gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transient Flow in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs and its Application to Devonian Gas Shales (1980)

ABSTRACT For many years gas has been produced naturally from Devonian shales throughout the Appalachian Basin at rates which made them commercially feasible. In 1975, because of the deteriorating gas supply situation in the United States and increasing demand for energy, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) established the Eastern Gas Shales Project (EGSP) as part of the Unconventional Gas Recovery (UGR) program to study and characterize and to develop economically feasible technology for further exploitation of Devonian shale gas reservoirs. Devonian shale gas reservoirs typically are characterized by a low storage, high flow-capacity natural fracture system fed by a high storage, low flow-capacity rock matrix. In this study analytical solutions are developed to analyze the basic fractured reservoir parameters that control well productivity. These parameters include fracture system porosity and permeability, matrix porosity and permeability, and matrix size. It is shown that the conventional well test method does not usually work for fractured Devonian shale gas reservoirs. For most cases, the semilog plot of the drawdown and buildup data does not show two parallel straight lines with a vertical separation. Numerical solutions are also used to include the Klinkenberg effect and desorption in the shale matrix.
What Is Internal Medicine? (1993)

Letters15 September 1993What Is Internal Medicine?William H. Fee Jr., MDWilliam H. Fee Jr., MDSearch for more papers by this authorAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-119-6-199309150-00040 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:In his forthright review of internal medicine today, Dr. LaCombe [1] decries the fragmenting effects of subspecialization on patient care and the associated reimbursement inequities. His own general internist group in rural Maine obtained extra training, and they do procedures that ordinarily are done by subspecialists. This expanded version of general internal medicine will be resisted in urban and suburban areas where fully trained subspecialists are present in adequate, or excess, supply.Now that traditional general internists are an endangered species, their unique ability to provide quality care and contain costs for complex patients has been rediscovered. ...REFERENCE1. LaCombe M. What is internal medicine? Ann Intern Med. 1993; 118: 384-7. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAffiliations: PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics 15 September 1993Volume 119, Issue 6Page: 541-542KeywordsHealth care qualityMotivationPatientsSub-specialty careUrban areas Issue Published: 15 September 1993 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1993 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...
Fully-Integrated Multi-Standard VCOs with switched LC tank and Power Controlled by Body Voltage in 130nm CMOS/SOI (2006)

In this paper, the design of two VCOs for wireless multi-standard applications is presented. These circuits have been produced using CMOS/SOI technology, with body voltage to control power consumption and phase noise performance. A new architecture for multi-standard applications is proposed. To our knowledge, this is the first structure using a balun to change the oscillation frequency and the body biasing to control VCO core current. Four standards are covered by these structures: GSM (900MHz), DCS (1.8GHz), Bluetooth (2 GHz) and 802.11a (0.8GHz). The tuning range can vary from 80 MHz to 0.8GHz by using frequency divider, adjusted varactor and switched LC tank. The main idea is to use only two MOS varactors to cover the entire frequency span. The first one is needed to get the matched frequency variation and the second to adjust the oscillation frequency. Such VCOs can be made thanks to CMOS/SOI technology advantages, high-Q passives and body voltage biasing that allow current control and switched LC tank. At a frequency offset of 100kHz, the single side band phase noise measurements were -82dBc/Hz and -102dBc/Hz at 0.2GHz and 1.8GHz respectively
Amelioration of acute graft-versus-host disease and re-establishment of tolerance by short-term treatment with an anti-TCR antibody. (1994)

