gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
One-dimensional hole gas in germanium/silicon nanowire heterostructures (2005)

Two-dimensional electron and hole gas systems, enabled through band structure design and epitaxial growth on planar substrates, have served as key platforms for fundamental condensed matter research and high-performance devices. The analogous development of one-dimensional (1D) electron or hole gas systems through controlled growth on 1D nanostructure substrates, which could open up opportunities beyond existing carbon nanotube and nanowire systems, has not been realized. Here, we report the synthesis and transport studies of a 1D hole gas system based on a free-standing germanium/silicon (Ge/Si) core/shell nanowire heterostructure. Room temperature electrical transport measurements clearly show hole accumulation in undoped Ge/Si nanowire heterostructures, in contrast to control experiments on single-component nanowires. Low-temperature studies show well-controlled Coulomb blockade oscillations when the Si shell serves as a tunnel barrier to the hole gas in the Ge channel. Transparent contacts to the hole gas also have been reproducibly achieved by thermal annealing. In such devices, we observe conductance quantization at low temperatures, corresponding to ballistic transport through 1D subbands, where the measured subband energy spacings agree with calculations for a cylindrical confinement potential. In addition, we observe a "0.7 structure," which has been attributed to spontaneous spin polarization, suggesting the universality of this phenomenon in interacting 1D systems. Lastly, the conductance exhibits little temperature dependence, consistent with our calculation of reduced backscattering in this 1D system, and suggests that transport is ballistic even at room temperature.
Colour Image Segmentation of Tuberculosis Bacilli in Ziehl-Neelsen-Stained Tissue Images Using Moving K-Mean Clustering Procedure (2010)

Segmentation of tuberculosis bacilli in Zeihl-Neelsen tissue slide images is a crucial step in computer-assisted tuberculosis bacilli detection. In this paper, an automatic colour image segmentation using moving k-mean clustering was proposed. First, initial filter is used to remove the tissues images which remain blue after counterstaining process. After that, moving k-mean clustering using green component of RGB colour model and R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">y</sub> component of C-Y colour model are used to segment the TB bacilli from its undesirable background which also remains red even after decolourization process. Then a 5×5 median filter and region growing was used to eliminate small regions and noises. The proposed methods have been analysed for several TB slide images under various conditions. Experimental results indicate that the proposed techniques were successfully segment TB bacilli from its background.
A Single Intranasal Inoculation with a Paramyxovirus-Vectored Vaccine Protects Guinea Pigs against a Lethal-Dose Ebola Virus Challenge (2006)

To determine whether intranasal inoculation with a paramyxovirus-vectored vaccine can induce protective immunity against Ebola virus (EV), recombinant human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) was modified to express either the EV structural glycoprotein (GP) by itself (HPIV3/EboGP) or together with the EV nucleoprotein (NP) (HPIV3/EboGP-NP). Expression of EV GP by these recombinant viruses resulted in its efficient incorporation into virus particles and increased cytopathic effect in Vero cells. HPIV3/EboGP was 100-fold more efficiently neutralized by antibodies to EV than by antibodies to HPIV3. Guinea pigs infected with a single intranasal inoculation of 10(5.3) PFU of HPIV3/EboGP or HPIV3/EboGP-NP showed no apparent signs of disease yet developed a strong humoral response specific to the EV proteins. When these animals were challenged with an intraperitoneal injection of 10(3) PFU of EV, there were no outward signs of disease, no viremia or detectable EV antigen in the blood, and no evidence of infection in the spleen, liver, and lungs. In contrast, all of the control animals died or developed severe EV disease following challenge. The highly effective immunity achieved with a single vaccine dose suggests that intranasal immunization with live vectored vaccines based on recombinant respiratory viruses may be an advantageous approach to inducing protective responses against severe systemic infections, such as those caused by hemorrhagic fever agents.
Novel Snake Venom Ligand Dendroaspis Natriuretic Peptide Is Selective for Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A in Human Heart (2006)

The natriuretic peptides are considered to be cardioprotective; however, their receptors have not been identified in human myocardium using radiolabeled analogs. Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) has been recently identified as a new member of this peptide family and is thought to be less susceptible to enzymatic degradation. Therefore, we have developed the novel radiolabeled analog [125I]-DNP and used this to localize high-affinity (K(D)=0.2 nmol/L), saturable, specific binding sites in adult human heart (n=6) and coronary artery (n=8). In competition binding experiments, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain type natriuretic peptide had greater affinity for [125I]-DNP binding sites than C-type natriuretic peptide and the natriuretic peptide receptor (NPR)-C ligand, cANF. This rank order of potency suggested binding of [125I]-DNP was specific to NPR-A. Messenger RNA encoding NPR-A was identified in left ventricle and coronary artery smooth muscle, and expression was confirmed by immunocytochemical studies at the protein level. In addition, fluorescence dual labeling immunocytochemistry localized NPR-A protein to cardiomyocytes, endocardial endothelial cells, and smooth muscle of intramyocardial vessels. Importantly, we demonstrated a significant downregulation in the density of NPR-A in heart and coronary artery of patients with ischemic heart disease that may explain, in part, the attenuated natriuretic peptide response reported in this patient group.
Fluorescent Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus illuminates tissue tropism patterns and identifies early mononuclear phagocytic cell targets in Ifnar-/- mice (2019)

