gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of kappa light-chain gene rearrangement by the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain in a pre-B-cell line. (1993)

B-lymphocyte development exhibits a characteristic order of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements. Previous work has led to the hypothesis that expression of the immunoglobulin mu heavy chain induces rearrangement activity at the kappa light-chain locus. To examine this issue in more detail, we isolated five matched pairs of mu- and endogenously rearranged mu+ cell lines from the Abelson murine leukemia virus-transformed pro-B-cell line K.40. In four of the five mu+ cell lines, substantial expression of mu protein on the cell surface was observed, and this correlated with an enhanced frequency of kappa immunoglobulin gene rearrangement compared with that in the matched mu- cell lines. This increased kappa gene rearrangement frequency was not due to a general increase in the amount of V(D)J recombinase activity in the mu+ cells. Consistently, introduction of a functionally rearranged mu gene into one of the mu- pre-B-cell lines resulted in a fivefold increase in kappa gene rearrangements. In three of the four clonally matched pairs with increased kappa gene rearrangements, the increase in rearrangement frequency was not accompanied by a significant increase in germ line transcripts from the C kappa locus. However, in the fourth pair, K.40D, we observed an increase in germ line transcription of the kappa locus after expression of mu protein encoded by either an endogenously rearranged or a transfected functional heavy-chain allele. In these cells, the amount of the germ line C kappa transcript correlated with the measured frequency of rearranged kappa genes. These results support a regulated model of B-cell development in which mu protein expression in some way targets the V(D)J recombinase to the kappa gene locus.
Digital signatures (1993)

Digital Signature (DS) technology may be employed to produce legally enforceable signatures in Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) among computer users within the same general guidelines and requirements as those developed for handwritten signatures on paper. Digital signature technology promises assurance at least equal to written signatures. From a legal standpoint, this assurance remains to be tested in the evidentiary process. Business policies for organizational use of this technology are being created as the use of digital signature technology is adopted. Standard industry practice serves to create and document a legal precedent. Digital signatures are especially applicable to interpretations of contracts and statute of fraud law. Digital signatures may be used to provide assurances in distributed and networked computer environments where electronic transactions require a high degree of trust.
Life Cycle Assessment of the Oriented Strand Board and Plywood Industries in the United States of America (2015)

This study presents the collection and preparation of the life cycle inventory (LCI) data for structural plywood produced in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and Southeast (SE) regions of the U.S. Softwood plywood producers were invited to provide input and output data for the production year 2012. The collected data represent 75.18% and 33.82% of the total production output in the PNW and SE regions in the survey year, respectively. Production-weighted average values of the collected input and output data were determined based on the functional unit of one thousand square feet (MSF) 3/8 inch basis (0.885 m). The collected primary data cover the environmental burdens within the gateto-gate system boundaries. The life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) from cradle-to-gate required secondary data for the forestry operations, electricity, resin and thermal energy production from the USLCI database modeled. These data were assessed with the SimaPro 8.0 an life cycle assessment (LCA) software package by using the ‘Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts’ (TRACI 2.1 V1.01/US 2008) impact method.
Saliency Detection: A Spectral Residual Approach (2007)

The ability of human visual system to detect visual saliency is extraordinarily fast and reliable. However, computational modeling of this basic intelligent behavior still remains a challenge. This paper presents a simple method for the visual saliency detection. Our model is independent of features, categories, or other forms of prior knowledge of the objects. By analyzing the log-spectrum of an input image, we extract the spectral residual of an image in spectral domain, and propose a fast method to construct the corresponding saliency map in spatial domain. We test this model on both natural pictures and artificial images such as psychological patterns. The result indicate fast and robust saliency detection of our method.
Identification and Molecular Cloning of a Heparosan Synthase fromPasteurella multocida Type D (2002)

Pasteurella multocida Type D, a causative agent of atrophic rhinitis in swine and pasteurellosis in other domestic animals, produces an extracellular polysaccharide capsule that is a putative virulence factor. It was reported previously that the capsule was removed by treating microbes with heparin lyase III. We molecularly cloned a 617-residue enzyme, pmHS, which is a heparosan (nonsulfated, unepimerized heparin) synthase. Recombinant Escherichia coli-derived pmHS catalyzes the polymerization of the monosaccharides from UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcUA. Other structurally related sugar nucleotides did not substitute. Synthase activity was stimulated about 7-25-fold by the addition of an exogenous polymer acceptor. Molecules composed of approximately 500-3,000 sugar residues were produced in vitro. The polysaccharide was sensitive to the action of heparin lyase III but resistant to hyaluronan lyase. The sequence of the pmHS enzyme is not very similar to the vertebrate heparin/heparan sulfate glycosyltransferases, EXT1 and 2, or to other Pasteurella glycosaminoglycan synthases that produce hyaluronan or chondroitin. The pmHS enzyme is the first microbial dual-action glycosyltransferase to be described that forms a polysaccharide composed of beta4GlcUA-alpha4GlcNAc disaccharide repeats. In contrast, heparosan biosynthesis in E. coli K5 requires at least two separate polypeptides, KfiA and KfiC, to catalyze the same polymerization reaction.
Private simultaneous messages protocols with applications (2002)

