gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Selective Permeation of Gases Through Polymers (1981)

The development of more efficient methods of separating fluid mixtures, which has always been of great interest to the chemical industry, has been further spurred by the energy crisis of recent years. One of the promising new separation techniques being studied in a number of academic and industrial laboratories is based on the selective permeation, or transport, of fluids through nonporous polymer membranes (films). This technique, in addition to being potentially energy-efficient, requires very simple and compact process equipment and is reliable, safe, and easy to control. Membrane separation processes are already being employed on a large scale for water desalination and waste-water treatment, and are expected to become an important factor in the separation of industrial gas mixtures. The present chapter is concerned with the latter application. Designing competitive membrane processes for the separation of gases demands a good understanding of the mechanism of gas permeation through polymers. A number of pertinent reviews have been published in recent years ( 1 1 0). The following discussion covers primarily, but not exclusively, some of the newer developments of possible scientific or practical interest in the field. The choice and treatment of the subject matter necessarily reflect the concerns and biases of the writers. The study of gas permeation through polymers is equally significant for other important applications, such as formulating protective coatings,
Kidney Transplantation With Sirolimus and Mycophenolate Mofetil–Based Immunosuppression: 5-Year Results of a Randomized Prospective Trial Compared to Calcineurin Inhibitor Drugs (2007)

This study of low to moderate risk patients demonstrates that excellent 5-year kidney transplant outcomes can be achieved without CNI drugs, when therapeutic drug monitoring of sirolimus is employed. The application of CNI drug avoidance protocols to high-risk recipients (retransplants, highly sensitized, etc.), extrarenal allograft recipients, or alternative drug regimens such as steroid or MMF elimination should be subjected to controlled trials.
Analysis of integrin expression on oligodendrocytes during axo-glial interaction by using rat-mouse xenocultures (1996)

To analyze the expression of cell-surface molecules on neurons or glia during myelination, we have developed a xenotypic coculture system in which mouse oligodendrocytes interact with rat dorsal root ganglion neurons. The axo-glial interactions in these cultures promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation as in vivo, thus supporting the validity of the xenocultures as a model system to study myelination in which the molecules on the neurons or the glia can be distinguished using species-specific antibodies. We examined the expression of integrins, the major family of cell-surface extracellular matrix receptors, on oligodendrocytes during the early stages of myelination and found that, unlike Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes do not express alpha 6 beta 4 in association with myelin sheath formation. The pattern of integrin expression observed on oligodendrocytes in these cultures is similar to that seen in oligodendrocytes that differentiate in purified cultures, and it comprises alpha 6 beta 1, alpha v beta 5, and an as yet uncharacterized alpha v-associated beta subunit of 80 kDa. Changes in integrin expression associated with differentiation, therefore, do not depend on axonal contact, and beta 4 is not required for myelin sheath formation, although its expression may contribute to the individual properties of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells.
Improved bottleneck features using pretrained deep neural networks (2011)

Bottleneck features have been shown to be effective in improving the accuracy of automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Conventionally, bottleneck features are extracted from a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) trained to predict context-independent monophone states. The MLP typically has three hidden layers and is trained using the backpropagation algorithm. In this paper, we propose two improvements to the training of bottleneck features motivated by recent advances in the use of deep neural networks (DNNs) for speech recognition. First, we show how the use of unsupervised pretraining of a DNN enhances the network’s discriminative power and improves the bottleneck features it generates. Second, we show that a neural network trained to predict context-dependent senone targets produces better bottleneck features than one trained to predict monophone states. Bottleneck features trained using the proposed methods produced a 16% relative reduction in sentence error rate over conventional bottleneck features on a large vocabulary business search task.
Mild, Aqueous, Aerobic, Catalytic Oxidation of Methane to Methanol and Acetaldehyde Catalyzed by a Supported Bipyrimidinylplatinum−Polyoxometalate Hybrid Compound (2004)

