gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep parsing in Watson (2012)

Two deep parsing components, an English Slot Grammar (ESG) parser and a predicate-argument structure (PAS) builder, provide core linguistic analyses of both the questions and the text content used by IBM Watson™ to find and hypothesize answers. Specifically, these components are fundamental in question analysis, candidate generation, and analysis of passage evidence. As part of the Watson project, ESG was enhanced, and its performance on Jeopardy!™ questions and on established reference data was improved. PAS was built on top of ESG to support higher-level analytics. In this paper, we describe these components and illustrate how they are used in a pattern-based relation extraction component of Watson. We also provide quantitative results of evaluating the component-level performance of ESG parsing.
Concepts and methods in optimization of integrated LC VCOs (2001)

Underlying physical mechanisms controlling the noise properties of oscillators are studied. This treatment shows the importance of inductance selection for oscillator noise optimization. A design strategy centered around an inductance selection scheme is executed using a practical graphical optimization method to optimize phase noise subject to design constraints such as power dissipation, tank amplitude, tuning range, startup condition, and diameters of spiral inductors. The optimization technique is demonstrated through a design example, leading to a 2.4-GHz fully integrated, LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) implemented using 0.35-/spl mu/m MOS transistors. The measured phase-noise values are -121, -117, and -115 dBc/Hz at 600-kHz offset from 1.91, 2.03, and 2.60-GHz carriers, respectively. The VCO dissipates 4 mA from a 2.5-V supply voltage. The inversion mode MOSCAP tuning is used to achieve 26% of tuning range. Two figures of merit for performance comparison of various oscillators are introduced and used to compare this work to previously reported results.
Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)[2-(phenoxysulfonyl)phenyl]methane: isolation and structure elucidation of a novel estrogen from commercial preparations of phenol red (phenolsulfonphthalein) (1988)

Commercial preparations of phenolsulfonphthalein (Phenol Red), a pH indicator dye widely added to cell culture media, have weak estrogenic activity that can be accounted for by a minor lipophilic impurity (ca. 0.002%). We have isolated this impurity, determined its structure to be bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)[2-(phenoxysulfonyl)phenyl]methane, and synthesized it from phenolsulfonphthalein. This compound binds to the estrogen receptor with an affinity 50% that of estradiol; it stimulates the proliferation and increases the progesterone receptor content of estrogen-responsive breast cancer cells in vitro, and it stimulates uterine weight gain in rats in vivo, but shows a potency in these assays only 0.1-0.2% that of estradiol. We suggest how this novel estrogen may be generated during the preparation of phenolsulfonphthalein.
Dominant β-Form of Poly(l-lactic acid) Obtained Directly from Melt under Shear and Pressure Fields (2016)

Shear and pressure fields unavoidably coexist in practical polymer processing operations, but their combined influence on the crystalline structure of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) has never been studied due to the limit of experiment device. In the current work, we utilized a homemade pressuring and shearing device to study the crystalline morphology and structure of PLLA under the coexistence of shear and pressure. Interestingly, we obtained almost exclusive β-form directly from PLLA melt crystallization at our experimental condition (shear 13.6 s–1, pressure 100 MPa, and crystallization temperature 160 °C). Undoubtedly, abundant β-form is helpful to tackle the major shortcoming of PLLA performance, i.e., poor toughness. This meaningful result is different from the common viewpoints that PLLA β-form can usually be obtained by hot-drawing or solid coextrusion under a high tensile ratio, suggesting that PLLA β-form can be obtained through shear-induced crystallization. In addition, the fraction of β-PLLA strongly depends on supercooling and shear intensity. A higher supercooling (pressure 150 MPa and crystallization temperature 160 °C) could also induce predominant β-form even under a very low shear rate of 1.0 s–1. While, under a lower supercooling (pressure 50 MPa and crystallization temperature 160 °C), we did not observe any trace of β-form. In the heating experiment to investigate crystal form transformation, we also found that partial β-form transformed into α-form through melting–crystallization, and meanwhile some β-form crystals melted directly without transformation. These results could beyond doubt help to comprehend the relationship between crystallization condition and inner crystal structure and thus afford guidance in practical processing to toughen final PLLA products via controlling crystalline structure.
Roflumilast Altana Pharma. (2002)

