gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of Metallic Conductivity of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Cycloaddition Reactions (2009)

The high carrier mobility of films of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is attractive for electronics applications, but the presence of metallic SWNTs leads to high off-currents in transistor applications. The method presented here, cycloaddition of fluorinated olefins, represents an effective approach toward converting the "as grown" commercial SWNT mats into high-mobility semiconducting tubes with high yield and without further need for carbon nanotube separation. Thin-film transistors, fabricated from percolating arrays of functionalized carbon nanotubes, exhibit mobilities >100 square centimeters per volt-second and on-off ratios of 100,000. This method should allow for the use of semiconducting carbon nanotubes in commercial electronic devices and provide a low-cost route to the fabrication of electronic inks.
The Biotechnology Business, a Strategic Analysis (1985)

This comprehensive analysis is concerned with the forces shaping industry structure, as well as with the strategic responses, options and constraints affecting both the new biotechnology firms and established firms such as pharmaceutical multinationals. Beginning with a non-technical introduction to biotechnology and its applications, the author describes the types of companies involved in the commercialization of biotechnology and how they are financed. He then analyzes the special relationship between science and technology, the role of national governments, and such factors as entry barriers and technological uncertainty.
A Novel Redox Mechanism for the Glutathione-dependent Reversible Uptake of a Fungal Toxin in Cells (2003)

The fungal metabolite gliotoxin is characterized by an internal disulfide bridge and can exist in either disulfide or dithiol forms. Gliotoxin and other members of the epipolythiodioxopiperazine class of toxins have immunosuppressive properties and have been implicated in human and animal mycotoxicoses. The bridged disulfide moiety is thought to be generally essential for biological activity. Here we show that only the natural (oxidized) form of gliotoxin is actively concentrated in a cell line in a glutathione-dependent manner. Intracellular levels of the toxin can be up to 1500-fold greater than the applied concentration, and toxin in the cells exists almost exclusively in the reduced form. A simple model of toxin entry followed by reduction to the cell-impermeant dithiol explains active uptake, cell density dependence of EC50 values and predicts a value for the maximum concentration of toxin at limiting cell density in agreement with the experiment. Oxidation of the intracellular toxin results in rapid efflux from the cell that also occurs when glutathione levels fall following induction of apoptotic cell death by the toxin. This mechanism allows for minimal production of the toxin while enabling maximal intracellular concentration and thus maximal efficacy of killing in a competitor organism initially present at low cell density. The toxin effluxes from the apoptotic cell exclusively in the oxidized form and can further enter and kill neighboring cells, thus acting in a pseudocatalytic way.
Toll-like receptor 3-mediated activation of NF-κB and IRF3 diverges at Toll-IL-1 receptor domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-β (2004)

We have previously shown that double-stranded RNA-triggered, Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated signaling is independent of MyD88, IRAK4, and IRAK. Instead, TRAF6, TAK1, and TAB2 are recruited to TLR3 on poly(I.C) stimulation. TRAF6-TAK1-TAB2 are then translocated to the cytosol where TAK1 is phosphorylated and activated, leading to the activation of IkappaB kinase and NFkappaB. The present study addressed two important questions: (i) How are TRAF6, TAK1, and TAB2 recruited to TLR3? (ii) Are TRAF6, TAK1, and TAB2 also required for TLR3-mediated IRF3 activation? Recently, a novel Toll-IL-1 receptor (TIR)-containing adapter, TIR domain-containing adapter inducing IFN-beta (TRIF), was shown to play a critical role in TLR3-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and IRF3. We found that TLR3 recruits TRAF6 via adapter TRIF through a TRAF6-binding sequence in TRIF (PEEMSW, amino acids 250-255). Mutation of this TRAF6-binding sequence abolished the interaction of TRIF with TRAF6, but not with TLR3. Interestingly, mutation of the TRAF6-binding site of TRIF only abolished its ability to activate NF-kappaB but not IRF3, suggesting that TLR3-mediated activation of NF-kappaB and IRF3 might bifurcate at TRIF. In support of this finding, we showed that DN-TRAF6 and DN-TAK1 blocked poly(I.C)-induced NF-kappaB but not IRF3 activation. Furthermore, whereas poly(I.C)-induced NF-kappaB activation is completely abolished inTRAF6-/- MEFs, the signal-induced activation of IRF3 is TRAF6 independent. In conclusion, TRIF recruits TRAF6-TAK1-TAB2 to TLR3 through its TRAF6-binding site, which is required for NF-kappaB but not IRF3 activation. Therefore, double-stranded RNA-induced TLR3/TRIF-mediated NF-kappaB and IRF3 activation diverge at TRIF.
Mechanisms of cardiac arrhythmias (2015)

