gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence (1984)

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) is an optical effect particularly well-suited to the study of molecular and cellular phenomena at liquid/solid interfaces. Such interfaces are central to a wide range of biochemical and biophysical processes: binding to and triggering of ceils by hormones, neurotransmitters, and antigens; blood coagulation at foreign surfaces; electron transport in the mitochondrial membrane; adherence and mo­bility of bacteria, algae, and cultured animal cells to surfaces; and possible enhancement of reaction rates with cell surface receptors upon nonspecific adsorption and surface diffusion of an agonist. Liquid/solid interfaces also have important medical and industrial applications: e.g. detection of serum antibodies by surface immobilized antigens; and the manufacture of biochemical products by surface-immobilized enzymes. Total internal reflection spectroscopy for optical absorption studies (called attenuated total reflection or ATR) was developed somewhat earlier than the fluorescence applications and has been widely used in surface
Altered mammary epithelial development, pattern formation and involution in transgenic mice expressing the EphB4 receptor tyrosine kinase (2002)

We have previously documented the cell-type-specific and hormone-dependent expression of the EphB4 receptor in the mouse mammary gland. To investigate its role in the biology of the mammary gland, we have established transgenic mice bearing the EphB4 receptor under the control of the MMTV-LTR promoter, which represents the first transgenic mouse model to investigate the effect(s) of unscheduled expression of EphB4 in adult organisms. Transgene expression in the mammary epithelium was induced at puberty, increased during pregnancy, culminated at early lactation and persisted until day three of post-lactational involution. In contrast, expression of the endogenous EphB4 gene is downregulated during pregnancy, is essentially absent during lactation and is re-induced after day three of post-lactational involution. The unscheduled expression of EphB4 led to a delayed development of the mammary epithelium at puberty and during pregnancy. During pregnancy, less lobules were formed, these however exhibited more numerous but smaller alveolar units. Transgenic mammary glands were characterized by a fragile, irregular morphology at lactation; however, sufficient functionality was maintained to nourish the young. Transgenic mammary glands exhibited untimely epithelial apoptotic cell death during pregnancy and abnormal epithelial DNA synthesis at early post-lactational involution, indicating a disturbed response to proliferative/apoptotic signals. Mammary tumours were not observed in the EphB4 transgenic animals; however, in double transgenic animals expressing both EphB4 and the neuT genes, tumour appearance was significantly accelerated and, in contrast to neuT-only animals, metastases were observed in the lung. These results implicate EphB4 in the regulation of tissue architecture, cellular growth response and establishment of the invasive phenotype in the adult mammary gland.
Highly Efficient Biosynthesis of the Oligosaccharide Moiety of the GD3 Ganglioside by Using Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli (2005)

Express order for oligosaccharides: A microbiological process for the synthesis of the carbohydrate portion of gangliosides GD3 and GT3 is described (see structure). Lactose and sialic acid are used as exogenous precursors by a metabolically engineered Escherichia coli strain that overexpresses the bifunctional sialyltransferase cstII gene from Campylobacter jejuni. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z461507_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Anti-allodynic efficacy of the χ-conopeptide, Xen2174, in rats with neuropathic pain (2005)

Xen2174 is a structural analogue of Mr1A, a chi-conopeptide recently isolated from the venom of the marine cone snail, Conus marmoreus. Although both chi-conopeptides are highly selective inhibitors of the norepinephrine transporter (NET), Xen2174 has superior chemical stability relative to Mr1A. It is well-known that tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are also potent NET inhibitors, but their poor selectivity relative to other monoamine transporters and various G-protein-coupled receptors, results in dose-limiting side-effects in vivo. As TCAs and the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist, clonidine, have established efficacy for the relief of neuropathic pain, this study examined whether intrathecal (i.t.) Xen2174 alleviated mechanical allodynia in rats with either a chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI-rats) or an L5/L6 spinal-nerve injury. The anti-allodynic responses of i.t. Mr1A and i.t. morphine were also investigated in CCI-rats. Paw withdrawal thresholds were assessed using calibrated von Frey filaments. Bolus doses of i.t. Xen2174 produced dose-dependent relief of mechanical allodynia in CCI-rats and in spinal nerve-ligated rats. Dose-dependent anti-allodynic effects were also produced by i.t. bolus doses of Mr1A and morphine in CCI-rats, but a pronounced 'ceiling' effect was observed for i.t. morphine. The side-effect profiles were mild for both chi-conopeptides with an absence of sedation. Confirming the noradrenergic mechanism of action, i.t. co-administration of yohimbine (100 nmol) with Xen2174 (10 nmol) abolished Xen2174s anti-allodynic actions. Xen2174 appears to be a promising candidate for development as a novel therapeutic for i.t. administration to patients with persistent neuropathic pain.
Guidelines for Managing Pressure Ulcers with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (2004)

