gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suspected Appendicitis in Children: Rectal and Intravenous Contrast-enhanced versus Intravenous Contrast-enhanced CT (2007)

There was no significant difference between the performance of intravenous contrast-enhanced CT and that of rectal and intravenous contrast-enhanced CT in children suspected of having appendicitis.
Computer-Assisted Text Analysis for Comparative Politics (2015)

Recent advances in research tools for the systematic analysis of textual data are enabling exciting new research throughout the social sciences. For comparative politics, scholars who are often interested in non-English and possibly multilingual textual datasets, these advances may be difficult to access. This article discusses practical issues that arise in the processing, management, translation, and analysis of textual data with a particular focus on how procedures differ across languages. These procedures are combined in two applied examples of automated text analysis using the recently introduced Structural Topic Model. We also show how the model can be used to analyze data that have been translated into a single language via machine translation tools. All the methods we describe here are implemented in open-source software packages available from the authors.
Inequalities of Generalization Errors for Layered Neural Networks in Bayesian Learning. (1998)

We have followed the redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis in living tobacco BY-2 suspension culture cells by means of a green fluorescent protein-tagged soybean alpha-1,2 mannosidase, and correlated the findings to cytoskeletal rearrangements and to the redistribution of endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and plastids. In preparation for cell division, when the general streaming of Golgi stacks stops, about one-third of the peripheral Golgi stacks redistributes to the perinuclear cytoplasm, the phragmosome, thereby reversing the ratio of interior to cortical Golgi from 2:3 to 3:2. During metaphase, approximately 20% of all Golgi stacks aggregate in the immediate vicinity of the mitotic spindle and a similar number becomes concentrated in an equatorial region under the plasma membrane. This latter localization, the "Golgi belt," accurately predicts the future site of cell division, and thus forms a novel marker for this region after the disassembly of the preprophase band. During telophase and cytokinesis, many Golgi stacks redistribute around the phragmoplast where the cell plate is formed. At the end of cytokinesis, the daughter cells have very similar Golgi stack densities. The sites of preferential Golgi stack localization are specific for this organelle and largely exclude mitochondria and plastids, although some mitochondria can approach the phragmoplast. This segregation of organelles is first observed in metaphase and persists until completion of cytokinesis. Maintenance of the distinct localizations does not depend on intact actin filaments or microtubules, although the mitotic spindle appears to play a major role in organizing the organelle distribution patterns. The redistribution of Golgi stacks during mitosis and cytokinesis is consistent with the hypothesis that Golgi stacks are repositioned to ensure equal partitioning between daughter cells as well as rapid cell plate assembly.
Effects of nitrogen doping and illumination on lattice constants and conductivity behavior of zinc oxide grown by magnetron sputtering (2006)

A yellow-orange nitrogen-doped zinc oxide (ZnO:N) film was deposited on a quartz glass substrate at 510K by reactive radio-frequency magnetron sputtering of a ZnO target with sputtering gas of nitrogen. The lattice constants of the as-grown ZnO:N are much larger than those of undoped ZnO, and decrease with increasing annealing temperature due to escape of the nitrogen from the ZnO:N and decrease of tensile stress, accompanied with color change from yellow-orange to pale yellow. The nitrogen occupies two chemical environments in the ZnO:N based on x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement. One is NO acceptor formed by substitution of N atom for O sublattice, and another is (N2)O double donors produced by substitution of N molecular for O site, which make the lattice constants expanded. The as-grown ZnO:N film shows insulating, but behaves p-type conduction in the dark after annealed at 863K for 1h under 10−3Pa. Unfortunately, the p-type conduction is not stable and reverts to n type soon. However, after illuminated by sunlight for several minutes, the n-type ZnO:N transforms into p type again. The mechanism of the transformation of the conductivity behavior is discussed in the present work.
Sativex successfully treats neuropathic pain characterised by allodynia: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (2007)

