gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental realization of a two-bit phase damping quantum code (1999)

Using nuclear-magnetic-resonance techniques, we experimentally investigated the effects of applying a two-bit phase error detection code to preserve quantum information in nuclear spin systems. Input states were stored with and without coding, and the resulting output states were compared with the originals and with each other. The theoretically expected result, net reduction of distortion and conditional error probabilities to second order, was indeed observed, despite imperfect coding operations which increased the error probabilities by approximately 5%. A systematic study of the deviations from the ideal behavior provided quantitative measures of different sources of error, and good agreement was found with a numerical model. Theoretical questions in quantum error correction in bulk nuclear spin systems including fidelity measures, signal strength, and syndrome measurements are discussed.
Is the underlying cause of epilepsy a major prognostic factor for recurrence? (1998)

In adults, partial epilepsy is more difficult to treat than idiopathic generalized epilepsy. In patients who have partial epilepsy, the location of the epileptogenic zone does not seem to be a determining factor. Brain abnormalities--especially HS, either alone or associated with another lesion--are a major prognostic factor.
Multidimensional LDPC-Coded Modulation for Beyond 400 Gb/s per Wavelength Transmission (2009)

In this letter, we propose a multidimensional low-density parity-check-coded modulation scheme suitable for use in up to 400 Gb/s per wavelength transmission, using currently available commercial components operating at 40 giga-symbols/s. We show that we can achieve multiples of the current transmission speed with negligible penalty. At the same time, using this scheme, the transmission and signal processing are done at 40 giga-symbols/s, where dealing with all the nonlinear effects is more convenient and the polarization-mode dispersion is more manageable. In addition, we show that using the proposed technique, we can achieve an improvement ranging from 3 dB over 8-quadrature-amplitude modulation (QAM) to 14 dB over 256-QAM, and an improvement of up to 9.75 dB over the 256-3D-constellation at bit-error ratio (BER) of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> . We also show that we can reach the 400-Gb/s aggregate rate with a coding gain of 10.75 dB at BER of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> .
Phenylethylamine, a possible link to the antidepressant effects of exercise?: Figure 1 (2001)

As phenylacetic acid concentration in urine reflects phenylethylamine level, which is known to have antidepressant effects, phenylethylamine may be linked to the therapeutic effects of physical exercise on depression.
Transhiatal bilateral splanchnicotomy for pain control in pancreatic cancer: basic anatomy, surgical technique, and immediate results in fifty-one cases. (1992)

The greater splanchnic nerves are largely responsible for innervation of the supramesenteric viscera; their section is known to be efficient to relieve pancreatic pain. Transhiatal splanchnicotomy (THS) is easily performed through a midline laparotomy. The nerve trunks are readily identified in the submediastinal space, far from the pancreatic cancer motivating splanchnicotomy, and can be sectioned safely and completely. After carrying out an anatomic study to determine the level of origin and mode of constitution of the greater splanchnic nerve trunk and its relations to the posterior and lower mediastinum, 51 patients underwent THS for intractable pain caused by unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma. THS alone was performed in 22 cases. THS was performed in association with biliary tract diversion or gastroenteroanastomosis in the other cases. All tumors were considered unresectable during surgery, and no patient was operated on with the sole purpose of performing THS. Two deaths (3.9%) were unrelated to THS. Specific morbidity was 6% (one pneumothorax, one chylothorax, and one splenic injury). Immediate postoperative functional results were good in 86.3% of patients treated by THS alone (group 1) and in 80.7% of patients treated by THS and bypass (group II). Functional results decreased to 72.7% in group I and 62.1% in group II, 3 months after surgery. In conclusion, THS appears to be an efficient technique for relief of pancreatic neoplastic pain and need not be combined or confused with medical percutaneous methods of neurolysis.
Replication of Epstein–Barr Virus within the Epithelial Cells of Oral Hairy Leukoplakia, an AIDS-Associated Lesion (1985)

