gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigenic Variant of Swine Influenza Virus Causing Proliferative and Necrotizing Pneumonia in Pigs (1992)

A new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus was isolated from the lungs of pigs experiencing respiratory problems in 7 different swine herds in Quebec. Pigs of different ages were affected, and the main clinical signs were fever, dyspnea, and abdominal respiration. Coughing was not a constant finding of the syndrome. At necropsy, macroscopic lesions included the overall appearance of pale animals, general lymphadenopathy, hepatic congestion, and consolidation of the lungs. Histopathologic findings were mainly proliferative pneumonia with a significant macrophage invasion, necrotic inflammatory cells in the alveoli and the airways, a marked proliferation of type II pneumocytes, and thickening of the alveolar septae. Fluorescent antibody examination of lungs of sick piglets did not demonstrate porcine parvovirus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, or encephalomyocarditis virus. However, evidence of the presence of an influenza type A infection was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining using monoclonal antibody directed to nucleocapsid protein (NP) of human type A influenza virus. The virus was isolated either by intra-allantoic inoculation of specific-pathogen-free embryonating hens' eggs or propagation in canine kidney (MDCK) cells in the presence of trypsin. By hemagglutination inhibition tests, no cross-reactivity was demonstrated with human influenza H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 strains, and infected MDCK cells did not react by IIF with monoclonal antibodies to NP protein of type B influenza virus. The hemagglutination activity of plaque-purified isolates was only partly inhibited by hyperimmune serum produced to subtypes A/Wisconsin/76/H1N1 and A/New Jersey/76/H1N1 of swine influenza virus. Gnotobiotic piglets that were infected intranasally with egg-adapted isolates of this new antigenic variant of swine influenza virus developed the very same type of lesions observed in field cases.
Natural history and treatment of multiple sclerosis. (1992)

The course of multiple sclerosis (MS) evolves over decades. Recent advances in our understanding of the spectrum and variability of the course of MS over the long term in large geographically based populations, and over the short term in selected subgroups randomized to the placebo limbs of controlled clinical trials are discussed. Trials of several toxic immunosuppressive drugs and plasma exchange (PE) show that these methods of treatment are unlikely to help MS patients, although azathioprine has some rationale in rapidly advancing cases. The triggering of attacks by viral infections makes one await the results of current trials of interferon-beta with special interest.
Cardiac and pulmonary causes of dyspnoea—validation of a scoring test for clinical-epidemiological use: The Study of Men Born in 1913 (1987)

Dyspnoea is one of the earliest symptoms in several conditions, such as heart disease and airway obstruction. However, the early phases of these two conditions are hard to distinguish in a reproducible way. In a population study of the natural history and epidemiology of congestive heart failure a scoring test to differentiate the two conditions was developed. In this report the test is presented and evaluated against various clinical and laboratory measures in 644 men sampled from the general population. The test provides a 'cardiac score' and a 'pulmonary score', both based on history and findings at the physical examination. Men who had pulmonary scores (indicating a pulmonary cause of the dyspnoea) had significantly lower values of spirometry variables but no significant pulmonary congestion at X-ray compared to a reference group (no dyspnoea, no pulmonary scores). Men with cardiac scores had significantly larger hearts and more congestion but no significant change of variables measuring airways obstruction compared to the reference group (no dyspnoea, no cardiac scores). Even though there was a moderate overlap of impaired cardiac and pulmonary function in the dyspnoea group, perhaps due to smoking being a common causal agent, the test appears to differentiate the causes of dyspnoea in a manner similar to clinical evaluation but, in contrast to the latter, in a defined and therefore reproducible way.
Covalent Linkage of Streptokinase to Recombinant Hirudin: A Novel Thrombolytic Agent with Antithrombotic Properties (1994)

