gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of adrenal function by low-dose prednisone: assessment with 24-hour urinary steroid hormone profiles--a review of five cases. (2006)

The impact of the synthetic glucocorticoid prednisone on adrenal steroid hormone production was examined using 24-hour urinary steroid hormone profiling. Five women, who were chronically taking low-dose prednisone, were tested, and the relevant literature was reviewed. As expected, adrenal glucocorticoid production, measured by urinary terminal cortisol and cortisone metabolites, was markedly suppressed compared to reference range values (p=0.03). Urinary cortisol and cortisone, reflecting circulating glucocorticoids, were decreased to a lesser extent than their terminal metabolites. Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) excretion was dramatically suppressed (p=0.03), while the downstream androgen metabolites androsterone and etiocholanolone were suppressed to a lesser extent. Aldosterone and tetrahydrocorticosterone production demonstrated modest suppression after prednisone administration, but allo-tetrahydrocorticosterone, which is highly sensitive to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion, was suppressed to a greater extent. Prednisone administration results in a decrease in ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, suppressing synthesis of glucocorticoids, DHEA, and DHEA metabolites. Decreased glucocorticoid synthesis is adaptive, because prednisone is active at the glucocorticoid receptor, but suppression of DHEA synthesis is not mitigated by prednisone. DHEA is an important sex hormone precursor, neurosteroid, and endocrine and immune modulator; therefore, DHEA depletion may have significant adverse consequences in terms of sex hormone production, bone health, endocrine and immune system function, and neuropsychiatric status. Studies of DHEA replacement in patients taking prednisone for lupus demonstrate amelioration of some of these adverse effects.
A systems-science-based knowledge explanation method (2001)

Systems Science principles are the universal fundamental philosophical principles for analyzing, understanding, reforming and perfecting the objective world. This paper presents a Systems-Science-Based Knowledge Model (SSBKM) to establish a more general knowledge structure model. It can be regarded as a development of frame representation for discovering and constructing slot structures as well as the frame structures. With this model the paper also presents a System-Sciences-Based Object-Oriented Analysis method (SSBOOA), which is a strategy to find and determine object classes and class structures, the relations between object instances of different classes, not to just explain classes. Finally, the paper illustrates knowledge analysis and computerizing (synthesizing) steps in an example of SSBKM of cognitive psychology-based CAI Network for Teaching Middle School Mathematics.
Early Therapy Evaluation of Combined Anti–Death Receptor 5 Antibody and Gemcitabine in Orthotopic Pancreatic Tumor Xenografts by Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2008)

Early therapeutic efficacy of anti-death receptor 5 antibody (TRA-8) combined with gemcitabine was measured using diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) in an orthotopic pancreatic tumor model. Groups 1 to 4 of severe combined immunodeficient mice (n = 5-7 per group) bearing orthotopically implanted, luciferase-positive human pancreatic tumors (MIA PaCa-2) were subsequently (4-5 weeks thereafter) injected with saline (control), gemcitabine (120 mg/kg), TRA-8 (200 mug), or TRA-8 combined with gemcitabine, respectively, on day 0. DWI, anatomic magnetic resonance imaging, and bioluminescence imaging were done on days 0, 1, 2, and 3 after treatment. Three tumors from each group were collected randomly on day 3 after imaging, and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling staining was done to quantify apoptotic cellularity. At just 1 day after starting therapy, the changes of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in tumor regions for group 3 (TRA-8) and group 4 (TRA-8/Gem) were 21 +/- 9% (mean +/- SE) and 27 +/- 3%, respectively, significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of group 1 (-1 +/- 5%) and group 2 (-2 +/- 4%). There was no statistical difference in tumor volumes for the groups at this time. The mean ADC values of groups 2 to 4 gradually increased over 3 days, which were concurrent with tumor volume regressions and bioluminescence signal decreases. Apoptotic cell densities of tumors in groups 1 to 4 were 0.7 +/- 0.4%, 0.6 +/- 0.2%, 3.1 +/- 0.9%, and 4.7 +/- 1.0%, respectively, linearly proportional to the ADC changes on day 1. Further, the ADC changes were highly correlated with the previously reported mean survival times of animals treated with the same agents and doses. This study supports the clinical use of DWI for pancreatic tumor patients for early assessment of drug efficacy.
Novel dermatologic uses of the immune response modifier imiquimod 5% cream. (2002)