Roflumilast is a specific PDE4 inhibitor being developed by Altana Pharma (formerly known as Byk Gulden) for the potential treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [312928].
A surface-emitting vacuum-deposited organic light emitting device (1997)

We demonstrate a vacuum-deposited organic light emitting device which emits from its top surface through a transparent indium-tin-oxide anode. This device employs a novel protective cap layer which prevents damage to the organic layers during sputter deposition of the anode, while also improving hole injection. Mechanisms of current transport and carrier injection from the contacts are investigated. This device configuration allows for integration of organic light emitting devices with n-channel field effect transistors used in display active matrix backplanes.
Intrinsic amino acid side‐chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity coefficients determined by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography of model peptides: Comparison with other hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales (2009)

An accurate determination of the intrinsic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of amino acid side-chains in peptides and proteins is fundamental in understanding many area of research, including protein folding and stability, peptide and protein function, protein-protein interactions and peptide/protein oligomerization, as well as the design of protocols for purification and characterization of peptides and proteins. Our definition of intrinsic hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of side-chains is the maximum possible hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of side-chains in the absence of any nearest-neighbor effects and/or any conformational effects of the polypeptide chain that prevent full expression of side-chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity. In this review, we have compared an experimentally derived intrinsic side-chain hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scale generated from RP-HPLC retention behavior of de novo designed synthetic model peptides at pH 2 and pH 7 with other RP-HPLC-derived scales, as well as scales generated from classic experimental and calculation-based methods of octanol/water partitioning of Nalpha-acetyl-amino-acid amides or free energy of transfer of free amino acids. Generally poor correlation was found with previous RP-HPLC-derived scales, likely due to the random nature of the peptide mixtures in terms of varying peptide size, conformation and frequency of particular amino acids. In addition, generally poor correlation with the classical approaches served to underline the importance of the presence of a polypeptide backbone when generating intrinsic values. We have shown that the intrinsic scale determined here is in full agreement with the structural characteristics of amino acid side-chains.
Twenty-to-thirty-seven-year follow-up after repair for Tetralogy of Fallot (1999)

The vast majority of the patients seemed to live normal lives 20-37 years after Tetralogy of Fallot repair. Late deaths were cardiac in origin, including sudden death from arrhythmias. The number of late reoperation has been low. Considering the natural history of the disease, Fallot repair has proven to be a beneficial procedure even including the very early experience short after introduction of open heart surgery.
Use of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis: Where are we going? (2006)

Biologic agents have revolutionized the treatment of RA by reducing the signs and symptoms of RA, slowing radiographic progression of joint destruction, and improving physical function and quality of life in affected patients.
NK-cell fratricide: Dynamic crosstalk between NK and cancer cells (2013)

The intercellular transfer of plasma membrane patches, also known as trogocytosis, has a strong impact on the function and fate of immune cells. We have recently shown that natural killer (NK) cells undergo fratricide following the trogocytosis-mediated acquisition of tumor-derived NKG2D ligands. Malignant cells may therefore employ trogocytosis to escape NKG2D-mediated immune responses.
Motif A of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase: role in primer extension and DNA replication fidelity. Isolation of new antimutator and mutator DNA polymerases. (1994)

