gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE 1994 AT&T ATIS CHRONUS RECOGNIZER (1994)

The two main components of the AT&T spoken language system, called CHRONUS, are the speech recognizer and the natural language (NL) understanding component. We report about the speech recognition results obtained by the CHRONUS recognizer in the December 1994 ARPA ATIS SPREC evaluations. We also report about the progress made in 1994 at AT&T Bell Laboratories, in spontaneous speech recognition using the ARPA ATIS Corpus. Since the December 1993 ATIS evaluations, we have improved all the recognizer components, including the acoustic frontend, the acoustic phone Hidden Markov Models, the language model, and the lexicon. Therefore, in the December 1994 ATIS evaluations (preadjudication), we have obtained a word error rate of 3.6%, that is a three-fold reduction of the 10.2% error rate of December 1993.
Complex Structure of Knob DNA on Maize Chromosome 9: Retrotransposon Invasion into Heterochromatin (1998)

The recovery of maize (Zea mays L.) chromosome addition lines of oat (Avena sativa L.) from oat x maize crosses enables us to analyze the structure and composition of specific regions, such as knobs, of individual maize chromosomes. A DNA hybridization blot panel of eight individual maize chromosome addition lines revealed that 180-bp repeats found in knobs are present in each of these maize chromosomes, but the copy number varies from approximately 100 to 25, 000. Cosmid clones with knob DNA segments were isolated from a genomic library of an oat-maize chromosome 9 addition line with the help of the 180-bp knob-associated repeated DNA sequence used as a probe. Cloned knob DNA segments revealed a complex organization in which blocks of tandemly arranged 180-bp repeating units are interrupted by insertions of other repeated DNA sequences, mostly represented by individual full size copies of retrotransposable elements. There is an obvious preference for the integration of retrotransposable elements into certain sites (hot spots) of the 180-bp repeat. Sequence microheterogeneity including point mutations and duplications was found in copies of 180-bp repeats. The 180-bp repeats within an array all had the same polarity. Restriction maps constructed for 23 cloned knob DNA fragments revealed the positions of polymorphic sites and sites of integration of insertion elements. Discovery of the interspersion of retrotransposable elements among blocks of tandem repeats in maize and some other organisms suggests that this pattern may be basic to heterochromatin organization for eukaryotes.
Characterization of the Phe-81 and Val-82 Human Fibroblast Collagenase Catalytic Domain Purified from Escherichia coli (1995)

Soluble recombinant human fibroblast collagenase catalytic domain was highly expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. The expression construct utilized the T7 gene 10 promoter for transcription of a two-cistron messenger RNA which encoded the ubiquitin-collagenase catalytic domain fusion protein as the second cistron. The ubiquitin domain was attached to the collagenase catalytic domain with the linker sequences Gly-Gly-Thr-Gly-Asp-Val-Ala-Gln (wild type) or Gly-Gly-Thr-Gly-Asp-Val-Gly-His (mutant) which served as cleavage sites for in vitro activation. The last four residues of the linker were included based on the crystal structure of human prostromelysin-1 catalytic domain. Soluble fusion proteins purified from E. coli retained the proteolytic activity of the collagenase catalytic domain. The collagenase catalytic domain was released by either autoproteolytic or stromelysin-1-catalyzed cleavage, purified to homogeneity, and separately possess Phe-81, Val-82, or Leu-83 as the amino-terminal residue. Very similar kcat/Km values were determined for the Phe-81 and Val-82 forms using continuous fluorogenic and chromogenic peptide cleavage assays.
Adoptive transfer of tumor-primed, in vitro–activated, CD4+ T effector cells (TEs) combined with CD8+ TEs provides intratumoral TE proliferation and synergistic antitumor response (2007)

The importance of CD4+ Th1 cells during the effector phase of the antitumor response has been overshadowed by emphasis on CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). To determine their respective functions, we purified antigen-primed T cells from tumor-draining lymph nodes and separately activated CD4+ and CD8+ subsets in vitro. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T effector cells (T(E)s) combined with CD8+ T(E)s provided synergistic therapy for mice bearing subcutaneous, intracranial, or advanced pulmonary metastases. CD4+ T(E)s augmented IFN-gamma production by CD8+ T(E)s when cells were stimulated by tumor digest-containing antigen-presenting cells (APCs). CD4+ T(E)s infiltrated and proliferated extensively in pulmonary tumors, while also stimulating tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. By contrast, CD8+ T(E)s showed minimal intratumoral proliferation in the absence of CD4+ cells or when systemically transferred CD4+ cells were prevented from infiltrating pulmonary tumors by pretreatment with pertussis toxin. Irradiation of CD4+ T cells immediately prior to adoptive transfer abrogated their intratumoral proliferation and direct antitumor efficacy but did not block their capacity to stimulate intratumoral CD8+ T(E) proliferation or tumor regression. These results highlight the importance of cross-presentation of tumor antigens during the effector phase of immunotherapy and suggest that approaches to stimulate CD4+ T(E) function and boost APC cross-presentation within tumors will augment cancer immunotherapy.
DNA methylation at the mu-1 opioid receptor gene (<em>OPRM1</em>) promoter predicts preoperative, acute, and chronic postsurgical pain after spine fusion (2017)

