gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Radix-2 Non-Restoring 32-b/32-b Ring Divider with Asynchronous Control Scheme (1999)

Division operation is very important in the computer system. Nowadays people use a hardware module─divider to implement the division algorithm. Conventionally synchronous techniques are applied to implement the divider. The synchronous systems always need system clock signals to trigger the system. However, the system clock of the synchronous system may cause some problems, such as clock skew, dynamic power consumption, ..., etc. Compared to synchronous systems, asynchronous circuits do not need system clock signals and thus the asynchronous system does not have the shortcomings mentioned above. Here we will propose a new asynchronous architecture for the divider. In this asynchronous scheme, the architecture is of simplicity and is very easy for the VLSI implementation. By this asynchronous architecture, we use TSMC’s 0.6um SPDM process to design a 32-b/32-b radix-2 non-restoring divider and the spice simulation proves it works. The HSPICE simulation shows that it can finish a 32-b/32-b division in between 3.7ns to 160.2ns.
Characteristics of rare-earth element erbium implanted in silicon (1989)

Rare-earth element erbium implanted into silicon was studied by photoluminescence and Rutherford backscattering analysis. Two sets of luminescent bands related to the weakly crystal field split spin-orbit levels 4I13/2→4I15/2 of Er 3+ (4f 11) at different lattice sites having different symmetries were observed.
Homodimeric θ-Defensins from Rhesus macaqueLeukocytes (2002)

Rhesus theta-defensin 1 (RTD-1) is a unique tridisulfide, cyclic antimicrobial peptide formed by the ligation of two 9-residue sequences derived from heterodimeric splicing of similar 76-amino acid, alpha-defensin-related precursors, termed RTD1a and RTD1b (Tang, Y. Q., Yuan, J., Osapay, G., Osapay, K., Tran, D., Miller, C. J., Ouellette, A. J., and Selsted, M. E. (1999) Science 286, 498-502). The structures of RTD-2 and RTD-3 were predicted to exist if homodimeric splicing of the RTD1a and RTD1b occurs in vivo. Western blotting disclosed the presence of putative theta-defensins, distinct from RTD-1, in leukocyte extracts. Two new theta-defensins, RTD-2 and RTD-3, were purified by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy, and comparison to the synthetic standards. RTD-2 and RTD-3 are the predicted homodimeric splicing products of RTD1b and RTD1a, respectively. The cellular abundances of RTD-1, -2, and -3 were 29:1:2, indicating that there is a preference for the heterodimeric ligation that generates RTD-1. RTD-1, -2, and -3 had similar antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans, whereas the activity of RTD-2 against Escherichia coli was 2-3-fold less than those of RTD-1 and RTD-3. Equal amounts of each theta-defensin bound to E. coli cells, indicating that the differences in antibacterial activities are the result of post-binding processes.
Semi-blind image restoration via Mumford-Shah regularization (2006)

Image restoration and segmentation are both classical problems, that are known to be difficult and have attracted major research efforts. This paper shows that the two problems are tightly coupled and can be successfully solved together. Mutual support of image restoration and segmentation processes within a joint variational framework is theoretically motivated, and validated by successful experimental results. The proposed variational method integrates semi-blind image deconvolution (parametric blur-kernel), and Mumford-Shah segmentation. The functional is formulated using the T-convergence approximation and is iteratively optimized via the alternate minimization method. While the major novelty of this work is in the unified treatment of the semi-blind restoration and segmentation problems, the important special case of known blur is also considered and promising results are obtained.
Stromal Cell-Derived Factor-1/CXCL12 Contributes to MMTV-Wnt1 Tumor Growth Involving Gr1+CD11b+ Cells (2010)

We demonstrated that SDF1 is important for Wnt1, but not for HER2, in inducing murine mammary tumor and the role of SDF1 in tumorigenesis involves Gr1(+) myeloid cells to facilitate growth and/or angiogenesis.
Tau-Positive Fine Granules in the Cerebral White Matter: A Novel Finding Among the Tauopathies Exclusive to Parkinsonism-Dementia Complex of Guam (2005)

