gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Shift Imaging of Atherosclerosis at 7.0 Tesla (1989)

Chemical shift imaging (CSI) was performed on cadaveric atherosclerotic fibrous plaques, periaortic adipose tissue, and cholesterol standards using a 7.0 Tesla horizontal bore prototype imaging spectrometer. Proton spectroscopy of intact tissue and deuterated chloroform extracted samples was done at the equivalent field strength of 7.0 Tesla on a vertical bore spectrometer, including studies of temperature dependence and T2 relaxation measurements. Spectra obtained using CSI on the imaging magnet were comparable with those from the conventional vertical spectrometer. Fibrous plaques and adipose tissue had unique spectral features, differing in the ratios of their water and various fat components. Chloroform extractions revealed a typical cholesteric ester spectrum for the fibrous plaque in contrast to the triglyceride spectrum of the adipose tissue. These two tissues also had different T2 relaxation measurements of their major fat resonances, with fibrous plaques having a short T2 compared to adipose tissue (15.9 milliseconds vs. 46.2 milliseconds). Temperature dependence studies showed that spectral signal intensity of the fat resonance of the fibrous plaque increased while linewidth decreased with increasing temperature from 24 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Atherosclerotic lesions may be studied at 7.0 Tesla, and NMR parameters defined in the present study may be used for further studies at other magnetic field strengths.
Preparation of High-Tc Y-Ba-Cu-O Superconductor (1987)

High- T c Y-Ba-Cu-O superconductors were prepared by coprecipitation and noncoprecipitation solid diffusion methods. The electrical resistivities against temperature were compared for these preparation methods.
Design and optimization of some collagen-minocycline based hydrogels potentially applicable for the treatment of cutaneous wound infections. (2011)

Topical delivery systems for the treatment of different infected cutaneous wounds based on natural biopolymers are widely studied. The development of some topical hydrogels with type I collagen and minocycline by the experimental design technique, based on response surface methodology and Taguchi's approach, and the evaluation of their kinetic properties is presented. The concentrations of polymer, drug and cross-linking agent were selected as independent variables for the face centered composite design and low, medium and high concentration as variation levels for each factor. Minocycline kinetic release was investigated using a modified Franz diffusion cell. The drug release followed the Higuchi model. Three formulations having optimal minocycline release profiles were selected. They can be used as potential drug topical release systems for the treatment of infected cutaneous tissue.
Ionic liquids provide unique opportunities for oral drug delivery: structure optimization and in vivo evidence of utility (2013)

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been exploited to improve the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Custom-made ILs solubilized very high quantities of the poorly water-soluble drugs, danazol and itraconazole, and maintained drug solubilization under simulated gastro-intestinal conditions. A danazol-containing self-emulsifying IL formulation gave rise to 4.3-fold higher exposure than the crystalline drug and prolonged exposure compared with a lipid formulation.
Suppression of Rupture in Thin, Nonwetting Liquid Films (1994)

Stabilization against the rupture and breakup of thin, nonwetting liquid films spread on surfaces is generally sought by modification of equilibrium interfacial properties. A mechanism for suppressing rupture in such films that uses surface-attached polymers togetherwithfree chains in the bulk of the film is reported. Films of an oligostyrene liquid, which rupture within several minutes when spread on a silicon wafer, may be stabilized for many months by a polystyrene brush attached to the substrate, together with some free polystyrene in the liquid. The effect may arise from entanglements of the free chains with the immobilized brush.
nab-Paclitaxel Plus Gemcitabine for Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Long-Term Survival From a Phase III Trial (2015)

These data confirm and extend the primary report of OS, supporting the superior efficacy of nab-paclitaxel plus gemcitabine over gemcitabine alone. Subgroup analyses support the relevance of CA 19-9 and NLR as prognostic markers in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
High precision X-ray stereo for automated 3D CAD-based inspection (1998)

