gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of High Wing Loading Compact Electric Airplane Utilizing Co-Flow Jet Flow Control (2015)

This paper presents a conceptual electric airplane design utilizing Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) flow control. The purpose is to design an aircraft with high wing loading and a compact size so that an airplane can carry more battery and reach a longer range. The CFJ Electric Aircraft (CFJ-EA) mission is to carry 4 passengers at a cruise Mach number of 0.15 with a range of about 300nm. The CFJ-EA cruises at a very high CL of 1.3, which produces a wing loading of 182.3kg/m 2 , about 3 times higher than that of a conventional general aviation airplane. The aerodynamic efficiency including the power consumption of the CFJ pump (L/D)c is excellent with a value of 24 at a low momentum coefficient Cµ of 0.04. Takeoff and landing distances are also reasonable due to a very high maximum CL of 4.8, achieved with a high Cµ of 0.28. The wing is designed to pivot around its 1/4 chord axis so that it can achieve high angle of attack (AoA) without rotating the fuselage. A measure of merit defined as PMS=Passengers*Miles/S is introduced, where S is the wing planform area. The PMS of the present EA design is close to that of a conventional reciprocating engine general aviation airplane, and is 2.3 to 3.8 times greater than the PMS of the state of the art EA. The design results suggest that the CFJ-EA has a far greater range than a same size EA using a conventional wing design. Or for the same range, the CFJ-EA has a much smaller size than a conventional design. This design is the first trail with no systematic design optimization. The CFJ-EA concept may open the door to a new class of general aviation EA designs. The same CFJ flow control technology can also be used for other general aviation airplanes with conventional propulsion systems and for high altitude airplanes to reduce size.
Omega-conotoxin: direct and persistent blockade of specific types of calcium channels in neurons but not muscle. (1987)

Blockade of Ca2+ channels by omega-conotoxin GVIA, a 27 amino acid peptide from the venom of the marine snail Conus geographus, was investigated with patch-clamp recordings of whole-cell and unitary currents in a variety of cell types. In dorsal root ganglion neurons, the toxin produces persistent block of L- and N-type Ca2+ channels but only transiently inhibits T-type channels. Its actions appear to be neuron-specific, since it blocks high-threshold Ca2+ channels in sensory, sympathetic, and hippocampal neurons of vertebrates but not in cardiac, skeletal, or smooth muscle cells. Block occurs through direct interaction of the toxin with an external site closely associated with the Ca2+ channel, without apparent involvement of a second messenger or dependence on channel gating. The tissue and channel-type specificity and the directness and slow reversibility of the block are features that favor use of omega-conotoxin as a tool for purifying particular neuronal Ca2+ channels and defining their physiological function.
Isolation and Characterization of Rat Carcinoembryonic Antigen (1990)

A rat tumor-associated antigen with properties similar to those of human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) has been detected with rabbit immune sera in extracts of transplantable rat colonic adenocarcinoma, RCA-1. This antigen, termed rat CEA, was also detectable by a monkey antihuman CEA serum and a rat monoclonal antibody to rat CEA. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of perchloric acid extracts of RCA-1 tumor, followed by immunoblotting with the above-mentioned anti-CEA reagents, revealed that rat CEA activity resided in components with a molecular weight of approximately 350 kD. The glycoprotein nature of these components was indicated by positive staining with periodic acid-Schiff. Sephadex G-200 chromatography, as well as Sepharose 4B chromatography with and without sodium dodecyl sulfate indicated that the 350-kD components existed in the extracts as molecular aggregates. The 350-kD material, which had been purified by an affinity column containing rat monoclonal antibodies to rat CEA, reacted with the rabbit and monkey anti-CEA sera. This provided strong evidence that serological activity of rat CEA was confined to the 350-kD components.
Immune Receptors: Targets for Therapy of Leukemia/Lymphoma, Autoimmune Diseases and for the Prevention of Allograft Rejection (1992)