Cannabinoids are known to have analgesic properties. We evaluated the effect of oro-mucosal sativex, (THC: CBD), an endocannabinoid system modulator, on pain and allodynia, in 125 patients with neuropathic pain of peripheral origin in a five-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design trial. Patients remained on their existing stable analgesia. A self-titrating regimen was used to optimise drug administration. Sixty-three patients were randomised to receive sativex and 62 placebo. The mean reduction in pain intensity scores (primary outcome measure) was greater in patients receiving sativex than placebo (mean adjusted scores -1.48 points vs. -0.52 points on a 0-10 Numerical Rating Scale (p=0.004; 95% CI: -1.59, -0.32). Improvements in Neuropathic Pain Scale composite score (p=0.007), sleep NRS (p=0.001), dynamic allodynia (p=0.042), punctate allodynia (p=0.021), Pain Disability Index (p=0.003) and Patient's Global Impression of Change (p<0.001) were similarly greater on sativex vs. placebo. Sedative and gastrointestinal side effects were reported more commonly by patients on active medication. Of all participants, 18% on sativex and 3% on placebo withdrew during the study. An open-label extension study showed that the initial pain relief was maintained without dose escalation or toxicity for 52 weeks.
OS support for general-purpose routers (2003)

This paper argues that there is a need for routers to move from being closed, special-purpose network devices to being open, general-purpose computing/communication systems. The central challenge in making this shift is to simultaneously support increasing complex forwarding logic and high performance, while using commercial hardware components and open operating systems. This paper introduces the hardware and software architecture for such a general-purpose router. The architecture includes two key innovations. First, it better integrates the router's switching capacity and compute cycles. We expect this to result in significantly better scaling properties, and an order of magnitude improvement in performance for packets that require only minimum processing cycles. Second, the architecture supports a hierarchy of forwarding paths, ranging from fast/fixed paths implemented entirely in hardware to slow/programmable paths implemented entirely in software, but also including intermediate paths that exploit the improved integration of cycles and switching.
Identification of mannose 6-phosphate in two asparagine-linked sugar chains of recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 precursor. (1988)

Recombinant transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) precursor produced and secreted by a clone of Chinese hamster ovary cells was found to be glycosylated and phosphorylated. Treatment of 32P-labeled precursor protein with N-glycanase indicated that phosphate was incorporated into asparagine-linked complex carbohydrate moieties. Fractionation of 32P-labeled glycopeptides followed by amino acid sequence analysis indicated that greater than 95% of the label was incorporated into two out of three glycosylation sites at Asn-82 and Asn-136 of the TGF-beta 1 precursor. Two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis of acid hydrolyzed precursor protein and precursor protein-derived glycopeptides indicated that 32P was incorporated as mannose 6-phosphate. Binding studies with the purified receptor for mannose 6-phosphate indicated that the TGF-beta 1 precursor could bind to this receptor and the binding was specifically inhibited with mannose 6-phosphate.
Shape-optimized electrooptic beam scanners: analysis, design, and simulation (1999)

This paper presents the analysis of a general nonrectangular electrooptic (EO) scanner and compare its performance to a rectangular device. Since the scanning sensitivity of an EO scanner is inversely proportional to its width, high sensitivity requires the device contour to be close to the ray trajectory of a beam propagating through the device. Accordingly, a shaped-optimized scanner is designed so that the beam trajectory at maximum deflection is parallel to the device contour. A beam propagation method (BPM) simulation shows the performance agrees well with the analysis.
The N-terminal Leucine-Rich Regions in Slit Are Sufficient To Repel Olfactory Bulb Axons and Subventricular Zone Neurons (2001)

