gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the Multidrug-Resistant Gene in Hepatocarcinogenesis and Regenerating Rat Liver (1987)

Preneoplastic and neoplastic liver nodules and hepatocytes isolated from regenerating rat liver have been shown to be resistant to a broad range of carcinogenic agents. This phenomenon was studied by measuring the expression of the multidrug-resistant (mdr) gene in normal liver cells and in preneoplastic and neoplastic nodules and regenerating liver. Levels of messenger RNA for the mdr gene, which encodes P-glycoprotein, were elevated in both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Expression of the mdr gene also reached high levels in regenerating rat liver 24 to 72 hours after partial hepatectomy. These results show that the expression of the mdr gene can be regulated in liver and is likely to be responsible for part of the multidrug-resistance phenotype of carcinogen-initiated hepatocytes and regenerating liver cells.
Automatic Routing Algorithm for VLSI (1985)

Because most LSI layout systems use the Channel Assignment method for routing, they have disadvantages in which block outlines, terminal positions, and placement of blocks are restricted for some reasons and layers with the multilayer routing are used ineffectively. We have successfully developed the LSI layout system that handles up to polygon blocks with arbitrary outlines by remodeling the line search method often used for PCB routing. This paper describes the accelerating of the line search method.
Malaria vaccines: are we getting closer? (2007)

Forty years ago, researchers first demonstrated that immunization with irradiated sporozoites could protect against malaria infection, providing the impetus for the development of a malaria vaccine. Twenty five years ago, the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), a sporozoite surface antigen that is required to establish infection, became the first Plasmodium falciparum gene to be cloned, and a vaccine based on this antigen appeared imminent. However, today we are still without a highly effective malaria vaccine, despite considerable progress achieved during many years of research and development. This review highlights the most recent test-of-concept studies involving subunit vaccines; to illustrate this field of research, five antigens--CSP, TRAP/SSP2, LSA1, MSP1 and AMA1--are discussed. These antigens have all entered clinical trials evaluating efficacy against experimental sporozoite challenge (phase IIa) and/or exposure to natural infection (phase IIb). Challenges facing the development of subunit-based vaccines are discussed, and strategies for improving their efficacy above that observed with the current leading vaccine candidate, RTS,S, are described. In addition, recent progress in the development of whole-organism vaccines is presented.
Role of the Melanocortin System in Inflammation (2006)

In recent years, scientific interest in melanocortins (MC) has progressively increased due to their wide range of effects and expression on various tissues. Primarily discovered as mediators of skin pigmentation, recent research has shown their important roles in various body functions, such as energy homeostasis, sexual function, and inflammation. The anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties discovered so far have led to the hypothesis that alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its cognate receptors might present potential anti-inflammatory treatment options.
Antigenicity of amino-acid sequences from Clostridium difficile toxin B (1996)

Clostridium difficile toxins A and B cause antibiotic-associated colitis. Whereas antigenic determinants specifying neutralisation of toxin A have been partially elucidated, those of toxin B remain unknown. To define antigenic determinants of toxin B, synthetic peptides were prepared for five linear sequences selected by computer analysis for putative T and B epitopes. Peptides spanning the carboxy terminal region (aa 2155-2283) were also selected because this region contains repetitive units thought to bind the toxin to cell receptors. Multiple antigenic peptides were synthesised by linking four peptide copies to a core of four lysine residues (tetraMAP). Outbred mice were given four doses of each tetraMAP by intraperitoneal injection and specific immunoglobulins G and A were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in serum, ascitic fluid and faeces. All 14 MAPs induced strong IgG responses against the homologous peptide; peptides representing aa 2155-2179 and 2246-2270 induced the strongest responses, of 592 and 493 ELISA units, respectively - although, to a lower extent, all 14 MAPs induced serum and faecal IgA responses against the homologous peptide. All MAPs induced IgG1 and IgG2b subclasses, documenting their capacity to elicit Th2-dependent mucosal immunity. IgG anti-MAPs were assayed for reaction with native toxins A and B; most anti-MAPs recognised the toxins only weakly or did not recognise them. Antibodies against peptide representing aa 2168-2192 recognised both native toxin B (19 ELISA units) and toxin A (2 ELISA units). None of the antibodies neutralised cytotoxicity of either toxin in cell culture. In contrast, four MAPs (aa 2080-2095, 2168-2192, 2220-2244 and 2233-2257) inhibited cytotoxicity when mixed with toxin B before addition to cells; inhibition was mediated by a direct interaction with toxin B.
pathways to improving skin regeneration (2005)

