gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Yeasts and Moulds in the Bovine Rumen (2000)

Summary: Only small numbers of fungi were found in the rumen fluid of cattle cultured on agar plates at 39°C, the counts being up to 3500 yeast colonies/ml, with a similar number of mould colonies. However, considerably larger numbers of yeast colonies appeared on plates incubated at 25°C. Nine species of yeasts were isolated belonging to Candida (including corresponding species of Pichia), Trichosporon, Torulopsis, Kluyveromyces, Saccharomycopsis, and Hansenula . The predominating species were Candida krusei, Trichosporon cutaneum and Trichosporon capitatum . The most common moulds were members of the Mucoraceae, of which Absidia corymbifera, A. ramosa , and Mucor pusillus were identified. Aspergillus fumigatus was isolated frequently. The fungal content of rumen fluid seemed to be dependent on the diet of the animal, and no particular fungal flora could be associated with the rumen per se . The predominating Candida krusei , and also the rarely-isolated species Torulopsis pintolopesii and Kluyveromyces bulgaricus , could reproduce under anaerobic conditions in vitro , but another commonly occurring yeast, Trichosporon capitatum , was unable to grow under the same conditions. The majority of yeast cells were obviously destroyed during passage through the alimentary tract, whereas large quantities of moulds could be excreted in a viable state.
Techniques for fast and sensitive measurements of two-dimensional birefringence distributions (2003)

We propose image processing algorithms for measuring two-dimensional distributions of linear birefringence using a pair of variable retarders. Several algorithms that use between two and five recorded frames allow us to optimize measurements for speed, sensitivity, and accuracy. We show images of asters, which consist of radial arrays of microtubule polymers recorded with a polarized light microscope equipped with a universal compensator. Our experimental results confirm our theoretical expectations. The lowest noise level of 0.036 nm was obtained when we used the five-frame technique and four-frame algorithm without extinction setting. The two-frame technique allows us to increase the speed of measurement with acceptable image quality.
Configurationally Stable Biaryl Analogues of 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine:  A Novel Class of Chiral Nucleophilic Catalysts (1999)

A short synthetic approach toward a novel class of chiral nucleophilic catalysts, the dissymmetry of which stems from restricted rotation about an Ar−Ar bond, has been developed. The key steps of the synthesis include preparation of a nucleophilic 1-methyl-2-pyrrolino[3,2-c]pyridine core 16 by ortho-lithiation and creation of the biaryl axes via Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Comparative HPLC studies of racemization for configurationally labile biaryls 31, 38, and 43 containing 1-methyl-2-pyrrolino[3,2-c]pyridine, 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine, and 4-(1-pyrrolidino)pyridine cores, respectively, have demonstrated that a pyrrolidino substituent ortho to the biaryl axis is optimal for slowing Ar−Ar rotation. Biaryls containing all three cores have been shown to retain DMAP-like catalytic activity in the acylation of a hindered alcohol. Biaryls 55 and 56, which are configurationally stable at ambient temperature, have also been prepared via modification of configurationally labile derivatives. Compounds 55 and 56 in optically pure form should provide a useful starting point for studies on catalytic asymmetric acyl transfer using atropisomeric analogues of DMAP.
Structural Rearrangements of HIV-1 Tat-responsive RNA upon Binding of Neomycin B (2000)

Binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator (Tat) protein to Tat-responsive RNA (TAR) is essential for viral replication and is considered a promising starting point for the design of anti-HIV drugs. NMR spectroscopy indicated that the aminoglycosides neomycin B and ribostamycin bind to TAR and that neomycin is able to inhibit Tat binding to TAR. The solution structure of the neomycin-bound TAR has been determined by NMR spectroscopy. Chemical shift mapping and intermolecular nuclear Overhauser effects define the binding region of the aminoglycosides on TAR and give strong evidence for minor groove binding. Based on 15 nuclear Overhauser effect-derived intermolecular distance restraints, a model structure of the TAR-neomycin complex was calculated. Neomycin is bound in a binding pocket formed by the minor groove of the lower stem and the uridine-rich bulge of TAR, which adopts a conformation different from those known. The neamine core of the aminoglycoside (rings I and II) is covered with the bulge, explaining the inhibition of Tat by an allosteric mechanism. Neomycin reduces the volume of the major groove in which Tat is bound and thus impedes essential protein-RNA contacts.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4 (CDK4) Expression in Pancreatic Endocrine Tumors (2007)