Immune receptor-directed therapy has been applied clinically to an array of human disorders. However, effective therapy using unmodified murine monoclonal antibodies was elusive because these antibodies are immunogenic and elicit a human immune response, are not cytocidal against human cells, and in most cases are not directed against a cell surface structure required for proliferation and survival. Recently therapy mediated by monoclonal antibodies has been revolutionized by the definition of cell surface structures as targets for effective monoclonal antibody action, the creation by genetic engineering of less immunogenic and more effective monoclonal antibodies, and by the arming of such antibodies with toxins and radionuclides. Furthermore, other therapeutic agents directed toward immune receptors have been developed, including cytokine-toxin fusion proteins as alternative vehicles to address abnormal receptor-expressing cells, soluble immune receptors and naturally occurring receptor antagonists as immunomodulators, and T cell antigen receptor peptides as immunogens to provide protection against autoimmune diseases. Thus, the new insights concerning the structure and function of lymphocyte cell surface receptors and the development of different modalities of receptor-specific therapy are providing new perspectives for the treatment of human leukemia/lymphoma, autoimmune and graft-vs-host diseases, and for the prevention of allograft rejection.
Validation of myocardial blood flow measurements with 82Rb and a 3D PET tomograph (2011)

330 Objectives This study validates myocardial blood flow (MBF) quantification with dynamic 82Rb PET and radioactive microspheres (μS) in a pig model and two different modeling approaches. Methods 11 healthy anesthetized, domestic pigs (mean weight 30 kg) were imaged at rest and twice at stress using variable doses of adenosine and dobutamine on a Siemens Biograph-64 PET/CT. A slow bolus infusion from a 82Rb generator (DRAXIMAGE) with a dose range from 125 to 1,000MBq was used. The series were reconstructed with OSEM 2D (12x5s, 12x10s, 4x60s). MBF was computed using a one tissue compartment model (1TC, Siemens syngo.MBF) and a retention approach (MunichHeart) using previously validated corrections for flow dependent extraction. μS were injected into the left atrium simultaneously with the intravenous 82Rb infusion. μS counts were measured with separate energy windows and corrected for spillover and sample weight. Mean LV MBF was compared between each model and the μS results as well as between the models and statistically tested for deviation from the line of identify using Passing-Bablok regression with 95% confidence interval (CI). Results Mean MBF±SD was found to be 2.1±1.2 [min 0.52…max 3.0] for the μS, 1.7±1.1 [0.35…3.7] for the 1TC model, and 1.7±1.1 [0.35…3.5] for the retention approach. Within a 95% confidence interval, no deviation from the line of identity was found for the reference MBF versus the two different models as well as between the two quantification approaches. However, both retention and 1TC showed a modest trend to underestimate MBF (table). Conclusions Noninvasive quantification of MBF with dynamic 82Rb PET data and two different kinetic analysis approaches is feasible in 3D mode
Biomimetic Synthesis of Macroscopic-Scale Calcium Carbonate Thin Films. Evidence for a Multistep Assembly Process (1998)

Biologically controlled mineralization features an orchestrated balance among various controlling factors such as spatial delineation, template promotion, crystal growth modification and cessation, and so on. Highly ordered calcium carbonate lamellae formed in the nacreous layers of mollusk (aragonite), the foliated calcitic layers of mollusk (calcite), or the semi-nacre of brachiopods (calcite) are excellent examples of the outcome of such synergistic control. Mimicking the concerted interplay of template promotion and growth inhibition as often utilized in biomineralization, we have synthesized macroscopic and continuous calcium carbonate thin films with thickness ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 μm. The thin films were prepared at air/subphase interfaces by promoting mineral deposition with amphiphilic porphyrin templates, coupled with growth inhibition by the use of poly(acrylic acid) as a soluble inhibitor. Films formed at 22 °C were found to have a biphasic structure containing both amorphous and crystalline calcium carbonate. The crystalline regions were identified to be calcite oriented with the (00.1) face parallel to the porphyrin monolayer at the air/subphase interface. Films obtained in the early stage of formation at lower temperature (4 °C) displayed characteristics of a single amorphous phase. These observations suggest that films formed through a multistage assembly process, during which an initial amorphous deposition was followed by a phase transformation into the ultimate crystalline phase and the orientation of the crystalline phase was controlled by the porphyrin template during the phase transformation. The results provide new insights into the template-inhibitor−biomineral interaction and a new mechanism for synthesizing ceramic thin film under mild conditions.
Volcano-an extensible and parallel query evaluation system (1994)

