gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absorption of Orally Administered Bovine Prolactin by Neonatal Rats (1979)

Neonatal rats received by esophageal administration 400 ng bovine prolactin (bPRL) in 0.5 ml of diluent. Blood serum was collected by decapitation at intervals of 15, 30, 45 and 90 min after administration. Pooled samples of rat sera were assayed for the presence of immuno-reactive bPRL using radioimmunoassay procedures validated for that purpose. Significant quantities of bPRL were detected in sera from 7- and 8-day-old rats at 30 and 45 min after oral administration. However, there was no bPRL detected in sera from 7-day-old rats at 15 or 90 min after administration. There was also an absence of detectable bPRL at 45 min after administration in rats between 9 and 14 days of age. Rats older than 8 days apparently lose the ability to absorb oral bPRL or become more able to degrade the hormone.
공공기관 재직자의 실천학습공동체 활동이 사회적 자본 형성과 조직성과에 미치는 영향 -서울시 A 기관 사례를 중심으로- (2010)

본 연구의 목적은 서울시 소재 A기관의 사례를 중심으로 공공기관의 실천학습공동체 활동이 사회적 자본 형성과 조직 성과에 미치는 영향을 파악하여 분석하는 것이다. 연구 결과, 첫째, 공공기관 구성원들의 공동체 활동에 적극적일수록 네트워크, 가치공유, 시민활동 참여, 신뢰 등과 긍정적인 상관을 맺고 있음을 파악하였다. 둘째, 지적, 정의적, 사회적 영역 등의 실천학습공동체 활동 변인이 조직성과 변인 중 특히 직무성과와 관련성이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 신뢰, 호혜적 규범, 시민활동 참여, 가치공유, 네트워크 등의 사회적 자본 변인이 직무프로세스와 직무성과, 조직문화 등 조직성과과 긍정적인 상관이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 실천학습공동체가 조직성과에 미치는 영향은 사회적 자본에 의해 매개되고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 실천학습공동체 활동은 조직성과에 직접적으로 영향을 미칠 뿐만 아니라 사회적 자본 형성을 매개로 조직성과에 긍정적으로 영향을 미치고 있었다.
Expression, self-assembly, and antigenicity of a snow mountain agent-like calicivirus capsid protein (1995)

Virus-like particles were produced in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus containing the capsid gene of MX virus, a Mexican strain of human calicivirus. These recombinant MX (rMX) particles were morphologically similar to recombinant Norwalk virus (rNV) particles as observed under an electron microscope and contained a single capsid protein with a molecular weight of 57,000, which was slightly smaller than that of rNV. This protein was immunoprecipitated by sera from volunteers infected with the Snow Mountain agent, but it reacted weakly with sera from volunteers infected with NV. This protein did not react with hyperimmune antisera from animals immunized with rNV in the rNV antigen enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Seroresponses were detected from volunteers infected with Snow Mountain agent and Hawaii agent when the rMX particles were used as antigen in an EIA. This EIA also detected an immune response in the sera of child from whom the MX virus was isolated, and a high prevalence of antibody to MX virus was found in the sera of a cohort of Mexican children.
Determination of Localized State Density Distribution in Glow Discharge Amorphous Silicon (1979)

A new method to determine the electronic density of states in glow discharge amorphous silicon has been applied. The analysis of capacitance-voltage characteristics of metallic gate/SiO2/amorphous silicon (MOS) structures provides the U-shaped gap state distribution with a minimum density of about 1017 cm-3 eV-1 near midgap. The density of tail states at 0.4 eV from both the valence and conduction band is of the order of 1018 cm-3 eV-1. The present results are in disagreement with those previously determined from the field effect technique. Possible explanations for this discrepancy are discussed briefly.
Multiple oligomeric states regulate the DNA binding of helix-loop-helix peptides. (1993)

