gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of data retention faults in DRAM devices (2014)

Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is the most widely used type of memory in the consumer market today, and it is still widely used for mass memories for space application. Even though accurate tests are performed by vendors to ensure high reliability, DRAM errors continue to be a common source of failures in the field. Recent large-scale studies reported how most of the errors experienced by DRAM subsystem are due to faults repeating on the same memory address but occurring only under specific condition. As these failures could be related to the memory cell's ability to retain its stored charge, an empirical characterization of DRAM data retention time was performed within this study. Retention time information was collected from SDRAM devices from two different vendors to evaluate the impact of four different factors (temperature, data background, previous charge level and variable retention time) on DRAM cells retention time. Gathered results can be useful in defining enhanced test procedures for the early detection of data retention faults.
An Old Yellow Enzyme Gene Controls the Branch Point between Aspergillus fumigatus and Claviceps purpurea Ergot Alkaloid Pathways (2010)

Ergot fungi in the genus Claviceps and several related fungal groups in the family Clavicipitaceae produce toxic ergot alkaloids. These fungi produce a variety of ergot alkaloids, including clavines as well as lysergic acid derivatives. Ergot alkaloids are also produced by the distantly related, opportunistic human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. However, this fungus produces festuclavine and fumigaclavines A, B, and C, which collectively differ from clavines of clavicipitaceous fungi in saturation of the last assembled of four rings in the ergoline ring structure. The two lineages are hypothesized to share early steps of the ergot alkaloid pathway before diverging at some point after the synthesis of the tricyclic intermediate chanoclavine-I. Disruption of easA, a gene predicted to encode a flavin-dependent oxidoreductase of the old yellow enzyme class, in A. fumigatus led to accumulation of chanoclavine-I and chanoclavine-I-aldehyde. Complementation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a wild-type allele from the same fungus restored the wild-type profile of ergot alkaloids. These data demonstrate that the product of A. fumigatus easA is required for incorporation of chanoclavine-I-aldehyde into more-complex ergot alkaloids, presumably by reducing the double bond conjugated to the aldehyde group, thus facilitating ring closure. Augmentation of the A. fumigatus easA mutant with a homologue of easA from Claviceps purpurea resulted in accumulation of ergot alkaloids typical of clavicipitaceous fungi (agroclavine, setoclavine, and its diastereoisomer isosetoclavine). These data indicate that functional differences in the easA-encoded old yellow enzymes of A. fumigatus and C. purpurea result in divergence of their respective ergot alkaloid pathways.
Three-color flow cytometry analysis of tricistronic expression of eBFP, eGFP, and eYFP using EMCV-IRES linkages (1999)

Our results demonstrate that we have developed a novel fluorescent flow cytometry method that can be used as a powerful tool to differentiate and analyze three colors simultaneously from either a dual or a triple cistronic construct which has been transfected into living cells.
An Investigation of Solvent-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Progesterone Using in Situ Raman Spectroscopy (2000)

Many analytical techniques, such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and Raman spectroscopy can be used to differentiate between crystalline polymorphs of the same chemical entity. While all of these techniques are routinely applied to off-line analysis of materials, Raman spectroscopy has the advantage over these other techniques in that Raman technology currently exists for in situ monitoring of the solid-phase behavior within a mixed suspension of liquid and solid. In this work, we present our results from an in situ Raman study, demonstrating the solvent-mediated polymorphic phase transformation of progesterone. In situ Raman analysis has shown that the appearance of Form I progesterone is always preceded by the formation of Form II progesterone. Phase transformation rates were found to increase monotonically as the temperature increases, which indicates that the polymorphic system is monotropic. Form I was found to be thermodynamically more stable than Form II, while Form II was found to be kinetically favored over Form I. The results from this study are consistent with Ostwald's law of stages and lead to an in-depth understanding of the polymorphic transformation process of progesterone. The in situ monitoring capabilities of Raman spectroscopy have allowed us to define the processing parameters required to control the morphology of crystalline progesterone.
Comparison of 17β‐estradiol structures from x‐ray diffraction and solution NMR (2005)

