gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integer-based constellation-shaping method for PAPR reduction in OFDM systems (2006)

In this paper, the problem of reducing the peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system is considered. We design a cubic constellation, called the Hadamard constellation, whose boundary is along the bases defined by the Hadamard matrix in the transform domain. Then, we further reduce the PAPR by applying the selective-mapping technique. The encoding method, following the method introduced in the work of Kwok, is derived from a decomposition known as the Smith normal form. This new technique offers a PAPR that is significantly lower than those of the best-known techniques without any loss in terms of energy and/or spectral efficiency, and without any side information being transmitted. Moreover, it has a low computational complexity.
Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by oral administration of myelin basic protein and its fragments. (1988)

We report that experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease studied as a model for multiple sclerosis, can be suppressed in Lewis rats by the oral administration of myelin basic protein (MBP). Both the clinical and histopathologic manifestations of the disease were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, proliferative responses to MBP and, to a lesser extent, serum levels of anti-MBP antibody were suppressed by feeding MBP. Suppression of clinical and histologic disease was observed whether animals were fed MBP before or after disease induction, although suppression was more complete when rats were fed before immunization. Disease was also suppressed by the oral administration of either encephalitogenic or nonencephalitogenic fragments and decapeptides of the MBP molecule, with more complete suppression observed when nonencephalitogenic fragments were fed, suggesting that suppressor determinants exist in the MBP molecule distinct from the encephalitogenic region. The oral administration of a non-disease-inducing portion of an autoantigen represents an antigen-specific method by which an experimental autoimmune disease can be immunoregulated.
Infected congenital mucocele of the nasolacrimal duct. (1993)

The authors report their experience with an infant presenting with an infected nasolacrimal duct mucocele, emphasizing correlation of clinical, CT, and surgical findings. CT is the imaging modality of choice to demonstrate the triad of 1) a cystic medial canthal mass, 2) dilatation of the nasolacrimal duct, and 3) a submucosal nasal cavity mass; findings which are diagnostic of this entity. A brief review of the relevant embryology is also presented.
Localization, Regulation and Possible Consequences of Apoptotic Protease-Activating Factor-1 (Apaf-1) Expression in Granulosa Cells of the Mouse Ovary (1999)

The recent characterization of apoptotic protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) in vertebrates as a putative homolog of the Caenorhabditis elegans gene, ced-4, indicates that the third major arm of the C. elegans programmed cell death machinery has also been conserved through evolution. Although apoptosis is now known to be important for ovarian follicular atresia in vertebrates, nothing is known of the role of Apaf-1 in ovarian function. Herein we show by immunohistochemical analysis that Apaf-1 is abundant in granulosa cells of early antral follicles whereas in vivo gonadotropin priming completely suppresses Apaf-1 expression and granulosa cell apoptosis. Western blot analysis of fractionated protein extracts prepared from granulosa cells before and after in vitro culture without hormonal support to induce apoptosis indicated that mitochondrial cytochrome c release, a biochemical step required for the activation of Apaf-1, occurs in granulosa cells cultured in vitro. Moreover, Western blot analysis of procaspase-3 processing, a principal downstream event set in motion by activated Apaf-1, indicated that healthy granulosa cells possess almost exclusively the inactive (pro-) form of the enzyme whereas granulosa cells deprived of hormonal support rapidly process procaspase-3 to the active enzyme. Lastly, we show that serum-starved granulosa cells activate caspase-3-like enzymes both prior to and after nuclear pyknosis, as revealed by a single-cell fluorescent caspase activity assay. These data, combined with previous observations regarding the role of homologs of the two other C. elegans cell death regulatory genes, ced-9 (Bcl-2 family members) and ced-3 (caspases), in atresia fully support the hypothesis that granulosa cell apoptosis is precisely coordinated by all three major arms of a cell death program conserved through evolution.
N-[3-(2-Dimethylaminoethyl)-2-methyl-1H- indol-5-yl]-4-fluorobenzamide:  A Potent, Selective, and Orally Active 5-HT1F Receptor Agonist Potentially Useful for Migraine Therapy (2001)

Recent studies have demonstrated that selective 5-HT(1F) receptor agonists inhibit neurogenic dural inflammation, a model of migraine headache, indicating that these compounds may be effective therapies for the treatment of migraine pain. This communication describes the synthesis and discovery of a novel compound, N-[3-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)-2-methyl-1H-indol-5-yl]-4-fluorobenzamide (4), which possesses high binding affinity and selectivity at the 5-HT(1F) receptor relative to more than 40 other serotonergic and nonserotonergic receptors examined.
Automatic triage for a photo series (2016)