Pressure ulcers are a serious health issue, leading to clinical, financial, and emotional challenges. Numerous treatment modalities are available to promote wound healing, yet clinicians may be unsure how to incorporate these treatment options into an overall plan of care for the patient with a pressure ulcer. A consensus panel of experienced wound care clinicians convened in July 2004 to review the mechanisms of action and research basis for one such treatment modality: negative pressure wound therapy. After answering key questions about this modality, they developed an algorithm to assist the clinician in making decisions about using negative pressure wound therapy appropriately in patients with Stage III and Stage IV pressure ulcers.
Humanized Anti-CD20 Antibody, Veltuzumab, in Refractory/Recurrent Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: Phase I/II Results (2009)

Veltuzumab appeared safe and active at all tested doses, encouraging further study, including dose levels less than those typically used with rituximab.
Insulin promotes rapid delivery of N -methyl- d - aspartate receptors to the cell surface by exocytosis (2001)

Insulin potentiates N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in neurons and Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant NMDARs. The present study shows that insulin induced (i) an increase in channel number times open probability (nP(o)) in outside-out patches excised from Xenopus oocytes, with no change in mean open time, unitary conductance, or reversal potential, indicating an increase in n and/or P(o); (ii) an increase in charge transfer during block of NMDA-elicited currents by the open channel blocker MK-801, indicating increased number of functional NMDARs in the cell membrane with no change in P(o); and (iii) increased NR1 surface expression, as indicated by Western blot analysis of surface proteins. Botulinum neurotoxin A greatly reduced insulin potentiation, indicating that insertion of new receptors occurs via SNARE-dependent exocytosis. Thus, insulin potentiation occurs via delivery of new channels to the plasma membrane. NMDARs assembled from mutant subunits lacking all known sites of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in their carboxyl-terminal tails exhibited robust insulin potentiation, suggesting that insulin potentiation does not require direct phosphorylation of NMDAR subunits. Because insulin and insulin receptors are localized to glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampus, insulin-regulated trafficking of NMDARs may play a role in synaptic transmission and plasticity, including long-term potentiation.
Multimodal Polymer Nanoparticles with Combined19F Magnetic Resonance and Optical Detection for Tunable, Targeted, Multimodal Imagingin Vivo (2014)

Understanding the complex nature of diseased tissue in vivo requires development of more advanced nanomedicines, where synthesis of multifunctional polymers combines imaging multimodality with a biocompatible, tunable, and functional nanomaterial carrier. Here we describe the development of polymeric nanoparticles for multimodal imaging of disease states in vivo. The nanoparticle design utilizes the abundant functionality and tunable physicochemical properties of synthetically robust polymeric systems to facilitate targeted imaging of tumors in mice. For the first time, high-resolution (19)F/(1)H magnetic resonance imaging is combined with sensitive and versatile fluorescence imaging in a polymeric material for in vivo detection of tumors. We highlight how control over the chemistry during synthesis allows manipulation of nanoparticle size and function and can lead to very high targeting efficiency to B16 melanoma cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the combination of imaging modalities within a polymeric nanoparticle provides information on the tumor mass across various size scales in vivo, from millimeters down to tens of micrometers.
Microbial L-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. Purification, subunit structure and kinetic properties of the enzyme from Rhizoctonia solani (1975)

1. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (EC 4.3.1.5) was purified to homogeneity from the acetone-dried powders of the mycelial felts of the plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia solani. 2. A useful modification in protamine sulphate treatment to get substantial purification of the enzyme in a single-step is described. 3. The purified enzyme shows bisubstrate activity towards L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine. 4. It is sensitive to carbonyl reagents and the inhibition is not reversed by gel filtration. 5. The molecular weight of the enzyme as determined by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation is around 330000. 6. The enzyme is made up of two pairs of unidentical subunits, with a molecular weight of 70000 (alpha) and 90000 (beta) respectively. 7. Studies on initial velocity versus substrate concentration have shown significant deviations from Michaelis-Menten kinetics. 8. The double-reciprocal plots are biphasic (concave downwards) and Hofstee plots show a curvilinear pattern. 9. The apparent Km value increases from 0.18 mM to as high as 5.0 mM with the increase in the concentration of the substrate and during this process the Vmax, increases by 2-2.5-fold. 10. The value of Hill coefficient is 0.5. 11. Steady-state rates of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase reaction in the presence of inhibitors like D-phenylalanine, cinnamic, p-coumaric, caffeic, dihydrocaffeic and phenylpyruvic acid have shown that only one molecule of each type of inhibitor binds to a molecule of the enzyme. These observations suggest the involvement of negative homotropic interactions in phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. 12. The enzyme could not be desensitized by treatment with HgCl2, p-chloromercuribenzoic acid or by repeated freezing and thawing.
Linear Hybrid Polymer Building Blocks: Methacrylate-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Monomers and Polymers (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLinear Hybrid Polymer Building Blocks: Methacrylate-Functionalized Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Monomers and PolymersJoseph D. Lichtenhan, Yoshiko A. Otonari, and Michael J. CarrCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 24, 8435–8437Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00128a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00128a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2280Altmetric-Citations430LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electrochemical treatment of mouse and rat fibrosarcomas with direct current. (1997)

