gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Dynamic Bootstrap Mechanism for Rendezvous-based Multicast Routing (1997)

Current multicast routing protocols can be classified into three types according to how the multicast tree is established: broadcast and prune (e.g., DVMRP, PIM-DM), membership advertisement (e.g., MO-SPF), and rendezvous-based (e.g., CBT, PIM-SM). Rendezvous-based protocols associate with each logical multicast group address, a physical unicast address, referred to as the 'core' or 'rendezvous point' (RP). Members first join a multicast tree rooted at this rendezvous point in order to receive data packets sent to the group. Rendezvous mechanisms are well suited to large wide-area networks because they distribute group-specific data and membership information only to those routers that are on the multicast distribution tree. However, rendezvous protocols require a bootstrap mechanism to map each logical multicast address to its current physical rendezvous point address. The bootstrap mechanism must adapt to network and router failures but should minimize unnecessary changes in the group-to-RP mapping. In addition, the bootstrap mechanism should be transparent to the hosts. This paper describes and analyzes the bootstrap mechanism developed for PIM-SM. The mechanism employs an algorithmic mapping of multicast group to rendezvous point address, based on a set of available RPs distributed throughout a multicast domain. The primary evaluation measures are convergence time, message distribution overhead, balanced assignment of groups to RPs, and host impact. The mechanism as a whole, and the design lessons in particular, are applicable to other rendezvous-based multicast routing protocols as well. © 1999 IEEE.
Copy Number Variation in Human Health, Disease, and Evolution (2009)

Copy number variation (CNV) is a source of genetic diversity in humans. Numerous CNVs are being identified with various genome analysis platforms, including array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping platforms, and next-generation sequencing. CNV formation occurs by both recombination-based and replication-based mechanisms and de novo locus-specific mutation rates appear much higher for CNVs than for SNPs. By various molecular mechanisms, including gene dosage, gene disruption, gene fusion, position effects, etc., CNVs can cause Mendelian or sporadic traits, or be associated with complex diseases. However, CNV can also represent benign polymorphic variants. CNVs, especially gene duplication and exon shuffling, can be a predominant mechanism driving gene and genome evolution.
A Voltammetric Study of the Reduction of Chromic Acid on Bright Platinum (1983)

The reduction of chromic acid catalyzed and uncatalyzed with was studied on Pt microelectrodes by steady‐state (galvanostatic and potentiostatic voltammetry) and nonsteady‐state (cyclic voltammetry) polarization techniques. The rest potential of Pt in chromic acid is a mixed potential. Although the reduction of hexavalent Cr to trivalent occurs readily at Pt cathodes, the reverse process does not take place at Pt anodes due to the high overvoltage for ion oxidation. It is for this reason that anodes are used in commercial Cr plating practice since the overvoltage for evolution is much higher on than on Pt, thus allowing the current to be used in the oxidation of ion instead of evolution. The reduction of an oxidized Pt surface occurs with more difficulty in chromic acid than in . Metallic Cr is deposited in catalyzed chromic acid at the expense of the reduction of Cr VI to Cr III and evolution.
Lateral Extracavitary Approach to the Thoracic and Thoracolumbar Spine (1997)

Twenty-nine patients with anterior spinal cord compression underwent decompression and fusion through a laterally based approach to the thoracic and thoracolumbar spine. The lateral extracavitary approach allows access to the vertebral bodies as well as the posterior elements through a single incision. This approach was chosen for patients who had complicating medical conditions that made staged procedures less desirable. Ten men and 19 women with an average age of 53 years were studied. Diagnoses included post-traumatic deformity, metastatic disease, osteomyelitis, and primary neoplasms. Twenty-three patients had frank neurologic loss preoperatively, and 28 patients had significant medical comorbidities as evidenced by American Society of Anesthesiology classes II, III, and IV. One patient died postoperatively from pneumonia, which developed in a lung with metastatic disease, and two patients developed seromas that subsequently became infected. The average intensive care unit stay was less than 2 days. Patients remained intubated for an average of 13 hours after surgery. In this population of medically compromised patients with difficult spinal disease, the lateral extracavitary approach provided an effective means of one-stage treatment. Patients tolerated the procedure, and cardiopulmonary complications were minimal. This approach is most appropriate in patients who require posterior stabilization in conjunction with anterior stabilization.
Alkaloids from the antarctic sponge Kirkpatrickia varialosa. Part 2: Variolin A and N(3′)-methyl tetrahydrovariolin B (1994)

Two pyridopyrrolopyrimidine alkaloids, variolin A (2) and N(3′)-methyl tetrahydrovariolin B (3), have been isolated from the Antarctic sponge Kirkpatrickia varialosa, and their structures determined by X-ray crystallography and interpretation of spectral data respectively. N(3′)-Methyl tetrahydrovariolin B (3) is moderately cytotoxic and showed antifungal activity, while variolin A (2) is weakly cytotoxic.
Genetics and experimental models of crystal-induced arthritis. Lessons learned from mice and men: is it crystal clear? (2007)

