gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Mixture Formation Process in a Stoichiometric Direct Injection Gasoline Engine (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The stoichiometric direct injection gasoline engines have higher torque performance than the port injection engines, as the volumetric efficiency can be increased due to the cooling effects of charging air by the fuel evaporation in the cylinder. They need only 3-way catalyst, leading to the cost down. However there exists the injection timing (region) that increased volumetric efficiency does not lead to higher torque. In order to investigate the phenomena, the in-cylinder mixture formation process has been analyzed by the LIF and the CFD techniques. As the results, it has been revealed that the phenomena are caused by the inhomogeneous mixture distribution before the ignition timing.&lt;/div&gt;
Recent advances in adenosine receptor antagonist research (2001)

AbstractFour types of adenosine receptors (ARs) have been identified and designated A1, A2A, A2B and A3. During the past decades, potent antagonists have been developed for each of these subtypes. Adenosine antagonists have been developed as potential therapeutic agents for CNS disorders, inflammatory diseases, asthma, kidney failure and ischaemic injuries. Structurally, antagonists can be classified as xanthines and non-xanthines. Many ligands that were previously considered selective at the ARs have been found to be less selective at human ARs and therapeutic potential may need to be re-evaluated. Due to the high lipophilicity and corresponding low water-solubility of many very potent adenosine antagonists, bioavailability is often very low. To address this problem, recent approaches have led to the development of water-soluble prodrugs that release highly potent antagonists in vivo with substantially improved bioavailability.Keywordsadenosine antagonistsadenosine receptoraffinityselectivitystructure-activity relationshipssubtypes
Intercellular Spreading of Porphyromonas gingivalis Infection in Primary Gingival Epithelial Cells (2005)

Porphyromonas gingivalis, an important periodontal pathogen, is an effective colonizer of oral tissues. The organism successfully invades, multiplies in, and survives for extended periods in primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs). It is unknown whether P. gingivalis resides in the cytoplasm of infected cells throughout the infection or can spread to adjacent cells over time. We developed a technique based on flow cytofluorometry and fluorescence microscopy to study propagation of the organism at different stages of infection of GECs. Results showed that P. gingivalis spreads cell to cell and that the amount of spreading increases gradually over time. There was a very low level of propagation of bacteria to uninfected cells early in the infection (3 h postinfection), but there were 20-fold and 45-fold increases in the propagation rate after 24 h and 48 h, respectively, of infection. Immunofluorescence microscopy of infected cells suggested that intercellular translocation of P. gingivalis may be mediated through actin-based membrane protrusions, bypassing the need for release of bacteria into extracellular medium. Consistent with these observations, cytochalasin D treatment of infected cells resulted in significant inhibition of bacterial spreading. This study shows for the first time that P. gingivalis disseminates from cell to cell without passing through the extracellular space. This mechanism of spreading may allow P. gingivalis to colonize oral tissues without exposure to the humoral immune response.
Copolymers of N‐isopropylacrylamide, HEMA‐lactate and acrylic acid with time‐dependent lower critical solution temperature as a bioresorbable carrier (2004)

Abstract Copolymers of N ‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm), 2‐hydroxyethyl methacryl lactate (HEMA‐lactate) and acrylic acid (AAc) were prepared, with varying mole ratios of monomers, to develop a bioresorbable in‐situ ‐gelling material with a time‐dependent lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The synthesized copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography and differential scanning calorimetry. In 0.1 M phosphate‐buffered saline solution of pH 7.4, these copolymers had an LCST below body temperature. The LCST decreased as the HEMA‐lactate content of the copolymers was increased. Furthermore, in these conditions, the LCST of the copolymers exhibited time‐dependent properties, due to hydrolysis of the HEMA‐lactate. As the HEMA‐lactate hydrolyzed, the copolymers became more hydrophilic, thereby leading to an increase in LCST. This hydrophilicity caused copolymers of approximately 6 mol% of AAc to exhibit an LCST above body temperature after hydrolysis. In neutral solution, copolymers with varying mol% of AAc saw their LCST rise above 37 °C within one to ten days, depending upon the HEMA‐lactate/NIPAAm ratio, due to the complete hydrolysis of the HEMA‐lactate. The above properties indicate that these copolymers would be useful for drug delivery because their variable LCST makes them bioresorbable. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Coarse-to-fine frame interpolation for frame rate up-conversion using pyramid structure (2003)

