gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Erythroid‐specific antibodies enhance detection of fetal nucleated erythrocytes in maternal blood (1993)

Fetal nucleated erythrocytes (NRBC) in maternal blood are a non-invasive source of fetal DNA for prenatal genetic screening. We compared the effectiveness of three monoclonal antibodies for the separation of fetal cells from maternal blood by flow sorting. Mononuclear blood cells from 49 healthy pregnant women were incubated with antibody to CD 71, CD 36, and/or glycophorin A (GPA), employed singly or in combination with each other. These monoclonal antibodies recognize surface antigens on haematopoietic precursor cells. Successful isolation of fetal cells was defined as detection of Y chromosomal sequences in maternal blood from women carrying male fetuses, with absence of Y sequences when female fetuses were carried. Thus, gender prediction accuracy was used as a measure of fetal cell separation. Using anti-CD 71 to isolate fetal cells, gender prediction was 57 per cent correct; with anti-CD 36, it was 88 per cent correct. Anti-GPA, an erythrocyte-specific antigen, used alone or in combination with anti-CD 71 or 36, improved gender prediction to 100 per cent. We conclude that antibody to GPA improves the retrieval of fetal NRBC from maternal blood, permitting genetic analysis by the polymerase chain reaction.
Genetic treatment of a molecular disorder: gene therapy approaches to sickle cell disease (2016)

Effective medical management for sickle cell disease (SCD) remains elusive. As a prevalent and severe monogenic disorder, SCD has been long considered a logical candidate for gene therapy. Significant progress has been made in moving toward this goal. These efforts have provided substantial insight into the natural regulation of the globin genes and illuminated challenges for genetic manipulation of the hematopoietic system. The initial γ-retroviral vectors, next-generation lentiviral vectors, and novel genome engineering and gene regulation approaches each share the goal of preventing erythrocyte sickling. After years of preclinical studies, several clinical trials for SCD gene therapies are now open. This review focuses on progress made toward achieving gene therapy, the current state of the field, consideration of factors that may determine clinical success, and prospects for future development.
Radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation (2003)

European Heart Journal Supplements ( Most electrophysiology laboratories working on catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation target pulmonary veins using a transseptal approach. The aim of the procedure is to achieve complete disconnection of the pulmonary veins, demonstrated by the disappearance or dissociation of their potentials. This is clearly facilitated by the use of a circular catheter dedicated to the mapping of the pulmonary vein ostia, which allows the identification of the connections from the atrium to the vein. Using this approach in targeting all four pulmonary veins, 70% of patients are cured without the need for antiarrhythmic drugs. However, some complications have been described, including tamponade, embolic events and pulmonary vein stenosis. The learning curve for this procedure is steep, but in experienced centres the safety profile is very acceptable.
Characterization of the a antigen of the c proteins of group B streptococci (GBS) using a murine monoclonal antibody (1992)

A murine monoclonal antibody raised against the alpha antigen of the group B streptococcal c proteins was analysed by immunofluorescence and whole-cell ELISA against a collection of 22 c protein-producing GBS. All the strains showing fluorescence and reactivity in ELISA turned out to be alpha antigen-carrying strains as defined by polyclonal rabbit antisera, while none of the strains producing only the beta antigen was positive. Western blot analyses of the alpha antigen released into the culture medium of growing bacteria suggest that the alpha antigen is present as distinct proteins of variable molecular weights. The upper limit of the molecular weights varies considerably from one strain to another, from approximately 200 kD to 70 kD. With all strains, the bands seen by the MAb occurred at regularly spaced intervals of about 10 kD throughout the gel. Some strains gave rise to 15-16 bands, while others gave rise to only one or two bands. The present investigation suggests that alpha antigens include several, probably identical, repeating subunits of approximately 10 kD. The epitope recognized by the MAb seems to be located on a 10-kD fragment, and in addition, it appears to be surface located, making the MAb a suitable tool in serodiagnostic work.
Inhibition of the intrinsic NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of CD38 by carbocyclic NAD analogues (1998)