We study the Private Simultaneous Messages (PSM) model which is a variant of the model proposed in Feige et. al., (1994). In the PSM model there are n players P/sub 1/, ..., P/sub n/, each player P/sub i/ holding a secret input x/sub i/ (say, a bit), and all having access to a common random string. Each player sends a single message to a special player, Carol, depending an its own input and the random string (and independently of all other messages). Based on these messages, Carol should be able to compute f(x/sub 1/, ..., x/sub n/) (for some predetermined function f) but should learn no additional information on the values of x/sub 1/, ..., x/sub n/. Our results go in two directions. First, we present efficient PSM protocols, which improve the efficiency of previous solutions, and extend their scope to several function classes for which no such solutions were known before. These classes include most of the important linear algebraic functions; as a result, we get efficient constant-round private protocols (in the standard model) for these classes. Second, we present reductions that allow transforming PSM protocols into solutions for some other problems, thereby demonstrating the power of this model. An interesting reduction of this sort shows how to construct, based on a standard (/sub 1//sup 2/)-OT (Oblivious Transfer) primitive, generalized-OT (GOT) primitives that, we believe, might be useful for the design of cryptographic protocols.
Platelet — vessel wall interaction: influence of diet (1981)

The interaction of platelets with the vessel wall is influenced by the diet. Of major importance is the dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Epidemiological evidence from Greenland Eskimos with low incidences of acute myocardial infarction has drawn attention to the role of the n - 3 PUFA family. Experiments in vitro have demonstrated an anti-aggregatory effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). However, EPA does not inhibit vascular prostacyclin production. Antiaggregatory substances generated from EPA have not yet been demonstrated in vivo. Studies in vivo in both animals and humans have demonstrated an antithrombotic effect of EPA. In a study where volunteers were given 6 g EPA per day for 3 weeks, moderate decreases in collagen-induced and ADP-induced platelet aggregation, lower thromboxane B2 (TXB2) synthesis and prolongation of bleeding time were found. These observations indicate the dietary factors modulate the interaction of platelets and the vessel wall. Dietary advice aiming at lowering the incidence of ischaemic diseases must include this aspect. This necessitates a re-evaluation of advice hitherto given to the population in general.
A kinetic and thermodynamic understanding of O 2 tolerance in [NiFe]-hydrogenases (2009)

In biology, rapid oxidation and evolution of H(2) is catalyzed by metalloenzymes known as hydrogenases. These enzymes have unusual active sites, consisting of iron complexed by carbonyl, cyanide, and thiolate ligands, often together with nickel, and are typically inhibited or irreversibly damaged by O(2). The Knallgas bacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 (Re) uses H(2) as an energy source with O(2) as a terminal electron acceptor, and its membrane-bound uptake [NiFe]-hydrogenase (MBH) is an important example of an "O(2)-tolerant" hydrogenase. The mechanism of O(2) tolerance of Re MBH has been probed by measuring H(2) oxidation activity in the presence of O(2) over a range of potential, pH and temperature, and comparing with the same dependencies for individual processes involved in the attack by O(2) and subsequent reactivation of the active site. Most significantly, O(2) tolerance increases with increasing temperature and decreasing potentials. These trends correlate with the trends observed for reactivation kinetics but not for H(2) affinity or the kinetics of O(2) attack. Clearly, the rate of recovery is a crucial factor. We present a kinetic and thermodynamic model to account for O(2) tolerance in Re MBH that may be more widely applied to other [NiFe]-hydrogenases.
A Prospective Study of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor II (sTNF-RII) and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Women With Type 2 Diabetes (2005)

Increased levels of sTNF-RII were strongly associated with risk of CHD among diabetic women, independent of hyperglycemia.
Submitral atheromatous lesions in monkey and man (1983)

Posterior submitral recess (PSMR) calcification is a common autopsy finding in elderly people, but its pathogenesis is undetermined. In this communication we show that, in part at least, the PSMR changes at autopsy are atheroma-like with lipid around the sclerosis and calcific deposits. These changes in the PSMR showed a statistically significant correlation with the presence of hypertension and with an autopsy finding of severe coronary atherosclerosis. We showed, for the first time, that similar fibrosis and lipid deposition in the PSMR can be produced in high-fat, high-cholesterol fed macaque monkeys (Macaca arctoides) with or without concomitant experimentally produced hypertension. It is concluded that changes in the PSMR in monkeys and man are strongly related to atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts--technique and applications: updated review. (1990)

The present paper states very briefly the main steps leading to the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of vascular corrosion casts. From the terms presently used (injection method, microcorrosion cast, injection replica, vascular corrosion cast, vascular cast) the use of "vascular corrosion cast" for lymphatic and blood vessels is recommended. Specification and pretreatment (kind, volume, dosage of anticoagulants, vasoactive substances and spasmolytica used) of the animals examined are referenced as they are available from the literature. The recommendation is given to pay more attention to these parameters than done so far. The steps necessary for producing reasonable and suitable vascular corrosion casts are critically described. Special attention is paid to the physical and chemical properties of the casting media and their significance for polymerization, shrinkage, casting quality, corrosion resistance, and thermal and spatial stability. Emphasis is also focused on the advantages of cutting the vascular corrosion casts embedded in an ice block by a band saw, a self constructed multi-blade cutting device or a mini wheel-saw placed in the chamber of a cryomicrotome. From the drying methods presently used freeze-drying is stressed because of minimal specimen damage. To render casts conductive in most cases sputter-coating is sufficient. It is recommended to run the SEM with 5-10 kV since the resolution received still reveals all details the casting media presently can replicate. Further the application of scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts in fully differentiated normal tissue, in pathologic tissue as well as in developing tissues and organs is stated. Lastly possibilities and conditions are discussed under which SEM of vascular corrosion casts can serve to quantify vascular structures in order to make the technique more than pure descriptive.
Silicon-fluorine bonding and fluorine profiling in SiO2 films grown by NF3-enhanced oxidation (1992)

The incorporation and chemical bonding of fluorine introduced in SiO2 thin films by NF3-enhanced oxidation of silicon has been studied by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling. Fluorine bonding in the oxide network is observed, indicated to occur in the area of the oxidizing interface and resulting in depth profiles which reflect the manner of the exposure of the growing oxide to the NF3 fluorine source during oxidation.
The throughput of adaptive spread spectrum communication over multipath dispersive channels (2002)

We use analysis and simulation to investigate the downlink data rate of a wideband CDMA system, wherein the rate is adaptively varied based on the condition of the multipath fading channel. We use a previously published set of formulas for estimating output signal-to-distortion ratio which, in turn, permits us to compute the instantaneous allowed data rate per user for any fading channel response for three adaptive receivers. In addition, we use a previously published statistical model for path gain and delay spread to simulate a random population of downlink user terminals, including an ensemble of instantaneous channel responses for each. The result for each kind of receiver is a probability distribution, taken over the environment, of the multipath-averaged downlink data rate. We call the average of each such distribution the cell-averaged data rate (CADR), which we quantify for a variety of conditions (channel parameters, receiver type, cellular architecture). Our results demonstrate the superiority of the adaptive minimum mean square error (MMSE) receiver over the matched filter (MF) receiver, in terms of both data rate and robustness to the multipath parameters (e.g., median delay spread, delay profile shape). They also demonstrate the benefits against multipath fading of cell site diversity and the reductions in throughput due to multicell interference.
Presence of significant synovitis in rheumatoid arthritis patients with disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug–induced clinical remission: Evidence from an imaging study may explain structural progression (2006)

Abstract Objective More timely and effective therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has contributed to increasing rates of clinical remission. However, progression of structural damage may still occur in patients who have satisfied remission criteria, which suggests that there is ongoing disease activity. This questions the validity of current methods of assessing remission in RA. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that modern joint imaging improves the accuracy of remission measurement in RA. Methods We studied 107 RA patients receiving disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug therapy who were judged by their consultant rheumatologist to be in remission and 17 normal control subjects. Patients underwent clinical, laboratory, functional, and quality of life assessments. The Disease Activity Score 28‐joint assessment and the American College of Rheumatology remission criteria, together with strict clinical definitions of remission, were applied. Imaging of the hands and wrists using standardized acquisition and scoring techniques with conventional 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (US) were performed. Results Irrespective of which clinical criteria were applied to determine remission, the majority of patients continued to have evidence of active inflammation, as shown by findings on the imaging assessments. Even in asymptomatic patients with clinically normal joints, MRI showed that 96% had synovitis and 46% had bone marrow edema, and US showed that 73% had gray‐scale synovial hypertrophy and 43% had increased power Doppler signal. Only mild synovial thickening was seen in 3 of the control subjects (18%), but no bone marrow edema. Conclusion Most RA patients who satisfied the remission criteria with normal findings on clinical and laboratory studies had imaging‐detected synovitis. This subclinical inflammation may explain the observed discrepancy between disease activity and outcome in RA. Imaging assessment may be necessary for the accurate evaluation of disease status and, in particular, for the definition of true remission.
Role for neuronal insulin resistance in neurodegenerative diseases (2004)