An important challenge in industrial metrology is to provide rapid measurement of critical 3D internal object geometry for either inspecting high volume parts or controlling a machining process. Existing metrological techniques are typically too slow to meet this need or can not measure small features with high precision. In this paper, we present a new method that achieves fast, accurate, internal 3D geometry measurement based on 3D reconstruction from a few X-ray views of a part. Our approach utilizes an accurate camera model for the X-ray sensor, calibration using in situ ground truth and geometry-guided X-ray feature extraction to achieve this goal and has been fully implemented in a prototype 3D measurement system. We describe a novel application of the system to CAD-based verification of drilled hole positioning. Experimental results are given to illustrate the precision of the system and 3D measurement on real industrial parts.
A quantitative immunochemical faecal occult blood test is more efficient for detecting significant colorectal neoplasia than a sensitive guaiac test (2006)

An immunochemical faecal test maintains the high sensitivity of guaiac faecal occult blood test, but significantly reduces the colonoscopy burden and screening costs.
An Unorthodox Bacteriophytochrome from Rhodobacter sphaeroides Involved in Turnover of the Second Messenger c-di-GMP (2006)

Bacteriophytochromes are bacterial photoreceptors that sense red/far red light using the biliverdin chromophore. Most bacteriophytochromes work as photoactivated protein kinases. The Rhodobacter sphaeroides bacteriophytochrome BphG1 is unconventional in that it has GGDEF and EAL output domains, which are involved, respectively, in synthesis (diguanylate cyclase) and degradation (phosphodiesterase) of the bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP. The GGDEF-EAL proteins studied to date displayed either diguanylate cyclase or phosphodiesterase activity but not both. To elucidate the function of BphG1, the holoprotein was purified from an Escherichia coli overexpression system designed to produce biliverdin. The holoprotein contained covalently bound biliverdin and interconverted between the red (dark) and far red (light-activated) forms. BphG1 had c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterase activity. Unexpectedly for a photochromic protein, this activity was essentially light-independent. BphG1 expressed in E. coli was found to undergo partial cleavage into two species. The smaller species was identified as the EAL domain of BphG1. It possessed c-di-GMP phosphodiesterase activity. Surprisingly, the larger species lacking EAL possessed diguanylate cyclase activity, which was dependent on biliverdin and strongly activated by light. BphG1 therefore is the first phytochrome with a non-kinase photoactivated enzymatic activity. This shows that the photosensory modules of phytochromes can transmit light signals to various outputs. BphG1 is potentially the first "bifunctional" enzyme capable of both c-di-GMP synthesis and hydrolysis. A model for the regulation of the "opposite" activities of BphG1 is presented.
Small-angle X-ray scattering study on the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate to crystalline apatite (1978)

Small-angle X-ray scattering study was carried out on a precipitated calcium phosphate to investigate the change of particle-size taking place during the transformation of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to crystalline apatite (CA). The particle-size distribution curves, which were determined by the method of Jellinek et al.(1946), showed that the radius of gyration of ACP ranged from about 20 Å to more than 270 Å, and that ACP contained more large particle (larger than 270 Å in radius) than small particle with radius of about 20 Å. On the other hand, the weight proportion of the latter particle increased with the phase transformation. These findingsseem to be in agreement with the electron microscopic observations reported by earlier workers. The results obtained in the carbonate-containing system were almost similar to those described above. In the fluoride-containing system, however, the initial precipitate, which was amorphous to wide-angle X-ray diffraction, contained more particle with radius of about 20 Å than those inother systems. This difference might be attributable to the presence of small nuclei of apatite.
A carcinoembryonic antigen polynucleotide vaccine for human clinical use. (1995)

