gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Postural Stability Assessment Following Concussion: One Piece of the Puzzle (2001)

Clinicians regularly assess concussion according to the symptoms that an athlete manifests at the time of injury, as well as during subsequent evaluations. The subjectivity involved with symptom assessment, however, often leaves the clinician without a clear picture of the athlete's true mental status. Neuropsychologic testing has become very popular in the sports medicine community for assessing the cognitive domain of neurologic functioning, and postural stability testing is gaining credence for assessing the motor domain. The objective of this review was to determine the efficacy of postural stability testing as an adjunct to concussion assessment of athletes. Multiple studies, using both sophisticated force plate technology, as well as those using less sophisticated clinical balance tests, have identified postural stability deficits lasting several days following sport-related concussion. It appears that postural stability testing provides a useful tool for objectively assessing the motor domain of neurologic functioning, and should be considered a reliable and valid adjunct to the assessment of athletes suffering from concussion. Although symptom severity, neurocognitive function, and postural stability are often affected initially following concussion, they are not necessarily related or even affected to the same degree.
High and low doses of haptens dictate whether dermal or epidermal antigen‐presenting cells promote contact hypersensitivity (1997)

In the induction of contact hypersensitivity (CH) to an epicutaneously applied hapten, we have previously proposed that low doses of hapten sensitize primarily through epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC), whereas high doses rely largely on dermal antigen-presenting cells (APC). To examine this issue further, we applied either high or low doses of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) epicutaneously to mice. We observed reduced LC density at the site after 12 h (nadir), which returned to normal levels at 24 h only after a low dose of hapten. When a low dose of an unrelated hapten, oxazolone, was painted on skin that had been painted 12 h previously with high dose of DNFB, oxazolone-specific CH was impaired. When grafts of whole skin, dermis alone, and epidermis alone prepared from skin painted 2 h previously with low or high doses of DNFB were placed onto naive, syngeneic mice, CH was induced by whole skin after both types of doses, by epidermis only after a low dose, and by dermis only after high dose. When epidermal cell suspensions were derivatized in vitro with low or high doses of DNFB, only cells exposed to a low dose induced proliferation of hapten-specific Tcells. Thus, only a low dose of hapten reveals the APC functions of LC without the participation of dermal APC.
Clinical and Radiographic Predictors for Worsened Clinical Outcomes After Hip Arthroscopic Labral Preservation and Capsular Closure in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (2015)

Patients with a broken Shenton line, FNS angle >140°, CE angle <19°, or BMI >23 kg/m(2) at the time of surgery are not good candidates for the arthroscopic management of DDH.
The MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, plays an essential role in the maternofetal transfer of γ-globulin in humans (2001)

The transfer of maternal gamma-globulin (IgG) provides the neonate with humoral immunity during early life. In humans, maternal IgG is transported across the placenta during the third trimester of pregnancy. The expression of the MHC class I-related receptor, FcRn, in the human placenta suggests that this Fc receptor might be involved in the delivery of maternal IgG, but direct evidence to support this is lacking. In the current study an ex vivo placental model has been used to analyze the maternofetal transfer of a recombinant, humanized (IgG1) antibody in which His435 has been mutated to alanine (H435A). In vitro binding studies using surface plasmon resonance indicate that the mutation ablates binding of the antibody to recombinant mouse and human FcRn. Relative to the wild-type antibody, the H435A mutant is deficient in transfer across the placenta. Significantly, the mutation does not affect binding to Fc gamma RIII, an FcR that has been suggested in earlier studies to mediate the transfer of maternal IgG. The analyses demonstrate that binding of an IgG to FcRn is a prerequisite for transport across the perfused placenta. FcRn therefore plays a central role in the maternofetal delivery of IgG and this has implications for the use of protein engineering to improve the properties of therapeutic antibodies.
Cutting Edge: The Neurotoxic Prion Peptide Fragment PrP106–126 Is a Chemotactic Agonist for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Formyl Peptide Receptor-Like 1 (2001)