Novel CPSP biomarkers were identified in an active regulatory region of the <i>OPRM1</i> gene that binds multiple transcription factors. Inhibition of binding by DNA methylation potentially decreases the <i>OPRM1</i> gene expression, leading to a decreased response to endogenous and exogenous opioids, and an increased pain experience.
Efficient High-Performance Decoding for Overloaded MIMO Antenna Systems (2007)

The practical challenge of capacity-achieving forward error-correcting codes (e.g., space-time turbo codes) is overcoming the tremendous complexity associated by their optimal joint maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding. For this reason, iterative soft decoding has been studied to approach the optimal ML decoding performance at affordable complexity. In multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels, a judicious decoding strategy consists of two stages: 1) estimate the soft bits using list version of sphere decoding or its variants, and 2) update the soft bits through iterative soft decoding. A promising MIMO decoder is required to produce reliable soft-bit estimates at the first stage before iterative soft decoding is performed. In this paper, we focus on the overloaded (or fat) MIMO antenna systems where the number of receive antennas is less than the number of signals multiplexed in the spatial domain. In this scenario, the original form of sphere decoding is inherently not applicable and our aim is to generalize sphere decoding geometrically to cope with overloaded detection. The so-called slab-sphere decoding (SSD) proposed guarantees to obtain exact-ML hard detection while reducing complexity greatly. With the list-version of SSD, (his paper proposes an efficient MIMO soft decoder, which can generate reliable soft-bit estimates at affordable complexity as inputs for iterative soft decoding for promising performance. A case study in the IEEE 802.16 settings is carried out for performance evaluation
Activin and BMP4 Synergistically Promote Formation of Definitive Endoderm in Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

Abstract Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) herald tremendous promise for the production of clinically useful cell types for the treatment of injury and disease. Numerous reports demonstrate their differentiation into definitive endoderm (DE) cells, the germ layer from which pancreatic β cells and hepatocytes arise, solely from exposure to a high dose of recombinant Activin/Nodal. We show that combining a second related ligand, BMP4, in combination with Activin A yields 15%–20% more DE as compared with Activin A alone. The addition of recombinant BMP4 accelerates the downregulation of pluripotency genes, particularly SOX2, and results in upregulation of endogenous BMP2 and BMP4, which in turn leads to elevated levels of phospho-SMAD1/5/8. Combined Activin A and BMP4 treatment also leads to an increase in the expression of DE genes CXCR4, SOX17, and FOXA2 when compared with Activin A addition alone. Comparative microarray studies between DE cells harvested on day 3 of differentiation further reveal a novel set of genes upregulated in response to initial BMP4 exposure. Several of these, including APLNR, LRIG3, MCC, LEPREL1, ROR2, and LZTS1, are expressed in the mouse primitive streak, the site of DE formation. Thus, this synergism between Activin A and BMP4 during the in vitro differentiation of hESC into DE suggests a complex interplay between BMP and Activin/Nodal signaling during the in vivo allocation and expansion of the endoderm lineage. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Photogeneration of organic bases from o-nitrobenzyl-derived carbamates (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotogeneration of organic bases from o-nitrobenzyl-derived carbamatesJames F. Cameron and Jean M. J. FrechetCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 11, 4303–4313Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00011a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00011a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2869Altmetric-Citations206LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Detection of melanoma cells in vitro using an optical detector of photoacoustic waves (2010)

The optical reflectance method provides sensitivity to detect small numbers of melanoma cells without created false-positive signals from pyroelectric interference, showing promise as a means to perform tests for circulating melanoma cells in blood samples.
Differential expression of bcl2 protooncogene in neuroblastoma and other human tumor cell lines of neural origin. (1991)

