gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical analysis of a cylindrical thin-pillar transistor (CYNTHIA) (1992)

The authors have analyzed the characteristics of a cylindrical thin-pillar transistor, (CYNTHIA), which is a vertical MOS transistor with a cylindrical gate electrode surrounding a submicrometer-diameter silicon pillar. The device characteristics are calculated by solving Poisson's equation in cylindrical coordinates. Results showed that CYNTHIA has three superior features: excellent subthreshold characteristics, enhanced electron mobility, and increased sheet electron concentration. These superior characteristics result in a feature size twice that of vertical SOI transistors, The authors' calculation is that CYNTHIA is quite an attractive device design for future ultra-high-density LSIs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Phase 1 Escalating Single-Dose and Weekly Fixed-Dose Study of Cetuximab: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Rationale for Dosing (2007)

This study provides a pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic rationale for the dosing of cetuximab.
Automated 3-Dimensional Brain Atlas Fitting to Microelectrode Recordings from Deep Brain Stimulation Surgeries (2009)

DBS therapeutic outcomes are directly related to electrode implantation accuracy. Our automated fitting techniques may aid in the surgical decision-making process by optimally integrating brain atlas and intraoperative neurophysiological data to provide a visual guide for target identification.
Scale Economies, Scope Economies, and Technical Change in Federal Reserve Payment Processing (2002)

In the past decade, the U.S. economy has witnessed a tremendous surge in the usage of electronic payment processing services and an increased importance of the firms that provide these services. The payments industry has also undergone changes in cost structure with the introduction of new technology. Unfortunately, data on the private provision of payment processing services are not available. However, the Federal Reserve provides similar services and collects data on its own provision of payments processing, offering an opportunity to gain insights into the cost structure of payments processing. In this paper, we estimate the scope and scale economies and the technical change in the Federal Reserve&amp;amp;amp;amp;#x27;s provision of payments processing from 1990-2000. We find considerable scale economies and evidence of some scope economies for the provision of automated clearinghouse, Fedwire, and book-entry services no matter whether we specify a separable quadratic or a translog cost function. In addition, we find that disembodied technical change also contributed to the overall reduction in costs throughout the 1990s.
Telomerase and cancer (2001)

Telomerase, a eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex, contains both an essential RNA and a protein reverse transcriptase subunit. By reverse transcription, the telomerase RNP maintains telomere length stability in almost all cancer cells. Over the past few years there has been significant progress in identifying the components of the telomerase holoenzyme complex and the proteins that associate with telomeres, in order to elucidate mechanisms of telomere length regulation. This review covers recent advances in the field including the use of telomerase in cancer diagnostics and an overview of anti-telomerase cancer therapeutic approaches.
Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake evaluation of mitoxantrone‐loaded poly(lactic acid‐co‐lysine) arginine–glycine–aspartic acid nanoparticles (2010)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro characteristics of poly(lactic acid‐ co ‐lysine) arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (PLA–PLL–RGD) nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with mitoxantrone. PLA–PLL–RGD NPs with a particle size of 200 nm were prepared with a modified emulsification solvent‐diffusion method. The encapsulation efficiency of the mitoxantrone‐loaded NPs was 85%. In vitro release experiments showed that the release of the drug was prolonged and sustained, and approximately 60.2% of the mitoxantrone was released in the first week. The released drug was integrated to achieve desired drug‐release profiles and still possessed bioactivity according to a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2h‐tetrazolium bromide assay, which indicated that mitoxantrone‐loaded NPs were more cytotoxic against Michigan Cancer Foundation 7 (MCF‐7) breast cancer cells than mitoxantrone. Furthermore, the association processes of NPs with MCF‐7 cells, including binding and effective internalization, were investigated in vitro . The cellular uptake of the NPs was qualitatively studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy and was confirmed with flow cytometry analysis. These experimental results indicated that PLA–PLL–RGD NPs could be used as drug carriers for mitoxantrone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE/CASSAVA STARCH COMPOUNDS OBTAINED IN AN INTERNAL MIXER / Caracterización de compuestos de polipropileno/almidón de yuca obtenidos en un mezclador interno (2013)