The Slit proteins are a new family of secreted guidance cues involved in axon guidance and neuronal migration. Each mammalian Slit protein contains >1400 amino acid residues, with four leucine-rich regions (LRRs), nine epidermal growth factor repeats, a laminin G domain, and a C-terminal cysteine-rich domain. A receptor for Slit is the transmembrane protein Roundabout (Robo), whose extracellular part contains five Ig domains and three fibronectin type III repeats. We report here that the LRRs in Slit are sufficient for binding to the Ig domains of Robo. Mutant forms of Slit containing only the LRRs function as chemorepellents for axons projecting from the olfactory bulb both in vitro and in the telencephalon. The LRRs can repel neurons migrating from the anterior subventricular zone (SVZa) to the olfactory bulb in brain slices isolated from neonatal rodents. However, the LRRs do not show repulsive effects on the SVZa neurons migrating in collagen gels. Our results indicate that the same LRRs are sufficient for guiding both axon projection and neuronal migration and suggest that the other regions in the Slit proteins may be involved in regulating the diffusion and distribution of the Slit proteins. The fact that the same domains are involved in guiding axon projection and neuronal migration further strengthens the idea of a conserved guidance mechanism for these important processes.
Biochemical applications of surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (2007)

An overview is presented on the application of surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) spectroscopy to biochemical problems. Use of SEIRA results in high surface sensitivity by enhancing the signal of the adsorbed molecule by approximately two orders of magnitude and has the potential to enable new studies, from fundamental aspects to applied sciences. This report surveys studies of DNA and nucleic acid adsorption to gold surfaces, development of immunoassays, electron transfer between metal electrodes and proteins, and protein-protein interactions. Because signal enhancement in SEIRA uses surface properties of the nano-structured metal, the biomaterial must be tethered to the metal without hampering its functionality. Because many biochemical reactions proceed vectorially, their functionality depends on proper orientation of the biomaterial. Thus, surface-modification techniques are addressed that enable control of the proper orientation of proteins on the metal surface.
Ceragenin CSA‐13 exhibits antimicrobial activity against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria (2009)

CSA-13 displays broad-spectrum activity against cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. CSA-13 was effective against protease-positive Porphyromonas. It was shown to bind to erythrocytes coated with lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid from diverse bacterial strains. These results suggest that CSA-13 may be useful for the prevention and treatment of oral microbial diseases.
The glycine cleavage system. Molecular cloning of the chicken and human glycine decarboxylase cDNAs and some characteristics involved in the deduced protein structures. (1991)

A cDNA encoding chicken glycine decarboxylase (pCP15b) was isolated using an antibody specific to this protein. Additional cDNAs were cloned with the aid of the genomic fragments obtained by using the pCP15b cDNA probe. No initiator methionine codon is found in the currently elucidated cDNA sequence, and an ATG codon in an exon is assigned to this role. The precursor glycine decarboxylase deduced from the 3514-base pair nucleotide sequence is comprised of 1,004 amino acids (Mr = 111,848). The 1,020 amino acid residues are encoded for the precursor form of human glycine decarboxylase (Mr = 112,869) in the 3,783-base long cDNA sequence of two 1.9-kilobase pair cDNAs with a pentanucleotide overlap. The pyridoxal phosphate binding site lysine and a glycine-rich region, which is suggested to be responsible for the attachment of the phosphate moiety of pyridoxal phosphate, are found in close proximity in both the chicken and human enzymes. This region essential for the enzyme action is suggested to be embedded in a segment rich in beta-turns and random coils and is surrounded by conserved and repetitive amino acid sequences. It is suggested that these structures are involved in the organization of the active site of glycine decarboxylase.
Apoptosis Induced by Infection of Primary Brain Cultures with Diverse Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolates: Evidence for a Role of the Envelope (1999)

