gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE IRR,NPV AND PAYBACK PERIOD AND THEIR RELATIVE PERFORMANCE IN COMMON CAPITIAL BUDGETING DECISION PROCEDURES FOR DEALING WITH RISK (1993)

ABSTRACT The relative performance of six capital budgeting decision procedures for dealing with risk was studied using Monte Carlo computer simulation of long sequences of capital rationing decisions involving risk. Five of the decision procedures included either subjective or objective risk assessment and used common measures of worth: Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, and Payback Period. The sixth decision procedure was random selection. Also investigated were (1) the effects of errors in risk assessment and (2) the effectiveness of the decision strategy to prefer opportunities with short-term capital recovery periods to reduce the exposure to risk of the capital invested.
The VPC Trace-Compression Algorithms (2005)

Execution traces, such as are used to study and analyze program behavior, are often so large that they need to be stored in compressed form. This paper describes the design and implementation of four value prediction-based compression (VPC) algorithms for traces that record the PC as well as other information about executed instructions. VPC1 directly compresses traces using value predictors, VPC2 adds a second compression stage, and VPC3 utilizes value predictors to convert traces into streams that can be compressed better and more quickly than the original traces. VPC4 introduces further algorithmic enhancements and is automatically synthesized. Of the 55 SPECcpu2000 traces we evaluate, VPC4 compresses 36 better, decompresses 26 faster, and compresses 53 faster than BZIP2, MACHE, PDATS II, SBC, and SEQUITUR. It delivers the highest geometric-mean compression rate, decompression speed, and compression speed because of the predictors' simplicity and their ability to exploit local value locality. Most other compression algorithms can only exploit global value locality.
Phosphorylation sites of Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 regulate its function (2009)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis and a risk factor for developing a variety of lymphomas and carcinomas. EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein found in all EBV-related malignancies. It plays a key role in establishing and maintaining the altered state of cells transformed with EBV. EBNA1 is required for a variety of functions, including gene regulation, replication and maintenance of the viral genome, but the regulation of EBNA1's functions is poorly understood. We demonstrate that phosphorylation affects the functions of EBNA1. By using electron-transfer dissociation tandem mass spectrometry, ten specific phosphorylated EBNA1 residues were identified. A mutant derivative preventing the phosphorylation of all ten phosphosites retained the unusually long half-life and the ability to translocate into the nucleus of wild-type EBNA1. This phosphorylation-deficient mutant, however, had a significantly reduced ability to activate transcription and to maintain EBV's plasmids in cells.
Distribution of Gal.alpha.1.fwdarw.3Gal.beta.1.fwdarw.4GlcNAc residues on secreted mammalian glycoproteins (thyroglobulin, fibrinogen, and immunoglobulin G) as measured by a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay (1990)

The study of the expression of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues on mammalian glycoconjugates is of particular interest since as many as 1% of circulating IgG antibodies in man (the natural anti-Gal antibody) interact specifically with this carbohydrate residue. In recent studies, we have found that Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues are abundant on red cells and nucleated cells of nonprimate mammals, prosimians, and New World monkeys, but their expression is diminished in Old World monkeys, apes, and humans. In the present work, we have analyzed the expression of these residues on secreted mammalian glycoproteins. For this purpose, we have developed a radioimmunoassay (RIA) which enables the quantification of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues on the secreted glycoproteins. Purified biotinylated anti-Gal was used as the antibody in the RIA, and bovine thyroglobulin enriched for Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues served as a solid-phase antigen. In this study, it is reported for the first time that the evolutionary pattern of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residue distribution in in vivo secreted glycoproteins is similar to that observed in membranes of cell lines and of red cells. Thyroglobulin, fibrinogen, or IgG molecules from nonprimate mammals and from New World monkeys express varying amounts of Gal alpha 1----3Gal beta 1----4GlcNAc residues ranging between 0.01 and 11 residues per molecule, whereas no such residues are present on any of these glycoproteins of human or Old World monkey origin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Using Google distance to weight approximate ontology matches (2007)

