gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2,6-Dichloroisonicotinic Acid-Induced Resistance to Pathogens Without the Accumulation of Salicylic Acid (1995)

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a pathogen-inducible defense mechanism effective against a wide range of pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is an essential component of this pathway, as transgenic plants unable to accumulate salicylic acid are incapable of developing SAR. Here, we show that the synthetic chemical 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) acts via the SAR signal transduction pathway. However, it does not induce SA accumulation during the time required for the induction of SAR gene expression or resistance to TMV. Furthermore, INA can induce both resistance and SAR gene expression in transgenic tobacco and Arabidopsis plants that cannot accumulate SA. Thus, INA apparently activates a component of the SAR signaling pathway downstream of SA accumulation
Comparison of Three Methods for Selecting Values of Input Variables in the Analysis of Output from a Computer Code (1979)

Two types of sampling plans are examined as alternatives to simple random sampling in Monte Carlo studies. These plans are shown to be improvements over simple random sampling with respect to variance for a class of estimators which includes the sample mean and the empirical distribution function.
Self-healing of sandwich structures with a grid stiffened shape memory polymer syntactic foam core (2010)

In this paper, a new sandwich with an orthogrid stiffened shape memory polymer (SMP) based syntactic foam core was proposed, fabricated, programmed, impacted, healed (sealed), and compression tested, for the purposes of healing impact damage repeatedly and almost autonomously. Two prestrain levels (3% and 20%), two impact energy levels (30.0 and 53.3 J), and two recovery (healing) conditions (2D confined and 3D confined) were employed in this paper. Up to seven impact–healing cycles were conducted. Macroscopic and microscopic damage–healing observation and analysis were implemented. Residual strength was evaluated using an anti-buckling compression test fixture. It was found that the healing efficiency was over 100% for almost all the impact–healing cycles; programming using 20% prestrain led to higher residual strength than that with 3% prestrain; 3D confined recovery resulted in higher residual strength than 2D confined recovery; and as the impact energy increased, the healing efficiency slightly decreased.
Selective expression of the Met/HGF receptor in human central nervous system microglia. (1993)

The c-MET proto-oncogene encodes the tyrosine kinase receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), also known as scatter factor, a powerful mitogen and motility factor for epithelial cells. We now show that the two previously described forms of the Met/HGF receptor, the intact p190MET and the truncated p140MET, are expressed in physiological conditions in the human central nervous system (CNS). The receptors were identified by Western blot analysis with monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes. By immunohistochemical staining the Met/HGF receptor was found to be expressed in a homogeneous cell population, equally distributed between the grey and the white matter, showing morphological features and immunochemical markers specific for the resident microglial cells. These data suggest a possible role for the c-MET proto-oncogene and HGF in microglial reactions to CNS injuries.
Role of oxygen free radicals in carcinogenesis and brain ischemia (1990)

Even though oxygen is necessary for aerobic life, it can also participate in potentially toxic reactions involving oxygen free radicals and transition metals such as Fe that damage membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids. Oxygen free radical reactions and oxidative damage are in most cases held in check by antioxidant defense mechanisms, but where an excessive amount of oxygen free radicals are produced or defense mechanisms are impaired, oxidative damage may occur and this appears to be important in contributing to several pathological conditions including aging, carcinogenesis, and stroke. Several newer methods, such as in vivo spin-trapping, have become available to monitor oxygen free radical flux and quantitate oxidative damage. Using a combination of these newer methods collectively focused on one model, recent results show that oxidative damage plays a key role in brain injury that occurs in stroke. Subtle changes, such as oxidative damage-induced loss of glutamine synthetase activity, may be a key event in stroke-induced brain injury. Oxygen free radicals may play a key role in carcinogenesis by mediating formation of base adducts, such as 8-hydroxyguanine, which can now be quantitated to very low levels. Evidence is presented that a new class of free radical blocking agents, nitrone spin-traps, may help not only to clarify if free radical events are involved, but may help prevent the development of injury in certain pathological conditions.
Establishment and characterization of renal progenitor like cells from S3 segment of nephron in rat adult kidney (2005)