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV, order Bunyavirales, family Nairoviridae, genus Orthonairovirus) is the tick-borne etiological agent of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in humans. Animals are generally susceptible to CCHFV infection but refractory to disease. Small animal models are limited to interferon-deficient mice, that develop acute fatal disease following infection. Here, using a ZsGreen1- (ZsG) expressing reporter virus (CCHFV/ZsG), we examine tissue tropism and dissemination of virus in interferon-α/β receptor knock-out (Ifnar-/-) mice. We demonstrate that CCHFV/ZsG retains in vivo pathogenicity comparable to wild-type virus. Interestingly, despite high levels of viral RNA in all organs assessed, 2 distribution patterns of infection were observed by both fluorescence and immunohistochemistry (IHC), corresponding to the permissiveness of organ tissues. To further investigate viral dissemination and to temporally define cellular targets of CCHFV in vivo, mice were serially euthanized at different stages of disease. Flow cytometry was used to characterize CCHFV-associated alterations in hematopoietic cell populations and to classify infected cells in the blood, lymph node, spleen, and liver. ZsG signal indicated that mononuclear phagocytic cells in the lymphatic tissues were early targets of infection; in late-stage infection, overall, the highest levels of signal were detected in the liver, and ZsG was found in both antigen-presenting and lymphocyte cell populations.
Latch-Up in CMOS Integrated Circuits (1973)

The parasitic transistors and pnpn paths present on junction-isolated CMOS circuits have been identified and studied quantitatively. Active SCR structures exist which can be triggered electrically or by a radiation pulse. Detailed studies of SCR paths have been performed on two circuits, the CD4007A and the CD4041A, to relate geometrical and materials parameters to latch-up sensitivity. Both normal bias conditions and bias optimum for obtaining SCR action are employed. Several techniques are proposed to eliminate radiation-induced latchup in future CMOS designs.
An Environment-Wide Association Study (EWAS) on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2010)

Despite difficulty in ascertaining causality, the potential for novel factors of large effect associated with T2D justify the use of EWAS to create hypotheses regarding the broad contribution of the environment to disease. Even in this study based on prior collected epidemiological measures, environmental factors can be found with effect sizes comparable to the best loci yet found by GWAS.
Iron Deficiency in Chronic Heart Failure: Case-Based Practical Guidance (2018)

In patients with chronic heart failure, iron deficiency, even in the absence of anaemia, can aggravate the underlying disease and have a negative impact on clinical outcomes and quality of life. The 2016 European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure recognize iron deficiency as a co-morbidity in chronic heart failure and recommend iron status screening in all newly diagnosed patients with chronic heart failure. Furthermore, the guidelines specifically recommend considerations of intravenous iron therapy, ferric carboxymaltose, for the treatment of iron deficiency. However, in spite of these recommendations, iron deficiency remains often overlooked and undertreated. This may be due, in part, to the lack of clinical context and practical guidance accompanying the guidelines for the treating physician. Here, we provide practical guidance complemented by a case study to assist and improve the timely diagnosis, treatment, and routine management of iron deficiency in patients with chronic heart failure.
The visual neurosciences (2004)

Historical foundations developmental processes retinal mechanisms and processes organization of visual pathways subcortical processing processing in primary visual cortex detection and sampling brightness and colour from, shape and object recognition motion, depth and spatial relationships eye movements attention and cognition theoretical and computational perspectives.
A dynamic-threshold SOI device with a J-FET embedded source structure and a merged body-bias-control transistor. II. Circuit simulation (2000)

For pt.I see ibid., vol. 47, no.8, p.1587-92 (2000). A primary transistor having an embedded J-FET, or resistor, immediately under the source junction and a small subsidiary body-bias-control transistor enables the construction of a variable-threshold SOI MOSFET with a small area penalty and without any limitation on the power-supply voltage. The subsidiary transistor, synchronized with the gate input signal, injects charges into the body depending on the output-node transient condition and controls the body potential to increase the on-current and decrease the off-current. The embedded J-FET eliminates such floating-body effects as delay hysteresis. The inverter delay time with a 1-pF load capacitance can be shortened to 40% of that of a bulk device under I-V operation, A different embedded J-FET circuit construction under the source enables an NMOS pass gate to be constructed without the output-amplitude degradation caused by the source follower, with a switching speed higher than that of a conventional CMOS pass gate.
Variable bit rate adaptive predictive coder (1992)