Carba-NAD and pseudocarba-NAD are carbocyclic analogues of NAD+ in which a 2,3-dihydroxycyclopentane methanol replaces the beta-d-ribonucleotide ring of the nicotinamide riboside moiety of NAD+ [Slama and Simmons (1988) Biochemistry 27, 183-193]. These carbocyclic NAD+ analogues, related to each other as diastereomers, have been tested as inhibitors of the intrinsic NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of human CD38, dog spleen NAD+ glycohydrolase, mouse CD38 and Aplysia californica cADP-ribose synthetase. Pseudocarba-NAD, the carbocyclic dinucleotide in which l-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentane methanol replaces the d-ribose of the nicotinamide riboside moiety of NAD+, was found to be the more potent inhibitor. Pseudocarba-NAD was shown to inhibit the intrinsic NAD+ glycohydrolase activity of human CD38 competitively, with Ki=148 microM determined for the recombinant extracellular protein domain and Ki=180 microM determined for the native protein expressed as a cell-surface enzyme on cultured Jurkat cells. Pseudocarba-NAD was shown to be a non-competitive inhibitor of the purified dog spleen NAD+ glycohydrolase, with Kis=47 miroM and Kii=198 microM. Neither pseudocarba-NAD nor carba-NAD inhibited mouse CD38 or Aplysia californica cADP-ribose synthetase significantly at concentrations up to 1 mM. The results underscore significant species differences in the sensitivity of these enzymes to inhibition, and indicate that pseudocarba-NAD will be useful as an inhibitor of the enzymic activity of human but not mouse CD38 in studies using cultured cells.
Mitotic Events in Cerebellar Granule Progenitor Cells That Expand Cerebellar Surface Area Are Critical for Normal Cerebellar Cortical Lamination in Mice (2015)

Late embryonic and postnatal cerebellar folial surface area expansion promotes cerebellar cortical cytoarchitectural lamination. We developed a streamlined sampling scheme to generate unbiased estimates of murine cerebellar surface area and volume using stereologic principles. We demonstrate that, during the proliferative phase of the external granular layer (EGL) and folial surface area expansion, EGL thickness does not change and thus is a topological proxy for progenitor self-renewal. The topological constraints indicate that, during proliferative phases, migration out of the EGL is balanced by self-renewal. Progenitor self-renewal must, therefore, include mitotic events yielding 2 cells in the same layer to increase surface area (β events) and mitotic events yielding 2 cells, with 1 cell in a superficial layer and 1 cell in a deeper layer (α events). As the cerebellum grows, therefore, β events lie upstream of α events. Using a mathematical model constrained by the measurements of volume and surface area, we could quantify intermitotic times for β events on a per-cell basis in postnatal mouse cerebellum. Furthermore, we found that loss of CCNA2, which decreases EGL proliferation and secondarily induces cerebellar cortical dyslamination, shows preserved α-type events. Thus, CCNA2-null cerebellar granule progenitor cells are capable of self-renewal of the EGL stem cell niche; this is concordant with prior findings of extensive apoptosis in CCNA2-null mice. Similar methodologies may provide another layer of depth to the interpretation of results from stereologic studies.
Systemic effects of inhaled corticosteroids (2011)

ICSs are a highly effective therapy in asthma and have an excellent safety profile at the low doses usually required in asthma. Adverse effects appear mostly at higher doses.
Optical Diffraction from Silica−Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composite Films (1997)