To investigate the interactions of extensibility and parallelism in database query processing, we have developed a new dataflow query execution system called Volcano. The Volcano effort provides a rich environment for research and education in database systems design, heuristics for query optimization, parallel query execution, and resource allocation. Volcano uses a standard interface between algebra operators, allowing easy addition of new operators and operator implementations. Operations on individual items, e.g., predicates, are imported into the query processing operators using support functions. The semantics of support functions is not prescribed; any data type including complex objects and any operation can be realized. Thus, Volcano is extensible with new operators, algorithms, data types, and type-specific methods. Volcano includes two novel meta-operators. The choose-plan meta-operator supports dynamic query evaluation plans that allow delaying selected optimization decisions until run-time, e.g., for embedded queries with free variables. The exchange meta-operator supports intra-operator parallelism on partitioned datasets and both vertical and horizontal inter-operator parallelism, translating between demand-driven dataflow within processes and data-driven dataflow between processes. All operators, with the exception of the exchange operator, have been designed and implemented in a single-process environment, and parallelized using the exchange operator. Even operators not yet designed can be parallelized using this new operator if they use and provide the interator interface. Thus, the issues of data manipulation and parallelism have become orthogonal, making Volcano the first implemented query execution engine that effectively combines extensibility and parallelism.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adenosine receptor‐induced cyclic AMP generation and inhibition of 5‐ hydroxytryptamine release in human platelets. (1995)

1. We have assessed the effects of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on collagen-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release and cyclic AMP generation in human platelets. 2. 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and CGS 21680 elicited accumulations of cyclic AMP with mean EC50 values of 2678 and 980 nM, respectively. The maximal response to CGS 21680 was approximately half that of the response to 10 microM NECA. 3. NECA and CGS 21680 inhibited collagen-induced 5-hydroxytryptamine release with mean EC50 values of 960 and 210 nM, respectively. The maximal response to CGS 21680 was approximately 25% of the response to 10 microM NECA. 4. The A1/A2a-selective adenosine receptor antagonist PD 115,199 was more potent as an inhibitor of NECA-elicited responses than the A1-selective antagonist DPCPX with calculated Ki values of 22-32 nM and > 10 microM, respectively. 5. In the presence of a cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor, the effects of CGS 21680 on cyclic AMP accumulation and 5-HT release were enhanced to levels similar to those elicited by 10 microM NECA. In the absence of phosphodiesterase inhibition, CGS 21680 did not antagonise the effects of NECA. Furthermore, endogenous adenosine did not contribute to the effects of CGS 21680 when phosphodiesterase was inhibited. 6. We conclude that an A2a adenosine receptor appears to be involved in the NECA-elicited increases in cyclic AMP levels and inhibition of 5-HT release in human platelets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
High-resolution in vivo nanoparticle imaging using magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (2006)

In vivo imaging of the nanoparticle-tissue interaction reveals processes which aid in the improvement of disease-specific markers. Magnetomotive optical coherence tomography (MM-OCT) may fill this role by imaging magnetic nanoparticles (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>, 20-30nm diameter) similar to those currently used for MRI contrast. This is performed by modulating a small (<20mm) electromagnet during conventional OCT imaging and detecting the induced displacement (magnetomotion) of the nanoparticles. In a recent advance, increased specificity was achieved using a 3-pulse sequence to measure the intrinsic background fluctuation to normalize the magnetomotive signal. In this way ghosting due to physiological and Brownian motion are eliminated. Silicone tissue phantoms which are both optically and mechanically similar to soft human tissue were used to measure the scaling of the magnetomotive signal with magnetic field strength, local optical scattering efficiency, and magnetic nanoparticle concentration. MM-OCT is sensitive to magnetite nanoparticles at a concentration of 220&#956;g/g (P>.975), with the possibility of detecting even lower concentrations (63&#956;g/g) with minor improvements. The MM-OCT signal exhibits a gentler falloff in depth (~4dB over 0.5mm) than conventional OCT imaging, limited ultimately by shot noise. The performance of MM-OCT was evaluated in vivo in a Xenopus laevis tadpole exposed to magnetic nanoparticles for 24 hours prior to imaging. Corresponding histology demonstrates the ability to correctly identify regions of high nanoparticle concentration with in vivo MM-OCT.
Perspectives on whole-organ assembly: moving toward transplantation on demand (2012)

