gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atlas-Based Segmentation of Degenerated Lumbar Intervertebral Discs From MR Images of the Spine (2009)

Intervertebral disc degeneration is an age-associated condition related to chronic back pain, while its consequences are responsible for over 90 % of spine surgical procedures. In clinical practice, MRI is the modality of reference for diagnosing disc degeneration. In this study, we worked toward 2-D semiautomatic segmentation of both normal and degenerated lumbar intervertebral discs from T2-weighted midsagittal MR images of the spine. This task is challenged by partial volume effects and overlapping gray-level values between neighboring tissue classes. To overcome these problems three variations of atlas-based segmentation using a probabilistic atlas of the intervertebral disc were developed and their accuracies were quantitatively evaluated against manually segmented data. The best overall performance, when considering the tradeoff between segmentation accuracy and time efficiency, was accomplished by the atlas-robust-fuzzy c-means approach, which combines prior anatomical knowledge by means of a rigidly registered probabilistic disc atlas with fuzzy clustering techniques incorporating smoothness constraints. The dice similarity indexes of this method were 91.6 % for normal and 87.2 % for degenerated discs. Research in progress utilizes the proposed approach as part of a computer-aided diagnosis system for quantification and characterization of disc degeneration severity. Moreover, this approach could be exploited in computer-assisted spine surgery.
Radiocontrast-induced DNA fragmentation of renal tubular cells in vitro: role of hypertonicity (1998)

The DNA fragmentation of MDCK cells induced by diatrizoate is related to its hypertonicity in this in vitro model of radiocontrast cytotoxicity. Nuclear disintegration with subsequent cell death may contribute to the pathophysiology of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy, particularly in the hypertonic/hypoxic environment of the renal medulla. The present results underscore the importance of avoiding hyperosmolal urine states in patients at high risk of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy.
Caveolin 1 Is Overexpressed and Amplified in a Subset of Basal-like and Metaplastic Breast Carcinomas: A Morphologic, Ultrastructural, Immunohistochemical, and In situ Hybridization Analysis (2007)

The concurrent CAV1 amplification and overexpression call into question its tumor-suppressive effects in basal-like breast carcinomas.
La construcción de ciudadanía en Educación Primaria a partir de lo literario. Un estudio sobre las aplicaciones didácticas del álbum ilustrado desde un enfoque interdisciplinar (2015)

La presente propuesta de tesis doctoral plantea la cuestion de la utilizacion del genero album ilustrado como recurso para la ensenanza de contenidos del area de Ciencias Sociales en la etapa de Educacion Primaria. Area que ha de combinarse con la de Lengua y Literatura, pues las caracteristicas peculiares de este tipo de textos hacen precisa una renovada alfabetizacion del alumnado. En el album ilustrado, forma y contenidos han incorporado por igual las nuevas dinamicas discursivas postmodernas, las que han dado origen a los nuevos conceptos de ciudadania, relacion social o modos de ver el mundo. Es por todo esto por lo que se propone un enfoque interdisciplinar, que conjugue elementos de las dos areas. De todo lo dicho se deriva que el objetivo principal de esta tesis sea: comprobar la validez e idoneidad de los albumes ilustrados como recurso para la ensenanza de las Ciencias Sociales y la Lengua y la Literatura en las aulas de Educacion Primaria, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinar. Esta investigacion, por su tematica, enlaza con otras precedentes de caracter nacional e internacional, como las de Encabo, Lopez y Jerez de la Universidad de Murcia (2012); o las de O’Neil (2010) de la Universidad de Northern Colorado. Como esta tesis esta orientada al cambio y la mejora de dos didacticas especificas dentro de nuestro sistema educativo, hemos decidido optar por el metodo de investigacion-accion. A pesar de senalar esta eleccion, esto no excluye en este estudio otras metodologias de caracter tanto cualitativo como cuantitativo. Se podria decir, por tanto, que en este caso se va a utilizar una metodologia mixta. En lo que atane a la metodologia cualitativa, nos apoyaremos principalmente en el analisis de contenido. En lo referente a lo cuantitativo, emplearemos el metodo de encuesta. El plan de trabajo que seguiremos se basa en el modelo de fases y etapas expuesto por Colas, Buendia, y Hernandez (2009, p. 35-47), consistente en: Fase primera: el problema de investigacion y el marco teorico; Fase segunda: planificacion de la investigacion; Fase tercera: trabajo de campo y analisis de los datos; y Fase cuarta: el informe de la investigacion.
System performance analysis of impulse radio modulation (2002)