A significant proportion of the human population suffers from some form of skin disorder, whether it be from burn injury or inherited skin anomalies. The ideal treatment for skin disorders would be to regrow skin tissue from stem cells residing in the individual patient's skin. Locating these adult stem cells and elucidating the molecules involved in orchestrating the production of new skin cells are important steps in devising more-efficient methods of skin production and wound healing via the ex vivo expansion of patient keratinocytes in culture. This review focuses on the structure of the skin, the identification of skin stem cells, and the role of Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog signalling cascades in regulating the fate of epidermal stem cells.
Guideline for the management of heart failure caused by systolic dysfunction: part II. Treatment. (2001)

Several large clinical trials conducted over the past decade have shown that pharmacologic interventions can dramatically reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with heart failure. These trials have modified and enhanced the therapeutic paradigm for heart failure and extended treatment goals beyond limiting congestive symptoms of volume overload. Part II of this two-part article presents treatment recommendations for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The authors recommend that, if tolerated and not contraindicated, the following agents be used in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in all patients; a beta blocker in all patients except those who have symptoms at rest; and spironolactone in patients who have symptoms at rest or who have had such symptoms within the past six months. Diuretics and digoxin should be reserved, as needed, for symptomatic management of heart failure. Other treatments or treatment programs may be necessary in individual patients.
Physical maps of the six smallest chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a resolution of 2.6 kilobase pairs. (1993)

Physical maps of the six smallest chromosomes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are presented. In order of increasing size, they are chromosomes I, VI, III, IX, V and VIII, comprising 2.49 megabase pairs of DNA. The maps are based on the analysis of an overlapping set of lambda and cosmid clones. Overlaps between adjacent clones were recognized by shared restriction fragments produced by the combined action of EcoRI and HindIII. The average spacing between mapped cleavage sites is 2.6 kb. Five of the six chromosomes were mapped from end to end without discontinuities; a single internal gap remains in the map of chromosome IX. The reported maps span an estimated 97% of the DNA on the six chromosomes; nearly all the missing segments are telomeric. The maps are fully cross-correlated with the previously published SfiI/NotI map of the yeast genome by A. J. Link and M. V. Olson. They have also been cross-correlated with the yeast genetic map at 51 loci.
Cleavage of the highly conserved hairpin-loop region of HIV-1 by synthetic ribozymes. (1993)

Hammerhead ribozymes can be considered as molecular scissors for suppressing AIDS virus. It is attractive to target single-stranded region of HIV-1 RNA because single-stranded RNA interactions or "kissing" induce hybridization. We, therefore, chose a highly conserved hairpin-loop structure, that is located in the 5' long terminal repeat region and just downstream of the TAR regulatory sequence. As a model system, we synthesized the corresponding hairpin-loop structure (21-mer RNA) and several types of ribozyme that are different in sizes in the hybridizing arms. These ribozymes successfully cleaved the 21-mer hairpin-structured substrate after CUU sequence but with different efficiencies.
Homologous integration in mammalian cells without target gene selection. (1988)