Electrochemical treatment (ECT) of cancer utilizes direct current to produce chemical changes in tumors. ECT has been suggested as an effective alternative local cancer therapy. However, a methodology is not established, and mechanisms are not well studied. In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of ECT on animal tumor models. Radiation-induced fibrosarcomas were implanted subcutaneously in 157 female C3H/HeJ mice. Larger rat fibrosarcomas were implanted on 34 female Fisher 344 rats. When the spheroidal tumors reached 10 mm in the mice, two to five platinum electrodes were inserted into the tumors at various spacings and orientations. Ten rats in a pilot group were treated when their ellipsoidal tumors were about 25 mm long; electrode insertion was similar to the later part of the mouse study, i.e., two at the base and two at the center. A second group of 24 rats was treated with six or seven electrodes when their tumors were about 20 mm long; all electrodes were inserted at the tumor base. Of the 24 rats, 12 of these were treated once, 10 were treated twice. and 2 were treated thrice. All treated tumors showed necrosis and regression for both mice and rats; however, later tumor recurrence reduced long-term survival. When multiple treatments were implemented, the best 3 month mouse tumor cure rate was 59.3%, and the best 6 month rat tumor cure rate was 75.0%. These preliminary results indicate that ECT is effective on the radiation-induced fibrosarcoma (RIF-1) mouse tumor and rat fibrosarcoma. The effectiveness is dependent on electrode placement and dosage.
Application of Electroporation for Transformation inErwinia carotovora (1988)

Journal Article Application of Electroporation for Transformation in Erwinia carotovora Get access Kazutoshi Ito, Kazutoshi Ito Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan To whom correspondence and reprint requests should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Tamotu Nishida, Tamotu Nishida Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Kazuo Izaki Kazuo Izaki Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 980, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 52, Issue 1, 1 January 1988, Pages 293–294, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1988.10868649 Published: 01 January 1988 Article history Received: 24 August 1987 Published: 01 January 1988
Assessing the Benefits of Direct Isolation Processes (2004)

Direct isolation processes are often used in pilot-plant and manufacturing operations. The primary benefit of a direct isolation process over a process using a conventional extractive workup and crystallization is the decreased cost of goods (COG) due to decreased processing time. Direct isolation processes may be beneficial even when the yield is 5−15% below the yield from a conventional extractive workup and crystallization. The costs of scaling up both direct isolation and extraction processes can be calculated by a mathematical model, and the proportional costs of raw materials, labor, and waste disposal can be assessed. Although direct isolation processes are generally more economical than extraction processes, the direct isolation option is not suitable for all strategies. A perspective is offered on when to develop a direct isolation process over an extractive workup and crystallization process.
IMPURITY EFFECTS IN a-Si: H SOLAR CELLS. (1981)

The testis-determining gene is the Y-linked gene responsible for initiating the developmental pathway leading to testis formation in males. A strategy based on determining the precise chromosomal location of this locus has been used to clone a new gene which has been called SRY in humans (Sry in mice). A variety of studies now show that this is indeed the testis-determining gene. Sry has a spatial and temporal pattern of expression which correlates with the initiation of testis differentiation. The amino acid sequence encoded by the gene suggests that the protein may function as a transcription factor, which fits well with models of sex determination. Some cases of XY sex reversal in humans and mouse have been attributed to mutations in SRY/Sry, indicating that it is normally necessary for testis determination. The finding that a genomic fragment carrying Sry can cause male development in XX mice has proved that Sry is the only gene from the Y chromosome necessary for testis determination.
Compact superconducting 250 MeV proton cyclotron for the PSI PROSCAN proton therapy project (2001)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation M. Schillo, A. Geisler, A. Hobl, H. U. Klein, D. Krischel, M. Meyer-Reumers, C. Piel, H. Blosser, J.-W. Kim, F. Marti, J. Vincent, S. Brandenburg, J. P. M. Beijers; Compact superconducting 250 MeV proton cyclotron for the PSI PROSCAN proton therapy project. AIP Conf. Proc. 12 December 2001; 600 (1): 37–39. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1435191 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioAIP Conference Proceedings Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Antibody fusion proteins (1999)