People often take a series of nearly redundant pictures to capture a moment or scene. However, selecting photos to keep or share from a large collection is a painful chore. To address this problem, we seek a relative quality measure within a series of photos taken of the same scene, which can be used for automatic photo triage. Towards this end, we gather a large dataset comprised of photo series distilled from personal photo albums. The dataset contains 15, 545 unedited photos organized in 5,953 series. By augmenting this dataset with ground truth human preferences among photos within each series, we establish a benchmark for measuring the effectiveness of algorithmic models of how people select photos. We introduce several new approaches for modeling human preference based on machine learning. We also describe applications for the dataset and predictor, including a smart album viewer, automatic photo enhancement, and providing overviews of video clips.
An accurate camera calibration for the aerial image analysis (2002)

An algorithm is proposed for accurate camera calibration. Attention is focused on finding a suitable distortion model for a digital camera. The geometric model, and the calibration procedure are demonstrated by calibrating the EIKONIX (EC850) camera. Several experiments are made with an average control point location error of about 6.6 mu m and 1/40000 over the field of view. The results obtained are useful for aerial photograph analysis, machine vision, and digital photogrammetry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
In Vitro Synthesis of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Storage Proteins (1981)

Free and membrane-associated polysomes were isolated in approximately equal amounts from endosperm of wheat kernels harvested 20 days after anthesis. The presence of heparin in the homogenizing buffer minimized polysome degradation. Ribonucleic acid from the isolated polysomes, when translated in vitro in a wheat germ system, yielded products ranging in size from about 12,000 to about 80,000 daltons, including at least two polypeptides that co-migrated with seed extract proteins in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The nature of the translation products of free and membrane-associated RNA are distinctly different, with membrane-associated RNA yielding a higher proportion of polypeptides in the size range of 30,000 to 37,000 daltons. Analysis of membrane-associated 3'-terminal polyadenylyl-containing RNA in vitro translation products, by solubility in 70% ethanol and by immunoprecipitation, indicates that the 33,000- to 37,000-dalton polypeptides contain gliadins, and the analysis provides evidence that these proteins are synthesized in association with membranous cell organelles. Gliadin polypeptides synthesized in vitro are larger than authentic gliadins and probably are precursors which, in vivo, undergo modification to yield the smaller final products.
Regional and Local Influences on Freezing Drizzle, Freezing Rain,and Ice Pellet Events (2000)

Regional and local influences on frequency and type of freezing precipitation (freezing drizzle, freezing rain, and ice pellets) are investigated via in-depth climatologies of six continental United States (CONUS) sounding sites. For each site, wind roses of precipitation type occurrences are compared with those for nearby stations and the aggregate values for the CONUS. Synoptic scenarios and sounding structures are identified for prolonged events of each precipitation type and probable formation mechanisms are discussed. Station location relative to topographic features smaller than 1 km in height, water bodies ranging in size from oceans to small bays, and dominant wintertime storm tracks are shown to play a major role in the determination of the frequency and type of freezing precipitation at each site. Results help to explain the regional maxima and minima of freezing precipitation across the CONUS, as well as the dominance of certain precipitation types and formation mechanisms in different portions thereof. Understanding these differences is necessary for proper development of techniques used to diagnose and forecast surface precipitation type and the occurrence of hazardous aircraft icing conditions associated with freezing precipitation aloft.
Migration-Inhibitory Factor Gene-Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to CutaneousLeishmania majorInfection (2001)

To determine the role of endogenous migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development of protective immunity against cutaneous leishmaniasis, we analyzed the course of cutaneous Leishmania major infection in MIF gene-deficient mice (MIF(-/-)) and wild-type (MIF(+/+)) mice. Following cutaneous L. major infection, MIF(-/-) mice were susceptible to disease and developed significantly larger lesions and greater parasite burdens than MIF(+/+) mice. Interestingly, antigen-stimulated lymph node cells from MIF(-/-) mice produced more interleukin-4 (IL-4) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) than those from MIF(+/+) mice, although the differences were statistically not significant. IFN-gamma-activated resting peritoneal macrophages from MIF(-/-) mice showed impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity and produced significantly lower levels of nitric oxide and superoxide in vitro. The macrophages from MIF(-/-) mice, however, produced much more IL-6 than macrophages from wild-type mice. These findings demonstrate that endogenous MIF plays an important role in the development of protective immunity against L. major in vivo. Furthermore, they indicate that the susceptibility of MIF(-/-) mice to L. major infection is due to impaired macrophage leishmanicidal activity rather than dysregulation of Th1 and Th2 responses.
Efficacy of a novel metalloprotease inhibitor on botulinum neurotoxin B activity (1998)

