexes of HLA-G refolded with a self-peptide. These HLA-G tetramers failed to bind to NK cells and cells transfected with CD94/NKG2 and killer immunoglobulin-like NK receptors. In contrast, HLA-G tetramers did bind to peripheral blood monocytes, staining a CD16(+)CD14(mid) subset with greater intensity. On transfectants, HLA-G tetramers bound to inhibitory immunoglobulin-like transcript (ILT)2 and ILT4 receptors. However, staining in the presence of antibodies reactive with ILT receptors revealed that the interaction of HLA-G tetramers with blood monocytes was largely due to binding to ILT4. These results suggest that the primary role of HLA-G may be the modulation of myelomonocytic cell behavior in pregnancy.
Functional characterization of a chimeric lipase genetically engineered from human lipoprotein lipase and human hepatic lipase (1993)

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) mediate the hydrolysis of triglycerides and phospholipids present in circulating lipoprotein particles and are essential for normal lipid metabolism. Both enzymes have a similar primary amino acid structure and share requirements for intact catalytic, lipid binding, and heparin binding domains. However, LPL and HL exhibit different substrate specificities and cofactor requirements. In order to characterize the functional domains necessary for LPL activity, a chimeric lipase consisting of the amino-terminal 314 amino acids of human LPL and the carboxyl-terminal 146 amino acids of human HL was synthesized by joining the cDNA of both lipases at the 5'-end of exon 7. Northern blot hybridization and Western blot analyses revealed the size of the chimera mRNA and protein to be approximately 1.5 kb and 55 kDa, respectively. The chimeric enzyme hydrolyzed both long chain and short chain fatty acid triacylglycerols and had catalytic properties that were similar to lipoprotein lipase. Thus, apolipoprotein (apo)C-II was required for maximal lipase activity, and high salt concentration abolished the ability of the chimera to hydrolyze triolein even in the presence of apoC-II. A monospecific anti-HL polyclonal antibody interacting with the C-terminal HL-derived domain of the chimeric enzyme abolished the enzyme's ability to hydrolyze triglyceride emulsion but not tributyrin substrates. Analysis of the heparin binding properties of the chimeric enzyme using heparin-Sepharose affinity chromatography revealed an elution pattern which was intermediate between that of lipoprotein and hepatic lipase. In summary, we have characterized the functional properties of an LPL-HL chimeric enzyme.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3‐Fused Quinolines from 3‐Substituted Quinoline 1‐ Oxides. Part 2. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Sample Preparation Techniques Designed for Various Peptide and Protein Analytes (1997)

This study encompasses a collection of experiences with regard to numerous matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) sample preparation techniques in terms of their suitability for different peptide and protein analytes. Variants of both established and new sample preparation techniques for the MALDI-MS analysis of peptides and proteins are described. The importance of matrix selection, matrix and analyte concentration, pH adjustment, crystallization conditions and the use of additives is evaluated. The tolerance of the different sample preparations towards salts, buffers, synthetic polymers, detergents, denaturants and other contaminants, and also the influence of the preparation methods on undesired amino acid side-chain oxidation, are investigated. Moreover, the performance of on-target tryptic digestion and on-target disulfide reduction is shown and a microscale purification procedure is described. According to this study, there is no universally applicable sample preparation for a broad variety of analytes. Rather, it is necessary to specifically adapt the sample preparation to the analyte properties. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
All-MOS charge-redistribution analog-to-digital conversion techniques. II (1975)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.SC-10, no.6, p.371-9 (1975). Describes techniques for performing A/D conversion compatibly with standard single-channel MOS technology. This second paper describes a two-capacitor successive approximation technique which, in contrast to the first, requires considerably less die area, is inherently monotonic in the presence of capacitor ratio errors, and which operates at somewhat lower conversion rate. Factors affecting accuracy and conversion rate are considered analytically. Experimental results from a monolithic prototype are presented; a resolution of eight bits was achieved with an A/D conversion time of 100 /spl mu/s. Used as a D/A convertor, a settling time of 12.5 /spl mu/s was achieved. The estimated total die size for a completely monolithic version including logic is 5000 mil/SUP 2/.
SEEMORE: a view-based approach to 3-D object recognition using multiple visual cues (1996)

A view-based, high-dimensional feature-space recognition system called SEEMORE was developed as a testbed to explore the representational trade-offs that arise when a simple feedforward neural architecture is challenged with a difficult 3D object recognition problem. Particular emphasis was placed on designing an object representation that could: 1) cope with a large number of real 3D objects of many different types; 2) operate directly on input images without shift, scale, or other object pre-normalization steps; 3) integrate multiple visual cues; and 4) recognize objects over 6 degrees of freedom of viewpoint, gross non-rigid shape distortions, and/or partial occulsion. Recognition results were obtained using a set of 102 color and shape feature channels, each designed to be invariant to image plane shifts and rotations, and only modestly sensitive to orientation in depth. In response to a test set of 600 novel test views of 100 objects presented individually in color video images, SEEMORE identified the object correctly 97% of the time using a nearest neighbour classifier. Similar levels of performance were obtained for the subset of 15 non-rigid objects.
Arrhythmias and Death After Coronary Artery Occlusion in the Rat (1995)

Two distinct arrhythmogenic periods occur in rats with acute MI that may be caused by different mechanisms and correspond to the bimodal arrhythmia time course seen in dogs and humans after acute MI. Telemetric monitoring of the ECG in the conscious rat after infarction will be useful in assessment of the differential effects of therapeutic interventions on these two arrhythmogenic periods and in the study of potential mechanisms for the spontaneous resolution of ventricular ectopy and risk of sudden death.
Vibrational relaxation of adsorbed molecules: Comparison with relaxation rates of model compounds (1987)

Time-resolved measurements of vibrational relaxation rates are reviewed. Depopulation of the vibrationally excited OH oscillator (on high surface area SiO2, ZSM-5, and ZnO) was found to occur on a time scale of 200 ps or less, depending on the substrate. The temperature dependence of both the OH and OD vibrational relaxation rates on SiO2 was found to follow simple multiphonon relaxation models. However, the relative rates for the two isotopes did not scale as predicted by the same theoretical models. Measurements of isotopically substituted silanols and alcohols [i.e., R3SiOH(D) and R3COH(D) dilute in CCl4] also find OD decay times comparable to those of OH. Based on results from these model compounds, the observed relaxation rates for OH/SiO2 appear to be dominated by processes which proceed through a SiOH bending mode.