In a continuing effort to create an agent which has both thrombolytic and antithrombotic properties, streptokinase (SK) was covalently bound to the potent antithrombin agent recombinant hirudin (rHir). Linkage of SK to 125I-rHir was accomplished via heterobifunctional crosslinkers in an average molar ratio of 1:1. The 125I-rHir-SK complex was purified from starting components by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The major band containing covalently bound 125I-rHir had a molecular weight of 53 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Biologic activity of each component was then assayed utilizing the chromogenic substrate for each compound. Complex bound 125I-rHir exhibited a 1.2 fold decrease in thrombin inhibition when compared to concentrations of 125I-rHir greater than 3.13 nM. Complex bound 125I-SK, replacing the 125I label on rHir, displayed a 7.9-fold loss in plasminogen activation when compared to 125I-SK. These chromogenic assay results were not adversely altered in the presence of the converse compound's substrate. The 125I-SK-rHir complex (examined at various concentrations) also demonstrated a 0.17- to 17-fold greater affinity for thrombin immobilized onto Sepharose beads as compared to 125I-SK. These findings indicate the rHir-SK complex maintained both thrombolytic and antithrombin properties while also obtaining affinity for immobilized thrombin.
Rigorous three-dimensional time-domain finite-difference electromagnetic simulation for photolithographic applications (1995)

The parallel electromagnetic simulation program TEMPEST has been generalized to analyze three-dimensional problems in photolithography. TEMPEST, which has been made available on the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, combines together techniques for rigorous simulation of electromagnetic scattering and diffraction, a novel and efficient absorbing boundary condition, and synthesis of partially coherent images including the effects of optical system aberrations. The electromagnetic solution is based on the time-domain finite difference method, but exploits the power of parallel computer architectures. Equations suitable for parallel implementation are given. Simulation time is fifteen to twenty minutes with 64 M simulation nodes on a CM-5 with 512 nodes and 16 GBytes of memory. The usefulness and effectiveness of the program for photolithographic applications are demonstrated by considering problems in projection printing of polarization and transmission effects in contact holes, and reflective notching which causes undesired exposure in photoresists.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Specific (2016)

From 1967 onwards, a number of documents prepared by the IUPAC/C-QUCC and IFCC/C-QU (from 1996-01-01 C-NPU), with input from many clinical laboratory scientists worldwide, and consistent with standards promulgated by authoritative international scientific organisations, have been published. Because of the importance of a consistent terminology in clinical chemistry and because these documents are often published in journals that may not be readily accessible, the C-NPU has prepared a glossary containing those terms considered of particular interest to the clinical chemistry and clinical laboratory science communities. The glossary has been compiled from definitions taken from published documents of the C-NPU. Also it contains a number of terms, and their definitions, considered relevant to the practice of clinical chemistry, taken from the official documents of other commissions of IUPAC and of international scientific organisations such as the International Organisation for Standardisation, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology.
Association of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism with hippocampus volumes in drug-free depressed patients (2010)

Val homozygote genotype may serve as a vulnerability factor in MDD regarding hippocampal volume loss. This finding can be considered as a supportive evidence for the neurotrophic factor hypothesis of depression.
The Survival of Motor Neurons Protein Determines the Capacity for snRNP Assembly: Biochemical Deficiency in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2005)

Reduction of the survival of motor neurons (SMN) protein levels causes the motor neuron degenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy, the severity of which correlates with the extent of reduction in SMN. SMN, together with Gemins 2 to 7, forms a complex that functions in the assembly of small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs). Complete depletion of the SMN complex from cell extracts abolishes snRNP assembly, the formation of heptameric Sm cores on snRNAs. However, what effect, if any, reduction of SMN protein levels, as occurs in spinal muscular atrophy patients, has on the capacity of cells to produce snRNPs is not known. To address this, we developed a sensitive and quantitative assay for snRNP assembly, the formation of high-salt- and heparin-resistant stable Sm cores, that is strictly dependent on the SMN complex. We show that the extent of Sm core assembly is directly proportional to the amount of SMN protein in cell extracts. Consistent with this, pulse-labeling experiments demonstrate a significant reduction in the rate of snRNP biogenesis in low-SMN cells. Furthermore, extracts of cells from spinal muscular atrophy patients have a lower capacity for snRNP assembly that corresponds directly to the reduced amount of SMN. Thus, SMN determines the capacity for snRNP biogenesis, and our findings provide evidence for a measurable deficiency in a biochemical activity in cells from patients with spinal muscular atrophy.
Subcutaneous tri‐block copolymer produces recovery from spinal cord injury (2004)