The novel inhibitor 7-N-phenylcarbamoylamino-4-chloro-3-propyloxyisocoumarin (ICD 1578) was tested for its ability to antagonize the zinc metalloprotease activity of botulinum toxin B (BoNT/B). The efficacy of this compound was tested in a cell-free system using a 50-mer synaptobrevin peptide as substrate. The peptide, designated as [Pya88] S 39-88, had a fluorescent amino acid analog, L-pyrenylalanine (Pya), substituted for the normal Phe88 of synaptobrevin-2. Cleavage by BoNT light chain yielded fragments of 38 and 11 amino acids, respectively. The smaller fragment, containing the Pya fluorophore, was readily separated and quantified by fluorescence spectroscopy at 377 nm. In the presence of 7-200 microM ICD 1578, cleavage of [Pya88] S 39-88 was progressively reduced (IC50 = 27.6 microM), and 100 microM ICD 1578 produced >95% inhibition. For comparison, captopril, a well-known zinc metalloprotease inhibitor, generated less than 10% inhibition at a concentration of 5 mM. ICD 1578 is the most potent antagonist of BoNT/B light chain thus far described.
Heparinase I from Flavobacterium heparinum (1996)

In this study we have identified the primary heparin binding site of heparinase I (EC 4.2.2.7). Chemical and proteolytic digests of heparinase I were used in direct binding and competition assays, to map the regions of heparinase I that interact specifically with heparin. We find the heparin binding site contains two Cardin-Weintraub heparin binding consensus sequences and a calcium co-ordination consensus motif. We show that heparin binding to heparinase I is independent of calcium (Kd of 60 nm) and that calcium is able to activate heparinase I catalytically. We find that sulfhydryl selective labeling of cysteine 135 of heparinase I protects the lysines of the heparin binding sequence from proteolytic cleavage, suggesting the close proximity of the heparin binding site to the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis of H203A (contained in the heparin binding site) inactivated heparinase I; however, a H203D mutant retained marginal activity, indicating a role for this residue in catalysis. The above results taken together suggest that histidine 203 (hence the heparin binding site) is immediately adjacent to the scissile bond. We propose that the heparin binding site and active site are in close proximity to each other and that the calcium coordination motif, contained in the heparin binding site, may bridge heparin to heparinase I through calcium in a ternary complex during catalysis.
Small Molecule Antagonists of Integrin Receptors (2010)

The complex and widespread family of integrin receptors is involved in numerous physiological processes, such as tissue remodeling, angiogenesis, development of the immune response and homeostasis. In addition, their key role has been elucidated in important pathological disorders such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases, making them highly important targets for modern drug design campaigns. In this review we seek to present a concise overview of the small molecule antagonists of this diverse and highly complex receptor family. Integrin antagonists are classified according to the targeted integrin receptor and are discussed in four sections. First we present the fibrinogen alpha(IIb)beta3 and the vitronectin alpha (V)beta(3) receptor antagonists. The remaining selective integrin antagonists are examined in the third section. The final section is dedicated to molecules with dual or multiple integrin activity. In addition, the use of antibodies and peptidomimetic approaches to modulate the integrin receptors are discussed, as well providing the reader with an overall appreciation of the field.
Pathophysiology and Treatment of Functional Dyspepsia (2005)

Functional dyspepsia is a highly prevalent symptom complex and a heterogenous disorder. Recent studies showed potential associations between specific pathophysiologic disturbances and dyspeptic symptoms. Delayed gastric emptying reported in about 30% of patients with functional dyspepsia is associated with the symptoms of postprandial fullness, nausea, and vomiting. Impaired gastric accommodation present in 40% of functional dyspepsia patients is found to be associated with early satiety. Hypersensitivity to gastric distension is observed in 37% of functional dyspepsia patients and associated with the symptoms of postprandial pain, belching, and weight loss. Psychosocial factors and altered response to duodenal lipids or acid have also been identified as pathophysiologic mechanisms. Therapeutic options are still limited but targeted therapy directed at the underlying pathophysiology seems desirable. Thus, efforts to further elucidate underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms and identify the appropriate patient population using some type of pathophysiologic testing will be required.
Proximity effects in dry developed lithography for sub-0.35-μm application (1994)