Kidney is thought to be a regenerative organ in terms of repair from acute tubular injury. It is unknown whether cell population contributes to repair disordered kidney. We attempted to identify and isolate highly proliferative cells from a single cell. We dissected a single nephron from adult rat kidney. Isolated nephrons were separated into segments and cultured. Outgrowing cells were replated after limiting dilution so that each well contained a single cell. One of cell line which was the most potent to grow was designated as rKS56. rKS56 cells showed cobblestone appearance and expressed immature cell markers relating to kidney development and mature tubular cell markers. rKS56 cells grew exponentially and could be maintained for 300 days without transformation. In different culture conditions, rKS56 cells differentiated into mature tubular cells defined by aquaporin-1, 2 expression, and responsiveness to parathyroid hormone or vasopressin. Engrafted to kidney in rat ischemic reperfusion model, rKS56 cells replaced in injured tubules in part after implantation and improved renal function. These results suggest rKS56 cells possess character such as self-renewal, multi-plasticity and capability of tissue repair. rKS56 may possibly contribute to the future development of cell therapy for renal regeneration.
Laparoscopic Anterior Lumbar Interbody Fusion With rhBMP-2 (2001)

Discogenic low back pain can be effectively treated surgically with a laparoscopic anterior lumbar interbody fusion using rhBMP-2 in place of autogenous bone. The fusion occurs quickly and predictably with no adverse effects identified.
Purified lexA protein is a repressor of the recA and lexA genes. (1981)

Escherichia coli shows a pleiotropic response (the SOS response) to treatments that damage DNA or inhibit DNA replication. Previous evidence has suggested that the product of the lexA gene is involved in regulating the SOS response, perhaps as a repressor, and that it is sensitive to the recA protease. We show here that lexA protein is a repressor of at least two genes, recA and lexA. Purified protein bound specifically to the regulatory regions of the two genes, as judged by DNase I protection experiments, and it specifically inhibited in vitro transcription of both genes. The binding sites in recA and lexA were found to be about 20 base pairs (bp) and 40 bp long, respectively. The 40-bp sequence in lexA was composed of two adjacent 20-bp sequences, which had considerable homology to one another and to the corresponding recA sequence. These 20-bp sequences, which we term "SOS boxes," show considerable inverted repeat structure as well. These features suggest that each box represents a single repressor binding site. Finally, we found that purified lexA protein was a substrate for the recA protease in a reaction requiring ATP or an analogue, adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate, and denatured DNA.
Characteristics of a Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) Extracellular Protein Targeting Chitin and Chitosan (2001)

ABSTRACT Upstream of the Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) chitinase G gene, a small gene (named chb3 ) is located whose deduced product shares 37% identical amino acids with the previously described CHB1 protein from Streptomyces olivaceoviridis . The chb3 gene and its upstream region were cloned in a multicopy vector and transformed into the plasmid-free Streptomyces lividans TK21 strain. The CHB3 protein (14.9 kDa) was secreted by the S. lividans TK21 transformant during growth in the presence of glucose, N -acetylglucosamine, yeast extract, and chitin. The protein was purified to homogeneity using anionic exchange, hydrophobic interaction chromatographies, and gel filtration. In contrast to CHB1, CHB3 targets α-chitin, β-chitin, and chitosan at pH 6.0 but does so relatively loosely. The ecological implications of the divergence of substrate specificity of various types of chitin-binding proteins are described.
Coupling of Monoclonal Antibodies with Fluorophores (2003)

Immunofluorescence analysis has been greatly aided by the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) modified by derivatization with fluorescent labels (1). Improvements of known fluorophores and development of new ones with a broader range of colors have paralleled the production of new detection systems with enhanced sensitivity, offering an increasingly more convenient alternative to radioactive probes (2–8). When compared with radioisotopes, fluorescent dyes have the advantages of generally lower cost, ease of disposal, similar sensitivity, and the feasibility of multicolor labeling. The ability to use several colors (even five or more) allows one to identify multiple-cell subsets, or multiple structures or functions within a cell in the same experimental preparation (9). Progress in the production of MAbs and effective antigens obtained by conjugating small molecules, such as drugs and toxins, to proper carriers has enormously enhanced the prospects of using antibodies not only for diagnosing diseases, but also for detecting toxins or pesticides in foods and in the environment (10).
Race-specific HIV-1 disease-modifying effects associated with CCR5 haplotypes (1999)