To study the protein-protein interactions that allow Id, a negative regulator of cell differentiation, to inhibit the DNA-binding activities of MyoD and E47, we have synthesized peptides corresponding to the helix-loop-helix domains of MyoD, E47, and Id. We show that Id preferentially inhibits the sequence-specific DNA-binding activity of MyoD, a muscle-specific protein, as compared to E47, a more ubiquitous protein. The Id helix-loop-helix domain itself forms stable tetramers, and its inhibitory activity arises from the formation of a heterotetrameric structure with MyoD. The formation of this higher order complex provides a general mechanism by which inhibitory proteins can generate sufficient interaction free energy to overcome the large DNA-binding free energy of dimeric DNA-binding proteins.
Expression of Delta-Like Protein 4 in the Human Endometrium (2007)

Activation of Delta-Notch signaling pathway promotes the development of the vascular system in embryo, normal adult tissues, and cancerous lesions. Delta and Notch genes are known to be expressed in endothelial cells, and little is known of their expression beyond the vascular system. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Delta gene would be expressed in cells of the uterine endometrium. In this study, we found that the human endometrial cells expressed one of the Delta ligands, Delta-like 4 protein (Dll4). Dll4 was expressed in human endometrium in a spatiotemporal fashion. Immunohistochemistry studies showed the cytoplasm as well as membrane staining with apical localization both in the luminal and glandular epithelium and moderate diffuse staining in the cytoplasm of the stromal cells. Western blot analysis showed that the size of the endometrial Dll4 was identical to that in the human umbilical endothelial cells. The expression of Dll4 mRNA in human endometrial cells was quantitatively determined by real-time PCR. Dll4 mRNA expressed in the glandular epithelium showed large variations, and it was significantly elevated in the mid and late proliferative and early secretory endometrium. Endometrial stromal cells contained less Dll4 mRNA and had no clear correlation with the menstrual cycle. The effect of hormones was studied in the primary culture of isolated glandular epithelial and stromal cells. In glandular cells, estradiol had little effect, and medroxyprogesterone acetate significantly reduced the mRNAs compared with that of control. Relaxin induced the Dll4 mRNA. In stromal cells, both estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate reduced the Dll4 mRNA. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the expression of Dll4 in the endometrium. We propose that endometrial Dll4 may enhance the development of the endometrial microvascular system and facilitate the implantation of blastocyst in a fertile cycle.
Modulation of K562 cells with sodium butyrate. Association of impaired NK susceptibility with sialic acid and analysis of other parameters (1983)

Neuraminidase treatment of parental and butyrate-induced K562 tumor cells was associated with an increase in natural killer (NK) susceptibility of these target cells. The degree of enhancement with neuraminidase was significantly greater for the NK-resistant (NRR) butyrate-differentiated K562 cells so that the relative difference between the parental NK-sensitive (NKS) K562 line and its induced NKR variants, in terms of NK sensitivity, was no longer five- or six-fold but only two-fold. The predominant reason for the altered NK susceptibilities of the target cells after neuraminidase treatment was an increase in the target-cell-binding ability of these cells as assessed by a direct conjugate-forming cell assay using Percoll-enriched NK cells and cold target competition assays. The enhancement did not appear to be due simply to an increased membrane-membrane attraction caused by a reduction of net negative cell surface charges since protamine sulphate, a positively charged molecule, had no effect on NK activity. Compared with the NKS parental K562 tumor cells, the NKR butyrate-induced cells had 3.6- to 4.0-fold higher sialo-transferase activities and were associated with significantly greater amounts of cell surface sialic acid detected both in sialyl glycoproteins (2.2- to 2.9-fold higher) and particularly within ganglioside extracts (6.2- to 13.6-fold higher). In conformity with the marked neuraminidase enhancement of NK-mediated cytolysis of the butyrate-induced targets, these NKR cells were associated with significantly enhanced levels of neuraminidase-accessible sialic acid compared to the NKS parental K562 cell line. Other parameters such as sensitivity to superoxide radicals, intrinsic superoxide dismutase levels, altered membrane repair mechanisms and transferrin competition, were not significantly different between the NKS and NKR target phenotypes. Sugar inhibition studies demonstrated an enhanced inhibition against the butyrate-induced cells with a variety of neutral sugars. The degree of inhibition with phosphorylated sugars was comparable between the parental and induced K562 tumor target cells and is consistent with our previous findings showing that these hexose phosphates may be inhibiting cytolysis at a step independent of target-cell recognition.
Aberrant transcription caused by the insertion of an early transposable element in an intron of the Fas antigen gene of lpr mice. (1993)