Prion diseases are transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative disorders which involve infiltration and activation of mononuclear phagocytes at the brain lesions. A 20-aa acid fragment of the human cellular prion protein, PrP(106-126), was reported to mimic the biological activity of the pathologic isoform of prion and activates mononuclear phagocytes. The cell surface receptor(s) mediating the activity of PrP(106-126) is unknown. In this study, we show that PrP(106-126) is chemotactic for human monocytes through the use of a G protein-coupled receptor formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1), which has been reported to interact with a diverse array of exogenous or endogenous ligands. Upon stimulation by PrP(106-126), FPRL1 underwent a rapid internalization and, furthermore, PrP(106-126) enhanced monocyte production of proinflammatory cytokines, which was inhibited by pertussis toxin. Thus, FPRL1 may act as a "pattern recognition" receptor that interacts with multiple pathologic agents and may be involved in the proinflammatory process of prion diseases.
Integração social ou novas relações entre Estado e sociedade no Brasil (1995)

Este artigo tem como ponto de partida a constatação de dois fenômenos atuais: a transição demográfica e o padrão crítico da distribuição de renda do Brasil. O argumento central nele contido situa o fortalecimento, ou não, das relações entre o Estado e a sociedade civil, num contexto em que a globalização passa a impor distintas diretrizes políticas no tratamento da questão social. Ao abordar a questão da integração social e territorial, num quadro caracterizado pela excludência social, a tese básica é a dé que a dimensão social deve estar inserida no conjunto das macropolíticas do país, principalmente as de establização. Enquanto a questão estiver afeta apenas às políticas compensatórias dará margem a falsos argumentos de descaminhos entre meios e fins, com elevados custos de ineficácia. Nesse sentido, apresentar-se-á neste trabalho algumas formas de encaminhamento na direção da construção democrática, envolvendo as relações entre Estado e sociedade. Como alternativa ao projeto de inserção competitiva, atualmente em andamento, propõe-se a abertura da economia com base em um projeto nacional, no qual as ações públicas sejam democraticamente definidas. Isso significa a eliminação de privilégios das elites e a abertura de canais efetivos com movimento social organizado, que possibilitem a publicização e quebra da onipotência do Estado.
The impact of Aggrus/podoplanin on platelet aggregation and tumour metastasis (2012)

Platelets are small blood components that play indispensable roles in the initial stages of coagulation. In addition to their role in haemostasis, platelets participate in inflammation and tissue regeneration under physiological conditions. Recent studies also revealed the role of platelets under pathological conditions, including the oncogenic process. Platelets enhance tumour growth and metastasis by secreting many growth factors and angiogenic factors or by forming a coat around tumour cells in the blood stream. We previously discovered Aggrus (also known as podoplanin, gp36, gp38P, T1alpha and OTS-8) expressed on tumour cell surfaces as a key molecule for tumour-induced platelet aggregation. Aggrus expression is increased in various malignant tumours such as squamous cell carcinomas, mesotheliomas, glioblastomas and osteosarcomas. Detailed analysis revealed that Aggrus contains three tandem repeats of platelet aggregation-stimulating (PLAG) domains that are associated with its platelet aggregation-inducing ability. PLAG domains of Aggrus are involved in binding to its platelet receptor, C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that interfere with Aggrus-CLEC-2 binding attenuate Aggrus-induced platelet aggregation, tumour cell growth and metastasis formation. Aggrus is also expressed in advanced atherosclerotic lesions, suggesting that Aggrus is associated with thrombus formation on disrupted atherosclerotic lesions. These data suggest that Aggrus is a promising cell surface target for developing new therapies against cancer and thrombosis.
Chemical and Stereochemical Aspects of Oxidative Coupling of HPhosphonate and H-Phosphonothioate Diesters. Reactions with N,N-, N,Oand O,O-Binucleophiles (2005)