We examined the autopsied brains of cases of 6 types of tauopathy: parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam (PDC), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), Pick disease, Alzheimer disease (AD), and myotonic dystrophy together with Guamanian controls. Light microscopy sections of these brains were examined using anti-tau antibodies. Tau-positive fine granules (TFGs) were globe-shaped, and 3 to 6 mum in diameter, were observed predominantly in the frontal white matter in 30 of the 35 patients with PDC. However, no TFGs were found in association with PSP, myotonic dystrophy, Pick disease, AD, or CBD. Western blot analysis of frozen brain tissue taken from the PDC cases revealed that the frontal cortex was hyperphosphorylated and contained 6 tau isoforms (3R+4R tau). However, in the present study, it was revealed that the novel TFGs in the white matter of patients with PDC was composed of 4R tau. Western blot analysis of sarkosyl-insoluble tau from the white matter of the PDC cases showed 2 major bands of 60 and 64 kDa and one minor band of 67 kDa. After dephosphorylation, these bands resolved into one major band of 4-repeat (4R) tau isoform and 3 minor bands of 3-repeat (3R) and 4R tau isoforms. Moreover, the TFGs observed in cases in which the number of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) was higher than the threshold level were not correlated with the presence of cortical NFTs. In conclusion, these novel TFGs were found almost exclusively in PDC brains and could therefore be considered as a characteristic neuropathologic marker of this particular tauopathy. The TFGs were hyperphosphorylated tau-positive structures that may be formed by a different mechanism from that used to produce cortical NFTs.
Vaccinia virus-mediated melanin production allows MR and optoacoustic deep tissue imaging and laser-induced thermotherapy of cancer (2013)

We reported earlier the delivery of antiangiogenic single chain antibodies by using oncolytic vaccinia virus strains to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Here, we provide evidence that gene-evoked production of melanin can be used as a therapeutic and diagnostic mediator, as exemplified by insertion of only one or two genes into the genome of an oncolytic vaccinia virus strain. We found that produced melanin is an excellent reporter for optical imaging without addition of substrate. Melanin production also facilitated deep tissue optoacoustic imaging as well as MRI. In addition, melanin was shown to be a suitable target for laser-induced thermotherapy and enhanced oncolytic viral therapy. In conclusion, melanin as a mediator for thermotherapy and reporter for different imaging modalities may soon become a versatile alternative to replace fluorescent proteins also in other biological systems. After ongoing extensive preclinical studies, melanin overproducing oncolytic virus strains might be used in clinical trials in patients with cancer.
Novel 150- and 180-kDa glycoproteins that bind transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 but not TGF-beta 2 are present in several cell lines (1991)

We identified transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta)-binding proteins which are distinct from previously described TGF-beta receptors or TGF-beta-binding proteins. These TGF-beta-binding proteins migrate as 150- and 180-kDa 125I-TGF-beta 1 affinity-labeled complexes which are consistently co-expressed in A549, Mv1Lu, MG-63, and BS-C-1 cells. They differ from the types I, II, and III TGF-beta receptors in their electrophoretic mobilities, their lack of binding to TGF-beta 2, and their failure to undergo the marked down-regulation seen with types I, II, and III receptors following a 16-h incubation with TGF-beta 1. The 150- and 180-kDa TGF-beta-binding proteins also are distinct from the recently described disulfide-linked TGF-beta 1-binding proteins which are present in rat glomeruli. In contrast to the glomerular TGF-beta 1-binding proteins, the electrophoretic mobilities of the 150- and 180-kDa binding proteins are unchanged following reduction. In addition, the 150- and 180-kDa TGF-beta-binding proteins are present in the detergent-rich phase during Triton X-114 phase separation, whereas the glomerular TGF-beta-binding proteins partition exclusively into the detergent-poor phase.
The Inflammatory Cytokines TWEAK and TNFα Reduce Renal Klotho Expression through NFκB (2011)

