gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Quantitative Method for the Analysis of Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Using Isotope Dilution Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2005)

An improved method has been developed for the determination of the four major tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The new method offers decreased sample preparation and analysis time as compared to traditional methodologies. This method uses isotope dilution liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization and is significantly more sensitive than traditional methods. It also shows no evidence of artifactual formation of TSNA. Sample concentrations were determined for four TSNA in mainstream smoke using two isotopically labeled TSNA analogues as internal standards. Mainstream smoke was collected on an industry standard 44-mm Cambridge filter pad, extracted with an aqueous buffer solution, and analyzed without further sample cleanup. This method has been validated through intra- and interlaboratory studies and has shown excellent recoveries, sensitivity, and repeatability. The limits of detection of each TSNA varied from 0.01 to 0.1 ng/mL, and the linear calibration range of the instrument in sample matrix spanned 0.5-200 ng/ mL, which allowed for the determination of the TSNA levels in cigarettes with a wide range of deliveries. Data are also reported from two commercially available industry reference cigarettes and show excellent agreement and reproducibility over a six-month time period (n > 50).
Cloning and characterization of LAG1, a longevity-assurance gene in yeast. (1994)

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a finite life span that is measured by the number of times the individual cell divides. The gene coding for one of several transcripts that are differentially expressed during the replicative life span has been cloned. The nucleotide sequence revealed an open reading frame capable of encoding a transmembrane protein of 411 amino acids that displays no significant similarities to any known proteins. Nevertheless, sequences similar to this gene were found in several mammals, including humans. The transcript levels decreased with replicative age of yeast cells. A gene deletion in haploid cells resulted in a pronounced increase (approximately 50%) in mean and in maximum life span. These results indicate that this gene, which we call LAG1, plays a role in determining yeast longevity.
Deactivation ofEscherichia coliby the plasma needle (2005)

In this paper we present a parameter study on deactivation of Escherichia coli (E. coli) by means of a non-thermal plasma (plasma needle). The plasma needle is a small-sized (1 mm) atmospheric glow sustained by radio-frequency excitation. This plasma will be used to disinfect heat-sensitive objects; one of the intended applications is in vivo deactivation of dental bacteria: destruction of plaque and treatment of caries. We use E. coli films plated on agar dishes as a model system to optimize the conditions for bacterial destruction. Plasma power, treatment time and needle-to-sample distance are varied. Plasma treatment of E. coli films results in formation of a bacteria-free void with a size up to 12 mm. 10/sup 4/-10/sup 5/ colony forming units are already destroyed after 10 s of treatment. Prolongation of treatment time and usage of high powers do not significantly improve the destruction efficiency: short exposure at low plasma power is sufficient. Furthermore, we study the effects of temperature increase on the survival of E. coli and compare it with thermal effects of the plasma. The population of E. coli heated in a warm water bath starts to decrease at temperatures above 40 degrees C. Sample temperature during plasma treatment has been monitored. The temperature can reach up to 60 degrees C at high plasma powers and short needle-to-sample distances. However, thermal effects cannot account for bacterial destruction at low power conditions. For safe and efficient in vivo disinfection, the sample temperature should be kept low. Thus, plasma power and treatment time should not exceed 150 mW and 60 s, respectively
Designer Yeasts for the Fermentation Industry of the 21st Century (2003)

The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has enjoyed a long and distinguished history in the fermention industry.Owing to its efficiency in producing alcohol, S. cerevisiae is, without doubt, the most important commercial microorganism with GRAS (Generally Regarded As Safe) status.By brewing beer and sparkling wine, mankind's oldest domesticated organism made possible the world's first biotechnological processes.With the emergence of modern molecular genetics, S. cerevisiae has again been harnessed to shift the frontiers of mankind's newest revolution, genetic engineering.S. cerevisiae is at the forefront of many of these developments in modern biotechnology.Consequently, the industrial importance of S. cerevisiae has extended beyond traditional fermentation.Today, the products of yeast biotechnologies impinge on many commercially important sectors, including food, beverages, biofuels, chemicals, industrial enzymes, pharmaceuticals, agriculture and the environment.Nevertheless, since ethyl alcohol produced by yeast fermentation is likely to remain the foremost worldwide biotechnological commodity for the foreseeable future, this review focuses on advances made with respect to the development of tailor-made yeast strains for the fermented beverage and biofuel industries.
Merozoite surface coat precursor protein completely protects Aotus monkeys against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. (1987)

Groups of Aotus (owl) monkeys were immunized with either the Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface-coat precursor protein and its processing fragments or a complex of high molecular mass rhoptry proteins and challenged with a lethal infection of the homologous P. falciparum Uganda Palo Alto (FUP) strain. No patent parasitemia could be detected on thick blood films of monkeys immunized with the merozoite surface antigens; however, only one of three monkeys immunized with the rhoptry proteins was partially protected, while two required drug therapy. The experiment clearly demonstrates that the merozoite surface-coat precursor protein can completely protect Aotus monkeys against a lethal infection of the human malaria parasite.
Corporeality, Musical Heartbeats, and Cinematic Emotion (2008)