Apoptosis of neurons and astrocytes is induced by human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro and has been demonstrated in brain tissue from patients with AIDS. We analyzed a panel of diverse HIV-1 primary isolates for the ability to replicate and induce neuronal and astrocyte apoptosis in primary human brain cultures. Apoptosis was induced three- to eightfold by infection with the blood-derived HIV-1 isolates 89.6, SG3, and ADA. In contrast, the brain-derived HIV-1 isolates YU2, JRFL, DS-br, RC-br, and KJ-br did not induce significant levels of apoptosis. The ability of HIV-1 isolates to induce apoptosis was independent of their replication capacity. Studies of recombinant chimeras between the SG3 and YU2 viruses showed that replacement of the YU2 Env with the SG3 Env was sufficient to confer the ability to induce apoptosis to the YU2 virus. Replacement of the Env V3 regions alone largely conferred the phenotypes of the parental clones. The SG3 Env used CXCR4 and CCR3 as coreceptors for virus entry, whereas YU2 used CCR5 and CCR3. The V3 regions of SG3 and YU2 conferred the ability to use CXCR4 and CCR5, respectively. In contrast, the 3' region of Env, particularly the C3V4 region, was required in conjunction with the V3 region for efficient use of CCR3. These results provide evidence that Env is a major determinant of neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with HIV-1 infection in vitro and raise the possibility that blood-derived viruses which emerge during the late stages of disease may affect disease progression in the central nervous system.
A fully human monoclonal antibody against VEGFR-1 inhibits growth of human breast cancers (2004)

3005 Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1), a tyrosine kinase receptor, has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of tumors and angiogenesis-associated diseases. VEGFR-1 is activated by the ligands VEGF-A, VEGF-B and placental growth factor (PlGF). Studies have shown that VEGFR-1 plays not only an important role in regulating pathological angiogenesis for tumor growth but also a functional role in directly promoting growth of certain cancer cells. Our studies have demonstrated a role of VEGFR-1 in growth of breast cancer in experimental models. Here, we report antitumor activity of a fully human neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human VEGFR-1. . A panel of human monoclonal antibodies specific to VEGFR-1 was generated from the KM strain of human Ig transgenic mice (Medarex). The variable regions of the antibodies were engineered into a high expression vector for production of fully human IgG1 κ antibody. One clone designated IMC-18F1 with high affinity (KD = 54 pM) efficiently blocked binding of PlGF and VEGF to VEGFR-1 with an IC50 of 0.5 and 0.8 nM, respectively. IMC-18F1 inhibited ligand-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-1 and activation of MAP kinase and Akt downstream signaling pathways in VEGFR-1 expressing endothelial and human breast cancer cell lines. The antibody also inhibited VEGF and PlGF-stimulated growth of breast carcinoma cells in vitro. Treatment of mice with IMC-18F1 significantly suppressed growth of human breast tumors in several xenograft models. Histology analysis showed that the antitumor effect was a result of MAPK and /or Akt signaling inhibition and tumor cell necrosis induced by anti-VEGFR-1 treatment. These results indicate that targeting VEGFR-1 by a specific monoclonal antibody is a promising therapeutic approach to human breast cancer and warrant further investigation.
Heterodyne spectrometers with very wide bandwidths (2003)

New astronomical and remote-sensing instruments require microwave spectrometers with modest spectral resolution over many gigahertz of instantaneous bandwidth. Applications include millimeter-wave searches for distant objects with poorly known redshifts, submillimeter and far-infrared observations of Doppler-broadened spectral lines from galaxies, and observations of pressure-broadened atmospheric lines. Wide bandwidths and the consequent stability requirements make it difficult to use general-purpose receiver and spectrometer architectures in these applications. We discuss analog auto- and cross-correlation lag spectrometers that are optimized for these observations. Analog correlators obtain their wide bandwidths by a combination of transmission line delays and direct voltage multiplication in transistor or diode mixers. We show results from a new custom transistor multiplier with bandwidth to 25 GHz. Stability becomes increasingly important as bandwidths broaden. We discuss system requirements for single-dish correlation radiometers, which have intrinsic high stability, and present results showing that analog cross-correlators are suitable backends for these receivers.
Early use of terlipressin in catecholamine‐resistant shock improves cerebral perfusion pressure in severe traumatic brain injury (2007)

In the setting of severe brain injury associated with refractory hypotension, terlipressin may have a role as a rescue therapy.
Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in shark liver oil supplements (2006)