Impairment of insulin signaling in the brain has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. To test the hypothesis that neuronal insulin resistance contributes to defects in neuronal function, we have performed a detailed analysis of brain/neuron-specific insulin receptor knockout (NIRKO) mice. We find that NIRKO mice exhibit a complete loss of insulin-mediated activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis. In intact animals, this loss results in markedly reduced phosphorylation of Akt and GSK3 beta, leading to substantially increased phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau, a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Nevertheless, these animals exhibit no alteration in neuronal proliferation/survival, memory, or basal brain glucose metabolism. Thus, lack of insulin signaling in the brain may lead to changes in Akt and GSK3 beta activity and Tau hyperphosphorylation but must interact with other mechanisms for development of Alzheimer's disease.
Antibody Affinity Optimization Using Yeast Cell Surface Display (2009)

Many biosensors depend on molecular recognition reagents to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection levels of an analyte of interest. Although new and improved detection platforms continue to be developed, improvements in the affinity and specificity of the molecular recognition reagents often dictate the ultimate performance level and utility of the instrument. Accordingly, large effort is placed in discovering and characterizing the reagents to be used for a biosensor application. Antibodies, owing to their unparalleled ability to bind a diverse array of antigens with high affinity and specificity, have been widely used as molecular recognition reagents in the biosensor field. The recent advent of recombinant in vitro antibody display technologies, in general, and yeast surface display, in particular, allow specific traits of a given antibody to be discreetly augmented to enhance biosensor performance. Large variegated libraries derived from existing antibodies already employed in a particular biosensor can be created and screened for mutations that confer a desired improved phenotype leading to enhanced biosensor performance. This chapter will provide a protocol for the affinity maturation of a previously isolated monoclonal antibody, the most widely used application of in vitro directed evolution.
Activation of the RAS Pathway Is Predictive for a Chemosensitive Phenotype of Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Blasts (2005)

The data highlight the role for alternative pathways of Ras activation without RAS mutations. Intrinsically activated Ras seems to increase sensitivity of the AML blast to high-dose 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine therapy.
Intravenous Pretreatment with Empty pH Gradient Liposomes Alters the Pharmacokinetics and Toxicity of Doxorubicin through In Vivo Active Drug Encapsulation (1999)

Liposomes have been used widely to improve the therapeutic activity of pharmaceutical agents. The traditional approach for such applications has been to formulate the pharmaceutical agent in liposomes prior to administration in vivo. In this report we demonstrate that liposomes exhibiting a transmembrane pH gradient injected intravenously (iv) can actively encapsulate doxorubicin in the circulation after iv administration of free drug. Small (110 nm) liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC)/cholesterol (Chol, 55:45 mol:mol) exhibiting a pH gradient (inside acidic) were administered iv 1 h prior to free doxorubicin, and plasma drug levels as well as toxicity and efficacy were evaluated. Predosing with egg PC/Chol pH gradient liposomes increased the plasma concentration of doxorubicin as much as 200-fold compared to free drug alone as well as to predosing with dipalmitoyl PC/Chol pH gradient liposomes or EPC/Chol liposomes without a pH gradient. The ability of the liposomes to alter the pharmacokinetics of doxorubicin was dependent on the presence of a transmembrane pH gradient and correlated with the extent of doxorubicin uptake into the liposomes at 37 degreesC in pH 7.5 buffer, indicating that doxorubicin was being actively accumulated in the circulating liposomes. This in vivo drug loading was achieved over a range of doxorubicin doses (5 mg/kg-40 mg/kg) and was dependent on the dose of EPC/Chol liposomes administered prior to free doxorubicin injection. The altered pharmacokinetic properties of doxorubicin associated with in vivo doxorubicin encapsulation were accompanied by a decrease in drug toxicity and maintained antitumor potency. These results suggest that pretreatment with empty liposomes exhibiting a pH gradient may provide a versatile and straightforward method for enhancing the pharmacological properties of many drugs that can accumulate into such vesicle systems at physiological temperatures.
Stromal Cell–Derived Factor-1 (SDF-1)/CXCL12 Attenuates Diabetes in Mice and Promotes Pancreatic β-Cell Survival by Activation of the Prosurvival Kinase Akt (2007)

SDF-1 promotes pancreatic beta-cell survival via activation of Akt, suggesting that SDF-1 agonists may prove beneficial for treatment of diabetes.