Imiquimod is the first of a new class of drugs to emerge in the treatment of various dermatologic disorders. As an immune response modifier, it has been shown to have potent antiviral and antitumor properties through the stimulation of innate and cell mediated immune pathways. It is currently approved for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, but has also been found to be an effective treatment for a host of other virus-associated dermatologic lesions, including common and flat warts, molluscum contagiosum and herpes simples 2. Oncological lesions showing improvement with the use of imiquimod include basal cell carcinoma, actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, malignant melanoma, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and cutaneous extramammary Paget's disease. Recent case studies have also found this product to be effective for treating keloids, infantile hemangiomas, porokeratosis of Mibelli, leishmanisis, and tattoo removal. This extensive array of disorders treated successfully with imiquimod warrants further study of this novel and valuable drug.
Pulmonary hemodynamics modify the rat pulmonary artery response to injury. A neointimal model of pulmonary hypertension. (1997)

Hemodynamic factors have profound influences on blood vessels. To test the hypothesis that hemodynamic conditions modify the pattern of remodeling in response to injury, monocrotaline (MCT) injury in Sprague-Dawley rats was followed 1 week later by left pneumonectomy to increase blood flow to the right lung. Right pulmonary artery remodeling in these MCT plus pneumonectomy animals was compared with animals receiving MCT or pneumonectomy alone. Neointimal changes developed in more than 90% of all right lung intra-acinar vessels 5 weeks after MCT injury (4 weeks after pneumonectomy). Neointimal lesions did not develop in untreated animals or in animals receiving MCT or pneumonectomy only. Animals with a neointimal pattern of remodeling developed severe right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) whereas animals with a medial hypertrophy pattern of remodeling (MCT only) developed moderate RVH compared with control animals. Neointimal lesions and RVH were similar whether injury preceded pneumonectomy or vice versa. To exclude the possibility that neointimal lesions resulted from injury plus post-pneumonectomy compensatory lung growth, rather than injury plus increased flow, a left subclavian-pulmonary artery anastomosis was substituted for pneumonectomy. Neointimal lesions and severe RVH developed in these animals but were not seen in animals receiving either MCT or anastomosis only. These studies demonstrate an important role for hemodynamics in determining the pattern of pulmonary vascular remodeling after injury.
On‐line coupling of SPE and CE‐MS for peptide analysis (2007)

An on-line SPE-CE-MS system has been developed for the analysis of peptides. Analytes are preconcentrated using a C(18) microcolumn (5 x 0.5 mm id), and then introduced into the CE system via a valve interface. The CE system with a Polybrene-poly(vinylsulfonate) bilayer coated capillary is combined with an ion-trap mass spectrometer via ESI using a coaxial sheath-liquid sprayer. The on-line coupling of the SPE and CE step by the valve interface is advantageous because it allows an independent functioning of the system parts. Optimization of the SPE-CE system was performed using UV detection. Subsequently, the SPE-CE system has been coupled to the ion-trap mass spectrometer. Test solutions with enkephalin peptides (50 ng/mL) were used for evaluation of system performance. Repeatability of effective mobility and peak area ratio of the two enkephalins were within 1.2% and 9% RSD, respectively. The analysis of 1:1 v/v diluted cerebrospinal fluid samples spiked with enkephalin peptides showed detection limits (S/N = 3) in the range of 1.5-3 ng/mL (around 5 nM), which were similar to those obtained for enkephalin test solutions. Moreover, the potential of the on-line SPE-CE-MS system was demonstrated by the analysis of a cytochrome C digest. Some hydrophilic peptides did not show sufficient retention on the SPE column, and were lost during preconcentration. Nonetheless, positive identification of the protein was achieved, indicating the feasibility of the system for proteomics.
Highly efficient transfection of mammalian cells by electric field pulses (1992)