We conclude that CDK4 and c-Myc is generally expressed in benign and malignant PETs, and regardless of MEN1 mutational status. Targeting of CDK4 may present an alternative to traditional chemotherapy of PETs in the future.
Acute Changes in Motor Cortical Excitability During Slow Oscillatory and Constant Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (2009)

Transcranial oscillatory current stimulation has recently emerged as a noninvasive technique that can interact with ongoing endogenous rhythms of the human brain. Yet, there is still little knowledge on how time-varied exogenous currents acutely modulate cortical excitability. In ten healthy individuals we used on-line single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to search for systematic shifts in corticospinal excitability during anodal sleeplike 0.8-Hz slow oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (so-tDCS). In separate sessions, we repeatedly applied 30-s trials (two blocks at 20 min) of either anodal so-tDCS or constant tDCS (c-tDCS) to the primary motor hand area during quiet wakefulness. Simultaneously and time-locked to different phase angles of the slow oscillation, motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) as an index of corticospinal excitability were obtained in the contralateral hand muscles 10, 20, and 30 s after the onset of tDCS. MEPs were also measured off-line before, between, and after both stimulation blocks to detect any lasting excitability shifts. Both tDCS modes increased MEP amplitudes during stimulation with an attenuation of the facilitatory effect toward the end of a 30-s tDCS trial. No phase-locking of corticospinal excitability to the exogenous oscillation was observed during so-tDCS. Off-line TMS revealed that both c-tDCS and so-tDCS resulted in a lasting excitability increase. The individual magnitude of MEP facilitation during the first tDCS trials predicted the lasting MEP facilitation found after tDCS. We conclude that sleep slow oscillation-like excitability changes cannot be actively imposed on the awake cortex with so-tDCS, but phase-independent on-line as well as off-line facilitation can reliably be induced.
Sugar-coated microarrays: A novel slide surface for the high-throughput analysis of glycans (2002)

The development of DNA and protein microarrays represents a significant advance in transcriptomics and proteomics research. Such arrays allow the high-throughput, parallel analysis of protein occurrence and interactions and gene expression. However, this advance has not been matched by equivalent technology for analysis of glycomes. One reason for this is that compared to proteins, it is difficult to reliably immobilise populations of chemically and structurally diverse glycans. We describe the development of a new microarray slide surface to which diverse glycan structures can be directly immobilised without prior derivatisation of the slide surface or any modification of the arrayed samples. The slides can be used to produce comprehensive microarrays of carbohydrates, glycoproteins and proteoglycans using isolated samples or cell extracts. Using standard microarray equipment, a series of carbohydrate microarrays were generated and probed with a panel of monoclonal antibodies with specificities for glycan epitopes. The arrays were highly reproducible, stable, and could be stored dry for several months. Glycans play central roles in development, carcinogenesis, cell adhesion, and immunity and are increasingly the subject of therapeutic approaches. We anticipate that the development of carbohydrate microarrays will be important for the high-throughput analysis of glycans and their molecular interactions.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Transtympanic Gentamicin for M??ni??re's Syndrome (2001)

It appears that a single transtympanic gentamicin injection is effective in controlling the vertigo of Ménière's syndrome. Cochlear impact has been minimal. It is most useful for those patients who have failed medical management and are severely affected but not totally incapacitated by the disease.
Determination of tilted superlattice structure by atomic force microscopy (1989)

We have analyzed the structure of tilted superlattices on atomically stepped surfaces by using atomic force microscopy to detect ridges of GaAs formed by the selective oxidation and removal of intervening AlAs regions. Oxides were removed in a liquid cell of the atomic force microscope while scanning. We have demonstrated plan views which reveal the superlattice length and width uniformity, but the method is also in principle suited for cross-sectional samples.
The induced biosynthesis of 7-dehydrocholesterols in yeast: potential sources of new provitamin D3 analogs (1976)