Results are reported of a pilot survey of concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in shark liver oil supplements. Eleven brands of dietary supplements were analysed using an isotope dilution GC/MS method. Total concentrations of 10 PBDE congeners (BDE-28, -47, -49, -66, -99, -100, -153, -154, -155 and -183) ranged from 0.1 to 53 ng g-1 oil weight and total concentrations of six PCB congeners (CB-28/31, -52, -118, -153 and -180) in the samples ranged from 16 to 340 ng g-1 oil weight (undetected values are not included). Two brands of Japanese deep-sea shark liver oil contained the highest levels of PBDEs (49-53 ng g-1 oil weight) and PCBs (290-340 ng g-1 oil weight). These results indicate that PBDEs may have entered Japanese deep-sea waters.
Demonstration of a semiconductor external cavity laser utilising a UV written grating in a planar silica waveguide (1994)

We have demonstrated for the first time the use of a UV written grating in a photosensitive planar silica waveguide as a feedback element in an external cavity semiconductor waveguide laser. This device was tested in a 2.5 GBit/s system over 100 km of standard fibre and was shown to suffer negligible receiver sensitivity loss, (0.35 dB) for a 10/sup -9/ BER as compared with a back-to-back measurement.
Incorporation of Two Anthraquinonylmethyl Groups into the 2‘-O-Positions of Oligonucleotides:  Increased Affinity and Sequence Specificity of Anthraquinone-Modified Oligonucleotides in Hybrid Formation with DNA and RNA (1996)

Oligonucleotide 15-mers containing one or two anthraquinonylmethyl groups at specified sugar residues have been prepared on an automated DNA/RNA synthesizer by using 5'-O-dimethoxytrityl 2'-O-(2-anthraquinonylmethyl)uridine 3'-O-(2-cyanoethyl)-N, N-diisopropylphosphoramidite. The purification of the modified oligonucleotides was done with denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The base compositions and the presence of anthraquinone group(s) in the oligonucleotides were verified with enzymatic digestion (snake venom phosphodiesterase and alkaline phosphatase) analysis and UV-vis spectral measurements. The UV melting behaviors indicate that all the oligonucleotides with anthraquinone group(s) can bind to both their complementary DNA and RNA in a manner similar to that of the unmodified oligonucleotide. All the oligonucleotides possessing anthraquinone group(s) have higher affinity for both DNA and RNA segments when compared with the unmodified oligonucleotide. The oligomer containing two anthraquinone substituents at sites separated by four nucleotides instead of six exhibits the highest affinity for both the complementary DNA and RNA. The stabilizing effect can be translated into a free energy cost of 7.1 kcal/mol for the DNA hybrid and 3.6 kcal/mol for RNA. It has been shown through mismatch/Tm studies that modification of the oligonucleotide by anthraquinone groups does not alter the sequence specificity in binding to a RNA segment.
Thin-film Lithium Niobate contour-mode resonators (2012)

This paper presents Lithium Niobate (LN) thin-film contour mode resonators (CMR) on a piezoelectric-onpiezoelectric platform. Using this platform, we demonstrate, on a black Y136 cut Lithium Niobate thin-film, one-port high-order width extensional contour mode resonators at 463MHz and 750MHz. The electro-mechanical coupling factor (k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) and quality factor (Q) of the 750 MHz resonator is 8.6% and 612, resulting in a k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> *Q of 53. The 463MHz resonator exhibits a k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> *Q of 105, with a 7% k <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 1500 Q. With this technology, we can potentially achieve multi-frequency band-pass filters with both wide bandwidth and steep roll-off.
Prostate Biopsy Interpretation (1995)

The normal and hyperplastic prostate inflammatory conditions non-neoplastic conditions prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) grading of prostatic adenocarcinomas diagnosing adenocarcinomas of the prostate on needle biopsy evaluation of transurethral resection specimens for prostatic adenocarcinoma prostate duct adenocarcinoma neuroendocrine differentiation in the benign and malignant prostate benign and malignant prostate following treatment basaloid lesions of the prostate transitional cell carcinoma mesenchymal tumours and tumour-like conditions miscellaneous tumours prostatic urethral lesions.