Polymerases in general share only a few regions of amino acid similarity. One of the most conserved regions, called motif A, has the sequence DXXSLYPSII or a similar sequence in many eukaryotic and viral DNA polymerases and in bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. We designed genetic techniques to isolate mutant T4 DNA polymerases with amino acid substitutions in this highly conserved motif. The mutant DNA polymerases differed from wild type T4 DNA polymerase in several ways. For one mutant DNA polymerase, the pyrophosphate analog, phosphonoacetic acid, was a potent inhibitor of DNA replication, and this mutant DNA polymerase replicated DNA with reduced fidelity. Another mutant DNA polymerase replicated DNA with increased accuracy, but this mutant DNA polymerase was less processive in primer extension reactions, and DNA replication required high concentrations of deoxynucleoside triphosphates. We provide evidence that indicates that all of these changes to DNA polymerase function are due to differences in how the mutant DNA polymerases partition between states active for DNA replication or exonucleolytic proofreading. These studies also provide further support for the hypothesis that the accuracy of DNA replication observed for DNA polymerases and 3'-->5' exonuclease activities (Muzyczka, N., Poland, R. L., and Bessman, M. J. (1972) J. Biol. Chem. 247, 7116-7122).
Interaction Between UV Radiation and Cholesteric Liquid Crystals (1969)

Abstract Mixtures of cholesteryl iodide and cholesteryl bromide with cholesteryl nonanoafce were exposed to UV radiation and the resultant color shifts were measured as a function of exposure and composition. The formation of images by this process will be described, and the presiding mechanism will be briefly discussed.
High Serum Concentration of YKL-40 Is Associated with Short Survival in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2005)

Serum YKL-40 is a prognostic biomarker of survival in AML patients. Its role in AML and infections needs to be determined.
Advances in polymer integrated optics (2000)

We report on advances in polymeric waveguide technologies developed worldwide for the telecom and datacom markets, and we describe in detail one such technology developed at AlliedSignal. Optical polymers are versatile materials that can be readily formed into planar single-mode, multimode, and microoptical waveguide structures ranging in dimensions from under a micrometer to several hundred micrometers. These materials can be thermoplastics, thermosets, or photopolymers, and the starting formulations are typically either polymers or oligomers in solution or liquid monomers. Transmission losses in polymers can be minimized, typically by halogenation, with state-of-the-art loss values being about 0.01 dB/cm at 840 nm and about 0.1 dB/cm at 1550 nm. A number of polymers have been shown to exhibit excellent environmental stability and have demonstrated capability in a variety of demanding applications. Waveguides can be formed by direct photolithography, reactive ion etching, laser ablation, molding, or embossing. Well-developed adhesion schemes permit the use of polymers on a wide range of rigid and flexible substrates. Integrated optical devices fabricated to date include numerous passive and active elements that achieve a variety of coupling, routing, filtering, and switching functions.
Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists (2002)

An essential textbook for any student or researcher in biology needing to design experiments, sample programs or analyse the resulting data. The text begins with a revision of estimation and hypothesis testing methods, covering both classical and Bayesian philosophies, before advancing to the analysis of linear and generalized linear models. Topics covered include linear and logistic regression, simple and complex ANOVA models (for factorial, nested, block, split-plot and repeated measures and covariance designs), and log-linear models. Multivariate techniques, including classification and ordination, are then introduced. Special emphasis is placed on checking assumptions, exploratory data analysis and presentation of results. The main analyses are illustrated with many examples from published papers and there is an extensive reference list to both the statistical and biological literature. The book is supported by a website that provides all data sets, questions for each chapter and links to software.
The yeast ZRT1 gene encodes the zinc transporter protein of a high-affinity uptake system induced by zinc limitation. (1996)

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two separate systems for zinc uptake. One system has high affinity for substrate and is induced in zinc-deficient cells. The second system has lower affinity and is not highly regulated by zinc status. The ZRT1 gene encodes the transporter for the high-affinity system, called Zrt1p. The predicted amino acid sequence of Zrt1p is similar to that of Irt1p, a probable Fe(II) transporter from Arabidopsis thaliana. Like Irt1p, Zrt1p contains eight potential transmembrane domains and a possible metal-binding domain. Consistent with the proposed role of ZRT1 in zinc uptake, overexpressing this gene increased high-affinity uptake activity, whereas disrupting it eliminated that activity and resulted in poor growth of the mutant in zinc-limited media. Furthermore, ZRT1 mRNA levels and uptake activity were closely correlated, as was zinc-limited induction of a ZRT1-lacZ fusion. These results suggest that ZRT1 is regulated at the transcriptional level by the intracellular concentration of zinc. ZRT1 is an additional member of a growing family of metal transport proteins.
Branch target buffer design and optimization (1993)

