gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recombinant Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor after Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation for Lymphoid Cancer (1991)

In patients undergoing autologous bone marrow transplantation for lymphoid neoplasia, rhGM-CSF significantly lessens morbidity. Further studies will be required to establish its optimal dosage and schedule of administration.
Rapid identification and cloning of bacterial transferrin and lactoferrin receptor protein genes (1996)

The sequences of genes encoding the transferrin and lactoferrin receptor proteins from several bacterial species were analyzed for areas of identity in the predicted protein sequences. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed and tested for their ability to amplify portions of the receptor genes. Primer pairs capable of amplifying products of the tbpA/lbpA or tbpB/lbpB genes from all species possessing these receptors were identified.
Natural and pharmacological regulation of telomerase (2002)

The extremities of eukaryotic chromosomes are called telomeres. They have a structure unlike the bulk of the chromosome, which allows the cell DNA repair machinery to distinguish them from 'broken' DNA ends. But these specialised structures present a problem when it comes to replicating the DNA. Indeed, telomeric DNA progressively erodes with each round of cell division in cells that do not express telomerase, a specialised reverse transcriptase necessary to fully duplicate the telomeric DNA. Telomerase is expressed in tumour cells but not in most somatic cells and thus telomeres and telomerase may be proposed as attractive targets for the discovery of new anticancer agents.
Ubiquitin-Mediated Pathways For Intracellular Proteolysis (1987)

Cells organize many of their biochemical reactions in non-membrane compartments. Recent evidence has shown that many of these compartments are liquids that form by phase separation from the cytoplasm. Here we discuss the basic physical concepts necessary ...Read More
The relationship between the aged retirees' group's body mass index and relative cardiovascular diseases risk factors (2008)

Objective
To study the relationship between the aged retirees' group's body mass index (BMI) distribution characteristics and relative cardiovascular diseases risk factors.


Methods
One thousand three hundred and forty-three retirees in health medical examination were tested for systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and fasting blood glucose. Groups with different BMI and different genders were tested for their mortality.


Results
The detective rates of BMI insufficiency, normal, overweight and obesity were 6.18%,51.67%, 35.52% and 6.63% respectively. There was no statistic significance between different genders. The prevalence rates of hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus(DM) were 46.09%, 46.91% and 7.45% respectively. It showed that the prevalence rates of male hypertension and hyperlipidemia were significantly above those of the female's (P < 0.05). As the BMI increased, hypertention, hyperlipidemia and DM rates increased too, and obviously increased in overweight group compared to normal BMI group (P < 0.05). The detective rate of cardiovascular disease increased correspondingly with the increase of BMI.


Conclusion
BMI increasing is the important vascular relative risk factor for the aged retriee.


Key words: 
Aged; Retriement; Body mass index; Risk factors; Cardiovascular diseases
Regulated expression of early and late RNAs and proteins from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early gene region (1989)

Expression of RNA and protein from the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early (IE) gene region (map units 0.732 to 0.751) was analyzed at early and late times after infection. The level of RNA present at late times (48 to 72 h after infection) was significantly higher than that present at IE times (5 h after infection). The profile of IE RNA in the cytoplasm of infected cells was different from that previously reported on polysomes (R. M. Stenberg, P. R. Witte, and M. F. Stinski, J. Virol. 56:665-675, 1985). The data indicate that the 1.95-kilobase (kb) major IE region 1 mRNA, which codes for the 72-kilodalton (kDa) protein, and the 1.7-kb IE region 2 (IE2) spliced mRNA, which codes for the IE2 55-kDa protein, may be preferentially associated with polysomes. However, the IE2 2.2-kb unspliced mRNA, which codes for an 86-kDa protein, may be preferentially excluded. This RNA was abundant in the cytoplasm under IE conditions but was not present on polysomes in significant quantities. This indicates that IE gene products may be involved in translational control of cytomegalovirus RNA. At late times, new transcription takes place within region 2. A 1.5-kb RNA is transcribed from a late promoter in region 2 that apparently does not function in cells infected with DNA-negative mutant ts66. These results demonstrate that the IE gene region is transcribed throughout infection and that multiple levels of regulation exist.
Formulation and Stability of Naltrexone Oral Liquid for Rapid Withdrawal from Methadone (1997)