We have demonstrated that a bipyrimidinylplatinum-polyoxometalate, [Pt(Mebipym)Cl2]+[H4PV2Mo10O40]-, supported on silica is an active catalyst for the aerobic oxidation of methane to methanol in water under mild reaction conditions. Further oxidation of methanol yields acetaldehyde. The presence of the polyoxometalate is presumed to allow the facile oxidation of a Pt(II) intermediate to a Pt(IV) intermediate and to aid in the addition of methane to the Pt catalytic center.
Synthesis of a Heteroditopic Cryptand Capable of Imposing a Distorted Coordination Geometry onto Cu(II):  Crystal Structures of the Cryptand (L), [Cu(L)(CN)](picrate), and [Cu(L)(NCS)](picrate) and Spectroscopic Studies of the Cu(II) Complexes (1996)

The synthesis of a new macrobicyclic cryptand (L) with heteroditopic receptor sites has been achieved in good yields by the [1 + 1] Schiff base condensation of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with the tripodal trialdehyde, tris{[2-(3-(oxomethyl)phenyl)oxy]ethyl}amine at 5 degrees C temperature. The crystal structure of L (P2(1)/c, a = 10.756 (5) Å, b = 27.407(9) Å, c = 12.000(2) Å, beta = 116.22(3) degrees, Z = 4, R = 0.060, R(w) = 0.058) shows a pseudo-3-fold symmetry axis passing through the two bridgehead nitrogens. This symmetry is maintained in chloroform solution also, as indicated from its (1)H-NMR spectral data. The cryptand readily forms inclusion complexes with the Cu(II) ion at the tren end of the cavity. The tetracoordinated Cu(II) cryptate (1) thus formed with Cu(picrate)(2) exhibits a very small A(II) value (60 x 10(-)(4) cm(-)(1)) in its EPR spectrum and low-energy ligand field bands in its electronic spectrum in MeCN at room temperature. The bound Cu(II) ion readily accepts the anions CN(-), SCN(-), or N(3)(-), forming distorted trigonal bipyramidal complexes (2-4). The crystal structure of [Cu(L)(CN)](picrate) (2) (P2(1)/C, a = 13.099(1) Å, b = 11.847(8) Å, c = 25.844(7) Å, beta = 91.22(1) degrees, Z = 4, R = 0.056, R(w) = 0.054) has been determined. The equatorial coordination is provided by the three secondary amino N atoms of the tren unit in L, while the two axial positions are occupied by the bridgehead N of the tren unit and the C atom of the cyanide group. One of the equatorial Cu-N bond distances is 2.339(6) Å, which is longer than normal values. The crystal structure of [Cu(L)(NCS)](picrate) (3) (C2/c, a = 47.889(10) Å, b = 10.467(5) Å, c = 16.922(2) Å, beta = 93.90(2) degrees, Z = 8, R = 0.054, R(w) = 0.055) shows the coordination geometry around the Cu(II) ion to be very similar to that in the case of 2. The electronic spectral and EPR spectral data obtained on 2-4 are characteristic of trigonal bipyramidal Cu(II) complexes. The three meta-substituted benzene rings present in L makes the donor atom somewhat rigid in nature which enforces a distorted geometry around the Cu(II) ion.
Glutamate and Quisqualate Regulate Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor mRNA in Cultured Cerebellar Granule Cells (1993)

Metabotropic glutamate receptor (type 1; mGluR1) is expressed predominantly in the hippocampus and the cerebellum. Using cultured cerebellar granule cells, we investigated the regulation of the mGluR1 mRNA expression. Levels of mGluR1 mRNA were decreased to less than half by high potassium stimulation and by glutamate and quisqualate. Although these glutamate receptor agonists tested are also known to cause neuronal cell death in culture, the effect of cell death cannot explain the observed reduction in mGluR1 mRNA because of the following reasons: (a) antagonists of N-methyl-D-aspartate and non-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors inhibited cell death, but not the reduction of the level of mGluR1 mRNA; (b) mGluR1 mRNA returned to its initial level 48 h after the agonist application; and (c) the mRNA level of one of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate/kainate receptors (GluR1) was not altered by these conditions. Therefore, we conclude that the glutamate or quisqualate stimulation can specifically inhibit the expression of mGluR1 mRNA. The dose response of quisqualate for the reduction in mGluR1 mRNA is consistent with that for inositol phosphate formation stimulated through the cloned mGluR1. The mRNA reduction did not require extracellular calcium. Desensitization of mGluR1 with phorbol ester abolished the mRNA reduction. These results suggest that the reduction in mGluR1 mRNA is mediated by the activation of the metabotropic receptor itself.
The consistency of facial expressions of pain: a comparison across modalities (1992)