Homologous integrations into a nonselectable target locus have been highly enriched for following DNA transfections into mammalian cells. The target gene, the SV40 early region in COS1 cells, provides transcription signals to activate a defective selectable marker, the gpt gene. We find that nearly half of the selected clones have integrated the gpt gene at the homologous sequence in the COS1 genome. This is an estimated 100-fold enrichment for homologous events compared with transfections in which the gpt gene is transcriptionally active. As shown for yeast integration events, a double-strand break at a position of homology between the transfected DNA and the genomic target is necessary to achieve a high frequency of homologous integrations. Furthermore, the arrangement of sequences at the integration site includes a repair of the double-strand gap, which was present on the transfected DNA, suggesting that similarities exist between yeast and mammalian integrations. The experimental design, in which a defective marker is activated following a homologous integration, may have general applications for gene targeting in mammalian cells.
Characterization of covalently bound enzyme inhibitors as transition-state analogs by protein stability measurements: Phosphonate monoester inhibitors of .beta.-lactamase (1994)

An experimental method is described for determining whether a covalent enzyme-inhibitor complex has the properties expected of a transition-state analog. The method involves a comparison of the noncovalent interaction energies between the enzyme and the inhibitor on one hand (determined from protein denaturation thermodynamics) and the analogous transition state on the other (determined from kinetic measurements). These two quantities should presumably be large (in comparison with the interaction energies of substrates or reaction intermediates) and close to equal for a good transition state analog; the former is seen dramatically in a large increase in protein stability. The method is absolute in the sense that it does not require a crystal structure of the inhibited enzyme or any preconceptions as to the mechanism of action of the enzyme except those which led to adoption of the potential transition state analog and which might turn out to be right or wrong. In this paper the method is quantitatively applied to the inhibition of the Staphylococcus aureus PC1 beta-lactamase by phosphonate monoesters. It is concluded that the enzyme-inhibitor complex in this case is likely to be a good transition-state mimic. Therefore, mechanistic interpretation of the crystal structure of the complex can be made with more confidence. A semiquantitative assessment of the situation with serine proteinases is also made. It is concluded, in agreement with predictions based on the generally accepted mechanism and on crystal structures, that anionic, but not neutral, phosph(or/on)yl derivatives are good transition-state analogs.
The Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (2001)

Abstract The first description of the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), published in 1937, defined accurately the clinical phenotype: three brothers, but not their sisters, presented shortly after birth with thrombocytopenia, bloody diarrhea, eczema, and recurrent ear infections (Wiskott, 1937). On the basis of this symptomatology, the early onset, and the predominance of male infants, Wiskott differentiated this entity from Morbus Werlhofii, a synonym for idiopathic thrombocytopenia. Seventeen years later, Aldrich described a large family with multiple affected males, clearly demonstrating X-linked inheritance (Aldrich et al., 1954). In 1957, additional cases were described (Huntley and Dees, 1957), including members of an African American family (Wolff and Bertucio, 1957).
An Evaluation of Selected Oral Fluid Point-of-Collection Drug-Testing Devices (2005)

Point-of-collection oral fluids drug-testing devices are being marketed for a variety of medico-legal purposes where they may complement existing technologies and be used to detect drugs following recent ingestion. To assess the utility of these devices for use in drugged-driving investigations, we performed a laboratory evaluation of four devices and those results were published previously. In the study reported here, two more devices, Oratect(R) (Branan) and Uplink(R) (OraSure), were evaluated for their ability to detect amphetamines, cocaine, opiates, and cannabinoids. An additional device, Drugwipe (Securtec), was evaluated for the detection of cocaine and cannabinoids. Each of the devices was assessed for their ability to meet the manufacturers' claimed cutoff concentrations and to meet cutoffs proposed for federal workplace programs. In general, the Branan and OraSure devices detected amphetamine, methamphetamine, opiates, and cannabinoid metabolite (THC-COOH) well in the concentration ranges approximating those proposed by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), but all three devices performed poorly in detecting Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) at the proposed SAMHSA cutoff. The ability to accurately and reliably detect cocaine was dependent on the individual device, and the Branan and Securetec devices were more effective than OraSure at detecting parent cocaine.
Distributed systems support for networked games (2002)