Blood circulation is the result of the beating of the heart, which provides the mechanical force to pump oxygenated blood to, and deoxygenated blood away from, the peripheral tissues. This depends critically on the preceding electrical activation. Disruptions in the orderly pattern of this propagating cardiac excitation wave can lead to arrhythmias. Understanding of the mechanisms underlying their generation and maintenance requires knowledge of the ionic contributions to the cardiac action potential, which is discussed in the first part of this review. A brief outline of the different classification systems for arrhythmogenesis is then provided, followed by a detailed discussion for each mechanism in turn, highlighting recent advances in this area.
An Isotopically Tagged Azobenzene‐Based Cleavable Linker for Quantitative Proteomics (2013)

Putting a number on it: Cleavable linkers are widely utilized in proteomics applications. In particular, the azobenzene-based linker cleaves under mild conditions that are mass-spectrometry-compatible. Here, we adapt this linker for quantitative proteomic applications by incorporating an isotopic label. These light- and heavy-tagged linkers enable the identification and quantitation of labeled peptides from multiple proteomes.
Localization of Tctex-1, a Cytoplasmic Dynein Light Chain, to the Golgi Apparatus and Evidence for Dynein Complex Heterogeneity (1998)

To date, much attention has been focused on the heavy and intermediate chains of the multisubunit cytoplasmic dynein complex; however, little is known about the localization or function of dynein light chains. In this study, we find that Tctex-1, a light chain of cytoplasmic dynein, localizes predominantly to the Golgi apparatus in interphase fibroblasts. Immunofluorescent staining reveals striking juxtanuclear staining characteristic of the Golgi apparatus as well as nuclear envelope and punctate cytoplasmic staining that often decorates microtubules. Tctex-1 colocalization with Golgi compartment markers, its distribution upon treatment with various pharmacological agents, and the cofractionation of Tctex-1-associated membranes with Golgi membranes are all consistent with a Golgi localization. The distribution of Tctex-1 in interphase cells only partially overlaps with the dynein intermediate chain and p150(Glued) upon immunofluorescence, but most of Tctex-1 is redistributed onto mitotic spindles along with other dynein/dynactin subunits. Using sequential immunoprecipitations, we demonstrate that there is a subset of Tctex-1 not associated with the intermediate chain at steady state; the converse also appears to be true. Distinct populations of dynein complexes are likely to exist, and such diversity may occur in part at the level of their light chain compositions.
Ribavirin and Alpha Interferon Enhance Death Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis and Caspase Activation in Human Hepatoma Cells (2003)