Naltrexone 1 mg/mL oral liquids prepared from tablets or powder are stable when stored in the dark for 60 days at 4 degrees C and for 30 days at 25 degrees C. The formulation prepared from tablets provides flexible dosing in patients undergoing rapid withdrawal from methadone.
Conservation of DNA Sequence in the Predicted Major Late Promoter Regions of Selected Mastadenoviruses (1996)

The major late promoter (MLP) of the subgroup C human adenoviruses is a preeminent model for the study of the mechanisms of basal and activated transcription, both in vivo and in vitro. However, while the structure and function of the human virus MLP has been the subject of extensive investigation, the conservation of the various promoter elements among the adenoviruses from different species has not been examined. Conservation of specific elements would strongly suggest the importance and universality of their function. To address this issue, sequences were obtained from cloned DNAs of several representative Mastadenoviridae, mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1), Tupaia adenovirus type 1 (TAV-1), and two bovine adenoviruses of two distinct subgroups, BAV-3 and BAV-7. The results of the sequencing studies showed that the TATA box and an upstream inverted CAAT box are conserved in all species and that the binding site for transcription factor USF is present in all except MAV-1, in which a sequence similar to an Sp1-binding site is present at a similar position. The initiator element (INR) sequence is not well conserved, and only one or other of the two downstream activating elements, DE1 and DE2, is predicted to be present in the nonprimate virus MLP regions. Ribonuclease protection assays on RNA isolated from MAV-1-infected cells late in infection indicated that the predicted MLP is functional, and transcription initiation and splice donor sites were identified. The human virus MLP is embedded in the essential DNA polymerase sequence on the opposite DNA strand. The primary amino acid sequences of the C-terminal regions of the predicted DNA polymerases show strong conservation of sequence motifs observed in replicative polymerases ranging from prokaryotes to mammals, and additional regions of strong conservation among the adenovirus polymerases. Pairwise comparisons between the newly sequenced regions of the polymerases and previously published sequences show that BAV-7 is most dissimilar to all others, while TAV-1 has a greater similarity to the primate sequences than to the others. The sequence data from both strands were also used to construct phylogenetic trees, based on BAV-7 as the outgroup. The trees constructed from the two sets of sequences are broadly similar, showing close relationships between primate viruses, but differing in the order of divergence of TAV-1 and MAV-1 branches.
Contemporary approaches for modifying the mouse genome (2008)

The mouse is a premiere experimental organism that has contributed significantly to our understanding of vertebrate biology. Manipulation of the mouse genome via embryonic stem (ES) cell technology makes it possible to engineer an almost limitless repertoire of mutations to model human disease and assess gene function. In this review we outline recent advances in mouse experimental genetics and provide a "how-to" guide for those people wishing to access this technology. We also discuss new technologies, such as transposon-mediated mutagenesis, and resources of targeting vectors and ES cells, which are likely to dramatically accelerate the pace with which we can assess gene function in vivo, and the progress of forward and reverse genetic screens in mice.
Genetic vaccination strategies for enhanced cellular, humoral and mucosal immunity (1999)

In this article, we describe several novel genetic vaccination strategies designed to facilitate the development of different types of immune responses. These include: i) the consecutive use of DNA and fowlpoxvirus vectors in "prime-boost" strategies which induce greatly enhanced and sustained levels of both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, including mucosal responses; ii) the co-expression of genes encoding cytokines and cell-surface receptors, and the use of immunogenic carrier molecules, for immune modulation and/or improved targeting of vector-expressed vaccine antigens; and iii) the expression of minimal immunogenic amino acid sequences, particularly cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell determinants, in "polytope" vector vaccines. The capacity to modulate and enhance specific immune responses by the use of approaches such as these may underpin the development of vaccines against diseases for which no effective strategies are currently available.
Thermostability of membrane protein helix–helix interaction elucidated by statistical analysis (2002)

