gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiative Heat Pumping from the Earth Using Surface Phonon Resonant Nanoparticles (2010)

Nanoparticles that have narrow absorption bands that lie entirely within the atmosphere's transparent window from 7.9 to 13 mum can be used to radiatively cool to temperatures that are well below ambient. Heating from incoming atmospheric radiation in the remainder of the Planck radiation spectrum, where the atmosphere is nearly "black", is reduced if the particles are dopants in infrared transmitting polymers, or in transmitting coatings on low emittance substrates. Crystalline SiC nanoparticles stand out with a surface phonon resonance from 10.5 to 13 mum clear of the atmospheric ozone band. Resonant SiO(2) nanoparticles are complementary, absorbing from 8 to 10 mum, which includes atmospheric ozone emissions. Their spectral location has made SiC nanoparticles in space dust a feature in ground-based IR astronomy. Optical properties are presented and subambient cooling performance analyzed for doped polyethylene on aluminum. A mixture of SiC and SiO(2) nanoparticles yields high performance cooling at low cost within a practical cooling rig.
A Simple Quantitative Method for Evaluation of Angiogenesis Activity (2004)

Angiogenesis plays a major role in many physiological and pathological processes. Pathological development of diseased conditions like growth and metastasis of solid tumors and psoriasis is associated with angiogenesis. Assays developed, thus far, for evaluation of angiogenesis activity are qualitative or semiquantitative. In vivo angiogenesis assays are more physiologically relevant than in vitro models and, however, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. The ex vivo rat aorta tube formation model has been demonstrated to correlate well to the physiological conditions. The present study established a reproducible and quantitative assay for evaluating angiogenesis with rat aorta ring cultures. Rat thoracic aortas were harvested, cross-sectioned into rings of 1-mm thickness using a set of aligned blades, and cultured in a three-dimensional extracellular matrix. Endothelial cells outgrow consistently from the aorta rings cultured in endothelial cell growth medium. Angiogenic activity was quantified by a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2H-tetrazolium/phenazine methosulfate method. The colorimetric assay was reproducible, and its results were compared in parallel with that of the imaging analysis method. IC(50) values of several known antiangiogenics, SU5416, suramin, paclitaxel, and 2-methoxyestradiol, were determined and were comparable to those obtained using the imaging analysis method. We have established a simple, reproducible, and quantitative assay for evaluation of angiogenesis activity with the cultured rat aorta ring, which can be used to screen for angiogenics and angiostatics.
Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen in the Relief of Acute Pain: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study (1989)

To determine the relative analgesic efficacy of ibuprofen 400 mg and acetaminophen 1000 mg, we conducted a single-dose, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial using a standard assay for analgesic agents, the dental pain model. At regular intervals over 6 hours, 184 patients who had undergone dental impaction surgery rated pain intensity and relief on categorical scales and pain half-gone on a dichotomous nominal scale; a categorical overall evaluation was completed at the end of 6 hours. Both active agents were effective compared to placebo. Ibuprofen 400 mg was more effective than acetaminophen 1000 mg for Sum Pain Intensity Difference (SPID), Total Pain Relief (TOTPAR), sum pain half-gone, and overall evaluation (P less than .05 to P less than .001). The time-effect curves demonstrated a greater peak effect and longer duration of action for ibuprofen 400 mg compared to acetaminophen 1000 mg. Side effects were reported in five ibuprofen patients, 11 acetaminophen-treated patients, and seven placebo patients. Based on the results of this clinical study, we conclude that ibuprofen 400 mg is a safe and more effective analgesic than acetaminophen 1000 mg for patients with acute pain.
Expression of minute virus of mice structural proteins in murine cell lines transformed by bovine papillomavirus-minute virus of mice plasmid chimera (1984)

Recombinant plasmids containing the genomes of both bovine papillomavirus type I and minute virus of mice (MVM) were constructed and used to transform mouse C127 cells. Transformed lines that express MVM gene products with high efficiency were isolated and characterized. These transformants synthesize large amounts of MVM structural polypeptides and spontaneously assemble them into empty virion particles that are released into the culture medium. These lines were, however, genetically unstable; they slowly generated subpopulations that failed to express MVM-specific proteins, and they possessed episomal DNA in which both MVM and bovine papillomavirus sequences were deleted or rearranged, or both. Clonal isolates of these transformants were also superinfectible by infectious MVM virus. Therefore, in spite of their instability, they should be useful host cell lines for transcomplementing mutations introduced into the MVM genome and for growing defective viruses as virions.
PET/MRI Dual-Modality Tumor Imaging Using Arginine-Glycine-Aspartic (RGD)–Conjugated Radiolabeled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (2008)