The molecular mechanisms underlying the clinical effects of alpha interferon (IFN) and ribavirin are not understood. Elimination of infected cells occurs in part by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) expressing CD95 ligand and thereby attacking target cells which are positive for the death receptor CD95. Since many viruses have evolved mechanisms to inhibit apoptosis, the opposite, namely, promotion of apoptosis, could be a strategy to strengthen the host antiviral response. In the present study, we have asked whether the antiviral substances IFN and ribavirin could support CD95-mediated apoptosis by interfering with the activation of caspases, a family of proteases known for their essential role in apoptosis. HepG2 cells, stimulated with the agonistic anti-CD95 antibody, served as a minimal model to mimic the CD95 stimulation occurring during a CTL attack of target cells in vivo. Apoptosis was quantitated by flow cytometric detection of hypodiploid nuclei. Caspase activity was measured by cytofluorometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoblot analysis. IFN and ribavirin sensitized HepG2 cells for CD95-mediated apoptosis. This effect was correlated with an increase in CD95-mediated caspase activation and enhanced cleavage of the caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Furthermore, the positive effect on CD95-mediated caspase activation by IFN and ribavirin was confirmed by immunocytochemistry for activated caspase-3 and by immunoblot detection of activated caspase-3, caspase-7, and caspase-8. Our data demonstrate that the antiviral substances IFN and ribavirin are able to sensitize for CD95-mediated apoptosis. IFN and ribavirin also enhance CD95-mediated caspase activation, which might in part be responsible for the apoptosis-promoting effect of these antiviral compounds.
Poly-l-lysine Produced by Streptomyces. Part II. Taxonomy and Fermentation Studies (1981)

Journal Article Poly-l-lysine Produced by Streptomyces. Part II. Taxonomy and Fermentation Studies Get access Shoji Shima, Shoji Shima Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heiichi Sakai Heiichi Sakai Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Agriculture, University of Osaka Prefecture, Sakai, Osaka 591, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 45, Issue 11, 1 November 1981, Pages 2497–2502, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1981.10864929 Published: 01 November 1981 Article history Received: 20 April 1981 Published: 01 November 1981
Increasing Damage to Tumor Blood Vessels during Motexafin Lutetium-PDT through Use of Low Fluence Rate (2010)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with low light fluence rate has rarely been studied in protocols that use short drug-light intervals and thus deliver illumination while plasma concentrations of photosensitizer are high, creating a prominent vascular response. In this study, the effects of light fluence rate on PDT response were investigated using motexafin lutetium (10 mg/kg) in combination with 730 nm light and a 180-min drug-light interval. At 180 min, the plasma level of photosensitizer was 5.7 ng/microl compared to 3.1 ng/mg in RIF tumor, and PDT-mediated vascular effects were confirmed by a spasmodic decrease in blood flow during illumination. Light delivery at 25 mW/cm(2) significantly improved long-term tumor responses over that at 75 mW/cm(2). This effect could not be attributed to oxygen conservation at low fluence rate, because 25 mW/cm(2) PDT provided little benefit to tumor hemoglobin oxygen saturation. However, 25 mW/cm(2) PDT did prolong the duration of ischemic insult during illumination and was correspondingly associated with greater decreases in perfusion immediately after PDT, followed by smaller increases in total hemoglobin concentration in the hours after PDT. Increases in blood volume suggest blood pooling from suboptimal vascular damage; thus the smaller increases after 25 mW/cm(2) PDT provide evidence of more widespread vascular damage, which was accompanied by greater decreases in clonogenic survival. Further study of low fluence rate as a means to improve responses to PDT under conditions designed to predominantly damage vasculature is warranted.
Characterizing deformability and surface friction of cancer cells (2013)

Metastasis requires the penetration of cancer cells through tight spaces, which is mediated by the physical properties of the cells as well as their interactions with the confined environment. Various microfluidic approaches have been devised to mimic traversal in vitro by measuring the time required for cells to pass through a constriction. Although a cell's passage time is expected to depend on its deformability, measurements from existing approaches are confounded by a cell's size and its frictional properties with the channel wall. Here, we introduce a device that enables the precise measurement of (i) the size of a single cell, given by its buoyant mass, (ii) the velocity of the cell entering a constricted microchannel (entry velocity), and (iii) the velocity of the cell as it transits through the constriction (transit velocity). Changing the deformability of the cell by perturbing its cytoskeleton primarily alters the entry velocity, whereas changing the surface friction by immobilizing positive charges on the constriction's walls primarily alters the transit velocity, indicating that these parameters can give insight into the factors affecting the passage of each cell. When accounting for cell buoyant mass, we find that cells possessing higher metastatic potential exhibit faster entry velocities than cells with lower metastatic potential. We additionally find that some cell types with higher metastatic potential exhibit greater than expected changes in transit velocities, suggesting that not only the increased deformability but reduced friction may be a factor in enabling invasive cancer cells to efficiently squeeze through tight spaces.
Investigation of the pruritogenic effects of histamine, serotonin, tryptase, substance P and interleukin‐2 in healthy dogs (2009)