The following work presents a broad characterization of Polypropylene and Cassava Starch blends (PP/CS) through the analysis of their thermal, thermodegradative, tensile, rheological and morphological properties, as well as the study of the water absorption behavior by FT-IR and the degradability on an agricultural soil. It was found that the addition of CS to PP increases its thermal stability, the effect being greater when the CS is plasticized (PCS) and when PP-g-MAH is added. The CS acts as a nucleating agent increasing the crystallization temperature and the degree of crystallinity. The Young’s modulus and the tensile strength of the PP increase with 10 phr of CS and start to decrease at higher contents. However, when PP-g-MAH is added to the PP/CS blends, the mentioned properties decrease. Finally, the degradability of the PP/CS blend in an agricultural soil significantly affects the Young’s modulus, whose values decrease from 1841 to 834 MPa. RESUMEN En este trabajo se presenta una amplia caracterizacion de mezclas de polipropileno con almidon de yuca a traves del analisis de sus propiedades termicas, termodegradativas, tensiles, reologicas y morfologicas, asi como el estudio del comportamiento de la absorcion de agua con el tiempo a traves de FTIR y el efecto de la degradabilidad en suelos con nutrientes. Se obtuvo que la adicion de almidon de yuca al PP incrementa la estabilidad termica de la mezcla, siendo este efecto mas notable en las mezclas donde se utilizo almidon plastificado y cuando se agrego PP-f-MAH. El almidon de yuca actua como agente nucleante del PP incrementando la temperatura de cristalizacion y la cristalinidad. El modulo de Young y la resistencia a la traccion del PP incrementan al anadirle 10 ppc de almidon de yuca y comienzan a disminuir a mayores contenidos. Sin embargo, la adicion de PP-g-MAH a la mezcla produce una disminucion de las propiedades mencionadas. Finalmente, la degradabilidad de la mezcla en suelos fertiles afecta significativamente el modulo de Young, cuyos valores disminuyen de 1841 a 834 MPa.Palabras clave: Almidon de yuca, PP/almidon de yuca, Comportamiento termico, Comportamiento mecanico, Biodegradabilidad.
11‐Amino‐5H‐dibenzo[b, e]‐1, 4‐diazepine. 10. Mitteilung über siebengliedrige Heterocyclen (1967)

Abstract 11‐Amino‐5 H ‐dibenzo[b,e]‐1, 4‐diazepines V, several of which possess neuroleptic properties, have been prepared using three methods: Aminolysis of either iminothioethers IV (X = methyl or an activating group such as cyanomethyl and p ‐nitrobenzyl) or the iminochlorides III. Bischler‐Napieralski type cyclodehydration of o ‐anilinophenyl‐ureas IX (only applicable for the synthesis of compounds V where R is other than hydrogen). Cyclodehydration of amino‐amides VII by various condensing agents.
Protein Biomarkers of Ovarian Cancer: The Forest and The Trees (2011)

The goal of effective population-based screening for ovarian cancer remains elusive despite intense efforts aimed at improving upon biomarker and imaging modalities. While dozens of potential serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer have been identified in recent years, none have yet overcome the limitations that have hindered the clinical use of CA-125. Avenues of opportunity in biomarker development are emerging as investigators are beginning to appreciate the significance of remote, as well as local or regional, sources of biomarkers in the construction of diagnostic panels, as well as the importance of evaluating biomarkers in prediagnostic settings. As the list of candidate biomarkers of ovarian cancer continues to grow, refinements in the methods through which specific proteins are selected for further development as components of diagnostic panels are desperately sought. Such refinements must take into account both the bioinformatic and biological significance of each candidate. Approaches incorporating these considerations may potentially overcome the challenges to early detection posed by the histological heterogeneity of ovarian cancer. Here, we review the recent progress achieved in efforts to develop diagnostic biomarker panels for ovarian cancer and discuss the challenges that remain.
BitNet: Bit-Regularized Deep Neural Networks (2017)

We present a novel optimization strategy for training neural networks which we call "BitNet". The parameters of neural networks are usually unconstrained and have a dynamic range dispersed over all real values. Our key idea is to limit the expressive power of the network by dynamically controlling the range and set of values that the parameters can take. We formulate this idea using a novel end-to-end approach that circumvents the discrete parameter space by optimizing a relaxed continuous and differentiable upper bound of the typical classification loss function. The approach can be interpreted as a regularization inspired by the Minimum Description Length (MDL) principle. For each layer of the network, our approach optimizes real-valued translation and scaling factors and arbitrary precision integer-valued parameters (weights). We empirically compare BitNet to an equivalent unregularized model on the MNIST and CIFAR-10 datasets. We show that BitNet converges faster to a superior quality solution. Additionally, the resulting model has significant savings in memory due to the use of integer-valued parameters.
Controlling Hospital-Acquired Infection: Focus on the Role of the Environment and New Technologies for Decontamination (2014)