The mouse lpr (lymphoproliferation) mutation carries a rearrangement in the chromosomal gene for the Fas antigen, which mediates apoptosis. Isolation and characterization of mouse Fas antigen chromosomal gene from wild-type and lpr mice indicated an insertion of an early transposable element (ETn) in intron 2 of the Fas antigen gene of lpr mice. Hybrid transcripts carrying the Fas antigen and ETn sequences were expressed in the thymus and liver of the mutant. This indicated that premature termination and aberrant splicing of the Fas antigen transcript caused by the insertion of the ETn in the intron are responsible for the lymphoproliferation and autoimmune phenotype of the mutant mouse. On the other hand, an insertion of the ETn into an intron of a mammalian expression vector dramatically but not completely reduced the expression efficiency. These findings suggest that lpr mice are able to express a very low level of the Fas antigen.
MMDB: 3D structure data in Entrez (2000)

Three-dimensional structures are now known for roughly half of all protein families. It is thus quite likely, in searching sequence databases, that one will encounter a homolog with known structure and be able to use this information to infer structure-function properties. The goal of Entrez's 3D structure database is to make this information accessible and useful to molecular biologists. To this end, Entrez's search engine provides three powerful features: (i) Links between databases; one may search by term matching in Medline((R)), for example, and link to 3D structures reported in these articles. (ii) Sequence and structure neighbors; one may select all sequences similar to one of interest, for example, and link to any known 3D structures. (iii) Sequence and structure visualization; identifying a homolog with known structure, one may view a combined molecular-graphic and alignment display, to infer approximate 3D structure. Entrez's MMDB (Molecular Modeling DataBase) may be accessed at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Entrez/structure.html
[Neuronal cell death and apoptosis]. (1994)

Neuronal cell death is thought to be an important phenomenon not only for the developmental but also for the post-matured stages of the PNS and CNS neurons. In the developmental stages, massive neuronal death is observed at specific periods, e.g. the immediately after the arrival of axons to the postsynaptic target fields. This phenomenon is precisely programmed in the developing nervous system, so that they are called physiological or naturally occurring neuronal death. It has been shown that this programmed neuronal death is mediated by apoptotic death cascade, as follows: 1) neurotrophic agents, such as nerve growth factor, or afferent electrical input prevent neuronal death; 2) the macromolecular synthesis inhibitors, such as cycloheximide or actinomycin-D, prevent cell death; 3) DNA fragmentation is detected during the course of cell death; 4) variations of apoptotic morphology are observed in programmed neuronal death. Furthermore, recent studies also suggest that such apoptotic neuronal death occurs in the matured nervous system, e.g. neuro-degenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, or aging. Thus, it is expected that the study of apoptosis in the nervous system give us useful clues to know how the neuronal network are constructed in the development and why the neurodegenerative disease and brain aging occur.
Total Synthesis of Azithromycin (2009)

The quaternary king: Azithromycin (1), which has improved pharmacological profiles compared with erythromycins, was the target of an enantioselective synthesis. All the stereogenic quaternary carbon centers were elaborated by a desymmetrization of 2-substituted glycerols using a chiral imine/CuCl(2) catalyst.
MicroRNAs AND THEIR REGULATORY ROLES IN PLANTS (2006)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, endogenous RNAs that regulate gene expression in plants and animals. In plants, these approximately 21-nucleotide RNAs are processed from stem-loop regions of long primary transcripts by a Dicer-like enzyme and are loaded into silencing complexes, where they generally direct cleavage of complementary mRNAs. Although plant miRNAs have some conserved functions extending beyond development, the importance of miRNA-directed gene regulation during plant development is now particularly clear. Identified in plants less than four years ago, miRNAs are already known to play numerous crucial roles at each major stage of development-typically at the cores of gene regulatory networks, targeting genes that are themselves regulators, such as those encoding transcription factors and F-box proteins.
Stereodifferentiation—the effect of P chirality of oligo (nucleoside phosphorothioates) on the activity of bacterial RNase H (1995)