We investigated whether tolerance can be re-established in mice with graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) by using a short-term, T cell-depleting treatment with an anti-TCR-alpha beta mAb. GVHD was induced in 950-rad-irradiated AKR mice (H-2k, Mls-1a) by injecting 5 x 10(6) T cell-depleted bone marrow cells together with either 10(7) or 2 x 10(6) lymph node (LN) cells from BALB/c mice (H-2d, and Mls-1b). AKR mice that received 10(7) LN cells exhibited a severe form of acute GVHD, in which all mice died by day 60. In this severe form of GVHD, treatment with anti-TCR-alpha beta mAb completely ameliorated the induction of GVHD when initiated on day 0 (a total of 800 micrograms/mouse administered on days 0,5, and 10). When the same protocol was begun on day 10, it had no therapeutic effect. However, this delayed treatment with anti-TCR-alpha beta mAb was very effective in reversing a less severe form of GVHD that was induced by the injection of 2 x 10(6) donor LN cells. Recipient mice given prophylactic anti-TCR-alpha beta treatment achieved host-specific tolerance in association with clonal deletion of host Mls-1a-reactive V beta 6+ T cells. In contrast, spleen cells from recipient mice that recovered from the mild form of GVHD as a result of the delayed anti-TCR-alpha beta treatment contained a considerable proportion of the V beta 6+ T cells, despite the healthy appearance of these mice. A MLR assay revealed that the spleen cells from these mice responded well to Mls-1a Ag but not to H-2k Ag, in contrast with the apparent responses of spleen cells from untreated GVHD controls to both Ags. In addition, cells from the anti-TCR-alpha beta-treated mice exhibited a specific reduction in cytotoxicity against AKR blasts. Collectively, these data indicate that a short-term treatment of mice having GVHD with an anti-TCR-alpha beta mAb, starting even after disease onset, can re-establish host-specific tolerance, at least to the host-histo-compatibility Ag.
Molecular amplifiers: synthesis and functionalization of a poly(aminopropyl)dextran bearing a uniquely reactive terminus for univalent attachment to biomolecules (1992)

The synthesis and characterization of the versatile dextran-based molecular amplifier 6 is described. Dextran (Mr = 40,200) was selectively monofunctionalized in high yield at its reducing terminus via reductive amination with 2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethylamine to give 1. The nitro group in 1 serves as a masked amino group which is eventually converted into a reactive isothiocyanato group used for monovalent attachment of the completed assembly to a target molecule. Cyanoethylation of 1 gave the terminally nitrophenylated poly(cyanoethyl)dextran 5 which was selectively reduced to the corresponding poly(aminopropyl) derivative 6 with BH3.THF, a reagent which preserved the end nitro group. Conjugation of amplifier 6 with the isothiocyanate-derivatized Gd(III) chelate 7 gave conjugate 9 containing about 22 mol of chelate/mol of amplifier. The T1 relaxivity per Gd(III) ion of 9 in H2O was 15.0 mM-1 s-1, about 3-fold higher than that of free Gd(III)DTPA in H2O. The nitro group of 9 was then selectively reduced to the corresponding amine 10, which was converted into isothiocyanate 11. The reactivity of the single isothiocyanate group in 11 was demonstrated by coupling to 5-aminoeosin, giving conjugate 12. Amplifier 6 was also conjugated with the acid-labile N-cis-aconityl derivative 8 of the potent anticancer agent daunomycin. The nitro group of the resulting conjugate 13 was then reduced and the resulting amine 14 was converted into mono isothiocyanate 15. Compound 15 reacted with a water-insoluble amine-containing solid support to give 16. Free daunomycin was released from 16 by exposure to citrate-phosphate buffer at pH 4.0.
Stacked Cross Attention for Image-Text Matching (2018)

In this paper, we study the problem of image-text matching. Inferring the latent semantic alignment between objects or other salient stuff (e.g. snow, sky, lawn) and the corresponding words in sentences allows to capture fine-grained interplay between vision and language, and makes image-text matching more interpretable. Prior work either simply aggregates the similarity of all possible pairs of regions and words without attending differentially to more and less important words or regions, or uses a multi-step attentional process to capture limited number of semantic alignments which is less interpretable. In this paper, we present Stacked Cross Attention to discover the full latent alignments using both image regions and words in a sentence as context and infer image-text similarity. Our approach achieves the state-of-the-art results on the MS-COCO and Flickr30K datasets. On Flickr30K, our approach outperforms the current best methods by 22.1% relatively in text retrieval from image query, and 18.2% relatively in image retrieval with text query (based on Recall@1). On MS-COCO, our approach improves sentence retrieval by 17.8% relatively and image retrieval by 16.6% relatively (based on Recall@1 using the 5K test set). Code has been made available at: https://github.com/kuanghuei/SCAN.
C# Text Manipulation Handbook (2002)

