gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HgCdTe double heterostructure diode lasers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1992)

While HgCdTe has been used extensively to fabricate high performance photodiodes and focal plane arrays, little has been done to apply this technology to light emitting devices. We recently succeeded in fabricating and operating the first HgCdTe diode laser. Here we discuss the early results in detail, and present new results on an expanded range of operation. The stripe-geometry double-heterostructure lasers were grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Active layer thicknesses ranged between 0.9 and 1.4 μm, and the p+ and n+ confinement layers were in situ doped up to 1018 cm−3 with arsenic and indium, respectively. Three double heterostructures were grown, and they all produced working lasers. The devices were operated under pulsed current at temperatures between 40 and 90 K. At 77 K, the emission wavelengths were 2.9, 3.4, and 3.9 μm, and the lowest threshold current density measured was 521 A/cm2. Further characterization data including temperature dependence of the threshold currents, far field patterns, spectral analysis of longitudinal modes, and imaging of the laser emission in a near field configuration are discussed.
The 200/220 kDa Antigen Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody (MAb) UJ127.11 on Neural Tissues and Tumors Is the Human L1 Adhesion Molecule (1991)

MAb UJ127.11, raised against 16 week human fetal brain, recognizes an antigen present primarily on normal and tumor tissues derived from the neuroectoderm. The antigen has previously been identified as a 220/240 kDa cell surface glycoprotein as determined by immunoprecipitation studies. We show here, that the 220/240 kDa antigen is the human L1 cell adhesion molecule and by Western blot analysis actually has a calculated molecular weight of between 200-220 kDa. Immunocytochemical studies with UJ127.11 and an antibody (5G3) recently utilized to isolate human L1 from brain indicate that both reagents have very similar binding profiles. The binding of radiolabelled UJ127.11 to its target antigen can be blocked by the addition of a rabbit anti-human L1 antiserum. Furthermore, sequential immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis shows that UJ127.11 and the rabbit anti-human L1 antiserum recognize identical proteins.
NF-κB Activity and iNOS Expression in Monocytes from Internal Jugular Blood of Migraine Without Aura Patients During Attacks (2006)

This study investigated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB) activity by electrophoresis mobility gel shift assay and IkappaBalpha expression by Western blot analysis in monocytes obtained from serial samples of internal jugular venous blood taken from seven migraine patients without aura during attacks. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was also assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. An increase in NF-kappaB activity peaked 2 h after attack onset. This was accompanied by a transient reduction in IkappaBalpha expression. Up-regulation of iNOS was evident at 4 h, maintained at 6 h and reduced at the end of the attack. These findings substantiate the hypothesis of transitory delayed inflammation, as suggested by the animal model, and suggest the possibility of using therapeutic approaches to target NF-kappaB transcription in the treatment of migraine.
Specific 33-residue repeat(s) of erythrocyte ankyrin associate with the anion exchanger (1991)

Erythrocyte ankyrin contains an 89-kDa domain (residues 2-827) comprised almost entirely of 22 tandem repeats of 33 amino acids which are responsible for the high affinity interaction of ankyrin with the anion exchanger (Davis, L., and Bennett, V. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 10589-10596). The question of whether the repeats are equivalent with respect to binding to the anion exchanger was addressed using defined regions of erythrocyte and brain ankyrins expressed in bacteria. The conclusion is that the repeats are not interchangeable and that the 44 residues from 722 to 765 are essential for high affinity binding between erythrocyte ankyrin and the anion exchanger. Residues 348-765 were active whereas a polypeptide of the same size (residues 305-721) but missing the 44 residues was not active. The difference between the active and inactive polypeptides was not caused by the degree of folding based on circular dichroism spectra. The 44 residues from 722 to 765 were not sufficient for binding since deletions of residues from 348 to 568 resulted in a 10-fold loss of activity. However, the role of residues 348-568 may be at the level of folding rather than a direct contact since the deleted sequences were not active in the absence of 722-765 and since circular dichroism spectra revealed significant loss of structure in the smaller polypeptides. Further evidence that the 33-residue repeats are not equivalent in ability to bind to the anion exchanger is that a region of human brain ankyrin containing 18 33-residue repeats with 67% overall sequence identity to erythrocyte ankyrin was 8-fold less active than a region of erythrocyte ankyrin containing only 12 repeats. The fact that the anion exchanger binds to certain repeats suggests that the other 33-amino acid repeats could interact with proteins distinct from the anion exchanger and provide ankyrin with the potential for considerable diversity in association with membrane proteins as well as cytoplasmic proteins. Tubulin was identified as one example of a protein that can interact with ankyrin repeats that are not recognized by the anion exchanger.
A novel mutation in the short-wavelength-sensitive cone pigment gene associated with a tritan color vision defect (2006)