There are numerous studies of the pruritus-producing effects of histamine, serotonin, tryptase, substance P and interleukin-2 in humans and mice, but very little reported in dogs even though a common reason dogs are presented to veterinarians is pruritus. The aim of this study was to determine whether substances known to cause pruritus in humans also cause pruritus in dogs. Twenty-five clinically healthy research beagle dogs were included in the study. All dogs first received an intradermal injection of 0.05 mL saline as a control substance and were video-recorded for 20 min before and after the injection. Twenty-four hours later the dogs were randomly divided into five groups of five dogs each and randomly assigned to receive histamine, serotonin, tryptase, substance P or interleukin-2 injected intradermally each at the volume of 0.05 mL. On subsequent days, increasing concentrations of each substance were used. Before (baseline) and after the injection of each concentration of the substances, the dogs were video-recorded for 20 min. The frequency and character of pruritus episodes (scratching, licking, chewing, rubbing or rolling) were noted and these data were used for statistical analysis. The number of pruritus episodes was compared among baseline, saline and the different concentrations of each substance. The results showed that dogs did not have a significant increase in pruritic behaviour above baseline or saline after injection of any of the investigated substances (generalized linear model; P = 0.23).
Direct ultrashort-pulse intensity and phase retrieval by frequency-resolved optical gating and a computational neural network (1996)

Ultrashort-laser-pulse retrieval in frequency-resolved optical gating has previously required an iterative algorithm. Here, however, we show that a computational neural network can directly and rapidly recover the intensity and phase of a pulse.
n–3 Fatty Acids in Patients with Multiple Cardiovascular Risk Factors (2013)

In a large general-practice cohort of patients with multiple cardiovascular risk factors, daily treatment with n-3 fatty acids did not reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. (Funded by Società Prodotti Antibiotici and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00317707.).
Microarrays (2005)

Microarrays are simple assays that measure the relative expression levels of tens of thousands of genes. Excitement about their importance and potential contributions to biology and medicine has been intense. Nonetheless, recent insights into the limitations and pitfalls of microarrays have led to caution about data interpretation. Microarrays are very useful but they are also very misleading; better data analysis tools are needed to improve accuracy.
Autotransplantation of the superior cervical ganglion into the brain (1988)

The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) of rats was transplanted into their own parietal cortex. Four weeks after implantation, catecholamine histofluorescence revealed many transplanted catecholamine cells in the cortex. However, no fibers extended from the transplanted tissue to the cerebral cortex. In a second group of rats which had been pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (a specific neurotoxin to the catecholamine neuron), some showed extension of catecholamine fibers to the cerebral cortex. To simulate an animal model of Parkinson's disease, MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine) was administered to five monkeys. Two weeks after MPTP administration, dopamine terminals in the caudate nucleus disappeared. After autotransplantation of the SCG into the caudate nucleus of these monkeys, many of the transplanted SCG cells extended axons beyond the graft into the caudate nucleus. These results show that transplanted SCG cells survived well in the brain. Under special circumstances, such as a shortage of catecholamine in the brain, implanted SCG cells extended their axons into the brain. It is suggested that autotransplantation of SCG grafts may be a new therapy for Parkinson's disease.
Symmetrical Field-Matching Waveguide for Low-loss Fiber-chip Butt Coupling (1995)