P stereoregular phosphorothioate analogs of pentadecamer 5'-d(AGATGTTTGAGCTCT)-3' were synthesized by the oxathiaphospholane method. Their diastereomeric purity was assigned by means of enzymatic degradation with nuclease P1 and, independently, with snake venom phosphodiesterase. DNA-RNA hybrids formed by phosphorothioate oligonucleotides (PS-oligos) with the corresponding complementary pentadecaribonucleotide were treated with bacterial RNase H. The DNA-RNA complex containing the PS-oligo of [all-RP] configuration was found to be more susceptible to RNase H-dependent degradation of the pentadecaribonucleotide compared with hybrids containing either the [all-SP] counterpart or the so called 'random mixture of diastereomers' of the pentadeca(nucleoside phosphorothioate). This stereodependence of RNase H action was also observed for a polyribonucleotide (475 nt) hybridized with these phosphorothioate oligonucleotides. The results of melting studies of PS-oligo-RNA hybrids allowed a rationalization of the observed stereodifferentiation in terms of the higher stability of heterodimers formed between oligoribonucleotides and [all-RP]-oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioates), compared with the less stable heterodimers formed with [all-SP]-oligo(nucleoside phosphorothioates) or the random mixture of diastereomers.
A Cross-sectional Study of a Prototype Carcinogenic Human Papillomavirus E6/E7 Messenger RNA Assay for Detection of Cervical Precancer and Cancer (2007)

We found that carcinogenic HPV E6/E7 mRNA is a potentially useful biomarker for detection of cervical precancer and cancer and warrants further evaluation.
Enteral Nutrition Formulas: Which Formula Is Right for Your Adult Patient? (2009)

In the last few decades, there has been tremendous advancement in the area of enteral nutrition formulas. Enteral nutrition makes it possible to provide important substrates for those who cannot or will not meet daily requirements via oral intake but who have an intact digestive system. Numerous enteral nutrition formulas are currently available, with a large portion of them targeting specific disease conditions, thus making it a daunting task at times for a clinician to sort through all the possibilities and decide on the most appropriate formula. This review provides a close examination of various enteral formula categories and presents proposed mechanisms of specialized ingredients, followed by a thorough evidence-based analysis of existing literature before making recommendations for the various enteral formula categories.
Prospective 1-Year Follow-Up Study of Breast Augmentation by Cell-Assisted Lipotransfer (2015)

The addition of SVF cells did not appear to improve the retention of grafted fat in these patients. Skin tension may be an important factor influencing the absorption pattern of grafted fat. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4: Therapeutic.
The Use of Zona-Free Animal Ova as a Test-System for the Assessment of the Fertilizing Capacity of Human Spermatozoa (1976)

Human spermatozoa are initially incapable of penetrating zona pellucida-free animal (hamster) ova but gain the ability to do so when incubated several hours in vitro. Experimental evidence suggests that this ability is associated with the completion of sperm capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Thus it appears that zona-free animal ova can be substituted for human ova in the preliminary assessment of the fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa when human ova are not readily available.
JAGGED1 Expression Is Associated with Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Recurrence (2004)

Recent studies suggest that NOTCH signaling can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transitions and augment signaling through AKT, an important growth and survival pathway in epithelial cells and prostate cancer in particular. Here we show that JAGGED1, a NOTCH receptor ligand, is significantly more highly expressed in metastatic prostate cancer as compared with localized prostate cancer or benign prostatic tissues, based on immunohistochemical analysis of JAGGED1 expression in human tumor samples from 154 men. Furthermore, high JAGGED1 expression in a subset of clinically localized tumors was significantly associated with recurrence, independent of other clinical parameters. These findings support a model in which dysregulation of JAGGED1 protein levels plays a role in prostate cancer progression and metastasis and suggest that JAGGED1 may be a useful marker in distinguishing indolent and aggressive prostate cancers.
Stereospecific Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Farnesyl Diphosphate Isomers (1999)

[formula: see text] A unified, stereospecific synthetic route to the three geometric isomers of (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (E,E-FPP) (1, 2, and 3) has been developed. The key feature of this synthesis is the ability to control the stereochemistry of triflation of the beta-ketoester 10 to give either 11 or 14. Preliminary evaluation of these compounds with protein-farnesyl transferase indicates that 1 and 2 are surprisingly effective substrates; however, Z,Z-FPP (3) is a poor substrate and a sub-micromolar inhibitor.
Signal integration at the c-fos promoter (1995)