We present a system performance analysis of impulse radio modulation using block waveform encoding signal sets. We analyze both the multiple-access performance in a channel with additive white Gaussian noise, and the single-link performance in a channel with dense multipath.
A DNA/MVA-based candidate human immunodeficiency virus vaccine for Kenya induces multi-specific T cell responses in rhesus macaques (2002)

The minimum requirement for candidate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines to enter clinical evaluation in humans should be their demonstrable immunogenicity in non-human primates: induction of antibodies neutralizing primary HIV isolates or elicitation of broad T cell-mediated immune responses. Here, we showed in rhesus macaques that the very same vaccines that had entered clinical trials in Oxford and Nairobi, plasmid pTHr.HIVA DNA and recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara MVA.HIVA in a prime-boost protocol (Hanke & McMichael, Nature Medicine 6, 951-955, 2000), induced cellular immune responses specific for multiple HIV-derived epitopes. This was demonstrated by using the intracellular cytokine staining and ELISPOT assays detecting interferon-gamma and pools of peptides employed in the clinical studies. These results have both boosted our expectations for the performance of these vaccines in humans and increased our confidence about the choice of these assays as the primary readouts in the on-going human trials.
Insulin radioreceptor assay for human erythrocytes. (1977)

Journal Article Insulin radioreceptor assay for human erythrocytes. Get access K K Gambhir, K K Gambhir Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J A Archer, J A Archer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L Carter L Carter Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 23, Issue 9, 1 September 1977, Pages 1590–1595, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/23.9.1590 Published: 01 September 1977
Overexpression of the gene encoding the multidrug resistance-associated protein results in increased ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate transport. (1994)

The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) is a 180- to 195-kDa glycoprotein associated with multidrug resistance of human tumor cells. MRP is mainly located in the plasma membrane and it confers resistance by exporting natural product drugs out of the cell. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of the MRP gene in human cancer cells increases the ATP-dependent glutathione S-conjugate carrier activity in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from these cells. The glutathione S-conjugate export carrier is known to mediate excretion of bivalent anionic conjugates from mammalian cells and is thought to play a role in the elimination of conjugated xenobiotics. Our results suggest that MRP can cause multidrug resistance by promoting the export of drug modification products from cells and they shed light on the reported link between drug resistance and cellular glutathione and glutathione S-transferase levels.
Broadcast encryption's bright future (2002)

As a vehicle for content protection, broadcast encryption promises more flexible and resilient security compared with traditional public key cryptography techniques.
N1‐substituted 3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐halogeno‐1H‐pyrazoles: Synthesis and NMR study (1995)

Abstract The synthesis of 1‐methyl‐ and 1‐benzyl‐3,5‐dimethoxy‐4‐halogeno‐1 H ‐pyrazoles is described. Moreover, detailed nmr spectroscopic studies with the title compounds are presented. The highly shielded pyrazole C‐4 atom in the corresponding 4‐iodo congeners was found to have a 13 C‐chemical shift of only −27 ppm.
Inorganic-Organic Nanotube Composites from Template Mineralization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus (1999)

Biological molecules offer new and exciting possibilities as templates for the synthesis of inorganic nanotubes. Tobacco mosaic virus consists of helically arranged protein subunits that produce a hollow protein tube, which, it is reported here, acts as a template for a range of nanotube fabrications. Iron oxide is one such example, a transmission electron micrograph of which, after aging for 6 months, is depicted in the Figure.
Augmentation cystoplasty: Contemporary indications, techniques and complications (2013)