Monodisperse, 152 nm diameter, amorphous, colloidal silica particles in methyl methacrylate (MMA) dispersions form crystal lattices and Bragg diffract visible light. Nucleation, growth, and crystallite morphology are observed by polarizing microscopy. Polymerization of 264 μm thick films of the MMA dispersion traps the crystal order in robust silica−poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) composites. UV−vis spectra of 35−45 wt % of silica coated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM−silica) in MMA dispersions have low percent transmittance (%T) peaks of 4 nm bandwidth at wavelengths between 550 and 508 nm. The silica−PMMA composite films containing 35−37.5 wt % TPM−silica have low %T peaks at 486−490 nm with 12−19 nm bandwidths. Using a 442 nm helium cadmium laser, the Bragg diffraction of a MMA dispersion and a PMMA composite is observed in the reflective mode.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Glycoprotein E Domains Involved in Virus Spread and Disease (2000)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein E (gE) functions as an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc binding protein and is involved in virus spread. Previously we studied a gE mutant virus that was impaired for IgG Fc binding but intact for spread and another that was normal for both activities. To further evaluate the role of gE in spread, two additional mutant viruses were constructed by introducing linker insertion mutations either outside the IgG Fc binding domain at gE position 210 or within the IgG Fc binding domain at position 380. Both mutant viruses were impaired for spread in epidermal cells in vitro; however, the 380 mutant virus was significantly more impaired and was as defective as gE null virus. gE mutant viruses were inoculated into the murine flank to measure epidermal disease at the inoculation site, travel of virus to dorsal root ganglia, and spread of virus from ganglia back to skin to produce zosteriform lesions. Disease at the inoculation and zosteriform sites was reduced for both mutant viruses, but more so for the 380 mutant virus. Moreover, the 380 mutant virus was highly impaired in its ability to reach the ganglia, as demonstrated by virus culture and real-time quantitative PCR. The results indicate that the domain surrounding amino acid 380 is important for both spread and IgG Fc binding and suggest that this domain is a potential target for antiviral therapy or vaccines.
Subcellular binding and effects on calcium homeostasis produced by acetaminophen and a nonhepatotoxic regioisomer, 3′-hydroxyacetanilide, in mouse liver (1989)

Acetaminophen (250 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally to fasted, phenobarbital-induced mice produced hepatotoxicity. No hepatotoxicity was observed after the administration of the regioisomer 3'-hydroxyacetanilide (600 mg/kg). Similar levels of covalent binding to liver homogenates occurred in mice receiving either acetaminophen or 3'-hydroxyacetanilide at these doses. However, subcellular fractionation techniques revealed that the acetaminophen treatment produced greater levels of covalent binding to mitochondrial proteins than 3'-hydroxyacetanilide. In addition, acetaminophen depleted mitochondrial glutathione levels more extensively than 3'-hydroxyacetanilide. Plasma membrane calcium-ATPase activity was reduced to 79.8% and 55.7% of control values at 1 h and 6 h, respectively, following the administration of acetaminophen. No inhibition of this enzyme was detected in mice receiving 3'-hydroxyacetanilide. Acetaminophen also induced alterations in mitochondrial calcium levels and decreased the ability of isolated mitochondria to sequester calcium. These effects were not produced by 3'-hydroxyacetanilide. Our results indicate that acetaminophen induces alterations in calcium homeostasis while 3'-hydroxyacetanilide does not.
NMR studies of the conjugation of mechlorethamine with glutathione (1990)

Many cancer cells are resistant to chemotherapeutic treatment with mechlorethamine and other alkylating agents. These drug-resistant cells often show an increase in the intracellular concentration of glutathione and an increase in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase when compared to the sensitive cells. Both of these components are thought to be involved with inactivation of the drug either through conjugation with glutathione or by hydrolysis. NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the nonenzymatic conjugation of mechlorethamine with glutathione. Several intermediates along the pathway to the doubly glutathione substituted mustard, including both mustard-aziridinium adducts, can be observed. The assignment of the 1H NMR spectrum of these adducts are presented. At 30 degrees C, pH 7.0, no hydrolyzed mustard was detectable. With the use of 13C-labeled mustard, the conjugation reaction can be shown to proceed through an aziridinium intermediate rather than by direct nucleophilic substitution.
Nitric Oxide and cGMP-dependent Protein Kinase Regulation of Glucose-mediated Thrombospondin 1-dependent Transforming Growth Factor-β Activation in Mesangial Cells (2002)