From the Publisher:
The .NET Framework has a variety of string manipulation features, but incorrect or ill-considered use of these methods could drastically increase your memory and processor consumption. This book teaches you how to make use of regular expressions to match and replace text, and how to manipulate text using the various string matching, manipulation, and replacement classes. Issues such as Internationalization and data conversion will also be investigated.
Every developer has to manipulate text, often on a regular basis. However, even an experienced C# developer may not have fully utilized the various options now made available through the .NET Framework. The StringBuilder class is one that provides much more memory-efficient string manipulation than when using the String object, whereas regular expressions, although popular in Perl and other UNIX/C-like languages, are unintelligible to those not proficient in this technology. Regular Expressions provide an incredibly powerful and compact way of matching and replacing text. The Internationalization chapter deals with ensuring that your application can be ported to different languages and character sets. This book is a one-stop shop for any developer who manipulates text, using concatenation or otherwise.
UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production (2010)

Although the exact cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, a number of genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence MS susceptibility. One potential environmental factor is sunlight and the subsequent production of vitamin D. A number of studies have correlated decreased exposure to UV radiation (UVR) and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] levels with an increased risk for developing MS. Furthermore, both UVR and the active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), suppress disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS. These observations led to the hypothesis that UVR likely suppresses disease through the increased production of vitamin D. However, UVR can suppress the immune system independent of vitamin D. Therefore, it is unclear whether UVR, vitamin D, or both are necessary for the putative decrease in MS susceptibility. We have probed the ability of UVR to suppress disease in the EAE model of MS and assessed the effect of UVR on serum 25(OH)D(3) and calcium levels. Our results indicate that continuous treatment with UVR dramatically suppresses clinical signs of EAE. Interestingly, disease suppression occurs with only a modest, transient increase in serum 25(OH)D(3) levels. Further analysis demonstrated that the levels of 25(OH)D(3) obtained upon UVR treatment were insufficient to suppress EAE independent of UVR treatment. These results suggest that UVR is likely suppressing disease independent of vitamin D production, and that vitamin D supplementation alone may not replace the ability of sunlight to reduce MS susceptibility.
Reflection and Absorption Techniques for Optical Characterization of Chemically Assembled Nanomaterials (2004)

Abstract This review discusses recent developments in the areas of fabrication, certain types of optical characterization, and applications of a selected class of chemically assembled nanomaterials, namely i) gold and silver nanoparticles deposited onto optically transparent glass substrates; ii) thiol‐functionalized self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs); iii) chemically stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles (monolayer protected clusters, MPCs); and iv) MPCs linked to metallic substrates and adsorbates. Six linear optical techniques for the characterization of these materials are discussed: transmission localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, T‐LSPR; propagating surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, P‐SPR; polarization‐selective Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, PS‐FTIRRAS; polarization‐modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, PM‐FTIRRAS; surface‐enhanced infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, SEIRRAS; and infrared ellipsometry. The review focuses particularly on providing a unified treatment of these six optical techniques by using a relatively simple stratified multilayer model.
Tumor Regression in Patients With Metastatic Synovial Cell Sarcoma and Melanoma Using Genetically Engineered Lymphocytes Reactive With NY-ESO-1 (2011)

These observations indicate that TCR-based gene therapies directed against NY-ESO-1 represent a new and effective therapeutic approach for patients with melanoma and synovial cell sarcoma. To our knowledge, this represents the first demonstration of the successful treatment of a nonmelanoma tumor using TCR-transduced T cells.
TAZ Promotes Cell Proliferation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition and Is Inhibited by the Hippo Pathway (2008)