We have constructed a plasmid DNA encoding the full-length complementary DNA for human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) under transcriptional regulatory control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter/enhancer (pCEA) and demonstrated that this plasmid can function as a polynucleotide vaccine to elicit a CEA-specific immune response. This immune response protects against tumor challenge with syngeneic CEA-transduced colon carcinoma cells in mice. In the present work, the pCEA construct and purification method were modified to eliminate nonessential viral sequences, the ampicillin selectable marker, mutagens, and endotoxin to produce a reagent suitable for human clinical trials. The human use plasmid (pGT37) directs CEA expression at levels comparable with the original pCEA plasmid and can be propagated to yield large quantities of plasmid DNA based on kanamycin selection. A simple extraction technique greatly reduces contamination by endotoxin. Six weekly intramuscular injections of pGT37 elicited CEA-specific lymphoblastic transformation and antibody response in five of five mice and fully protected 10 of 10 mice against tumor challenge with syngeneic CEA-expressing colon cancer cells 42 days from the first plasmid injection. Thus, pGT37 encoding a tumor-associated antigen (CEA) has been shown to elicit cellular and humoral immune responses and mediate antitumor effects in vivo. This plasmid is suitable for human use and can be easily propagated in the laboratory.
Toxicological study on a new nitrosourea derivative, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-isobutyl-3-(beta-maltosyl)-1-nitrosourea. (1985)

TA-077, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-isobutyl-3-(beta-maltosyl)-1-nitrosourea, is a new water-soluble nitrosourea derivative which is disubstituted at the N-3 position of the structure, and is activated by a unique mechanism whereby organic isocyanates can never be produced. In order to clarify the biological functions of the organic isocyanates which common nitrosourea derivatives generate, TA-077 was tested in BDF1 mice for lethality, weight loss and hematological toxicity. TA-077 showed qualitatively and quantitatively similar toxicity to other nitrosourea derivatives which generate organic isocyanates, such as 3-[(4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)methyl]-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosour ea (ACNU), methyl 6-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido ]-6-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (MCNU), and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (GANU), indicating that the organic isocyanates do not play an important role in the biological activity of the nitrosourea derivatives. Furthermore, the toxicity of TA-077 did not increase significantly (except for weight loss) when the drug was administered daily for five days, and TA-077 given according to this schedule showed far more effective antitumor activity than when given as a single treatment. These results suggested that TA-077 is an analog suitable for consecutive administration in cancer treatment.
Characterization of piesoelectric ZnO thin films and the fabrication of piezoelectric micro-cantilevers (2005)

In Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), a microcantilever is raster scanned across the surface of a sample in order to obtain a topographical image of the sample's surface. In a traditional, optical AFM, the sample rests on a bulk piezoelectric tube and a control loop is used to control the tip-sample separation by actuating the piezo-tube. This method has several disadvantages--the most noticeable one being that response time of the piezo-tube is rather long which leads to slow imaging speeds. One possible solution aimed at improving the speed of imaging is to incorporate a thin piezoelectric film on top of the cantilever beam. This design not only improves the speed of imaging because the piezoelectric film replaces the piezo-tube as an actuator, but the film can also act as a sensor. In addition, the piezoelectric film can excite the cantilever beam near its resonance frequency. This project aims to fabricate piezoelectric microcantilevers for use in the AFM. Prior to fabricating the cantilevers and also part of this project, a systematic study was performed to examine the effects of deposition conditions on the quality of piezoelectric ZnO thin films deposited by RF sputtering. These results will be presented. The deposition parameters that produced the highest quality ZnO film were used in the fabrication of the piezoelectric cantilevers. Unfortunately, the fabricated cantilevers warped due to the intrinsic stress of the ZnO film and were therefore not usable in the AFM. The complete fabrication process will be detailed, the results will be discussed and reasons for the warping will be examined.
Control of Cell Type in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Mating Type and Mating-type Interconversion (1981)