We have studied the ability of nonionic detergents and hydrophilic polymers to seal permeabilized membranes of damaged cells, rescuing them from progressive dissolution, degeneration, and death. We report that a single subcutaneous injection of the tri-block copolymer, Poloxamer 188 (P188) 6 hr after a severe compression of the adult guinea pig spinal cord is able to: (1). preserve the anatomic integrity of the cord; (2). produce a rapid recovery of nerve impulse conduction through the lesion; and (3). produce a behavioral recovery of a spinal cord dependent long tract spinal cord reflex. These observations stood out against a control group in blinded evaluation. Conduction through the lesion was monitored by stimulating the tibial nerve of the hind limb, and measuring the arrival of evoked potentials at the contralateral sensory cortex of the brain (somatosensory evoked potentials; SSEP). Behavioral recovery was determined by a return of sensitivity of formerly areflexic receptive fields of the cutaneous trunchi muscle (CTM) reflex. This contraction of back skin in response to tactile stimulation is totally dependent on the integrity of an identified bilateral column of ascending long tract axons. A statistically significant recovery of both SSEP conduction through the lesion and the CTM reflex occurred in P188-treated animals compared to vehicle-treated controls. Quantitative 3D computer reconstruction of the lesioned vertebral segment of spinal cord revealed a statistically significant sparing of spinal cord parenchyma and a significant reduction in cavitation of the spinal cord compared to control animals We determined that the proportion of P188-treated animals that recovered evoked potentials were nearly identical to that produced by a subcutaneous injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG). In contrast, P188 was not as effective as PEG in producing a recovery of CTM functioning. We discuss the likely differences in the mechanisms of action of these two polymers, and the possibilities inherent in a combined treatment.
Comparative kinetic analysis of two fungal β-glucosidases (2010)

This article provides a useful comparison between the activity of beta-glucosidases from two different fungi, and shows the importance of fully characterizing both enzymes. A Michaelis-Menten model was developed, including glucose inhibition and kinetic parameters, which were accurately determined and compared. This model can be further integrated into a cellulose hydrolysis model dissociating beta-glucosidase activity from that of other cellulases. It can also help to define the optimal enzymatic cocktails for new beta-glucosidase activities.
The presence of an autologous marrow stromal cell layer increases glucocerebrosidase gene transduction of long-term culture initiating cells (LTCICs) from the bone marrow of a patient with Gaucher disease. (1995)