Proinflammatory cytokines contribute to renal injury, but the downstream effectors within kidney cells are not well understood. One candidate effector is Klotho, a protein expressed by renal cells that has antiaging properties; Klotho-deficient mice have an accelerated aging-like phenotype, including vascular injury and renal injury. Whether proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF and TNF-like weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), modulate Klotho is unknown. In mice, exogenous administration of TWEAK decreased expression of Klotho in the kidney. In the setting of acute kidney injury induced by folic acid, the blockade or absence of TWEAK abrogated the injury-related decrease in renal and plasma Klotho levels. TWEAK, TNFα, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of IκBα all activated NFκB and reduced Klotho expression in the MCT tubular cell line. Furthermore, inhibition of NFκB with parthenolide prevented TWEAK- or TNFα-induced downregulation of Klotho. Inhibition of histone deacetylase reversed TWEAK-induced downregulation of Klotho, and chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that TWEAK promotes RelA binding to the Klotho promoter, inducing its deacetylation. In conclusion, inflammatory cytokines, such as TWEAK and TNFα, downregulate Klotho expression through an NFκB-dependent mechanism. These results may partially explain the relationship between inflammation and diseases characterized by accelerated aging of organs, including CKD.
Mannich base derivatives of 3-hydroxy-6- methyl-4H-pyran-4-one with antimicrobial activity (2010)

A series of 3-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-[(substitutedpiperidine-1-yl) methyl]-4H-pyran-4-one structured compounds were synthesized by reacting 5-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one with suitable piperidine derivatives using Mannich reaction conditions. Antibacterial activities of the compounds for E. coli ATCC 25922, S. paratyphi ATCC BAA-1250, S. flexneri ATCC 12022, E. gergoviae ATCC 33426, and M. smegmatis ATCC 14468 were assessed in vitro by the broth dilution method for determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). In addition, their inhibitory effects over DNA gyrase enzyme were evaluated using a DNA gyrase supercoiling assay. All the synthesized compounds showed a MIC value of either 8 or 16 \mu g/mL for M. smegmatis, whereas minimum to moderate activity was achieved for the others. Those tested in the supercoiling assay had at best a very mild inhibition of the enzyme. This series deserves further attention for testing over Mycobacterium species and topoisomerase II inhibition to develop new lead drugs to treat non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
Conservation of Microstructure between a Sequenced Region of the Genome of Rice and Multiple Segments of the Genome of Arabidopsis thaliana (2001)

The nucleotide sequence was determined for a 340-kb segment of rice chromosome 2, revealing 56 putative protein-coding genes. This represents a density of one gene per 6.1 kb, which is higher than was reported for a previously sequenced segment of the rice genome. Sixteen of the putative genes were supported by matches to ESTs. The predicted products of 29 of the putative genes showed similarity to known proteins, and a further 17 genes showed similarity only to predicted or hypothetical proteins identified in genome sequence data. The region contains a few transposable elements: one retrotransposon, and one transposon. The segment of the rice genome studied had previously been identified as representing a part of rice chromosome 2 that may be homologous to a segment of Arabidopsis chromosome 4. We confirmed the conservation of gene content and order between the two genome segments. In addition, we identified a further four segments of the Arabidopsis genome that contain conserved gene content and order. In total, 22 of the 56 genes identified in the rice genome segment were represented in this set of Arabidopsis genome segments, with at least five genes present, in conserved order, in each segment. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that the Arabidopsis genome has undergone multiple duplication events. Our results demonstrate that conservation of the genome microstructure can be identified even between monocot and dicot species. However, the frequent occurrence of duplication, and subsequent microstructure divergence, within plant genomes may necessitate the integration of subsets of genes present in multiple redundant segments to deduce evolutionary relationships and identify orthologous genes.
Effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone infused in a pulsatile or continuous fashion on serum gonadotropin concentrations and ovulation in the mare2 (1992)