Excessive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) activity in hyperglycemia contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy. Glucose stimulation of TGF-beta activity and matrix synthesis are dependent on autocrine thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) to convert latent TGF-beta to its biologically active form. The mechanisms by which glucose regulates TSP1 are not known. High glucose inhibits nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased NO increases TGF-beta activity and extracellular matrix accumulation. Yet, the impact of NO signaling on TSP1 activation of TGF-beta is unknown. We tested the role of NO signaling in the regulation of TSP1 expression and TSP1-dependent TGF-beta activity in rat mesangial cells exposed to high glucose. On exposure to 30 mm glucose, NO accumulation in the conditioned media and intracellular cGMP levels were significantly decreased. The addition of an NO donor prevented the glucose-dependent increase in TSP1 mRNA, protein, and TGF-beta bioactivity. The effects of the NO donor were blocked by ODQ (a soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor) or Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS (an inhibitor of cGMP-dependent protein kinase). These effects of high glucose were also reversed by the nitric-oxide synthase cofactor tetrahyrobiopterin (BH(4)). These results show that high glucose mediates increases in TSP1 expression and TSP1-dependent TGF-beta bioactivity through down-modulation of NO-cGMP-dependent protein kinase signaling.
Modulation of O-LinkedN-Acetylglucosamine Levels on Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Proteins in Vivo Using the PeptideO-GlcNAc-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase InhibitorO-(2-Acetamido-2-deoxy-dglucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (1998)

O-Linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a ubiquitous and abundant post-translational modification found on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins and is thought to be a dynamically regulated modification much like phosphorylation. In this study we have demonstrated that O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbama te (PUGNAc), a potent in vitro inhibitor of the enzyme responsible for the removal of O-GlcNAc from proteins (peptide O-GlcNAc-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase), can be used to increase O-GlcNAc levels on nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins in vivo. Overall, PUGNAc caused approximately a 2-fold increase in O-GlcNAc levels in the human colon cancer cells, HT29, although the effects on individual proteins varied. The increase appeared to be the result of the direct inhibition of the peptide O-GlcNAc-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase since neither the O-GlcNAc transferase nor UDP-GlcNAc levels were affected by the treatment. O-GlcNAc levels in other cell lines tested (NIH 3T3, CV-1, and HeLa) were also affected by PUGNAc, although the effects on HeLa cells were minimal. At the concentrations tested, PUGNAc was non-toxic and had no affect on the growth rate of any of the cell lines examined. Interestingly, we demonstrated that an increase in O-GlcNAc levels on the transcription factor Sp1 resulted in a reciprocal decrease in its level of phosphorylation, supporting the hypothesis that O-GlcNAc competes with phosphate on some proteins. These studies demonstrate that PUGNAc is an effective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc turnover within cells and can be used to selectively alter the extent of O-GlcNAc on cellular proteins.
Does conference participation lead to increased collaboration? A quantitative investigation (2009)

Conferences are an important environment for academic knowledge exchange, and are valued by researchers as a good way to increase ones social network and meet potential collaborators. The question we investigate in this work is whether conferences actually influence collaboration between researchers, providing a starting point for joint work. To conduct this investigation, we used the DBLP database containing 640.977 distinct authors, 1.057.207 papers published in 21.354 journals and conferences spanning over more than 70 years. Using the concept of coauthorship as evidence of collaboration, we found that at best only 123.886 collaborations (from a total of 2.685.224, or 4,61%) could have emerged from the authors having met at a conference. This leads us to the conclusion that conference environments do not significantly promote collaboration among participants.
Emulsions and Emulsion Technology (1975)

Surfactant Science Series, Vol. 6. Marcel Dekker, Inc., N. Y. 10017. Part 1, 440 pp. $39.50. Part II, 529 pp. $48.50.
gfp -Based N -Acyl Homoserine-Lactone Sensor Systems for Detection of Bacterial Communication (2001)

In order to perform single-cell analysis and online studies of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-mediated communication among bacteria, components of the Vibrio fischeri quorum sensor encoded by luxR-P(luxI) have been fused to modified versions of gfpmut3* genes encoding unstable green fluorescent proteins. Bacterial strains harboring this green fluorescent sensor detected a broad spectrum of AHL molecules and were capable of sensing the presence of 5 nM N-3-oxohexanoyl-L-homoserine lactone in the surroundings. In combination with epifluorescent microscopy, the sensitivity of the sensor enabled AHL detection at the single-cell level and allowed for real-time measurements of fluctuations in AHL concentrations. This green fluorescent AHL sensor provides a state-of-the-art tool for studies of communication between the individuals present in mixed bacterial communities.
Three-Dimensional Head Model Simulation of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (2004)

