gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of human dendritic cells from monocytes in vitro (1997)

Since either macrophages (Mphi) or dendritic cells (DC) differentiate from monocytes (MO) depending on culture conditions, we investigated the relationship of the DC and Mphi differentiation pathways. Culturing MO-enriched blood mononuclear cells with Mphi colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) or with granulocyte/Mphi (GM)-CSF induced Mphi with a different morphology and CD14/CD1a expression. In contrast, in cultures with GM-CSF and interleukin (IL)-4, cells rapidly became nonadherent and acquired DC morphology, ultrastructure, CD1a expression, and most DC markers; they lost membrane CD14 and CD64 and capacity of phagocytosis, displayed less CD68 than Mphi, but retained nonspecific esterase activity. These DC directly developed from MO without proliferation inasmuch as only day 0 FACS-sorted MO, but not small CD14- cells, differentiated into DC when cultured with GM-CSF and IL-4, or to Mphi with M-CSF While overall cell numbers declined, DC numbers plateaued from culture day 2 onwards, indicating that most had differentiasted by then. This differentiation was radioresistant and occurred without [3H]thymidine incorporation. Commitment to differentiate into DC with GM-CSF and IL-4 was irreversible by day 2, since discontinuing IL-4 at this point did not revert cells to Mphi. Alternatively, cells rapidly converted to DC when IL-4 was added from day 2 to cultures initiated with GM-CSF only. If cultures were initiated with M-CSF and switched to GM-CSF and IL-4 after 2 or 5 days, about half of the cells still converted to DC. Thus, the capacity of MO and even of Mphi to differentiate into DC was conserved for at least this period. The increased capacity to stimulate the mixed leukocyte reaction correlated with the relative number of CD1a+ cells at any time and under each condition tested, a confirmation that these cells functionally qualify as DC. Thus, MO and even Mphi can be directed to differentiate into DC depending on the cytokine microenvironment.
Fibrinogen–fibrin conversion. The mechanism of fibrin-polymer formation in solution (1980)

The fibrin polymers formed in solution during the earliest phase of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion are shown to be stable soluble molecules at pH7.4 and 0.15m- or 0.3m-NaCl. The various sequential soluble fibrin polymers produced from the fibrinogen-thrombin reaction can be observed by gel chromatography and can be isolated for characterization. The mechanism of fibrin polymerization proposed from the present studies suggests that the initial event is the thrombin activation at only one of the Aalpha-chains in fibrinogen. The resulting highly reactive intermediate is the true fibrin monomer and it rapidly, and irreversibly, self-associates to form the stable fibrin dimer (s(20.w)=12S). Fibrin dimer possesses the N-terminal pattern alanine/glycine/tyrosine (1:1:2) per 340000 molecular weight, and possesses the chain structure [(alpha)Aalpha)(Bbeta)(2)(gamma)(2)](2). The fibrin dimer is a soluble inert molecule, but additional thrombin activation of its remaining intact Aalpha-chains leads to new associations into larger inert soluble fibrin polymers. In this manner progressively larger fibrin oligomers are constructed with thrombin continually in control of the process because of the necessity to repeatedly re-activate the various fibrin polymers in solution. The inert character of the soluble fibrin polymers can be explained by the reciprocal alignment of the associating molecules, which mutually consumes their active surfaces and leaves an intact Aalpha-chain at either end of each fibrin oligomer. The soluble fibrin polymers will proceed to further association only if thrombin activates these remaining Aalpha-chains, otherwise the fibrin molecules are stable indefinitely. The intermolecular associations within the soluble fibrin polymers are essentially irreversible under these nearly physiological conditions. However, the bonding is not covalent. This mechanism accounts for the clinical observations of stable fibrinogen-derived polymers in the plasma from patients undergoing thrombotic processes. Since it is shown that the intermediate fibrin polymers, themselves, are stable soluble molecules, it is no longer necessary, nor warranted, to invoke hypothetical ;fibrinogen-fibrin complexes' to explain observations of fibrin solubility.
Excipients and their use in injectable products. (1997)

