gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How sugars protect proteins in the solid state and during drying (review): Mechanisms of stabilization in relation to stress conditions (2017)

This review aims to provide an overview of current knowledge on stabilization of proteins by sugars in the solid state in relation to stress conditions commonly encountered during drying and storage. First protein degradation mechanisms in the solid state (i.e. physical and chemical degradation routes) and traditional theories regarding protein stabilization (vitrification and water replacement hypotheses) will be briefly discussed. Secondly, refinements to these theories, such as theories focusing on local mobility and protein-sugar packing density, are reviewed in relationship to the traditional theories and their analogies are discussed. The last section relates these mechanistic insights to the stress conditions against which these sugars are used to provide protection (i.e. drying, temperature, and moisture). In summary sugars should be able to adequately form interactions with the protein during drying, thereby maintaining it in its native conformation and reducing both local and global mobility during storage. Generally smaller sugars (disaccharides) are better at forming these interactions and reducing local mobility as they are less inhibited by steric hindrance, whilst larger sugars can reduce global mobility more efficiently. The principles outlined here can aid in choosing a suitable sugar as stabilizer depending on the protein, formulation and storage condition-specific dominant route of degradation.
Cervical fluid oncofetal fibronectin as a predictor of early ectopic pregnancy. Is it affected by blood contamination? (2002)

Eighty-three percent (10/12), 38% (10/26) and 12% (9/73) of cases with ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage and normal pregnancy, respectively, were positive for fFN. The positive rate in ectopic pregnancy was significantly higher than in normal pregnancy and spontaneous abortion. The test was positive for fFN in 8% with 0.5% of blood contamination, 67% with 1% contamination and 100% with 10% contamination.
New Approach for Size- and Shape-Controlled Preparation of Pd Nanoparticles with Organic Ligands. Synthesis and Application in Catalysis (2007)

A novel approach was developed to prepare Pd nanoparticles with organic ligands in high yields. The structural unit of the Pd species was constructed involving Pd−S bonds. The synthesized Pd particles were highly selective catalysts of S−H bond addition to alkynes under microwave heating. An X-ray diffraction study of one of the products of the addition reaction revealed unusual supramolecular organization of cation/anion layers.
Detection and assignment of the ’’phantom’’ photochemical singlet of t r a n s-stilbene by two-photon excitation (1977)

We have made a complete polarization study of the two-identical-photon excitation (TIPE) spectrum of stilbene in solution in the energy region 34 400 to 45 000 cm−1, which shows a strongly allowed two-photon transition with a maximum at 41 000 cm−1. The upper state of this transition is of vibronic symmetry Ag. We believe that the electronic part of the upper state is also of Ag symmetry and that it is identifiable with the ’’phantom’’ singlet state postulated by Saltier and by Orlando and Siebrand as the major pathway for cis–trans photoisomerization of this molecule.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Airway Inflammation in Asthma (1995)

The clear recognition that asthma has an inflammatory basis has led to a search for genetic and environmental causes. Genetic linkage studies provide evidence for allelic association between polymorphic markers of interleukin-9 on chromosome 5 and a principal component of the allergic phenotype, log IgE. Further studies that intrauterine environmental factors are an important determinant of the allergic phenotype in addition to allergen exposure during the first year of life. Once sensitised, the respiratory mucosa provides the allergic interface between the environment and internal milieux involving autacoid and cytokine release from mast cells. Up-regulation of endothelial cell adhesion molecules, specifically E-selectin and ICAM-1, is responsible for the leucocyte recruitment of the late-phase asthmatic response, while recruitment of T cells and their subsequent activation contribute to the ongoing inflammatory response of asthma. The epithelium is the origin and target tissue for the inflammatory response, resulting in detachment of suprabasal cells, up-regulation of adhesion molecules and enhanced mediator and cytokine secretion. These latter findings, being more evident in severe chronic disease, suggest that the 'formed' airway elements are also important in mediating the ongoing inflammation characteristic of asthma.
Dose-escalation study of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of rivaroxaban in healthy elderly subjects (2008)