This paper presents a finite element method used to evaluate the induced current density in a realistic model of the human head exposed to a time varying magnetic field. The tissue electric properties were varied to ascertain their influence on the induced currents. Current density magnitude and vector plots were generated throughout the tissue layers to determine the effects of tissue boundaries on the field. The current density magnitude correlated to the conductivity of the tissue in all the cases tested except where the tissue permittivity was raised to a level to allow for displacement currents. In this case, the permittivity of the tissue was the dominant factor. Current density components normal to the tissue interface were shown to exist in all solutions within the cortex contrary to the predictions of present models that rely on symmetrical geometries. Additionally, modifications in the cortical geometry were shown to perturb the field so that the site of activation could be altered in diseased patient populations. Finally, by varying the tissue permittivity values and the source frequency, we tested the effects of alpha dispersion theories on transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Nominative Signature: Application, Security Model and Construction. (2007)

Since the introduction of nominative signature in 1996, there have been only a few schemes proposed and all of them have already been found flawed. In addition, there is no formal security model defined. Even more problematic, there is no convincing application proposed. Due to these problems, the research of nominative signature has almost stalled and it is unknown if a secure nominative signature scheme can be built or there exists an application for it. In this paper, we give positive answers to these problems. First, we illustrate that nominative signature is a better tool for building user certification systems which are originally believed to be best implemented using a universal designated-verifier signature. Second, we propose a formal definition and a rigorous set of adversarial models for nominative signature. Third, we show that Chaum’s undeniable signature can be transformed efficiently to a nominative signature and prove its security.
Visual query specification in a multimedia database system (1992)

In this paper we describe a visual interface for a Multimedia Database Management System (MDBMS). In spite of the technological advances in display devices, DBMS query languages are still linear in syntax as it was two decades ago. Although natural language interfaces have been found to be useful, natural language is ambiguous and difficult to process. For queries on standard (relational) data these difficulties may be easily avoided with the use of a visual, graphical interface to guide the user in specifying the query. For image and other media data which are ambiguous in nature, we use natural language processing combined with direct graphical access to the domain knowledge to interpret and evaluate the natural language query. The system fully supports graphical and image input/output in different formats. The combination of visual effect and natural language specification, the support of media data, and the allowance of incremental query specification are very effective to simplify the process of query specification not only for image or multimedia databases but also for all databases.
ASYMMETRIC OXIDATION OF OLEFINS WITH OSMIUM TETROXIDE COORDINATED BY CHIRAL DIAMINES DERIVED FROM L-TARTARIC ACID (1986)

Abstract The enantioselective oxidation of olefins with OsO4 coordinated by chiral diamines derived from L-tartaric acid is described. Phenylketene dimethylacetal and trans-stilbene are converted to (R)-methyl mandelate and (1R,2R)-1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanediol with moderate and high enantioselectivity, respectively.
Synthesis of polyanhydrides. III.1 Polyanhydrides of five‐membered heterocyclic dibasic acids2 (1962)

Abstract During the course of study on the synthesis of polyanhydrides from aromatic and aliphatic dibasic acids, various types of five‐membered heterocyclic polyanhydrides was investigated. As starting materials the five‐membered heterocyclic dibasic acids, furan‐2,5‐di‐β‐propionic acid, tetrahydrofuran‐2,5‐di‐β‐propionic acid, thiophene‐2,5‐di‐β‐propionic acid, N‐methyl‐pyrrole‐2,5‐di‐β‐propionic acid and N‐methyl‐pyrrolidine‐2,5‐di‐β‐propionic acid have been prepared in high yields from readily available furfural and levulinic acid. Polycondensation reactions of various five‐membered heterocyclic dibasic acids were carried out with acetic anhydride at 200–300°C. under vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. The linear heterocyclic polyanhydrides thus obtained have fiber‐ and film‐forming properties and melting points in the range of 70–190°C. It was confirmed from the experimental evidence that introduction of heterocyclic rings in the main chain of polyanhydrides decreases melting temperatures of crystallites and, hence, enhances molecular mobility, when compared with aromatic polyanhydrides previously reported 3 . The influence of the molecular structure on the physical properties of heterocyclic polyanhydrides is discussed and compared with various aromatic and aliphatic polyanhydrides. Furthermore, the polymer structure was presumed on the basis of infrared spectra and X‐ray diagrams of these polymers.