Genetic analysis has elucidated genes responsible for crystal formation and animal models have unveiled mechanisms in the development of crystal-induced arthritis. Future studies will hasten understanding of the pathology of crystal-induced arthritis and provide new therapies.
Cancer Immunotherapy Using Gene-Modified Dendritic Cells (2002)

Gene-engineered dendritic cells (DC) are being tested in cancer immunotherapy. DC are the best equipped antigen-presenting cells (APC) to overcome tolerance/ignorance to self antigens presented by cancer cells. Genetic immunotherapy with DC engineered to express tumor antigens has the potential advantages of endogenous epitope presentation by both major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules. DC can also be gene-modified to express immunostimulatory molecules that further enhance their antigen-presenting function. Review of the literature provided 52 manuscripts where gene-modified DC were being tested in murine models of immunotherapy for cancer. Review of the antitumor effects of gene-modified DC in these preclinical studies provides valuable information on the optimal methods of gene transfer into DC, the schedule of administration, the route, dose and the underlying immunological mechanisms of the antitumor effects. These data may help in the translation of this promising approach to the clinic.
Regulation of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma growth in tissue culture by opioid growth factor. (1999)

Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is the sixth most common malignancy worldwide. Approximately half of the patients afflicted die within 5 years of diagnosis, and surviving patients may be left with severe esthetic and functional compromise. In this study, we discovered that an endogenous opioid peptide, [Met5]-enkephalin, inhibited the growth of human SCCHN in vitro; in view of this pentapeptide's action it has been termed opioid growth factor (OGF). OGF was found to be a constitutively expressed, receptor-mediated growth inhibitory agent that appears to be autocrine produced and secreted. Growth regulation was dose-related, reversible, cytostatic, and independent of serum. All 6 human SCCHN cell lines examined exhibited growth modulation by OGF. Blockade of peptide-receptor interaction by opioid antagonists (naltrexone), or addition of antibody to OGF, resulted in substantial increases in cell number compared to control levels, showing the tonic nature of OGF-zeta activity. Immunocytochemical studies detected both OGF and its related receptor, zeta, in these cells, correlating with earlier findings of peptide and receptor in specimens of SCCHN obtained at surgery. These data suggest that a native opioid peptide, OGF, interacts with a novel opioid receptor, zeta, to tonically arrest the growth of human SCCHN.
Altered expression of small proteoglycans, collagen, and transforming growth factor-beta 1 in developing bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats. (1993)

The development of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats was studied over a period of 21 d after an intratracheal instillation of bleomycin. The expression of three small proteoglycans (biglycan, decorin, and fibromodulin), collagen III and TGF-beta 1 was studied by RNA-transfer blot analysis. The proteoglycans were also studied by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Western blots. TGF-beta 1 mRNA increased threefold already on day 3 and remained elevated until day 10. After the increase of TGF-beta 1 mRNA the messages for biglycan and collagen III steadily increased to reach a maximum 10 d after bleomycin instillation. The mRNA for biglycan increased maximally fourfold and that of collagen III 2.5-fold. Decorin mRNA, in contrast to biglycan decreased and reached 20% of control on day 10. The message for fibromodulin remained constant throughout the study period. The amounts of biglycan and decorin in the tissue changed in accordance with the mRNA levels. The results corroborate and extend previous in vitro studies concerning the effect of TGF-beta 1 on the metabolism of small proteoglycans and show that these macromolecules are regulated differently also in vivo. The marked alterations of biglycan and decorin during the development of fibrosis suggests that these proteoglycans have a regulating role in this process.
Regio- and stereocontrolled functionalization of acyclic molybdenum-.eta.3-allyl complexes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRegio- and stereocontrolled functionalization of acyclic molybdenum-.eta.3-allyl complexesWen Jung Vong, Shie Ming Peng, Shie Hsiung Lin, Wen Jye Lin, and Rai Shung LiuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 2, 573–582Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00002a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00002a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Quantitative determination of Fcγ receptor genes by means of fluorescence‐based  real‐time polymerase chain reaction (2002)