We have transfected mammalian cells with plasmid DNA by application of electric pulses. Chinese hamster ovary cells were chosen as a model in order to study and to optimize the transfection protocol. A plasmid carrying the gene coding for beta-galactosidase activity was used to determine transient expression of the electrotransferred activity at the cell level. Optimum transient expression for cells in suspension was obtained by application of 10 square wave pulses of 5-ms duration and 0.6-kV/cm intensity. Under the best conditions, transfection frequencies as high as 50-60% could be obtained and appeared to be highly dependent on the age of the cell culture. The method was applicable to plated cells growing in a petri dish or on microcarriers. The possibility of extension of the technique to large volumes of cells is presented. A flow system, composed of a peristaltic pump connected to the electropulser chamber, allowed large volumes of cells to be treated with flow rates in the order of several milliliters/minute. Transfection frequencies for the large volumes were 25% for cells in suspension and 35% for cells on microcarriers. These results open new perspectives in large-scale transfection technology of cells however they are grown.
TREM-2 serves as a negative immune regulator through Syk pathway in an IL-10 dependent manner in lung cancer (2016)

During infection, triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) restrains dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (MΦs) phagocytosis, as well as reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines release through DNAX-activation protein 12 (DAP12) signaling. However, the role of TREM-2 signaling in cancer has never been elucidated. In the current study, we found that TREM-2 was up-regulated on peripheral blood monocytes in tumor-bearing host. More TREM-2+DCs were detected in the lung of 3LL tumor-bearing mice. On the other hand, the level of TREM-2 on pulmonary MΦs positively correlated with the pathological staging of lung cancer. However, surgical or chemotherapeutic reduction of tumor burden led to the obvious decline of TREM-2. In vitro, TREM-2 expression of bone marrow (BM)-derived DCs and MΦs was induced by conditional medium (CM) containing the supernatant of 3LL cells. TREM-2+DCs from CM and/or tumor-bearing mice held altered phenotypes (CD80LowCD86LowMHCIILow) and impaired functions, such as, reduced interleukin (IL)-12 secretion, increased IL-10 production, and weakened ovalbumin (OVA)-endocytic capacity; also developed potent inhibitory effect on T cell proliferation that could be partially reversed by TREM-2 blockage. Moreover, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor restrained IL-10 production of TREM-2+DC. Remarkably, IL-10 neutralizing antibody and Syk inhibitor both lowered the suppressive potential of TREM-2+DCs in T cell proliferation. Also, adoptive transfer of this TREM-2+DCs accelerated the tumor growth rather than jeopardized survival in lung cancer-bearing mice. In conclusion, these results indicate that TREM-2 might act as a negative immuno-regulatory molecule through Syk pathway in an IL-10 dependent manner and partially predicts prognosis in lung cancer patients.
Quantitative evaluation of all hexamers as exonic splicing elements (2011)

We describe a comprehensive quantitative measure of the splicing impact of a complete set of RNA 6-mer sequences by deep sequencing successfully spliced transcripts. All 4096 6-mers were substituted at five positions within two different internal exons in a 3-exon minigene, and millions of successfully spliced transcripts were sequenced after transfection of human cells. The results allowed the assignment of a relative splicing strength score to each mutant molecule. The effect of 6-mers on splicing often depended on their location; much of this context effect could be ascribed to the creation of different overlapping sequences at each site. Taking these overlaps into account, the splicing effect of each 6-mer could be quantified, and 6-mers could be designated as enhancers (ESEseqs) and silencers (ESSseqs), with an ESRseq score indicating their strength. Some 6-mers exhibited positional bias relative to the two splice sites. The distribution and conservation of these ESRseqs in and around human exons supported their classification. Predicted RNA secondary structure effects were also seen: Effective enhancers, silencers and 3' splice sites tend to be single stranded, and effective 5' splice sites tend to be double stranded. 6-mers that may form positive or negative synergy with another were also identified. Chromatin structure may also influence the splicing enhancement observed, as a good correspondence was found between splicing performance and the predicted nucleosome occupancy scores of 6-mers. This approach may prove of general use in defining nucleic acid regulatory motifs, substitute for functional SELEX in most cases, and provide insights about splicing mechanisms.
Synthetic nucleases for genome engineering in plants: prospects for a bright future (2013)