Genetic variation in CC chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5), the major HIV-1 coreceptor, has been shown to influence HIV-1 transmission and disease progression. However, it is generally assumed that the same CCR5 genotype (or haplotype) has similar phenotypic effects in different populations. To test this assumption, we used an evolutionary-based classification of CCR5 haplotypes to determine their associated HIV-1 disease-modifying effects in a large well-characterized racially mixed cohort of HIV-1-seropositive individuals. We demonstrate that the spectrum of CCR5 haplotypes associated with disease acceleration or retardation differs between African Americans and Caucasians. Also, we show that there is a strong interactive effect between CCR5 haplotypes with different evolutionary histories. The striking population-specific phenotypic effects associated with CCR5 haplotypes emphasize the importance of understanding the evolutionary context in which disease susceptibility genes are expressed.
Multicast routing in internetworks and extended LANs (1995)

Multicasting is used within local-area networks to make distributed applications more robust and more efficient. The growing need to distribute applications across multiple, interconnected networks, and the increasing availability of high-performance, high-capacity switching nodes and networks, lead us to consider providing LAN-style multicasting across an internetwork. In this paper, we propose extensions to two common internetwork routing algorithms---distance-vector routing and link-state routing---to support low-delay datagram multicasting. We also suggest modifications to the single-spanning-tree routing algorithm, commonly used by link-layer bridges, to reduce the costs of multicasting in large extended LANs. Finally, we show how different link-layer and network-layer multicast routing algorithms can be combined hierarchically to support multicasting across large, heterogeneous internetworks.
Volumetric Raman Microscopy Through a Turbid Medium (1996)

The need for safe and non-invasive techniques for in situ structural and functional analysis of biological tissue has motivated widespread interest in optical spectroscopic-based imaging methods. Inclusion of spectroscopic information in the image data set can improve image contrast and, more importantly, provide for in situ histochemical tissue analysis via spectrochemical differences between tissue types. A promising approach utilizes the inherent spatial and spectral discrimination properties of the confocal Raman microscope (CRM) to isolate and extract 3D spectrochemical information from objects embedded in a scattering matrix. This study had several objectives. First, it is shown that a wax film immersed in a turbid solution of milk and water is a valid model system that replicates the elastic scattering properties and Raman activity typical of many biological tissues. Subsequently, the CRM spatial resolution (both axial and lateral) was measured as a function of solution turbidity with the tissue-equivalent phantom and the results were compared with those derived from a theoretical model of CRM image formation based on single scattering theory. The good agreement between the theoretical predictions and experimental results allowed limits to be established for confocal Raman spectroscopic imaging through a scattering tissue-like medium.
Horizontal transmission, vertical inactivation, and stochastic loss of mariner-like transposable elements. (1995)