Augmentation cystoplasty (AC) has traditionally been used in the treatment of the low capacity, poorly compliant or refractory overactive bladder (OAB). The use of intravesical botulinum toxin and sacral neuromodulation in detrusor overactivity has reduced the number of AC performed for this indication. However, AC remains important in the pediatric and renal transplant setting and still remains a viable option for refractory OAB. Advances in surgical technique have seen the development of both laparoscopic and robotic augmentation cystoplasty. A variety of intestinal segments can be used although ileocystoplasty remains the most common performed procedure. Early complications include thromboembolism and mortality, whereas long-term problems include metabolic disturbance, bacteriuria, urinary tract stones, incontinence, perforation, the need for intermittent self-catheterization and carcinoma. This article examines the contemporary indications, published results and possible future directions for augmentation cystoplasty.
[The significance of antibodies to Pasteurella haemolytica A1 in the colostrum of cows and blood serum of calves]. (1992)

Antibodies to P. haemolytica were detected in colostral sera of cows and blood sera of calves by means of indirect haemagglutination (IHA) and ELISA. The ELISA titres of the colostral sera of the dams and of the blood sera of the calves showed a significantly positive correlation. There is a positive correlation between the titres of the two serological methods. The results of the challenge infection with P. haemolytica A 1 do not show a correlation between the titres and the severity of the disease. Heifer calves, however, developed more severe pneumonias than calves from older cows.
Wrappers for Performance Enhancements and Oblivious Decision Graphs. (1995)

In this doctoral dissertation, we study three basic problems in machine learning and two new hypothesis spaces with corresponding learning algorithms. The problems we investigate are: accuracy estimation, feature subset selection, and parameter tuning. The latter two problems are related and are studied under the wrapper approach. The hypothesis spaces we investigate are: decision tables with a default majority rule (DTMs) and oblivious read-once decision graphs (OODGs). For accuracy estimation, we investigate cross-validation and the~.632 bootstrap. We show examples where they fail and conduct a large scale study comparing them. We conclude that repeated runs of five-fold cross-validation give a good tradeoff between bias and variance for the problem of model selection used in later chapters. We define the wrapper approach and use it for feature subset selection and parameter tuning. We relate definitions of feature relevancy to the set of optimal features, which is defined with respect to both a concept and an induction algorithm. The wrapper approach requires a search space, operators, a search engine, and an evaluation function. We investigate all of them in detail and introduce compound operators for feature subset selection. Finally, we abstract the search problem into search with probabilistic estimates. We introduce decision tables with a default majority rule (DTMs) to test the conjecture that feature subset selection is a very powerful bias. The accuracy of induced DTMs is surprisingly powerful, and we concluded that this bias is extremely important for many real-world datasets. We show that the resulting decision tables are very small and can be succinctly displayed. We study properties of oblivious read-once decision graphs (OODGs) and show that they do not suffer from some inherent limitations of decision trees. We describe a a general framework for constructing OODGs bottom-up and specialize it using the wrapper approach. We show that the graphs produced are use less features than C4.5, the state-of-the-art decision tree induction algorithm, and are usually easier for humans to comprehend.
Highly potent oxathiin carboxanilide derivatives with efficacy against nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus isolates (1997)

