gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improvement of High-Voltage Cycling Behavior of Surface-Modified Li[Ni[sub 1∕3]Co[sub 1∕3]Mn[sub 1∕3]]O[sub 2] Cathodes by Fluorine Substitution for Li-Ion Batteries (2005)

To improve the electrochemical property of at high upper voltage limit of , fluorine was partly substituted for oxygen. Variation of lattice parameters and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis suggest that fluorine is both substituted in bulk and coated on the surface of . ( and 0.1) showed stable cycling performance and improvement of high rate capability compared to bare . In addition, fluorine substitution catalyzes the growth of the primary particles, which in turn resulted in high tap density as well as high volumetric capacity compared to . Differential scanning calorimetry at clearly shows that fluorine substitution markedly improves the thermal stability of .
Diversity Within the O-linked Protein Glycosylation Systems of Acinetobacter Species (2014)

The opportunistic human pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii is a concern to health care systems worldwide because of its persistence in clinical settings and the growing frequency of multiple drug resistant infections. To combat this threat, it is necessary to understand factors associated with disease and environmental persistence of A. baumannii. Recently, it was shown that a single biosynthetic pathway was responsible for the generation of capsule polysaccharide and O-linked protein glycosylation. Because of the requirement of these carbohydrates for virulence and the non-template driven nature of glycan biogenesis we investigated the composition, diversity, and properties of the Acinetobacter glycoproteome. Utilizing global and targeted mass spectrometry methods, we examined 15 strains and found extensive glycan diversity in the O-linked glycoproteome of Acinetobacter. Comparison of the 26 glycoproteins identified revealed that different A. baumannii strains target similar protein substrates, both in characteristics of the sites of O-glycosylation and protein identity. Surprisingly, glycan micro-heterogeneity was also observed within nearly all isolates examined demonstrating glycan heterogeneity is a widespread phenomena in Acinetobacter O-linked glycosylation. By comparing the 11 main glycoforms and over 20 alternative glycoforms characterized within the 15 strains, trends within the glycan utilized for O-linked glycosylation could be observed. These trends reveal Acinetobacter O-linked glycosylation favors short (three to five residue) glycans with limited branching containing negatively charged sugars such as GlcNAc3NAcA4OAc or legionaminic/pseudaminic acid derivatives. These observations suggest that although highly diverse, the capsule/O-linked glycan biosynthetic pathways generate glycans with similar characteristics across all A. baumannii.
Answering the Challenges of Creating Economic Opportunity (2002)

What can be done to promote economic opportunity for all citizens and help communities prosper? Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., vice chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, discussed this issue when he addressed members of the Commercial Club and the Commonwealth Club in Cincinnati on October 10, 2002.
Perceptually-guided foveation for light field displays (2017)

A variety of applications such as virtual reality and immersive cinema require high image quality, low rendering latency, and consistent depth cues. 4D light field displays support focus accommodation, but are more costly to render than 2D images, resulting in higher latency. The human visual system can resolve higher spatial frequencies in the fovea than in the periphery. This property has been harnessed by recent 2D foveated rendering methods to reduce computation cost while maintaining perceptual quality. Inspired by this, we present foveated 4D light fields by investigating their effects on 3D depth perception. Based on our psychophysical experiments and theoretical analysis on visual and display bandwidths, we formulate a content-adaptive importance model in the 4D ray space. We verify our method by building a prototype light field display that can render only 16% -- 30% rays without compromising perceptual quality.
Genomic aberrations in human hepatocellular carcinomas of differing etiologies. (2000)