There is an ever-growing demand for transplantable organs to replace acute and chronically damaged tissues. This demand cannot be met by the currently available donor organs. Efforts to provide an alternative source have led to the development of organ engineering, a discipline that combines cell biology, tissue engineering, and cell/organ transplantation. Over the last several years, engineered organs have been implanted into rodent recipients and have shown modest function. In this article, we summarize the most recent advances in this field and provide a perspective on the challenges of translating this promising new technology into a proven regenerative therapy.
Decoherence in a superconducting quantum bit circuit (2005)

Decoherence in quantum bit circuits is presently a major limitation to their use for quantum computing purposes. We present experiments, inspired from NMR, that characterize decoherence in a particular superconducting quantum bit circuit, the quantronium. We introduce a general framework for the analysis of decoherence, based on the spectral densities of the noise sources coupled to the qubit. Analysis of our measurements within this framework indicates a simple model for the noise sources acting on the qubit. We discuss various methods to fight decoherence.
Real-time PCR detection ofNeisseria gonorrhoeaesusceptibility to penicillin (2016)

When used in parallel with the previously described PPNG-PCR, the PorB-PCR approach has the potential to facilitate individualized treatment of gonorrhoea using penicillin.
Rayleigh Fading Channels in Mobile Digital Communication Systems Part II: Mitigation (1997)

For pt. I see ibid., vol. 35, no. 7, p. 90, 1997. In Part I of this tutorial, the major elements that contribute to fading and their effects in a communication channel were characterized. In Part II, these phenomena are briefly summarized, and emphasis is then placed on methods to cope with these degradation effects. Two particular mitigation techniques are examined: the Viterbi equalizer implemented in the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and the RAKE receiver used in CDMA systems built to meet Interim Standard 95 (IS-95).
DATA-DIAL (1963)

An operating system is described which allows users to call up a remotely located computer from ordinary dial telephones. No special hardware or connections are required at the users' telephones. Input to the computer is through the telephone dial; output from the computer is in spoken form. Results of a test with telephones in the Boston area are reported.
Δ9‐Fatty acid desaturase from arachidonic acid‐producing fungus (1999)

Based on the sequence information for delta 9-desaturase genes (from rat, mouse and yeast), which are involved in the desaturation of palmitic acid and stearic acid to palmitoleic acid and oleic acid, respectively, the corresponding cDNA and genomic gene were cloned from the fungal strain, Mortierella alpina 1S-4, which industrially produces arachidonic acid. There was a cytochrome b5-like domain linked to the carboxyl terminus of this Mortierella desaturase, as also seen in the yeast delta 9-desaturase. The Mortierella delta 9-desaturase genomic gene had only one intron, in which a novel phenomenon was observed: there was a GC-end at the 5'-terminus instead of a GT-end that is, in general, found in introns of eukaryotic genes. The full-length cDNA clone was expressed under the control of an amyB promoter in a filamentous fungus, Aspergillus oryzae, resulting in drastic changes in the fatty acid composition in the transformant cells; the contents of palmitoleic acid (16:1) and oleic acid (18:1) increased significantly, with accompanying decreases in palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0). These changes were controlled by the addition of maltose as a carbon source to the medium. Also, the expression of the gene caused a significant change in the lipid composition in the Aspergillus transformant. Genomic Southern blot analysis of the transformant with the Mortierella delta 9-desaturase gene as a probe confirmed the integration of this gene into the genome of A. oryzae.
Signalling in the Yeasts: An Informational Cascade with Links to the Filamentous Fungi (1998)