A prerequisite for the survival of (micro)organisms at high temperatures is an adaptation of protein stability to extreme environmental conditions. In contrast to soluble proteins, where many factors have already been identified, the mechanisms by which the thermostability of membrane proteins is enhanced are almost unknown. The hydrophobic membrane environment constrains possible stabilizing factors for transmembrane domains, so that a difference might be expected between soluble and membrane proteins. Here we present sequence analysis of predicted transmembrane helices of the genomes from eight thermophilic and 12 mesophilic organisms. A comparison of the amino acid compositions indicates that more polar residues can be found in the transmembrane helices of thermophilic organisms. Particularly, the amino acids aspartic acid and glutamic acid replace the corresponding amides. Cysteine residues are found to be significantly decreased by about 70% in thermophilic membrane domains suggesting a non-specific function of most cysteine residues in transmembrane domains of mesophilic organisms. By a pair-motif analysis of the two sets of transmembrane helices, we found that the small residues glycine and serine contribute more to transmembrane helix-helix interactions in thermophilic organisms. This may result in a tighter packing of the helices allowing more hydrogen bond formation.
New Approach for the Preparation of Nanoparticles by an Emulsification-Diffusion Method. (1995)

A preparation method for nanoparticles based on an emulsification of a benzyl alcohol solution of a polymer in a hydrocolloid-stabilized aqueous solution followed by a dilution of the emulsion with water, was developed. Several process parameters were varied, including the concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) or gelatin used as stabilizing colloids in the external phase, the concentration of nanoparticle polymer in the internal phase and other process variables such as the external/internal phase ratio and the viscosity of the external phase. By increasing the percentage of poly(vinyl alcohol} to 27 .5 % in the external phase, it was possible to produce nanoparticles as small as 70 nm in diameter. Poly(vinyl alcohol) could be replaced by gelatin and the smallest nanoparticles obtained under these conditions had an average size of 700 nm. It was demonstrated that the nanoparticles can be loaded with the cytostatic drug chlorambucil (8.52% m/m) with an entrapment efficiency reaching 60%.
The histone 3'-terminal stem-loop is necessary for translation in Chinese hamster ovary cells (1996)

The metazoan cell cycle-regulated histone mRNAs are the only known cellular mRNAs that do not terminate in a poly(A) tall. Instead, mammalian histone mRNAs terminate in a highly conserved stem-loop structure which is required for 3'-end processing and regulates mRNA stability. The poly(A) tail not only regulates translational efficiency and mRNA stability but is required for the function of the cap in translation (m(7)GpppN). We show that the histone terminal stem-loop is functionally similar to a poly(A) tail in that it enhances translational efficiency and is co-dependent on a cap in order to establish an efficient level of translation. The histone stem-loop is sufficient and necessary to increase the translation of reporter mRNA in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells but must be positioned at the 3'-terminus in order to function optimally. Mutations within the conserved stem or loop regions reduced its ability to facilitate translation. All histone mRNAs in higher plants are polyadenylated. The histone stem-loop did not function to influence translational efficiency or mRNA stability in plant protoplasts. These data demonstrate that the histone stem/loop directs efficient translation and that it is functionally analogous to a poly(A) tail.
Calreticulin Binding Affinity for Glycosylated Laminin (1996)

Several lines of evidence indicate that calreticulin has lectin-like properties. As a molecular chaperone, calreticulin binds preferentially to nascent glycoproteins via their immature carbohydrates; this property closely resembles that seen for calnexin, a chaperone with extensive molecular identity to calreticulin. A cell surface form of calreticulin also exhibits lectin-like properties, binding specific oligomannosides including those covalently linked to laminin. In the present study we examined the interaction between calreticulin and laminin by means of surface plasmon resonance. The results show that calreticulin specifically binds to glycosylated laminin but fails to specifically bind tunicamycin-derived unglycosylated laminin or bovine serum albumin. Calreticulin binding to glycosylated laminin requires calcium and is abolished in the presence of EDTA. Scatchard analysis of binding yields an apparent association constant, Ka, of 2.1 +/- 0.9 x 10(6) m-1 while kinetic analysis yields an estimate of the association on rate, (Kassoc), as 2 x 10(5) m-1 s-1. The composite results support calreticulin's lectin-like properties as well as its proposed role in laminin recognition, both in the cell interior and on the cell surface.
VIREMIA IN THREE ORDERS OF BIRDS (ANSERIFORMES, GALLIFORMES AND PASSERIFORMES) INOCULATED WITH OCKELBO VIRUS (1993)