Inherited tritan color vision deficiency is caused by defects in the function of the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones. This heterozygous group of disorders has an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Amino acid variations of the S cone opsin are rare and all that have been identified thus far are associated with inherited tritan color vision defects. Here we report the identification of a 30-year-old male who made errors on standard color vision tests consistent with the presence of a mild tritan color vision deficiency. We tested the hypothesis that his color vision impairment was due to a mutation in the S cone photopigment gene. He was found to be heterozygous for a mutation that caused the amino acid proline to be substituted in place of a highly conserved leucine at amino acid position 56 in the S cone opsin. This mutation was absent in 564 S cone photopigment genes from 282 subjects who did not make tritan errors. Thus, we conclude that this mutation disrupts the normal function of S cones.
A structural model for maturation of the hepatitis B virus core (2005)

Hepatitis B virus, a widespread and serious human pathogen, replicates by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate. The virus consists of an inner nucleocapsid or core, surrounded by a lipid envelope containing virally encoded surface proteins. Using electron cryomicroscopy, we compare the structures of the bacterially expressed RNA-containing core particle and the mature DNA-containing core particle extracted from virions. We show that the mature core contains 240 subunits in a T = 4 arrangement similar to that in expressed core (T is the triangulation number and the icosahedral shell contains 60 T subunits). During the infective cycle, the core assembles in an immature state around a complex of viral pregenomic RNA and polymerase. After reverse transcription with concomitant degradation of the RNA, the now mature core buds through a cellular membrane containing the surface proteins to become enveloped. Envelopment must not happen before reverse transcription is completed, so it has been hypothesized that a change in capsid structure may signal maturation. Our results show significant differences in structure between the RNA- and DNA-containing cores. One such difference is in a hydrophobic pocket, formed largely from residues that, on mutation, lead to abnormal secretion. We suggest that the changes we see are related to maturation and control of envelopment, and we propose a mechanism based on DNA synthesis for their triggering.
Stable haptic interaction with virtual environments (1999)

This paper addresses fundamental stability and performance issues associated with haptic interaction. It generalizes and extends the concept of a virtual coupling network, an artificial link between the haptic display and a virtual world, to include both the impedance and admittance models of haptic interaction. A benchmark example exposes an important duality between these two cases. Linear circuit theory is used to develop necessary and sufficient conditions for the stability of a haptic simulation, assuming the human operator and virtual environment are passive. These equations lead to an explicit design procedure for virtual coupling networks which give maximum performance while guaranteeing stability. By decoupling the haptic display control problem from the design of virtual environments, the use of a virtual coupling network frees the developer of haptic-enabled virtual reality models from issues of mechanical stability.
Similarities between chronic pain and tinnitus. (1997)