We sought to assess whether genetic abnormalities in hepatocellular carcinoma differed in geographic locations associated with different risk factors. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was applied to the genome-wide chromosomal analysis in 83 tumor samples from four different geographic origins. Samples were obtained from regions that differed in aflatoxin exposure: China (Hong Kong with low aflatoxin exposure and Shanghai with moderate aflatoxin exposure), Japan, and the United States (negligible aflatoxin exposure). Cases from Hong Kong and Shanghai were all hepatitis B virus (HBV) related, those from Japan were hepatitis C virus related, and those from the United States were HBV negative. In parallel, the mutational pattern of the whole p53 gene (exons 1-11) was also investigated in these cases. CGH revealed a complex pattern of chromosomal gains and losses, with the commonest aberration in each geographic location being chromosome 1q copy number gain (38-60%). Shanghai cases displayed the highest number of total aberrations per sample, with significant copy losses on 4q (75%), 8p (70%), and 16q (65%). Hepatitis C virus-related samples from Japan had a characteristically high incidence of 11q13 gain. p53 mutation(s) was detected in 23% of Hong Kong cases, 40% of Shanghai, 31% of Japan, but only 6% of the United States cases. The "aflatoxin-associated" codon 249 mutation was, however, identified only in samples from China (13% Hong Kong and 20% Shanghai). This finding, together with the highly aberrant pattern of genetic changes detected in the Shanghai series, is suggestive of the genotoxic effects of aflatoxin being more broadly based. It is also likely that there is a synergistic effect of HBV infection and high aflatoxin exposure in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma development. It appears from our CGH study that individual risk factors are indeed associated with distinct genetic aberrations, although changes in 1q gain appear common to all.
Identification of a Candidate Gene Panel for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer (2015)

The urinary three-gene panel (HOXC6, TDRD1, and DLX1) represents a promising tool to identify patients with aggressive prostate cancer, also in those with low sPSA values. The combination of the urinary three-gene panel with sPSA bears great potential for the early diagnosis of patients with clinically significant prostate cancer.
Quantitatively Visualizing Tumor-Related Protease Activity in Vivo Using a Ratiometric Photoacoustic Probe (2019)

The abnormal expression of tumor-related proteases plays a critical role in cancer invasion, progression, and metastasis. Therefore, it is considerably meaningful to non-invasively assess the proteases' activity in vivo for both tumor diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation. Herein, we report an activatable probe constructed with a near-infrared dye (Cy5.5) and a quencher (QSY21) covalently linked through a peptide substrate of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) that was chosen as a model for tumor-associated proteases. Upon cleavage with activated MMP-2, this probe emitted an MMP-2-concentration-dependent fluorescence. Quite unexpectedly, owing to the variation in the aggregation state of both the dye and its quencher as a consequence of the cleavage, the responsive probe presented a dramatic MMP-2-concentration-dependent absorption at around 680 nm, while that at around 730 nm was MMP-2 concentration independent. These features allowed detection of MMP-2 activity via both fluorescence and photoacoustic (PA) imaging in vitro, respectively. Moreover, taking the PA signal at 730 nm as an internal reference, the PA signal at 680 nm allowed quantitative detection of MMP-2 expression in breast cancer in vivo. We thus envision that our current approach would offer a useful tool for studying the malignant impacts of versatile tumor-associated proteases in vivo.
“回到亚当·斯密”的西方经济思潮 (1981)

近年来,资本主义国家经济增长放慢,通货膨胀加剧,失业情况恶化,出现了滞胀现象,主要资本主义国家的经济理论和经济政策正酝酿着一次重大的转折.目前美国经济学界有一股思潮,就是提倡回到亚当·斯密和美国独立宣言.美国经济学家、货币学派领袖米尔顿·弗里德曼不久前来我国访问时,在演讲中曾一再讲到这点.这股思潮,对美国共和党、英国保守党都有很大的影响.我们观察和研究当前西方国家的经济理论和经济政策,不能不注意和研究这股思湖.为此我们特译介这篇专论,供参考.
Red cells from glutathione peroxidase-1–deficient mice have nearly normal defenses against exogenous peroxides (2000)

Abstract The role of glutathione peroxidase in red cell anti-oxidant defense was examined using erythrocytes from mice with a genetically engineered disruption of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GSHPx-1) gene. Because GSHPx-1 is the sole glutathione peroxidase in the erythrocyte, all red cell GSH peroxidase activity was eliminated. Oxidation of hemoglobin and membrane lipids, using the cis-parinaric acid assay, was determined during oxidant challenge from cumene hydroperoxide and H2O2. No difference was detected between wild-type red cells and GSHPx-1–deficient cells, even at high H2O2 exposures. Thus, GSHPx-1 appears to play little or no role in the defense of the erythrocyte against exposure to peroxide. Simultaneous exposure to an H2O2 flux and the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole supported this conclusion. Hemoglobin oxidation occurred only when catalase was depleted. Circulating erythrocytes from the GSHPx-1–deficient mice exhibited a slight reduction in membrane thiols, indicating that high exposure to peroxides might occur naturally in the circulation.
The systemic inflammatory response, weight loss, performance status and survival in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (2002)