One-hundred six birds of 14 species were inoculated with approximately 10(2.7) plaque-forming units of Ockelbo virus and bled daily for 5 days to determine viremia levels. Virus was detected in birds of all 14 species tested (four Anseriformes, one Galliformes and nine Passeriformes). The onset of viremia occurred earlier and viral titers were higher in very young anseriforms and galliforms than in older birds. Adult passeriforms had Ockelbo viremias of higher titer and longer duration than did adult anseriforms. Viremia titers in adult birds of all three orders tested were sufficient to induce high transmission rates in enzootic mosquito vectors, and viremias in passeriforms could induce high transmission rates in bridging vectors as well. Passeriforms of the genera Turdus and Fringilla could serve as amplification hosts for Ockelbo virus based on the presently demonstrated viremia of high titer and long duration in these birds, and the previously demonstrated high prevalence of Ockelbo virus neutralizing antibodies in free-ranging individuals and great population size compared to birds of other taxa. Bird species of all three orders tested, however, could function as incidental hosts of the virus.
Numerical simulation and experimental validation of a large-area capacitive strain sensor for fatigue crack monitoring (2016)

A large-area electronics in the form of a soft elastomeric capacitor (SEC) has shown great promise as a strain sensor for fatigue crack monitoring in steel structures. The SEC sensors are inexpensive, easy to fabricate, highly stretchable, and mechanically robust. It is a highly scalable technology, capable of monitoring deformations on mesoscale systems. Preliminary experiments verified the SEC sensor's capability in detecting, localizing, and monitoring crack growth in a compact specimen. Here, a numerical simulation method is proposed to simulate accurately the sensor's performance under fatigue cracks. Such a method would provide a direct link between the SEC's signal and fatigue crack geometry, extending the SEC's capability to dense network applications on mesoscale structural components. The proposed numerical procedure consists of two parts: (1) a finite element (FE) analysis for the target structure to simulate crack growth based on an element deletion method; (2) an algorithm to compute the sensor's capacitance response using the FE analysis results. The proposed simulation method is validated based on test data from a compact specimen. Results from the numerical simulation show good agreement with the SEC's response from the laboratory tests as a function of the crack size. Using these findings, a parametric study is performed to investigate how the SEC would perform under different geometries. Results from the parametric study can be used to optimize the design of a dense sensor network of SECs for fatigue crack detection and localization.
1,2-Asymmetric induction in intramolecular Michael reaction. A novel and enantioselective route to (+)-Geissman lactone (1987)

The Horner-Emmons reaction of the hemiacetal (19), derived from L-(+)-diethyl tartrate, was found to give the pyrrolidine (21)via an intramolecular Michael reaction as a mixture of diastereoisomers which, after treatment with ethanethiol and boron trifluoride–diethyl ether, was converted into the lactone (22) and the ester (23). The lactone (22), a minor component, could then be transformed into the Geissman lactone (10), a potential precursor for retronecine synthesis, via a three-step sequence. Alternatively, the hemiacetal (41), prepared from S-(–)-malic acid, was converted into the Z-α,β-unsaturated ester (49) whose intramolecular Michael reaction followed by cleavage of the corresponding methoxymethyl ether afforded the pyrrolidine (51) as a major product in a highly diastereoselective manner. The three-step conversion of (51) into (–)-ethyl 3-oxo-2-oxa-6-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane-6-carboxylate (32) provided an efficient and stereocontrolled route to the Geissman lactone in optically active form.
Titanium Nitride Membrane Application to Extended Gate Field Effect Transistor pH Sensor Using VLSI Technology (2001)