A branch target buffer (BTB) can reduce the performance penalty of branches in pipelined processors by predicting the path of the branch and caching information used by the branch. Two major issues in the design of BTBs that achieves maximum performance with a limited number of bits allocated to the BTB implementation are discussed. The first is BTB management. A method for discarding branches from the BTB is examined. This method discards the branch with the smallest expected value for improving performance; it outperforms the least recently used (LRU) strategy by a small margin, at the cost of additional complexity. The second issue is the question of what information to store in the BTB. A BTB entry can consist of one or more of the following: branch tag, prediction information, the branch target address, and instructions at the branch target. Various BTB designs, with one or more of these fields, are evaluated and compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Metal‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Cyclic Carbonates from Carbon Dioxide and Oxiranes (1980)

Use of CO2 in organic synthesis, e.g. for production of (2), formerly required 100–200 °C and 5–200 atm. Catalysts such as MoCl5/PPh3, AlCl3/PPh3, etc. now permit working under normal conditions.
Practice Parameters for the Use of Polysomnography in the Evaluation of Insomnia (1995)

These clinical guidelines, which have been reviewed and approved by the Board of Directors of the American Sleep Disorders Association, provide recommendations for the practice of sleep medicine in North America for the use of polysomnography in the evaluation of insomnia. The diagnosis of sleeplessness, or insomnia, is primarily based upon a careful, detailed medical and psychiatric history. Clinicians have sought an objective means to measure this symptom and have, therefore, turned to polysomnography. The American Sleep Disorders Association has assessed the available data and produced guidelines for the use of polysomnography in evaluating the symptoms of insomnia. Polysomnography is not required for the routine evaluation of transient or chronic insomnia. Polysomnography is, however, indicated in the evaluation of suspected sleep-related breathing disorders and periodic limb movement disorder, which may occasionally contribute to a complaint of insomnia, particularly in middle-aged or elderly patients. In addition, when the cause of insomnia is uncertain or when behavioral or pharmacologic therapy is unsuccessful, polysomnography may be helpful.
Mutual Injection Locking between Sub-THz Oscillating Resonant Tunneling Diodes (2005)

Mutual injection locking was observed for sub-THz oscillators consisting of GaInAs/AlAs resonant tunneling diodes integrated with slot antennas. In the simultaneous operation of two oscillators with the individual frequencies of 340 and 324 GHz on the same wafer, oscillation at a single line of 330 GHz was obtained. The obtained result is qualitatively discussed using the van der Pole equations.
Semantic Segmentation with Boundary Neural Fields (2016)

The state-of-the-art in semantic segmentation is currently represented by fully convolutional networks (FCNs). However, FCNs use large receptive fields and many pooling layers, both of which cause blurring and low spatial resolution in the deep layers. As a result FCNs tend to produce segmentations that are poorly localized around object boundaries. Prior work has attempted to address this issue in post-processing steps, for example using a color-based CRF on top of the FCN predictions. However, these approaches require additional parameters and low-level features that are difficult to tune and integrate into the original network architecture. Additionally, most CRFs use colorbased pixel affinities, which are not well suited for semantic segmentation and lead to spatially disjoint predictions. To overcome these problems, we introduce a Boundary Neural Field (BNF), which is a global energy model integrating FCN predictions with boundary cues. The boundary information is used to enhance semantic segment coherence and to improve object localization. Specifically, we first show that the convolutional filters of semantic FCNs provide good features for boundary detection. We then employ the predicted boundaries to define pairwise potentials in our energy. Finally, we show that our energy decomposes semantic segmentation into multiple binary problems, which can be relaxed for efficient global optimization. We report extensive experiments demonstrating that minimization of our global boundary-based energy yields results superior to prior globalization methods, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively.
Role of central IL-1 in regulating peripheral IGF-I during endotoxemia and sepsis (1998)