The problem of low-loss coupling of single-mode fibers to waveguides on an optoelectronic integrated chip based on III-V semiconductor materials is of critical importance for the practical application of integrated photonics in future communication systems. We report on a new fiber-matched InP waveguide fabricated with liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) and wet chemical etching (WET), which serves as an input waveguide to an integrated spot size transformer. First results as high as 85 % for the overlap efficiency to the fiber fundamental mode have been obtained, which are among the best results published in the literature [1-4] for taper concepts.
Novel Methods for Pulse Wave Velocity Measurement (2015)

The great incidence of cardiovascular (CV) diseases in the world spurs the search for new solutions to enable an early detection of pathological processes and provides more precise diagnosis based in multi-parameters assessment. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) is considered one of the most important clinical parameters for evaluate the CV risk, vascular adaptation, and therapeutic efficacy. Several studies were dedicated to find the relationship between PWV measurement and pathological status in different diseases, and proved the relevance of this parameter. The commercial devices dedicate to PWV estimation make a regional assessment (measured between two vessels), however a local measurement is more precise evaluation of artery condition, taking into account the differences in the structure of arteries. Moreover, the current devices present some limitations due to the contact nature. Emerging trends in CV monitoring are moving away from more invasive technologies to non-invasive and non-contact solutions. The great challenge is to explore the new instrumental solutions that allow the PWV assessment with fewer approximations for an accurately evaluation and relatively inexpensive techniques in order to be used in the clinical routine.
Selected Vitamins and Minerals in Diabetes (1994)

The interrelationship between diabetes and various vitamins and minerals is characterized by a high degree of reciprocity. Chronic uncontrolled hyperglycemia can cause significant alterations in the status of these nutrients, and conversely, some of these substances, especially those that have been characterized as micronutrients, can directly modulate glucose homeostasis (1). Differences in patient populations studied and methodological uncertainties account for the discrepancies in most reported studies. Certain subgroups of individuals with diabetes, such as elderly patients, vegans (who consume no animal products), and pregnant and lactating women, are at particular risk for deficiencies for such nutrients. Additionally, caloric restriction for obese patients and the effects of a high fiber diet and a host of drugs on the metabolism of vitamins and minerals are of concern (2,3).
Red blood cell in vitro quality and function is maintained after S‐303 pathogen inactivation treatment (2014)

RBCs treated with S-303 for pathogen reduction had similar in vitro properties to the paired controls and were within transfusion guidelines.
Diffraction of beams by infinite or finite amplitude-phase gratings (2011)

In this paper a theory for the diffraction of beams by thin amplitude-phase gratings in the scalar diffraction regime is given. The grating can be strictly periodic and therefore of infinite spatial extent (infinite grating) or can be a grating with a finite number of periods (finite grating). The main result of this paper is that we can write down mathematical expressions for the diffraction of beams by these kinds of gratings. General expressions for the diffraction patterns at the far-field region are derived. As a numerical application of the theory presented in this paper the diffraction of Hermite-Gaussian and distorted beams by a Ronchi ruling (infinite and finite) is studied.
Knock-in human rhodopsin-GFP fusions as mouse models for human disease and targets for gene therapy (2004)

The human rhodopsin gene is the locus for numerous alleles linked to the neurodegenerative disease retinitis pigmentosa. To facilitate the study of retinal degeneration and to test reagents designed to alter the structure and function of this gene, we have developed strains of mice whose native rhodopsin gene has been replaced with the corresponding human DNA modified to encode an enhanced GFP fusion at the C terminus of rhodopsin. The human rhodopsin-GFP fusion faithfully mimics the expression and distribution of wild-type rhodopsin in heterozygotes and serves as a sensitive reporter of rod-cell structure and integrity. In homozygotes, however, the gene induces progressive retinal degeneration bearing many of the hallmarks of recessive retinitis pigmentosa. When the gene is flanked by recognition sites for Cre recombinase, protein expression is reduced approximately 5-fold despite undiminished mRNA levels, suggesting translation inhibition. GFP-tagged human rhodopsin provides a sensitive method to monitor the development of normal and diseased retinas in dissected samples, and it offers a noninvasive means to observe the progress of retinal degeneration and the efficacy of gene-based therapies in whole animals.