Studies were conducted to compare continuous vs pulsatile i.v. infusion of GnRH on serum gonadotropin concentrations and ovulation in seasonally anestrous mares and in cycling mares. Anestrous mares (Exp. 1) received no treatment (control; n = 3), 2, or 20 micrograms of GnRH/h continuous infusion (CI) (n = 4 and n = 6, respectively), or 20 micrograms of GnRH/h pulsatile infusion (PI) (n = 5). After initiation of GnRH infusion, serum LH levels increased earlier, and to a greater extent, in the PI group than in other groups (P less than .05). In contrast, serum FSH concentrations did not differ among groups. The number of days to development of the first 35-mm follicle was not different among GnRH treatment groups; however, mares receiving PI ovulated on d 9.4 of treatment, 2.8 d earlier than those receiving 20 micrograms of GnRH/h CI (P less than .05). Mares given 2 micrograms of GnRH/h CI failed to ovulate spontaneously after 16 d of treatment, but each one ovulated within 2 to 4 d after injection of 2,000 IU of hCG on d 16. Control mares did not ovulate or show any significant follicular development throughout the experiment. Cycling mares (Exp. 2) received no treatment (control; n = 6), 20 micrograms of GnRH/h CI, or 20 micrograms of GnRH/h PI (n = 4) beginning on d 16 of an estrous cycle (d 0 = day of ovulation). Serum LH concentrations in all groups increased after initiation of treatment; however, on the day of ovulation LH concentrations were lower in the CI group than in the PI or control groups (P less than .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
2nd Workshop on Computational Models of Social Interactions (2015)

Communicating ideas and information from and to humans is a very important subject. In our daily life, human interact with variety of entities, such as, other humans, machines, media. Constructive interactions are needed for good communication, which would result in successful outcomes, such as answering a query, learning a new skill, getting a service done, and communicating emotions. Each of these entities invokes a set of signals. Current research has focused on analyzing one entity's signals with no respect to the other entities in a unidirectional manner. The computer vision community focused on detection, classification and recognition of humans and their poses and gestures progressing onto actions, activities, and events but it does not go beyond that. The signal processing community focused on emotion recognition from facial expressions or audio or both combined. The HCI community focused on making easier interfaces for machines to ease their usage. The goal of this workshop is to bring multiple disciplines together, to process human directed signals holistically, in a bidirectional manner, rather than isolation. This workshop is positioned to display this rich domain of applications, which will provide the necessary next boost for these technologies. At the same time, it seeks to ground computational models on theory that would help achieve the technology goals. This would allow us to leverage decades of research in different fields and to spur interdisciplinary research thereby opening up new problem domains for the multimedia community.
Successful heterotransplantation of human endometrium in SCID mice. (1994)

This system in SCID mice may be useful for evaluating drug actions on human endometrium and endometriotic tissues.
Agonist Anti-CD137 mAb Act on Tumor Endothelial Cells to Enhance Recruitment of Activated T Lymphocytes (2011)

Agonist monoclonal antibodies (mAb) to the immune costimulatory molecule CD137, also known as 4-1BB, are presently in clinical trials for cancer treatment on the basis of their costimulatory effects on primed T cells and perhaps other cells of the immune system. Here we provide evidence that CD137 is selectively expressed on the surface of tumor endothelial cells. Hypoxia upregulated CD137 on murine endothelial cells. Treatment of tumor-bearing immunocompromised Rag(-/-) mice with agonist CD137 mAb did not elicit any measurable antiangiogenic effects. In contrast, agonist mAb stimulated tumor endothelial cells, increasing cell surface expression of the adhesion molecules intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1, and E-selectin. When adoptively transferred into mice, activated T lymphocytes derived from CD137-deficient animals entered more avidly into tumor tissue after treatment with agonist mAb. This effect could be neutralized with anti-ICAM-1 and anti-VCAM-1 blocking antibodies. Thus, stimulation of CD137 not only enhanced T-cell activation but also augmented their trafficking into malignant tissue, through direct actions on the blood vessels that irrigate the tumor. Our findings identify an additional mechanism of action that can explain the immunotherapeutic effects of agonist CD137 antibodies.
Homologous recombination in plant cells after Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. (1990)

A single amino-acid change in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) protein of tobacco confers resistance to the herbicide chlorsulfuron. A deleted, nonfunctional fragment from the acetolactate synthase gene, carrying the mutant site specifying chlorsulfuron resistance plus a closely linked novel restriction site marker, was cloned into a binary vector. Tobacco protoplasts transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens carrying this vector yielded chlorsulfuron-resistant colonies. DNA gel blot analysis of DNA from these colonies suggested that in three transformants homologous recombination had occurred between the endogenous ALS gene and the deleted ALS gene present in the incoming T-DNA. Plants were regenerated from these chlorsulfuron-resistant colonies, and in two of the transformants, genetic analysis of their progeny showed that the novel gene segregated as a single Mendelian locus. Possible models for the generation of these recombinant plants are discussed.
Hypertension-induced changes of platelet-derived growth factor receptor expression in rat aorta and heart. (1991)