Frame rate up-conversion (FRC) is one of the main issues that have arisen in recent years with the emergence of new television and multimedia systems; it is required for conversion between any two display formats with different frame rates. We present a frame interpolation algorithm for FRC. It is based on a pyramid structure and the motion compensation process is performed independently at each resolution level. A technique similar to control grid interpolation (CGI) is employed to process hole regions generated at the top level of the pyramid. Bidirectional motion estimation (ME) and prediction mode selection are utilized at intermediate levels. Finally, at the bottom level, motion vector refinement and overlapped block motion compensation (OBMC) are used. In experiments, the frame rate of the progressive video sequence is up-converted by a factor of two and the performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with that of the conventional frame interpolation method. Experiments with several test sequences show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
A review of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (2020)

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) describes a group of heritable disorders of connective tissue comprising mutations in the genes involved in the structure and/or biosynthesis of collagen. Thirteen EDS subtypes are recognized, with a wide degree of symptom overlap among subtypes and with other connective tissue disorders. The clinical hallmarks of EDS are tissue fragility, joint hypermobility, and skin hyperextensibility. Appropriate diagnosis of EDS is important for correct multidisciplinary management and is associated with better clinical outcomes for patients.
Nucleosides and nucleotides. 100. 2'-C-Cyano-2'-deoxy-1-.beta.-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC): design of a potential mechanism-based DNA-strand-breaking antineoplastic nucleoside (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleosides and nucleotides. 100. 2'-C-Cyano-2'-deoxy-1-.beta.-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (CNDAC): design of a potential mechanism-based DNA-strand-breaking antineoplastic nucleosideAkira Matsuda, Yuki Nakajima, Atsushi Azuma, Motohiro Tanaka, and Takuma SasakiCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 9, 2917–2919Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00113a034RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views394Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (438 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Calreticulin Affects Focal Contact-dependent but Not Close Contact-dependent Cell-substratum Adhesion (1999)

We used two cell lines expressing fast (RPEfast) and slow (RPEslow) attachment kinetics to investigate mechanisms of cell-substratum adhesion. We show that the abundance of a cytoskeletal protein, vinculin, is dramatically decreased in RPEfast cells. This coincides with the diminished expression level of an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, calreticulin. Both protein and mRNA levels for calreticulin and vinculin were decreased in RPEfast cells. After RPEfast cells were transfected with cDNA encoding calreticulin, both the expression of endoplasmic reticulum-resident calreticulin and cytoplasmic vinculin increased. The abundance of other adhesion-related proteins was not affected. RPEfast cells underexpressing calreticulin displayed a dramatic increase in the abundance of total cellular phosphotyrosine suggesting that the effects of calreticulin on cell adhesiveness may involve modulation of the activities of protein tyrosine kinases or phosphatases which may affect the stability of focal contacts. The calreticulin and vinculin underexpressing RPEfast cells lacked extensive focal contacts and adhered weakly but attached fast to the substratum. In contrast, the RPEslow cells that expressed calreticulin and vinculin abundantly developed numerous and prominent focal contacts slowly, but adhered strongly. Thus, while the calreticulin overexpressing RPEslow cells "grip" the substratum with focal contacts, calreticulin underexpressing RPEfast cells use close contacts to "stick" to it.
Flared single-transverse-mode fibre amplifier (1999)

A single-transverse-mode flared fibre amplifier is presented which uses a segmented structure that allows efficient and stable coupling of the input radiation into the large-area fundamental mode of the highly multimoded active fibre to be obtained. This novel amplifier design is compatible with singlemode master oscillators and can be employed for power scaling.
Collagen Binding of Staphylococcus aureus Is a Virulence Factor in Experimental Endocarditis (1996)