There is considerable evidence that both chronic pain and some forms of tinnitus are caused by changes in the central nervous system and that the anatomic location of the physiologic abnormality causing the symptoms of chronic pain and some forms of tinnitus is not the same location to which the symptoms are referred, i.e., the ear for tinnitus and the location of injury for pain. Such changes in the central nervous system may have been induced by peripheral processes such as tissue damage, but the changes can persist a long time after complete healing of a peripheral lesion. Different forms of tinnitus may respond to different treatments as is the case for chronic pain. If the different forms of tinnitus cannot be separated, then the results of studies of the efficacy of different kinds of drugs may be misleading.
Generation and characterization of Atoh1‐Cre knock‐in mouse line (2010)

Abstract Confocal microscope image of a neonatal Atoh1Cre/+; R26R‐lacZ mouse inner ear crista. Hair cells are labeled with anti‐MYO6 (red). Anti‐lacZ ‐green‐ immunolabeling reveals the hair and supporting cells originated from Atoh1‐lineage. For more information, see the article by Yang et al. in this issue. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A RISC architecture for symbolic computation (1987)

The G-machine is a language-directed processor architecture designed to support graph reduction as a model of computation. It can carry out lazy evaluation of functional language programs and can evaluate programs in which logical variables are used. To support these language features, the abstract machine requires tagged memory and executes some rather complex instructions, such as to evaluate a function application.This paper explores an implementation of the G-machine as a high performance RISC architecture. Complex instructions can be represented by RISC code without experiencing a large expansion of code volume. The instruction pipeline is discussed in some detail. The processor is intended to be integrated into a standard, 32-bit memory architecture. Tagged memory is supported by aggregating data with tags in a cache.
Persistent Aberrations in Circulating DNA Integrity after Radiotherapy Are Associated with Poor Prognosis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients (2008)

NPC is associated with disturbances in the integrity of circulating cell-free DNA. The persistence of DNA integrity aberrations after radiotherapy is associated with reduced probability of disease-free survival. Therefore, the measurement of plasma DNA integrity may serve as a useful marker for the detection and monitoring of malignant diseases.
Mechanical Signaling and the Cellular Response to Extracellular Matrix in Angiogenesis and Cardiovascular Physiology (2002)

Great advances have been made in the identification of the soluble angiogenic factors, insoluble extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, and receptor signaling pathways that mediate control of angiogenesis--the growth of blood capillaries. This review focuses on work that explores how endothelial cells integrate these chemical signals with mechanical cues from their local tissue microenvironment so as to produce functional capillary networks that exhibit specialized form as well as function. These studies have revealed that ECM governs whether an endothelial cell will switch between growth, differentiation, motility, or apoptosis programs in response to a soluble stimulus based on its ability to mechanically resist cell tractional forces and thereby produce cell and cytoskeletal distortion. Transmembrane integrin receptors play a key role in this mechanochemical transduction process because they both organize a cytoskeletal signaling complex within the focal adhesion and preferentially focus mechanical forces on this site. Molecular filaments within the internal cytoskeleton--microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments--also contribute to the cell's structural and functional response to mechanical stress through their role as discrete support elements within a tensegrity-stabilized cytoskeletal array. Importantly, a similar form of mechanical control also has been shown to be involved in the regulation of contractility in vascular smooth muscle cells and cardiac myocytes. Thus, the mechanism by which cells perform mechanochemical transduction and the implications of these findings for morphogenetic control are discussed in the wider context of vascular development and cardiovascular physiology.
High efficiency polyoma DNA transfection of chloroquine treated cells (1983)

Chloroquine treatment of rodent cells during the first hours of polyoma DNA transfection increase the fraction of cells expressing viral functions. The effect has been observed after DNA absorption using both the DEAE-dextran and calcium phosphate coprecipitation methods. Exposure to chloroquine increased the proportion of transfected mouse cells to approximately 40%. From a culture of one million such cells, microgram quantities of newly synthesized viral DNA could be isolated. Similarly, the transformation frequency of rat cells following polyoma DNA transfection was approximately 6-fold increased by chloroquine treatment. The effect of the compound was even more pronounced in transfections with linear forms of polyoma DNA, suggesting that chloroquine inhibits degradation of DNA absorbed by the cells.
Altered distribution of plasma PAF-AH between HDLs and other lipoproteins in hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus (2003)

Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) is a phospholipase A2 associated with lipoproteins that hydrolyzes platelet-activating factor (PAF) and oxidized phospholipids. We have developed an ELISA for PAF-AH that is more sensitive than previous methods, and have quantified HDL-associated and non-HDL-associated PAF-AH in healthy, hyperlipidemic, and diabetic subjects. In healthy subjects, plasma total PAF-AH concentration was positively correlated with PAF-AH activity and with plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB) concentrations (all P < 0.01). HDL-associated PAF-AH concentration was correlated positively with plasma apoA-I and HDL cholesterol. Subjects with hyperlipidemia (n = 73) and diabetes mellitus (n = 87) had higher HDL-associated PAF-AH concentrations than did controls (P < 0.01). Non-HDL-associated PAF-AH concentration was lower in diabetic subjects than in controls (P < 0.01). Both hyperlipidemic and diabetic subjects had lower ratios of PAF-AH to apoB (P < 0.01) and higher ratios of PAF-AH to apoA-I (P < 0.01) than did controls. Our results show that the distribution of PAF-AH mass between HDLs and LDLs is determined partly by the concentrations of the lipoproteins and partly by the mass of enzyme per lipoprotein particle, which is disturbed in hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus.
Advances in silica-based integrated optics (2003)

Recent advances within the realization of silica-based planar waveguide circuitry are presented. This ranges from the production methods for planar waveguides, including a novel method based on the utilization of focused UV-laser beams for direct waveguide imprinting, to the functionalities that are embedded into the glass materials and wave- guide circuitry. Planar waveguide amplifiers, lasers, and the pursuit to obtain highly nonlinear materials to realize purely glass-based switches, modulators, and wavelength converters are also presented. Further- more, microring resonators are discussed, and finally the latest results
Neural nets for adaptive filtering and adaptive pattern recognition (1988)

The adaptive linear combiner (ALC) is described, and practical applications of the ALC in signal processing and pattern recognition are presented. Six signal processing examples are given, which are system modeling, statistical prediction, noise canceling, echo canceling, universe modeling, and channel equalization. Adaptive pattern recognition using neural nets is then discussed. The concept involves the use of an invariance net followed by a trainable classifier. It makes use of a multilayer adaptation algorithm that descrambles output and reproduces original patterns.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Agonist-independent Activation of Gz by the 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Receptor Co-expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda Cells (1997)

The human 5-hydroxytryptamine1A receptor, when expressed in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells, facilitates the binding of [35S]GTPgammaS to a co-expressed GTP-binding regulatory protein, Gz, consistent with constitutive activity. The antagonists 4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2'(n-2"-pyridinyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl-p ipe razine (p-MPPI) and the related fluorobenzamido analogue p-MPPF had little (p-MPPI) or no (p-MPPF) effect on this activity. In contrast, a third antagonist, the neuroleptic spiperone, produced an almost complete suppression. Thus, using G protein activation as an index of receptor activity, p-MPPF was classified as a neutral antagonist, p-MPPI as a partial inverse agonist, and spiperone as essentially a full inverse agonist. As predicted, spiperone displayed properties consistent with a special form of noncompetitive antagonism when used to displace the agonist [125I]R-(+)-trans-8-hydroxy-2-[N-n-propyl-N-(3'-iodo-2'-propenyl)amin o]tetralin. Our data profile Sf9 cells as a unique vehicle for the characterization of inverse agonists, as these cells support a systematic pairing of mammalian receptors and G proteins, quantitative assays of G protein activation, and unambiguously labeled populations of coupled and uncoupled receptors.
An LRU-based replacement algorithm augmented with frequency of access in shared chip-multiprocessor caches (2006)