An adaptive predictive coder providing almost toll quality at 16 kb/s and minimal degradation when the bit rate is lowered to 9.6 kb/s is described. The coder can operate at intermediate bit rates and can also change bit rate on a packet-by-packet basis. Variable bit rate operation is achieved through the use of switched quantization, thus eliminating the need for buffering of the output. A noise shaping filter provides flexible control of the output noise spectrum. The filter, in conjunction with an enhanced way to adapt the quantizer step size, which tries to accommodate the quantization noise feedback, accounts for the toll quality. By quantizing the residue with more than one quantizer, the effective number of bits per sample can be controlled in a deterministic way regardless of the entropy residue. The lower limit of operation is at 9.6 kb/s. Performance of the coder under random bit errors is also presented. It has been found that only at error rates of 10/sup -2/ and higher does the degradation becomes objectionable.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Research review paper Control of fed-batch fermentations (1999)

Fed-batch fermentation is used to prevent or reduce substrate-associated growth inhibition by controlling nutrient supply. Here we review the advances in control of fed-batch fermentations. Simple exponential feeding and inferential methods are examined, as are newer methods based on fuzzy control and neural networks. Considerable interest has developed in these more advanced methods that hold promise for optimizing fed-batch techniques for complex fermentation systems. © 1999 Elsevier Science Inc. All rights reserved.
The effect of systemically administered recombinant human nerve growth factor in healthy human subjects (1994)

This phase I double-masked, randomized, placebo-controlled study evaluated the safety of single intravenous or subcutaneous doses of recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) in healthy human volunteers at doses ranging from 0.03 to 1 micrograms/kg. No life-threatening adverse events were seen at any dose. At doses above 0.1 microgram/kg, subjects reported mild to moderate muscle pain, primarily in the bulbar and truncal musculature. The duration and severity of these myalgias varied in a dose-dependent manner, and women appeared to be more susceptible than men. Intravenous rhNGF produced earlier and more pronounced systemic effects than did identical subcutaneous doses. Subjects receiving subcutaneous rhNGF noted hyperalgesia at the injection site, a local effect persisting up to 7 weeks, that also varied in a dose-dependent manner. Antibodies to NGF were not detected in any subject. These results indicate that systemically administered rhNGF exerts a characteristic and reproducible biological effect in healthy subjects at very low doses and in a dose-dependent manner.
Challenges for Joint Battlespace Digitization (JBD) (2001)

This paper highlights several important areas in achieving extensive integration of military command and control systems. The discussion in the paper focuses on two areas where technology per se is deficient, and that must be considered carefully against the stronger tides of technology push in systems design and acquisition. These areas are the human factors aspects of system design, and the challenge of information management
Mastertool: A New Dry Phototool in the Production of Printed Circuit Boards (1996)

Mastertool MT8 is a new dry phototool for the production of printed circuit boards, which represents a completely new technology. MT8 is not sensitive to daylight, is free of silver and inherently environmentally safe as the material does not contain any toxic ingradients, no processing chemicals are required and no waste arises. For imaging, the non‐transparent thin bismuth layer of MT8, embedded between polymers, is agglomerated into beads through IR laser radiation, making this area optically transparent. Light and electron microscopy as well as X‐ray diffractometry are used to characterise the composition of the material and the details of the recording processes. Based on finite element modelling, it was possible to interpret theoretically the experimentally determined dependence of the sensitivity on the recording speed. Understanding these material properties enables plotter optimisation for MT8.
A dominant interfering Myb mutant causes apoptosis in T cells. (1996)

The c-Myb transcription factor is required for the production of most hemopoietic lineages, but information is sparse about its mode of action and the key genes it regulates. We have made an inducible dominant interfering Myb protein, by creating a chimera comprising the DNA binding domain of c-Myb, the Drosophila Engrailed repressor domain, and a modified estrogen receptor hormone binding domain. When expressed in the murine thymoma cell line EL4, activation of this mutant results in a significant proportion of the cell population undergoing apoptosis, as assessed by nuclear breakdown and DNA fragmentation, but has no apparent effect on cell-cycle progression. The apoptotic phenotype is mirrored during thymopoiesis in transgenic mice expressing dominant interfering Myb mutants; their T cells are fragile both in vivo and in vitro. Induction of the Myb dominant interfering mutant in EL4 cells correlates with down-regulation of bcl-2, but does not affect transcription of other bcl-2 family members; conversely, overexpression of bcl-2 in the transgenic mouse model rescues thymocytes from death. Analysis of the bcl-2 promoter by run-on transcription, bandshifting, and transient expression assays shows that it is a direct target of Myb. These data suggest a new and important role for Myb proteins as regulators of cell survival during hemopoiesis.
Impaired translational response and increased protein kinase PKR expression in T cells from lupus patients (2000)