Inflammatory cytokines may mediate the host response to infection via central nervous system, endocrine, and/or paracrine/autocrine signaling mechanisms. Previous studies have shown that intravenous administration of interleukin (IL)-1 beta alters the concentration of the anabolic hormone insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in plasma and various tissues. The purpose of the present study was to determine 1) whether the intracerebroventricular injection of IL-1 beta can influence peripheral IGF-I levels in control animals and 2) whether the central administration of a IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) can prevent the changes in peripheral IGF-I induced by endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] or sepsis produced by cecal ligation and puncture. In the first experiment, injection of IL-1 beta (100 ng/rat) decreased IGF-I levels in plasma, liver, and gastrocnemius muscle 28-36% by 1.5 h in conscious fasted rats. IGF-I levels remained reduced at 3 h, but returned to baseline by 6 h. IGF-I content was not altered in soleus, kidney, spleen, intestine, or whole brain after IL-1 beta. In the second series of experiments, LPS injected intravenously decreased IGF-I levels in plasma, liver, and gastrocnemius at 1.5 h, and levels were even further reduced at 3 and 6 h in these tissues (59, 57, and 48%, respectively). Moreover, the IGF-I content was also decreased in soleus (30-35%) and increased in kidney (2- to 3-fold) after LPS. In the third experiment, changes in IGF-I levels in plasma and tissues, similar to those seen in LPS-treated rats, were detected 24 h after induction of peritonitis. Intracerebroventricular infusion of IL-1ra did not alter any of the changes in IGF-I produced by either LPS or sepsis, although it did attenuate the concomitant changes in growth hormone levels. These data suggest that, although central IL-1 beta is capable of modulating peripheral IGF-I levels, central administration of IL-1ra was unable to modulate the changes in peripheral IGF-I in blood and tissues produced by either endotoxemia or peritonitis.
cDNA cloning, characterization and chromosome mapping of the gene encoding human cartilage associated protein (CRTAP) (1999)

We have recently isolated and characterized cDNA clones coding for a novel developmentally regulated avian and mouse embryo protein, CASP for Cartilage Associated Protein. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of the gene coding for the human CASP. The comparison of the putative human and mouse protein sequences with the chick sequence revealed an overall high identity (89% and 51%, respectively). Homology search with known DNA and protein sequences showed that CASPs are related to two mammalian nuclear proteins. Here we demonstrate definitively that CASPs are distinct from these nuclear proteins. However, sequence comparison analyses suggest that all of these proteins belong to a new family. In all human tissues examined two CASP mRNA species were detected, whereas a single mRNA and three mRNAs were found in chick and mouse, respectively. The human CASP gene (CRTAP) was assigned to chromosome 3p22 by fluorescence in situ hybridization.
Von Willebrand protein binds to extracellular matrices independently of collagen. (1984)

Von Willebrand protein is present in the extracellular matrix of endothelial cells where it codistributes with fibronectin and types IV and V collagen. Bacterial collagenase digestion of endothelial cells removed fibrillar collagen, but the pattern of fibronectin and of von Willebrand protein remained undisturbed. Exogenous von Willebrand protein bound to matrices of different cells, whether rich or poor in collagen. von Willebrand protein also decorated the matrix of cells grown in the presence of alpha, alpha'-dipyridyl, a collagen-secretion inhibitor. These results indicate that the presence of von Willebrand protein in the extracellular matrix of endothelial cells and the binding of von Willebrand protein to foreign matrices do not depend on the matrix collagen.