We conducted a study to identify the viruses in tissue specimens of oral "hairy" leukoplakia, a lesion that is found in immunosuppressed male homosexuals and that is associated with the subsequent development of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. When stained for papillomavirus core antigen, 49 of 67 biopsy specimens (73 per cent) yielded positive results in epithelial-cell nuclei. Electron microscopy showed papillomavirus-like particles in all of 25 specimens, and the herpes-type virus described in a previous report was seen in 23 of the 25 specimens. Three specimens had both types of particle in the same individual epithelial cells. Immunofluorescence for herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus gave negative results in all cases, but 19 of 20 specimens showed intense nuclear staining in epithelial cells for the viral capsid antigen of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). DNA hybridization using EBV probes in Southern blots demonstrated EBV DNA in all of 13 specimens and found 200 or more viral DNA molecules per cellular genome in 11 of the 13. The whole EBV genome was also demonstrated in the specimens and found to be in linear virion form. We conclude that EBV replicates within the epithelial cells in hairy leukoplakia.
The Supreme Court of the United States: Managing Its Caseload to Achieve Its Constitutional Purposes (2018)

The Supreme Court of the United States: Managing Its Caseload to Achieve Its Constitutional Purposes was published in The John F. Sonnett Memorial Lectures at Fordham University School of Law on page 200.
A cell-free assay measuring repair DNA synthesis in human fibroblasts. (1978)

Osmotic disruption of confluent cultured human fibroblasts that have been irradiated or exposed to chemical carcinogens allows the specific measurement of repair DNA synthesis using dTTP as a precursor. Fibroblasts similarly prepared from various xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines show the deficiencies of UV-induced DNA synthesis predicted from in vivo studies, while giving normal responses to methyl methanesulfonate. A pyrimidine-dimer-specific enzyme, T4 endonuclease V, stimulated the rate of UV-induced repair synthesis with normal and xeroderma pigmentosum cell lines. This system should prove useful for identifying agents that induce DNA repair, and cells that respond abnormally to such induction. It should also be applicable to an in vitro complementation assay with repair-defective cells and proteins obtained from repair-proficient cells. Finally, by using actively growing fibroblasts and thymidine in the system, DNA replication can be measured and studied in vitro.
On the Achievable Diversity–Multiplexing Tradeoff in Half-Duplex Cooperative Channels (2005)

We propose novel cooperative transmission protocols for delay-limited coherent fading channels consisting of N (half-duplex and single-antenna) partners and one cell site. In our work, we differentiate between the relay, cooperative broadcast (down-link), and cooperative multiple-access (CMA) (up-link) channels. The proposed protocols are evaluated using Zheng-Tse diversity-multiplexing tradeoff. For the relay channel, we investigate two classes of cooperation schemes; namely, amplify and forward (AF) protocols and decode and forward (DF) protocols. For the first class, we establish an upper bound on the achievable diversity-multiplexing tradeoff with a single relay. We then construct a new AF protocol that achieves this upper bound. The proposed algorithm is then extended to the general case with (N-1) relays where it is shown to outperform the space-time coded protocol of Laneman and Wornell without requiring decoding/encoding at the relays. For the class of DF protocols, we develop a dynamic decode and forward (DDF) protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for multiplexing gains 0lesrles1/N. Furthermore, with a single relay, the DDF protocol is shown to dominate the class of AF protocols for all multiplexing gains. The superiority of the DDF protocol is shown to be more significant in the cooperative broadcast channel. The situation is reversed in the CMA channel where we propose a new AF protocol that achieves the optimal tradeoff for all multiplexing gains. A distinguishing feature of the proposed protocols in the three scenarios is that they do not rely on orthogonal subspaces, allowing for a more efficient use of resources. In fact, using our results one can argue that the suboptimality of previously proposed protocols stems from their use of orthogonal subspaces rather than the half-duplex constraint.
The first ten years of public-key cryptography (1988)