Each single dose of rivaroxaban was well tolerated, with predictable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics at doses up to 40 mg, and provided effective anticoagulation in healthy elderly subjects. Adverse events were somewhat elevated in the 50 mg group, but given the small sample size, no specific conclusions can be drawn about this dosing level.
Nitric oxide production and NO synthase gene expression contribute to vascular regulation during exercise (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator produced under normal physiologic conditions primarily by the vascular endothelium lining all blood vessels. The primary stimulus for the production of nitric oxide by the constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase (ECNOS, Type II) found in blood vessels is most likely the shear stress, the frictional force, caused by blood flowing through blood vessels. During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output and redistribution of blood flow to increase blood flow in skeletal muscle and in the coronary circulation. These adjustments provide increased oxygen delivery to support aerobic energy production and to sustain the exercise response. NO may be involved in the regulation of vascular tone in exercising skeletal and cardiac muscle by promoting, enhancing the metabolic vasodilation. In addition, the production of NO by capillary endothelium may regulate oxygen consumption by mitochondria through chemical interactions between NO and the iron-sulfur center of these enzymes. Finally, brief exercise training may alter the gene expression for the enzyme, the constitutive endothelial NO synthase, which forms NO and may be part of the vascular adaptation seen after aerobic exercise training. Furthermore, if there is a genetic predisposition to produce NO, as in world class athletes or animals bred to race, NO may contribute to spectacular exercise performance. These three potential roles of NO will be discussed and data presented to support each of these in our review.
Inducible Phages of Bacillus subtilis* (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInducible Phages of Bacillus subtilis*Edna Seaman, Elaine Tarmy, and Julius MarmurCite this: Biochemistry 1964, 3, 5, 607–613Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00893a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00893a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views249Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The risk of disease transmission to livestock posed by contamination of farm stored feed by wildlife excreta (2003)

Livestock feed is susceptible to contamination from wildlife excreta during on farm storage. Pathogens associated with diseases such as paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis are present in wild rodent and bird excreta. Feed stores on four farms in the east of Scotland were monitored monthly over the winter of 1998/9 to quantify the levels of wildlife faecal contamination. A mean of 79.9 rodent (95% confidence interval: 37.5-165.9) and 24.9 (14.3-41.7) bird faeces were deposited per m2 of stored feed per month. It was estimated that individual cattle and sheep could encounter 1626 and 814 wildlife faeces over the winter. A model based on the numbers of infected faeces consumed per annum was used to estimate 'infectious probabilities' (Pinf) required to account for the reported prevalence of paratuberculosis, salmonella and cryptosporidiosis in sheep and cattle in the east of Scotland in 1998. Based on empirical data for input variables [the number of faeces encountered (Fe), the number ingested (Fi) and the prevalence of infection in wildlife species (Ip)], Pinf estimates ranged from 1.6 x 10(-8) for cryptosporidiosis in sheep to 8.2 x 10(-8) for paratuberculosis in cattle. The model suggested that ingestion of feed contaminated by wildlife faeces could account for the prevalence of all three diseases. Wildlife faecal contamination of stored feed should be given serious consideration as a potential source of infection to livestock.
Power and Timing Side Channels for PUFs and their Efficient Exploitation. (2013)

We discuss the first power and timing side channels on Strong Physical Unclonable Functions (Strong PUFs) in the literature, and describe their efficient exploitation via adapted machine learning (ML) techniques. Our method is illustrated by the example of the two currently most secure (CCS 2010, IEEE T-IFS 2013) electrical Strong PUFs, so-called XOR Arbiter PUFs and Lightweight PUFs. It allows us for the first time to tackle these two architectures with a polynomial attack complexity.
Hepatitis C Virus p7 Protein Is Crucial for Assembly and Release of Infectious Virions (2007)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with chronic liver disease and currently affects about 3% of the world population. Although much has been learned about the function of individual viral proteins, the role of the HCV p7 protein in virus replication is not known. Recent data, however, suggest that it forms ion channels that may be targeted by antiviral compounds. Moreover, this protein was shown to be essential for infectivity in chimpanzee. Employing the novel HCV infection system and using a genetic approach to investigate the function of p7 in the viral replication cycle, we find that this protein is essential for efficient assembly and release of infectious virions across divergent virus strains. We show that p7 promotes virus particle production in a genotype-specific manner most likely due to interactions with other viral factors. Virus entry, on the other hand, is largely independent of p7, as the specific infectivity of released virions with a defect in p7 was not affected. Together, these observations indicate that p7 is primarily involved in the late phase of the HCV replication cycle. Finally, we note that p7 variants from different isolates deviate substantially in their capacity to promote virus production, suggesting that p7 is an important virulence factor that may modulate fitness and in turn virus persistence and pathogenesis.
Delineation of Application: Physical and Economic Optimization of Fractured Gas Wells (2009)