The relationship between the magnitude of systemic inflammatory response and the nutritional/functional parameters in patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer were studied. The extent of weight loss, albumin, C-reactive protein, performance status and quality of life was measured in 106 patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (stages III and IV). Survival analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. The majority of patients were male and almost 80% had elevated circulating C-reactive protein concentrations (>10 mg x l(-1)). On multivariate analysis, age (P=0.012), tumour type (0.002), weight loss (P=0.056), C-reactive protein (P=0.047), Karnofsky performance status (P=0.002) and fatigue (P=0.046) were independent predictors of survival. The patients were grouped according to the magnitude of the C-reactive protein concentrations (< or =10, 11-100 and >100 mg x l(-1)). An increase in the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response was associated with increased weight loss (P=0.004), reduced albumin concentrations (P=0.001), reduced performance status (P=0.060), increased fatigue (P=0.011) and reduced survival (HR 1.936 95%CI 1.414-2.650, P<0.001). These results indicate that the majority of patients with inoperable non-small cell lung cancer have evidence of a systemic inflammatory response. Furthermore, an increase in the magnitude of the systemic inflammatory response resulted in greater weight loss, poorer performance status, more fatigue and poorer survival.
Kinetics and sequence specificity of processing of prepilin by PilD, the type IV leader peptidase of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1992)

PilD, originally isolated as an essential component for the biogenesis of the type IV pili of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a unique endopeptidase responsible for processing the precursors of the P. aeruginosa pilin subunits. It is also required for the cleavage of the leader peptides from the Pdd proteins, which are essential components of an extracellular secretion pathway specific for the export of a number of P. aeruginosa hydrolytic enzymes and toxins. Substrates for PilD are initially synthesized with short, i.e., 6- to 8-amino-acid-long, leader peptides with a net basic charge and share a high degree of amino acid homology through the first 16 to 30 residues at the amino terminus. In addition, they all have a phenylalanine residue at the +1 site relative to the cleavage site, which is N methylated prior to assembly into the oligomeric structures. In this study, the kinetics of leader peptide cleavage from the precursor of the P. aeruginosa pilin subunit by PilD was determined in vitro. The rates of cleavage were compared for purified enzyme and substrate as well as for enzyme and substrate contained within total membranes extracted from P. aeruginosa strains overexpressing the cloned pilD or pilA genes. Optimal conditions were obtained only when both PilD and substrate were contained within total membranes. PilD catalysis of P. aeruginosa prepilin followed normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a measured apparent Km of approximately 650 microM, and a kcat of 180 min-1. The kinetics of PilD processing of another type IV pilin precursor, that from Neisseria gonorrhoeae with a 7-amino-acid-long leader peptide, were essentially the same as that measured for wild-type P. aeruginosa prepilin. Quite different results were obtained for a number of prepilin substrates containing substitutions at the conserved phenylalanine at the +1 position relative to the cleavage site, which were previously shown to be well tolerated in vivo. Substitutions of methionine, serine, and cysteine for phenylalanine show that Km values remain close to that measured for wild-type substrate, while kcat and kcat/Km values were significantly decreased. This indicates that while the affinity of enzyme for substrate is relatively unaffected by the substitutions, the maximum rate of catalysis favors a phenylalanine at this position. Interesting, PilD cleavage of one mutated pillin (asparagine) resulted in a lower Km value of 52.5 microM, which indicates a higher affinity for the enzyme, as well as a lower kcat value of 6.1 min m(-1). This suggests that it may be feasible to design peptide inhibitors of PilD.
Mining coherent dense subgraphs across massive biological networks for functional discovery (2005)

http://zhoulab.usc.edu/CODENSE/
High-speed recording of neural spikes in awake mice and flies with a fluorescent voltage sensor (2015)