Gaucher disease is a lysosomal storage disorder resulting form deficiency of the acid beta-glucosidase, glucocerebrosidase (GC). Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation has been beneficial in the treatment of Gaucher patients. Therefore, this disorder may be an ideal candidate for gene therapy by GC gene transduction of hematopoietic stem cells. We sought to increase the extent of gene transfer into CD34+ cells from the marrow of a Gaucher patient using G1GC, a simple retroviral vector containing a normal human GC cDNA. The ability of autologous stromal support and recombinant cytokines to increase the extent of transduction of colony-forming-cells (CFCs) and long-term culture initiating cells (LTCICs) was assessed. The presence of a stromal layer significantly increased the extent of GC gene transfer into 14-day CFCs, as determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of individual colonies (18.8% with stroma versus 5% without, P < 0.001). Stromal support also increased the extent of transduction of LTCICs (10% with stroma versus 0.83% without, P < 0.001). Non-adherent cells from long-term bone marrow cultures initiated with CD34+ progenitors transduced on autologous stroma had higher levels of GC enzyme activity than cultures initiated with cells transduced without stroma. The percentage of cells which were GC positive by immunohistochemistry was also increased (21.1% with stroma versus 2.7% without, P = 0.0003). The addition of cytokines (IL-3, IL-6 and Steel factor) to the transduction, in the presence of stroma, significantly increased the extent of gene transfer into CFCs but not LTCICs. These studies indicate that the GC gene can be effectively transduced into LTCICs by retroviral vectors in the presence of stroma at levels significant for clinical gene therapy trials in patients with Gaucher disease.
The Effect of Insulinlike Growth Factor I on Wound Healing Variables and Macrophages in Rats (1994)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To assess the effect of insulinlike growth factor I (IGF-I) depletion and restoration on the number of wound macrophages and wound healing variables. <h3>Design:</h3> Fourteen-day, placebo-controlled trial. <h3>Setting:</h3> Animal research laboratory. <h3>Study Participants:</h3> Sham-operated and hypophysectomized healthy male rats weighing 300 g. <h3>Intervention:</h3> Random assignment to a 14-day IGF-I (10 μg per wound per day) or placebo infusion directly into standardized Hunt-Schilling dorsal wound chambers. <h3>Main Outcome Measures:</h3> Wound healing variables (dry tissue weight, total protein, DNA, and hydroxyproline content), and number and concentration of wound macrophages. <h3>Results:</h3> The IGF-I depletion in hypophysectomized rats decreased wound protein, DNA, and hydroxyproline content of wounds by 50%, and IGF-I infusion returned these variables to near that of sham-operated rats. Wound macrophage concentrations decreased by 50% from control in the IGF-I depleted rats and increased to 75% of control with IGF-I infusion. <h3>Conclusion:</h3> Insulinlike growth factor I may have a fundamental role in wound healing and may exert part of its stimulatory effect through macrophages. Although an independent effect of hypophysectomy on macrophages and collagen deposition is not excluded, we believe it is unlikely given the return to normal values with IGF-I infusion. (Arch Surg. 1994;129:262-265)
Caged cysteine and thiophosphoryl peptides (1997)

Photoreleasable molecules are important in studies of various biological phenomena, especially cell signaling. Here we report a generally applicable approach for 'caging' unprotected cysteine-containing or thiophosphorylated peptides in aqueous solution with 2-nitrobenzyl bromides. Photolysis of the caged peptides was achieved with near UV light with product quantum efficiencies of 0.064-0.62 under conditions that produced no damage to attendant biological macromolecules. Yields of uncaged peptides were 55-70%. Selective reaction of the side-chain of thiophosphoryl serine with 2-nitrobenzyl bromide in the presence of a cysteinyl residue was also demonstrated, establishing a means for functional caging of various signal transduction proteins without prior modification or mutagenesis.
A Molecular Host Response Assay to Discriminate Between Sepsis and Infection-Negative Systemic Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients: Discovery and Validation in Independent Cohorts (2015)

SeptiCyte Lab is a rapid molecular assay that may be clinically useful in managing ICU patients with systemic inflammation. Further study in population-based cohorts is needed to validate this assay for clinical use.
Effects of Salts on the Initial Thermal Degradation of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Sucrose1 (1996)

Abstract The effects of salts and other solutes on the degradation of highly pure sucrose in concentrated aqueous solutions (∼65°Brix or % dissolved solids) at 100°C were investigated. Polarimetry and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (ICIPAD) were used to quantify sucrose degradation. Pseudo-first order kinetic constants of initial degradation rates were calculated. Salt and solute effects were first considered with relation to their effect on water structure around the sucrose molecule. Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, which act to enhance water structure, slightly increased initial degradation; the latter two ions significantly increased subsequent accelerated degradation. Highly charged, small cations, e.g., Al3+, significantly increased sucrose degradation through polarized hydrated ions/acidic pH effects. Larger cations, e.g., K+, which act to reduce water structure, significantly increased degradation. The Hofmeister (lyotropic) anion order was not followed for sucrose thermal degradation effects, which indicated that anion binding to hydrophobic sites on the sucrose molecule is not critical. Other possible mechanisms of salt-induced sucrose thermal degradation are discussed.
Virulent human strains of group G streptococci express a C5a peptidase enzyme similar to that produced by group A streptococci (1991)

