gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Objective measurement of bladder sensation: use of a new patient‐activated device and response to neuromodulation (2005)

Detrusor overactivity is the primary objective focus of most investigations into the diagnosis and management of patients with urgency incontinence. Patients with an overactive bladder are characteristically troubled by subjective sensations of bladder fullness and urinary urgency, and frequently void at low bladder volumes attained before noticeable detrusor overactivity occurs. Bladder sensations are therefore crucial to understanding voiding patterns and symptoms, but little progress has been made in objectively describing the range of these sensations, and adequate information is lacking about their response to neuromodulation. Towards this end, a keypad 'urge score' device was designed to measure sensations during bladder filling. This patient-activated device gathers information about patient perceptions of bladder filling and the successive stages of increasing bladder sensation, without prompting or intervention by the investigator. The accuracy of the 'urge keypad' during filling cystometrography was validated in patients with urgency incontinence, and compared with data abstracted from patient voiding diaries. The device provides reliable and repeatable measures of different bladder sensations, with excellent, statistically significant consistency between bladder volumes and corresponding levels of sensation. Subsequently, it was shown that the sensation of urgency can be suppressed by neuromodulation in most patients tested; this suppression occurs with improvements in bladder capacity and voided volumes. It is therefore suggested that urodynamics with concurrent sensory evaluation may offer a more useful assessment tool for selecting those patients for therapies such as neuromodulation who present predominantly with the symptom of urgency.
Optical sensors. Part 23. Effect of Langmuir-Blodgett layer composition on the response of ion-selective optrodes for potassium, based on the fluorimetric measurement of membrane potential (1988)

An ion-selective optrode (ISO) for the continuous determination of potassium is presented. The ISO is based on the optical measurement of the membrane potential between an aqueous sample solution and a lipid phase incorporating a potential-sensitive dye. The lipid phase is composed of a chemically modified rhodamine B dye together with either octadecan-1-ol or arachidic acid, with valinomycin as a neutral ion carrier. In order to obtain reproducible results, the Langmuir-Blodgett technique is used to form molecular lipid layers on a glass support. The fluorescence intensity of the potential-sensitive rhodamine dye depends on the potassium concentration in the sample solution and decreases with increasing potassium concentrations. The over-all response is the net result of at least two effects, the strongest of which is the K+ concentration, but interferences were observed with other metal ions. It is shown that these interferences can be compensated for by using a reference optrode.Specifically, membranes made of octadecan-1-ol and valinomycin were studied. To achieve the maximum response, the optimum number of lipid layers was determined. Also, composite membranes (i.e., those consisting of two different lipid layer types) were investigated, but were found to be unsuitable.The response of membranes made of octadecan-1-ol and valinomycin is characterised by a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of up to 17% towards 100 mM potassium ion solutions. The ratios of 100 ×ΔI/I(the reduction in intensity relative to the total signal) to the logarithm of the analyte concentration were found to be linear over a range of 4 decades, typically 0.01–100 mM. The selectivity factor for potassium over sodium is 104 and this can be greatly increased by using a reference optrode. Also, temperature effects on ion-selective lipid membranes are investigated.
Modeling Reservoir Geometry With Irregular Grids (1989)