We have successfully developed an IO-based nanoprobe for simultaneous dual PET and MRI of tumor integrin expression. The success of this bifunctional imaging approach may allow for earlier tumor detection with a high degree of accuracy and provide further insight into the molecular mechanisms of cancer.
Automatic amplitude control loop for a 2-V, 2.5-GHz LC-tank VCO (2001)

The paper discusses the design of the automatic amplitude control circuit (AAC) for wireless-targeted oscillators, presenting a 2-V, 2.5-GHz LC-tank bipolar VCO. Potential phase noise degradation due to the amplitude loop is illustrated, along with design choices to avoid this effect. The circuit manufactured draws 7 mA in the VCO and less than 600 μA in the AAC, with SSCR=-104 dBc/Hz@100 kHz. Once normalized for power, Q-factor and operating frequency, this phase noise performance ranks first among the bipolar VCOs published so far.
Energy coupling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: selected opportunities for metabolic engineering (2012)

Free-energy (ATP) conservation during product formation is crucial for the maximum product yield that can be obtained, but often overlooked in metabolic engineering strategies. Product pathways that do not yield ATP or even demand input of free energy (ATP) require an additional pathway to supply the ATP needed for product formation, cellular maintenance, and/or growth. On the other hand, product pathways with a high ATP yield may result in excess biomass formation at the expense of the product yield. This mini-review discusses the importance of the ATP yield for product formation and presents several opportunities for engineering free-energy (ATP) conservation, with a focus on sugar-based product formation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These engineering opportunities are not limited to the metabolic flexibility within S. cerevisiae itself, but also expression of heterologous reactions will be taken into account. As such, the diversity in microbial sugar uptake and phosphorylation mechanisms, carboxylation reactions, product export, and the flexibility of oxidative phosphorylation via the respiratory chain and H(+) -ATP synthase can be used to increase or decrease free-energy (ATP) conservation. For product pathways with a negative, zero or too high ATP yield, analysis and metabolic engineering of the ATP yield of product formation will provide a promising strategy to increase the product yield and simplify process conditions.
Methods for comparative metagenomics (2009)

There is a great need for powerful and user-friendly tools for comparative analysis of metagenomic data and MEGAN 2.0 will help to fill this gap.
Location of double-bond position in unsaturated fatty acids by negative ion MS/MS (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLocation of double-bond position in unsaturated fatty acids by negative ion MS/MSKenneth B. Tomer, Frank W. Crow, and Michael L. GrossCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 16, 5487–5488Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00354a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00354a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1060Altmetric-Citations221LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
STEROIDS OF GUINEA PIG URINE (1956)

After Nadel and Schneider (1) had indicated the presence of cortisol in the urine of normal guinea pigs, some aspects of the nature of the adrenocortical secretion in the guinea pig in addition to the effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) thereon were elucidated by Burstein et al. (2,3).In addition, the effect of an ascorbic acid-deficient diet on the excretion of urinary corticosteroids in the guinea pig has also been studied in the same laboratories (3).Various workers have reported the presence of 17-ketosteroids in the urine of normal, ascorbic acid-deficient, and ACTH-stimulated guinea pigs as detected by the Zimmermann reaction, but no identification of these materials has been reported (4-6).This communication is concerned with the identification of 3a, 1 lp-dihydroxyetiocholan-17-one, 3ar, 11/3-dihydroxyandrostan-17-one, 3o+hydroxyandrostane-11 ,17-dione, 3a-hydroxy-AgJ1-etiocholen-17-one and 3ar-hydroxyetiocholan-17-one as a mixture, and 3a-hydroxy-Agv 11-androsten-17-one as the main 17-ketosteroid components of urine from ACTH-stimulated guinea pigs.In addition, the structure of the previously described compound steroid IIa (2, 7) has been elucidated as being 2cz, 11/3,17cu, 21-tetrahydroxy-A4-pregnene-3, 20dione (2a-hydroxycortisol).Burstein (8) has independently established the structure of this compound. MethodsNineteen normal adult male guinea pigs (600 to 700 gm.), obtained from the Rockland Farms, New City, New York, were placed in metabolism cages, and the urine was collected for 7 days as previously described (1).The animals were permitted access to food and water for a period of 3 hours each day, and the urine was collected during the subsequent 21 hours.After the daily feeding and watering period, and prior to being placed in the metabolism cages, each guinea pig was injected intraperitoneally with 8 i.u. of ACTH (ACTHAR Gel Armour), the administration of which was repeated once each day for 7 days.
Identification of a Gene Located at Chromosome 5q21 that Is Mutated in Colorectal Cancers (1991)