The granulocyte antigens HNA-1a, -1b and -1c reside on the FcgammaIIIb receptor, which is exclusively expressed on neutrophils. They are involved in autoimmune and alloimmune neutropenias as well as in severe transfusion reactions. Recent family studies show the HNA-1c antigen to be inheritably linked to HNA-1a, resulting in individuals carrying three genes. Using sequence-specific primers, the HNA antigens can be discerned in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), but not the number of coding FCGR3B genes present in each individual. Therefore a real-time kinetic PCR method using the LightCycler technique was established to ascertain the amount of FCGR3B genes in each individual. For this purpose, the FCGR3B genes of four HNA-1a,-1b,-1c (+), one HNA-1b,1c (+) and one HNA-1b (+) individual were quantified. In addition, two families, in which the mother was FCGR3B deficient, were analyzed. Quantification showed two of the four HNA-1a,-1b and-1c (+) individuals to have three genes and the other two to have only two genes. The HNA-1b,-1c (+) individual had also only two genes. As expected, the HNA-1b donor was typed for two genes. No FCGR3B genes could be detected in the FCGR3B-deficient mothers of either family; their husbands however, carried two FCGR3B genes. Accordingly, quantitative PCR showed the offspring of both families to have only one FCGR3B gene. Quantitative PCR with the Light Cycler has been revealed to be a fast and reliable method for the determination of FCGR3B genes present. FCGR3B quantification confirms the idea of the HNA-1c antigen to be inherited not only linked to HNA-1a, but also to be passed down on its own.
Sequential Versus Simultaneous Biventricular Resynchronization for Severe Heart Failure (2002)

Compared with simultaneous CRT, sequential CRT significantly improves left ventricular systolic and diastolic performance. Tissue tracking can be used to select optimum interventricular delay during CRT.
Endotoxin adherence to and elution from two casting alloys. (1994)

The purpose of this study was to compare the relative affinity of bacterial lipopolysaccharide for two casting alloys with varied surface finishes by measuring lipopolysaccharide adherence and elution. Air borne particle abraded and polished Rexillium III and Harmony Hard alloy discs were exposed to 600,000 endotoxin units/mL E. coli lipopolysaccharide in water for 24 hours, whereas control discs were placed in 37 degrees C, lipopolysaccharide-free water. Lipopolysaccharide-exposed and control discs were then transferred every 24 hours to fresh, lipopolysaccharide-free water for up to 96 hours, and previously incubated eluates were tested for the presence of lipopolysaccharide. Initial lipopolysaccharide adherence to abraded Rexillium III discs was significantly greater than lipopolysaccharide adherence to the other groups (P < .05). Polished and abraded Rexillium III also exhibited significantly greater lipopolysaccharide elution (P = .0001). However, after 96 hours, more than 99% of the initially adhering lipopolysaccharide remained on both Rexillium III and Harmony Hard discs, regardless of surface treatment.
Data Analysis In Fiber Optic Testing Of Cylindrical Optics (1989)

Optical fiber testing of positive power cylindrical optics is shown to be bisensitive. This means that the resulting interferogram is twice as sensitive along the cylindrical (zero power) axis as along the orthogonal (power) direction. The analysis of such interferograms is discussed.
The triglyceride issue: A view from Framingham (1986)

Triglycerides make up the overwhelming proportion of dietary fat consumed in the United States and other industrialized nations. Triglyceride elevation is directly associated with relative weight and age in both sexes, oral contraceptive use in women, and the development of diabetes mellitus. Triglyceride elevations are a highly significant independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) in women. They appear to be important in men with low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (less than 40 ml/dl). Dangerously high levels of triglyceride are associated with a high total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio, which is an excellent indicator of CHD risk in both sexes. Individuals with elevated triglycerides should be considered at risk for CHD unless the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio is under 3.5. In practice, however, only about 10% of individuals with elevated triglycerides prove to have such low total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios.
Current status of xenotransplantation and prospects for clinical application (2009)

Xenotransplantation is one promising approach to bridge the gap between available human cells, tissues, and organs and the needs of patients with diabetes or end-stage organ failure. Based on recent progress using genetically modified source pigs, improving results with conventional and experimental immunosuppression, and expanded understanding of residual physiologic hurdles, xenotransplantation appears likely to be evaluated in clinical trials in the near future for some select applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of known mechanisms of xenograft injury, a contemporary assessment of preclinical progress and residual barriers, and our opinions regarding where breakthroughs are likely to occur.
Monoclonal antibody therapy of ovarian cancer (2005)

Despite advances in understanding and treatment, ovarian cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Debulking surgery and paclitaxel/carboplatin chemotherapy induce good initial responses in most patients, although most cases of advanced disease are not controlled. Monoclonal antibodies hold promise as a potential incremental advance for the treatment of the disease. Antibodies can be used to stimulate the immune response, target tumor-specific receptors to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or interfere with biologic pathways. They can also be used to deliver therapeutic radioisotopes to malignant cells. Oregovomab is in Phase III clinical trials as a consolidation treatment post front-line therapy to trigger tumor-specific cellular immunity. Bevacizumab, which blocks vascular endothelial growth factor, will be entering Phase III as an adjuvant to front-line chemotherapy with a direct effect on angiogenesis. Additional immunostimulating, immune counter-regulatory and receptor-targeting approaches are also reviewed. The family of epidermal growth factor receptors including epidermal growth factor receptor 1 (HER-1) and 2 (HER-2) are both expressed in ovarian cancer and are the subject of ongoing research and development. The recent disappointing results with 90-yttrium-labeled anti-HMFG by single intraperitoneal administration have left the radiopharmaceutical field without a Phase III candidate. Identification of novel targets may advance this therapeutic area in the future. The rapid advances in the fields of immunoregulation and tumor biology should permit an accelerated introduction of antibodies for the treatment of ovarian cancer. These antibodies could complement novel small molecules that are also in development.
Proportionate normalized least-mean-squares adaptation in echo cancelers (2000)