A number of facial actions have been found to be associated with pain. However, the consistency with which these actions occur during pain of different types has not been examined. This paper focuses on the consistency of facial expressions during pain induced by several modalities of nociceptive stimulation. Forty-one subjects were exposed to pain induced by electric shock, cold, pressure and ischemia. Facial actions during painful and pain-free periods were measured with the Facial Action Coding System. Four actions showed evidence of a consistent association with pain, increasing in likelihood, intensity or duration across all modalities: brow lowering, tightening and closing of the eye lids and nose wrinkling/upper lip raising. Factor analyses suggested that the facial actions reflected a general factor with a reasonably consistent pattern across modalities which could be combined into a sensitive single measure of pain expression. The findings suggest that the 4 actions identified carry the bulk of facial information about pain. They also provide evidence for the existence of a universal facial expression of pain. Implications of the findings for the measurement of pain expression are discussed.
Pharmacokinetics ofS-3-(4-acetylamino-phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro- 3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide in rats, a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator (2004)

1: S-3-(4-acetylamino-phenoxy)-2-hydroxy-2-methyl-N-(4-nitro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-propionamide (also known as S-4) is a non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulator demonstrating tissue-selective androgenic and anabolic effects. The purpose of the present study was to examine the systemic pharmacokinetics, elimination and oral bioavailability of S-4 in rats. 2: Thirty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing approximately 250 g were randomly assigned to one of seven treatment groups. Intravenous doses of 0.5, 1, 10, and 30 mg kg(-1) were given via a jugular catheter. Oral doses of 1, 10 and 30 mg kg(-1) were administered via gavage. Plasma concentrations were determined using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography or by a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry method. 3: Clearances ranged between 1.0 and 2.1 ml min(-1) kg(-1) and varied with dose. The volume of distribution was approximately 0.448 l kg(-1) in all treatment groups. Oral bioavailability was also dose dependent, with the lower doses showing complete oral bioavailability. The half-life of S-4 over the dose range tested was between 2.6 and 5.3 h. 4: It was demonstrated that S-4 is rapidly absorbed, slowly cleared, and has a moderate volume of distribution in rats. The pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of S-4 indicate that it is an excellent candidate for clinical development.
Folate Deficiencies and Cardiovascular Pathologies (1998)

Although folates are widely distributed in foods, folate deficiencies may be more frequent than expected because their true availability may be impaired due to their lability under various food cooking and processing conditions. Folate deficiency is frequently observed in elderly people, smokers, alcoholics and oral contraceptive users. It is also associated with the mutation leading to the thermolabile variant of N5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase which is observed in about 10% of the population. In addition to the essential role of the intracellular pool of polyglutamates in de novo biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides which allow cell growth and division, the reduced and methylated form of folate, N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, is required for the remethylation of homocysteine to methionine. By inhibiting this remethylation pathway, folate deficiency induces homocysteine efflux into the circulation. Many studies have shown a negative correlation between plasma folate, particularly N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and circulating homocysteine levels. In addition, folate deficiency is a major cause of hyperhomocysteinemia which is fully recognised as an independent risk factor for atherothrombosis. Epidemiological and recent experimental studies have demonstrated that folate deficiency might increase the risk of cardiovascular disease by increasing circulating homocysteine levels. Thus, the clinical efficiency of folate supplementation, especially N5-methyltetrahydrofolate, in reducing homocysteine-dependent cardiovascular risk should be evaluated.
MicroRNA‐135a‐3p as a promising biomarker and nucleic acid therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer (2017)

Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Recently, several molecularly targeted anticancer agents have been developed for ovarian cancer; however, its prognosis remains extremely poor. The development of molecularly targeted therapy, as well as companion diagnostics, is required to improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer. In this study, to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in the progression of ovarian cancer we analyzed serum miRNAs in patients with ovarian cancer using miRNA array and quantitative RT-PCR and examined the anticancer properties of miRNA expression in ovarian cancer cells. In patients with ovarian cancer, high amount of miR-135a-3p in serum samples was significantly associated with favorable clinical prognosis. The amount of miR-135a-3p was significantly decreased in patients with ovarian cancer compared with patients with ovarian cysts or normal ovaries. In SKOV-3 and ES-2 human ovarian cancer cells, enhanced expression of miR-135a-3p induced drug sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel and suppressed cell proliferation and xenograft tumor growth. These findings suggest that miR-135a-3p may be considered as a biomarker and a therapeutic agent in ovarian cancer.
Cation disorder as the major electron scattering source in crystalline InGaZnO (2013)

We theoretically investigate the electron transport mechanism in crystalline In-Ga-Zn oxides using the semi-classical transport theory. The site disorder of Ga and Zn atoms is treated based on the virtual crystal approximation. The valence difference between Ga3+ and Zn2+, modeled by screened Coulomb potential, plays a critical role in determining the total electron mobility. The temperature and carrier-density dependences of the calculated electron mobility are in excellent agreement with experimental data. The unusual behavior of electron mobility is explained based on the energy-dependent relaxation time and underlying band structure.
Eradication of Multi‐Drug Resistant Bacteria by a Novel Zn‐doped CuO Nanocomposite (2013)

Zinc-doped copper oxide nanoparticles are synthesized and simultaneously deposited on cotton fabric using ultrasound irradiation. The optimization of the processing conditions, the specific reagent ratio, and the precursor concentration results in the formation of uniform nanoparticles with an average size of ≈30 nm. The antibacterial activity of the Zn-doped CuO Cu₀.₈₈Zn₀.₁₂O in a colloidal suspension or deposited on the fabric is tested against Escherichia coli (Gram negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive) bacteria. A substantial enhancement of 10,000 times in the antimicrobial activity of the Zn-CuO nanocomposite compared to the pure CuO and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) is observed after 10 min exposure to the bacteria. Similar activities are observed against multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR), (i.e., Methicillin-resistant S. aureus and MDR E. coli) further emphasizing the efficacy of this composite. Finally, the mechanism for this enhanced antibacterial activity is presented.
Infection and Atherosclerosis — Focus on Cytomegalovirus and Chlamydia Pneumoniae (1998)

Current data do not allow us to determine whether infection is a cause or a cofactor of atherosclerosis. These uncertainties can be resolved by larger scale seroepidemiologic, pathologic, and interventional studies. Such efforts will contribute to identifying populations that are appropriate for particular surveillance or specific interventions, such as antibiotics or antiviral therapy.
Constructing nanomechanical devices powered by biomolecular motors (1999)

A confluence in scientific advancements associated with molecular biology and nanofabrication technology now offers the potential of engineering functional hybrid organic/inorganic nanomechanical systems. Our objectives were to: (i) establish a system for producing a recombinant biomolecular motor; (ii) precisely position and orient biological molecules on nanofabricated substrates; and (iii) acquire baseline performance data on a biomolecular motor in a hybrid system. A recombinant expression system was established for the large-scale production of a thermostable biomolecular motor, F1-ATPase, modified to contain chemically active `handles.' His tags were used to specifically attach, as well as precisely position and orient, biological molecules on nickel, copper and gold substrates created using electron beam lithography. Further, these substrates were used to attach F1-ATPase and acquire baseline performance data on motor rotation through the attachment of fluorescent microspheres to the tip of the γ subunit. Counterclockwise rotation of the γ subunit was measured at approximately 10 Hz (3-4 rev s-1) using a differential interferometer. These data have established several prerequisite technologies that are essential to the integration of biomolecular motors in nano-electro-mechanical systems. The evolution of these technologies will open the door to the seamless integration of the motive power of life with engineered nanofabricated devices.
The independent effects of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid on cardiovascular risk factors in humans (2006)

