gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activin Type II Receptor Restoration in ACVR2 -Deficient Colon Cancer Cells Induces Transforming Growth Factor-β Response Pathway Genes (2004)

The activin type II receptor (ACVR2) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene that is frequently mutated in microsatellite-unstable colon cancers (MSI-H colon cancers). ACVR2 is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta type II receptor (TGFBR2) family and controls cell growth and differentiation. SMAD proteins are major intracellular effectors shared by ACVR2 and TGFBR2 signaling; however, additional shared effector mechanisms remain to be explored. To discover novel mechanisms transmitting the ACVR2 signal, we restored ACVR2 function by transfecting wild-type ACVR2 (wt-ACVR2) into a MSI-H colon cancer cell line carrying an ACVR2 frameshift mutation. The effect of ACVR2 restoration on cell growth, SMAD phosphorylation, and global molecular phenotype was then evaluated. Decreased cell growth was observed in wt-ACVR2 transfectants relative to ACVR2-deficient vector-transfected controls. Western blotting revealed higher expression of phosphorylated SMAD2 in wt-ACVR2 transfectants versus controls, suggesting cells deficient in ACVR2 had impaired SMAD signaling. Microarray-based differential expression analysis revealed substantial ACVR2-induced overexpression of genes implicated in the control of cell growth and tumorigenesis, including the activator protein (AP)-1 complex genes JUND, JUN, and FOSB, as well as the small GTPase signal transduction family members, RHOB, ARHE, and ARHGDIA. Overexpression of these genes is shared with TGFBR2 activation. This observed similarity between the activin and TGF-beta signaling systems suggests that activin may serve as an alternative activator of TGF-beta effectors, including SMADs, and that frameshift mutation of ACVR2 may contribute to MSI-H colon tumorigenesis via disruption of alternate TGF-beta effector pathways.
Biodegradable Poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(l-lysine)-g-histidine Multiblock Copolymers for Nonviral Gene Delivery (2004)

The development of biodegradable cationic polymers for use in somatic gene therapy is desirable because degradable polymers have the potential to overcome cellular toxicities that are related to the high charge densities of the polycationic delivery system. Therefore, to produce a biocompatible gene delivery vehicle, we have designed a novel biodegradable, high molecular weight multiblock copolymer (MBC) of the type (AB)n which consists of repeating units of low molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) conjugated to low molecular weight cationic poly(l-lysine) (PLL). PEG was used not only to impart steric stabilization properties onto the polymer/pDNA complexes but also to introduce biodegradable ester bond linkages into the backbone of the MBCs. Also, to improve the endosome-disrupting capabilities of the polymer, N,N-dimethylhistidine (His) was coupled at various mole ratios (5 mol % His, 9 mol % His, 16 mol % His, 22 mol % His) to the ε-amines of PLL to produce PEG−PLL-grafted-His (PEG−PLL-g-His) MBCs. Polymer screening revealed that MBCs with 16% His grafted (PEG−PLL-g-16% His) (31 kDa) produced the highest transfection efficiency with minimal cytotoxicity in murine smooth muscle cells (A7r5). The MBCs condensed plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanostructures with an average particle size between 150 and 200 nm with no aggregation and surface charge of ∼4−45 mV. These MBCs also protected pDNA from endonuclease digestion for at least 2 h. The polymers showed exponential decay with a half-life (t1/2) of ∼5 h in PBS, pH 7.4 at 37 °C. However, complexes incubated in PBS buffer showed complete stability up to 6 days despite the short polymer t1/2. The pK of the conjugated imidazoles was found to be 4.75 which would facilitate buffering at low pH environments of the late endosome/lysosome. Finally, the ability of the imidazoles to protonate and destabilize membrane vesicles was investigated by the use of bafilomycin A1 which showed that the MBCs produced about five times higher transfection efficiency in vitro in A7r5 cells compared to the treated cells. This supports the function of histidine as an endosomal disrupting moiety. Therefore, these results suggest that biodegradable multiblock copolymers are promising candidates for long-term gene delivery.
Highly specific gene silencing by artificial microRNAs in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs, 21 to 22 nucleotides long, with important regulatory roles. They are processed from longer RNA molecules with imperfectly matched foldback regions and they function in modulating the stability and translation of mRNA. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, like diverse multicellular organisms, contains miRNAs. These RNAs resemble the miRNAs of land plants in that they direct site-specific cleavage of target mRNA with miRNA-complementary motifs and, presumably, act as regulatory molecules in growth and development. Utilizing these findings we have developed a novel artificial miRNA system based on ligation of DNA oligonucleotides that can be used for specific high-throughput gene silencing in green algae.
Let Linux Speak (1997)