Abstract The widely used Cartesian coordinate grid has some disadvantages in the description of boundaries, faults and discontinuities. In addition, a five-point scheme can cause significant grid orientation effects. A nine-point scheme reduces this effect but makes the treatment of boundaries and heterogeneities more difficult. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems have improved the modeling of reservoir shape and flow geometry. Mathematically they are based on a coordinate transformation and discretization of the transformed equations in the usual manner. Due to the lack of orthogonality additional mixed derivative terms are introduced which are difficult to discretize and therefore are usually neglected. However, because grid lines have to be coordinate lines, strictly orthogonal systems are not flexible enough to describe reservoirs of complicated shape. This paper describes a practical method for using irregular or locally irregular grids in reservoir simulation with the advantages of flexible approximation of reservoir geometry, simple treatment of boundary conditions and reduced grid orientation effects. Finite difference equations are set up by the so-called balance method. This method uses an integral formulation of the reservoir model equations equivalent to the commonly used differential equations. Integrating over grid blocks results in "balance equations" for each block. This can be done for various types of networks formed by triangles, convex quadrangles, polar meshes, curvilinear or locally refined grids. HEINRICHS1 has proved consistence for this discretization scheme. The mesh can be refined locally. Well locations can be selected as mesh points to ensure that they are situated in the center of grid blocks. For triangular grids, the more isotropic distribution of grid points diminishes the orientation effect significantly. Numerical examples are presented comparing the proposed difference scheme with a nine-point Cartesian scheme. The performance of the method is illustrated by symmetry elements and complex simulation problems.
Theoretical Modeling of SiO2 Photochemical Vapor Deposition and Comparison to Experimental Results for Three Oxidant Chemistries:  SiH4 + O2, H2O/O2, and H2O2 (2001)

An elementary model, independent sheet simulation of photochemical vapor deposition (ISSPCVD), is introduced that illustrates the roles of chemical reactions and transport in photochemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD). A simple model for diffusion and integration of a small number of chemical reaction rate equations allows simulations of SiO2 photo-CVD to be performed, and this work shows that it is possible to assume that one SiOxHy intermediate is the dominant precursor to SiO2 deposition. Three oxidants for use with SiH4 are investigated: O2, H2O/O2, and H2O2. The simulations allow determination of concentrations of important gas-phase species and estimated deposition rates as functions of time, probability of gas-phase species diffusing to the substrate and effective reaction chain length as functions of height, and deposition rate dependence on purge gas identity and vacuum ultraviolet light intensity. The results reflect our experimental results, including the dependence of deposition rate on experimental parameters and the time evolution of film growth, without adjusting known parameters (e.g., absorption coefficients, rate constants). The simulations provide strong support for the important role of the radical chain reaction OH + SiH4 = SiH3 + H2O; SiH3 + O2 = SiH2O + OH. The simulations provide insight for the mechanism for SiO2 deposition by the thermal oxidation of SiH4 by O2.
Continuity and Criticism: North American Jews and Israel (1990)

The Canadian and American Jewish communities, while sharing much common ground, are products of distinct historical, social, and political circumstances. Each community has been shaped by and has had to adapt to the forces, rhythms, and patterns of nations which have had substantially different attitudes towards ethnic and religious minorities. In Canada, where there are sharp differences and competing visions about national identity and considerable regional, linguistic, and psychological barriers to the forging of a strong national consciousness, ethnic and religious minorities have been encouraged to some degree to maintain their traditional cultures. This commitment was
Overcoming Interfacial Interactions with Electric Fields (2000)

Electric fields have been shown to orient nanoscopic domains laterally in thin copolymer films effectively. To achieve an orientation normal to the surface, interfacial interactions impose a barrier. Using asymmetric diblock copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) having cylindrical microdomains, a threshold electric field strength Et was found above which complete orientation of the cylindrical domains was achieved. This threshold field strength was independent of film thickness (for films ∼10−30 μm thick) and could be described by the difference in interfacial energies of the components. At field strengths slightly below Et a coexistence of the domains parallel and perpendicular to the electrode surface was found which is consistent with the introduction of defects via undulations in the structure as one proceeds away from the surface.
Guided Learning for Bidirectional Sequence Classification (2007)

In this paper, we propose guided learning, a new learning framework for bidirectional sequence classification. The tasks of learning the order of inference and training the local classifier are dynamically incorporated into a single Perceptron like learning algorithm. We apply this novel learning algorithm to POS tagging. It obtains an error rate of 2.67 % on the standard PTB test set, which represents 3.3 % relative error reduction over the previous best result on the same data set, while using fewer features. 1
Targeted ablation of diverse cell classes in the nervous system in vivo (1993)