The structure-activity relationships of a series of compounds related to the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor (NNRTI) oxathiin carboxanilide have been described (R. W. Buckheit, Jr., T. L. Kinjerski, V. Fliakas-Boltz, J. D. Russell, T. L. Stup, L. A. Pallansch, W. G. Brouwer, D. C. Dao, W. A. Harrison, R. J. Schultz, J. P. Bader, and S. S. Yang, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:2718-2727, 1996). From these studies, the furanyl-containing analog UC10 was identified as the most potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and a promising candidate for further development. Three new UC analogs (UC040, UC82, and UC781) have been determined to inhibit laboratory-derived and low-passage-number, primary virus isolates at low nanomolar concentrations in both established and fresh human cells. Each of the compounds synergistically interacted with the nucleoside analogs zidovudine, dideoxyinosine, dideoxycytosine, and lamivudine to inhibit HIV-1 replication. As a group, the UC compounds were found to be less active against viruses with the L100I, K103N, and Y181C amino acid changes in the RT and, upon in vitro selection, yielded resistant virus with the Y181C mutation in the RT. The most potent of the three new compounds, UC781, contains a furanyl side chain, similar to UC10, but differs in having an extended ether side chain instead of an oxime chain. The broad therapeutic index of UC781 (>62,000) resulted in effective inhibition of NNRTI-resistant virus isolates at high nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, UC781 and the NNRTI costatolide were able to synergistically inhibit HIV-1 replication when used in combination, suggesting that UC781 may interact with the RT differently than the other UC analogs. The favorable anti-HIV properties of the UC compounds suggest they should be considered for further clinical development.
Persistent Homology and Materials Informatics (2018)

This paper provides an introduction to persistent homology and a survey of its applications to materials science. Mathematical prerequisites are limited to elementary linear algebra. Important concepts in topological data analysis such as persistent homology and persistence diagram are explained in a self-contained manner with several examples. These tools are applied to glass structural analysis, crystallization of granular systems, and craze formation of polymers.
Ketamine Safety and Tolerability in Clinical Trials for Treatment-Resistant Depression (2014)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00419003, NCT00548964, and NCT00768430.
Polar Substituent Effects in the Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Ring System: Acidities of 3-Substituted Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane-1-carboxylic Acids (2005)

Experimental gas-phase acidities are reported for a series of 3-substituted (X) bicyclo [1.1.1]pent-1-yl carboxylic acids (1, Y = COOH). A comparison with available calculated data (MP2/6-311++G**// B3LYP/6-311+G**) reveals good agreement. The relative substituent effects are shown to be adequately described by a much lower level of theory (B3LYP/6-31+G*). Various correlations are presented which clearly point to polar field effects as being the origin of the relative acidities.
A compilation of large subunit (23S and 23S-like) ribosomal RNA structures: 1993 (1993)

Journal Article A compilation of large subunit (23S and 23S-like) ribosomal RNA structures: 1993 Get access Robin R Gutell, Robin R Gutell * * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michael W. Gray, Michael W. Gray * 1Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Murray N. Schnare Murray N. Schnare 1Department of Biochemistry, Dalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 21, Issue 13, 1 July 1993, Pages 3055–3074, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/21.13.3055 Published: 01 July 1993
Enhanced dye fluorescence over silver island films: analysis of the distance dependence (1993)

Abstract Fluorescence intensity enhancement has been studied for several coverages (10-3 to 1 monolayer) of Rhodamine 6G separated from a silver island film by quartz spacer layers of varying thickness. When the dye film is brought into the proximity of the island film support, a first enhancement maximum is observed at ≈ 60 nm spacer thickness. For smaller distances, decrease in the enhancement is followed by a second maximum at 5–10 nm interlayer thickness. The magnitude of the latter maximum exhibits a pronounced dependence on dye coverage. The far-field enhancement maximum is due to an increase in fluorescence quantum yield induced by the presence of the island film substrate, combined with a resonant excitation phenomenon due to collective action of the islands. This effect is analysed in terms of stratified medium theory, in which the island film is represented by a suitable model for the effective dielectric constant. The short distance enhancement results from competition between the strongly amplified local field around the spheroidal metal particle and the radiationless loss of excitation energy by transfer to non-radiating particle surface plasmons.
An Experimental Television Recording and Playback System Using Photographic Discs (1970)