Available evidence strongly suggests that eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid have differing haemodynamic and anti-atherogenic properties. The effects of the two fatty acids may also differ depending on the target population.
Accessory human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein US9 in the unique short component of the viral genome promotes cell-to-cell transmission of virus in polarized epithelial cells (1996)

Human cytomegalovirus (CMV) encodes accessory glycoproteins that are dispensable for virus growth in nonpolarized cells in culture. We report that CMV deletion mutants lacking the gene for accessory glycoprotein US9 in the unique short component of the viral genome are impaired in plaque formation in polarized human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells. Comparison of CMV deletion mutants in US9 with herpes simplex virus type 1 deletion mutants lacking glycoproteins gE and gI showed that both of these mutants are impaired in altering junctional complexes and increasing paracellular permeability in polarized ARPE-19 cells cultured on permeable filter supports. Results of functional studies indicate that CMV US9 and homologs of gE have analogous roles in promoting virus spread across lateral membranes of polarized epithelial cells.
Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells facilitate engineering of long-lasting functional vasculature (2008)

Vascular tissue engineering requires a ready source of endothelial cells and perivascular cells. Here, we evaluated human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for use as vascular progenitor cells in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. hMSCs expressed a panel of smooth muscle markers in vitro including the cardiac/smooth muscle-specific transcription coactivator, myocardin. Cell-cell contact between endothelial cells and hMSCs up-regulated the transcription of myocardin. hMSCs efficiently stabilized nascent blood vessels in vivo by functioning as perivascular precursor cells. The engineered blood vessels derived from human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells and hMSCs remained stable and functional for more than 130 days in vivo. On the other hand, we could not detect differentiation of hMSCs to endothelial cells in vitro, and hMSCs by themselves could not form conduit for blood flow in vivo. Similar to normal perivascular cells, hMSC-derived perivascular cells contracted in response to endothelin-1 in vivo. In conclusion, hMSCs are perivascular cell precursors and may serve as an attractive source of cells for use in vascular tissue engineering and for the study of perivascular cell differentiation.
The (A)BC excinuclease of Escherichia coli has only the UvrB and UvrC subunits in the incision complex. (1989)

The uvrA, uvrB, and uvrC genes control excision repair in Escherichia coli. Cells with mutations in any of these three genes cannot repair DNA by nucleotide excision. When the purified gene products--the UvrA, UvrB, and UvrC proteins--are mixed together, an excision nuclease is formed that incises on both sides of the damaged nucleotide in an ATP-dependent reaction; it has been presumed that the excision nuclease was an ABC complex containing all three Uvr proteins. To determine the stoichiometry of the subunits in the enzyme, we conducted hydrodynamic studies with mixtures of the subunits with or without DNA substrate. We found that without DNA the UvrA subunit is a dimer and that when UvrB protein is also present, a (UvrA)2(UvrB)1 complex forms. Without DNA no detectable interaction of either the UvrA or UvrB subunits or the (UvrA)2(UvrB)1 complex with the UvrC subunit occurs. Unexpectedly, with UV-irradiated DNA, the UvrA/UvrB ratio in isolated DNA-protein complexes is variable, and the ratio becomes infinitesimally low as the UvrA concentration in the reaction mixture decreases. Under conditions of saturating UvrB protein approximately one UvrB molecule binds to DNA per damaged site in a reaction that requires catalytic amounts of UvrA subunit. Addition of UvrC protein to purified UvrB-DNA complexes results in rapid incision of the DNA, presumably catalyzed by an excision nuclease containing only UvrB and UvrC subunits.
2-Aryl and 2-Heteroaryl Indoles from 1-Alkynes ando-Iodotrifluoroacetanilide through a Domino Copper-Catalyzed Coupling−Cyclization Process (2003)

[reaction: see text] A general method for the synthesis of 2-aryl and 2-heteroaryl indoles from aryl iodides and 1-alkynes through a domino copper-catalyzed process is reported. The best results have been obtained with [Cu(phen)(PPh(3))(2)]NO(3) in the presence of K(3)PO(4) in toluene or dioxane at 110 degrees C. 2-Aryl and 2-heteroaryl indoles can also be isolated in good yields by using catalysts derived from CuI and PPh(3) in dioxane at 110 degrees C.