There is increasing interest in the role of cleaning for managing hospital-acquired infections (HAI). Pathogens such as vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli, norovirus, and Clostridium difficile persist in the health care environment for days. Both detergent- and disinfectant-based cleaning can help control these pathogens, although difficulties with measuring cleanliness have compromised the quality of published evidence. Traditional cleaning methods are notoriously inefficient for decontamination, and new approaches have been proposed, including disinfectants, steam, automated dispersal systems, and antimicrobial surfaces. These methods are difficult to evaluate for cost-effectiveness because environmental data are not usually modeled against patient outcome. Recent studies have reported the value of physically removing soil using detergent, compared with more expensive (and toxic) disinfectants. Simple cleaning methods should be evaluated against nonmanual disinfection using standardized sampling and surveillance. Given worldwide concern over escalating antimicrobial resistance, it is clear that more studies on health care decontamination are required. Cleaning schedules should be adapted to reflect clinical risk, location, type of site, and hand touch frequency and should be evaluated for cost versus benefit for both routine and outbreak situations. Forthcoming evidence on the role of antimicrobial surfaces could supplement infection prevention strategies for health care environments, including those targeting multidrug-resistant pathogens.
Detectable minimal residual disease before hematopoietic cell transplantation is prognostic but does not preclude cure for children with very-high-risk leukemia (2012)

In patients with acute leukemia, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) correlates with risk of relapse. However, the level of MRD that is most likely to preclude cure by HCT is unclear, and the benefit of further chemotherapy to reduce MRD before HCT is unknown. In 122 children with very-high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL; n = 64) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML, n = 58), higher MRD levels at the time of HCT predicted a poorer survival after HCT (P = .0019); MRD was an independent prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis (P = .0035). However, the increase in risk of death associated with a similar increment of MRD was greater in ALL than in AML, suggesting that a pretransplantation reduction of leukemia burden would have a higher impact in ALL. At any given MRD level, survival rates were higher for patients treated in recent protocols: the 5-year overall survival for patients with ALL was 49% if MRD was detectable and 88% if it was not and the corresponding rates for patients with AML were 67% and 80%, respectively. Although MRD before HCT is a strong prognostic factor, its impact has diminished and should not be regarded as a contraindication for HCT.
Mechanism of the delay phenomenon: tissue protection is mediated by heme oxygenase-1 (2004)

Induction of the "delay phenomenon" by chronic ischemia is an established clinical procedure, but the mechanisms conferring tissue protection are still incompletely understood. To elucidate the role of heme oxygenase-1 [HO-1 or heat shock protein-32 (HSP-32)] in delay, we examined in the skin-flap model of the ear of the hairless mouse, 1) whether chronic ischemia (delay) is capable to induce expression of HO-1, and 2) whether delay-induced HO-1 affects skin-flap microcirculation and survival by either its carbon monoxide-associated vasodilatory action or its biliverdin-associated anti-oxidative mechanism. Chronic ischemia was induced by transsection of the central feeding vessel of the ear 7 days before flap creation. The flap was finally raised by an incision through four-fifths of the base of the ear. Microcirculatory dysfunction and tissue necrosis were studied with the use of laser Doppler fluxmetry and intravital fluorescence microscopy. HO-1 protein expression was determined with Western blot analysis. Seven days of chronic ischemia (delay) induced a marked expression of HO-1. This was paralleled by a significant improvement (P <0.05) of microvascular perfusion and a reduction (P <0.05) of flap necrosis when compared with nondelayed controls. Importantly, blockade of HO-1 activity by tin protoporhyrin-IX completely blunted the protection of microcirculation and the improvement of tissue survival. Additional administration of the vitamin E analog trolox after blockade of HO-1 to mimic exclusively the anti-oxidative action of the heat shock protein did not restore the HO-1-associated microcirculatory improvement and only transiently attenuated the manifestation of flap necrosis. Thus our data indicate that the delay-induced protection from tissue necrosis is mediated by HO-1, predominantly through its carbon monoxide-associated action of adequately maintaining nutritive capillary perfusion.
The Journey to Establish CGRP as a Migraine Target: A Retrospective View (2015)

In this retrospective, Dr. Lars Edvinsson recounts early steps and milestones in our understanding of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the trigeminovascular system and its role in migraine. The discovery of the presence and function of CGRP and other neuropeptides in the cerebral vasculature and its sensory innervation is described. He relates the seminal finding that CGRP is uniquely released during migraine and the journey to develop blockers of CGRP effects. Now, over 30 years since its discovery, CGRP has become the target for a number of promising novel treatments for migraine patients.
The Effect of a Single Application of Subgingival Antimicrobial or Mechanical Therapy on the Clinical Parameters of Juvenile Periodontitis (1995)

Twenty-six (26) patients, 18 female and 7 male, aged 16 to 25 years (mean age 19.03 +/- 2.2 years) previously diagnosed as suffering from localized juvenile periodontitis were randomly assigned to one of the following treatment groups: 9 patients acted as controls; 8 received subgingival chlorexidine gel; and 9 had subgingival tetracycline paste application. All treatment modalities resulted in a pronounced improvement in PI, GI, and GI-S by 12 weeks (P < 0.001). The mean probing depths also decreased, but there were no significant differences found between the three groups. However, when the interproximal sites of the 3 groups were examined separately from the buccal and lingual sites, it was found that there was a significant (P < 0.05) difference between the probing depths, with the control group showing the greatest reduction of 2.58 mm and the chlorhexidine group showing the least reduction of 1.37 mm. It was concluded that a single application of topical subgingival tetracycline did not result in any short-term improvement over that achieved by standard non-surgical therapy in the clinical parameters of these localized juvenile periodontitis patients.
Colorectal cancer prevention by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: effects of dosage and timing (1999)