By inducing double-strand breaks (DSB), it is possible to initiate DNA recombination. For a long time, it was not possible to use DSB induction for efficient genome engineering due to the lack of a means to target DSBs to specific sites. This limitation was overcome by development of modified meganucleases and synthetic DNA-binding domains. Domains derived from zinc-finger transcription factors or transcription activator-like effectors may be designed to recognize almost any DNA sequence. By fusing these domains to the endonuclease domains of a class II restriction enzyme, an active endonuclease dimer may be formed that introduces a site-specific DSB. Recent studies demonstrate that gene knockouts via non-homologous end joining or gene modification via homologous recombination are becoming routine in many plant species. By creating a single genomic DSB, complete knockout of a gene, sequence-specific integration of foreign DNA or subtle modification of individual amino acids in a specific protein domain may be achieved. The induction of two or more DSBs allows complex genomic rearrangements such as deletions, inversions or the exchange of chromosome arms. The potential for controlled genome engineering in plants is tremendous. The recently discovered RNA-based CRISPR/Cas system, a new tool to induce multiple DSBs, and sophisticated technical applications, such as the in planta gene targeting system, are further steps in this development. At present, the focus remains on engineering of single genes; in the future, engineering of whole genomes will become an option.
Concatenated codes Technical report 440 (1965)

Concatenation is a method of building long codes out of shorter ones; it attempts t o meet the problem of decoding complexity by breaking the required computation into manageable segments.We present theoretical and computational results bearing on the efficiency and complexity of concatenated codes; the major theoretical results a r e the following :1. Concatenation of an arbitrarily large number of codes can yield a probability of e r r o r that decreases exponentially with the over-all block length, while the decoding comtdexity increases only algebraically ; and This approach illuminates the special power and usefulness of the class of Reed-Solomon codes.We give an original presentation of their structure and properties, from which we derive the properties of all BCH codes; we determine their weight distribution] and consider in detail the implementation of their decoding algorithm, which we have extended to correct both e r a s u r e s and e r r o r s and have otherwise improved.W e show that on a particularly suitable channel, RS codes can achieve the performance specified by the coding theorem.Finally, we present a generalization of the use of e r a s u r e s in minimum-distance decoding] and discuss the appropriate decoding techniques, which constitute a n interesting hybrid between decoding and detection.
an experimental study using unsupervised similarity measures (2012)

We present the approach we took for our participation to the WMT12 Quality Estimation Shared Task: our main goal is to achieve reasonably good results without appeal to supervised learning. We have used various similarity measures and also an external resource (Google N -grams). Details of results clarify the interest of such an approach.
Cavity-Enhanced IR Absorption in Planar Chalcogenide Glass Microdisk Resonators: Experiment and Analysis (2009)

Planar microdisk optical resonators fabricated from Ge <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">23</sub> Sb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sub> S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">70</sub> chalcogenide glass on a silicon substrate are applied for cavity-enhanced spectroscopic measurement of chemical molecular absorption fingerprint. A 0.02 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">- 1</sup> detection limit for these devices is demonstrated. This detection limit represents a threefold improvement as compared to a straight waveguide sensor, while the physical device length is reduced by 40-fold. The reduction in device footprint with enhanced sensitivity makes the structure attractive for ldquosensor-on-a-chiprdquo device applications. We also present a design optimization approach for cavity-enhanced IR absorption spectroscopy using traveling-wave resonators, which indicates that further performance improvement can be achieved in optimally coupled, low-loss resonant cavities.
Strongly directed single mode emission from organic electroluminescent diode with a microcavity (1996)

The strongly directed spontaneous emission along the optical axis of an organic electroluminescent (EL) diode with a typical emitting material, tris(8-quinolinolato) aluminum, is realized with a planner microcavity structure. The structure of the microcavity EL diode is designed to have a resonance condition in which the total optical length is 3/2λ and the resonance wavelength λ is located at shorter wavelength side of a natural emission spectrum of a noncavity EL diode.
A InP DHBT technology for high bit-rate optical communications circuits (2002)