Discovering mappings between concept hierarchies is widely regarded as one of the hardest and most urgent problems facing the Semantic Web. The problem is even harder in domains where concepts are inherently vague and ill-defined, and cannot be given a crisp definition. A notion of approximate concept mapping is required in such domains, but until now, no such notion is vailable.
Current and future directions in medical therapy for breast carcinoma (2000)

Endocrine therapy remains a mainstay of treatment for breast carcinoma in both adjuvant and metastatic settings. The choice of endocrine therapy is guided by the presence and degree of expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) as well as by clinical parameters. Adjuvant tamoxifen (TAM) given for 5 years is accepted standard therapy for postmenopausal ER and/or PgR positive (+ve) women. In premenopausal women, 5 years of TAM given alone has similar effects, but is used less frequently because chemotherapy has been regarded as a standard even in ER and PgR +ve women. Recent literature has demonstrated the equivalence or superiority of (Zoladex [ZOL], Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE) goserelin acetate plus TAM to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy in premenopausal ER and PgR +ve women. This, together with older data showing equivalence or superiority of ovarian ablation (OA) to CMF chemotherapy in the same setting, as well as accumulating data suggesting benefit from the addition of ZOL, OA, and/or TAM to chemotherapy in the premenopausal adjuvant setting, has raised issues regarding whether ZOL, OA, and/or TAM can substitute for chemotherapy or should always be added to it for premenopausal receptor +ve women. In the metastatic setting, the second-generation aromatase inhibitors (AI) clearly have moved into position as second-line therapy after TAM. Recent data have shown equivalence and perhaps some superiority to TAM by at least one AI (anastrazole [AN]) in first-line metastatic treatment. The results of adjuvant studies comparing TAM, AN, and TAM + AN in the adjuvant setting will be awaited with great interest. In the interim, the development of other SERMS (raloxifene, EM 850) and of pure antiestrogens may provide new and exciting approaches in the metastatic, adjuvant, and preventive settings.
The adenovirus-mediated delivery of a reporter gene permits the assessment of androgen receptor function in genital skin fibroblast cultures. Stimulation of Gs and inhibition of G(o). (1993)

Defects in the androgen receptor cause a spectrum of abnormalities in genetic males ranging from phenotypic women with testicular feminization to men with minor defects in fertility and/or virilization. The diagnosis of androgen resistance can be quite cumbersome, including analysis of the family history, karyotyping, endocrine studies, measurement of androgen binding in genital skin fibroblasts, and, in some instances, sequencing of mutant cDNAs. Furthermore, androgen-binding studies may be normal in patients with qualitative receptor abnormalities or mutations in the DNA-binding domain of the receptor. To circumvent these difficulties, we have used a recombinant adenovirus to deliver an androgen-responsive reporter gene (mouse mammary tumor virus-luciferase) to fibroblasts cultured from genital skin from 12 normal controls and from eight individuals with complete testicular feminization. Following incubation with androgen (2 nM mibolerone) for 72 h, luciferase activity in normal fibroblasts increased > 10-fold (range 11-200-fold) in a manner that corresponded with the level of androgen receptor detected in ligand-binding assays. By contrast, luciferase activity increased negligibly in fibroblasts from individuals with testicular feminization (average = 1.2-fold increase). This assay permits a direct assessment of endogenous androgen receptor function in cells and should be a powerful aid in the diagnosis of androgen resistance.
A randomised control trial examining the effect of an antioxidant (Menevit) on pregnancy outcome during IVF‐ICSI treatment (2007)

The Menevit antioxidant appears to be a useful ancillary treatment that significantly improves pregnancy rates in couples undergoing IVF-ICSI treatment for severe male factor infertility.
Synthesis and antiherpes virus activity of 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleosides (1993)