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) are a promising technology for fluorescence readout of millisecond-scale neuronal dynamics. Previous GEVIs had insufficient signaling speed and dynamic range to resolve action potentials in live animals. We coupled fast voltage-sensing domains from a rhodopsin protein to bright fluorophores through resonance energy transfer. The resulting GEVIs are sufficiently bright and fast to report neuronal action potentials and membrane voltage dynamics in awake mice and flies, resolving fast spike trains with 0.2-millisecond timing precision at spike detection error rates orders of magnitude better than previous GEVIs. In vivo imaging revealed sensory-evoked responses, including somatic spiking, dendritic dynamics, and intracellular voltage propagation. These results empower in vivo optical studies of neuronal electrophysiology and coding and motivate further advancements in high-speed microscopy.
Synaptogenesis in hippocampal cultures: evidence indicating that axons and dendrites become competent to form synapses at different stages of neuronal development (1994)

Hippocampal neurons in culture develop extensive axonal and dendritic arbors and form numerous synapses. Presynaptic specializations occur at sites of contact between axons and somata or dendrites but they do not appear until day 3 in culture, even though numerous contacts between cells develop within the first 24 hr (Fletcher et al., 1991). To determine whether this delay in the appearance of presynaptic specializations could be related to maturational events in the presynaptic axon or in the postsynaptic target, "heterochronic" cocultures were prepared by adding newly dissociated neurons to cultures containing mature neurons. The competence of axons to form presynaptic vesicle clusters in response to contact with the somata or dendrites of mature or immature neurons was determined by immunofluorescent staining for synapsin I or synaptophysin. After only 1 d of coculture, there was a fivefold increase in the number of synapses along the somata and dendrites of the mature neurons, compared to mature neurons cultured alone. If newly dissociated neurons were labeled with a fluorescent dye before coculture, dye-labeled axons frequently were colocalized with presynaptic specializations on mature cells. In contrast, when the axons of mature neurons contacted immature neurons, synapses were first observed only after coculture for 3 d. These results suggest that the axons of hippocampal neurons have the capacity to form presynaptic specializations soon after they emerge, provided they encounter appropriate targets, but that the cell bodies and dendrites of hippocampal neurons are not capable of inducing the formation of presynaptic specializations until they reach a critical stage of maturation.
12 element multi-wavelength DFB arrays for widely tunable laser modules (2003)

In this paper we describe a 12 element multi-wavelength laser diode array chip at the same 10 micron pitch with a 2.7 nm wavelength tuning per element that can span the 32 nm wide c-band, once again using laser selection for coarse tuning and temperature for fine tuning.
Improved Strains and Plasmid Vectors for Conditional Overexpression of His-Tagged Proteins in Haloferax volcanii (2010)

Research into archaea will not achieve its full potential until systems are in place to carry out genetics and biochemistry in the same species. Haloferax volcanii is widely regarded as the best-equipped organism for archaeal genetics, but the development of tools for the expression and purification of H. volcanii proteins has been neglected. We have developed a series of plasmid vectors and host strains for conditional overexpression of halophilic proteins in H. volcanii. The plasmids feature the tryptophan-inducible p.tnaA promoter and a 6xHis tag for protein purification by metal affinity chromatography. Purification is facilitated by host strains, where pitA is replaced by the ortholog from Natronomonas pharaonis. The latter lacks the histidine-rich linker region found in H. volcanii PitA and does not copurify with His-tagged recombinant proteins. We also deleted the mrr restriction endonuclease gene, thereby allowing direct transformation without the need to passage DNA through an Escherichia coli dam mutant.
Three-dimensional computer-aided diagnosis scheme for detection of colonic polyps (2001)

We have developed a three-dimensional (3-D) computer-aided diagnosis scheme for automated detection of colonic polyps in computed tomography (CT) colonographic data sets, and assessed its performance based on colonoscopy as the gold standard. In this scheme, a thick region encompassing the entire colonic wall is extracted from an isotropic volume reconstructed from the CT images in CT colonography. Polyp candidates are detected by first computing of 3-D geometric features that characterize polyps, folds, and colonic walls at each voxel in the extracted colon, and then segmenting of connected components corresponding to suspicious regions by hysteresis thresholding based on these geometric features. We apply fuzzy clustering to these connected components to obtain the polyp candidates. False-positive (FP) detections are then reduced by computation of several 3-D volumetric features characterizing the internal structures of the polyp candidates, followed by the application of discriminant analysis to the feature space generated by these volumetric features. The locations of the polyps detected by our computerized method were compared to the gold standard of conventional colonoscopy. The performance was evaluated based on 43 clinical cases, including 12 polyps determined by colonoscopy. Our computerized scheme was shown to have the potential to detect polyps in CT colonography with a clinically acceptable high sensitivity and a low FP rate.
Novel CO2-Emulsified Viscoelastic Surfactant Fracturing Fluid System Enables Commercial Production From Bypassed Pay in the Olmos Formation of South Texas (2006)