The NMR-derived structure of estrogen (17beta-estradiol, E2), the drug of choice for postmenopausal women, was compared with a recent literature crystal x-ray structure of Fab-bound E2. 1H and 13C NMR spectra of E2 were acquired in DMSO-d6. Assignments were obtained from an analysis of DQF-COSY, TOCSY, HETCOR, HMQC and HMBC 2D NMR spectra. The 1H and 13C NMR assignments are the first reported for E2 in DMSO-d6. Two solution structures, S1 and S2, were obtained with molecular modeling using NOE constraints. S1 overlaps with the crystal structure for all rings. S2 shows prominent differences in the C-ring (C9--C11--C12--C13) segment, which deviates from a chair conformation, and excellent overlap in the A-, B- and D-rings of E2. The C-ring in S2 adopts a boat conformation as opposed to a chair conformation in the x-ray and S1 structures. The S2 structure is about 6 degrees more twisted than the bound x-ray and S1 models. The S1, S2 and x-ray structures had ring bowing values of 10.1 +/- 0.3, 11 +/- 1 and 10.37 degrees , respectively. Of the 100 solution conformers generated, 83 had S1 conformation and 17 had S2 conformation, with average internal energies of 112 +/- 2 and 141 +/- 2 kcal mol(-1), respectively. The 100 S1- and S2- derived conformers showed a r.m.s.d. of 0.72 A for all atoms. The x-ray, S1 and S2 C18--O17 distances were 2.93, 2.92 +/- 0.01 and 2.93 +/- 0.01 A, respectively, and the O3--O17 distances were 11.06, 11.18 +/- 0.12, and 10.89 +/- 0.05 A, respectively.
Telidon Teletext System Field Trials (1981)

Teletext refers to the transmission of digital data over standard television channels. However, these television broadcast systems which were designed to ccarry analog video information, suffer from impairments which-degrade the performance of Teletext reception. These impairments include amplitude and group delay distortion, noise and multipath.
Improved Metal Gate Process by Simultaneous Gate-Oxide Nitridation during W/WNx Gate Formation (2000)

The improvement of gate dielectric reliability by simultaneous gate dielectric nitridation during W/WN x gate sputtering deposition was investigated. The time-to-breakdown ( t bd ) of the W/WN x gate metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor was improved compared to that of the W gate by increasing the N 2 flow ratio ( R N ) during the reactive sputtering deposition of the WN x gate with an N 2 –Ar gas mixture. The surface nitridation of the gate dielectric of the W/WN x gate MOS capacitor was confirmed to occur simultaneously with the reactive sputtering deposition of the WN x layer. The improvement of the gate dielectric reliability was achieved by the nitridation, which terminated the dangling bonds formed in the gate dielectric surface during the metal gate sputtering process. Other characteristics of the W/WN x gate electrode were also demonstrated. The W/WN x gate provides low resistivity, a near-mid-gap work function and a good gate etch profile.
Lifted bijections for low distortion surface mappings (2014)

This paper introduces an algorithm for computing low-distortion, bijective mappings between surface meshes. The algorithm recieves as input a coarse set of corresponding pairs of points on the two surfaces, and follows three steps: (i) cutting the two meshes to disks in a consistent manner; (ii) jointly flattening the two disks via a novel formulation for minimizing isometric distortion while guaranteeing local injectivity (the flattenings can overlap, however); and (iii) computing a unique continuous bijection that is consistent with the flattenings. The construction of the algorithm stems from two novel observations: first, bijections between disk-type surfaces can be uniquely and efficiently represented via consistent locally injective flattenings that are allowed to be globally overlapping. This observation reduces the problem of computing bijective surface mappings to the task of computing locally injective flattenings, which is shown to be easier. Second, locally injective flattenings that minimize isometric distortion can be efficiently characterized and optimized in a convex framework. Experiments that map a wide baseline of pairs of surface meshes using the algorithm are provided. They demonstrate the ability of the algorithm to produce high-quality continuous bijective mappings between pairs of surfaces of varying isometric distortion levels.
Combining Self-Assembled Monolayers and Mass Spectrometry for Applications in Biochips (2008)

Biochip arrays have enabled the massively parallel analysis of genomic DNA and hold great promise for application to the analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, and small molecules. Surface chemistry plays an intrinsic role in the preparation and analysis of biochips by providing functional groups for immobilization of ligands, providing an environment that maintains activity of the immobilized molecules, controlling nonspecific interactions of analytes with the surface, and enabling detection methods. This review describes recent advances in surface chemistry that enable quantitative assays of a broad range of biochemical activities. The discussion emphasizes the use of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold as a structurally well-defined and synthetically flexible platform for controlling the immobilization and activity of molecules in an array. The review also surveys recent methods of performing label-free assays, and emphasizes the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry to directly observe molecules attached to the self-assembled monolayers.
Coverage and capacity of millimeter-wave cellular networks (2014)

The millimeter-wave (mmWave) band offers the potential for high-bandwidth communication channels in cellular networks. It is not clear, however, whether both high data rates and coverage in terms of signal-to-noise-plus-interference ratio can be achieved in interference-limited mmWave cellular networks due to the differences in propagation conditions and antenna topologies. This article shows that dense mmWave networks can achieve both higher data rates and comparable coverage relative to conventional microwave networks. Sum rate gains can be achieved using more advanced beamforming techniques that allow multiuser transmission. The insights are derived using a new theoretical network model that incorporates key characteristics of mmWave networks.
Rheological blends for drug delivery. II. Prolongation of nerve blockade, biocompatibility, and in vitro–in vivo correlations (2009)