Music’s relationship with emotion has been the subject of numerous philosophical and psychophysiological studies in recent years. The question of whether music merely expresses or actively arouses emotion in its listeners, however, gains added complexities when considered in the context of film. What is going on, for example, when we believe ourselves to be afraid in the cinema; and how does the presence of a musical heartbeat contribute to this feeling?&#13;\n\tIn this article I answer those questions, firstly by invoking the notion of ‘perceptual realism’ and questioning a number of comfortable givens in film music theory (including the nondiegetic status of music), and secondly by proposing a ‘heartbeat hypothesis’ that combines empirical and philosophical approaches to musical emotion with theories of cinematic fiction. This hypothesis suggests that heartbeats are effective at helping us experience ‘fictional fear’ precisely because the real-world emotion of fear is fundamentally about the body; that there is a strong relationship between our response to music and our own ability to produce sounds (Cox’s ‘mimetic hypothesis’); and that, as a result, we may recognise and interpret certain cinematic musical gestures in the context of our own corporeality as fear-inducing. I explore a number of film scenes that feature the sound of heartbeats, or heartbeat rhythms in their scores, before making some comments on the wider implications of the hypothesis for film music theory in particular, and musicology in general.
A Selective Inhibitor of eIF2α Dephosphorylation Protects Cells from ER Stress (2005)

Most protein phosphatases have little intrinsic substrate specificity, making selective pharmacological inhibition of specific dephosphorylation reactions a challenging problem. In a screen for small molecules that protect cells from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, we identified salubrinal, a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha). Salubrinal also blocks eIF2alpha dephosphorylation mediated by a herpes simplex virus protein and inhibits viral replication. These results suggest that selective chemical inhibitors of eIF2alpha dephosphorylation may be useful in diseases involving ER stress or viral infection. More broadly, salubrinal demonstrates the feasibility of selective pharmacological targeting of cellular dephosphorylation events.
Anaerobic-Aerobic Treatment of High-Strength Ammonium Wastewater - Nitrogen Removal via Nitrite (1992)

The two-stage anaerobic-aerobic treatment is applied by preference for the purification of high-concentrated industrial wastewaters. With regard to the elimination of nitrogen compounds by denitrification the far-reaching reduction of organic carbon during the anaerobic pre-treatment is problematic. A new process of nitrification/denitrification via nitrite wais found to be available in half-technical experiences with high operation security. The carbon consumption amounts only to 60 % in comparison with denitrification via nitrate. The essential parameter for regulating the process is the concentration of free ammonia in the reactor. Concentrations of 1 to 5 mg NH3/l inhibit the nitratation but not the nitritation. The content of ammonia was controlled by means of continuous NH4− and pH-measuring. The inhibition limit for denitrification was found to be at 0.13 mg HN02/l.
High-precision timing of millisecond pulsars. 3: Long-term monitoring of PSRs B1855+09 and B1937+21 (1994)

Biweekly timing observations of PSRs B1855+09 and B1937+21 have been made at the Arecibo Observatory for more than 7 and 8 year, respectively, with uniform procedures and only a few modest gaps. On each observing date we measure an equivalent pulse arrival time for PSR B1855+09 at 1.4 GHz, with typical accuracies of about 0.8 micrometers and for PSR B1937 + 21 at both 1.4 and 2.4 GHz, with accuracies around 0.2 micrometers. The pulse arrival times are fitted to a simple model for each pulsar, yielding high-precision astrometric, rotational, and orbital parameters, and a diverse range of conclusions. The celestial coordinates and proper motions of the two pulsars are determined with uncertainties less than or equal to 0.12 mas and less than or equal to 0.06 mas/year in the reference frame of the DE200 planetary ephemeris. The annual parallaxes are found to be pi=1.1 +/- 0.3 mas and pi less than 0.28 mas for PSRs B1855+09 and B1937+21, respectively. The general relativistic Shapiro delay is measured in the PSR B1855+09 system and used to obtain masses m<SUB>1</SUB> = 1.50 <SUP>+0.26</SUP> <SUB>-0.14</SUB> solar mass and m (sub2) = 0.258 <SUP>+0.028</SUP><SUB>-0.016</SUB>solar mass for the pulsar and its orbiting companion. The extremely stable orbital period of this system provides a phenomenological limit on the secular change of Newton's gravitational constant, dot-G/G=(-9 +/- 18) x 10<SUP>-12</SUP>/year. Variations in the dispersion measure of PSR B1937 + 21 indicate that the spectrum of electron-density fluctuations in the interstellar medi um has a power-law index beta = 3.874 +/- 0.011, slightly steeper than the Kolmogorov value of 11/3, and we find no strong evidence for an 'inner scale' greater than about 2 x 10<SUP>9</SUP>cm. In the residual pulse arrival times for PSR B1937+21 we have observed small systematic trends not explained by our deterministic timing model. We discuss a number of possible causes; although the results are not yet conclusive, the most straightforward interpretation is that the unmodeled noise (a few microseconds over 8 yr, or Delta t/T approximately equals 10<SUP>-14</SUP> is inherent to the pulsar itself. In the present data set, PSR B1855+09 exhibits no discernible timing noise. With conventional assumptions we derive a limit Omega <SUB>g</SUB> h<SUP>2</SUP> less than 6 x 10<SUP>-8</SUP> (95% confidence) for the energy density, per logarithmic frequency interval, in a cosmic background of stochastic gravitational waves. We discuss the feasibility of establishing a pulsar-based timescale that might be used to test the stabilities of the best available atomic clocks. In an Appendix, we propose guidelines for the archiving of pulsar timing observations. Instructions are provided for obtaining copies of our own archival data, via Internet.
The effects of soluble recombinant complement receptor 1 on complement-mediated experimental glomerulonephritis. (1995)