The role of Staphylococcus aureus collagen binding in the development of experimental endocarditis was studied. Two isogenic strains of S. aureus, 1 carrying an insertional inactivation of the gene encoding collagen-binding protein, were compared in a rat model of catheter-induced infective endocarditis (i.e.). Separate groups of rats with traumatized aortic valves were intravenously challenged with 1 of the strains. In rats sacrificed 24 h after inoculation, the collagen-binding strain significantly outnumbered the mutant strain (P < .001); however, 1 h after challenge, there was no difference in numbers of the 2 strains. The results were substantiated, using a 1:1 mixture of the parent strain and the mutant as an inoculate. Our findings suggest that collagen binding of S. aureus is important in the sustenance of experimental IE and plays a limited role during the initial attachment of the microorganism to traumatized aortic valves.
Effect of speaking rate on vowel formant movements (1978)

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of changes in speaking rate on both the attainment of acoustic vowel targets and the relative time and speed of movements toward these presumed targets. Four speakers produced a number of different CVC and CVCVC utterances at slow and fast speaking rates. Spectrographic measurements showed that the midpoint format frequencies of the different vowels did not vary as a function of rate. However, for fast speech the onset frequencies of second formant transitions were closer to their target frequencies while CV transition rates remained essentially unchanged, indicating that movement toward the vowel simply began earlier for fast speech. Changes in both speaking rate and lexical stress had different effects. For stressed vowels, an increase in speaking rate was accompanied primarily by a decrease in duration. However, destressed vowels, even if they were of the same duration as quickly produced stressed vowels, were reduced in overall amplitude, fundamental frequency, and to some extent, vowel color. These results suggest that speaking rate and lexical stress are controlled by two different mechanisms.
Proposal for defining the relevance of drug accumulation derived from single dose study data for modified release dosage forms (2014)

Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published the new draft guideline on the pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of modified release (MR) formulations. The draft guideline contains the new requirement of performing multiple dose (MD) bioequivalence studies, in the case when the MR formulation is expected to show 'relevant' drug accumulation at steady state (SS). This new requirement reveals three fundamental issues, which are discussed in the current work: first, measurement for the extent of drug accumulation (MEDA) predicted from single dose (SD) study data; second, its relationship with the percentage residual area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) outside the dosing interval (τ) after SD administration, %AUC(τ-∞)SD ; and third, the rationale for a threshold of %AUC(τ-∞)SD that predicts 'relevant' drug accumulation at SS. This work revealed that the accumulation ratio RA,AUC , derived from the ratio of the time-averaged plasma concentrations during τ at SS and after SD administration, respectively, is the 'preferred' MEDA for MR formulations. A causal relationship was derived between %AUC(τ-∞)SD and RA,AUC , which is valid for any drug (product) that shows (dose- and time-) linear pharmacokinetics regardless of the shape of the plasma concentration-time curve. Considering AUC thresholds from other guidelines together with the causal relationship between %AUC(τ-∞)SD and RA,AUC indicates that values of %AUC(τ-∞)SD ≤ 20%, resulting in RA,AUC ≤ 1.25, can be considered as leading to non-relevant drug accumulation. Hence, the authors suggest that 20% for %AUC(τ-∞)SD is a reasonable threshold and selection criterion between SD or MD study designs for bioequivalence studies of new MR formulations.
Retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of experimental brain neoplasms using the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase/ganciclovir paradigm. (1996)