Rheological polymer blends of hyaluronic acid (HA) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) were evaluated as prolonged duration delivery vehicles for local anesthetics using a rat sciatic nerve blockade model. HA-HPMC blends extended the duration of sensory block approximately threefold compared to that achieved using a bupivacaine solution. Blending HA and HPMC facilitated the injection of higher polymer concentration delivery vehicles and reduced the rate of polymer hydration compared to HA solutions, enabling prolonged drug release. The duration of effective nerve block was correlated with each of the zero shear viscosity, polymer concentration, yield stress, and gel point frequency of the blends, while a two-parameter model correlating duration of nerve block with zero shear viscosity and humectancy provided improved fits to the in vivo data compared to any single variable alone. The blends exhibited no cytotoxicity and induced only a mild short-term inflammatory reaction in vivo at the site of injection, with all blends largely resorbed 4 days postinjection.
Role of the Cytosolic Chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp90 in Maturation of the Cardiac Potassium Channel hERG (2003)

The human ether-a-gogo-related gene (hERG) encodes the alpha subunit of the cardiac potassium current IKr. Several mutations in hERG produce trafficking-deficient channels that may cause hereditary long-QT syndrome and sudden cardiac death. Although hERG currents have been studied extensively, little is known about the proteins involved in maturation and trafficking of hERG. Using immunoprecipitations, we show that the cytosolic chaperones heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 and Hsp90, but not Grp94, interact with hERG wild type (WT) during maturation. The specific Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin prevents maturation and increases proteasomal degradation of hERG WT, while reducing hERG currents in heterologous expression systems. In ventricular myocytes, inhibition of Hsp90 also decreases IKr, whereas geldanamycin had no effect on IKs or heterologously expressed Kv2.1 and Kv1.5 currents. Both Hsp90 and Hsp70 interact directly with the core-glycosylated form of hERG WT present in the endoplasmic reticulum but not the fully glycosylated, cell-surface form. For the trafficking-deficient LQT2 mutants, hERG R752W and hERG G601S, interactions with Hsp90 and Hsp70 are increased as both mutants remained tightly associated with Hsp90 and Hsp70 in the endoplasmic reticulum. Incubation at lower temperature for R752W or with the hERG blocker astemizole for G601S dissociates channel-chaperone complexes and restores trafficking. In contrast, nonfunctional but trafficking-competent hERG G628S is released from chaperone complexes during maturation comparable to WT. We conclude that Hsp90 and Hsp70 are crucial for the maturation of hERG WT as well as the retention of trafficking-deficient LQT2 mutants. The full text of this article is available online at http://www.circresaha.org.
Targeting a Foreign Protein Into Virion Particles by Fusion With the Vpx Protein of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (1996)

The Vpx and Vpr proteins of the primate immunodeficiency viruses are stoichiometrically incorporated into virion particles. The chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) enzyme, when fused to a sufficient portion of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac239) Vpx protein, was incorporated into virions and retained enzymatic activity. An analysis of the replication of this virus compared with the replication of revertants and control viruses encoding nonpackageable Vpx-CAT fusion proteins suggested that the observed delay in replication was due to cis-acting effects of the CAT gene insertion rather than to the presence of the Vpx-CAT fusion protein in the virions. These studies indicate that, in host cells where Vpx and Vpr function is not required for efficient SIVmac replication, functional enzymes can be incorporated into virions by fusion with the Vpx protein. This approach could be utilized for study of the function and localization of Vpx and/or Vpr proteins during virus replication and for attempts to disrupt virus replication by the incorporation of foreign proteins.
The Adhesion Between Polymers (1991)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
Practical software model checking via dynamic interface reduction (2011)

Implementation-level software model checking explores the state space of a system implementation directly to find potential software defects without requiring any specification or modeling. Despite early successes, the effectiveness of this approach remains severely constrained due to poor scalability caused by state-space explosion. DeMeter makes software model checking more practical with the following contributions: (i) proposing dynamic interface reduction, a new state-space reduction technique, (ii) introducing a framework that enables dynamic interface reduction in an existing model checker with a reasonable amount of effort, and (iii) providing the framework with a distributed runtime engine that supports parallel distributed model checking.
DNA Vaccination Prevents and/or Delays Carcinoma Development of Papillomavirus-Induced Skin Papillomas on Rabbits (2000)

Malignant progression is a life-threatening consequence of human papillomavirus-associated lesions. In this study, we tested the efficacy of papillomavirus early-gene-based vaccines for prevention of carcinoma development of papillomavirus-induced skin papillomas on rabbits. Rabbit skin papillomas were initiated by infection with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). The papillomas were allowed to grow for 3 months without any treatment intervention. Rabbits were then immunized by gene gun-mediated intracutaneous administration of four DNA plasmids encoding CRPV E1, E2, E6, and E7 genes, respectively. All eight control rabbits receiving vector alone developed invasive carcinoma within 8 to 13 months. In contrast, only two of eight vaccinated rabbits developed carcinoma at 12 and 15 months, respectively. Papilloma growth was suppressed in the majority of vaccinated rabbits but not completely eradicated. These results indicate that gene gun-mediated immunization with papillomavirus early genes may be a promising strategy for prevention of malignant progression of human papillomavirus-associated lesions in humans.
Dielectric based antifuse for logic and memory ICs (2003)

The authors describe a programmable low-impedance circuit element (PLICE), which is a dielectric-based antifuse for use in both logic and memory ICs. The antifuse element offers significant size and performance improvement compared to other programmable cells. A simple thermal model has been developed to predict the antifuse resistance. Each antifuse occupies an area of 1.5- mu m/sup 2/ using 1.2- mu m technology. It can be programmed within 1 ms and has a tight resistance distribution centered around 500 Omega . The reliability of both the programmed and unprogrammed states is demonstrated to be better than 40 years. The antifuse was used in the design of the first family of desktop-configurable channeled gate arrays and a 64 K PROM (programmable read-only memory) device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Variable bit rate MPEG video storage on parallel disk arrays (2002)

We discuss issues related to the storage and retrieval of variable bit rate (VBR) MPEG video data on parallel disk arrays for multiple simultaneous users. We store data blocks corresponding to constant real-time playback duration. Because of the VBR characteristics and the constant bandwidth read channel, disk overload occurs at peak usage periods. Our strategy to deal with disk overload is to temporarily stop service to low-priority users. To do so, we propose a number of classes of service corresponding to various probabilities of loss, during which time service is suspended. Thus, a major problem is estimating probability of loss or suspension so that a video server system can guarantee service with actual loss probabilities that do not exceed the specified thresholds at the call setup time. We propose three techniques for computing loss probabilities: histogram convolution, Central Limit Theorem, and Cramer's rule. We present an efficient placement strategy and an optimal admissions control strategy that guarantees loss probability thresholds while maximizing the number of requests that can be satisfied at all qualities. We extend these ideas to encompass scalability by allowing appropriate frames in the MPEG-encoded data to be dropped without fully suspending service to any one user. This allows the system to make intelligent choices in gracefully degrading the request data rates during periods of peak usage. Finally, we test the data placement and admissions control algorithms with a discrete event disk array system simulator and show that the results are in accordance with theoretical predictions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Altered fracture repair in the absence of MMP9 (2003)

The regeneration of adult skeletal tissues requires the timely recruitment of skeletal progenitor cells to an injury site, the differentiation of these cells into bone or cartilage, and the re-establishment of a vascular network to maintain cell viability. Disturbances in any of these cellular events can have a detrimental effect on the process of skeletal repair. Although fracture repair has been compared with fetal skeletal development, the extent to which the reparative process actually recapitulates the fetal program remains uncertain. Here, we provide the first genetic evidence that matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) regulates crucial events during adult fracture repair. We demonstrate that MMP9 mediates vascular invasion of the hypertrophic cartilage callus, and that Mmp9(-/-) mice have non-unions and delayed unions of their fractures caused by persistent cartilage at the injury site. This MMP9- dependent delay in skeletal healing is not due to a lack of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or VEGF receptor expression, but may instead be due to the lack of VEGF bioavailability in the mutant because recombinant VEGF can rescue Mmp9(-/-) non-unions. We also found that Mmp9(-/-) mice generate a large cartilage callus even when fractured bones are stabilized, which implicates MMP9 in the regulation of chondrogenic and osteogenic cell differentiation during early stages of repair. In conclusion, the resemblance between Mmp9(-/-) fetal skeletal defects and those that emerge during Mmp9(-/-) adult repair offer the strongest evidence to date that similar mechanisms are employed to achieve bone formation, regardless of age.
Clinical and biological aspects of human umbilical cord blood as a source of transplantable hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. (1992)

Presented is a short review of the current status fo the clinical and biological aspects of using human umbilical cord blood as a source of transplantable hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
Finding the Right Mix (2007)

This article discusses how effectively mixing stored potable water can deter harmful disinfection byproducts. The article discusses a relatively new and proven water‐mixing technology that uses a solar‐powered circulation system. As floating units, the circulators draw power from photovoltaic modules mounted on top of the tank, self‐adjust for all water levels in the tank, and depending on size, can pump up to 10,000 gal/min of water. Treatment problems are discussed, along with a successful project demonstrated at San Francisco Public Utilities Commission's Sunset Reservoir Basin where the circulator technology proved effective in breakpoint chlorination of a 90 million gal tank.