Complement is a major mediator of tissue injury in several types of glomerulonephritis. However, no therapeutic agents that inhibit complement activation are available for human use. sCR1 (TP10, BRL 55736) is a recombinant, soluble human complement receptor 1 (CR1) molecule lacking transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains that inhibits C3 and C5 convertase activity by preferentially binding C4b and C3b. To test the efficacy of sCR1 on complement-mediated glomerulonephritis, rats were pretreated with sCR1 (60 mg/kg per day) before and during the induction of three models of complement-dependent glomerulonephritis (concanavalin A and antithymocyte serum models of proliferative glomerulonephritis, passive Heyman nephritis). Daily sCR1 and complement hemolytic activity levels were measured, and renal histology and urine protein excretion were examined. Mean serum sCR1 levels of 100 to 200 micrograms/mL were maintained with a reduction in complement hemolytic activity to less than 15% in most animals. In the antithymocyte serum model, sCR1-treated animals had significant reductions in mesangiolysis, glomerular platelet and macrophage infiltrates, and proteinuria at 48 h. In the concanavalin A model, sCR1 significantly reduced glomerular C3 and fibrin deposits, platelet infiltrates, and proteinuria at 48 h. In passive Heymann nephritis, proteinuria was also significantly reduced (199 +/- 8.5 versus 125 +/- 16 mg/day, P < 0.002) at 5 days. It was concluded that sCR1 significantly reduces both morphologic and functional consequences of several different types of complement-mediated glomerulonephritis and deserves evaluation as a potential therapeutic agent in complement-mediated immune glomerular disease in humans.
Set Transformer: A Framework for Attention-based Permutation-Invariant Neural Networks (2018)

Many machine learning tasks such as multiple instance learning, 3D shape recognition, and few-shot image classification are defined on sets of instances. Since solutions to such problems do not depend on the order of elements of the set, models used to address them should be permutation invariant. We present an attention-based neural network module, the Set Transformer, specifically designed to model interactions among elements in the input set. The model consists of an encoder and a decoder, both of which rely on attention mechanisms. In an effort to reduce computational complexity, we introduce an attention scheme inspired by inducing point methods from sparse Gaussian process literature. It reduces the computation time of self-attention from quadratic to linear in the number of elements in the set. We show that our model is theoretically attractive and we evaluate it on a range of tasks, demonstrating the state-of-the-art performance compared to recent methods for set-structured data.
Nanobatteries in redox-based resistive switches require extension of memristor theory (2013)

Redox-based nanoionic resistive memory cells are one of the most promising emerging nanodevices for future information technology with applications for memory, logic and neuromorphic computing. Recently, the serendipitous discovery of the link between redox-based nanoionic-resistive memory cells and memristors and memristive devices has further intensified the research in this field. Here we show on both a theoretical and an experimental level that nanoionic-type memristive elements are inherently controlled by non-equilibrium states resulting in a nanobattery. As a result, the memristor theory must be extended to fit the observed non-zero-crossing I-V characteristics. The initial electromotive force of the nanobattery depends on the chemistry and the transport properties of the materials system but can also be introduced during redox-based nanoionic-resistive memory cell operations. The emf has a strong impact on the dynamic behaviour of nanoscale memories, and thus, its control is one of the key factors for future device development and accurate modelling.
Cyberinfrastructure for Science and Engineering: Promises and Challenges (2005)