The study of both the function and development of complex neural systems would be greatly facilitated by a means for systematically blocking intercell communication. One way of preventing cells from signaling each other is to remove them from the system by ablation. Here we present a general technique for visualizing and ablating selected cell classes in vivo. The cells of interest are genetically engineered so that they can be selectively labeled with a photoactivatable dye and visualized in living preparations; the dye-labeled cells can then be photoablated. This approach is applicable to a broad range of cell types, in organisms amenable to gene transfer, and permits ablations to be performed at different developmental stages or in the adult. We demonstrate the use of this technique on several cell types in the mouse retina and cerebral cortex, and in the zebrafish embryo.
Analysis of Mice Lacking DNaseI Hypersensitive Sites at the 5′ End of the IgH Locus (2010)

The 5' end of the IgH locus contains a cluster of DNaseI hypersensitive sites, one of which (HS1) was shown to be pro-B cell specific and to contain binding sites for the transcription factors PU.1, E2A, and Pax5. These data as well as the location of the hypersensitive sites at the 5' border of the IgH locus suggested a possible regulatory function for these elements with respect to the IgH locus. To test this notion, we generated mice carrying targeted deletions of either the pro-B cell specific site HS1 or the whole cluster of DNaseI hypersensitive sites. Lymphocytes carrying these deletions appear to undergo normal development, and mutant B cells do not exhibit any obvious defects in V(D)J recombination, allelic exclusion, or class switch recombination. We conclude that deletion of these DNaseI hypersensitive sites does not have an obvious impact on the IgH locus or B cell development.
Two decades of array signal processing research: the parametric approach (1996)

The quintessential goal of sensor array signal processing is the estimation of parameters by fusing temporal and spatial information, captured via sampling a wavefield with a set of judiciously placed antenna sensors. The wavefield is assumed to be generated by a finite number of emitters, and contains information about signal parameters characterizing the emitters. A review of the area of array processing is given. The focus is on parameter estimation methods, and many relevant problems are only briefly mentioned. We emphasize the relatively more recent subspace-based methods in relation to beamforming. The article consists of background material and of the basic problem formulation. Then we introduce spectral-based algorithmic solutions to the signal parameter estimation problem. We contrast these suboptimal solutions to parametric methods. Techniques derived from maximum likelihood principles as well as geometric arguments are covered. Later, a number of more specialized research topics are briefly reviewed. Then, we look at a number of real-world problems for which sensor array processing methods have been applied. We also include an example with real experimental data involving closely spaced emitters and highly correlated signals, as well as a manufacturing application example.
Visual Arts Tourism in Malaysia: A Literature Review (2020)

This article documented the development of visual arts tourism as a new field of Malaysia's tourism. Since the new millennium, the union of visual arts and tourism has been celebrated by the Ministry of Tourism, Arts &amp; Culture as a marketing strategy to promote Malaysia as a top-of-the-mind destination art tourism destination. The research result has shown that currently there are three significant visual arts programs which are known as (1) One Malaysia Contemporary Art Tourism, (2) Art Expo Malaysia, and (3) Kuala Lumpur Biennale has been developed along with the government's strategies for partnership between visual arts, tourism and economic development. It is hoped that this paper will provide insights into an understanding of the tourism industry in Malaysia, particularly for visual arts tourism development.
Three Different Vaccines Based on the 140-Amino Acid MUC1 Peptide with Seven Tandemly Repeated Tumor-Specific Epitopes Elicit Distinct Immune Effector Mechanisms in Wild-Type Versus MUC1-Transgenic Mice with Different Potential for Tumor Rejection (2001)