Formulation of a new drug product with excipients, that have been previously added to an approved injectable product, may save pharmaceutical companies developmental time and cost. The Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) and Handbook on Injectable Drugs were reviewed, extracting all information on excipients. The information was consolidated into eight tables, categorizing excipients as 1) Solvents and Co-solvents, 2) Solubilizing, Wetting, Suspending, Emulsifying or Thickening agents, 3) Chelating Agents, 4) Antioxidants and Reducing Agents. 5) Antimicrobial Preservatives, 6) Buffers and pH Adjusting Agents, 7) Bulking Agents, Protectants, and Tonicity Adjustors, and 8) Special Additives. Where applicable, tables list frequency of use, concentration, and an example of a commercial product containing the excipient. Excipients which are included in the 1996 FDA 'Inactive Ingredient Guide,' but do not appear in the PDR or Handbook on Injectable Drugs, were included as a separate list.
Dual Targeting of Spinach Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase II to Mitochondria and Chloroplasts by Alternative Use of Two In-frame Initiation Codons (2001)

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (Protox) is the final enzyme in the common pathway of chlorophyll and heme biosynthesis. Two Protox isoenzymes have been described in tobacco, a plastidic and a mitochondrial form. We isolated and sequenced spinach Protox cDNA, which encodes a homolog of tobacco mitochondrial Protox (Protox II). Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence between Protox II and other tobacco mitochondrial Protox homologs revealed a 26-amino acid N-terminal extension unique to the spinach enzyme. Immunoblot analysis of spinach leaf extract detected two proteins with apparent molecular masses of 57 and 55 kDa in chloroplasts and mitochondria, respectively. In vitro translation experiments indicated that two translation products (59 and 55 kDa) are produced from Protox II mRNA, using two in-frame initiation codons. Transport experiments using green fluorescent protein-fused Protox II suggested that the larger and smaller translation products (Protox IIL and IIS) target exclusively to chloroplasts and mitochondria, respectively.
Shape perception reduces activity in human primary visual cortex (2002)

Visual perception involves the grouping of individual elements into coherent patterns that reduce the descriptive complexity of a visual scene. The physiological basis of this perceptual simplification remains poorly understood. We used functional MRI to measure activity in a higher object processing area, the lateral occipital complex, and in primary visual cortex in response to visual elements that were either grouped into objects or randomly arranged. We observed significant activity increases in the lateral occipital complex and concurrent reductions of activity in primary visual cortex when elements formed coherent shapes, suggesting that activity in early visual areas is reduced as a result of grouping processes performed in higher areas. These findings are consistent with predictive coding models of vision that postulate that inferences of high-level areas are subtracted from incoming sensory information in lower areas through cortical feedback.
Synthesis and antimalarial properties of 2,4‐diamino‐6‐[(aryl)thio, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl]pyrido[3,2‐d]pyrimidines (1984)

Abstract The synthesis and antimalarial activity of a series of 2,4‐diamino‐6‐[(aryl)thio, sulfinyl and sulfonyl]pyrido‐[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidines is described. Nitration of 2,6‐dichloropyridine provided the 3‐nitro derivative which was converted to 6‐chloro‐3‐nitro‐2‐pyridinecarbonitrile (V) with cuprous cyanide. Condensation of an aryl thiol with V gave the 6‐arylthiopyridines VI which were reduced with iron in hydrochloric acid and condensed with chloroformamidine to give the 6‐arylthiopyrido[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidin‐2,4‐diamines X. Alternatively V was reduced to the amine VIII condensed with chloroformamidine and the resulting 6‐chloropyrido[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidine (IX) was treated with an arylthiol. Oxidation of X provided sulfinyl and sulfonyl analogs.
Light-emitting diodes using n-type conducting polymer: Poly(p-pyridyl vinylene) (1995)

