gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical ablation by subendocardial injection of ethanol via catheter -- preliminary results in the pig heart (1991)

This study was set up to discover how a subendocardial application of ethanol administered via a catheter would affect an animal model. A 7 F bipolar catheter with a lumen, through which a 2 mm needle was inserted, was placed in the left ventricle of 11 pigs. Altogether, 33 subendocardial injections into the left ventricular myocardium were performed under fluoroscopic control using a mixture of 0.5-1.5 ml ethanol and 0.5-1 ml iopamidol as contrast medium. The mixtures were injected into the apical, lateral and septal walls of the left ventricle. After 25 days, the hearts were removed and the lesions examined pathologically. The calculated volume of the lesions was about 60 mm3, the area in projection to the endocardium about 35 mm2, the depth relative to the endocardium about 1.5 mm and the maximum diameter about 8 mm. Perforation of the myocardial wall by pericardial injection occurred twice without further complications. Subendocardial application of concentrated ethanol by catheter caused a controlled local necrosis. This technique may become a new approach with which to treat ventricular tachycardia by chemical ablation.
Covalent chemistry of single-wall carbon nanotubes (2002)

Despite the extraordinary promise of single-wall carbon nanotubes, their realistic application in materials and devices has been hindered by processing and manipulation difficulties. Now that this unique material is readily available in near kilogram quantities (albeit still at high cost), research into means of chemical alteration is in full swing. The covalent attachment of appropriate moieties is anticipated to facilitate applications development by improving solubility and ease of dispersion, and providing for chemical attachment to surfaces and polymer matrices. While it is clear that more investigation is needed to elucidate the nature and locality of covalently attached moieties, developments to date indicate that carbon nanotubes may indeed be considered a true segment of organic chemistry. In this contribution, we review the current state of carbon nanotube covalent chemistry, and convey our anxious expectation that further developments will follow.
Tunable sparse network coding (2012)

A fundamental understanding of the relationship between delay performance and complexity in network coding is instrumental towards its application in practical systems. The main argument against delay-optimal random linear network coding (RLNC) is its decoding complexity, which is O(n 3 ) for n original packets. Fountain codes, such as LT and Raptor codes, reduce the decoding load on the receiver but at the cost of introducing additional, non-negligible delay. The source of this increased delay is the inherent sparsity of the code, which significantly reduces the impact of a new coded packet, i.e., the probability of a packet to be linearly independent from the knowledge at the receiver, as we approach the end of the transmission (when few degrees of freedom are missing). Thus, the additional overhead is mainly due to the transmission of the last data packets. Our key observation is that switching gears to denser codes as the transmission process progresses could considerably reduce the delay overhead while maintaining the complexity advantages of a sparse code. We propose tunable sparse network coding as a dynamic coding mechanism with a code structure with two regions: a sparse region, with various levels of sparsity, and a dense region, where packets are generated as per RLNC. We characterize the problem in multicast sessions on general networks and illustrate trade-offs in especial cases of interest. We also present a novel mechanism to perform efficient Gaussian elimination for sparse matrices that guarantees linear decoding complexity with high probability.
Atomic Hydrogen Adsorbate Structures on Graphene (2009)

The adsorbate structures of atomic hydrogen on the basal plane of graphene on a SiC substrate is revealed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM). At low hydrogen coverage the formation of hydrogen dimer structures is observed, while at higher coverage larger disordered clusters are seen. We find that hydrogenation preferentially occurs on the protruding/high tunneling probability areas of the graphene layer modulated by the underlying 6 × 6 reconstruction of SiC. Hydrogenation offers the interesting possibility to manipulate both the electronic and chemical properties of graphene.
Para qué y quién usa el EDI en el sector de la distribución comercial en España (2001)

En este trabajo mediante la realizacion de un estudio empirico se trata de conocer cual ha sido la evolucion del EDI en el sector de la distribucion comercial en Espana, desvelar en que actividades se esta utilizando mas y cuales son las caracteristicas de las empresas usuarias, saber a que nivel se esta utilizando y cuales son las areas funcionales que mas se benefician de su uso. Asi mismo se intenta descubrir si hay diferencias significativas en la utilizacion del EDI en funcion de caracteristicas de las empresas tales como: posicion ocupada en el canal de distribucion (fabricantes frente a distribuidores), tamano, sector de pertenencia, experiencia en el uso del sistema y patron de adopcion seguido (libre o coaccionada).
Mannosylphosphoryldolichol-mediated reactions in oligosaccharide-P-P-dolichol biosynthesis. Recognition of the saturated alpha-isoprene unit of the mannosyl donor by pig brain mannosyltransferases (1993)