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is particularly suited for natural gas wells. For low permeability reservoirs the need is obvious: it is the only means to monetize a huge number of gas wells. In addition, in recent years horizontal wells with multiple transverse fractures have emerged as the configuration of choice for many low permeability or unconventional reservoirs such as shale gas. However, because of increasing demand in the world economy, previously stranded gas of much higher permeability is rapidly becoming target for new field developments. Fracturing, which for similar-permeability oil reservoirs may be abandoned in favor of horizontal or complex well architecture, is a must for higher permeability gas wells because of considerably enhanced turbulence effects. But turbulence in the fracture itself creates the need for design adjustments because of substantial reduction in the effective proppant-pack permeability. We present a physical optimization scheme for fracturing natural gas wells and extend it to the fracturing of multiple treatments in horizontal wells. The latter, because of enhanced turbulence effects in the fracture, has an upper limit of application, about 0.5 md. For higher permeability, the multiple fractured horizontal well has an unacceptable reduction in well performance, and vertical wells with fractures are indicated instead. In this paper, physical optimization is complemented by economic optimization by comparing vertical wells with and without fractures and horizontal wells with multiple fractures in a range of permeabilities. Of importance are the geographic location (e.g., North America vs international) and the markedly different costs associated with them. For lower permeability reservoirs, economic considerations that would make multiple fractured horizontal wells attractive in e.g., North America, render them uneconomic in many other parts of the world. This, along with the physical constraint outlined above, creates a narrow range of permeability where the configuration is applicable.
Eisenkatalysierte Kreuzkupplungen von Alkyl-Grignard-Verbindungen mit Arylchloriden, -tosylaten und -triflaten (2002)

Arylchloride sind bessere Substrate als die entsprechenden Bromide oder Iodide bei der hier vorgestellten Kreuzkupplung mit Alkyl-Grignard-Reagentien, die durch Eisensalze katalysiert wird (siehe Schema); sogar Aryltosylate werden effizient umgesetzt. Dies lässt sich auf einen neuartigen Katalysekreislauf zurückführen, bei dem vermutlich Komplexe mit formal negativer Oxidationsstufe am Eisenzentrum (wahrscheinlich Fe−II) beteiligt sind.
Immunological responses of healthy elderly population. (1982)

We measured in vitro mitogen responses, delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, circulating immune complexes (CIC) and three autoantibodies in 279 healthy and 24 chronically ill individuals over 65, and in young controls. The elderly individuals had previously undergone a complete medical examination and laboratory screening tests, and were on no medications. Compared to the results of 180 young controls tested concurrently, the healthy elderly individuals had significantly depressed PHA responses and skin test responses. In addition, CIC and autoantibodies were increased in the healthy elderly group compared to young controls. There was no difference in PHA or skin test responses between the healthy and chronically ill elderly subjects, suggesting that the major determinant of depressed cellular immunity in the elderly is age per se and not age-associated diseases. Within the elderly population, aged 65-94, there was a significant decrease in PHA response with age. Previously it has been reported that correlations exist between measurements of cellular immune response (mitogen response and skin testing) and manifestations of autoimmunity (CIC or autoantibodies) in elderly subjects. However, in this well characterized healthy elderly population we could not verify an association between the cellular immune response and either autoantibodies or immune complexes. In addition, was no increased prevalence of autoantibodies in subjects with CIC.
Characterization of a unique population of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense causing Fusarium wilt in Cavendish bananas at Carnarvon, Western Australia (1995)

A unique population of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense affecting Cavendish cv. Williams banana plants was characterized using vegetative compatibility, volatile production, RAPD-PCR analysis, pectic enzyme production and pathogenicity. The isolates were more like race 1 isolates than race 4 isolates, although they were capable of attacking Cavendish clones. The Carnarvon isolates did not belong to any of the vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) known to occur in Australia or overseas; they belonged in the 'inodoraturn' volatile group; they had 29% genetic similarity to race 4 isolates and 76% similarity to race 1 isolates based on RAPD-PCR banding patterns; they belonged in the same pectic zymogram group as race 1 isolates and were virulent on 3-month-old Cavendish cv. Williams, Gros Michel and Pisang Gajih Merah plants in glasshouse tests.
Modulatory effects of estrogen in two murine models of experimental colitis (2002)