TAZ is a WW domain containing a transcription coactivator that modulates mesenchymal differentiation and development of multiple organs. In this study, we show that TAZ is phosphorylated by the Lats tumor suppressor kinase, a key component of the Hippo pathway, whose alterations result in organ and tissue hypertrophy in Drosophila and contribute to tumorigenesis in humans. Lats phosphorylates TAZ on several serine residues in the conserved HXRXXS motif and creates 14-3-3 binding sites, leading to cytoplasmic retention and functional inactivation of TAZ. Ectopic expression of TAZ stimulates cell proliferation, reduces cell contact inhibition, and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Elimination of the Lats phosphorylation sites results in a constitutively active TAZ, enhancing the activity of TAZ in promoting cell proliferation and EMT. Our results elucidate a molecular mechanism for TAZ regulation and indicate a potential function of TAZ as an important target of the Hippo pathway in regulating cell proliferation tumorigenesis.
p53 alterations in all stages of breast cancer (1991)

Overexpression of the nuclear phosphoprotein p53 is one of the most frequently detected abnormalities in human cancer and appears to be associated with mutation of the p53 gene. In this study of breast cancer, p53 overexpression was detected in two (15%) of 15 pure intraductal tumors, 73 (25%) of 291 primary invasive carcinomas, 13 (50%) of 26 lymph nodes containing metastatic breast cancer, and two of four established breast cancer cell lines. Sequence analysis of selected specimens confirmed that p53 overexpression was associated with mutation of the gene, while no mutations were detected in specimens without p53 overexpression. Thus, overexpression of p53 occurs in all stages of breast cancer and is consistently associated with the production of mutant proteins. Immunohistochemical analysis is a simple method which reliably predicts the presence of most p53 gene mutations in breast cancer specimens.
A 2.45GHz CMOS power amplifier with high linearity (2009)

A 2.45 GHz 0.18 ¿m RF CMOS Class-AB power amplifier (PA) with high linearity and output power for WLAN is presented in this paper. The proposed power amplifier is implemented with a two-stage architecture which is followed by an off-chip output matching network. To improve the linearity, an integrated diode linearization circuit provides a compensation mechanism for the input capacitance variation of the active devices, improving the linearity from the gain compressing. Moreover, a simple LC second harmonic tank and optimum gate biasing point is applied for the cancellation of the nonlinear harmonic generated by g <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> . In order to demonstrate the feasibility of the technique, two types of PAs have been designed. The improved PA at 2.4V supply voltage, has a 22.5 dB of power gain, 5 dBm increase of P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> , 15% and 5 dB improvement of PAE at P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> and IMD3, respectively, as compared with the traditional PA..
Enzymic determination of inorganic phosphates, organic phosphates and phosphate-liberating enzymes by use of nucleoside phosphorylase-xanthine oxidase (dehydrogenase)-coupled reactions (1985)

Coupled enzyme assays are described for measuring inorganic phosphates, organic phosphates and phosphate-liberating enzymes in biological material. The assays all determine Pi by its reaction with inosine, catalysed by nucleoside phosphorylase; this yields ribose 1-phosphate and hypoxanthine. The hypoxanthine is oxidized to uric acid by xanthine oxidase, and may be measured either by the absorbance of the uric acid, or by the formazan formed when a tetrazolium salt is used as the oxidant. The coupled enzyme assays are characterized by high sensitivity, quantitative utilization of phosphates and stoichiometric formation of the measurable products, measurement at pH 6.0-8.5, determination of phosphates within a single analytical step, and continuous measurement of phosphohydrolase activity in a corresponding rate assay. Examples include determinations of substrates such as Pi, PPi and AMP, and of enzymes such as 5'-nucleotidase, inorganic pyrophosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Directions for further examples are given.
Anticancer effects of gallic acid isolated from Indonesian herbal medicine, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl, on human cancer cell lines (2007)