High bit-rate optical communication links require high performance circuits. This paper presents a InP Double Heterojunction HBT technology, and circuits fabricated with it: 40 Gbit/s MUX and DMUX, a 20 Gbit/s driver, a 30 Gbit/s selector-driver, a decision-decoding circuit for multilevel transmissions.
The glycotope-specific RAV12 monoclonal antibody induces oncosis in vitro and has antitumor activity against gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma tumor xenografts in vivo (2007)

RAV12 is a chimeric antibody that recognizes an N-linked carbohydrate antigen (RAAG12) strongly expressed on multiple solid organ cancers. More than 90% of tumors of colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic origin express RAAG12, and a majority of these tumors exhibit uniform RAAG12 expression. RAV12 exhibits potent cytotoxic activity in vitro against COLO 205 colon tumor cells via an oncotic cell death mechanism. RAV12-treated COLO 205 cells undergo morphologic changes consistent with oncosis, including cytoskeletal rearrangement, rapid plasma membrane swelling, and cell lysis. RAV12 inhibited the growth of RAAG12-expressing gastrointestinal tumor xenografts in athymic mice. In the case of SNU-16 tumor cells, twice weekly treatment of established s.c. tumors with 10 mg/kg RAV12 caused a approximately 70% suppression of tumor growth at the end of the study. This preclinical data has led to the initiation of a phase I/IIA clinical study of RAV12 in patients with metastatic or recurrent adenocarcinoma.
Serotypes and Electropherotypes of Human Rotavirus in the USA: 1987-1989 (1990)

The epidemiology of rotavirus gastroenteritis was investigated for two consecutive seasons (1987-1988 and 1988-1989) in seven locales in the continental USA. The 281 representative fecal samples obtained from children with diarrhea were electropherotyped and serotyped by an enzyme immunoassay with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies and a new amplification typing technique (polymerase chain reaction typing). Serotype 1 was predominant in both years, particularly in the North and East; serotype 3 was second in frequency and found most often in the South; serotype 2 was detected only occasionally; serotypes 4, 8, and 9 were never found. Rotavirus strains were grouped into five major electropherotypes, each corresponded to a single serotype, and the relative migration of the gene segments 7-9 could be used to distinguish serotype 1 from serotype 3. The amplification typing technique proved to be of great value in typing the 17% of rotavirus-positive specimens untypable by the serologic technique.
Efficacy of a toxicity-adjusted topotecan therapy in recurrent small cell lung cancer (2006)

The present prospective multicentre trial investigated whether topotecan, given at a starting dose of 1.25 mg.m(-2) with individual dose adjustment, can improve safety in patients with relapsed/refractory small cell lung cancer without loss of efficacy. Patients received topotecan intravenously on days 1-5, every 21 days, for up to six courses. In the absence of relevant haematotoxicities, topotecan was increased to 1.5 mg.m(-2) and reduced to 1.0 mg.m(-2) in case of severe haematotoxicities. Of 170 recruited patients, 73.2% had stage IV disease and 63.4% had platinum-containing pre-treatment. Patients received a total of 521 courses. In 72.6% of those courses, the dose remained at 1.25 mg.m(-2); in 9.1% it was reduced and in 18.3% it increased. Overall response rate was 14.1% including one complete response; 28.8% had stable disease. Median duration of response was 13.6 weeks and median survival was 23.4 weeks. Clinical benefit was obvious for sensitive as well as for refractory patients. Haematotoxicity of grade 3 or 4 was clearly lower compared with the standard dose of 1.5 mg.m(-2). In conclusion, topotecan at a dose of 1.25 mg.m(-2) appears to be as effective as the dose of 1.5 mg.m(-2), but with reduced toxicity. Since patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer have a poor prognosis, they benefit especially from good tolerability.
Buried heterostructure quantum cascade lasers with a large optical cavity waveguide (2000)

We report the fabrication and characterization of buried heterostructure quantum cascade (BH-QC) lasers formed by selective lateral regrowth of InP on the laser ridge by metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). A fivefold improvement in maximum average power (up to 10 mW) and a twofold improvement in maximum operation duty cycle (up to 17%) are measured at 273 K and are attributed to lower lateral waveguide losses and a better heat dissipation.