Efficient protocols for oxidative coupling of dinucleoside H-phosphonate and dinucleoside Hphosphonothioate diesters with 6-aminohexan-1-ol, hexane-1,6-diamine, and hexane-1,6-diol, promoted by iodine were developed. In the instance of coupling with O-nucleophiles, the presence of t-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride and excess of iodine during oxidative coupling were found to have beneficial effect for these reactions in terms of rates and purity of the formed products.
Exosomes isolated from cancer patients’ sera transfer malignant traits and confer the same phenotype of primary tumors to oncosuppressor-mutated cells (2017)

Horizontal transfer of malignant traits from the primary tumor to distant organs, through blood circulating factors, has recently become a thoroughly studied metastatic pathway to explain cancer dissemination. Recently, we reported that oncosuppressor gene-mutated human cells undergo malignant transformation when exposed to cancer patients’ sera. We also observed that oncosuppressor mutated cells would show an increased uptake of cancer-derived exosomes and we suggested that oncosuppressor genes might protect the integrity of the cell genome by blocking integration of cancer-derived exosomes. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that cancer patients’ sera-derived exosomes might be responsible for the malignant transformation of target cells and that oncosuppressor mutation would promote their increased uptake. We also sought to unveil the mechanisms behind the hypothesized phenomena. We used human BRCA1 knockout (BRCA1-KO) fibroblasts as target cells. Cells were treated in vitro with cancer patients’ sera or cancer patients’ sera-derived exosomes. Treated cells were injected into NOD-SCID mice. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to determine the differentiation state of the xenotransplants. Mass spectrometry analyses of proteins from cancer exosomes and the BRCA1-KO fibroblasts’ membrane were performed to investigate possible de novo expression of molecules involved in vesicles uptake. Blocking of the identified molecules in vitro was performed and in vivo experiments were conducted to confirm the role of these molecules in the malignant transformation carried out by cancer-derived exosomes. Cells treated with exosomes isolated from cancer patients’ sera underwent malignant transformation and formed tumors when transplanted into immunodeficient mice. Histological analyses showed that the tumors were carcinomas that differentiated into the same lineage of the primary tumors of blood donors. Oncosuppressor mutation promoted the de novo expression, on the plasma membrane of target cells, of receptors, responsible for the increased uptake of cancer-derived exosomes. The selective blocking of these receptors inhibited the horizontal transfer of malignant traits. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that oncogenic factors transferred via circulating cancer exosomes, induce malignant transformation of target cells even at distance. Oncosuppressor genes might protect the integrity of the cell genome by inhibiting the uptake of cancer-derived exosomes.
Improving the developability of an anti-EphA2 single-chain variable fragment for nanoparticle targeting (2016)

Antibody-targeted nanoparticles have great promise as anti-cancer drugs; however, substantial developmental challenges of antibody modules prevent many candidates from reaching the clinic. Here, we describe a robust strategy for developing an EphA2-targeting antibody fragment for immunoliposomal drug delivery. A highly bioactive single-chain variable fragment (scFv) was engineered to overcome developmental liabilities, including low thermostability and weak binding to affinity purification resins. Improved thermostability was achieved by modifying the framework of the scFv, and complementarity-determining region (CDR)-H2 was modified to increase binding to protein A resins. The results of our engineering campaigns demonstrate that it is possible, using focused design strategies, to rapidly improve the stability and manufacturing characteristics of an antibody fragment for use as a component of a novel therapeutic construct.
The electron microscope appearance of the subchondral bone plate in the human femoral head in osteoarthritis and osteoporosis (1999)