Low-frequency CTL and low-titer IgM responses against tumor-associated Ag MUC1 are present in cancer patients but do not prevent cancer growth. Boosting MUC1-specific immunity with vaccines, especially effector mechanisms responsible for tumor rejection, is an important goal. We studied immunogenicity, tumor rejection potential, and safety of three vaccines: 1) MUC1 peptide admixed with murine GM-CSF as an adjuvant; 2) MUC1 peptide admixed with adjuvant SB-AS2; and 3) MUC1 peptide-pulsed dendritic cells (DC). We examined the qualitative and quantitative differences in humoral and T cell-mediated MUC1-specific immunity elicited in human MUC1-transgenic (Tg) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Adjuvant-based vaccines induced MUC1-specific Abs but failed to stimulate MUC1-specific T cells. MUC1 peptide with GM-CSF induced IgG1 and IgG2b in WT mice but only IgM in MUC1-Tg mice. MUC1 peptide with SB-AS2 induced high-titer IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3 Abs in both WT and MUC1-Tg mice. Induction of IgG responses was T cell independent and did not have any effect on tumor growth. MUC1 peptide-loaded DC induced only T cell immunity. If injected together with soluble peptide, the DC vaccine also triggered Ab production. Importantly, the DC vaccine elicited tumor rejection responses in both WT and MUC1-Tg mice. These responses correlated with the induction of MUC1-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in WT mice, but only CD8(+) T cells in MUC1-Tg mice. Even though MUC1-specific CD4+ T cell tolerance was not broken, the capacity of MUC1-Tg mice to reject tumor was not compromised.
Vascular Factors in Alzheimer’s Disease (2003)

Vascular involvement in Alzheimer disease (AD) is not necessarily coincident. Current evidence suggests the neuropathology of Alzheimer type of dementia comprises more than amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. At least a third of recognized AD cases may exhibit cerebrovascular pathology, which also constitutes distinct small vessel disease. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy, microvascular degeneration affecting the cerebral endothelium and smooth muscle cells, basal lamina alterations, hyalinosis, and fibrosis are frequently evident in AD. These changes may be accompanied by perivascular denervation that is causal in the cognitive decline of AD. In addition, amyloid beta protein appears directly involved in the degeneration of both the larger perforating arterial vessels as well as cerebral capillaries, which represent the blood-brain barrier. The cerebrovascular pathology in AD also encompasses macro- and micro-infarctions, hemorrhages, lacunas, and ischemic white-matter changes. An interaction of both perivascular mediators and derived factors would perturb the brain vasculature. Peripheral vascular factors such as long-standing hypertension, atrial fibrillation, coronary or carotid artery disease, and diabetes mellitus are also apparent in AD. These factors would modify the cerebral circulation such that a sustained hypoperfusion or oligemia is impacted upon the aging processes to induce the characteristic pathology.
A DNA−Gold Nanoparticle-Based Colorimetric Competition Assay for the Detection of Cysteine (2008)

We report the development of a highly sensitive and selective colorimetric detection method for cysteine based upon oligonucleotide-functionalized gold nanoparticle probes that contain strategically placed thymidine−thymidine (T−T) mismatches complexed with Hg2+. This assay relies upon the distance-dependent optical properties of gold nanoparticles, the sharp melting transition of oligonucleotide-linked nanoparticle aggregates, and the very selective coordination of Hg2+ with cysteine. The concentration of cysteine can be determined by monitoring with the naked eye or a UV−vis spectrometer the temperature at which the purple-to-red color change associated with aggregate dissociation takes place. This assay does not utilize organic cosolvents, enzymatic reactions, light-sensitive dye molecules, lengthy protocols, or sophisticated instrumentation thereby overcoming some of the limitations of more conventional methods.
How does plasmid DNA penetrate cell membranes in artificial transformation process ofEscherichia coli? (2008)