This paper proposes a new replacement algorithm to protect cache lines with potential future reuse from being evicted. In contrast to the recency based approaches used in the past (LRU for example), our algorithm also uses the notion of frequency of access. Instead of evicting the least recently used block, our algorithm identifies among a set of LRU blocks the one that is also least-frequently-used (according to a heuristic) and chooses that as a victim. We have implemented this replacement algorithm in a detailed simulation model of a chip multiprocessor system driven by SPEC2000 benchmarks. We have found that the new scheme improves performance for memory intensive applications. Moreover, as compared to other attempts, our replacement algorithm provides robust improvements across all benchmarks. We have also extended an earlier scheme proposed by Wong and Baer so it is switched off when performance is not improved. Our results show that this makes the scheme much more suitable for CMP configurations.
Xenopus oocyte maturation does not require new cyclin synthesis. (1991)

Progesterone induces fully grown, stage VI, Xenopus oocytes to pass through meiosis I and arrest in metaphase of meiosis II. Protein synthesis is required twice in this process: in order to activate maturation promoting factor (MPF) which induces meiosis I, and then again after the completion of meiosis I to reactivate MPF in order to induce meiosis II. We have used antisense oligonucleotides to destroy maternal stores of cyclin mRNAs, and demonstrate that new cyclin synthesis is not required for entry into either meiosis I or II. This finding is consistent with the demonstration that stage VI oocytes contain a store of B-type cyclin polypeptides (Kobayashi, H., J. Minshull, C. Ford, R. Golsteyn, R. Poon, and T. Hunt. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 114:755-765). Although approximately 70% of cyclin B2 is destroyed at first meiosis, the surviving fraction, together with a larger pool of surviving cyclin B1, must be sufficient to allow the reactivation of MPF and induce entry into second meiotic metaphase. Since stage VI oocytes do not contain any cyclin A, our results show that cyclin A is not required for meiosis in Xenopus. We discuss the possible nature of the proteins whose synthesis is required to induce meiosis I and II.
Nitrogen-Doped Graphene and Its Iron-Based Composite As Efficient Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction (2012)

The high cost of platinum-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hindered the practical application of fuel cells. Thanks to its unique chemical and structural properties, nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) is among the most promising metal-free catalysts for replacing platinum. In this work, we have developed a cost-effective synthesis of NG by using cyanamide as a nitrogen source and graphene oxide as a precursor, which led to high and controllable nitrogen contents (4.0% to 12.0%) after pyrolysis. NG thermally treated at 900 °C shows a stable methanol crossover effect, high current density (6.67 mA cm(-2)), and durability (∼87% after 10,000 cycles) when catalyzing ORR in alkaline solution. Further, iron (Fe) nanoparticles could be incorporated into NG with the aid of Fe(III) chloride in the synthetic process. This allows one to examine the influence of non-noble metals on the electrocatalytic performance. Remarkably, we found that NG supported with 5 wt % Fe nanoparticles displayed an excellent methanol crossover effect and high current density (8.20 mA cm(-2)) in an alkaline solution. Moreover, Fe-incorporated NG showed almost four-electron transfer processes and superior stability in both alkaline (∼94%) and acidic (∼85%) solutions, which outperformed the platinum and NG-based catalysts.
A Quantitative Bioassay for HIV-1 Based on Trans-Activation (1988)

A bioassay that is based on trans-activation has been developed for the detection and quantitation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Indicator cell lines were constructed that contain the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ligated to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Infection of these cells by HIV activates the expression of CAT protein. Isolates of HIV-1 with divergent nucleotide sequences activated the indicator cell lines to a similar extent, approximately 500- to 1000-fold. Human T cell lymphotropic viruses types 1 and 2, equine infectious anemia virus, and herpes simplex virus 1 did not activate the indicator cell lines. Isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 4 activated these cells to a much lesser extent, which suggests that these viruses contain similar, but distinct, trans-activators. This assay can be used for the detection, quantitation, and typing of HIV and for studying the effect of drugs on the replication of HIV in different cellular backgrounds.