On typical echo paths, the proportionate normalized least-mean-squares (PNLMS) adaptation algorithm converges significantly faster than the normalized least-mean-squares (NLMS) algorithm generally used in echo cancelers to date. In PNLMS adaptation, the adaptation gain at each tap position varies from position to position and is roughly proportional at each tap position to the absolute value of the current tap weight estimate. The total adaptation gain being distributed over the taps is carefully monitored and controlled so as to hold the adaptation quality (misadjustment noise) constant. PNLMS adaptation only entails a modest increase in computational complexity.
Bench-Scale Fluidized-Bed Pyrolysis of Switchgrass for Bio-Oil Production (2007)

The U.S. biomass initiative is counting on lignocellulosic conversion to boost the quantities of biofuels currently produced from starches in order to achieve much needed energy security in the future. However, with current challenges in fermentation of lignocellulosic material to ethanol, other methods of converting biomass to usable energy have received consideration nationally. One thermochemical technique, fast pyrolysis, is being considered by the Agricultural Research Service (ARS) researchers of the USDA for processing energy crops such as switchgrass and other agricultural residues, e.g., barley hulls and alfalfa stems for bio-oil (pyrolysis oil or pyrolysis liquids) production. A 2.5 kg/h biomass fast pyrolyzer has been developed at ARS and tested for switchgrass conversion. The unit has provided useful data such as energy requirements and product yields that can be used as design parameters for larger systems based on the processing of perennial energy crops. Bio-oil yields greater than 60% by mass have been demonstrated for switchgrass, with energy conversion efficiencies ranging from 52 to 81%. The results show that char yielded would suffice in providing all the energy required for the endothermic pyrolysis reaction process. The composition of the noncondensable gas produced has been initially characterized. Initial mass and energy balances have been calculated based on this system, yielding useful parameters for future economic and design studies.
Characterization of a chimeric plasminogen activator consisting of a single-chain Fv fragment derived from a fibrin fragment D-dimer-specific antibody and a truncated single-chain urokinase. (1991)

An Mr 57,000 single-chain chimeric plasminogen activator, K12G0S32, consisting of a variable region fragment (Fv) derived from the fibrin fragment D-dimer-specific monoclonal antibody MA-15C5 and of a 33-kDa (amino acids Ala132 to Leu411) recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-PA-33k) was studied. K12G0S32, secreted by infected Spodoptera frugiperda insect cells at a rate of 1.5 micrograms/10(6) cells/48 h, was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration. It was obtained essentially as a single-chain molecule with a Ka = 5.5 x 10(9) M-1 for immobilized fragment D-dimer, similar to that of MA-15C5. The specific activity of both its single-chain and two-chain forms on fibrin plates was 100,000 IU/mg of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) equivalent. Activation of plasminogen by two-chain K12G0S32 obeyed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Km = 2.9 +/- 0.6 microM and a k2 = 3.7 +/- 0.6 s-1 (mean +/- S.D.; n = 3), as compared to Km = 12 microM and k2 = 4.8 s-1 for rtcu-PA-32k (recombinant low Mr two-chain u-PA consisting of amino acids Leu144 to Leu411). Single-chain K12G0S32 induced a dose- and time-dependent lysis of a 125I-fibrin-labeled human plasma clot immersed in citrated human plasma; 50% lysis in 2 h was obtained with 0.70 +/- 0.07 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.; n = 5), as compared with 8.8 +/- 0.1 micrograms/ml for rscu-PA-32k (recombinant low Mr single-chain u-PA consisting of amino acids Leu144 to Leu411) (mean +/- S.D.; n = 3). With two-chain K12G0S32, 50% clot lysis in 2 h required 0.25 +/- 0.03 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.; n = 3), as compared with only 0.62 +/- 0.04 micrograms/ml (mean +/- S.D.; n = 2) for rtcu-PA-32k. These results indicate that low Mr single-chain u-PA can be targeted to a fibrin clot with a single-chain Fv fragment of a fibrin-specific antibody, resulting in a 13-fold increase of the fibrinolytic potency of the single-chain form and a 2.5-fold increase of the potency of the two-chain form.