How an ad for a speech synthesizer led to the the development of a speech server under Linux
Polyketide Decarboxylative Chain Termination Preceded by O-Sulfonation in Curacin A Biosynthesis (2009)

Biosynthetic innovation in natural product systems is driven by the recruitment of new genes and enzymes into these complex pathways. Here, an unprecedented decarboxylative chain termination mechanism is described for the polyketide synthase of curacin A, an anticancer lead compound isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. The unusual chain termination module containing adjacent sulfotransferase (ST) and thioesterase (TE) catalytic domains embedded in CurM was biochemically characterized. The TE was proved to catalyze a hydrolytic chain release of the polyketide chain elongation intermediate. Moreover, a selective ST-mediated sulfonation of the (R)-beta-hydroxyl group was found to precede TE-mediated hydrolysis, triggering a successive decarboxylative elimination and resulting in the formation of a rare terminal olefin in the final metabolite.
Genetic basis for altered pathogenesis of an immune-selected antigenic variant of reovirus type 3 (Dearing) (1986)

In this paper we provide a step by step comparison of the pathogenesis of murine infection caused by reovirus type 3 (Dearing) and an antigenic variant (K) selected by its resistance to neutralization with a monoclonal antibody (G5) directed against the T3 hemagglutinin. To show that specific changes in the biologic properties of variant K were due to mutation in the S1 double-stranded RNA segment (gene), which encodes the viral hemagglutinin, we generated a reassortant virus ("1 HA K") containing the variant K S1 gene and compared its properties to variant K and to a reassortant ("1 HA 3") containing the T3 (Dearing) S1 gene. These studies, in conjunction with our previous nucleotide sequence analysis of the S1 genes of variant K and T3 (Dearing) [R. Bassel-Duby, A. Jayasuriya, D. Chatterjee, N. Sonenberg, J. V. Maizel, Jr., and B. N. Fields, Nature (London) 315:421-423, 1985; R. Bassel-Duby, D. R. Spriggs, K. L. Tyler, and B. N. Fields, submitted for publication], indicate that a single amino acid change in the T3 hemagglutinin can alter viral growth and tropism within the central nervous system without affecting either its primary replication in the intestine or its pattern of spread to or within the central nervous system.
Preparation of Large-Area Uniform Silicon Nanowires Arrays through Metal-Assisted Chemical Etching (2008)

A facile fabricating method has been established for large-area uniform silicon nanowires arrays. All silicon nanowires obtained were single crystals and epitaxial on the substrate. Six kinds of silicon wafers with different types, surface orientations, and doping levels were utilized as starting materials. With the catalysis of silver nanoparticles, room-temperature mild chemical etching was conducted in aqueous solution of hydrofluoric acid (HF) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The corresponding silicon nanowires arrays with different morphologies were obtained. The silicon nanowires possess the same type and same doping level of the starting wafer. All nanowires on the substrate have the same orientation. For instance, both (100)- and (111)-oriented p-type wafers produced silicon nanowires in the (100) direction. For every kind of silicon wafer, the effect of etching conditions, such as components of etchant, temperature, and time, were systemically investigated. This is an appropriate method to produce a large amount of silicon nanowires with defined type, doping level, and growth direction for industrial applications.
Vitrectomy with peeling of the inner limiting membrane for treating diabetic macular edema. (2005)

pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the ILM stained with IfCG leads to good postoperative results in young diabetic patients with recent vision loss due to macular edema and without previous macular laser treatment.
Isolation and culture of microvascular endothelium from human adipose tissue. (1983)