Horizontal transmission has been well documented as a major mechanism for the dissemination of mariner-like elements (MLEs) among species. Less well understood are mechanisms that limit vertical transmission of MLEs resulting in the "spotty" or discontinuous distribution observed in closely related species. In this article we present evidence that the genome of the common ancestor of the melanogaster species subgroup of Drosophila contained an MLE related to the mellifera (honey bee) subfamily. Horizontal transmission, approximately 3-10 MYA, is strongly suggested by the observation that the sequence of the MLE in Drosophila erecta is 97% identical in nucleotide sequence with that of an MLE in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. The D. erecta MLE has a spotty distribution among species in the melanogaster subgroup. The element has a high copy number in D. erecta and D. orena, a moderate copy number in D. teissieri and D. yakuba, and was apparently lost ("stochastic loss") in the lineage leading to D. melanogaster, D. simulans, D. mauritiana, and D. sechellia. In D. erecta, most copies are concentrated in the heterochromatin. Two copies from D. erecta, denoted De12 and De19, were cloned and sequenced, and they appear to be nonfunctional ("vertical inactivation"). It therefore appears that the predominant mode of MLE evolution is vertical inactivation and stochastic loss balanced against occasional reinvasion of lineages by horizontal transmission.
Decreased brain choline uptake in older adults. An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To test the hypothesis that uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age, because alterations in metabolism of choline may be a factor contributing to age-related degenerative changes in the brain. <h3>Design.</h3> —Cohort comparison in younger and older adults. <h3>Participants.</h3> —Subjects were chosen consecutively from lists of healthy volunteers screened by medical and psychiatric interviews and laboratory tests. Younger adults (n=12) were between the ages of 20 and 40 years (mean age, 32 years), and older adults (n=16) were between the ages of 60 and 85 years (mean age, 73 years). <h3>Interventions.</h3> —After fasting overnight, subjects received choline, as the bitartrate, to yield free choline equal to 50 mg/kg of body weight. Blood was drawn for determination of plasma choline concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (<sup>1</sup>H-MRS) was performed to determine the relative concentration of cytosolic choline—containing compounds in the brain at baseline and after ingestion of choline. <h3>Main Outcome Measures.</h3> —Plasma choline and cytosolic choline—containing compounds in the brain, estimated as the ratio of the choline resonance to the creatine resonance on<sup>1</sup>H-MRS scans of the basal ganglia, were compared following blinded analyses of data from subject cohorts studied at baseline and 3 hours after choline ingestion. <h3>Results.</h3> —Levels of plasma choline and cytosolic choline—containing compounds in brain were similar at baseline in younger and older subjects. Following ingestion of choline, plasma choline concentration increased by similar proportions (76% and 80%) in both younger and older subjects. Brain cytosolic choline— containing compounds increased substantially in younger subjects (mean increase, 60%;<i>P</i>&lt;.001 vs baseline). Older subjects showed a much smaller increase in brain choline—containing compounds (mean, 16%;<i>P</i>&lt;.001 vs the increase in younger subjects). <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —Uptake of circulating choline into the brain decreases with age. Given the key role of choline in neuronal structure and function, this change may be a contributing factor in onset in late life of neurodegenerative, particularly dementing, illnesses in which cholinergic neurons show particular susceptibility to loss. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:902-907)
Decreased Serum Tryptophan in Patients with Cancer Cachexia Correlates with Increased Serum Neopterin (1995)

We investigated serum tryptophan (Trp), neopterin (NPT) and immunosuppressive acidic protein (IAP), one of tumor-associated tumor marker, concentrations in 28 patients with gastrointestinal tumors representing cancer cachexia and 10 healthy controls. NPT comes from activated macrophages presumably activated by tumor-sensitized T cells via gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) excitation of the macrophages. We found that the NPT level was significantly higher than the control value. The negative correlation of NPT and Trp concentrations indicates activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a Trp degradating enzyme, in cancer-burden patients. The activity of IDO can be induced by cytokines such as IFN-gamma, and therefore low Trp levels may result from endogenous IFN-gamma production due to immune activation against tumors. We also found a positive correlation between NPT and IAP levels, suggesting that host immune activation against tumors played a role in the immunosuppression of cancer-burden states, followed by cancer-cachexia.
Involvement of Estrogen Receptor Variant ER-α36, Not GPR30, in Nongenomic Estrogen Signaling (2010)

