gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronegativity: The density functional viewpoint (1978)

Precision is given to the concept of electronegativity. It is the negative of the chemical potential (the Lagrange multiplier for the normalization constraint) in the Hohenberg–Kohn density functional theory of the ground state: χ=−μ=−(∂E/∂N)v. Electronegativity is constant throughout an atom or molecule, and constant from orbital to orbital within an atom or molecule. Definitions are given of the concepts of an atom in a molecule and of a valence state of an atom in a molecule, and it is shown how valence-state electronegativity differences drive charge transfers on molecule formation. An equation of Gibbs–Duhem type is given for the change of electronegativity from one situation to another, and some discussion is given of certain relations among energy components discovered by Fraga.
Estimation of the measurement uncertainty of LNE’s metrological Atomic Force Microscope using virtual instrument modeling and Monte Carlo Method (2015)

Un Microscope à Force Atomique métrologique (mAFM) est développé au Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais (LNE).Le mAFM est consacré à la mesure traçable des structures à l'échelle nanométrique et à l'étalonnage d'étalons de transfert dédiés aux microscopes à champ proche et électroniques.Le déplacement relatif de l'échantillon par rapport à la pointe est de 60 µm dans le plan XY et de 15 µm sur l'axe Z. La traçabilité au mètre tel qu'il est défini par le Système International d'unités (SI) est assurée grâce à quatre interféromètres différentiels utilisés dans une configuration originale [1].La conception de l'instrument est optimisée pour minimiser les principales composantes dans le bilan d'incertitude, telles que : les dilatations thermiques, les erreurs d'Abbe, les erreurs géométriques [1].L'incertitude attendue pour la mesure de position de la pointe par rapport à l'échantillon est d'environ 1 nm pour la gamme entière de déplacement, sans tenir compte de la contribution de l'interaction pointe/échantillon.Un premier bilan d'incertitude a été réalisé grâce à des évaluations expérimentales des principales sources d'erreur qui perturbent le processus de mesure [1-2].Pour les autres composantes, leur évaluation est complexe ou expérimentalement impossible.Pour affiner le bilan d'incertitude, un modèle numérique de l'instrument (AFM virtuel) a été développé.Le modèle permet d'évaluer tous les composants (mécaniques et optiques) liés à la géométrie du système de mesure de position et permet également de prendre en compte les composantes évaluées expérimentalement et enfin de déterminer l'incertitude de mesure en utilisant la méthode de .
Autocrine Stimulation of Intracellular PDGF Receptors in v- sis -Transformed Cells (1988)

Autocrine activation of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors is the mechanism of transformation by the v-sis oncogene. Since the addition of PDGF does not transform normal cells, autocrine mechanisms may involve unique pathways of receptor activation. In this study autocrine stimulation of the PDGF receptor was observed in v-sis-transformed normal rat kidney (NRK) cells. In contrast to receptor activation in normal cells, autocrine activation of PDGF receptors in v-sis-transformed cells occurred in intracellular compartments, disrupting receptor processing and diverting receptors and their precursors to a chloroquine-sensitive degradation pathway. These findings show that intracellular activation of receptors by autocrine mechanisms may play a role in cell transformation.
Analytic evaluation of RED performance (2002)

End-to-end congestion control mechanisms such as those in TCP are not enough to prevent congestion collapse in the Internet, and they must be supplemented by control mechanisms inside the network. The IRTF has singled out random early detection (RED) as one queue management scheme recommended for rapid deployment throughout the Internet. However, RED is not a thoroughly understood scheme-witness for example how the recommended parameter setting, or even the various benefits RED is claimed to provide, have changed over the past few years. In this paper, we describe simple analytic models for RED, and use these models to quantify the benefits (or lack thereof) brought about by RED. In particular, we examine the impact of RED on the loss and delay suffered by bursty and less bursty traffic (such as TCP and UDP traffic, respectively). We find that: (i) RED does eliminate the higher loss bias against bursty traffic observed with tail drop, but not by decreasing the loss rate of bursty traffic, rather by increasing that of non bursty traffic; (ii) the number of consecutive packet drops is higher with RED than tail drop, suggesting RED might not help as anticipated with the global synchronization of TCP flows; (iii) RED can be used to control the average queueing delay in routers and hence the end to end delay, but increases the jitter of non bursty streams. Thus, applications that generate smooth traffic, such as interactive audio applications, will suffer higher loss rates and require large playout buffers, thereby negating at least in part the lower mean delay brought about by RED.
Pax3 and Pax7 have distinct and overlapping functions in adult muscle progenitor cells (2005)