Recent studies have suggested the existence of a tumor suppressor gene located at chromosome region 5q21. DNA probes from this region were used to study a panel of sporadic colorectal carcinomas. One of these probes, cosmid 5.71, detected a somatically rearranged restriction fragment in the DNA from a single tumor. Further analysis of the 5.71 cosmid revealed two regions that were highly conserved in rodent DNA. These sequences were used to identify a gene, MCC (mutated in colorectal cancer), which encodes an 829-amino acid protein with a short region of similarity to the G protein-coupled m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. The rearrangement in the tumor disrupted the coding region of the MCC gene. Moreover, two colorectal tumors were found with somatically acquired point mutations in MCC that resulted in amino acid substitutions. MCC is thus a candidate for the putative colorectal tumor suppressor gene located at 5q21. Further studies will be required to determine whether the gene is mutated in other sporadic tumors or in the germ line of patients with an inherited predisposition to colonic tumorigenesis.
Modulation of SQSTM1/p62 activity by N-terminal arginylation of the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone HSPA5/GRP78/BiP (2016)

The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system, in which single N-terminal residues act as a determinant of a class of degrons, called N-degrons. In the ubiquitin (Ub)-proteasome system, specific recognition components, called N-recognins, recognize N-degrons and accelerate polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of the substrates. In this study, we show that the pathway regulates the activity of the macroautophagic receptor SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) through N-terminal arginylation (Nt-arginylation) of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-residing molecular chaperones, including HSPA5/GRP78/BiP, CALR (calreticulin), and PDI (protein disulfide isomerase). The arginylation is co-induced with macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) as part of innate immunity to cytosolic DNA and when misfolded proteins accumulate under proteasomal inhibition. Following cytosolic relocalization and arginylation, Nt-arginylated HSPA5 (R-HSPA5) is targeted to autophagosomes and degraded by lysosomal hydrolases through the interaction of its N-terminal Arg (Nt-Arg) with ZZ domain of SQSTM1. Upon binding to Nt-Arg, SQSTM1 undergoes a conformational change, which promotes SQSTM1 self-polymerization and interaction with LC3, leading to SQSTM1 targeting to autophagosomes. Cargoes of R-HSPA5 include cytosolic misfolded proteins destined to be degraded through autophagy. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which the N-end rule pathway regulates SQSTM1-dependent selective autophagy.
[Early repair of burned cranium]. (1993)

Early repair was done on 10 patients, of whom there was necrosis of either the outer or both outer and inner tables of the skull as a result of deep burn injuries. Multiple drill holes were made through the necrotic cranial bones until bleeding occurred on 7 PBD. The wounds were immediately covered with skin flaps. A continuous drip of lidocaine, chloramphenicol and normal saline was instituted underneath the flaps. The results after one to five years follow-up were satisfactory.
<title>Lossless and nearly lossless compression for high-quality images</title> (1997)

While a losslessly compressed facsimile image might require 20,000 bytes of storage, a losslessly compressed color high resolution scan of the same sized document might require 200,000,000 bytes of storage. This factor of 10,000 in the image size necessitates more than just better compression, it requires a change in viewpoint about compression. A compression system for high quality images must provide a way to access only the required data rather than decompressing all the data and then selecting the desired portion. Furthermore, a high quality image compression system should be able to provide the best possible images for output devices which as of yet have not been manufactured. Finally, a high quality compression system should allow decompression and recompression without continual degradation of the image. This paper describes technologies including a reversible color transform, a reversible wavelet transform, a doubly embedded context mode, and a 'parseable' file format, which work together to provide solutions for high quality imaging needs.
Deep reinforcement learning for robotic manipulation with asynchronous off-policy updates (2017)

Reinforcement learning holds the promise of enabling autonomous robots to learn large repertoires of behavioral skills with minimal human intervention. However, robotic applications of reinforcement learning often compromise the autonomy of the learning process in favor of achieving training times that are practical for real physical systems. This typically involves introducing hand-engineered policy representations and human-supplied demonstrations. Deep reinforcement learning alleviates this limitation by training general-purpose neural network policies, but applications of direct deep reinforcement learning algorithms have so far been restricted to simulated settings and relatively simple tasks, due to their apparent high sample complexity. In this paper, we demonstrate that a recent deep reinforcement learning algorithm based on off-policy training of deep Q-functions can scale to complex 3D manipulation tasks and can learn deep neural network policies efficiently enough to train on real physical robots. We demonstrate that the training times can be further reduced by parallelizing the algorithm across multiple robots which pool their policy updates asynchronously. Our experimental evaluation shows that our method can learn a variety of 3D manipulation skills in simulation and a complex door opening skill on real robots without any prior demonstrations or manually designed representations.
Identification of a Novel Cis Element Required for Cell Density-dependent Down-regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor-2 P3 Promoter Activity in CaCo2 Cells (2001)