The association between oral contraceptives or pregnancy and inflammatory bowel disease is unclear. We investigated whether 17beta-estradiol modulates intestinal inflammation in two models of colitis. Female mice were treated with 17beta-estradiol alone or with tamoxifen, tamoxifen alone, 17 alpha-estradiol, or placebo. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNB)- or dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis were assessed macroscopically, histologically, and by myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Malondialdehyde and mRNA levels of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), and interleukin-13 (IL-13) were determined. In DNB colitis, 17beta-estradiol alone, but not 17beta-estradiol plus tamoxifen, or 17 alpha-estradiol reduced macroscopic and histological scores, MPO activity and malondialdehyde levels. 17beta-Estradiol also decreased the expression of ICAM-1, IFN-gamma, and IL-13 mRNA levels compared with placebo. In contrast, 17beta-Estradiol increased the macroscopic and histological scores compared with placebo in mice with DSS colitis. These results demonstrate anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory effects of 17beta-estradiol in two different models of experimental colitis. The net modulatory effect most likely reflects a combination of estrogen receptor-mediated effects and antioxidant activity and may explain, in part, conflicting results from clinical trials.
MicroRNAs and Metastasis: Little RNAs Go a Long Way (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNA) are key regulators of many important biological processes from insulin secretion and fat metabolism to cellular proliferation and differentiation. Given the critical role that these small regulatory RNAs play in biology, it is not surprising that the alteration of miRNA expression patterns can have pathogenic consequences. The association between miRNA dysregulation and pathogenesis has been most widely studied in tumorigenesis, and a large number of miRNAs have been identified whose expression levels are changed in various tumor types. Although the role that miRNAs play in the development of metastasis is more poorly defined, recent studies have begun to identify miRNAs that can regulate key steps in the metastatic cascade. This review focuses on two emerging stories, the regulation of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition by members of the miR-200 family, and the pleiotropic nature of the metastasis suppressor miR-31.
Degradation and Release Behavior of Dextran-Based Hydrogels (1997)

Dextran hydrogels were prepared by radical polymerization of aqueous solutions of glycidyl methacrylate-derivatized dextran (dex-MA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate-derivatized dextran (dex-HEMA), and HEMA−oligolactate-derivatized dextran (dex-lactateHEMA), using potassium peroxydisulfate and N,N,N‘,N‘-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) as the initiating system. Dex-MA hydrogels only degraded under extreme conditions (100 °C, pH 1−3), whereas hydrogels derived from dex-HEMA or dex-lactateHEMA degraded fully at pH 7.2 and 37 °C, due to hydrolysis of the lactate and/or carbonate esters in the cross-links. The degradation time of these gels can be tailored from 2 days to more than 2 months by varying the nature of the spacer, the degree of substitution1 of dextran (DS), and the initial water content of the hydrogels. The release kinetics of a model protein, Immunoglobulin G, from dex-(lactate)HEMA hydrogels were investigated and shown to be dependent on both the DS and the initial water content of the gel. Under certain conditions zero-order release was observed over a period of 10 days.
The Photopolymerization and Cross-Linking of Electroluminescent Liquid Crystals Containing Methacrylate and Diene Photopolymerizable End Groups for Multilayer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (2002)

Light-emitting liquid crystals incorporating two photopolymerizable end groups have been synthesized for implementation in multilayer organic electroluminescent devices. Series of diene as well as diallylamine and methacrylate moieties are used as the photoreactive groups attached via spacers to both ends of a fluorene-based chromophore. Nematic glasses are formed upon cooling from the liquid crystalline phase. Ultraviolet radiation at room temperature is used to photopolymerize and cross-link the reactive units, resulting in the formation of insoluble nematic polymer networks. The quantum efficiency of photoluminescence from the fluorene-based chromophore is increased by cross-linking of the diene reactive end groups. Photopolymerization occurs more rapidly with methacrylate end groups, but the chromophore is somewhat degraded by the incident radiation. In materials incorporating the photopolymerizable 1,4-pentadien-3-yl group, the formation of the polymer network enhances the electroluminescence. An electron-transporting polymer containing an oxaziaole ring is deposited on top of the insoluble network. Electroluminescence is obtained with an unchanged spectrum.
Human thrombomodulin gene is intron depleted: nucleic acid sequences of the cDNA and gene predict protein structure and suggest sites of regulatory control. (1987)

We have isolated a human thrombomodulin cDNA, and a human genomic clone containing the putative promoter domain, as well as the translated and untranslated regions of the endothelial cell receptor. The nucleotide sequence of the thrombomodulin cDNA allows us to provide a complete picture of the structure of this endothelial cell receptor, and to confirm its homology to the human low density lipoprotein receptor. The nucleotide sequence of the thrombomodulin gene suggests areas within the putative promoter domain that may be critical for regulating expression of the human endothelial cell receptor, indicates a potential signal peptide, and shows that no introns are present within the coding region. The overall organization of the human thrombomodulin gene is surprising because it represents an example of a gene that contains epidermal growth factor type B repeats and a membrane spanning region, which are not isolated within discrete exons.
Generation of 41 mW of blue radiation by frequency doubling of a GaAlAs diode laser (1990)

A monolithic ring resonator of KNbO3 was used for efficient frequency doubling of a 856 nm GaAlAs diode laser. A special electronic servo technique was devised to lock the diode laser frequency to the KNbO3 cavity so that stable generation of blue output was obtained. With 105 mW of incident near-infrared power, 41 mW of 428 nm radiation were produced. The conversion efficiency from electrical input power into the diode laser to blue output was ∼10%.