The specificity of Man-P-Dol:Man5-8GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol (Oligo-P-P-Dol) mannosyltransferase activity in pig brain was investigated by comparing a variety of mannosylphosphorylisoprenols as mannosyl donors. For this comparison the beta-Man-P-isoprenols were synthesized using a partially purified preparation of mannosylphosphorylundecaprenol (Man-P-Undec) synthase from Micrococcus luteus. The bacterial mannosyltransferase efficiently catalyzed the transfer of mannose from GDP-[3H]Man to a series of defined isoprenyl monophosphate substrates. Two alpha-Man-P-dolichols were synthesized chemically and also examined as substrates. When exogenous beta-[3H]Man-P-Dol95 was tested as a substrate for Man-P-Dol:Oligo-P-P-Dol mannosyltransferase activity in pig brain microsomes, [3H]mannose was actively transferred to endogenous Oligo-P-P-Dol acceptors. The major enzymatically labeled product was Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol. Under identical conditions beta-[3H]mannosylphosphorylpolyprenol (Man-P-Poly95) was an extremely poor substrate, indicating that the saturated alpha-isoprene unit of the dolichyl moiety is critical for recognition of the lipophilic mannosyl donor by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated mannosyltransferase(s). When Man-P-dolichols containing 2, 11, or 19 isoprene units were compared, the initial rates for the mannosyl transfer reactions and the affinity of the enzyme(s) for the mannophospholipid substrate increased with the length and hydrophobicity of the polyisoprenol chain. The anomeric configuration of the mannosyl moiety is apparently essential because the brain mannosyltransferases exhibited a strong preference for beta-Man-P-dolichols over the corresponding chemically synthesized alpha-stereoisomers. These results: 1) describe a simple two-step procedure for obtaining a partially purified preparation of Man-P-Undec synthase that efficiently synthesizes a variety of beta-Man-P-isoprenols; 2) indicate that pig brain Man-P-Dol:Oligo-P-P-Dol mannosyltransferase activity is relatively specific for lipophilic mannosyl donors containing 19 isoprene units with a beta-Man 1-P group attached to the saturated alpha-isoprene unit of dolichol; and 3) emphasize the importance of the reduction of the alpha-isoprene unit in the biosynthesis and function of Dol-P in mammalian cells.
Development of Small Molecules with a Noncanonical Binding Mode to HIV-1 Trans Activation Response (TAR) RNA (2016)

Small molecules that bind to RNA potently and specifically are relatively rare. The study of molecules that bind to the HIV-1 transactivation response (TAR) hairpin, a cis-acting HIV genomic element, has long been an important model system for the chemistry of targeting RNA. Here we report the synthesis, biochemical, and structural evaluation of a series of molecules that bind to HIV-1 TAR RNA. A promising analogue, 15, retained the TAR binding affinity of the initial hit and displaced a Tat-derived peptide with an IC<sub>50</sub> of 40 μM. NMR characterization of a soluble analogue, 2, revealed a noncanonical binding mode for this class of compounds. Finally, evaluation of 2 and 15 by selective 2'-hydroxyl acylation analyzed by primer extension (SHAPE) indicates specificity in binding to TAR within the context of an in vitro-synthesized 365-nt HIV-1 5'-untranslated region (UTR). Thus, these compounds exhibit a novel and specific mode of interaction with TAR, providing important suggestions for RNA ligand design.
Atherosclerosis as disease of redox-sensitive genes. (1998)

Accumulating evidence provides a compelling case that one of the major pathophysiologic mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is enhanced oxidative stress and that the most important manifestation of this altered redox state is the modulation of a set(s) of proinflammatory genes that are regulated directly or indirectly by reactive oxygen species. Viewed in this perspective the oxidation of LDL is but one important consequence of a generalized metabolic abnormality of the arterial wall in atherosclerosis rather than being the core pathophysiological feature. The fact that hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and AGEs related to diabetes mellitus all activate similar redox-sensitive proinflammatory genes associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis provides the potential for the development of unifying concepts concerning the etiology of the disease. These concepts also provide additional evidence that antioxidants may be potentially attractive therapeutic agents.
Identification of sequence motifs in oligonucleotides whose presence is correlated with antisense activity (2000)

Design of antisense oligonucleotides targeting any mRNA can be much more efficient when several activity-enhancing motifs are included and activity-decreasing motifs are avoided. This conclusion was made after statistical analysis of data collected from >1000 experiments with phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotides. Highly significant positive correlation between the presence of motifs CCAC, TCCC, ACTC, GCCA and CTCT in the oligonucleotide and its antisense efficiency was demonstrated. In addition, negative correlation was revealed for the motifs GGGG, ACTG, AAA and TAA. It was found that the likelihood of activity of an oligonucleotide against a desired mRNA target is sequence motif content dependent.
The establishment of a cell line of human hormone-synthesizing trophoblastic cells in vitro. (1968)