A yellow-orange electroluminescent (EL) diode using an n-type conducting polymer, poly(p-pyridyl vinylene) (PPyV), as an emitting layer has been demonstrated and its EL properties are discussed. The EL emission of this device can be interpreted in terms of radiative recombination of the singlet polaron exciton formed by the injection of electrons and holes. Although the EL intensity of the PPyV light-emitting diode is weak, yellowish-orange EL emissions were clearly observed under normal room light. Changing from the PPyV EL device to the PPV‖PPyV EL device using poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) as a hole-transporting layer increased the maximum quantum efficiency from 0.0065% to 0.08% photons per electron. Detailed electrical and optical properties for these diodes with aluminum as the electron-injecting contacts are presented and an improved quantum efficiency for light emission has been achieved.
Binding of the Intracellular Fas Ligand (FasL) Domain to the Adaptor Protein PSTPIP Results in a Cytoplasmic Localization of FasL (2005)

The tumor necrosis factor family member Fas ligand (FasL) induces apoptosis in Fas receptor-expressing target cells and is an important cytotoxic effector molecule used by CTL- and NK-cells. In these hematopoietic cells, newly synthesized FasL is stored in specialized secretory lysosomes and only delivered to the cell surface upon activation and target cell recognition. FasL contains an 80-amino acid-long cytoplasmic tail, which includes a proline-rich domain as a bona fide Src homology 3 domain-binding site. This proline-rich domain has been implicated in FasL sorting to secretory lysosomes, and it may also be important for reverse signaling via FasL, which has been described to influence T-cell activation. Here we report the identification of the Src homology 3 domain-containing adaptor protein PSTPIP as a FasL-interacting partner, which binds to the proline-rich domain. PSTPIP co-expression leads to an increased intracellular localization of Fas ligand, thereby regulating extracellular availability and cytotoxic activity of the molecule. In addition, we demonstrate recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase PTP-PEST by PSTPIP into FasL.PSTPIP.PTP-PEST complexes which may contribute to FasL reverse signaling.
Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language (2017)

A key challenge for automatic hate-speech detection on social media is the separation of hate speech from other instances of offensive language. Lexical detection methods tend to have low precision because they classify all messages containing particular terms as hate speech and previous work using supervised learning has failed to distinguish between the two categories. We used a crowd-sourced hate speech lexicon to collect tweets containing hate speech keywords. We use crowd-sourcing to label a sample of these tweets into three categories: those containing hate speech, only offensive language, and those with neither. We train a multi-class classifier to distinguish between these different categories. Close analysis of the predictions and the errors shows when we can reliably separate hate speech from other offensive language and when this differentiation is more difficult. We find that racist and homophobic tweets are more likely to be classified as hate speech but that sexist tweets are generally classified as offensive. Tweets without explicit hate keywords are also more difficult to classify.
Toughness of Ultrafine Grained Ferritic Steels Fabricated by ARB and Annealing Process (2004)

A plain IF steel and a P-added IF steel having various ultrafine grain sizes from 0.24 to 11 μm were fabricated by the accumulative roll bonding (ARB) process followed by annealing. Dynamic fracture toughness of the ultrafine grained IF steels was investigated as a function of grain size by miniaturized Charpy impact test. The static strength of the IF steels significantly increased with decreasing the grain size, while the uniform elongation was limited in the ultrafine grained samples. A number of delamination appeared in the impact-tested specimens, especially in the ultrafine grained materials at low temperatures. It was concluded that the frequent delamination is not owing to insufficient roll-bonding in the ARB specimens but it is rather a characteristic feature of the ultrafine grained materials fabricated through heavy deformation. Because of the delamination, the absorbed energy in the impact test continuously decreased with decreasing the test temperature. On the other hand, an obvious change from the ductile fracture surface characterized by dimples into the brittle fracture surface mainly due to intergranular fracture was recognized at a certain low temperature. The ductile-brittle transition temperature determined from the microscopic fracture surfaces greatly decreased with decreasing the grain size, and finally no brittle fracture happened even at −190°C when the grain size was smaller than 5 μm or 2 μm in the plain IF steel or the P-added IF steel, respectively. It was concluded that the ultra-grain refinement is quite effective to improve the low-temperature toughness of ferritic steels and that it is possible to make phosphorus substantially harmless by grain refinement.
Insertion of a 5' truncated L1 element into the 3' end of exon 44 of the dystrophin gene resulted in skipping of the exon during splicing in a case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (1993)

