gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Antiestrogens Tamoxifen and Clomiphene on Bone Resorptionin Vitro* (1986)

The in vitro effect of the nonsteroidal antiestrogens tamoxifen (TAM) and clomiphene (CLO) on bone resorption was investigated. TAM (100 microM) and CLO (100 microM) completely blocked PTH (2 nM)-induced resorption; 10 microM TAM was ineffective in blocking resorption, while 40-50 microM partially inhibited the response. TAM (100 microM) also completely blocked prostaglandin E2 (30 nM)- and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (0.5 nM)-induced bone resorption. A 16-h pretreatment with TAM blocked subsequent stimulation of resorption by PTH, whereas 3.5- or 7-h pretreatment with antiestrogen was ineffective in blocking the response. Both protein and DNA syntheses were inhibited by continuous treatment (48 h) with the antiestrogens. When antiestrogen-pretreated (16 h) bones were transferred to fresh medium not containing antiestrogen, protein and DNA syntheses recovered to approximately half the control (nonantiestrogen-treated) values within 48 h. Bone resorption, however, was still completely inhibited even though macromolecular synthesis had substantially recovered. Thus, mechanisms other than macromolecular synthesis inhibition could be involved in the inhibition of bone resorption by the nonsteroidal antiestrogens TAM and CLO.
RNase H activity associated with bacterially expressed reverse transcriptase of human T-cell lymphotropic virus III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus. (1987)

The reverse transcriptase polymerase of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus/lymphadenopathy-associated virus has been cloned into an expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Two polypeptides of 66 and 51 kDa molecular mass are detectable in polymerase-expressing bacterial lysates with human patient sera. They are processed from a short-lived 120-kDa polyprotein precursor equivalent to a region consisting of polymerase, protease, and endonuclease. The 51 kDa protein appears to originate from the 66-kDa molecule; additional processing products are 32- and 15-kDa proteins. The bacterially expressed polymerase is enzymatically active and exhibits the template specificities, ion requirements, and response to inhibitors of the authentic enzyme. It was purified by DEAE-cellulose-, phosphocellulose-, and poly(rC)-agarose column chromatography followed by glycerol density gradient centrifugation. It copurifies with an RNase H activity, suggesting the existence of a virus-coded DNA polymerase-RNase H complex. The purified bacterial enzyme allows a safe large-scale screening for inhibitors of both activities.
Panoramic image acquisition (1996)

This paper is concerned with acquiring panoramic focused images using a small field of view video camera. When scene points are distributed over a range of distances from the sensor, obtaining a focused composite image involves focus computations and mechanically changing some sensor parameters (translation of sensor plane, panning of camera etc.) which can be time intensive. In this paper we present methods to optimize the image acquisition strategy in order to reduce redundancy. We show that panning a camera about a point f (focal length) in front of the camera eliminates redundancy. The non-frontal imaging camera (NICAM) with tilted sensor plane has been previously introduced as a sensor that can acquire focused panoramic images. In this paper we also describe strategies for optimal selection of panning angle increments and sensor plane tilt for NICAM. Experimental results are presented for panoramic image acquisition using a regular camera as well as using NICAM.
Creation of the whole human genome microarray (2004)

Several companies have recently announced the availability of products that enable a scientist to probe gene expression from the entire human genome on a single DNA microarray. This review will focus on the underlying technological trends that have made this achievement possible, the particular methodologies which are employed to create such microarrays and the implications of the whole human genome microarray for future biological studies. The single genome array represents an important milestone on the path to unraveling the complexity of the cellular networks that control living processes. The microarrays being designed today may, however, become distant ancestors to the whole human genome arrays of the future as our understanding of the functioning of the human genome increases.
Purification and partial characterization of a megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor from human plasma. (1985)