An experimental television recording and playback system has been designed and built that employs photographic discs as the storage medium. The video and sync are recorded as analog signals on a spiral track. A 12-in diameter disc can store a one-half hour full-bandwidth television program. Initial experiments indicate that copies can be made from a master recording by contact printing. The research was completed before high-quality gas lasers and compatible emulsions were available. Pictorial information from a 16mm motion-picture film was recorded on a plate at 1/16 real time using high-pressure mercury arc sources and a Kerr-cell modulator. Playback was in real time. Details of the reading and playback system are described. Pictures indicating the quality of the television presentation at the conclusion of the research are included.
Going Global: An Information Sourcebook for Small and Medium-sized Businesses (2010)

Awe (Univ. New Mexico, Albuquerque) has produced a wonderful resource for entrepreneurs and business owners interested in expanding their companies to the international market.
Swine and Poultry Pathogens: the Complete Genome Sequences of Two Strains ofMycoplasma hyopneumoniaeand a Strain ofMycoplasma synoviae (2005)

This work reports the results of analyses of three complete mycoplasma genomes, a pathogenic (7448) and a nonpathogenic (J) strain of the swine pathogen Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and a strain of the avian pathogen Mycoplasma synoviae; the genome sizes of the three strains were 920,079 bp, 897,405 bp, and 799,476 bp, respectively. These genomes were compared with other sequenced mycoplasma genomes reported in the literature to examine several aspects of mycoplasma evolution. Strain-specific regions, including integrative and conjugal elements, and genome rearrangements and alterations in adhesin sequences were observed in the M. hyopneumoniae strains, and all of these were potentially related to pathogenicity. Genomic comparisons revealed that reduction in genome size implied loss of redundant metabolic pathways, with maintenance of alternative routes in different species. Horizontal gene transfer was consistently observed between M. synoviae and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Our analyses indicated a likely transfer event of hemagglutinin-coding DNA sequences from M. gallisepticum to M. synoviae.
Role of cytokines in the innate immune response to intracellular pathogens (2001)

Intracellular pathogens live inside host cells, and survival is dependent on coexistence with the host. In their intracellular niche these pathogens are well shielded from the effector cells of the cellular immune system. However, microbial proteins are processed and presented, thus promoting activation of T lymphocytes. These T lymphocytes determine resistance, susceptibility, and often immunopathogenesis of intracellular infections. Pathogenic intracellular bacteria and parasites include different species of Listeria , Mycobacteria , Salmonella , Chlamydia , Rickettsia , Trypanosoma , and Leishmania . Although CD4+ lymphocytes are central to acquired resistance, an increasing amount of evidence is emerging showing crucial contributions by CD8+ T cells as well as unconventional T cells. These include CD4−, CD8− TCRαβ+ T cells recognising mycobacterial lipid antigens, T cells expressing the TCRγδ or natural killer T cells, which are thought to have a regulatory function in the early immune response. Facultative intracellular microbes favour mononuclear phagocytes as their biotope, but can survive in the extracellular environment. In contrast, obligate intracellular bacteria such as Rickettsiae and Chlamydiae must enter host cells, because their metabolism requires nutrients of the eukaryotic cell.

The different types of immune response fall into two categories: innate immune response and adaptive immune responses (table1).

View this table:

Table 1 
Different types of immune response



The major difference between innate and acquired immune responses is that the latter are highly specific for a particular pathogen. Moreover, although the innate immune response does not alter on repeated exposure to a given infectious agent, the adaptive response improves with each successive encounter with the same pathogen. Because innate immunity functions at times before adaptive immunity, its major role is likely to be to initiate defence early during primary infections. There is growing appreciation of the immunoregulatory role of the innate immune responses both in activating cellular constituents of innate …
In Vivo Molecular Imaging of Acute and Subacute Thrombosis Using a Fibrin-Binding Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent (2004)

We demonstrate the feasibility of in vivo "molecular" MRI for the detection of acute and subacute thrombosis using a novel fibrin-binding MRI contrast agent in an animal model of atherosclerosis and acute/subacute thrombosis. Potential clinical applications include thrombus detection in acute coronary syndromes and stroke.