We report here the second evidence of retrotransposition of L1, which was found inserted into the dystrophin gene of a patient, causing Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). When the PCR was used to amplify a region of the dystrophin gene encompassing exon 44 from genomic DNA of two Japanese brothers with DMD, it was found to be approximately 600 bp larger than expected. Both the normal and the abnormally large products were amplified from the DNA of their mother. However, the maternal grandparents did not have the abnormal allele, and the mutation must therefore have occurred in the mother. Analysis of nucleotide sequence of the amplified product from a patient disclosed that the insertion was present zero to two bases upstream from the 3' end of exon 44 and that two to four bases of the exon sequence were deleted from the insertion site. The insertion sequence was found to be composed of 606-608 bp and to be almost identical to the inverse complement of 3' portion of the L1 retrotransposon consensus sequence. The dystrophin gene transcript from peripheral lymphocytes of one of the patients was analyzed by using reverse transcription/semi-nested PCR. The size of the amplified product encompassing exon 42 to 46 was smaller than expected. Sequencing of the amplified product disclosed that the sequence of exon 43 was directly joined to that of exon 45. Exon 44 of the transcript was thus shown to be skipped during splicing. This novel mutation of the dystrophin gene has important implications regarding retrotransposition of an active L1 element and provides a new insight into the origins of mutations in the dystrophin gene.
A combination of CNTF and BDNF rescues rd photoreceptors but changes rod differentiation in the presence of RPE in retinal explants. (2001)

CNTF or BDNF treatment of rd retinal explants delays photoreceptor cell loss to some extent. However, when these agents are combined, photoreceptor rescue is much more effective. The quenching of opsin and arrestin expression caused by treatment suggests that simultaneous with rod rescue, rod differentiation is depressed. Regarding retinal degeneration, the results from the selective inhibitors of apoptosis rank the CNTF+BDNF combination treatment as the most consistent and effective experimental pharmacologic intervention currently available.
Transcriptional Activation upon Pheromone Stimulation Mediated by a Small Domain ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeSte12p (1997)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Ste12p induces transcription of pheromone-responsive genes by binding to a DNA sequence designated the pheromone response element. We generated a series of hybrid proteins of Ste12p with the DNA-binding and activation domains of the transcriptional activator Gal4p to define a pheromone induction domain of Ste12p sufficient to mediate pheromone-induced transcription by these hybrid proteins. A minimal pheromone induction domain, delineated as residues 301 to 335 of Ste12p, is dependent on the pheromone mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway for induction activity. Mutation of the three serine and threonine residues within the minimal pheromone induction domain did not affect transcriptional induction, indicating that the activity of this domain is not directly regulated by MAP kinase phosphorylation. By contrast, mutation of the two tyrosines or their preceding acidic residues led to a high level of transcriptional activity in the absence of pheromone and consequently to the loss of pheromone induction. This constitutively high activity was not affected by mutations in the MAP kinase cascade, suggesting that the function of the pheromone induction domain is normally repressed in the absence of pheromone. By two-hybrid analysis, this minimal domain interacts with two negative regulators, Dig1p and Dig2p (also designated Rst1p and Rst2p), and the interaction is abolished by mutation of the tyrosines. The pheromone induction domain itself has weak and inducible transcriptional activity, and its ability to potentiate transcription depends on the activity of an adjacent activation domain. These results suggest that the pheromone induction domain of Ste12p mediates transcriptional induction via a two-step process: the relief of repression and synergistic transcriptional activation with another activation domain.
Reducing Unnecessary Biopsy During Prostate Cancer Screening Using a Four-Kallikrein Panel: An Independent Replication (2010)

We have replicated our previously published finding that a panel of four kallikreins can predict the result of biopsy for prostate cancer in men with elevated PSA. Use of this panel would dramatically reduce biopsy rates. A small number of men with cancer would be advised against immediate biopsy, but these men would have predominately low-stage, low-grade disease.
High Voltage Breakdown Study. Handbook of Vacuum Insulation (1971)