Recent results in experimental brain tumors indicate that transfer of sensitizing genes to tumor cells in vivo with subsequent drug treatment can reduce tumor masses and prolong the survival of rodents. In the present study, the 9L rat gliosarcoma model was used to evaluate the therapeutic effectiveness of the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene, delivered by a retrovirus vector, against tumor cells in the rat brain after systemic application of the nucleoside analogue ganciclovir (GCV). The HSV-tk gene was inserted into a retroviral vector (pMFG), which was produced using the amphotropic packaging cell line CRIP-MFG-S-HSV-TK. Packaging cells were implanted into established 9L tumors in the brains of syngeneic rats to effect gene delivery to tumor cells, followed by intraperitoneal GCV injections. Treated animals survived significantly longer (more than twice as long) than did the control groups. Brains from GCV-treated and nontreated animals were examined immunohistochemically at different time intervals after grafting of CRIP-MFG-S-HSV-TK cells and GCV treatment. Tumors in GCV-treated animals were significantly smaller as compared with nontreated animals at all time points. Sections stained immunohistochemically for HSV-TK confirmed gene transfer to tumor cells, which could be distinguished from packaging cells by different morphology and immunohistochemical staining for the retroviral envelope protein gp70. Approximately 45% of the cells in tumors implanted with CRIP-MFG-S-HSV-TK cells, but not treated with GCV, showed immunocytochemical staining for HSV-TK, demonstrating a high-efficiency of retrovirus-mediated gene transfer. Tumors in rats treated with packaging cells and GCV showed only 9% HSV-TK-positive cells after treatment, indicating that most cells expressing the HSV-tk gene were killed. The success of this therapeutic modality in experimental animals depends in large parts on the high efficiency of gene delivery and on the immune response against tumor cells.
Mesalazine 4 g Daily Given as Prolonged-Release Granules Twice Daily and Four Times Daily Is at Least as Effective as Prolonged-Release Tablets Four Times Daily in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis (2001)

Mesalazine 4 g daily given as prolonged-release granules twice and four times daily is at least as effective as prolonged-release tablets four times daily in patients with mild to moderate ulcerative colitis. The patients preferred the twice daily dosing.
Antigenic polymorphism of the LamB protein among members of the family Enterobacteriaceae (1985)

In this study we demonstrate that most members of the family Enterobacteriaceae possess a maltose-inducible outer membrane protein homologous to the LamB protein of Escherichia coli K-12. These proteins react with polyclonal antibodies raised against the LamB protein of E. coli K-12. We compared the antigenic structure of the LamB protein in members of the family Enterobacteriaceae with six monoclonal antibodies raised against the LamB protein of E. coli K-12. Four of them reacted with epitopes located at the outer face of the membrane, and two reacted with epitopes located at the inner face of the membrane. A great degree of variability was observed for the external epitopes. Even in a single species, such as E. coli, an important polymorphism was present. In contrast, the internal epitopes were more conserved.
Amplification of Chirality by Supramolecular Polymerization of Pyrene Oligomers (2011)

Achiral pyrene oligomers α show remarkable amplification of chirality (see circular dichroism spectra) in the presence of minute quantities of a chiral inductor χ. Spectroscopy and electron microscopy data support a model in which pyrene oligomers form helical, supramolecular polymers by interstrand stacking interactions. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Treatment (tx) journeys in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM) patients (pts): Results from the Connect MM Registry. (2018)