The synthesis of 1,5-anhydrohexitol nucleosides is described. These nucleoside analogues were obtained by alkylation of the heterocyclic bases with the tosylate 10 or by alkylation of the bases with the alcohol 12 under Mitsunobu conditions. The compounds were evaluated for antiviral and cytostatic activity. Highly selective activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) was noted for 1,5-anhydro-2,3-dideoxy-2-(5-iodouracil-1-yl)-D-arabino-hexitol 4b at a concentration of 0.07 microgram/mL. This activity must be dependent on a specific phosphorylation by the virus-encoded thymidine kinase (TK), since compound 4b was inactive against TK-deficient mutants of HSV-1. The corresponding cytosine 4c and guanine 4e analogues showed activity against HSV-1, HSV-2, and other herpes viruses (i.e. cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus) at concentrations well below the cytotoxicity threshold (2 and 20 micrograms/mL, respectively). At these concentrations, compounds 4c and 4e proved also inhibitory to the growth of human T-cells (i.e. MT-4, CEM, MOLT-4).
Efficient Exciton Transport in Layers of Self-Assembled Porphyrin Derivatives (2008)

The photosynthetic apparatus of green sulfur bacteria, the chlorosome, is generally considered as a highly efficient natural light-harvesting system. The efficient exciton transport through chlorosomes toward the reaction centers originates from self-assembly of the bacteriochlorophyll molecules. The aim of the present work is to realize a long exciton diffusion length in an artificial light-harvesting system using the concept of self-assembled natural chlorosomal chromophores. The ability to transport excitons is studied for porphyrin derivatives with different tendencies to form molecular stacks by self-assembly. A porphyrin derivative denoted as ZnOP, containing methoxymethyl substituents ({meso-tetrakis[3,5-bis(methoxymethyl)phenyl]porphyrinato}zinc(II)) is found to form self-assembled stacks, in contrast to a derivative with tert-butyl substituents, ZnBuP ({meso-tetrakis[3,5-bis(tert-butyl)phenyl]porphyrinato}zinc(II)). Exciton transport and dissociation in a bilayer of these porphyrin derivatives and TiO2 are studied using the time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) method. For ZnOP layers it is found that excitons undergo diffusive motion between the self-assembled stacks, with the exciton diffusion length being as long as 15 +/- 1 nm, which is comparable to that in natural chlorosomes. For ZnBuP a considerably shorter exciton diffusion length of 3 +/- 1 nm is found. Combining these exciton diffusion lengths with exciton lifetimes of 160 ps for ZnOP and 74 ps for ZnBuP yields exciton diffusion coefficients equal to 1.4 x 10(-6) m2/s and 1 x 10(-7) m2/s, respectively. The larger exciton diffusion coefficient for ZnOP originates from a strong excitonic coupling for interstack energy transfer. The findings show that energy transfer is strongly affected by the molecular organization. The efficient interstack energy transfer shows promising prospects for application of such self-assembled porphyrins in optoelectronics.
A novel server selection technique for improving the response time of a replicated service (2002)

Server replication is an approach often used to improve the ability of a service to handle a large number of clients. One of the important factors in the efficient utilization of replicated servers is the ability to direct client requests to the best server, according to some optimality criteria. In this paper we target an environment in which servers are distributed across the Internet, and clients identify servers using our application-layer any-casting service. Our goal is to allocate servers to clients in a way that minimizes a client's response time. To that end, we develop an approach for estimating the performance that a client would experience when accessing particular servers. Such information is maintained in a resolver that clients can query to obtain the identity of the server with the best response time. Our performance collection technique combines server push with client probes to estimate the expected response time. A set of experiments is used to demonstrate the properties of our performance determination approach and to show its advantages when used within the application-layer anycasting architecture.
Stage-specific expression of breast cancer-specific gene gamma-synuclein. (2003)