Human plasma obtained from patients with hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia contains a factor that promotes megakaryocyte colony formation by normal human marrow cells. This megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor was purified from such a plasma specimen. A four-step purification scheme which included ammonium sulfate precipitation, diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose chromatography, affinity chromatography on wheat germ lectin-Sepharose 6MB, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography resulted in a recovery of 16.6% of the initial biological activity and an increase in specific activity by 3,489-fold. The purified protein produced a single band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor was capable of promoting megakaryocyte colony formation at a concentration of 7.6 X 10(-8) M. Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor was shown to be a glycoprotein and had an apparent 46,000 mol wt. Deglycosylation of megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor by treatment with trifluoromethane-sulfonate resulted in the loss of its ability to promote megakaryocyte colony formation. Megakaryocyte colony-stimulating factor appears to be an important regulator of in vitro human megakaryocytopoiesis at the level of the colony-forming unit megakaryocyte and may be of importance physiologically.
Toward an ecology of hypertext annotation (1998)

Annotation is a key way in which hypertexts grow and increase in value. This paper first characterizes annotation according to a set of dimensions to situate a long-term study of a community of annotators. Then, using the results of the study, the paper explores the implications of annotative practice for hypertext concepts and for the development of an ecology of hypertext annotation, in which consensus creates a reading structure from an authorial structure.
Three-dimensional display technologies (2013)

The physical world around us is three-dimensional (3D), yet traditional display devices can show only two-dimensional (2D) flat images that lack depth (i.e., the third dimension) information. This fundamental restriction greatly limits our ability to perceive and to understand the complexity of real-world objects. Nearly 50% of the capability of the human brain is devoted to processing visual information [<i>Human Anatomy & Physiology</i> (Pearson, 2012)]. Flat images and 2D displays do not harness the brain's power effectively. With rapid advances in the electronics, optics, laser, and photonics fields, true 3D display technologies are making their way into the marketplace. 3D movies, 3D TV, 3D mobile devices, and 3D games have increasingly demanded true 3D display with no eyeglasses (autostereoscopic). Therefore, it would be very beneficial to readers of this journal to have a systematic review of state-of-the-art 3D display technologies.
Identification and characterization of genes encoding the human transferrin-binding proteins from Haemophilus influenzae (1995)

Haemophilus influenzae, a strict human pathogen, acquires iron in vivo through the direct binding and removal of iron from human transferrin by an as yet uncharacterized process at the bacterial cell surface. In this study, the tbpA and tbpB genes of H. influenzae, encoding the transferrin-binding proteins Tbp1 and Tbp2, respectively, were cloned and sequenced. Alignments of the H. influenzae Tbp1 and Tbp2 protein sequences with those of related proteins from heterologous species were analyzed. On the basis of similarities between these and previously characterized proteins, Tbp1 appears to be a member of the TonB-dependent family of outer membrane proteins while Tbp2 is lipid modified by signal peptidase II. Isogenic mutants deficient in expression of Tbp1 or Tbp2 or both proteins were prepared by insertion of the Tn903 kanamycin resistance cassette into cloned sequences and reintroduction of the interrupted sequences into the wild-type chromosome. Binding assays with the mutants showed that a significant reduction in transferrin-binding ability resulted from the loss of either of the Tbps and a complete loss of binding was evident when neither protein was expressed. Loss of either Tbp2 or both proteins correlated with an inability to grow on media supplemented with transferrin-bound iron as the sole source of iron, whereas the Tbp1+ Tbp2- mutant was able to grow only at high transferrin concentrations.
Adaptive Federalism in Belgium (1991)

Belgium is the newest federal state in the western world in an adaptive phase. The Belgians have shown energy, skill and resourcefulness in crafting their new political structure and the constitution is moulded and shaped to meet the demands facing the country as it approaches the 21st century.
Intra-Amygdala Blockade of the NR2B Subunit of the NMDA Receptor Disrupts the Acquisition But Not the Expression of Fear Conditioning (2001)