Hypertension-associated growth of vascular smooth muscle cells might be mediated in vivo by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Our previous investigations in hypertensive rats failed to demonstrate changes in aortic steady-state mRNA levels of PDGF A or B chains. The current studies were performed to determine whether hypertension might affect the expression of PDGF receptors. We studied PDGF alpha- and beta-receptor gene expression by Northern analysis using human and rat cDNA probes. Studies of tissue distribution revealed that PDGF beta-receptor mRNA was most abundant in total aorta and aortic media, whereas the PDGF alpha-receptor mRNA was most abundant in the lung and was expressed at low levels in aortic tissue. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension induced a threefold increase in aortic steady-state PDGF beta-receptor mRNA levels. Aortic PDGF beta-receptor expression also was higher in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) when compared with age-matched normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls. Aortic PDGF alpha-receptor steady-state mRNA levels were unchanged in DOCA-salt hypertension and were expressed at similar levels in WKY rats and SHRs. Unlike the findings with aorta, cardiac PDGF beta- and alpha-receptor and PDGF B-chain expressions were unchanged in the DOCA-salt model and were decreased in SHRs. These findings indicate that hypertension can increase aortic steady-state mRNA levels for PDGF beta-receptor. They also indicate that tissue-specific expression of the genes of the PDGF ligand/receptor system are differentially regulated in hypertension.
Antiviral Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiaeβ‐glucan to Swine Influenza Virus by Increased Production of Interferon‐γ and Nitric Oxide (2004)

The aim of these experiments was to investigate the potential antiviral effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae beta-glucan on the pneumonia induced by swine influenza virus (SIV). Forty colostrum-deprived 5-day-old piglets were randomly divided into four groups of 10. The 20 pigs in groups 1 and 2 were administered Saccharomyces cerevisiae beta-glucan orally (50 mg/day/pig; En-Bio Technology Co., Ltd) for 3 days before SIV infection and those in groups 3 and 4 were given culture medium/diluent alone. Groups 1 and 3 were inoculated intranasally with 3 ml of tissue culture fluid containing 2 x 10(6) tissue culture infective doses 50% (TCID(50))/ml of SIV and those in groups 2 and 4 were exposed in the same manner to uninfected cell culture supernatant. The microscopic lung lesions induced by SIV infection (group 1 pigs) were significantly more severe than those induced by infection in animals pre-administered beta-glucan (group 3) (P < 0.05). Significantly more SIV nucleic acid was detected in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with SIV only (group 1) at 5, 7 and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi) compared with lungs from pigs pre-administered beta-glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) (P < 0.05). The concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and nitric oxide (NO) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from pigs pre-administered beta-glucan and infected with SIV (group 3) were significantly higher than for any other group at 7 and 10 dpi for IFN-gamma, and at 5, 7 and 10 dpi for NO (P < 0.05). Saccharomyces cerevisiae beta-glucan reduced the pulmonary lesion score and viral replication rate in SIV-infected pigs. These findings support the potential application of beta-glucan as prophylactic/treatment agent in influenza virus infection.
Apyrase immobilized on paramagnetic beads used to improve detection limits in bioluminometric ATP monitoring (1994)

A novel technique that is useful for the control of the luminescence output in a bioluminometric assay has been developed. The method relies on the immobilization on paramagnetic beads of an enzyme that is capable of catalysing the hydrolysis or oxidation of the substrate for the luminescence reaction. This technique has been used for control of the level of ATP in the luciferin-luciferase system. Biotinylated apyrase was bound to streptavidin coated paramagnetic beads and added to the assay mixture. The level of ATP in the reaction mixture was then conveniently controlled using an external magnet. The possible use of this approach in other systems, such as the bacterial luciferase-oxidoreductase is discussed.