Specific proteolytic destruction of the human chemotaxin, C5a, is a property of group A and B streptococcal pathogens. Here we show that virulent group G streptococci from human sources also express C5a peptidase activity. The enzyme responsible for this activity is approximately the same size as and is antigenically similar to that produced by group A streptococci. On the basis of Southern hybridization analysis with an internal fragment of the group A C5a peptidase gene (scpA) as a probe, a copy of this gene was found in the genome of all group G human isolates tested. Comparison of partial restriction maps of scpA and scpG revealed significant similarity between the two genes. Group G strains isolated from dogs and cows were found to lack C5a peptidase activity and did not hybridize to the scpA-specific probe. The association of this activity with three streptococcal species suggests that elimination of phagocyte chemotactic attractants is a more universal virulence mechanism than originally anticipated.
Vectors and delivery systems in gene therapy. (2005)

Gene therapy provides modern medicine with new perspectives that were unthinkable two decades ago. Progress in molecular biology and, especially, molecular medicine is now changing the basics of clinical medicine. Reports of long-term side effects of the first successful human gene therapy study have slowed the penetration of DNA usage into clinical routine. However, the main safety problem lies in the secure and efficient delivery of genes into target cells and tissues. A number of older and more recently discovered techniques have been developed for therapeutic gene transfer. A variety of viral and non-viral possibilities are available for basic and clinical research. This review summarizes the delivery routes and methods for gene transfer used in gene therapy. The best known are viral vectors derived from adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. Specific properties of lentiviruses and retroviruses ensure their status in current gene therapy procedures. Recent advances in the preparation of lipoplexes and greater safety support the use of naked DNA transfer. The latest approach, using bacteria as vectors for gene therapy or as in situ producers of therapeutic proteins (alternative gene therapy), must undergo critical evaluation in further experiments.
ICT의 효율적 적용을 위한 지원 방안 (2001)

최근의 발달된 정보통신기술과 정부 주도로 진행된 ‘교육정보화사업’ 및 ‘교단선진화사업’의 결과 초·중등학교에는 전산망 구축과 이에 맞는 멀티미디어 기자재의 보급으로 인해 교육의 물리적인 환경이 첨단 공학화 되고있다. 따라서 일반교육현장에서는 이러한 디지털인프라를 효과적으로 적용하기 위한 방안으로 정보통신기술(ICT)활용 교육이 강조되고 있다. 그러나 특수교육현장에서는 디지털 교수·학습 환경이 특수교육대상자의 욕구와 장애영역별 특성이 고려되지 못한 체, 일반교육과 거의 동일한 형태로 제공되었기 때문에 ICT활용 교육이 활성화되지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 특수교육현장에서 첨단교육공학 인프라를 효율적으로 활용하기 위해서는 ICT교육과 ‘접근권’을 보장하는 보조공학기기의 지원이 절실히 필요하다. 따라서 본 고에서는 이에 대한 국가차원의 지원방안과 특수교육이 중심적으로 이루어지는 특수학교에서의 학교장과 교사가 해야 할 역할과 지원방안을 구체적인 활용예시와 함께 살펴보았다.
Fundamentals of testability-a tutorial (1989)

A review is presented of electrical testing, failure mechanisms, fault models, fault simulation, testability analysis, and test-generation methods for CMOS VLSI circuits. The relationships between the most commonly used fault models are explored. Various fault simulation methods are contrasted. The basic mechanisms used in test-vector generation are illustrated by examples. The importance of testability analysis as a guide to design and test generation is discussed. Algorithms for automatic test-pattern generation are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>