The effect of low concentrations of a specifically designed sterol-24-transmethylase inhibitor, 25-aza-24, 25-dihydrozymosterol (10) on sterol production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. The synthesis of cholesta-5,7,22,24-tetraen-3beta-ol (4), its 7,22,24 analog (15) and the 7,24 analog (5) coupled with the availability of zymosterol (6) and cholesta-5,7,24-3beta-ol (3) derivatives facilitated a search for these sterols in cultures treated with this inhibitor. When S. cerevisiae was grown in the presence of 1.3 and 5 muM 10, it produced no ergosterol but accumulated zymosterol (6), cholesta-5,7,22,24-tetraen-3beta-ol (4) and related C27 sterols (3 and 5). These results indicate blockage of the side chain methylation that normally occurs during the biosynthesis of ergosterol in yeast by compound 10 is efficient. The cholesta-5,7,22,24-tetraen-3beta-ol is a close structural analog of provitamin D3 (7-dehydrocholesterol). The inhibited yeast thus provides a source of a potentially new provitamin D3 substitute.
Toward the Production of Bispecific Antibody Fragments for Clinical Applications (1995)

The clinical potential of bispecific antibodies (BsAb) has been hindered by the difficulty of obtaining clinical grade material, together with the immunogenicity of rodent-derived BsAb in patients. The supply issue is being directly addressed by recombinant methods for BsAb fragment production reviewed here. The immunogenicity issue will likely be overcome by the use of humanized or human antibodies. Currently, three technologies appear suitable for the production of BsAb fragments for clinical applications: BsF(ab')2 assembled from Fab' fragments expressed in Escherichia coli, BsF(ab')2 assembled using leucine zippers, and diabodies.
A 3-dimensional model for low-pressure chemical-vapor-deposition step coverage in trenches and circular vias (1991)

A general analytical model has been developed to calculate particle transport and spatial step coverage evolution within 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional microelectronic device structures during low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. The model can account for spatially dependent nonunity reactive ‘‘sticking probabilities,’’ anisotropic source fluxes, and trench ‘‘shadowing’’ effects. There is no restriction on the initial and evolving shape of the structure. Model results are compared to direct Monte Carlo simulations for step coverage on rectangular trenches, and are found to more accurately describe the observed experimental step coverages during phosphorous-doped silicon dioxide glass film deposition. We present here, for the first time, detailed calculations of step coverage in circular vias for a wide range of reactive sticking probabilities.
Characterization of M-Current in Ventral Tegmental Area Dopamine Neurons (2006)

M-current (I(M)) is a voltage-gated potassium current (KCNQ type) that affects neuronal excitability and is modulated by some drugs of abuse. Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are important for the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse. Therefore we studied I(M) in acutely dissociated rat DA VTA neurons with nystatin-perforated patch recording. The standard deactivation protocol was used to measure I(M) during voltage-clamp recording with hyperpolarizing voltage steps to -65 mV (in 10-mV increments) from a holding potential of -25 mV. I(M) amplitude was voltage dependent and maximal current amplitude was detected at -45 mV. The deactivation time constant of I(M) was voltage dependent and became shorter at more negative voltages. The I(M)/KCNQ antagonist XE991 (0.3-30 microM) caused a concentration-dependent reduction in I(M) amplitude with an IC(50) of 0.71 microM. Tetraethylammonium (TEA, 0.3-10 mM) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of I(M) with an IC(50) of 1.56 mM. In current-clamp recordings, all DA VTA neurons were spontaneously active. Analysis of evoked action potential shape indicated that XE991 (1-10 microM) reduced the fast and slow components of the spike afterhyperpolarization (AHP) without affecting the middle component of the AHP. Action potential amplitude, duration, and threshold were not affected by XE991. In addition, 10 microM XE991 significantly shortened the interspike intervals in evoked spike trains. In conclusion, I(M) is active near threshold in DA VTA neurons, is blocked by XE991 (10 microM) and TEA (10 mM), may contribute to the shape of the AHP, and may decrease excitability of these neurons.
Polyglyoxylates: A Versatile Class of Triggerable Self-Immolative Polymers from Readily Accessible Monomers (2014)