Overview (S. Chamow A. Ashkenazi) Fab Fusion Proteins: Immunoligands (M. Penchent, et al. ) Immunoezymes (S. Rybak D. Newton) Recombinant Immunotoxins (D. Fitzgerald) F(ab')2 Fusion Proteins and Bispecific F(ab')2 (J. Tso) Monovalent Phage Display of Fab and seFv Fusions (D. Powers J. Marks) Bispecific Fusion Proteins (J. Goldstein, et al. ) Immunoglobin Fusion Proteins (A. Aruffo) TNF Receptor IgG Fusion Protein: Principles, Design, and Activities (W. Lesslauer) Optimizing Production and Recover of Immunoadhesins (S. Chamow, et al. ).
Changes in fluorescence lifetimes induced by variable optical environments (1980)

Changes in fluorescent lifetimes induced by variation of the optical environment of active centers (${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ions) were observed in three new types of experiments with about 30-nm-thick evaporated europium benzoyltrifluoroacetone chelate (EuBTF) layers. The decay of their fluorescence after excitation with uv light (${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\mathrm{uv}}=366$ nm) in the emission bands at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=612 \mathrm{and} 592$ nm was measured. (1) For EuBTF layers deposited---in one and the same coating run---on a number of substrates ${S}_{1}$ with different refractive indices ${n}_{1}$, the $\frac{1}{e}$ decay time ${t}_{e}$ decreases with increasing index ${n}_{1}$; we found, e.g., ${t}_{e}=620$ \ensuremath{\mu}s on BK7 glass (${n}_{1}=1.52$), ${t}_{e}=545$ \ensuremath{\mu}s on SF6 glass (${n}_{1}=1.80$), and ${t}_{e}=460$ \ensuremath{\mu}s on a SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystal (${n}_{1}=2.40$). (2) For an EuBTF layer on a substrate ${S}_{1}$, the fluorescence lifetime is changed by varying, either (a) spatially or (b) as a function of time, the width $d$ of the air gap between the layer and a second plate ${S}_{2}$ between $d\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ and $d=0$. For a layer on a fused silica (Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$) substrate ${S}_{1}$, the decay time ${t}_{e}=620$ \ensuremath{\mu}s for $d\ensuremath{\gg}\ensuremath{\lambda}$ was reduced to $t_{}^{\ensuremath{'}}{}_{e}{}^{}=415$ \ensuremath{\mu}s in optical contact ($d=0$) with a SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ crystal plate ${S}_{2}$. With the optical-contact experiments (2b) we have experimentally demonstrated for the first time that spontaneous emission rates can be reversibly changed for one and the same fluorescent center by varying its optical environment. The experiments permit us to determine the quantum efficiency (QE) of the emitting state; this QE has to be distinguished from the fluorescence quantum yield. Analytical expressions are presented for the spontaneous emission rate of electric and magnetic dipole transitions in active centers embedded in a very thin layer (with optical thickness ${n}_{0}{d}_{0}\ensuremath{\ll}\frac{\ensuremath{\lambda}}{8}$) between two adjoining loss-free dielectric media. With this theory we obtained the approximate value ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}\ensuremath{\simeq}70%$ for the QE of the $^{5}D_{0}$ level of the ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ion. In our experiments, fluorescence intensity and decay times were also measured as functions of the angle of observation for both states of polarization of the emitted light. This permits us to distinguish between electric and magnetic dipole transitions and yields information about the orientation of the transition dipole moments. We found that the fluorescence at $\ensuremath{\lambda}=612$ nm is emitted in electric dipole transitions and that the orientation of the transition dipole moment of each ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ ion fluctuates randomly in time intervals much smaller than the decay time.
Immunological tolerance then and now: was the Medawar school right? (1989)

As perhaps the staunchest advocates of repertoire purging as the central mechanism of immunological tolerance, we note with satisfaction a spate of recent, elegant papers which suggest an intrathymic clonal abortion model as the explanation for at least some examples of T-cell tolerance. This view agrees with the classical formulation of the Billingham-Brent-Medawar school of tolerance as a specific, central failure of immune responsiveness. Repertoire purging within the B-lymphocyte compartment remains much more controversial. There is no doubt that experimental models exist where the B cell is the reversible target of tolerance induction. The question is, in view of the ease of inducing autoantibody formation both in vivo and in vitro, just how relevant are such clonal anergy mechanisms to authentic self-tolerance? Arguments are presented that there must be two windows of tolerance susceptibility in the ontogeny of the B cell; one while it is maturing in the bone marrow, to prevent autoreactivity of high affinity to important accessible self-antigens; and a second soon after activation of pre-memory cells by exogenous antigen, to prevent fortuitous mutations towards high-affinity anti-self-reactivity establishing a forbidden clone.