The study of human endothelial cells in tissue culture has been previously limited to umbilical vein, a large vessel source, and microvascular endothelium from human foreskin, spleen, and adrenal. Microvascular endothelium cultured from these sources have required matrix-coated culture flasks, tumor-conditioned medium, or 50% human serum for growth and subcultivation. To obtain cultures of microvascular endothelium with less stringent growth requirements, human adipose tissue was digested with collagenase and endothelial cells were separated from other stromal elements by sequential filtration and layering cells onto 5% albumin. Using standard medium containing 10% fetal calf serum, these cells grew readily to confluence and survived serial passages. When the cultures were subconfluent, cytoplasmic extensions and a capillary-like morphology were observed. Confluent cultures displayed the "cobblestone" appearance characteristic of other endothelial preparations. Electron microscopy demonstrated the presence of characteristic tight junctions and pinocytotic vesicles. Immunofluorescent staining for Factor VIII was positive, and cultures contained angiotensin-converting enzyme activity. Thus, cultures of human microvascular endothelium were readily obtained from adipose tissue and required only standard medium with 10% serum for growth and subcultivation. This system can be used to study human endothelial cell biology and may prove useful in the study of pathologic states such as diabetic microvasculopathy and tumor angiogenesis.
Effect of Black Tea Theaflavins on 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced Inflammation (2006)

We have examined the effects of black tea constituents, theaflavin mixture (TFs), on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation, up-expression of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) protein levels and formation of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ) levels in ears of CD-1 mouse as well as on spontaneous colorectal carcinogenesis in Min (Apc+/-) mice. Two doses of TFs, 0.18 and 0.71 mg, were topically applied to mice ears twice a day for 3.5 days (7 treatments) 20 mins prior to each TPA (0.4 nmol) treatment. These doses of TFs inhibited TPA-induced a) inflammation by 74 and 97%, b) up-expression of IL-1β protein levels by 93 and 99%, and c) up-expression of IL-6 protein levels by 58 and 99%, respectively. In these experiments, TFs (0.18 mg or 0.71 mg) also inhibited TPA induced formation of PGE2 by 27-100% and LTB4 by 92-100%. In addition, oral administration of 0.2% or 0.4% TFs (28%) enriched black tea extract in drinking water as sole source of drinking fluid to female Min (Apc+/-) mice for 10 weeks inhibited the formation of the numbers of colorectal tumors per mouse by 39 or 29%, respectively. The percentage of mice bearing colorectal tumors was also inhibited by 39 or 29%, respectively. Furthermore, in these mice there was a reduction in the formation of the number of small intestinal tumors per mouse by 39 or 29% respectively.
Neue Benzothiazine, III. 3.4‐Dihydro‐1 H‐2.1‐, 3.4‐Dihydro‐2H‐1.2‐ und 3.4‐Dihydro‐1H‐2.3‐benzothiazin‐S.S‐dioxid (1971)

Abstract 3.4‐Dihydro‐1 H ‐2.1‐benzothiazin‐2.2‐dioxid ( 2 ) wird durch Dehydratisierung der Amino‐sulfonsäure 1 oder durch Pyrolyse des Hydrochlorids des entsprechenden Amino‐sulfonamids 3 dargestellt. 3.4‐Dihydro‐2 H ‐1.2‐benzothiazin‐1.1‐dioxide 13 werden analog durch Dehydratisierung von 11 und außerdem durch Hydrierung der sauren Lösung des Cyan‐sulfonamids 12 oder durch Alkali‐Behandlung der Chloräthyl‐sulfonamide 17 dargestellt. Ähnlich werden aus der Amino‐sulfonsäure 27 , den Chlor‐sulfonamiden 31 und dem Amino‐sulfonamid 33 die 3.4‐Dihydro‐1 H ‐2.3‐benzothiazin‐2.2‐dioxide 28 erhalten. Einige Alkylierungs‐ und Nitrierungsprodukte werden beschrieben.
Differential Assembly of Inwardly Rectifying K+ Channel Subunits, Kir4.1 and Kir5.1, in Brain Astrocytes (2004)

The inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit Kir5.1 is expressed abundantly in the brain, but its precise distribution and function are still largely unknown. Because Kir5.1 is co-expressed with Kir4.1 in retinal glial Muller cells, we have compared the biochemical and immunological properties of Kir5.1 and Kir4.1 in the mouse brain. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested that brain expressed at least two subsets of Kir channels, heteromeric Kir4.1/5.1 and homomeric Kir4.1. Immunolabeling using specific antibodies showed that channels comprising Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 subunits were assembled in a region-specific fashion. Heteromeric Kir4.1/5.1 was identified in the neocortex and in the glomeruli of the olfactory bulb. Homomeric Kir4.1 was confined to the hippocampus and the thalamus. Homomeric Kir5.1 was not identified. Kir4.1/5.1 and Kir4.1 expression appeared to occur only in astrocytes, specifically in the membrane domains facing the pia mater and blood vessels or in the processes surrounding synapses. Both Kir4.1/5.1 and Kir4.1 could be associated with PDZ domain-containing syntrophins, which might be involved in the subcellular targeting of these astrocyte Kir channels. Because heteromeric Kir4.1/5.1 and homomeric Kir4.1 have distinct ion channel properties (Tanemoto, M., Kittaka, N., Inanobe, A., and Kurachi, Y. (2000) J. Physiol. (Lond.) 525, 587-592 and Tucker, S. J., Imbrici, P., Salvatore, L., D'Adamo, M. C., and Pessia, M. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 16404-16407), it is plausible that these channels play differential physiological roles in the K+ -buffering action of brain astrocytes in a region-specific manner.
Expression cloning of cardiotrophin 1, a cytokine that induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy. (1995)

Heart failure continues to be a leading cause of mortality worldwide. A hallmark of this disease is dilated cardiac hypertrophy, which is accompanied by a reactivation of genes expressed in fetal heart development. Reasoning that fetal or embryonic growth factors may mediate the onset of cardiac hypertrophy, we have coupled expression cloning with an embryonic stem cell-based model of cardiogenesis to isolate a 21.5-kDa protein, cardiotrophin 1, that potently induces cardiac myocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Amino acid similarity data indicate that cardiotrophin 1 is a member of the leukemia inhibitory factor/ciliary neurotrophic factor/oncostatin M/interleukin 6/interleukin 11 family of cytokines. Several members of this family that are known to signal through the transmembrane protein gp130 stimulate cardiac myocyte hypertrophy, like cardiotrophin 1, suggesting that the gp130 signaling pathway may play a role in cardiac hypertrophy. A 1.4-kb cardiotrophin 1 mRNA is expressed in the heart and several other mouse tissues.
Fluid Embeddable Coupled Coil Sensor for Wireless pH Monitoring in a Bioreactor (2014)

A passive embeddable coupled coil sensor for remote bioprocess pH monitoring is described. The sensor is sterilizable, able to operate in a fluid medium, and small enough to fit inside a small bioreactor or test tube. It consists of a planar spiral inductor connected parallel to a varactor forming an LC resonant circuit. A pH combination electrode made of an iridium/iridium oxide sensing electrode and a silver/silver chloride reference electrode is connected parallel to the varactor. A potential difference change across the electrodes due to pH variation of the medium changes the voltage-dependent capacitance and shifts the resonant frequency of the sensor. An interrogator coil is inductively coupled to the sensor coil and remotely tracks the resonant frequency of the sensor. For in-fluid monitoring, the sensor is encapsulated in a manner that reduces the influence of the permittivity and conductivity of the medium. The sensor, calibrated over 2-12 pH range, exhibits a rapid response with 2.477-MHz/pH sensitivity. The sensor was used for remote pH monitoring of Yarrowia lipolytica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation in a shake flask over 63 and 25 h, respectively. The experiments demonstrate that the medium pH can be monitored repeatedly with an accuracy of 0.08 pH.
Modeling human influenza infection in the laboratory (2015)