The lateral nucleus of the amygdala (LA) is an essential component of the neural circuitry underlying Pavlovian fear conditioning. Although blockade of NMDA receptors in LA and adjacent areas before training disrupts the acquisition of fear conditioning, blockade before testing also often disrupts the expression of fear responses. With this pattern of results, it is not possible to distinguish a contribution of NMDA receptors to plasticity from a role in synaptic transmission. In past studies, NMDA blockade has been achieved using the antagonist d,l-2-amino-5-phosphovalerate, which blocks the entire heteromeric receptor complex. The present experiments examined the effects of selective blockade of the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor in LA using the selective antagonist ifenprodil. Systemic injections of ifenprodil before training led to a dose-dependent impairment in the acquisition of auditory and contextual fear conditioning, whereas injections before testing had no effect. Intra-amygdala infusions of ifenprodil mirrored these results and, in addition, showed that the effects are attributable to a disruption of fear learning rather than a disruption of memory consolidation. NMDA receptors in LA are thus involved in fear conditioning, and the NR2B subunit appears to make unique contributions to the underlying plasticity.
Transgene flow: Facts, speculations and possible countermeasures (2014)

Convincing evidence has accumulated that unintended transgene escape occurs in oilseed rape, maize, cotton and creeping bentgrass. The escaped transgenes are found in variant cultivars, in wild type plants as well as in hybrids of sexually compatible species. The fact that in some cases stacked events are present that have not been planted commercially, implies unintended recombination of transgenic traits. As the consequences of this continuous transgene escape for the ecosystem cannot be reliably predicted, I propose to use more sophisticated approaches of gene technology in future. If possible GM plants should be constructed using either site-directed mutagenesis or cisgenic strategies to avoid the problem of transgene escape. In cases where a transgenic trait is needed, efficient containment should be the standard approach. Various strategies available or in development are discussed. Such a cautious approach in developing novel types of GM crops will enhance the sustainable potential of GM crops and thus increase the public trust in green gene technology.
Modeling and control of constrained dynamic systems with application to biped locomotion in the frontal plane (1979)

The general problem of control of state-space constrained dynamic systems is considered. Based on the derivation of the constraint forces as explicit functions of the state and the input, a general model is presented that encompasses both the constrained case and the corresponding unconstrained case. Stability and point-to-point motion of these systems in the vicinity of an operating point are considered under operating conditions which either maintain or deliberately violate the constraints. Algorithms for computation of the necessary feedback gains in the vicinity of the operating point are discussed. For a three-link biped model, several motions in the vicinity of the vertical stance are considered, and the necessary feedback gains are derived. Digital computer simulation of some biped motions are carried out to serve as examples and to demonstrate use of the theory. This work is to be regarded as an elementary step in better understanding of human motor control and in the design of robots and prosthetic devices.
The Interleukin-1 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL-1RAcP) Is Essential for IL-1-induced Activation of Interleukin-1 Receptor-associated Kinase (IRAK) and Stress-activated Protein Kinases (SAP Kinases) (1997)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a central mediator of the immune system involved in acute and chronic inflammatory responses. Although the sequences of two types of IL-1 receptors are known, the exact molecular events resulting in signal transduction and coupling to downstream signaling elements remain unclear. The recently cloned IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) has been suggested as a co-receptor molecule for IL-1RI, supported by the observation that its expression correlates to IL-1 responsiveness. We transfected the EL-4 subline D6/76 with IL-1RAcP cDNA. This cell line is an IL-1 non-responder expressing IL-1RI but lacking constitutive IL-1RAcP expression. The expression of IL-1RAcP in EL-4 D6/76 was sufficient to restore IL-1-induced activation of interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase and of stress-activated protein kinases, translocation of the transcription factors NFkappaB and IL-1 NF to the nucleus, and induction of IL-2 mRNA synthesis. These results proved that IL-1RAcP is an indispensible molecule in the IL-1 receptor signal transduction complex, necessary to link events on the plasma membrane level to downstream signaling pathways, allowing IL-1-dependent activation of transcription factors and gene expression.
Genetic manipulation of non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (1996)