The bcl2 protooncogene was originally discovered because of its involvement in t(14;18) chromosomal translocations frequently found in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The expression of this gene is reported to be highly tissue specific, with bcl2 mRNAs being readily detectable only in hematolymphoid tissues and brain. To explore the possible involvement of bcl2 in neural tumors, we surveyed a variety of tumor cell lines for the presence of the p26-BCL2 protein by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting methods. Very high levels of BCL2 protein were found in three of nine neuroblastoma (NB) cell lines examined; these levels of p26-BCL2 were comparable to lymphoma cell lines that contain a t(14;18). Despite the impressive relative amounts of BCL2 protein, however, no structural alterations or changes in the methylation status of bcl2 genes were detected in these NB cell lines by conventional Southern blotting. Of the other NB cell lines surveyed, three contained intermediate levels of BCL2 and another three cell lines had little or no detectable BCL2 protein, raising the possibility that determination of relative levels of BCL2 protein may help to segregate neuroblastomas into groups with different biological and clinical characteristics. BCL2 protein levels were not influenced by induction of neuronal differentiation with nerve growth factor in two of the two cell lines examined [SH-SY5Y (high BCL2); GICAN (low BCL2)] and did not correlate with N-MYC gene amplification or expression of nerve growth factor receptors. NB cell lines that contained little or no detectable BCL2 protein, however, tended to contain significant proportions of flat epithelioid cells, whereas bcl2-expressing cell lines were composed primarily of neuronal-like cells, suggesting that expression of this protooncogene correlates with the differentiation characteristics of these tumor cell lines. In addition to NBs, lower levels of BCL2 protein were also found in a variety of other neural crest-derived tumors and tumor cell lines, including some neuroepitheliomas, Ewing's sarcomas, neurofibromas, and melanomas. With regard to tumors of central nervous system origin, bcl2 expression was absent from most medulloblastomas but was detected at moderate to low levels in a retinoblastoma and some glioblastoma multiforme cell lines. Taken together, these findings imply that bcl2 protooncogene expression is differentially regulated within the various lineages of cells that give rise to the nervous system.
Zoonotic orthopoxviruses encode a high-affinity antagonist of NKG2D (2007)

NK and T lymphocytes express both activating and inhibiting receptors for various members of the major histocompatibility complex class I superfamily (MHCISF). To evade immunologic cytotoxicity, many viruses interfere with the function of these receptors, generally by altering the displayed profile of MHCISF proteins on host cells. Using a structurally constrained hidden Markov model, we discovered an orthopoxvirus protein, itself distantly class I-like, that acts as a competitive antagonist of the NKG2D activating receptor. This orthopoxvirus MHC class I-like protein (OMCP) is conserved among cowpox and monkeypox viruses, secreted by infected cells, and bound with high affinity by NKG2D of rodents and humans (K(D) approximately 30 and 0.2 nM, respectively). OMCP blocks recognition of host-encoded ligands and inhibits NKG2D-dependent killing by NK cells. This finding represents a novel mechanism for viral interference with NKG2D and sheds light on intercellular recognition events underlying innate immunity against emerging orthopoxviruses.
A major inducer of anticarcinogenic protective enzymes from broccoli: isolation and elucidation of structure. (1992)

Consumption of vegetables, especially crucifers, reduces the risk of developing cancer. Although the mechanisms of this protection are unclear, feeding of vegetables induces enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism and thereby accelerates the metabolic disposal of xenobiotics. Induction of phase II detoxication enzymes, such as quinone reductase [NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2] and glutathione S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) in rodent tissues affords protection against carcinogens and other toxic electrophiles. To determine whether enzyme induction is responsible for the protective properties of vegetables in humans requires isolation of enzyme inducers from these sources. By monitoring quinone reductase induction in cultured murine hepatoma cells as the biological assay, we have isolated and identified (-)-1-isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane [CH3-SO-(CH2)4-NCS, sulforaphane] as a major and very potent phase II enzyme inducer in SAGA broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica). Sulforaphane is a monofunctional inducer, like other anticarcinogenic isothiocyanates, and induces phase II enzymes selectively without the induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent cytochromes P-450 (phase I enzymes). To elucidate the structural features responsible for the high inducer potency of sulforaphane, we synthesized racemic sulforaphane and analogues differing in the oxidation state of sulfur and the number of methylene groups: CH3-SOm-(CH2)n-NCS, where m = 0, 1, or 2 and n = 3, 4, or 5, and measured their inducer potencies in murine hepatoma cells. Sulforaphane is the most potent inducer, and the presence of oxygen on sulfur enhances potency. Sulforaphane and its sulfide and sulfone analogues induced both quinone reductase and glutathione transferase activities in several mouse tissues. The induction of detoxication enzymes by sulforaphane may be a significant component of the anticarcinogenic action of broccoli.
Pulsed UV lamp performance and comparison with UV mercury lamps (2007)