Network based multi user interaction systems such as network games typically include a database shared among the players that are physically distributed and interact with one another over the network. Currently network game developers have to implement the shared database and the inter player communications from scratch. The paper presents the architecture of a distributed system, Artery, which is specifically designed to support network game applications by providing a high level application program interface and by taking advantage of application semantics to optimize the network performance. Artery features such network bandwidth reduction techniques as dead reckoning and message aggregation, a novel virtual world database consistency maintenance scheme based on the dynamic group consistency model, and the support for distributed dynamic environment servers. The integration of Artery's features with existing IP multicasting mechanisms is also discussed.
Biochemical identification of glycosylation inhibiting factor. (1990)

Rat monoclonal antibody against mouse glycosylation inhibiting factors was obtained, and radiolabeled glycosylation inhibiting factors from the mouse T-cell hybridoma, 231F1 cells, were purified by using the monoclonal antibody and antilipomodulin antibody. Analysis of the affinity-purified lymphokine by PAGE demonstrated two proteins of 14.4 kDa and 41 kDa. Both proteins migrated similarly under the reduced and unreduced conditions, indicating that each of the two species consist of a single polypeptide chain. Biologic activity of the lymphokine was recovered by extraction of the proteins from gel slices followed by renaturation. Evidence was obtained that suggested the 14.4-kDa peptide was a degradation product of the 41-kDa molecules. The 14.4-kDa peptide was also recovered by extraction of the surface-labeled 231F1 cells with Ca2+ chelator, indicating that the glycosylation inhibiting factor is associated with the cell surface.
Cell-Free DNA Analysis of Targeted Genomic Regions in Maternal Plasma for Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing of Trisomy 21, Trisomy 18, Trisomy 13, and Fetal Sex (2016)

The extent to which free fetal DNA testing can be applied as a universal screening tool for trisomy 21, 18, and 13 depends mainly on assay accuracy and cost. Cell-free DNA analysis of targeted genomic regions in maternal plasma enables accurate and cost-effective noninvasive fetal aneuploidy detection, which is critical for widespread adoption of NIPT.
Refolding of recombinant porcine growth hormone in a reducing environment limits in vitro aggregate formation (1991)

Recombinant porcine growth hormone (rPGH) solubilized from bacterial inclusion bodies (IBs) using a cationic surfactant was oxidized to form disulphide bonds in a simple buffer solution containing 2-mercaptoethanol within an empirically derived optimal molar ratio of 2-mercaptoethanol:protein. A final yield of 55% monomeric rPGH was achieved at protein concentrations of up to 5 mg/ml without the need for removal of the 2-mercaptoethanol or the use of chaotrophic agents. In the absence of 2-mercaptoethanol only 15% monomeric rPGH was obtained, with the majority forming higher molecular weight aggregates. Using the procedure derived for porcine growth hormone, it may be possible to obtain high yields of native protein and overcome the need for using low protein concentrations and chaotrophic agents during in vitro refolding of other disulphide bonded recombinant proteins.
Replenish the source within (2013)

We have recently reported that the PD-1 and CTLA4 signaling pathways are active in both effector and regulatory T cells, causing profound immune dysfunctions in the tumor microenvironment. In line with this notion, the dual blockade of PD-1- and CTLA4-conveyed signals may exert robust therapeutic effects. Here, we discuss the mechanisms possibly underlying such a synergic interaction.
Extremely low drift of resistance and threshold voltage in amorphous phase change nanowire devices (2010)

Time-dependent drift of resistance and threshold voltage in phase change memory (PCM) devices is of concern as it leads to data loss. Electrical drift in amorphous chalcogenides has been argued to be either due to electronic or stress relaxation mechanisms. Here we show that drift in amorphized Ge2Sb2Te5 nanowires with exposed surfaces is extremely low in comparison to thin-film devices. However, drift in stressed nanowires embedded under dielectric films is comparable to thin-films. Our results shows that drift in PCM is due to stress relaxation and will help in understanding and controlling drift in PCM devices.
Intrapulmonary Vein Ablation Without Stenosis: A Novel Balloon‐Based Direct Current Electroporation Approach (2018)