The development of public-key cryptography is described, and its principles are elucidated. The discussion covers exponential key exchange, the trap-door knapsack public-key cryptosystem, the Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) system, and the breaking of the knapsack cryptosystem. Early responses to public-key systems and the problem of key management are examined. Applications and implementations are described. Significant development in multiplying, factoring, and finding prime numbers which have resulted from public-key research are sketched. Directions in public-key research are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Selectively crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels for sustained release formulation of erythropoietin (2006)

A novel sustained release formulation of erythropoietin (EPO) was developed using hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels. For the preparation of HA hydrogels, adipic acid dihydrazide grafted HA (HA-ADH) was synthesized and analyzed with (1)H NMR. The degree of HA-ADH modification was about 69%. EPO was in situ encapsulated into HA-ADH hydrogels through a selective cross-linking reaction of bis(sulfosuccinimidyl) suberate (BS(3)) to hydrazide group (pK(a) = 3.0) of HA-ADH rather than to amine group (pK(a) > 9) of EPO. The denaturation of EPO during HA-ADH hydrogel synthesis was drastically reduced with decreasing pH from 7.4 to 4.8. The specific reactivity of BS(3) to hydrazide at pH = 4.8 might be due to its low pK(a) compared with that of amine. In vitro release of EPO in phosphate buffered saline at 37 degrees C showed that EPO was released rapidly for 2 days and then slowly up to 4 days from HA-ADH hydrogels. When the hydrogels were dried at 37 degrees C for a day, however, longer release of EPO up to 3 weeks could be demonstrated. According to in vivo release test of EPO from HA-ADH hydrogels in SD rats, elevated EPO concentration higher than 0.1 ng/mL could be maintained from 7 days up to 18 days depending on the preparation methods of HA-ADH hydrogels. There was no adverse effect during and after HA-ADH hydrogel implantation.
Pure boron-doped photodiodes: A solution for radiation detection in EUV lithography (2008)

A pure boron chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technology, which forms delta-doped boron surface layers during diborane B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> exposure at 700degC, has been successfully used to fabricate silicon-based p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> n photodiodes for radiation detection in the extreme-ultra-violet (EUV) spectral range. Outstanding electrical and optical performance has been achieved in terms of extremely low dark current (< 50 pA at reverse bias of 10 V), near theoretical responsivity (0.266 A/W at 13.5 nm wavelength), and excellent stability to high radiation doses (< 1% responsivity degradation after 0.2 MJ/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> exposure). Therefore, the diodes are suitable candidates for photon detection functions in the next-generation EUV lithography systems.
Prostate‐Specific Antigen Changes in Hypogonadal Men Treated With Testosterone Replacement (2002)

Testosterone supplementation is commonly used as a treatment for hypogonadal men with or without erectile dysfunction. The effect of parenteral testosterone replacement therapy on the development or growth of prostate cancer is unclear. We assessed the effect of this treatment on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and risk of prostate cancer in hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction. Criteria for inclusion were a normal pre-treatment PSA (<4.0 ng/mL) in conjunction with a normal digital rectal examination (DRE) or a negative pretreatment prostate biopsy for men with either an abnormal DRE or an elevated PSA. Patients received intramuscular injections every 2 to 4 weeks, allowing for dose titration. In this retrospective analysis, 54 hypogonadal men with erectile dysfunction were included, with a mean age of 60.4 years (range 42.0-76.0) and a mean follow-up of 30.2 months (range 2.0-82.0) on testosterone therapy. Mean pretreatment total testosterone level was 1.89 ng/mL (range 0.2-2.92), which increased during treatment to a mean of 9.74 ng/mL (range 1.50-26.30, P <.001). Mean pretreatment PSA was 1.86 ng/mL (median 1.01 ng/mL, range 0.0-15.80), which increased to a mean PSA level of 2.82 ng/mL (median 1.56 ng/mL, range 0.0-32.36, P <.01) with testosterone treatment. Of the 54 men included in this study, 6 (11.1%) required prostate biopsy while on testosterone therapy because of a rise in serum PSA above 4.0 ng/mL. One patient (1.9%) was diagnosed with prostate cancer. In conclusion, testosterone replacement therapy in men with erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism is associated with a minor PSA elevation, but there does not appear to be a short-term increase in risk for the development of prostate cancer.
Identification of a dominant epitope of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) recognized by autoantibodies in stiff-man syndrome. (1993)

Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is the enzyme that synthesizes the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons and in pancreatic beta cells. It is a major target of autoimmunity in Stiff-Man syndrome (SMS), a rare neurological disease, and in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The two GAD isoforms, GAD-65 and GAD-67, are the products of two different genes. GAD-67 and GAD-65 are very similar to each other in amino acid sequence and differ substantially only at their NH2-terminal region. We have investigated the reactivity of autoantibodies of 30 Stiff-Man syndrome patients to GAD. All patient sera contained antibodies that recognize strongly GAD-65, but also GAD-67, when tested by immunoprecipitation on brain extracts and by immunoprecipitation or immunocytochemistry on cells transfected with either the GAD-65 or the GAD-67 gene. When tested by Western blotting, all patient sera selectively recognized GAD-65. Western blot analysis of deletion mutants of GAD-65 demonstrated that autoantibodies are directed predominantly against two regions of the GAD-65 molecule. All SMS sera strongly recognized a fragment contained between amino acid 475 and the COOH terminus (amino acid 585). Within this region, amino acids 475-484 and 571-585 were required for reactivity. The requirement of these two discontinuous segments implies that the epitope is influenced by conformation. This reactivity is similar to that displayed by the monoclonal antibody GAD 6, suggesting the presence of a single immunodominant epitope (SMS-E1) in this region of GAD-65. In addition, most SMS sera recognized at least one epitope (SMS-E2) in the NH2-terminal domain of GAD-65 (amino acids 1-95). The demonstration in SMS patients of a strikingly homogeneous humoral autoimmune response against GAD and the identification of dominant autoreactive target regions may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of GAD processing and presentation involved in GAD autoimmunity. Moreover, the reactivity reported here of GAD autoantibodies in SMS partially differs from the reactivity of GAD autoantibodies in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, suggesting a link between the pattern of humoral autoimmunity and the clinical condition.
Combination of cancer immunotherapy with clinically available drugs that can block immunosuppressive cells (2013)

Although cancer immunotherapy, which is able to target specifically cancer cells without detrimental effects to normal cell functions, would serve as an ideal therapeutic modality, most of the randomized clinical trials of cancer immunotherapy have not demonstrated a meaningful survival benefit to cancer patients over preexisting therapeutic modalities. Due to the discrepancy between the impressive preclinical results and the limited clinical results, the cancer immunotherapy is not accepted generally as a standard therapy for cancers. A variety of immune escape mechanisms are thought to be involved in this ineffectiveness of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, elimination of immunosuppressive activities in tumor microenvironment will enhance the effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy, which is currently focused on activation of tumor-specific immune responses. Since there are now increasing evidences showing that many cytotoxic anticancer drugs including targeted agents given in lower-than-therapeutic doses have not only the ability to eliminate tumor cells but can also block the immunosuppressive activities in tumor microenvironments and consequently favor the development of anticancer immune responses, clinically available drugs can be considered for their rapid application to cancer immunotherapies to enhance the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies with marginal effects on cancer treatment.
Biomineralization Principles and Concepts in Bioinorganic Materials Chemistry (2001)