Accumulating evidence suggested that an orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)30, mediates nongenomic responses to estrogen. The present study was performed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying GPR30 function. We found that knockdown of GPR30 expression in breast cancer SK-BR-3 cells down-regulated the expression levels of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha36, a variant of ER-alpha. Introduction of a GPR30 expression vector into GPR30 nonexpressing cells induced endogenous ER-alpha36 expression, and cotransfection assay demonstrated that GPR30 activated the promoter activity of ER-alpha36 via an activator protein 1 binding site. Both 17beta-estradiol (E2) and G1, a compound reported to be a selective GPR30 agonist, increased the phosphorylation levels of the MAPK/ERK1/2 in SK-BR-3 cells, which could be blocked by an anti-ER-alpha36-specific antibody against its ligand-binding domain. G1 induced activities mediated by ER-alpha36, such as transcription activation activity of a VP16-ER-alpha36 fusion protein and activation of the MAPK/ERK1/2 in ER-alpha36-expressing cells. ER-alpha36-expressing cells, but not the nonexpressing cells, displayed high-affinity, specific E2 and G1 binding, and E2- and G1-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization only in ER-alpha36 expressing cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that previously reported activities of GPR30 in response to estrogen were through its ability to induce ER-alpha36 expression. The selective G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)30 agonist G1 actually interacts with ER-alpha36. Thus, the ER-alpha variant ER-alpha36, not GPR30, is involved in nongenomic estrogen signaling.
Properties of high-k/ultrahigh purity silicon nitride stacks (2004)

Ultrahigh purity (UHP) silicon nitride (Si3N4) was applied as a barrier layer to reduce the reaction of high-k materials with the underlying silicon channel. UHP Si3N4 was grown by rapid thermal nitridation (RTN) in chemically scrubbed ammonia in an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) chamber. The grown thickness nearly saturates for nitridation times greater than 10 s. This self-limiting thickness increases by about 0.2 nm per 100 °C nitridation temperature from 500 to 900 °C. In situ Auger show that UHP nitride has less than 1% oxygen contamination. The effective charge density of UHP Si3N4 was found to increase with the thickness of nitride layer. The thinnest nitride layers (0.5 nm) have a charge density of approximately 5×1011 cm−2. The peak mobility of field effect transistors made from such a layer are 180 cm2/V s (n channel) and 50 cm2/V s (p channel). Both are about 70% of the value predicted by the universal curve.
Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling of Ethanol and Hydrogenation of Esters and Imines (2012)

This paper presents an outstanding air-stable ruthenium catalyst that has unprecedented efficiency (TON up to 17 000) for acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of ethanol, yielding ethyl acetate and hydrogen gas, and for hydrogenation of esters and imines at 40 °C while using as low as 50 ppm [Ru].
Glutathione Manipulation and the Radiosensitivity of Human Tumour and Fibroblast Cell Lines (1995)

We have studied the role of glutathione (GSH) in determining radiation response in five human tumour and one human fibroblast cell line. GSH concentration was measured using the Tietze assay and compared with clonogenic survival following gamma-irradiation. No relationship between GSH concentration and aerobic radiosensitivity was observed. The addition of 10 mM extracellular cysteamine produced protection factors in all cell lines, ranging from 1.6 to 2.1, but had little influence on cellular GSH concentration. Depletion of GSH by buthionine sulphoximine (0.1 mM for 18 h) had negligible effect on cell survival, though moderate radiosensitization resulted from extreme GSH depletion after 30-min treatment with 1 mM dimethylfumarate. The degree of aerobic sensitization did not correlate with GSH levels. Irradiation under hypoxia produced oxygen enhancement ratios varying from 1.6 to 2.6, with no relationship to GSH content.
Breast cancer hypothesis: a single cause for the majority of cases (2000)

The hypothesis that best fits the epidemiological data is that dietary fat is not itself the causal agent, but produces depletion of an essential factor that is normally protective against the development of breast cancer. Many of the observed inconsistencies in the epidemiology are explainable if deficiency of this agent is permissive for breast cancer to develop. Some properties of the putative agent are outlined, and research investigations proposed.
P and K Requirements of Upland Rice in Eastern Uttar Pradesh (1987)

This article 'P and K Requirements of Upland Rice in Eastern Uttar Pradesh' appeared in the International Rice Research Newsletter series, created by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). The primary objective of this publication was to expedite communication among scientists concerned with the development of improved technology for rice and for rice based cropping systems. This publication will report what scientists are doing to increase the production of rice in as much as this crop feeds the most densely populated and land scarce nations in the world.