Abstract A novel carbon dioxide- (CO2-) emulsified viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fluid system has recently been used to improve the Olmos production in the Caterina SW field in Texas. The reservoir is characterized by thin streaks of pay with potential water production in close proximity. Due to the low permeability and formation rock properties, CO2-type fracture fluids have proven to be more effective. VES-CO2 was selected as the fracturing fluid because of its higher retained proppant pack permeability and controllable rheological behavior. These unique fluid characteristics resulted in a high-conductivity fracture and a geometry that stayed out of the water-bearing zones. The outcome from 11 treatments resulted in an average production of &amp;gt; 430 Mscf/D and 82 BOPD in zones that were previously bypassed. The successful field applications of this new fluid system highlight the versatility of VES surfactant fluids in terms of rheological property and adaptability. Specific performance requirements can be met through modifying the functionalities of the surfactants, namely, utilizing surfactants with different functions to emulsify super-critical CO2 and still maintain all of the attributes normally associated with VES systems. VES fracturing fluid systems exhibit lower friction pressure, superior proppant transport, higher fracture conductivity and longer effective fracture half-length than conventional systems by completely eliminating polymer. Coupling the benefits of polymer-free VES fluid with a CO2-emulsified system further enhances cleanup of depleted reservoirs, extends the application to water-sensitive formations, and maintains reservoir gas saturation to prevent any potential water blocks.
Noise-induced escape from bifurcating attractors: Symplectic approach in the weak-noise limit (2009)

The effect of noise is studied in one-dimensional maps undergoing transcritical, tangent, and pitchfork bifurcations. The attractors of the noiseless map become metastable states in the presence of noise. In the weak-noise limit, a symplectic two-dimensional map is associated with the original one-dimensional map. The consequences of their noninvertibility on the phase-space structures are discussed. Heteroclinic orbits are identified which play a key role in the determination of the escape rates from the metastable states. Near bifurcations, the critical slowing down justifies the use of a continuous-time approximation replacing maps by flows, which allows the analytic calculation of the escape rates. This method provides the universal scaling behavior of the escape rates at the bifurcations.
Purine analogues as amplifiers of phleomycin. IX. Some 2- and 6-substituted Thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazines, 2-substituted Thiazolo[4,5-c]- and Thiazolo[5,4-b]-pyridines and related compounds (1984)

Derivatives of the thiazolo[4,5-b]pyrazine system are reported including those with 2-phenyl substituents or fused benzene rings (as in thiazolo[4,5-b]quinoxalines) together with strongly basic N,N-dimethylaminoethylthio or N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio side chains. Series of thiazolo[4,5-c]- pyridines, thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridines and quinoxalines are also described. A new process for the preparation of 3-N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio derivatives of heterocycles by reaction of the mercapto compound with 3-chloro-N,N-dimethylpropylamine in ethanolic ammonia has been shown to give more reliable and improved results. Of the compounds examined for amplification of the activity of phleomycin, N,N-dimethyl- 3-(2-methylthiazolo[4,5-pyrazin-6-ylthio)propylamine and 3-[3-(3-N,N-dimethylaminopropylthio)- quinoxalin-2-ylthiol-N,N-dimethylpropylamine were the best, and showed four star activity at 1 mM and 0.5 mM respectively. A 2-phenyl substituent in, or a benzene ring fused to, thiazolo[4,5-b]- pyrazines did not increase amplification. The 2-substituted thiazolo[4,5-c]pyridines showed activity comparable to that of the 2-substituted thiazolo[4,5-blpyrazines whereas that of the thiazolo[5,4-b]pyrazines was lower.