Abstract This book describes the principles and concepts of biomineralization and their application in the new field of biomimetic materials chemistry. The main focus is on the principles and concepts that arise from a chemical perspective of biomineralization. After surveying the major types of biominerals (chapter 2) the general principles of biomineralization are discussed (chapter 3), followed by a detailed description of the chemical aspects of biomineralization (chapter 4). The next four chapters are concerned with the process of biomineralization, including boundary-organized biomineralization (chapter 5), organic matrix-mediated biomineralization (chapter 6), morphogenesis (chapter 7) and biomineral tectonics (chapter 8). The final chapter describes how current knowledge of biomineralization is inspiring new biomimetic strategies in synthetic materials chemistry.
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in Lewis rats after elimination of macrophages. (1990)

Almost 50% of the cells infiltrating the central nervous system (CNS) of animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) are macrophages (M psi). To investigate the role of the M psi in the pathogenesis of EAE, we eliminated M psi by means of mannosylated liposomes containing dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP). Cl2MDP-containing liposomes injected intravenously eliminate M psi in spleen and liver. Incorporation of mannose into the lipid layers enables the liposomes to pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Injections of Cl2MDP-containing mannose liposomes intravenously shortly before the appearance of clinical signs, markedly suppressed the expression of clinical signs of EAE. This suppression was accompanied by a marked reduction of infiltrated M psi in the CNS. Cl2MDP-containing liposomes without mannose incorporated had no effect. Cl2MDP-containing mannosylated liposomes had no effect on plasma corticosterone levels compared with injections of saline; thus, the suppression of expression of EAE was not corticosterone mediated. These results show that the M psi within the CNS play an important role in the pathogenesis of EAE.
A neural network classifier based on Dempster-Shafer theory (2000)

A new adaptive pattern classifier based on the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is presented. This method uses reference patterns as items of evidence regarding the class membership of each input pattern under consideration. This evidence is represented by basic belief assignments (BBA) and pooled using the Dempster's rule of combination. This procedure can be implemented in a multilayer neural network with specific architecture consisting of one input layer, two hidden layers and one output layer. The weight vector, the receptive field and the class membership of each prototype are determined by minimizing the mean squared differences between the classifier outputs and target values. After training, the classifier computes for each input vector a BBA that provides a description of the uncertainty pertaining to the class of the current pattern, given the available evidence. This information may be used to implement various decision rules allowing for ambiguous pattern rejection and novelty detection. The outputs of several classifiers may also be combined in a sensor fusion context, yielding decision procedures which are very robust to sensor failures or changes in the system environment. Experiments with simulated and real data demonstrate the excellent performance of this classification scheme as compared to existing statistical and neural network techniques.
Dependency profiles for software architecture evaluations (2011)

In this paper we introduce the concept of a “dependency profile”, a system level metric aimed at quantifying the level of encapsulation and independence within a system. We verify that these profiles are suitable to be used in an evaluation context by inspecting the dependency profiles for a repository of almost 100 systems. Furthermore we outline the steps we are taking to validate the usefulness and applicability of the proposed profiles.
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis as a Drug Target:  Bisphosphonate Inhibition of Escherichia coli K12 Growth and Synergistic Effects of Fosmidomycin (2006)

We screened a library of 117 bisphosphonates for antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. The most potent growth inhibitors where the N-[methyl(4-phenylalkyl)]-3-aminopropyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonates, known potent bone resorption inhibitors, and there was a generally good correlation between cell growth inhibition and E. coli farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) inhibition. However, some potent FPPS inhibitors had no activity in cell growth inhibition, and based on the result of Catalyst pharmacophore modeling, this could be attributed to the requirement of a large hydrophobic feature for cellular activity (due most likely to transport). The activity of the most potent compound, N-[methyl(4-phenylbutyl)]-3-aminopropyl-1-hydroxy-1,1-bisphosphonate (13), was strongly potentiated by the drug fosmidomycin. The transcription profiles for 13 or fosmidomycin alone were different from those found with carbenicillin or ciprofloxacin alone, but there were many similarities between the combination (13−fosmidomycin) and carbenicillin or ciprofloxacin, reflecting the more potent bactericidal activity of the drug combination on bacterial growth.