Irreversible, transmural lesions can be created inside the PV without evidence of stenosis after a 27-day survival period using this balloon-based direct current ablation approach. These early data show promise for an ablation approach that could directly treat PV triggers in addition to traditional PV antrum ablation.
Patterns of Illness in the Highly Febrile Young Child: Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Laboratory Correlates (1981)

Three hundred one episodes of fever greater than or equal to 103 F were documented in 375 infants and young children observed in a comprehensive care clinic during the period October 1974 to October 1978. Of such highly febrile illnesses 79% were accompanied by respiratory tract signs or symptoms, 7% by disease at a site other than the respiratory tract, and 22% of illnesses had no localizing signs or symptoms. Viral cultures were obtained from the respiratory tract in 178 cases and were positive in 68: 57/134 from respiratory illness; 2/4 from illness at sites other than the respiratory tract; and 9/40 in children without localizing disease. Bacterial cultures of the upper respiratory tract were obtained in 191 illnesses, but the overall rate of isolation of Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and group A streptococci (46%) did not differ from that in a group of well children (39%). Bacterial cultures of the blood were obtained in 89 patients with fever greater than or equal to 103 F and in an additional 41 children with lower temperatures. Nine children had documented systemic bacterial disease (eight positive blood cultures and one positive CSF). The rate of clinically apparent systemic bacterial disease in these otherwise normal infants was one bacteremic episode per 94 years of child care.
Progression of vascular and neural dysfunction in sciatic nerves of Zucker diabetic fatty and Zucker rats (2005)

We have examined the progression of vascular and neural deficits in Zucker rats, Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) diabetic rats, and age-matched lean ZDF rats from 8 to 40 wk of age. Both the ZDF diabetic and Zucker rats were glucose intolerant at 8 wk of age. The Zucker rats did not become hyperglycemic but were hyperinsulinemic through 32 wk of age. All ZDF diabetic rats became hyperglycemic by 8 wk of age. Through their life span, serum free fatty acids and triglycerides levels were significantly higher in Zucker and ZDF diabetic rats compared with age-matched lean ZDF rats. After 24 and 28 wk of age, endoneurial blood flow was significantly decreased in ZDF diabetic and Zucker rats. Motor nerve conduction velocity was significantly decreased after 12-14 wk of age in ZDF diabetic rats and at 32 wk of age in Zucker rats. ACh-mediated vascular relaxation of epineurial arterioles of the sciatic nerve was impaired after 8-10 wk of age in ZDF diabetic rats and after approximately 16 wk of age in Zucker rats. In contrast, vascular relaxation mediated by calcitonin gene-related peptide was impaired significantly after 28 wk of age in ZDF diabetic rats but not impaired in Zucker rats up to 40 wk of age. Markers of oxidative stress were differentially elevated in ZDF diabetic rats and Zucker rats. These data indicate that vascular and neural dysfunction develops in both Zucker and ZDF diabetic rats but at different rates, which may be the result of hyperglycemia.
Telesoftware-Value Added Teletext (1980)

The average person regards a radio receiver as a consumer device which he can buy at a relatively low cost from any multiple store, and which will supply him (at no extra cost) with entertainment, information and education. This radio is usually equipped with only a small number of controls (e.g. on/off, tuning, bandchange, volume) and it is very rare to find someone who is unable to operate it satisfactorily.
Calcification of Selected Strains of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sanguis (1974)

Nine strains of cariogenic Streptococcus mutans and two strains of Streptococcus sanguis were tested for their ability to form hydroxyapatite. The cells were examined by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy for apatite crystals after growth in a synthetic calcification medium. Each of the test isolates, except for one strain of S. sanguis, produced intracellular mineral. Two strains of S. mutans formed both intra- and extracellular crystals. There was no apparent relationship between calcifiability and serotype.