The subchondral bone plate supports the articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints. It has a significant mechanical function in transmitting loads from the cartilage into the underlying cancellous bone and has been implicated in the destruction of cartilage in osteoarthritis (OA) and its sparing in osteoporosis (OP), but little is known of its composition, structure or material properties. This study investigated the microscopic appearance and mineral composition of the subchondral bone plate in femoral heads from patients with OA or OP to determine how these correspond to changes in composition and stiffness found in other studies. Freeze-fractured full-depth samples of the subchondral bone plate from the femoral heads of patients with osteoarthritis, osteoporosis or a matched control group were examined using back scattered and secondary emission scanning electron microscopy. Other samples were embedded and polished and examined using back-scattered electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis. The appearances of the samples from the normal and osteoporotic patients were very similar, with the subchondral bone plate overlayed by a layer of calcified cartilage. Osteoporotic samples presented a more uniform fracture surface and the relative thicknesses of the layers appeared to be different. In contrast, the OA bone plate appeared to be porous and have a much more textured surface. There were occasional sites of microtrabecular bone formation between the trabeculae of the underlying cancellous bone, which were not seen in the other groups, and more numerous osteoclast resorption pits. The calcified cartilage layer was almost absent and the bone plate was apparently thickened. The appearance of the osteoarthritic subchondral bone plate was, therefore, considerably different from both the normal and the osteoporotic, strongly indicative of abnormal cellular activity.
Caspase Cleaved BID Targets Mitochondria and Is Required for Cytochrome c Release, while BCL-XL Prevents This Release but Not Tumor Necrosis Factor-R1/Fas Death (1999)

"BH3 domain only" members of the BCL-2 family including the pro-apoptotic molecule BID represent candidates to connect with proximal signal transduction. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) treatment induced a caspase-mediated cleavage of cytosolic, inactive p22 BID at internal Asp sites to yield a major p15 and minor p13 and p11 fragments. p15 BID translocates to mitochondria as an integral membrane protein. p15 BID within cytosol targeted normal mitochondria and released cytochrome c. Immunodepletion of p15 BID prevents cytochrome c release. In vivo, anti-Fas Ab results in the appearance of p15 BID in the cytosol of hepatocytes which translocates to mitochondria where it releases cytochrome c. Addition of activated caspase-8 to normal cytosol generates p15 BID which is also required in this system for release of cytochrome c. In the presence of BCL-XL/BCL-2, TNFalpha still induced BID cleavage and p15 BID became an integral mitochondrial membrane protein. However, BCL-XL/BCL-2 prevented the release of cytochrome c, yet other aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction still transpired and cells died nonetheless. Thus, while BID appears to be required for the release of cytochrome c in the TNF death pathway, the release of cytochrome c may not be required for cell death.
Gender Representation in Cinematic Content (2015)

The goal of this paper is to enable an objective understanding of gender portrayals in popular films and media through multimodal content analysis. An automated system for analyzing gender representation in terms of screen presence and speaking time is developed. First, we perform independent processing of the video and the audio content to estimate gender distribution of screen presence at shot level, and of speech at utterance level. A measure of the movie's excitement or intensity is computed using audiovisual features for every scene. This measure is used as a weighting function to combine the gender-based screen/speaking time information at shot/utterance level to compute gender representation for the entire movie. Detailed results and analyses are presented on seventeen full length Hollywood movies.
New Nicotinic Agonists and Cerebral Blood Flow (1991)

Effective pharmacotherapy of dementia clearly remains an unmet medical need. This chapter highlights evidence that compounds that modulate neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) function may have potential benefit in the palliative treatment of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), because of effects on the cerebral circulation, neuronal nAChRs and cognitive function.
Digital communication techniques : signal design and detection (1995)

1. Introduction to Telecommunications. 2. Power Spectral Density of Digital Modulations. 3. Scalar and Vector Communications Over the Discrete Memoryless Channel. 4. Coherent Communication with Waveforms. 5. Noncoherent Communication with Waveforms. 6. Partially Coherent Communication with Waveforms. 7. Differentially Coherent Communication with Waveforms. 8. Double Differentially Coherent Communication with Waveforms. 9. Communication over Bandlimited Channels. 10. Demodulation and Detection of Other Digital Modulations. 11. Coded Digital Communications. 12. Block-Coded Digital Communications. 13. Convolutional-Coded Digital Communications. Index.
Comparative Effect of the Calcium Antagonist Verapamil and the Synthetic Steroids Gestrinone and Danazol on Human Monocyte Phagocytosis in vitro (1997)