Gamma-synuclein (SNCG), also referred as breast cancer-specific gene 1, is the third member of a neuronal protein family synuclein. SNCG is highly expressed in human-infiltrating breast carcinomas but not expressed in normal or benign breast tissues. To evaluate the clinical relevance of SNCG expression in breast cancer progression and its correlation with clinical parameters, we analyzed SNCG expression in 79 clinical breast specimens from primary breast cancer, hyperplasia, and fibroadenoma patients by reverse transcription-PCR. The status of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and C-erBb2 was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Overall SNCG mRNA expression was detectable in 38.8% of breast cancers. However, 79% of stage III/IV breast cancers were positive for SNCG expression, whereas only 15% of stage I/II breast cancers were positive for SNCG expression. In contrast, the expression of SNCG was undetectable in all benign breast lesions. The expression of SNCG was strongly correlated to the stage of breast cancer (P=0.000). This study suggests that the expression of SNCG is stage specific for breast cancer. SNCG is expected to be a useful marker for breast cancer progression and a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
Vacuum-Assisted Closure for Defects of the Abdominal Wall (2008)

Vacuum-assisted closure therapy frequently shortened time to abdominal wall reconstruction and simplified the method of reconstruction.
Effect of Intertube Junctions on the Thermoelectric Power of Monodispersed Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks (2014)

The thermoelectric power (TEP) of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films in pure metallic SWCNT (m-SWCNT) and pure semiconducting SWCNT (s-SWCNT) networks as well as in m- and s-SWCNT mixtures is investigated. The TEP measured on the pure s-SWCNT film (≈88 μV/K) was found to be almost 7 times higher than that of the m-SWCNTs (≈13 μV/K). Moreover, a quasilinear increase of TEP of the mixed SWCNT networks was observed as the fraction of s-SWCNTs is increased. The experimentally determined relationship between TEP and the fraction of s-SWCNTs in the mixture allows fast and simple quantitative analysis of the s:m ratio in any as-prepared heterogeneous SWCNT network. Furthermore, a semiempirical model analyzing the effect of the intertube junctions is proposed and applied to describe the thermoelectric behavior of the prepared SWCNT networks. The results of calculations match well with the experimental data and clearly demonstrate that the measured TEP of thin SWCNT films is principally controlled by the intertube junctions. The fundamental role of junctions in generating thermoelectric power is not limited to only SWCNT networks as discovered here, but also could be applied to systems where nanoparticles/nanotube form percolating paths in thin films and composite materials.
Mechanisms for 2‐methoxyestradiol‐induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells (2002)

Prostate and breast carcinomas are sex hormone-related carcinomas, which are known to be associated with an over-expression of the proto-oncogene Bcl-2. Here, we report that 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous metabolite of estrogen that does not bind to nuclear estrogen receptors, effectively induces apoptosis in Bcl-2-expressing human prostate and breast carcinoma cells in vitro and in a rat prostate tumor model in vivo. In several cell lines derived from prostate, breast, liver and colorectal carcinomas, 2-ME treatment led to an activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and phosphorylation of Bcl-2, which preceded the induction of apoptosis. In summary, our data suggest that 2-ME induces apoptosis in epithelial carcinomas by causing phosphorylation of JNK, which appears to be correlated with phosphorylation of Bcl-2.
Estrogen and estrogen-androgen replacement in postmenopausal women dissatisfied with estrogen-only therapy. Sexual behavior and neuroendocrine responses. (1998)

Sexual desire, satisfaction and frequency in postmenopausal women taking hormonal therapy were improved significantly by combined estrogen-androgen therapy but not by estrogen or estrogen-progestin therapy. Sexual function improved with estrogen-androgen therapy even though circulating estrogen levels were lower than those measured during previous estrogen therapy. This leads to the conclusion that androgens play a pivotal role in sexual function but that estrogens are not a significant factor determining levels of sexual drive and enjoyment.
Multi-carrier CDMA with iterative decoding and soft-interference cancellation (2002)

A novel multi-user detection scheme applying iterative soft-interference cancellation in multi-carrier code division multiple access (MC-CDMA) systems is proposed and investigated. The novel detection scheme cancels the interference from the other users by taking into account reliability information about the detected interference. For this purpose, we do not use the decisions from the inner decoder (despreader) but the more reliable soft-values from the outer soft-in/soft-out decoder to reduce error propagation. It can be shown that the iterative soft-interference cancellation scheme clearly outperforms an MC-CDMA system with inner joint detection based on maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) which is followed by an outer channel decoder. Furthermore, the bit error rate (BER) obtained with the proposed scheme closely approaches the single-user bound. Hence, iterative soft-interference cancellation is able to eliminate almost all multiple access interference.
Resolution limits for deconvolved images (1992)