The c-fos gene encodes a basic region-leucine zipper transcription factor that requires heterodimerization with a member of the Jun family for stable DNA binding. Fos/Jun heterodimers are present in the AP-1 transcription factor complex and both c-Fos and c-Jun are capable of transforming cells (1). Continuous expression of c-fos can lead to aberrant differentiation (2) but may also sometimes block differentiation (3). Furthermore, antisense c-fos RNA or microinjected Fosspecific antibodies are able to inhibit cell growth (4—6). The study of the regulation of the c-fos gene may therefore provide important clues as to how cellular differentiation and proliferation are controlled. The c-fos proto-oncogene is a member of the class of cellular immediate early genes which are rapidly and transiently induced upon stimulation of quiescent cells with growth factors or serum (7-9). In addition to these mitogens, many nonmitogenic signals such as UV-light (10) can also induce c-fos in a similar fashion. This transcriptional induction is independent of de novo synthesized proteins and inhibition of protein synthesis leads to an even stronger and prolonged induction of c-fos (11), indicating that components already exist for signal transduction cascades which target the c-fos promoter. Three proximal elements within the c-fos promoter have been identified as major targets for stimulating signals (Figure 1): the sis inducible element (SIE*) (12,13), the serum response element (SRE) (14,15) and the cAMP response element (CRE) (15). In the following, the pathways and mechanisms of signaling to these three promoter elements and their binding proteins will be discussed.
Ciblage de molécules antitumorales par les anticorps monoclonaux (2000)

En depit de nombreux travaux qui ont ete realises dans le domaine de la vectorisation de composes antitumoraux par des anticorps monoclonaux, comme preconisee des 1906 par Paul Ehrlich, force est de reconnaitre que, jusqu'ici, rares ont ete les exemples d'immunoconjugues ayant atteint le seuil clinique. Depuis quelques annees, pour pallier l'un des ecueils dus a la trop faible cytotoxicite des composes impliques dans cette approche, de nouveaux conjugues ont vu le jour comme ceux derives de substances tres cytotoxiques (maytansine, CC-1065 et surtout enediynes). Par ailleurs, l'ingenierie des anticorps a progresse de facon spectaculaire depuis une vingtaine d'annees permettant de selectionner des fragments d'anticorps, de modifier leur affinite ou, encore, de construire des anticorps plus specifiques, voire bispecifiques. Des progres similaires ont ete realises dans l'elaboration des molecules chimeres que sont les immunoconjugues, de sorte qu'en depit de l'extraordinaire variabilite antigenique des tumeurs, de reels progres ne devraient pas tarder a se dessiner en ce domaine. Parallelement, de nouvelles strategies ont vu le jour, comme celle liee au ciblage d'enzymes sur la tumeur. Ce protocole, denomme Adept pour antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy, pourrait resoudre les problemes lies a la charge en drogue des immunoconjugues puisque, dans ce mecanisme d'activation, c'est le turnover de l'enzyme ciblee qui sera l'element cle de la liberation du compose cytotoxique. Une fois libere, ce dernier etant internalise par diffusion passive, un autre ecueil devrait etre leve, celui de l'heterogeneite antigenique. Un premier essai clinique a ete realise voici deja quelques annees a partir d'un agent alkylant (une moutarde a l'azote) et d'un immunoconjugue constitue de la carboxypeptidase bacterienne G2 et d'un fragment de l'anticorps ACE. Bien que cet essai ait montre la validite du systeme, la nature bacterienne de l'enzyme et l'origine murine de l'anticorps ont conduit a de severes reactions immunes, meme apres administration de ciclosporine. De tels problemes devraient etre maintenant evites grâce a la mise au point de proteines de fusion composees de fragment d'anticorps humanise et d'enzyme d'origine humaine comme la beta-glucuronidase. Par ailleurs, des prodrogues susceptibles de generer les drogues correspondantes ayant une demi-vie de quelques secondes sont dorenavant disponibles. Tous ces recents developpements devraient concourir au demarrage de nouveaux essais cliniques.