Self-immolative polymers, which degrade by an end-to-end depolymerization mechanism in response to the cleavage of a stabilizing end-cap from the polymer terminus, are of increasing interest for a wide variety of applications ranging from sensors to controlled release. However, the preparation of these materials often requires expensive, multistep monomer syntheses, and the degradation products such as quinone methides or phthalaldehydes are potentially toxic to humans and the environment. We demonstrate here that polyglyxoylates can serve as a new and versatile class of self-immolative polymers. Polymerization of the commercially available monomer ethyl glyoxylate, followed by end-capping with a 6-nitroveratryl carbonate, provides a poly(ethyl glyoxylate) that depolymerizes selectively upon irradiation with UV light, ultimately generating ethanol and the metabolic intermediate glyoxylic acid hydrate. To access polyglyoxylates with different properties, the polymerization and end-capping approach can also be extended to other glyoxylate monomers including methyl glyoxylate, n-butyl glyoxylate, and benzyl glyoxylate, which can be easily prepared from their corresponding fumaric or maleic acid derivatives. Random copolymers of these monomers with ethyl glyoxylate can also be prepared. Furthermore, using a multifunctional end-cap that is UV-responsive and also enables the conjugation of another polymer block via an azide-alkyne "click" cycloaddition, amphiphilic self-immolative block copolymers are also prepared. These block copolymers self-assemble into micelles in aqueous solution, and their poly(ethyl glyoxylate) blocks rapidly depolymerize upon UV irradiation. Overall, these strategies are expected to greatly expand the utility of self-immolative polymers by providing access for the first time to self-immolative polymers with tunable properties that can be readily obtained from simple monomers and can be designed to depolymerize into nontoxic products.
The absence of P2X7 receptors (P2rx7) on non-haematopoietic cells leads to selective alteration in mood-related behaviour with dysregulated gene expression and stress reactivity in mice (2012)

The purpose of this study was to explore how genetic deletion and pharmacological antagonism of the P2X7 receptor (P2rx7) alter mood-related behaviour, gene expression and stress reactivity in the brain. The forced swim test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion (AH) tests were used in wild-type (P2rx7(+/+)) and P2rx7-deficient (P2rx7(-/-)) mice. Biogenic amine levels were analysed in the amygdala and striatum, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone levels were measured in the plasma and pituitary after restraint stress. Chimeric mice were generated by bone marrow transplantation. A whole genome microarray analysis with real-time polymerase chain reaction validation was performed on the amygdala. In the absence of P2rx7s decreased behavioural despair in the FST, reduced immobility in the TST and attenuated amphetamine-induced hyperactivity were detected. Basal norepinephrine levels were elevated in the amygdala, whereas stress-induced ACTH and corticosterone responses were alleviated in P2rx7(-/-) mice. Sub-acute treatment with the selective P2rx7 antagonist, Brilliant Blue G, reproduced the effect of genetic deletion in the TST and AH test in P2rx7(+/+) but not P2rx7(-/-) mice. No change in behavioural phenotype was observed in chimeras lacking the P2rx7 in their haematopoietic compartment. Whole genome microarray analysis indicated a widespread up- and down-regulation of genes crucial for synaptic function and neuroplasticity by genetic deletion. Here, we present evidence that the absence of P2rx7s on non-haematopoietic cells leads to a mood-stabilizing phenotype in several behavioural models and suggest a therapeutic potential of P2rx7 antagonists for the treatment of mood disorders.
Perioperative intravenous iron: an upfront therapy for treating anaemia and reducing transfusion requirements. (2013)

Perioperative anaemia, with iron deficiency being its leading cause, is a frequent condition among surgical patients, and has been linked to increased postoperative morbidity and mortality, and decreased quality of life. Postoperative anaemia is even more frequent and is mainly caused by perioperative blood loss, aggravated by inflammation-induced blunting of erythropoiesis. Allogenic transfusion is commonly used for treating acute perioperative anaemia, but it also increases the rate of morbidity and mortality in surgical and critically ill patients. Thus, overall concerns about adverse effects of both preoperative anaemia and allogeneic transfusion have prompted the review of transfusion practice and the search for safer and more biologically rational treatment options. In this paper, the role of intravenous iron therapy (mostly with iron sucrose and ferric carboxymaltose), as a safe and efficacious tool for treating anaemia and reducing transfusion requirements in surgical patients, as well as in other medical areas, has been reviewed. From the analysis of published data and despite the lack of high quality evidence in some areas, it seems fair to conclude that perioperative intravenous iron administration, with or without erythropoiesis stimulating agents, is safe, results in lower transfusion requirements and hastens recovery from postoperative anaemia. In addition, some studies have reported decreased rates of postoperative infection and mortality, and shorter length of hospital stay in surgical patients receiving intravenous iron.
Behavioural consequences of oligodendrocyte progenitor cell transplantation into experimental demyelinating lesions in the rat spinal cord (1999)

Glial cell transplantation has the potential to be developed into a clinical treatment for human demyelinating diseases because of its demonstrated efficacy in remyelinating experimentally demyelinated axons. As a step towards clinical application it is necessary to demonstrate that the procedure is safe and efficacious in promoting behavioural recovery. In this study we transplanted glial cell progenitors into demyelinating lesions induced by intraspinal injection of ethidium bromide in the rat. Locomotor function after transplantation was assessed using a beam-walking test that has previously been shown able to detect deficits associated with demyelination in the dorsal funiculus of the rat spinal cord. Two groups of animals with transplants were examined. In one group, spontaneous remyelination was prevented by exposure of the lesion to 40 Gy of X-irradiation; in the other, male glial cells were transplanted into nonirradiated female recipients, permitting their identification by use of a probe specific to the rat Y chromosome. Following transplantation, there was severe axon loss in a large proportion of the irradiated animals and those affected did not recover normal behavioural function. In contrast, both the small proportion of the irradiated group that sustained only mild axon loss and the nonirradiated recipients of transplants recovered normal function on our behavioural test. We conclude that glial cell transplantation is able to reverse the functional deficits associated with demyelination, provided axonal loss is minimal.
Sams Teach Yourself Windows XP Computer Basics All in One (2003)

Find all the answers to a Windows XP useri¾?s questions in one big, easy-to-use book. Sams Teach Yourself Windows XP Computer Basics All in One is designed to teach the new computer user how to get the most out of a desktop computer. It does not assume the reader wants to learn how to use just one product, but covers multiple products and technologies together in a logical fashion. Topics covered include: Computer Basics, Windows XP, Microsoft Office, Internet and Web, Upgrades and Repair, and Home Networking. If you are a beginning computer user who wants to buy one, single book to help you better use your computer or accomplish a broad range of computer activities Sams teach Yourself Windows XP Computer Basics All in One is the book for you!
Abelian and non-Abelian geometric phases in adiabatic open quantum systems (2006)

We introduce a self-consistent framework for the analysis of both Abelian and non-Abelian geometric phases associated with open quantum systems, undergoing cyclic adiabatic evolution. We derive a general expression for geometric phases, based on an adiabatic approximation developed within an inherently open-systems approach. This expression provides a natural generalization of the analogous one for closed quantum systems, and we prove that it satisfies all the properties one might expect of a good definition of a geometric phase, including gauge invariance. A striking consequence is the emergence of a finite time interval for the observation of geometric phases. The formalism is illustrated via the canonical example of a spin-$1∕2$ particle in a time-dependent magnetic field. Remarkably, the geometric phase in this case is immune to dephasing and spontaneous emission in the renormalized Hamiltonian eigenstate basis. This result positively impacts holonomic quantum computing.