The growth and repair of skeletal muscle after birth depends on satellite cells that are characterized by the expression of Pax7. We show that Pax3, the paralogue of Pax7, is also present in both quiescent and activated satellite cells in many skeletal muscles. Dominant-negative forms of both Pax3 and -7 repress MyoD, but do not interfere with the expression of the other myogenic determination factor, Myf5, which, together with Pax3/7, regulates the myogenic differentiation of these cells. In Pax7 mutants, satellite cells are progressively lost in both Pax3-expressing and -nonexpressing muscles. We show that this is caused by satellite cell death, with effects on the cell cycle. Manipulation of the dominant-negative forms of these factors in satellite cell cultures demonstrates that Pax3 cannot replace the antiapoptotic function of Pax7. These findings underline the importance of cell survival in controlling the stem cell populations of adult tissues and demonstrate a role for upstream factors in this context.
The Distribution and Significance of IDH Mutations in Gliomas (2013)

The discovery of somatic isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) mutations in gliomas is an example of the powerful impact of the next-generation sequencing on the comprehension of both tumor biology and human diseases. IDHs catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate with production of NADH/NADPH. Thus, they are key enzymes in the Krebs cycle. For this family of metabolic genes, no previous role in human cancer has been described. However, in a recent genomewide study, recurrent somatic mutations in the IDH1 gene have been identified in patients affected by Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) [1]. In successive studies, IDH mutations have also been found in low-grade gliomas, as well as in acute myeloid leukemia. The aim of this chapter is to review the findings on the epidemiology and significance of IDH mutations in human gliomas, from the discovery to the current knowledge about their molecular pathogenesis. Special attention will be paid to the powerful diagnostic and prognostic relevance of the IDH mutations in the clinical practice of neuro-oncology.
Phase I Study of Dystrophin Plasmid-Based Gene Therapy in Duchenne/Becker Muscular Dystrophy (2004)

Nine patients with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy were injected via the radialis muscle with a full-length human dystrophin plasmid, either once with 200 or 600 microg of DNA or twice, 2 weeks apart, with 600 microg of DNA. In the biopsies taken 3 weeks after the initial injection, the vector was detected at the injection site in all patients. Immunohistochemistry and nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction indicated dystrophin expression in six of nine patients. The level of expression was low (up to 6% weak, but complete sarcolemmal dystrophin staining, and up to 26% partial sarcolemmal labeling). No side effects were observed, nor any cellular or humoral anti-dystrophin responses. These results suggest that exogenous dystrophin expression can be obtained in Duchenne/Becker patients after intramuscular transfer of plasmid, without adverse effects, hence paving the way for future developments in gene therapy of hereditary muscular diseases.
Fractionated Mid-Infrared Resurfacing (2008)

Fractional resurfacing devices thermally alter microscopic treatment columns in the skin, leaving intervening areas between the columns untouched. Because only a fraction of the skin is being modified, untreated areas are able to rapidly repopulate the treatment columns to greatly reduce recovery time and adverse events. Mid-infrared fractional systems have shown improvement in treating photoaging, scars, rhytides, dyschromia, and textural disorders. An additional advantage is that they are safe and effective for the treatment of nonfacial areas such as the neck, chest, and extremities.
The Listeria monocytogenes Protein InlB Is an Agonist of Mammalian Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (1999)

The Gram-positive pathogen Listeria monocytogenes induces its own internalization into some non-phagocytic mammalian cells by stimulating host tyrosine phosphorylation, phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase activity, and rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton. Entry into many cultured cell lines is mediated by the bacterial protein InlB. Here we investigate the role of InlB in regulating mammalian signal transduction and cytoskeletal structure. Treatment of Vero cells with purified InlB caused rapid and transient increases in the lipid products of the PI 3-kinase p85-p110, tyrosine phosphorylation of the mammalian adaptor proteins Gab1, Cbl, and Shc, and association of these proteins with p85. InlB also stimulated large scale changes in the actin cytoskeleton (membrane ruffling), which were PI 3-kinase-dependent. These results identify InlB as the first reported non-mammalian agonist of PI 3-kinase and demonstrate similarities in the signal transduction events elicited by this bacterial protein and known agonists such as epidermal growth factor.
A Fluorometric Assay for DNA Cleavage Reactions Characterized with BamHI Restriction Endonuclease (1994)