Introduction. Negative-strand RNA viruses are a large and diverse group of enveloped viruses of both medical and economic significance. They are found in hosts from the plant and animal kingdoms, and have a wide range of morphologies, biological properties and genome organizations. A major distinction is made between viruses whose genome consists of a single RNA molecule (order Mononegavirales), including the families Rhabdoviridae, Paramyxoviridae and Filoviridae, and those possessing multipartite (segmented) genomes, comprising the families Orthomyxoviridae (six to nine segments), Bunyaviridae (three segments) and Arenaviridae (two segments) (Pringle, 1991). Particular elements essential for their replication and gene expression have been retained throughout the negative-strand RNA viruses and illustrate that they have originated from a common ancestor (for review see Tordo et al., 1992). Genetic manipulation and analysis of negative-strand RNA virus biology has lagged far behind that of other RNA viruses.
1 Gbit/s zero-IF DPSK coherent optical system using a single photodetector (1988)

We have demonstrated zero-IF DPSK coherent optical detection at 1Gbit/s without the use of multiple receivers and special optical couplers. To achieve this, we have added a 1GHz sinusoidal phase switching signal to the NRZ phase modulator drive. The measured sensitivity of −37.5dBm, compared with a theoretical estimate of −54.8dBm, is impaired mainly by nonideal electronic circuits.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Activity Score and the Histopathologic Diagnosis in NAFLD: Distinct Clinicopathologic Meanings §Δ (2010)

The diagnosis of definite SH or the absence of SH based on evaluation of patterns as well as individual lesions on liver biopsies does not always correlate with threshold values of the semiquantitative NAS. Clinical trials and observational studies should take these different performance characteristics into account.
Adaptive MLP post-processing for block-based coded images (2000)

Block-based image coding techniques are widely used for encoding images and videos. However, many annoying artefacts appear when an image is encoded at low bit rates. In these artefacts, the blocking effects are very obvious to human vision. Thus, an efficient blocking effect reduction scheme is essential for preserving the visual quality of decompressed images. A new adaptive post-processing algorithm is proposed to reduce the blocking artefacts of block-based coded images by using neural network techniques in the spatial domain. The algorithm combines a variance-based classifier and multilayer perceptrons to improve the performance of post-processing. In the proposed algorithm, the blocking and ringing effects in a reconstructed image are diminished without blurring of the edges, and the detailed region in the image is also enhanced. Comparison results between the proposed algorithm and other algorithms are made with several Joint Photographic Experts Group and vector quantisation decompressed images. In the simulations, the results of reconstructed images with improvements in both visual quality and PSNR are shown. It is found that the proposed algorithm is an effective post-processing algorithm for block-based image coding at low bit rates.
Highly Efficient Cyclization of o‐Iodobenzoates with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Cobalt Bidentate Phosphine Complexes: A Novel Entry to Chiral Phthalides (2007)