INTRODUCTION The study of yeast mating and mating-type interconversion has attracted considerable interest for several reasons. (1) The mating process involves oligopeptide pheromones, specific for each haploid cell type (mating types a and α ), which act specifically to arrest the cells of opposite mating types in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle. Studies of the action of these pheromones may well shed light on the mechanism of growth control. Such studies are described elsewhere in this volume. (2) The mating type of a cell is determined by alleles of the mating-type locus MAT a or MATα , which in some manner controls a variety of cellular processes: pheromone production and response, agglutination, mating, and sporulation. A working hypothesis is that the mating-type locus codes for regulatory proteins that control expression of unlinked genes. Regulatory proteins are well known in prokaryotes as agents for controlling protein synthesis and act in many cases to control transcription initiation and termination. One of the central questions in gene control and in eukaryotic development is to understand the mechanism by which differentiated cells express a distinctive set of proteins. Analysis of how the mating-type locus determines cell type in yeast should provide information on gene control in yeast, e.g., on the nature of regulatory proteins, and provide an intellectual model for analogous processes in higher eukaryotes. Yeast regulatory proteins are also discussed by Jones and Fink (1982), Fraenkel (1982), Oshima (1982), and Sherman (1982). (3) Yeast cells can exhibit either a heterothallic life cycle, in which...
Reverse‐time migration using one‐way wavefield imaging condition (2007)

Reverse‐time migration has the capability to image all dips including overturned structures. However, the conventional imaging condition produces high‐amplitude noises in the image, which often seriously mask the shallow structures. In this paper, we propose a new imaging condition to eliminate these noises which works by decomposing the full wavefields to their one‐way components, and applying the imaging condition to the appropriate combinations of the wavefield components. Numerical tests verify that this new imaging condition successfully removes the undesired noises.
Product code vector quantizers for waveform and voice coding (1984)

Memory and computation requirements imply fundamental limitations on the quality that can be achieved in vector quantization systems used for speech waveform coding and linear predictive voice coding (LPC). One approach to reducing storage and computation requirements is to organize the set of reproduction vectors as the Cartesian product of a vector codebook describing the shape of each reproduction vector and a scalar codebook describing the gain or energy. Such shape-gain vector quantizers can be applied both to waveform coding using a quadratic-error distortion measure and to voice coding using an Itakura-Saito distortion measure. In each case, the minimum distortion reproduction vector can be found by first selecting a shape code-word, and then, based on that choice, selecting a gain codeword. Several algorithms are presented for the design of shape-gain vector quantizers based on a traning sequence of data or a probabilistic model. The algorithms are used to design shape-gain vector quantizers for both the waveform coding and voice coding application. The quantizers are simulated, and their performance is compared to that of previously reported vector quantization systems.
Marijuana-Laced Brownies: Behavioral Effects, Physiologic Effects, and Urinalysis in Humans Following Ingestion (1988)

Five drug-free male subjects ingested marijuana-laced brownies in a double-blind crossover study designed to test for behavioral effects, physiologic effects, and urinary cannabinoid metabolites produced as a result of consumption of marijuana plant material cooked in foodstuff. On three separate occasions, each subject consumed two brownies which contained 1.6 g of marijuana plant material. Placebo marijuana plant material (0% THC) was mixed with marijuana plant material (2.8% THC) so that each subject ingested equivalent marijuana plant material of 0, 1, and 2 marijuana cigarettes (2.8% THC). Subjects scored significantly higher on behavioral measures after consumption of brownies containing THC than with placebo; however, the effects were slow to appear and variable. Peak effects occurred 2.5 to 3.5 h after dosing. Modest changes in pulse and blood pressure also were noted. Urinalyses by EMIT d.a.u. assay and Abuscreen RIA for cannabinoids and GC/MS assay for THCCOOH indicated that substantial amounts of marijuana-related metabolites were excreted over a period of 3 to 14 days. No positives were produced as a result of ingestion of placebo brownies.
Expanding the scope of site‐specific recombinases for genetic and metabolic engineering (2013)

Site-specific recombinases are tremendously valuable tools for basic research and genetic engineering. By promoting high-fidelity DNA modifications, site-specific recombination systems have empowered researchers with unprecedented control over diverse biological functions, enabling countless insights into cellular structure and function. The rigid target specificities of many sites-specific recombinases, however, have limited their adoption in fields that require highly flexible recognition abilities. As a result, intense effort has been directed toward altering the properties of site-specific recombination systems by protein engineering. Here, we review key developments in the rational design and directed molecular evolution of site-specific recombinases, highlighting the numerous applications of these enzymes across diverse fields of study.
Circulating Tumor Cells from Patients with Advanced Prostate and Breast Cancer Display Both Epithelial and Mesenchymal Markers (2011)