Fluorescently labeled oligonucleotides and DNA fragments have promise in nucleic acid research with applications that include DNA hybridization, automated DNA sequencing, fluorescence anisotropy, and resonance energy transfer studies. Past concerns with fluorescent-labeled DNA arose from interactions between fluorophores and DNA that result in quenched fluorescence. This quenching phenomenon is most problematic in fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies because quenching of the donor fluorescence could result from either resonance energy transfer or nontransfer effects. In the present study, relief of nontransfer quenching of a 14-mer fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled oligonucleotide containing the BamHI restriction site was characterized with both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques. The FITC-labeled single strand was best fit by a triexponential decay with lifetimes of 0.5, 2.7, and 4.2 ns. The 4.2-ns component was found to contribute more than 80% of the total steady-state intensity. Upon annealing with an unmodified complementary strand, the contribution from the 4.2-ns component was significantly decreased, resulting in twofold quenching of total fluorescence. We reasoned that this quenching phenomenon should be a reversible process and could be employed to study strand separation processes in molecular biology. Hence, cleavage of the fluorescently labeled substrate was examined using DNAase I and BamHI restriction endonuclease. Our results show that the quenched fluorescence is totally recovered upon cleavage (compared to that of the single strand). The extent of cleavage measured by fluorescence was confirmed by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. We believe this fluorescence "dequenching" technique may be used to quantify the kinetics of other DNA strand separation and cleavage processes in molecular biology.
The Listeria monocytogenes Sortase-B Recognizes Varied Amino Acids at Position 2 of the Sorting Motif (2009)

Sortases are bacterial enzymes that anchor surface proteins covalently to the peptidoglycan upon cleavage of a motif located at their C-terminal end. Motifs recognized by sortases of the class-B (SrtB) are defined by the consensus sequence NP(Q/K)(T/S)(N/G/S)(D/A). Evidence supporting this consensus is limited to IsdC of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis, cleaved at motifs NPQTN and NPKTG, respectively. In Listeria monocytogenes, StrB has two substrates, Lmo2185 and Lmo2186, containing NAKTN and NKVTN (or the overlapping sequence NPKSS) as putative sorting motifs. Some of these motifs do not match the consensus, because they lack either proline (P) at position 2 or glutamine/lysine (Q/K) at position 3. Here, we identified NPKSS as a sorting motif of Lmo2186 by monitoring anchoring to peptidoglycan of chimeras lacking each of its two predicted motifs. Motif-swapping experiments confirmed that NPKSS, but not NKVTN, could replace NAKTN for anchoring of an Lmo2185 chimera. Residue substitutions in the NPKSS sequence revealed the essentiality of proline at position 2 for recognition of this particular motif. Lysine at position 3 was however dispensable. Deletion of NAKTN, on the other hand, abrogated SrtB-mediated anchoring of the Lmo2185 chimera. NAKTN, therefore, represents an exception to the rule of a conserved proline in position 2 of the sorting motif. Taken together, our data indicate that proline is not absolutely required for substrate recognition by sortases of the class-B. In addition, they prove the capacity of a single sortase, as SrtB of L. monocytogenes, to recognize varied amino acids at position 2 of the sorting motif.
Testing statistical significance of multivariate time series analysis techniques for epileptic seizure prediction (2006)

Nonlinear time series analysis techniques have been proposed to detect changes in the electroencephalography dynamics prior to epileptic seizures. Their applicability in practice to predict seizure onsets is hampered by the present lack of generally accepted standards to assess their performance. We propose an analytic approach to judge the prediction performance of multivariate seizure prediction methods. Statistical tests are introduced to assess patient individual results, taking into account that prediction methods are applied to multiple time series and several seizures. Their performance is illustrated utilizing a bivariate seizure prediction method based on synchronization theory.
Botulinum toxin for the treatment of idiopathic and neurogenic overactive bladder: state of the art. (2006)

The pharmacologic treatment of overactive bladder and detrusor overactivity, whether idiopathic or neurogenic, has centered around blocking muscarinic receptors on the detrusor muscle. Although newer agents have been developed with better tolerability and safety, the basic mechanism by which the "irritable" detrusor is treated has not changed in decades. Although effective in many cases of idiopathic and neurogenic detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder, antimuscarinic agents fall short in many other cases because of lack of efficacy and/or tolerability. For the past several years, there has been increasing evidence to support the use of botulinum toxin for the treatment of detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder syndrome not effectively treated by anticholinergics. From early open-label studies to the more recent randomized, controlled trials, efficacy and tolerability data have been very encouraging. Botulinum toxin is not yet approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of detrusor overactivity and overactive bladder, but the positive results seen thus far cannot be ignored.
General Method for Synthesis of Functionalized Macrocycles and Catenanes Utilizing “Click” Chemistry (2008)