Recent evidence suggested that periovulatory treatment with an immunomodulatory agent such as verapamil might be an effective alternative to conventional treatment for endometriosis-associated subfertility. In particular, it has been reported that the drug might reduce the accentuated macrophage peritoneal activation demonstrated in patients with endometriosis. In this study, we compared the effect of the calcium antagonist verapamil with those of gestrinone, danazol and testosterone on human monocyte phagocytosis in an attempt to evaluate any significant differences in their ability to influence a parameter of cell inflammatory activation. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated from 37 healthy women. Monocyte function was determined by phagocytosis of fluorescent microspheres after an overnight incubation in the presence or absence of the various agents. This study indicates that verapamil at the pharmacological concentration of 0.4 micrograms/ml, the systemic level in patients taking 40-80 mg/8 h p.o., significantly inhibits monocyte function. A lower immunosuppressive but still significant effect was achieved in this assay system with gestrinone at a concentration of 3 x 10(-8) M). The pharmacological concentration of danazol (10(-6) M) and the physiologic concentration of testosterone (10(-8) M) did not significantly affect this immunologic test system. These results provide evidence that verapamil is able to exert a slightly greater immunosuppressive effect than steroidal drugs on monocyte phagocytosis. However, due to the small differences observed, further studies on the biological mechanism of the drug seem to be necessary to completely elucidate its potential role in endometriosis-associated subfertility.
Effect of Daily Aspirin on Long-Term Risk of Death Due to Cancer: Analysis of Individual Patient Data From Randomized Trials (2011)

Daily treatment with aspirin for longer than 5 years reduces the long-term risk of colorectal cancer. A number of studies have suggested that long-term aspirin use may reduce the risk of several noncolorectal solid cancers, but clear evidence for a preventive effect is lacking. This study investigated the possible effect of aspirin on reducing the risk of fatal cancer among patients with gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal cancers. Data were obtained from randomized trials with aspirin, originally conducted on prevention of vascular events. Eligible trials with median duration of scheduled trial treatment of at least 4 years were identified in the medical literature. Pooled results comparing the effect of aspirin and controls on deaths due to cancer showed 674 deaths due to cancer among 25,570 patients; aspirin significantly reduced the risk of cancer deaths (odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.68–0.92; P = 0.003). Analysis of data on time of death available from 7 trials (23,535 patients, 657 cancer deaths) showed that a reduction in risk of death was apparent only after 5 years' follow-up for all cancers (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50–0.87) and gastrointestinal cancers (HR, 0.46; 0.27–0.77; P values for both = 0.003). Three posttrial follow-up studies on the 20-year risk of death due to cancer (1634 deaths in 12,659 patients) showed that the reduction in risk by aspirin treatment compared with controls remained lower for all solid cancers (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.72–0.88; P < 0.0001) and gastrointestinal cancer (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.54–0.78; P < 0.0001). The greatest benefit was found with scheduled duration of trial treatment of ≥7.5 years for solid cancers (P = 0.003) and gastrointestinal cancers (P = 0.0001). Reductions in risk of death due to esophageal, pancreatic, brain, and lung cancer were evident only after a latent period of 5 years, whereas reductions in deaths due to stomach, colorectal, and prostate cancer were not observed until about 10 years. The benefit on the 20-year risk of death was limited to certain cancers, especially adenocarcinomas of lung (P = 0.04) and esophagus (P = 0.0001). The absolute reduction in risk of death due to cancer at 20 years increased with age, reaching 7.08% (95% CI, 2.42–11.74) at age 65 years or more. No increased benefit was found for aspirin doses greater than 75 mg daily and the effect was unrelated to gender or smoking. These findings provide evidence that daily aspirin reduces the risk of death due to several common noncolorectal cancers during and after the trials, with consistent effects across different populations and benefit increasing with duration of treatment.