When printing at the resolution limit of the steppers, optical proximity effects become increasingly important and might limit the useful resist processing window. In this paper proximity effects have been studied for processes based on surface imaging and dry development. Proximity effect resulted in both linewidth and profile differences between dense and isolated lines at 0.35 micrometers and below. Proximity is partly due to optical effects (NA, (sigma) , wavelength, mask tonality) and partly due to processing conditions (silylation and development). To study the optical effects, aerial image simulations have been performed and a comparison with experimental results was carried out. Reduction in proximity is realized by a reduction in 'process offset', improvements in silylation contrast and a reduction in microloading effects during dry development. Positive tone resist processes show a reduced proximity effect as compared to negative tone resist processes and the feasibility for 0.30 micrometers dimensions has been shown. At 0.25 micrometers level, the process optimization should be accompanied with optical solutions in the form of selective mask biasing.
The four‐lielix bundle: what determines a fold? (1995)

The four-helix bundle motif occurs in many structural contexts and in proteins that are functionally diverse. The motif can be classified into individual folds on the basis of topological and geometric properties. It has been thoroughly investigated structurally by both nuclear magnetic resonance and x-ray crystallography. Many mutants of four-helix bundles have been generated, and the motif has also been the target of de novo design studies. Taken together, these studies provide an opportunity to examine many of the forces governing protein folding. In this article we consider the relative importance of the burial of hydrophobic residues, loss of conformational entropy, packing interactions, interhelical turn composition, and helical dipole interactions all within the context of a single folding motif. We conclude by examining why de novo designed four-helix bundle proteins possess flexible interiors, and possible mechanisms by which natural proteins may lock their cores into rigid structures.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (2007)

Sustained efforts towards identifying novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors as suitable therapies for the treatment of cancer and other human diseases has been a goal for the pharmaceutical industry during the last decade. In the second half of 2006 these efforts culminated in the FDA granting approval for the first HDAC inhibitor, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid; also known as vorinostat, for once-daily oral treatment of advanced cutaneous T cell lymphoma. This review provides a summary of the published patent literature from mid-2005 until the end of 2006.
Synthesis and Characterization of Water Soluble Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Graft Copolymers (2005)

Poly(aminobenzene sulfonic acid) (PABS) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were covalently attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to form water-soluble graft copolymers. Quantitative near-IR (NIR) spectroscopic studies of these SWNT graft copolymers indicate a water solubility of about 5 mg/mL, and atomic force microscopy studies show a fairly uniform length and diameter. On the basis of thermogravimetric analysis, the loading of SWNTs in the graft copolymers is estimated to be 30% for SWNT-PABS and 71% for SWNT-PEG. NIR spectroscopic studies of SWNT-PABS show that this graft copolymer has a ground state that is a hybrid of the electronic structures of the isolated PABS and SWNT macromolecules.
Stochastic sensors (2004)

Stochastic sensors have been the subject of considerable recent interest as a result of their ability for reconfigurable, rapid, multi-analyte detection as well as their potential for sequencing DNA. These sensors are created by placing a nanometre-sized pore in an insulating membrane and measuring the ionic transport through the pore in the presence of the molecules of interest. The magnitude, duration, and rates of occurrence of the resultant current blockades allow rapid determination of analyte concentration as well as discrimination between similar molecular species. The bulk of the work in this nascent field has been focused on biologically-based stochastic sensors using protein pores and lipid membranes, although hybrid and completely non-biological systems are also the subject of active investigation. I review this work as well as recent efforts to extend these systems and translate them into usable laboratory and clinical tools.
"Some Portion of Misconduct": The Argument for a Negligence Standard for Expecting Discharge of Debts Incurred Through Defalcation (2011)

The United States Circuit Courts are currently split on the correct standard for defalcation: that is, they are split on what level of mental culpability a fiduciary must possess before bankruptcy courts exclude debts incurred through misconduct from discharge. The First, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Circuits apply a recklessness standard. The Fourth, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits apply a negligence standard. The time has come to resolve the circuit split because the inter-jurisdictional nature of business in the twenty-first century creates a danger that fiduciaries will not have notice of potential liability if standards for liability vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Based on original intent and current policy interests, the correct resolution of the circuit split is for all of the circuits to apply anegligence standard.
Size-Dependent Photoluminescence from Single Indium Phosphide Nanowires (2002)

Photoluminescence (PL) imaging and spectroscopy have been used to investigate isolated, individual indium phosphide nanowires (InP NWs) at both room temperature and 7 K. PL images and spectra show that the emission maxima, line shapes, and intensities are nearly identical along the axis of a given NW. PL spectra collected on InP NWs with diameters of 10, 15, 20, and 50 nm show that emission maxima systematically shift to higher energy with decreasing wire diameter, for diameters less than 20 nm. An effective mass model (EMM) has been developed using particle-in-a-cylinder wave functions for electrons and holes to explore quantitatively the diameter-dependent PL data. The EMM provides excellent fits to the diameter-dependent data obtained at both room temperature and 7 K, and shows that the shifts in the emission spectra can be explained by radial quantum confinement.