During cancer progression, malignant cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transitions (MET) as part of a broad invasion and metastasis program. We previously observed MET events among lung metastases in a preclinical model of prostate adenocarcinoma that suggested a relationship between epithelial plasticity and metastatic spread. We thus sought to translate these findings into clinical evidence by examining the existence of EMT in circulating tumor cells (CTC) from patients with progressive metastatic solid tumors, with a focus on men with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and women with metastatic breast cancer. We showed that the majority (> 80%) of these CTCs in patients with metastatic CRPC coexpress epithelial proteins such as epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), cytokeratins (CK), and E-cadherin, with mesenchymal proteins including vimentin, N-cadherin and O-cadherin, and the stem cell marker CD133. Equally, we found that more than 75% of CTCs from women with metastatic breast cancer coexpress CK, vimentin, and N-cadherin. The existence and high frequency of these CTCs coexpressing epithelial, mesenchymal, and stem cell markers in patients with progressive metastases has important implications for the application and interpretation of approved methods to detect CTCs.
Congenital thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency and 6-mercaptopurine toxicity during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. (1993)

Two children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) taking daily 6-mercaptopurine as part of a national UK therapeutic trial repeatedly developed profound myelosuppression on 25% of the standard protocol dose. Both were found to have undetectable intracellular activity of thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT), an enzyme controlling one of the major alternative catabolic pathways of 6-mercaptopurine, and both produced higher concentrations of cytotoxic drug metabolites at 10-25% of the protocol dose than other patients taking 100%. It is supposed that these patients represent the 0.33% of the normal population constitutionally lacking TPMT. It is important to recognise such individuals both to avoid fatal bone marrow failure through inadvertent overdosage, and to be reassured that an adequate drug effect can be achieved at around 10% of the standard dose.
Toward Large Arrays of Multiplex Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Highly Sensitive and Selective Molecular Detection (2003)

Arrays of electrical devices with each comprising multiple single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) bridging metal electrodes are obtained by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of nanotubes across prefabricated electrode arrays. The ensemble of nanotubes in such a device collectively exhibits large electrical conductance changes under electrostatic gating, owing to the high percentage of semiconducting nanotubes. This leads to the fabrication of large arrays of low-noise electrical nanotube sensors with 100% yield for detecting gas molecules. Polymer functionalization is used to impart high sensitivity and selectivity to the sensors. Polyethyleneimine coating affords n-type nanotube devices capable of detecting NO<sub>2</sub> at less than 1 ppb (parts-per-billion) concentrations while being insensitive to NH<sub>3</sub>. Coating Nafion (a polymeric perfluorinated sulfonic acid ionomer) on nanotubes blocks NO<sub>2</sub> and allows for selective sensing of NH<sub>3</sub>. Multiplex functionalization of a nanotube sensor array is carried out by microspotting. Detection of molecules in a gas mixture is demonstrated with the multiplexed nanotube sensors.
Molecular Characteristics of Kraft-AQ Pulping Lignin Fractionated by Sequential Organic Solvent Extraction (2010)

Kraft-AQ pulping lignin was sequentially fractionated by organic solvent extractions and the molecular properties of each fraction were characterized by chemical degradation, GPC, UV, FT-IR, (13)C-NMR and thermal analysis. The average molecular weight and polydispersity of each lignin fraction increased with its hydrogen-bonding capacity (Hildebrand solubility parameter). In addition, the ratio of the non-condensed guaiacyl/syringyl units and the content of β-O-4 linkages increased with the increment of the lignin fractions extracted successively with hexane, diethylether, methylene chloride, methanol, and dioxane. Furthermore, the presence of the condensation reaction products was contributed to the higher thermal stability of the larger molecules.