It is now clear that information technology (IT) construed broadly has the power to revolutionize all areas of science and engineering (S&E) research and education. If exploited, this transformative power can change S&E forever. The National Science Foundation (NSF) is working toward this end, and, as a result, past efforts in supercomputing and high-performance networking are being subsumed into a broader, integrated vision of a more capable, ubiquitous, and accessible cyberinfrastructure (CI). We cannot attain this overnight, or alone, or without substantial research in computer science and engineering. This paper will outline the potential for revolution, the vision of CI, some of the challenges, and a possible path toward reaching that vision.
Dextran Antibodies, Complement Conversion and Circulating Immune Complexes After Intravenous Iron Dextran Therapy in Dialysed Patients (1992)

Serum immune complexes, plasma dextran antibodies and percentage conversion of complement have been measured in 20 dialysed patients before and after an intravenous infusion of iron dextran providing 600 mg elemental iron. Complement conversion was unmeasurable and there were no changes in circulating immune complexes. The presence of dextran antibodies in nine patients before the infusion was not related to prior exposure to iron dextran. They became undetectable in these patients within hours after the infusion, reappearing 1 month later in three. Two of three patients reporting mild aches and shivers on the day following the infusion had no detectable dextran antibodies. An adverse reaction involving inflamed joints occurred 1-2 days after a second infusion given to one of the patients studied above. The parameters under study were again measured and did not appear to relate to the reaction. The presence of dextran antibodies does not preclude the giving of iron dextran to patients on dialysis, and the immune complex and complement systems remain undisturbed by iron dextran infusions.
Potential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 1. Modification of the amino acid portion of S-adenosylhomocysteine (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPotential inhibitors of S-adenosylmethionine-dependent methyltransferases. 1. Modification of the amino acid portion of S-adenosylhomocysteineRonald T. Borchardt and Yih Shiong WuCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1974, 17, 8, 862–868Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00254a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00254a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views371Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diminished neurogenic but not pharmacological erections in the 2- to 3-month experimentally diabetic F-344 rat (1997)

The rapid spread of locally restricted neural and hormonal signals among the vast array of largely inexcitable corporal smooth muscle cells is an absolute prerequisite to normal erectile function. And yet the mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon is not well understood. As a first step toward a more integrative understanding of erectile physiology and/or dysfunction, an 8- to 12-wk period of experimental diabetes was induced in 2-mo-old male Fischer 344 rats by either intraperitoneal streptozotocin (STZ) injection (35 mg/kg; n = 22) or subtotal pancreatectomy (n = 11). Fourteen age-matched control animals received injection of vehicle only while nine others served as sham-operated control animals. Eight STZ-diabetic animals received insulin replacement. Erectile function was assessed by evaluation of penile reflexes and monitoring of intracavernous pressure responses to both electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve and intracorporal papaverine or nitroglycerin injection. Intracavernous pressure responses to neurostimulation were significantly attenuated in both STZ-diabetic and subtotal pancreatectomy animals compared with age-matched control animals (P < 0.05). Penile reflexes were also significantly diminished (P < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that diabetes-related decreases in neurostimulated intracavernous pressure responses were strongly correlated with diminished synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the corpora (P < 0.001; r = 0.88). However, there were no detectable diabetes-related differences in pharmacological erections induced by intracavernous papaverine or nitroglycerin injection. Northern analysis revealed a marked diabetes-related increase in the amount of connexin 43 mRNA measured in frozen corporal tissue. Insulin replacement partially restored (attenuated the loss of) synaptophysin immunoreactivity and maintained neurostimulated intracavernous pressure responses to control levels while having no effect on penile reflexes. These observations may have important implications to the understanding of erectile physiology as well as the etiology of diabetes-related erectile dysfunction.
Artificial Receptors in Serologic Tests for the Early Diagnosis of Dengue Virus Infection (2006)

The described assay offers a serologic technique for diagnosis of early viremia. The results illustrate the potential of well-organized polymers on the highly sensitive sensor system for diagnostic and biotechnological applications.
Philip and Alex's Guide to Web Publishing (1999)

Table of Contents Preface Chapter 1: Envisioning a Site That Won't Be Featured in Suck.com Chapter 2: So You Want to Join the World's Grubbiest Club: Internet Entrepreneurs Chapter 3: Scalable Systems for Online Communities Chapter 4: Static Site Development Chapter 5: Learn to Program HTML in 21 Minutes Chapter 6: Adding Images to Your Site Chapter 7: Publicizing Your Site (Without Irritating Everyone on the Net) Chapter 8: So You Want to Run Your Own Server Chapter 9: User Tracking Chapter 10: Sites That Are Really Programs Chapter 11: Sites That Are Really Databases Chapter 12: Database Management Systems Chapter 13: Interfacing a Relational Database to the Web Chapter 14: Ecommerce Chapter 15: Case Studies Chapter 16: Better Living Through Chemistry Chapter 17: A Future So Bright You'll Need to Wear Sunglasses Glossary