8041 Background: Real-world longitudinal data on tx sequencing & outcomes are limited. The Connect MM Registry is a US, multicenter, prospective observational cohort study designed to examine diagnostic & tx patterns, clinical outcomes & QoL in pts with NDMM. Using visual tools (Sankey Plots), tx sequences & transitions were longitudinally assessed in pts with NDMM from Connect MM who did or did not receive stem cell transplant (SCT, NSCT). Methods: Adult pts were enrolled ≤ 60 days from diagnosis in Cohorts 1 (n = 1493; 2009-2011) & 2 (n = 1518; 2012-2016). Tx were classified as containing: 1) immunomodulatory agents, 2) proteasome inhibitors (PI), 3) IMiD® agent + PI, 4) non-IMiD/PI agents (other), 5) tx gaps. Data is presented within Sankey plots, a type of flow diagram in which the proportional flow between variables (or nodes) is visualized. Flows between tx from first to last lines of tx, discontinuation, or death, were visually depicted & median progression-free survival (PFS) for lines 1, 2 & 3 of tx were examined. Results: As of Feb 2017, 966 SCT & 1941 NSCT pts have been treated (Table). Points of tx transitions were represented by nodes on the plots corresponding to a change in regimen, such as maintenance (or not), line 2 tx, line 3 tx, discontinuation or death. Substantial heterogeneity of treatment was observed. The most frequent treatment flow among SCT pts was IMiD agent + PI → IMiD agent → Ongoing (O) → Line Not Yet Reached (LNR) (16%); & for NSCT pts was PI → PI → O → LNR (8%). Outcomes per line of therapy were assessed. Median 1st PFS was nearly twice as long in all SCT pts compared to all NSCT pts. In SCT pts, median 1st, 2nd, & 3rd PFS measured from line start were 44.0, 8.3, & 4.5 mo; in NSCT pts, median 1st, 2nd, & 3rd PFS were 21.5, 7.3, & 5.8 mo, respectively. Conclusions: These real-world registry data depict the therapeutic journeys of pts with MM. The PFS by line data are similar to clinical trials of pts with MM. Clinical trial information: NCT01081028. SCT (n = 966) NSCT (n = 1941) Median follow-up, mo 31.8 37.5 Firstline (1L), n (%) PI 417 (43) 946 (49) IMiD agent 88 (9) 367 (19) IMiD agent + PI 450 (47) 525 (27) Other 11 (1) 103 (5) MT after 1L, n (%) Yes 620 (64) 511 (26) No 290 (30) 393 (20) Remain on initial tx 55 (6) 1037 (53)
Upregulation of SOX9 inhibits the growth of human and mouse melanomas and restores their sensitivity to retinoic acid (2009)

Treatments for primary and metastatic melanomas are rarely effective. Even therapeutics such as retinoic acid (RA) that are successfully used to treat several other forms of cancer are ineffective. Recent evidence indicates that the antiproliferative effects of RA are mediated by the transcription factor SOX9 in human cancer cell lines. As we have previously shown that SOX9 is expressed in normal melanocytes, here we investigated SOX9 expression and function in human melanomas. Although SOX9 was expressed in normal human skin, it was increasingly downregulated as melanocytes progressed to the premalignant and then the malignant and metastatic states. Overexpression of SOX9 in both human and mouse melanoma cell lines induced cell cycle arrest by increasing p21 transcription and restored sensitivity to RA by downregulating expression of PRAME, a melanoma antigen. Furthermore, SOX9 overexpression in melanoma cell lines inhibited tumorigenicity both in mice and in a human ex vivo model of melanoma. Treatment of melanoma cell lines with PGD2 increased SOX9 expression and restored sensitivity to RA. Thus, combined treatment with PGD2 and RA substantially decreased tumor growth in human ex vivo and mouse in vivo models of melanoma. The results of our experiments targeting SOX9 provide insight into the pathophysiology of melanoma. Further, the effects of SOX9 on melanoma cell proliferation and RA sensitivity suggest the encouraging possibility of a noncytotoxic approach to the treatment of melanoma.
COMPARATIVE EFFICACY OF A RED ALGA SOLIERIA ROBUSTA, CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS AND PESTICIDES IN MANAGING THE ROOT DISEASES AND GROWTH OF SOYBEAN (2011)

Application of seaweed as soil amendment for the control of soilborne plant diseases has increased in recent years due to their environment friendly role. In screen house study, a red seaweed Solieria robusta used as soil amendment showed better suppressive effect on root rotting fungus Fusarium solani than Topsin-M, a fungicide, but was found less effective than Topsin-M against Macrophomina phaseolina and Rhizoctonia solani on soybean. Solieria robusta showed similar suppressive effect on root knot nematode as did carbofuran, a nematicide. Seaweed showed slightly better effect on plant growth than urea or potash by producing taller plants, better root length and number of flowers per plant. However, mixed application of S.robusta and Topsin-M produced greater number of flowers per plant and tallest plants.