Influenza is the leading cause of death from an infectious cause. Because of its clinical importance, many investigators use animal models to understand the biologic mechanisms of influenza A virus replication, the immune response to the virus, and the efficacy of novel therapies. This review will focus on the biosafety, biosecurity, and ethical concerns that must be considered in pursuing influenza research, in addition to focusing on the two animal models - mice and ferrets - most frequently used by researchers as models of human influenza infection.
Hemorrhage in lesions caused by cowpox virus is induced by a viral protein that is related to plasma protein inhibitors of serine proteases. (1986)

Several recombinant cowpox viruses were constructed and used to identify a viral gene that controls the production of hemorrhage in lesions caused by the Brighton Red strain of cowpox virus (CPV-BR). This gene is located in the KpnD fragment of CPV-BR DNA, between 31 and 32 kilobases from the end of the genome. This position corresponds well with that predicted from analyses of the DNA structures of spontaneously generated deletion mutants. The gene responsible for hemorrhage encodes a 38-kDa protein that is one of the most abundant early gene products. The 11-base-pair sequence GAAAATATATT present 84 base pairs upstream of its coding region is also present upstream of three other early genes of vaccinia virus; therefore, this sequence may be involved in the regulation of transcription. There is extensive similarity between the predicted amino acid sequence of the 38-kDa protein and the amino acid sequences of several plasma proteins that are inhibitors of various serine proteases involved in blood coagulation pathways. This suggests that the viral protein may possess a similar biological activity, which may enable it to effect hemorrhage by inhibiting one or more of the serine proteases involved in the host's normal processes of blood coagulation and wound containment.
Wafer bonded four‐junction GaInP/GaAs//GaInAsP/GaInAs concentrator solar cells with 44.7% efficiency (2014)

ABSTRACT Triple‐junction solar cells from III–V compound semiconductors have thus far delivered the highest solar‐electric conversion efficiencies. Increasing the number of junctions generally offers the potential to reach even higher efficiencies, but material quality and the choice of bandgap energies turn out to be even more importance than the number of junctions. Several four‐junction solar cell architectures with optimum bandgap combination are found for lattice‐mismatched III–V semiconductors as high bandgap materials predominantly possess smaller lattice constant than low bandgap materials. Direct wafer bonding offers a new opportunity to combine such mismatched materials through a permanent, electrically conductive and optically transparent interface. In this work, a GaAs‐based top tandem solar cell structure was bonded to an InP‐based bottom tandem cell with a difference in lattice constant of 3.7%. The result is a GaInP/GaAs//GaInAsP/GaInAs four‐junction solar cell with a new record efficiency of 44.7% at 297‐times concentration of the AM1.5d (ASTM G173‐03) spectrum. This work demonstrates a successful pathway for reaching highest conversion efficiencies with III–V multi‐junction solar cells having four and in the future even more junctions. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced expression of Mcm proteins in cancer cells derived from uterine cervix (2003)

Minichromosome maintenance proteins (Mcm) 2-7 play essential roles in eukaryotic DNA replication. Several reports have indicated the usefulness of Mcm proteins as markers of cancer cells in histopathological diagnosis. However, their mode of expression and pathophysiological significance in cancer cells remain to be clarified. We compared the level of expression of Mcm proteins among human HeLa uterine cervical carcinoma cells, SV40-transformed human fibroblast GM00637 cells and normal human fibroblast WI-38 cells. All the proteins examined were detected in HeLa and GM cells at 6-10 times the level found in WI-38 cells on average. This increase was observed both in total cellular proteins and in the chromatin-bound fraction. Consistently, Mcm2 mRNA was enriched in HeLa cells to approximately four times the level in WI-38 cells, and the synthesis of Mcm4, 6 and 7 proteins was accelerated in HeLa cells. Immunohistochemical studies of surgical materials from human uterine cervix showed that Mcm3 and 4 are ubiquitously expressed in cancer cells. Further, the positive rate and level of Mcm3 and 4 expression appeared to be higher in cancer cells than in normal proliferating cells of the uterine cervix and dysplastic cells, suggesting that they can be useful markers to distinguish these cells.
Crystal and molecular structure of the intermolecular complex 9-ethyladenine-5,5-diethylbarbituric acid (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal and molecular structure of the intermolecular complex 9-ethyladenine-5,5-diethylbarbituric acidDonald VoetCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 23, 8213–8222Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00778a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00778a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts