gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the rearfoot. A model of adaptation with evidence from the fossil record (1999)

The evolution of the human foot presents an obfuscation: explanations for its occurrence and the exact nature of mechanisms of change are still not fully understood. This article outlines a model of adaptation from a primitive ape foot and presents this as a hypothesis. Evidence substantiating the hypothesis is then presented, which explains many of the large-scale features distinctive to the human foot. Further evidence is then presented that goes some way toward explaining the sequence of modification with first the lateral side becoming adapted for terrestrial function followed by the medial side. Paradoxically, this was hypothesized by Morton more than half a century ago in his "hypothetical prehuman foot," though it was not accepted favorably at the time.
Asymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistry (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis of bicyclic intermediates of natural product chemistryZoltan G. Hajos and David R. ParrishCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 12, 1615–1621Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00925a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00925a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views15801Altmetric-Citations1120LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation arm is a pro-survival pathway of BCR-ABL signaling and confers resistance to imatinib treatment in chronic myeloid leukemia cells (2012)

Activation of adaptive mechanisms plays a crucial role in cancer progression and drug resistance by allowing cell survival under stressful conditions. Therefore, inhibition of the adaptive response is considered as a prospective therapeutic strategy. The PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation pathway is an important arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is induced under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Our previous work showed that ER stress is induced in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Herein, we demonstrate that the PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation pathway is upregulated in CML cell lines and CD34+ cells from CML patients and is associated with CML progression and imatinib resistance. We also show that induction of apoptosis by imatinib results in the downregulation of the PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation arm. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inactivation of the PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation arm decreases the clonogenic and proliferative capacities of CML cells and sensitizes them to death by imatinib. These findings provide evidence for a pro-survival role of PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation arm that contributes to CML progression and development of imatinib resistance. Thus, the PERK-eIF2α phosphorylation arm may represent a suitable target for therapeutic intervention for CML disease.
Pre-loading of mouse oocytes with DNA-specific fluorochrome (Hoechst 33342) permits rapid detection of sperm–oocyte fusion (1988)

Mouse oocytes exposed to 1 microgram Hoechst 33342 (H-33342)/ml and then fertilized in vitro developed normally into blastocysts and blastocyst outgrowths. After penetration of the zona, the fertilizing spermatozoon showed intense fluorescence upon fusion with the vitelline membrane. Due to fluorochrome leakage from the perivitelline space a faint fluorescence was detected in zona-bound spermatozoa. This fluorescence of zona-bound spermatozoa intensified with increased fluorochrome concentration (10 micrograms/ml), obscuring the fluorescence of the fertilizing spermatozoa. Spermatozoa added to zona-free mouse oocytes (pre-loaded with 1 or 10 micrograms H-33342/ml) fluoresced within 10 min of insemination, provided the zonae were removed mechanically. Removal by protease digestion induced leakage of fluorochrome, so that all spermatozoa in the vicinity of an oocyte pre-loaded with 10 micrograms H-33342/ml became labelled. This leakage was not visibly apparent when protease-treated oocytes were exposed to only 1 microgram H-33342/ml. The technique could not be applied to zona-free hamster oocytes under our conditions, since the fluorochrome leaked freely from the oocytes whether the zona was removed mechanically or enzymically.
USP publishes enforceable chapter on sterile compounding (2003)

Journal Article USP publishes enforceable chapter on sterile compounding Get access Cheryl A. Thompson Cheryl A. Thompson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 60, Issue 18, 15 September 2003, Page 1814, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/60.18.1814 Published: 15 September 2003
Nasal Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview (2015)

Since ancient times, drugs have been administered via the nasal route for therapeutic and recreational purposes. The interest in, and importance, of the systemic effects of drugs administered through the nasal route, have expanded over recent decades. Intra-nasal administration of drugs offers an interesting alternative for achieving systemic therapeutic effects of drugs that are comparable to the parenteral route, which can be inconvenient at times or oral administration, which can result in unacceptably low drug bioavailability. So, it is important to understand the potential and limitations of various nasal drug delivery systems. Therefore, the aim of this review article is to discuss the various pharmaceutical dosage forms that have the potential to be utilised for local or systemic drug administration. It is intuitively expected that this review will help to understand and further to develop suitable intra-nasal formulations to achieve specific therapeutic objectives.
Soluble mouse B7-H3 down-regulates dendritic cell stimulatory capacity to allogenic T cell proliferation and production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. (2006)

B7-H3 is a recently identified member of the B7 gene family. Its ubiquitous expression in both lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues suggests that it could play an important role in the maintenance of self-tolerance. However, the exact function of B7-H3 is still elusive. The purpose of current study is to demonstrate the possible function of soluble mouse B7-H3 for prevention of DC-mediated T cell activation. For this purpose, we established a soluble mouse B7-H3 fusion protein (mB7h3-hIg) eukaryotic expression vector (pmB7h3-hIg) with a C-terminal human IgG1 Fc. A C57BL/6 (B6)-derived dendritic cell line (DC2.4 cells) was used for the establishment of stable transfectants for generation of soluble mB7h3-hIg. Ectopic mB7h3-hIg expression was confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blot and ELISA analyses. A 49.7 kD protein was detected by Western blot from DC2.4 cells transfected with pmB7h3-hIg. It was found that soluble mB7h3-hIg expression has no effect on cell cycling and apoptosis and the expression of CD80 and CD86 of the DC2.4 cells. However, ectopic soluble mB7h3-hIg expression was found to significantly affect the allo-stimulatory capability for DC2.4 cells. DC2.4 cells expressing soluble mB7h3-hIg showed a significant reduced allo-stimulatory capability as compared with the controls determined by MLC. Further studies revealed that soluble mB7h3-hIg could also inhibit IL-2 and IFN-gamma production of allogenic T cells. These results suggested a great potential of soluble B7-H3 for treatment of graft rejection and autoimmume disease.
The nucleotide analog 2-aminopurine as a spectroscopic probe of nucleotide incorporation by the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli polymerase I and bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase (1995)

The fluorescent properties and their sensitivity to the surrounding environment of the nucleotide analog 2-aminopurine (2-AP) have been well documented. In this paper we describe the use of 2-AP as a direct spectroscopic probe of the mechanism of nucleotide incorporation by Escherichia coli Pol I Klenow fragment (KF) and bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase. The nucleotidyl transfer reaction may be monitored in real time by following the fluorescence of 2-AP, allowing the detection of transient intermediates along the reaction pathway that are inaccessible through traditional radioactive assays. Previous studies with Klenow fragment [Kuchta, R. D., Mizrahi, V., Benkovic, P. A., Johnson, K. A., & Benkovic, S. J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8410-8417] have revealed the presence of a nonchemical step prior to chemistry and have identified this conformational change as the rate-limiting step of correct nucleotide incorporation. During correct incorporation, phosphodiester bond formation occurs at a rate greater than the conformational change and has not been measured. However, during misinsertion, the rate of the chemical step becomes partially rate limiting and it becomes possible to detect both steps. We have successfully decoupled the chemical and conformational change steps for nucleotide insertion by KF using the misincorporation reaction, and we present direct spectroscopic evidence for an activated KF'-DNA-dNTP species following the conformational change step which features hydrogen bonding between the incoming and template bases. In addition, we have utilized these same experiments to demonstrate the existence of a similar nonchemical step in the mechanism of dNTP incorporation by bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Access to justice (2014)

I would like to commence by acknowledging the traditional owners of the land on which we meet, the Wadjuk people who form part of the great Nyungar clan of south-western Australia, and to pay my respects to their Elders past and present. As many of you will be aware, this particular area of land is of special importance to the Wadjuk people because it is the point at which the river known to them as Derbyl Yerrigan, and which we call the Swan River, enters the sea. It was a particularly important place for the Wadjuk in terms of ceremonial gatherings and meeting points. It is important that we acknowledge their continuing custodianship of the land and I am pleased to do so.
A digital method of modeling quadratically nonlinear systems with a general random input (1988)

Without assuming particular statistics of the input, a practical digital method of estimating linear and quadratic transfer functions of a nonlinear time-invariant system that can be described by Volterra series of up to second order is presented. The method is tested and validated by analyzing input-output data of a known quadratically nonlinear system. It is used when there is little knowledge about the input statistics or the input is non-Gaussian. It is also noted that the ordinary coherence functions cannot be used in explaining the input-output power transfer relationship of a quadratic system excited by a non-Gaussian input signal. With respect to the practical application of the method, the relationship between the mean square errors involved in the transfer function estimates and the number of averages taken from the spectral estimation is qualitatively discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Two-Photon-Photocleavable Linker for Triggering Light-Induced Strand Breaks in Oligonucleotides (2017)

We synthesized a two-photon-sensitive photocleavable linker based on the 7-diethylaminocoumarin structure and introduced it successfully into DNA strands. First, we demonstrated the inducibility of strand scissions upon irradiation at 365 nm. To verify and visualize the two-photon activity, we used a fluorescence assay based on a DNA strand displacement immobilized in a hydrogel. Additionally, we investigated its use in a new class of DNA decoys that are able to catch and release nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) by using light as an external trigger signal. In cell culture we were able to show the regulation of NF-κB-controlled transcription of green fluorescent protein.
A selective filter-bank TLB system [embedded processor MMU for low power] (2003)

We present a selective filter-bank translation lookaside buffer (TLB) system with low power consumption for embedded processors. The proposed TLB is constructed as multiple banks with a small two-bank buffer, called a filter-bank buffer, located above its associated bank. Either a filter-bank buffer or a main bank TLB can be selectively accessed, based on two bits in the filter-bank buffer. Energy savings are achieved by reducing the number of entries accessed at a time, by using filtering and the bank mechanism. The overhead of the proposed TLB turns out to be negligible compared with other hierarchical structures. Simulation results show that the energy/spl times/delay product can be reduced by about 88% compared with a fully -associative TLB, 75% with respect to a filter-TLB, and 51% relative to a banked-filter TLB.
Isolation and quantitative immunoelectrophoresis of erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase B and C in subjects with thyroid disorders. (1980)

A simple procedure for separating carbonic anhydrase from hemoglobin in hemolysates is described. The procedure uses adsorption on diethylaminoethyl Sephadex at pH 8.7. The adsorbed material is hemoglobin and the carbonic anhydrases are isolated. The different isoenzymes A, B and C of carbonic anhydrase are separated from each other on another diethylaminoethyl Sephadex column by elution at pH 8.7. The pure isoenzymes are used for preparation of antibody in rabbits. It has been shown that concentration of HCA type B in erythrocytes increases in hypothyreosis and decreases in hyperthyreosis. Many drugs interact with the usual diagnostic tests used in the diagnosis of thyroid disorders. The purpose of this investigation was to examine, by an immunological method, the diagnostic value of HCA type B in distinguishing hyperthyroid subjects from euthyroid pregnant and oestrogen-treated subjects, who normally have thyroxine values in the hyperthyroid range.
Spill code minimization techniques for optimizing compliers (1989)

Global register allocation and spilling is commonly performed by solving a graph coloring problem. In this paper we present a new coherent set of heuristic methods for reducing the amount of spill code generated. This results in more efficient (and shorter) compiled code. Our approach has been compared to both standard and priority-based coloring algorithms, universally outperforming them.
Advanced Trans-Tibial Socket Fabrication Using Selective Laser Sintering (2007)

There have been a variety of efforts demonstrating the use of solid freeform fabrication (SFF) for prosthetic socket fabrication though there has been little effort in leveraging the strengths of the technology. SFF encompasses a class of technologies that can create three dimensional objects directly from a geometric database without specific tooling or human intervention. A real strength of SFF is that cost of fabrication is related to the volume of the part, not the part's complexity. For prosthetic socket fabrication this means that a sophisticated socket can be fabricated at essentially the same cost as a simple socket. Adding new features to a socket design becomes a function of software. The work at The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) and University of Texas at Austin (UTA) has concentrated on developing advanced sockets that incorporate structural features to increase comfort as well as built in fixtures to accommodate industry standard hardware. Selective laser sintering (SLS) was chosen as the SFF technology to use for socket fabrication as it was capable of fabricating sockets using materials appropriate for prosthetics. This paper details the development of SLS prosthetic socket fabrication techniques at UTHSCSA/UTA over a six-year period.
An AlGaAs window structure laser (1979)

Extremely high optical power density emission was achieved with an AlGaAs "window structure" laser in CW operation as well as pulsed operation by increasing the threshold of the catastrophic optical damage (COD) on mirrors. A Zn diffused "window stripe" laser consists of the Zn diffused p-type light emitting region with low effective energy gap in the central part and the n-type window regions with high effective energy gap at both ends of the cavity. The maximum available optical power in pulsed operation was at least one order of magnitude higher than the COD threshold in conventional structures. 80 mW optical power in CW operation was achieved in the Zn diffused window stripe laser with a 5 μm wide stripe. Furthermore, gradual degradation due to the photoenhanced mirror oxidation has been reduced significantly under long term CW operation.
The major outer membrane protein of Haemophilus ducreyi consists of two OmpA homologs (1997)

The major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of Haemophilus ducreyi is an OmpA homolog that migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) gels as three species with apparent molecular weights ranging from 37,000 to 43,000. Monoclonal antibodies directed against this macromolecule were used to identify recombinant clones containing fragments of the gene encoding this protein. Nucleotide sequence analysis of these fragments confirmed that the MOMP encoded by the intact gene (momp) was a member of the OmpA family of outer membrane proteins. Construction of an isogenic H. ducreyi mutant unable to express the MOMP led to the discovery of a second outer membrane protein which migrated at the same rate on SDS-PAGE gels as the MOMP. N-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of this second protein revealed that its N terminus was nearly identical to that of the MOMP and also had homology with members of the OmpA family. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the region downstream from the momp gene revealed the presence of a partial open reading frame encoding a predicted OmpA-like protein. A modification of anchored PCR technology was used to obtain the nucleotide sequence of this downstream gene which was shown to encode a second OmpA homolog (OmpA2). The N-terminal amino acid sequence of OmpA2 was identical to that of the OmpA-like protein detected in the momp mutant. The H. ducreyi MOMP and OmpA2 proteins, which comigrated on SDS-PAGE gels and which were encoded by the tandem arranged momp and ompA2 genes, were 72% identical.
Experimental research of tumor-associated cells conditioned medium promote tumor cells proliferation and angiogenesis (2012)

Objective To discuss how tumor-associated cells can promote the proliferation and angiogenesis of ovarian cancer cells via paracrine mechanism in vitro.Methods Tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAFs) and normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated and cultured,respectively,and after then collected conditioned mediums (CM) ; 2 ml TAFs-CM treated 1 × 105 cell/well ovarian cancer cells as experimental group; 2 ml NFs-CM treated 1 × 105 cell/well ovarian cancer cells as control group; complete mediums treated 1 × 105 cell/well ovarian cancer cells as blank group; 20 μ mol SB-431512 ( 10 μmol/ml) was added in experimental group as intervene group; Cell cycle was determined at every group by flow cytometry;the proliferating cell nuclear antigen ( PCNA),α-smooth muscle actin ( α-SMA ),vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) mRNA of every group were detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) ; the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1,α-SMA,VEGF protein expression in every group were detected by Western blotting.Results Proliferation of OCCs in experimental group were significantly promoted compared with the control group (22.10 ± 1.84 vs 12.77 ± 1.43,P ＜0.05) ; The effect of this kind of promotion was significantly inhibited in intervene group than the experimental groups (8.20 ± 0.80 vs 11.66 ± 1.60,P ＜ 0.05 ).Compare to control group and blank group,the RT-PCR showed the PCNA,α-SMA,VEGF mRNA expression in experimental group were enhanced,and the expression of TGF-β1,α-SMA,VEGF protein in experimental group were significantly increased which showed by Western blotting (P ＜ 0.05).The increased expression of mRNA and protein can be significantly inhibited while adding SB-431512 into experimental group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Tumor-associated cells can promote the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells via paracrine mechanism,and upregulated some gene and protein related to angiogenesis,and which can be effectively inhibited by inhibiting TGF-β signal pathway.

Key words: 
Tumor-associated fibroblasts cells;  Ovarian cancer cells;  Transforming growth factor-β
Cyclooxygenase-2-Derived Prostaglandin E2 and Lipoxin A4 Accelerate Resolution of Allergic Edema in Angiostrongylus costaricensis- Infected Rats: Relationship with Concurrent Eosinophilia (2000)

In noninfected rats, challenge with allergen following local IgE sensitization induced a pleurisy marked by intense protein exudation that plateaued from 30 min to 4 h after challenge, reducing thereafter. Infection of rats with Angiostrongylus costaricensis induced a 5-fold increase in blood eosinophil numbers by 25 days postinfection, whereas the numbers of eosinophils in the pleural cavity ranged from normal to a weak increase. In infected rats, identically sensitized, challenge with Ag induced a much shorter duration of pleural edema with complete resolution by 4 h, but no change in the early edema response. In parallel, infection increased the number of eosinophils recovered from the pleural cavity at 4 h, but not at 30 min, following allergen challenge. Pretreatment with IL-5 (100 IU/kg, i.v.) also increased eosinophil numbers in blood and, after allergen challenge, shortened the duration of the pleural edema and increased pleural eosinophil numbers. There were increases in the levels of both PGE2 and lipoxin A4 (LXA4) in pleural exudate. Selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, NS-398, meloxicam, and SC-236, did not alter pleural eosinophilia, but reversed the curtailment of the edema in either infected or IL-5-pretreated rats. Pretreatment of noninfected animals with the PGE analogue, misoprostol, or two stable LXA4 analogues did not alter the magnitude of pleural exudation response, but clearly shortened its duration. These results indicate that the early resolution of allergic pleural edema observed during A. costaricensis infection coincided with a selective local eosinophilia and seemed to be mediated by COX-2-derived PGE2 and LXA4.