Artificial transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmid DNA in presence of CaCl2 is a widely used technique in recombinant DNA technology. However, exact mechanism of DNA transfer across cell membranes is largely obscure. In this study, measurements of both steady state and time-resolved anisotropies of fluorescent dye trimethyl ammonium diphenyl hexatriene (TMA-DPH), bound to cellular outer membrane, indicated heat-pulse (0 degrees C42 degrees C) step of the standard transformation procedure had lowered considerably outer membrane fluidity of cells. The decrease in fluidity was caused by release of lipids from cell surface to extra-cellular medium. A subsequent cold-shock (42 degrees C0 degrees C) to the cells raised the fluidity further to its original value and this was caused by release of membrane proteins to extra-cellular medium. When the cycle of heat-pulse and cold-shock steps was repeated, more release of lipids and proteins respectively had taken place, which ultimately enhanced transformation efficiency gradually up to third cycle. Study of competent cell surface by atomic force microscope showed release of lipids had formed pores on cell surface. Moreover, the heat-pulse step almost depolarized cellular inner membrane. In this communication, we propose heat-pulse step had two important roles on DNA entry: (a) Release of lipids and consequent formation of pores on cell surface, which helped DNA to cross outer membrane barrier, and (b) lowering of membrane potential, which facilitated DNA to cross inner membrane of E. coli.
Flow-cytometric assessment of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity in peripheral blood lymphocytes (2006)

The methodology described in this paper should be generally useful for the determination of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity in a wide variety of settings, especially for the comparison of large sets of samples, such as population studies. In contrast to previously published radiometric or immuno-dot-blot assays, the new FACS-based method allows (i) selective analysis of mononuclear cells by gating and (ii) detection of a possible heterogeneity in poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity between cells of the same type.
Overexpression of Id-1 protein is a marker in colorectal cancer progression (2008)

The inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding 1 (Id-1), a negative regulator of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We examined the Id-1 expression by immunohistochemistry in 9 adenomas, 79 primary colorectal adenocarcinomas matched with 40 adjacent normal mucosa specimens and its relationship with clinicopathological factors. The Id-1 expression was increased in the carcinoma compared to the adjacent normal mucosa either in the unmatched and matched samples or to the adenoma. There was no significant difference in the Id-1 expression between normal mucosa and adenoma. The Id-1 expression of carcinoma was increased from Dukes' stages A to B, to C and to D. The cases with lymph node metastasis had a higher rate of a stronger Id-1 expression than those without lymph node metastasis. In conclusion, Id-1 overexpression plays an important role in colorectal cancer progression.
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 transcriptional regulators directly bind two cellular transcription factors, TFIID and TFIIB (1995)

The bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) E2 translational open reading frame encodes three proteins that regulate viral transcription and DNA replication: the E2 transcriptional activator (E2TA), the E2 transcriptional repressor (E2TR) and the E8/E2 transcriptional repressor (E8/E2TR). E2TA is a strong activator of papillomaviral promoters and is required for viral DNA replication. E2TR and E8/E2TR inhibit the activities of E2TA but also possess weak transactivational properties of their own. Two components of the cellular transcription apparatus, TFIID and TFIIB, have previously been shown to associate with other viral and cellular transcriptional activators. We present evidence here that E2TA, the full-length E2 open reading frame gene product, directly binds both of these transcription factors in vitro. Glutathione S-transferase E2TA (GST-E2TA) fusion protein bound in vitro-synthesized TATA-box-binding protein (TBP), a component of TFIID, and in vitro-synthesized TFIIB. Likewise, GST-E2TA bound TFIID and TFIIB present in a nuclear extract from the human cervical cancer-derived cell line, HeLa. The binding of GST-E2TA to TBP and TFIIB required no additional mammalian factors, as shown by direct binding of GST-E2TA to bacterially synthesized recombinant TBP and recombinant TFIIB. The domain of E2TA required for its interaction with both TBP and TFIIB was localized to the C terminus of E2TA, a region also present in E2TR and E8/E2TR. This domain lies within the region of E2TA previously shown to confer cooperative DNA binding by E2TA and TBP and overlaps with the region of E2TA required for DNA binding and dimerization. Our findings, taken in context with previous studies, lead us to conclude that (i) cooperative DNA binding by E2 proteins and TBP is likely mediated by the direct binding of E2 proteins to TBP, (ii) the weak transcriptional transactivation by E2TR and E8/E2TR may result as a consequence of direct TBP and TFIIB binding by these proteins, and (iii) TBP and/or TFIIB binding may be required but is not sufficient for E2TA's strong transactivational activity.