All cells, from bacteria and yeasts to mammalian cells, respond to cues from their environment. A variety of mechanisms exist for the transduction of these external signals to the interior of the cell, resulting in altered patterns of protein activity. Eukaryotic cells commonly transduce external cues via a conserved module composed of three protein kinases, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. This module can then activate substrates, some of which include transcriptional activators. Multiple MAPK signalling pathways coexist in a cell. This review considers different MAPK cascade signalling pathways that govern several aspects of the life cycle of budding and fission yeasts: conjugation and meiosis by the pheromone response pathway, stress response by the high-osmolarity sensing pathway, cell wall biosynthesis in response to activation of the low-osmolarity and heat-sensing pathway, and pseudohyphal growth in response to activation of a subset of the components of the pheromone response pathway. Because the MAPK cascade components are highly conserved, a key question in studies of these pathways is the mechanism by which specificity of response is achieved. Several other issues to be addressed in this review concern the nature of the receptors used to sense the external signals and the mechanism by which the receptors communicate with other components leading to activation of the MAPK cascade. Recently, it has become apparent that MAPK cascades are important in governing the pathogenicity of filamentous fungi.
Improving uplink LTE performance with modulation-aware iterative equalization (2010)

Equalization for uplink MIMO SC-FDMA LTE multi-stream transmission is considered utilizing modulation-aware iterative matrix inversion method. This equalizer jointly removes inter-symbol (ISI) as well as inter-stream interference. It is observed that gains over traditional frequency-domain equalization can be obtained. Additionally, receiver performance for unequal power assignments between the data streams improves as compared to equal power allocation, which is opposite to the case of linear MMSE equalization. It is shown that signal co-existence is possible with this methodology, which considerably improves the system's spectral efficiency.
Association between tumor-associated macrophage infiltration, high grade prostate cancer, and biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. (2013)

Mean TAM number was higher in cancer cores vs. PIN and benign tissue, and higher in high grade prostate cancer supporting the potential role of TAMs in prostate cancer development. However, TAMs were not associated with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy suggesting TAM counts do not provide independent prognostic value among surgically treated men. Further studies are required to elucidate the functional significance of TAMs in the prostate cancer microenvironment.
Angular dependence of sputtering yield of amorphous and polycrystalline materials (2008)

An analytical formula is developed for the evolution of angular dependence of sputtering yields by extending the theory of sputtering yield proposed by Sigmund. We demonstrate that the peak of sputtering yield at oblique incidence can be attributed to a balance between the increased energy deposited on the surface by incident ion which enhances the sputtering yield and the decreased depth travelled by recoil atom which reduces the sputtering yield. The predicted dependence of sputtering yield on the incident angle is in good agreement with experimental observations.
Prediction of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery in Women With Preterm Labor (2009)

II.
Involvement of Iron in Biofilm Formation by Staphylococcus aureus (2012)

Staphylococcus aureus is a human pathogen that forms biofilm on catheters and medical implants. The authors' earlier study established that 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranose (PGG) inhibits biofilm formation by S. aureus by preventing the initial attachment of the cells to a solid surface and reducing the production of polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA). Our cDNA microarray and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometric studies demonstrate that PGG treatment causes the expression of genes and proteins that are normally expressed under iron-limiting conditions. A chemical assay using ferrozine verifies that PGG is a strong iron chelator that depletes iron from the culture medium. This study finds that adding FeSO(4) to a medium that contains PGG restores the biofilm formation and the production of PIA by S. aureus SA113. The requirement of iron for biofilm formation by S. aureus SA113 can also be verified using a semi-defined medium, BM, that contains an iron chelating agent, 2, 2'-dipyridyl (2-DP). Similar to the effect of PGG, the addition of 2-DP to BM medium inhibits biofilm formation and adding FeSO(4) to BM medium that contains 2-DP restores biofilm formation. This study reveals an important mechanism of biofilm formation by S. aureus SA113.