A new process for the fabrication of the extended gate field effect transistor (EGFET) together with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) circuits on the same chip is reported. The sensing membrane of the EGFET is titanium nitride (TiN) conducting material and it is fabricated using the r.f. sputtering method. The chips are fabricated using the standard submicron 0.5 µm double poly double metal (DPDM) N-well CMOS IC process. No extra mask is used in the post-process. An instrument amplifier circuit is described that provides an output voltage dependent on the threshold-voltage variations in the sensing membrane. According to the experimental results, the high linear sensitivity approaches 57 mV/pH. The hysteresis voltage is 0.5 mV per cycle of buffer solutions of pH7→pH4→pH7→pH10→pH7. This structure is also insensitive to light. This EGFET is fabricated using the standard technology and no difficulty is experienced in realizing this multi species device. The EGFET and readout circuits are produced using VLSI technology, achieving reduced area and low cost. This device has the advantages of mass production.
Phylogeny of Some Mycoplasmas from Ruminants Based on 16S rRNA Sequences and Definition of a New Cluster within the Hominis Group (1996)

Almost complete (> 96%) 16S rRNA sequences from nine ruminant mycoplasmas have been determined by solid-phase DNA sequencing. Polymorphisms were found in four of the 16S rRNA sequences, which indicated the existence of two different rRNA operons. Seven polymorphisms were found in Mycoplasma agalatiae, three were found in Mycoplasma bovis, one was found in Mycoplasma alkalescens, and one was found in Mycoplasma bovirhinis. The sequence data were used for construction of phylogenetic trees. All but one of the ruminant mycoplasmas sequenced in this work clustered in the hominis group. A close relationship was found between M. agalactiae and M. bovis, with a 99% nucleotide similarity between their 16S rRNA sequences. They were also found to be members of the Mycoplasma lipophilum cluster of the hominis group. Furthermore, the 16S rRNA comparisons showed that Mycoplasma alkalescens and Mycoplasma canadense are closely related (> 98.5%), and these species were found to cluster in the Mycoplasma hominis cluster of the hominis group. Interestingly, M. bovirhinis grouped in a new phylogenetic cluster of the hominis group. The new cluster, which was supported by bootstrap percentage values, signature nucleotide analysis, and higher-order structural elements, was named the Mycoplasma synoviae cluster. Mycoplasma bovoculi, Mycoplasma conjunctivae, and Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae clustered in the Mycoplasma neurolyticum cluster of the hominis group. Mycoplasma alvi clustered with Mycoplasma pirum in the M. pneumoniae cluster of the pneumoniae group.
The LTR72 Mutant of Heat-Labile Enterotoxin ofEscherichia coliEnhances the Ability of Peptide Antigens To Elicit CD4+T Cells and Secrete Gamma Interferon after Coapplication onto Bare Skin (2002)

Application of antigens with an adjuvant onto bare skin is a needle-free and pain-free immunization procedure that delivers antigens to the immunocompetent cells of the epidermis. We tested here the immunogenicity and adjuvanticity of two mutants of heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) of Escherichia coli, LTK63 and LTR72. Both mutants were shown to be immunogenic, inducing serum and mucosal antibody responses. The application of LTK63 and LTR72 to bare skin induced significant protection against intraperitoneal challenge with a lethal dose of LT. In addition, both LT mutants enhanced the capacity of peptides TT:830-843 and HA:307-319 (representing T-helper epitopes from tetanus toxin and influenza virus hemagglutinin, respectively) to elicit antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells after coapplication onto bare skin. However, only mutant LTR72 was capable of stimulating the secretion of high levels of gamma interferon. These findings demonstrate that successful skin immunization protocols require the selection of the right adjuvant in order to induce the appropriate type of antigen-specific immune responses in a selective and reliable way. Moreover, the use of adjuvants such the LTK63 and LTR72 mutants, with no or low residual toxicity, holds a lot of promise for the future application of vaccines to the bare skin of humans.