A new protocol for efficient and high yield synthesis of functionalized macrocycles and catenanes has been developed using "click" chemistry in combination with Sauvage's metal template route to interlocked structures. The procedure involves introduction of terminal alkyne moieties on a symmetrical 2,9-diaryl-1,10-phenanthroline (phen) building block, followed by double-"click" ring closure using aryl 3,5-diazides in the presence of CuI, sodium ascorbate, the base DBU and a sulfonated phenanthroline ligand in an oxygen-free 7:3:1 ethanol/water/toluene mixture at 70 degrees C. Utilizing acetal and vinyl substituted diazides, the corresponding bistriazole/phen macrocycles, characterized spectroscopically, were obtained in 65-70% yield. Formation of a binary Cu(I) complex of the diethynylphen ligand followed by reaction with aryl 3,5-diazides using a modified procedure affords the corresponding difunctionalized catenane in one step in 85-92% yield. The initial catenanes obtained after workup are Cu-free. Reintroduction of Cu(I) using Cu(CH3CN)4+PF6- gives the metallocatenanes, whose spectral properties are identical to those of related (phen)2Cu(I) catenanes reported by Sauvage and co-workers. This methodology provides ready access to functionalized interlocked structures, which can be used as intermediates in the preparation of a variety of new materials, including compounds of interest as artificial photosynthetic systems.
Blocking the effects of interleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory rheumatic diseases: systematic literature review and meta-analysis informing a consensus statement (2012)

IL-6i is effective and safe in RA and JIA, but not in AS. Preliminary results in other indications need substantiation.
Multiple-state emission and intramolecular electron-transfer quenching in rhenium(I) bipyridine based chromophore-quencher complexes (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultiple-state emission and intramolecular electron-transfer quenching in rhenium(I) bipyridine based chromophore-quencher complexesT. David Westmoreland, Hubert Le Bozec, Royce W. Murray, and Thomas J. MeyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 18, 5952–5954Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00356a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00356a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views379Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An inverse correlation between estimated tuberculosis notification rates and asthma symptoms (2002)

The present study extends the inverse relationship between tuberculosis rates and asthma prevalence to the 6-7-year-old age group and suggests that the association, if causal, may be stronger at this younger age.
Fibrillar β-Amyloid Induces Microglial Phagocytosis, Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase, and Loss of a Select Population of Neurons in the Rat CNSIn Vivo (1998)

To determine the stability of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) and the glial and neuronal changes induced by Abeta in the CNS in vivo, we made single injections of fibrillar Abeta (fAbeta), soluble Abeta (sAbeta), or vehicle into the rat striatum. Injected fAbeta is stable in vivo for at least 30 d after injection, whereas sAbeta is primarily cleared within 1 d. After injection of fAbeta, microglia phagocytize fAbeta aggregates, whereas nearby astrocytes form a virtual wall between fAbeta-containing microglia and the surrounding neuropil. Similar glial changes are not observed after sAbeta injection. Microglia and astrocytes near the injected fAbeta show a significant increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression compared with that seen with sAbeta or vehicle injection. Injection of fAbeta but not sAbeta or vehicle induces a significant loss of parvalbumin- and neuronal nitric oxide synthase-immunoreactive neurons, whereas the number of calbindin-immunoreactive neurons remains unchanged. These data demonstrate that fAbeta is remarkably stable in the CNS in vivo and suggest that fAbeta neurotoxicity is mediated in large part by factors released from activated microglia and astrocytes, as opposed to direct interaction between Abeta fibrils and neurons.
CNT-based photopatternable nanocomposites with high electrical conductivity and optical transparency (2009)

In this paper, a nanocomposite approach is introduced to provide both electrically conductive and optically transparent micropatterns on any flexible substrate employing photolithography-based microfabrication. The nanocomposite materials combine the highly directional nanoscopic networks and electrical conductivity of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with the photopatternability and optical transparency of SU-8 photoresist. The photopatternable nanocomposites have yielded high optical transparency of 90% and high electrical conductivity of 27.5 S m−1 with the minimal feature resolution of 10 µm. Additionally, an interesting nano-bridge phenomenon has been discovered during fabrication of the microscale features. Moreover, the photopatternable transparent conductive nanocomposite has demonstrated its application to biomedical sensing for exceptional adaptability and flexibility.
The role of a stress‐response protein in Salmonella typhimurium virulence (1991)

We recently described the use of selective transposon mutagenesis to generate a series of avirulent mutants of a pathogenic strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Cloning and sequencing of the insertion sites from two of these mutants reveals that both have identical locations within an open reading frame that is highly homologous to a gene, htrA, encoding a heat-shock protein in Escherichia coli. DNA sequence analysis of S. typhimurium htrA reveals the presence of a gene capable of encoding a protein with a calculated Mr of 49316 that has 88.7% protein:protein homology with its E. coli counterpart. In E. coli, lesions in this gene, also known as degP, reduce proteolytic degradation of aberrant periplasmic proteins. Characteristics of the S. typhimurium htrA mutants, 046 and 014, in vivo and in vitro suggested that they are avirulent because of impaired ability to survive and/or replicate in host tissues. In vitro, the S. typhimurium htrA mutants 046 and 014 are not temperature-sensitive but were found to be more susceptible to oxidative stress than the parent, suggesting that they may be less able to withstand oxidative killing within macrophages.