The activity of the exogenous, full-length insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) P3 promoter is significantly up-regulated during the logarithmic growth phase but rapidly declines in confluent CaCo2 cells undergoing differentiation. Nuclear run-on assays confirmed cell density-dependent regulation of endogenous P3 promoter. To identify regulatory elements in the P3 promoter that may be required for regulating cell density-dependent transcriptional activity, we used the methods of promoter truncation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNase footprinting, and mutation analysis. The relative activity of the full-length (-1229/+140) and truncated (-1090/+140) promoter was identical, being approximately 19, 27, 7, and 3% of pSV-luc activity on days 3, 5, 7, and 9 of cell culture, respectively. However, truncation to -1048 resulted in complete loss of cell density-dependent down-regulation of P3 promoter activity on days 7 and 9, suggesting the presence of regulatory elements between -1091 and -1048 sequence. Further stepwise truncation to -515 did not change promoter activity. Truncation to -138/+140 resulted in complete loss of promoter activity, suggesting that the core promoter was within the -515/-138 segment. A 14-base pair footprint (-1084/-1070) was identified by DNase footprinting within the distal -1091/-1048 segment. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay with wild type and mutant probes confirmed the presence of a novel 7-base pair (CGAGGGC) (-1084/-1078) cis element (P3-D); its mutation abolished binding. Functionality of P3-D cis element was confirmed by measuring the activity of core P3 promoter ligated to distal P3 segment containing either the mutant or wild type P3-D element. We have, therefore, identified a novel cis element, P3-D, that appears to play a critical role in regulating IGF-2 P3 promoter activity in a cell density/differentiation-dependent manner.
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma (2017)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a nearly always incurable malignancy of plasma cells, so new approaches to treatment are needed. T-cell therapies are a promising approach for treating MM, with a mechanism of action different than those of standard MM treatments. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are fusion proteins incorporating antigen-recognition domains and T-cell signaling domains. T cells genetically engineered to express CARs can specifically recognize antigens. Success of CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) against leukemia and lymphoma has encouraged development of CAR-T therapies for MM. Target antigens for CARs must be expressed on malignant cells, but expression on normal cells must be absent or limited. B-cell maturation antigen is expressed by normal and malignant plasma cells. CAR-Ts targeting B-cell maturation antigen have demonstrated significant antimyeloma activity in early clinical trials. Toxicities in these trials, including cytokine release syndrome, have been similar to toxicities observed in CAR-T trials for leukemia. Targeting postulated CD19<sup>+</sup> myeloma stem cells with anti-CD19 CAR-Ts is a novel approach to MM therapy. MM antigens including CD138, CD38, signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule 7, and κ light chain are under investigation as CAR targets. MM is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, so targeting of >1 antigen might often be required for effective treatment of MM with CAR-Ts. Integration of CAR-Ts with other myeloma therapies is an important area of future research. CAR-T therapies for MM are at an early stage of development but have great promise to improve MM treatment.
ALL1 fusion proteins induce deregulation of EphA7 and ERK phosphorylation in human acute leukemias (2007)

Erythropoietin-producing hepatoma-amplified sequence (Eph) receptor tyrosine kinases and their cell-surface-bound ligands, the ephrins, function as a unique signaling system triggered by cell-to-cell interaction and have been shown to mediate neurodevelopmental processes. In addition, recent studies showed deregulation of some of Eph/ephrin genes in human malignancies, suggesting the involvement of this signaling pathway in tumorigenesis. The ALL1 (also termed MLL) gene on human chromosome 11q23 was isolated by virtue of its involvement in recurrent chromosome translocations associated with acute leukemias with poor prognosis. The translocations fuse ALL1 to any of >50 partner genes and result in production of chimeric proteins composed of the ALL1 N terminus and the C terminus of the partner protein. The most common translocations in ALL1-associated leukemias are t(4;11) and t(9;11), which generate ALL1/AF4 and ALL1/AF9 fusion protein, respectively. In the present study, we sought to determine whether ALL1 fusion proteins are involved in regulation of Eph/ephrin genes. Screening of K562 cells producing recombinant ALL1/AF4 or ALL1/AF9 fusion protein revealed transcriptional up-regulation of the EphA7. Consistent with this finding, siRNA-mediated suppression of ALL1/AF4 in SEMK2 cells carrying the t(4;11) chromosome translocation resulted in down-regulation of EphA7. ChIP analysis demonstrated the occupancy of tagged ALL1 fusion proteins on the EphA7 promoter, pointing to EphA7 as a direct target of the formers. Further studies demonstrate that EphA7 up-regulation is accompanied by ERK phosphorylation. Finally, we show apoptotic cell death, specific for leukemic cells carrying the t(4;11) chromosome translocation, after treatment of the cells with an ERK phosphorylation blocker.
Common variable immunodeficiency at the end of a prospering decade: towards novel gene defects and beyond (2010)

Within the past decade, basic and clinical research on CVID has been boosted up by the discovery of the first gene defects and the systematic immunological classification by phenotypic and functional studies. The challenge for the next 10 years is not only the continuation of this ongoing work but also the translation of this acquired knowledge into the clinic and new therapeutic strategies.