Methyl 2-iodobenzoates 1 a-c undergo cyclization reactions with various aromatic aldehydes 2 a-m (RC6H4CHO: R=H 2 a, 4-CH3 2 b, 4-tBu 2 c, 4-OMe 2 d, 3-OMe 2 e, 4-Cl 2 f, 4-CF3 2 g, 4-CN 2 h, 4-Ph 2 i; benzo[d][1,3]dioxole-5-carbaldehyde (2 j), 1-napthaldehyde (2 k), benzofuran-2-carbaldehyde (2 l), and isonicotinaldehyde (2 m)) in the presence of [CoI2(dppe)] (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) and Zn powder in dry THF at 75 degrees C for 24 h to give the corresponding phthalide derivatives 3 a-m and 3 q-t in good to excellent yields. Under similar reaction conditions, less reactive aliphatic aldehydes, heptanal (2 n), butyraldehyde (2 o), and 2-phenylacetaldehyde (2 p) also underwent cyclization reactions with 1 a to provide 3 n-p, respectively, in fair to good yields. The catalytic reaction can be further extended to cinnamyl aldehyde (2 q) with 1 a to give the corresponding phthalide derivative 3 u. This synthetic method is compatible with a variety of functional groups on the aryl ring of 2. The high efficiency of the cobalt catalyst containing a dppe (dppe=1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane) ligand encouraged us to investigate the asymmetric version of the present catalytic reaction by employing bidentate chiral ligands. Thus, aromatic aldehydes 2 a-c, 2 f, and 2 g undergo cyclization with 2-iodobenzoate (1 a) smoothly in the presence of [CoI2{(S,S)-dipamp}] ((S,S)-dipamp=(1S,2S)-(+)-bis[2-methoxyphenyl]phenylphosphino)ethane) and zinc powder in THF at 75 degrees C for 24 h, giving the corresponding (S)-phthalides 4 a-e in 81-89% yields with 70-98% ee. A possible mechanism for the present catalytic reaction is proposed.
Characterization of the rat leukocyte integrin, CD11/CD18, by the use of LFA‐1 subunit‐specific monoclonal antibodies (1991)

We have attempted to characterize the rat leukocyte integrin, CD11/CD18, by the use of newly generated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) WT.1 (anti-CD11a) and WT.3 (anti-CD18) in conjunction with an mAb, OX42, reactive with a rat integrin-like molecule, with respect to the biochemistry, cellular distribution and function. The conclusion that the mAb WT.1 and WT.3 specifically recognize the rat CD11a and CD18, respectively, was based on: (a) their ability to inhibit homotypic aggregation of splenic concanavalin A (Con A) blasts; (b) sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analysis of the antigens recognized; (c) their ability to inhibit binding of Con A blasts to the purified ligand, namely the ICAM-1 antigen and (d) their blocking abilities in mixed leukocyte reaction. In the rat, CD18 has an apparent molecular mass of 95-100 kDa and can associate with at least three distinct alpha subunits of 160-170 kDa (CD11a), 140-150 kDa and 120-130 kDa. The latter two are precipitated by OX42 from M phi but not from unstimulated lymphocytes. They presumably represent the rat CD11b and CD11c, respectively. Rat thymocytes, PBL, thoracic duct lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils expressed differential levels of CD11a and CD18. Peritoneal M phi showed virtually no CD11a expression, although CD18 was expressed at levels similar to those seen on blood monocytes, showing an interesting pattern of LFA-1 expression regulation in this cell lineage. Both WT.1 (anti-CD11a) and WT.3 (anti-CD18) apparently recognize a "low-affinity" as well as a "high-affinity" form of LFA-1 and do not discriminate between the two.
Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody by CDR–grafting: the importance of framework residues on loop conformation (1991)

A mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb 425) with therapeutic potential was 'humanized' in two ways. Firstly the mouse variable regions from mAb 425 were spliced onto human constant regions to create a chimeric 425 antibody. Secondly, the mouse complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from mAb 425 were grafted into human variable regions, which were then joined to human constant regions, to create a reshaped human 425 antibody. Using a molecular model of the mouse mAb 425 variable regions, framework residues (FRs) that might be critical for antigen-binding were identified. To test the importance of these residues, nine versions of the reshaped human 425 heavy chain variable (VH) regions and two versions of the reshaped human 425 light chain variable (VL) regions were designed and constructed. The recombinant DNAs coding for the chimeric and reshaped human light and heavy chains were co-expressed transiently in COS cells. In antigen-binding assays and competition-binding assays, the reshaped human antibodies were compared with mouse 425 antibody and to chimeric 425 antibody. The different versions of 425-reshaped human antibody showed a wide range of avidities for antigen, indicating that substitutions at certain positions in the human FRs significantly influenced binding to antigen. Why certain individual FR residues influence antigen-binding is discussed. One version of reshaped human 425 antibody bound to antigen with an avidity approaching that of the mouse 425 antibody.