Activation of peripheral blood T cells results in a rapid and substantial rise in translation rates and proliferation, but proliferation in response to mitogen stimulation is impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We have investigated translation rates and initiation factor activities in T cells from SLE patients in response to activating signals. Activation by PMA plus ionomycin strongly increased protein synthesis in control T cells but not in T cells from SLE patients. The rate of protein synthesis is known to be strongly dependent on the activity of two eukaryotic translation initiation factors, eIF4E and eIF2alpha. We show that following stimulation, eIF4E expression and phosphorylation increased equivalently in control and SLE T cells. Expression of eIF4E interacting proteins - eIF4G, an inducer, and 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2, two specific repressors of eIF4E function - and the phosphorylation level of 4E-BP1, were all identical in control and SLE T cells. In contrast, the protein kinase PKR, which is responsible for the phosphorylation and consequent inhibition of eIF2alpha activity, was specifically overexpressed in activated SLE T cells, correlating with an increase in eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Therefore, high expression of PKR and subsequent eIF2alpha phosphorylation is likely responsible, at least in part, for impaired translational and proliferative responses to mitogens in T cells from SLE patients.
Meniscal repair enhanced by an interpositional free synovial autograft: An experimental study in rabbits (1994)

This report describes the methods and effectiveness of interpositional free synovial autografts (IPFSAs) in promoting the healing of lesions in the avascular portion of the knee joint meniscus in rabbits. Thirty-four specimens were divided into two groups: 17 in the study group and 17 in the control group. The medial meniscus of the left knee joint was excised in each rabbit, and an artificial longitudinal tear was created in the avascular zone of the meniscus. In the study group, an IPFSA was sewn into the tear with a single horizontal suture. In the control group, the tear was repaired without synovium in the same manner. The menisci were then implanted into the right knee joint in the respective animals. At intervals the animals were killed, and the menisci were examined grossly and microscopically. Three menisci were eliminated because they had become attached to the synovial wall. In the study group, the lesion completely healed by 4 weeks, except for one. The menisci in the control group never completely healed, particularly at the deeper levels of the lesion. At 8-16 weeks, autolysis of the specimens made microscopic examination difficult and unreliable in both groups. Based on these results, it has been concluded that an IPFSA can promote the healing process in the avascular zone of a torn meniscus in rabbits and that systemic vascularity to the synovium or the meniscus is not essential for healing to occur.
A phase I trial of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor and interferon-gamma: effects of combination cytokine administration in vivo. (1989)

The combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon-gamma has synergistic bioactivity in numerous preclinical model systems. We have tested this potential synergism in vivo by administration of both cytokines to patients with advanced cancer using overlapping 24-hour continuous intravenous (IV) infusions in a phase I trial. Thirty-six patients were treated with a fixed dose of interferon-gamma (200 micrograms/m2/d) with interpatient dose escalation of TNF (from 5 to 205 micrograms/m2/d). The dose-limiting toxicity at the maximal-tolerated dose (MTD) of TNF (205 micrograms/m2) with interferon-gamma was hypotension. Other toxicities noted included an influenza-like syndrome, transient decreases in circulating leukocyte and platelet counts, subclinical evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, and the sporadic occurrence of acute pulmonary toxicity. The recommended phase II dose for this combination schedule is TNF, 136 micrograms/m2, with interferon-gamma, 200 micrograms/m2. The addition of interferon-gamma to TNF resulted in a greater than three-fold increase in toxicity compared with TNF administered as a single agent, supporting the hypothesis that the combination of these cytokines may induce synergistic effects in vivo.
Adaptive NUMA-aware data placement and task scheduling for analytical workloads in main-memory column-stores (2016)

Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) architectures pose numerous performance challenges for main-memory column-stores in scaling up analytics on modern multi-socket multi-core servers. A NUMA-aware execution engine needs a strategy for data placement and task scheduling that prefers fast local memory accesses over remote memory accesses, and avoids an imbalance of resource utilization, both CPU and memory bandwidth, across sockets. State-of-the-art systems typically use a static strategy that always partitions data across sockets, and always allows inter-socket task stealing. In this paper, we show that adapting data placement and task stealing to the workload can improve throughput by up to a factor of 4 compared to a static approach. We focus on highly concurrent workloads dominated by operators working on a single table or table group (copartitioned tables). Our adaptive data placement algorithm tracks the resource utilization of tasks, partitions of tables and table groups, and sockets. When a utilization imbalance across sockets is detected, the algorithm corrects it by moving or repartitioning tables. Also, inter-socket task stealing is dynamically disabled for memory-intensive tasks that could otherwise hurt performance.