The 'Handbook on Vacuum Insulation' discusses the factors influencing breakdown in high voltage vacuum devices. The data on the factors, interactions and theories on vacuum breakdown are interpreted and presented in a manner so as to be useful in the design of microwave and modulator tubes that must operate at voltages greater than 100 kV. The handbook is intended both as an introduction to, and realistic appraisal of, the use of vacuum as the insulating medium for high voltage and high power tubes. As such, it contains general discussions and recommendations pertaining to factors, levels, combinations and interactions of same, preparation, conditioning and operating procedures, etc., without, however, going into engineering and manufacturing details, discussion of which are best given in individual tube handbooks. The handbook first describes briefly the experimental program. This is followed by an introduction to the basic phenomena of vacuum insulation and a short review of the major theories of vacuum breakdown.
Fluid simulations of glow discharges: Effect of metastable atoms in argon (1993)

A one-dimensional fluid simulation of a 13.56 MHz argon glow discharge including metastable species was performed as an example of a coupled glow-discharge/neutral-transport-reaction system. Due to the slow response time of metastables (∼10 ms) direct time integration of the coupled system requires ∼105 rf cycles to converge. This translates to prohibitively long computation time. An ‘‘acceleration’’ scheme was employed using the Newton–Raphson method to speed up convergence, thereby reducing the computation time by orders of magnitude. For a pressure of 1 Torr, metastables were found to play a major role in the discharge despite the fact that their mole fraction was less than 10−5. In particular, metastable (two-step) ionization was the main mechanism for electron production to sustain the discharge. Bulk electric field and electron energy were lower, and a smaller fraction of power was dissipated in the bulk plasma when compared to the case without metastables. These results suggest that neutral transport and reaction must be considered in a self-consistent manner in glow discharge simulations, even in noble gas discharges.
Change in photoluminescence from Er-doped TiO2 thin films induced by optically assisted reduction (2002)

Erbium-doped TiO2 (TiO2:Er) thin films with the anatase structure have been prepared on Si substrate by laser ablation. Sharp and intense Er-related emission in the visible region as well as in the IR region has been observed under over-band-gap excitation. The broad photoluminescence (PL) peaking at about 530 nm newly appears at low temperature. It has been understood that the broad PL is induced by an optically assisted reduction effect that is caused by both the H2O adsorption and the reduction process of TiO2 to Ti2O3 by UV illumination. In the IR region, Er-related emission consisted of one main peak located at 1.534 μm and many subpeaks located at around 1.54 μm can be observed even at room temperature. The drastic thermal quenching of the Er-related 1.54 μm emission is also considered due to the optically assisted reduction effect.
An open-label tolerability and efficacy study of an aluminum sesquichlorhydrate topical foam in axillary and palmar primary hyperhidrosis (2008)

Primary hyperidrosis (PH) is a disorder characterized by excessive eccrine sweat gland production that primarily involves the axillae as well as palms and soles. Common first-line topical treatment for PH consists of aluminum salts (AS) that act by physically blocking eccrine sweat gland ducts. However, primary irritant contact dermatitis is a common side effect of AS treatment. Recently, a new low-residue, thermophobic foam formulation containing 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate has been developed (Nidrox, Mipharm S.p.A.). To evaluate the local tolerability and efficacy of 20% aluminum sesquichlorohydrate foam in the treatment of axillary and palmar PH. Twenty subjects affected by PH were enrolled in a multicenter, open-label study. Local tolerability was evaluated by physicians assessing itching, burning, and skin irritation using a four-point score (from 0: no symptoms to 3: severe symptoms). Skin irritation was quantified with a visual score. Efficacy was assessed by means of Minor test score using a four-point score (range 0-3). The foam was applied to clean dry skin, every night during the first 2 weeks and three times a week during the following 2 weeks. Clinical evaluations were performed at baseline, at day 14 and at day 28. Patients were monitored throughout the study for adverse events. All 20 subjects completed the study. The foam induced a significant reduction of the Minor score in comparison with baseline values (p = 0.0002) both at day 14 and at day 28. At the end of the 4-week treatment period, the foam reduced eccrine sweating by 61% (Minor score: 3.3 vs. 8.5). No skin irritation was observed during the trial except for one subject who experienced a mild and transient itching sensation. No other side effects were reported during the study. This new foam appears to be an effective and well-tolerated topical treatment in reducing sweating in patients with axillary and palmar PH.