Epidemiological studies show that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce colorectal cancer incidence. We measured the rate ratio for colorectal adenocarcinoma according to dosage and the timing of exposure by means of a case-control study, nested in a non-concurrent cohort linkage study, using the population of beneficiaries of the Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan from 1981 to 1995 with no history of cancer since 1970 as the source population. Four controls per case, matched on age and gender and alive when the case was diagnosed, were randomly selected. Dispensing rates, calculated over successive time periods, characterized NSAID exposure. We accrued 3844 cases of colon cancer and 1971 cases of rectal cancer. For colon cancer a significant trend towards a decreasing rate ratio was associated with increasing exposure during the 6 months preceding diagnosis (P-trend = 0.002). For both cancers, significant trends were associated with exposure 11-15 years before diagnosis (colon: P-trend = 0.01; rectum: P-trend = 0.0001). At the highest exposure levels the rate ratio for colon cancer was 0.57 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.36-0.89); for rectal cancer it was 0.26 (95% CI 0.11-0.61). No protection was associated with exposure during other periods. The timing of NSAID use must be considered in planning intervention trials to prevent colorectal cancer. There may be a 10-year delay before any preventive effect will appear.
Vacuum pack technique of temporary abdominal closure: a four-year experience. (1997)

The purpose of this review is to present a 4-year experience with the vacuum pack technique of temporary abdominal closure. From April 1992 to December 1996, 171 vacuum packs were performed on 93 patients. Eighty-seven vacuum packs were performed on 38 general surgical patients, and 84 vacuum packs were performed on 55 trauma patients. Overall hospital mortality was 32 per cent. Methods of achieving permanent wound closure varied in 73 patients. Four patients (4.3%) developed enterocutaneous fistulae; four patients developed intra-abdominal abscesses (4.3%). There were no eviscerations. Management of the complicated intra-abdominal process is discussed: 1) the decision to manage the abdomen in an open fashion; 2) which method of temporary closure to use; 3) subsequent explorations; 4) when the abdomen should be closed; 5) which type of closure to use; and 6) when the abdominal wall should be revised (herniorrhaphy). The vacuum pack is the method of choice for open abdomen management and temporary abdominal closure at our institution. With careful subsequent management, good patient outcome can be achieved.
The effectiveness of signal clipping for PAPR and total degradation reduction in OFDM systems (2005)

Signal clipping has been suggested as an effective peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction scheme for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM). This paper analyzes clipped M-ary differentially encoded phase-shift keying (M-DPSK) OFDM. The impact of input power backoff (IBO) of a nonlinear power amplifier (PA) is evaluated. An effective PAPR reduction scheme should provide one of the two equivalent enhancements: 1) a reduced error floor at a given backoff, or 2) a reduced required IBO to achieve a target BER. The later is addressed by determining the total degradation (TD) of the system at various IBO. By this measure, it is shown that clipping is ineffective. Moreover, it is shown that clipping PAPR reduction doesn't improve the spectral broadening caused by the PA. The linearity of the amplifier is viewed at various backoff ratios, defined as K = IBO/PAPR. Since K is best viewed statistically, so is the linearity of the PA. As a side note, the formula suggested by A. J. Cann (1980) is shown to be equivalent to the often referenced Rapp solid-state PA model
Mutational switch of an IL-6 response to an interferon-γ-like response (2002)

Signaling through Janus kinases (JAKs) and signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) is central to the responses to the majority of cytokines and some growth factors, including the interferons (IFNs) and the IL-6 family of cytokines. The biological responses to stimulation through the widely distributed IL-6 and IFN-gamma receptors are, however, completely different. Remarkably, it is shown here that, in mouse embryo fibroblasts lacking STAT3, IL-6 mediates an IFN-gamma-like response including prolonged activation of STAT1, the induction of multiple IFN-gamma-inducible genes, the expression of class II MHC antigens, and an antiviral state. Normal cells exposed to IL-6 thus require a STAT3-dependent function(s) to down-regulate STAT1 activity and prevent an IFN-gamma-like response. The data encourage the view that the very disparate IFN-gamma and IL-6 JAK/receptor complexes mediate a common set of generic or "core" signals which are subject to STAT3-dependent modulation to provide IL-6 specificity. The switching of one cytokine response to one closely mimicking another as a result of the loss of a single signaling component has profound implications, for example, for the interpretation of the phenotypes of knockout mice and for the clinical use of inhibitors of signaling.