A human hormone-synthesizing trophoblastic cell system has been established in vitro and may prove to be the first functional human embryonic cell line in continuous culture. Chorionic gonadotropin hormone produced by these cultures serve as a marker for identification of the trophoblastic cell. No interruption in this property nor change in cytologic display has occurred during 1.5 years in continuous culture. The continued proliferation of the undifferentiated cytotrophoblast is being stabilized in serial cultivation.
Increased space-bandwidth product in pixel super-resolved lensfree on-chip microscopy (2013)

Pixel-size limitation of lensfree on-chip microscopy can be circumvented by utilizing pixel-super-resolution techniques to synthesize a smaller effective pixel, improving the resolution. Here we report that by using the two-dimensional pixel-function of an image sensor-array as an input to lensfree image reconstruction, pixel-super-resolution can improve the numerical aperture of the reconstructed image by ~3 fold compared to a raw lensfree image. This improvement was confirmed using two different sensor-arrays that significantly vary in their pixel-sizes, circuit architectures and digital/optical readout mechanisms, empirically pointing to roughly the same space-bandwidth improvement factor regardless of the sensor-array employed in our set-up. Furthermore, such a pixel-count increase also renders our on-chip microscope into a Giga-pixel imager, where an effective pixel count of ~1.6–2.5 billion can be obtained with different sensors. Finally, using an ultra-violet light-emitting-diode, this platform resolves 225 nm grating lines and can be useful for wide-field on-chip imaging of nano-scale objects, e.g., multi-walled-carbon-nanotubes.
Synthesis and chemical properties of ibopamine and of related esters of N-substituted dopamines--synthesis of ibopamine metabolites. (1986)

The therapeutic usefulness of intravenously infused dopamine in congestive heart failure and in shock prompted us to synthesize a wide series of 3,4-O-diesters of dopamine and N-substituted derivatives to obtain an orally active dopamine-like prodrug having adequate absorption and duration of action. The pharmacological results and in particular, the hemodynamic studies in the dog led to the selection of ibopamine, i.e. the 3,4-diisobutyryl ester of N-methyldopamine and to its development as a useful drug for the chronic treatment of congestive heart failure. The choice of ibopamine from among several analogs was also influenced by other favourable properties such as good chemical stability in pharmaceutical formulations and in the biopharmaceutical phases of the absorption, and fast enzymatic activation of the prodrug by plasma and peripheral tissue esterases; the latter property appeared desirable to avoid any accumulation in the central nervous system and consequent undesired side effects. The isomeric mixture of 3-O- and 4-O-isobutyrates of N-methyldopamine as well as the main conjugated metabolites, i.e. the 3-O- and 4-O-sulphate and 4-O-beta-glucuronide of N-methyldopamine were synthesized as analytical references in metabolic studies and for the investigation on their pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties. Dopamine O-sulphates were also prepared using the methods developed for the corresponding N-methyl derivatives.
Inhibition of cholesteryl ester formation in human fibroblasts by an analogue of 7-ketocholesterol and by progesterone (1978)

The synthesis of cholesteryl esters in cultured human fibroblasts is catalyzed by a microsomal acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.26). The acyltransferase activity is enhanced when fibroblasts take up cholesterol contained in plasma low density lipoprotein. In the current studies two steroids, SC-31769 (an analogue of 7-ketocholesterol) and progesterone, were shown to inhibit acyltransferase activity in cell-free extracts of human fibroblasts. When added to intact cells, these steroids inhibited the incorporation of [(14)C]oleate into cellular cholesteryl [(14)C]oleate and reduced the accumulation of cholesteryl esters in fibroblasts exposed to low density lipoprotein. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester formation in intact cells by SC-31769 and progesterone was readily reversible. Neither compound inhibited the incorporation of [(14)C]oleate into [(14)C]triglycerides or [(14)C]phospholipids. When incubated with fibroblast monolayers at a concentration of 1 mug/ml, SC-31769 suppressed the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase [mevalonate:NADP(+) oxidoreductase (CoA-acylating); EC 1.1.1.34], the rate-controlling enzyme in cholesterol synthesis. In contrast, progesterone had no effect on 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity at concentrations as high as 25 mug/ml. The availability of two types of steroid compounds that inhibit the acyltransferase activity and cholesteryl ester synthesis in human fibroblasts should prove useful in further studies of the regulatory mechanisms responsible for cholesteryl ester accumulation in human cells under normal and pathologic conditions.
High-throughput sequencing allows the identification of binding molecules isolated from DNA-encoded chemical libraries (2008)

DNA encoding facilitates the construction and screening of large chemical libraries. Here, we describe general strategies for the stepwise coupling of coding DNA fragments to nascent organic molecules throughout individual reaction steps as well as the first implementation of high-throughput sequencing for the identification and relative quantification of the library members. The methodology was exemplified in the construction of a DNA-encoded chemical library containing 4,000 compounds and in the discovery of binders to streptavidin, matrix metalloproteinase 3, and polyclonal human IgG.
Retroviral Vectors for the β‐Globin Gene That Demonstrate Improved Titer and Expressiona (1990)

To study the feasibility of a therapy for thalassemia based on addition of a correctly functioning globin gene to bone marrow stem cells, we have developed retroviral vectors that can transfer the human beta-globin gene into pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells of the mouse. Mice reconstituted with virus-infected bone marrow cells showed long-term tissue-specific expression of human beta-globin RNA and protein. Recently, we have redesigned the retroviral vector to improve the efficiency of stem cell infection and to raise the level of globin expression obtained from the virally transduced gene. Removal of a portion of the second intron of the beta-globin gene resulted in the accumulation of a higher level of full-length viral RNA in retrovirus packaging cell lines, and these cell lines produced beta-globin virus particles at substantially higher titers. Addition of fragments from the locus activation region (LAR) of the beta-like globin gene cluster to the retroviral vectors increased beta-globin expression in infected murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cells. Fragments from the -18 and -10.9 kbp DNase I-hypersensitive sites of the LAR increased human beta-globin RNA levels to 35% and 132% of the endogenous mouse beta maj-globin RNA level, respectively. Increased expression was also found for neomycin phosphotransferase RNA, which was transcribed from the retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR), showing that the LAR fragments also activated expression from a nearby heterologous promoter. These results are discussed in the context of the efficacy and safety of gene therapy for chronic anemia in humans.
Clostridial Disease of the Gut (1995)

Clostridia are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals. Some of the most common clostridial infections are those of the gut. The primary infections in humans are Clostridium perfringens food poisoning and Clostridium difficile-mediated antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. Less common but important infections include non-food poisoning C. perfringens nosocomial diarrhea and C. perfringens type C necrotizing jejunitis (pig-bel). C. perfringens is also the dominant cause of gastrointestinal infections in animals, although Clostridium septicum causing braxy in sheep, Clostridium colinum causing ulcerative enteritis is avian species, and Clostridium spiroforme causing enterotoxemia in rabbits are important exceptions.
Speech acoustic modeling from raw multichannel waveforms (2015)

Standard deep neural network-based acoustic models for automatic speech recognition (ASR) rely on hand-engineered input features, typically log-mel filterbank magnitudes. In this paper, we describe a convolutional neural network - deep neural network (CNN-DNN) acoustic model which takes raw multichannel waveforms as input, i.e. without any preceding feature extraction, and learns a similar feature representation through supervised training. By operating directly in the time domain, the network is able to take advantage of the signal's fine time structure that is discarded when computing filterbank magnitude features. This structure is especially useful when analyzing multichannel inputs, where timing differences between input channels can be used to localize a signal in space. The first convolutional layer of the proposed model naturally learns a filterbank that is selective in both frequency and direction of arrival, i.e. a bank of bandpass beamformers with an auditory-like frequency scale. When trained on data corrupted with noise coming from different spatial locations, the network learns to filter them out by steering nulls in the directions corresponding to the noise sources. Experiments on a simulated multichannel dataset show that the proposed acoustic model outperforms a DNN that uses log-mel filterbank magnitude features under noisy and reverberant conditions.
Novel combined MOD‐P multiband antenna structures inspired by fractal geometries (2004)

Abstract A novel set of multiband antenna structures, which combine different geometries based on fractal elements, are presented. The new combined radiating elements profit from the multifrequency properties of the noncombined geometries, thus providing a mechanism to adjust the antenna parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 41: 423–426, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20159
Biodegradable S-nitrosothiol tethered multiblock polymer for nitric oxide delivery (2011)

A biodegradable multiblock polymer containing the S-nitrosothiol moiety was synthesized via a 4 step process using non-aqueous reaction conditions. The structural and morphological properties of the material were characterized via1H NMR, GPC, DSC, TGA, and SAXS. The nitric oxide (NO) storage capacity of the polymer was found to be 0.42 ± 0.01 mmol NO per g polymer using UV spectroscopy, and real-time chemiluminescence measurements demonstrated a controlled and extended NO release profile. The degradation rate of the material was the most rapid during the first week followed by a slower linear release rate. Preliminary biocompatibility testing of the material using ISO protocols indicated no cell lysis in vitro. Taken together, this material has the requisite properties to control initial biological responses and the longevity to provide longer term mechanical support.