The limits imposed by photon statistics on the resolution attainable by deconvolving seeing-broadened astronomical images are investigated. By analogy with the classical Rayleigh limit for diffraction-limited images, resolution is defined as the separation of the equal component double star that can be just resolved by deconvolution. An approximate analytic theory is given that predicts the dependence of resolution thus defined on the number of detected photons, and this theory is tested by deconvolution experiments on synthetic images. The disparity for restored images between the Rayleigh criterion of resolution and the effective seeing inferred from the angular diameters of deconvolved single stars is stressed.
In vivo biologic and immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin-1 alpha, beta and tumor necrosis factor during experimental endotoxemia. Kinetics, Kupffer cell expression, and glucocorticoid effects. (1991)

Using a model of sepsis induced by parenteral challenge of mice with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the authors analyzed the in vivo expression of interleukin-1 (IL-1) alpha,beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Both TNF and IL-1 alpha,beta were detected in hepatic sinusoidal macrophages (Kupffer cells), immunohistochemically. Kinetic analysis showed a clear sequence of synthesis. Tumor necrosis factor was produced first, reaching maximal expression at 1 hour after LPS challenge, then rapidly disappeared. IL-1 beta followed, reaching maximal expression at 2 to 3 hours, then dropped off by 6 hours. Interleukin-1 alpha expression reached a peak at 6 hours and had disappeared by 18 hours. Analysis of serum bioactivity also revealed sequential expression that correlated with immunohistochemical findings. Tumor necrosis factor was maximal at 1 hour and IL-1 at 6 hours. The IL-1 bioactivity was not due to interleukin-6 (IL-6), as this was depleted from specimens by immunoabsorption. Also IL-6 bioactivity reached maximal levels at 3 hours, earlier than IL-1. Pretreatment with 4 mg/kg dexamethasone significantly decreased Kupffer cell expression of TNF and IL-1 alpha (about 80% and 60% suppression, respectively) but had less effect on IL-1 beta expression (about 30% suppression). Accordingly, serum levels of TNF were suppressed by 75% while serum IL-1 was decreased by 39%, indicating differential sensitivity of these cytokines to glucocorticoids. Endogenous corticosteroid levels increased as TNF levels decreased, supporting the contention that glucocorticoids regulate TNF synthesis. In contrast, IL-1 levels rose concurrently with corticosterone. These data indicate a sequential activation of cytokine gene expression in vivo, which may be critical to the cascade of events leading to septic shock, and provide evidence that Kupffer cells are a major source of cytokines in endotoxemia. Finally, the differential sensitivity of cytokine expression to glucocorticoids may in part explain the inadequacy of the latter in the treatment of sepsis.
Stereochemical quality of protein structure coordinates (1992)

Methods have been developed to assess the stereochemical quality of any protein structure both globally and locally using various criteria. Several parameters can be derived from the coordinates of a given structure. Global parameters include the distribution of phi, psi and chi 1 torsion angles, and hydrogen bond energies. There are clear correlations between these parameters and resolution; as the resolution improves, the distribution of the parameters becomes more clustered. These features show a broad distribution about ideal values derived from high-resolution structures. Some structures have tightly clustered distributions even at relatively low resolutions, while others show abnormal scatter though the data go to high resolution. Additional indicators of local irregularity include proline phi angles, peptide bond planarities, disulfide bond lengths, and their chi 3 torsion angles. These stereochemical parameters have been used to generate measures of stereochemical quality which provide a simple guide as to the reliability of a structure, in addition to the most important measures, resolution and R-factor. The parameters used in this evaluation are not novel, and are easily calculated from structure coordinates. A program suite is currently being developed which will quickly check a given structure, highlighting unusual stereochemistry and possible errors.