The natural antioxidant gallic acid (GA) was isolated from fruits of a medicinal Indonesian plant, Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. The structure was identified on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison with authentic compound. GA demonstrated a significant inhibition of cell proliferation in a series of cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis in esophageal cancer cells (TE-2) but not in non-cancerous cells (CHEK-1). Observation of the molecular mechanism of apoptosis showed that GA up-regulated the pro-apoptosis protein, Bax, and induced caspase-cascade activity in cancer cells. On the other hand, GA down-regulated anti-apoptosis proteins such as Bcl-2 and Xiap. In addition, GA also induced down-regulation of the survival Akt/mTOR pathway. In non-cancerous cells, we observed delayed expression of pro-apoptosis related proteins. Our results suggest that GA might be a potential anticancer compound. However, in depth in vivo studies are needed to elucidate the exact mechanism.
Inhibition of skeletal muscle satellite cell differentiation by transforming growth factor‐beta (1987)

Skeletal muscle satellite cells were cultured from mature rats and were treated in vitro with transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). Muscle-specific protein synthesis and satellite cell fusion were used as indicators of muscle differentiation; a dose-dependent inhibition of differentiation was observed in response to TGF-beta. In addition, TGF-beta depressed cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Half-maximal inhibition of differentiation was seen with a TGF-beta concentration of approximately 0.1 ng/ml. Although proliferation was not inhibited, it was depressed and half-maximal suppression of proliferation occurred in response to 0.1-0.5 ng TGF-beta/ml. Neonatal rat myoblasts were also subjected to TGF-beta treatment, and similar results were observed. Neonatal cells, however, were more sensitive to TGF-beta than satellite cells, as indicated by the reduced concentrations of TGF-beta required to inhibit differentiation and reduce the rate of proliferation. Under identical culture conditions proliferation of muscle-derived fibroblasts were also depressed. The differentiation inhibiting effect of TGF-beta on satellite cells was reversible. It has been suggested that TGF-beta could be an important regulator of tissue repair, and its in vitro effects on satellite cells suggest a possible role in regulation of muscle regeneration.
Somatic populations of PGT135–137 HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies identified by 454 pyrosequencing and bioinformatic (2012)

Select HIV-1-infected individuals develop sera capable of neutralizing diverse viral strains. The molecular basis of this neutralization is currently being deciphered by the isolation of HIV-1-neutralizing antibodies. In one infected donor, three neutralizing antibodies, PGT135-137, were identified by assessment of neutralization from individually sorted B cells and found to recognize an epitope containing an N-linked glycan at residue 332 on HIV-1 gp120. Here we use next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics methods to interrogate the B cell record of this donor to gain a more complete understanding of the humoral immune response. PGT135-137-gene family specific primers were used to amplify heavy-chain and light-chain variable-domain sequences. Pyrosequencing produced 141,298 heavy-chain sequences of IGHV4-39 origin and 87,229 light-chain sequences of IGKV3-15 origin. A number of heavy and light-chain sequences of ∼90% identity to PGT137, several to PGT136, and none of high identity to PGT135 were identified. After expansion of these sequences to include close phylogenetic relatives, a total of 202 heavy-chain sequences and 72 light-chain sequences were identified. These sequences were clustered into populations of 95% identity comprising 15 for heavy chain and 10 for light chain, and a select sequence from each population was synthesized and reconstituted with a PGT137-partner chain. Reconstituted antibodies showed varied neutralization phenotypes for HIV-1 clade A and D isolates. Sequence diversity of the antibody population represented by these tested sequences was notably higher than observed with a 454 pyrosequencing-control analysis on 10 antibodies of defined sequence, suggesting that this diversity results primarily from somatic maturation. Our results thus provide an example of how pathogens like HIV-1 are opposed by a varied humoral immune response, derived from intrinsic mechanisms of antibody development, and embodied by somatic populations of diverse antibodies.