Pulsed lamps based on electric discharges in xenon are of interest for water treatment because they are free of mercury, have instant-on capability, and may provide enhanced effects due to the high irradiance of pulses or spectral differences. This study provides quantitative comparisons of standard mercury UV lamps with both a commercial flashlamp and a pulsed surface discharge lamp. Unlike mercury lamps, the UV performance of pulsed lamps is a function of operating parameters. In this study the measured UV efficiency of a flashlamp, with a specified practical lifetime, increased as the pulse length decreased, from 4.4% at 796 μs to 9.0% at 71 μs. The surface discharge lamp, which overcomes limitations of flashlamps, had a measured UV efficiency of 17% at 12 μs. In comparison, standard commercial low pressure and medium pressure mercury lamps evaluated in this study had UV efficiencies of 34.6% and 12.2%, respectively. Key words: pulsed UV, water treatment, flashlamp, surface discharge, mercury.
Nerve growth factor prevents the death and stimulates the neuronal differentiation of clonal PC12 pheochromocytoma cells in serum-free medium (1978)

The PC12 clone is a noradrenergic cell line derived from a rat pheochromocytoma. In culture medium containing horse serum, PC12 cells undergo mitosis; when nerve growth factor (NGF) is included in the medium, the cells cease multiplication and extend neuritis. It is shown here: (a) that PC12 cells are not viable in serum-free medium. When serum is withdrawn, 90 percent of the cells die within 4-6 days and 99 percent by 2-3 wk. (b) If NGF is added at the time of serum withdrawal, the cells undergo one doubling and remain viable for at least 1 mo. (c) Addition of NGF to cultures after more than 2 days in serum-free conditions results in maintenance of surviving cells, but not in an increase in cell number. (d) NGD also induces neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells in serum-free medium. (e) NGF-treated cells exhibit much less cell-cell and neurite-neurite aggregation in the absence than in the presence of serum. (f) The apparent minimum level of 2.5S NGF required for PC12 survival and morphological differentiation in serum-free medium is about 10 ng/ml (approximately 0.4 nM). (g) Withdrawal of NGF in serum-free conditions results in degeneration of neurites and loss of cell viability. (h) Experiments with campotothecin demonstrate that the effects of NGF on survival and neurite outgrowth may be uncoupled and suggest that the survival effects are transcriptionally independent. The present results also suggest that PC12 cells have a requirement for NGF (similar to that of normal sympathetic neurons) and that serum may substitute for this requirement. In addition, the present system of maintaining a highly differentiated cell line in a chemically defined medium suggests certain experimental opportunities.
Cationic Polymer Optimization for Efficient Gene Delivery (2010)

The polyplexes which are formed between cationic polymers and DNA through electrostatic interactions and thus known as polycation/DNA complexes, are by far the most widely used non-viral gene delivery vectors. Many factors such as molecular weight, surface charge, charge density, hydrophilicity and the structure of cationic polymers affect gene transfection efficiency of cationic polymers. Therefore, optimization of cationic polymers is necessary to improve the gene transfection efficiency. Currently several important cationic polymers were used as cationic vectors for gene delivery which included PEI, PLL, Chitosan and PAMAM. Their most advantages and the rational design are introduced in this article. However, these systems are much less efficient in gene transfer experiments compared with viral systems. Some strategies such as PEGylation, combination and multifunctional modification were developed in the cationic polymeric vectors for gene delivery. Hereby, this article will review various kinds of copolymers with higher stability but biodegradable, bioresponsive and easy refined molecular weight which could be easily modification. Especially, the multifunctional modified polyplexes and polymersomes will be further discussion due to their ability to conjugate biologically active ligands, which can be used as potential nanostructured biomaterials for future in vivo gene delivery.
Medical and Surgical Treatment of Neovascular Glaucoma (2011)

Funding: RKL is supported by NIH NEI grant EY016775. The Bascom Palmer Eye Institute is supported by an unrestricted research grant from Research to Prevent Blindness and NIH Center Grant EY014801. The authors have no relevant financial interests in any of the products discussed in this article.
Correlation of clinical parameters of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with serum concentration of C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. (1982)

Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were measured in 99 patients with definite or classical rheumatoid arthritis (RA). At the same time as the serum was obtained, the activity of the RA was assessed by assigning scores to a comprehensive set of subjective, semi-objective and objective clinical features. The results confirmed that the serum CRP concentration closely reflects activity of RA and is of value in its objective assessment. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) followed the same pattern as CRP levels but all of the subjective and semi-objective criteria correlated more significantly with CRP levels than with ESR.
Structure of Gossypol. VIII.1 Derivatives of the Ethers of Gossypol (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of Gossypol. VIII.1 Derivatives of the Ethers of GossypolRoger Adams and T. A. GeissmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1938, 60, 9, 2166–2170Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01276a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01276a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts