gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation tools for complex digital designs (1996)

The functional validation of a complex digital design is a laborious, ad-hoc and open-ended task. Many circuits are too complex to be formally verified in their entirety. Instead, simulation of a register transfer level (RTL) model is used. This research explores techniques to make the validation task more systematic, automated and efficient. This can be accomplished by using information embedded in the RTL model to extract the set of of the design, represented as interacting finite state machines (FSM). If all such interesting behaviors of the RTL could be tested in simulation, the degree of confidence that the design is correct would be substantially higher. This work provides two tools towards this goal. First, a test vector generator is described that uses this information to produce a series of test vectors that exercise all the implemented behaviors of the design in RTL simulation. Secondly, the information can be used as the basis for coverage analysis of a pre-existing test vector suite. Previous coverage metrics, such as toggles on a node in the circuit or code block execution counts, often give good first order indications of how thorough a circuit has been exercised but do not usually give an accurate picture of whether multiple or concurrent events have been exercised. In this thesis, a new method is proposed of analyzing test vector suite coverage based on projecting a minimized control state graph onto control signals that enter the datapath part of the design.
The fundamental problem facing any technique that uses state exploration is state space explosion. Two techniques are proposed to minimize this problem; first, a dynamic state graph pruning algorithm based on static analysis of the model structure to provide an exact minimization and second, approximation of the state graph with an estimation of the state space in a more compact representation. These techniques help delay the onset of state explosion, allowing useful information to be obtained and utilized, even for complex designs. Results and practical experiences of applying these techniques to the design of the node controller (MAGIC) of the Stanford FLASH Multiprocessor project are given.
Mechanistic Features of Boron−Iodine Bond Activation of B−Iodocarboranes (2001)

Oxidative addition of the B−I bond of 9-iodo-m-carborane to [(Ph3P)nPd] (n = 3, 4) is reversible, the equilibrium being shifted to the Pd(0) and the iodocarborane. In the presence of [(Ph3P)4Pd] and [Bu4N]Br in THF, 9-iodo-m-carborane undergoes halide exchange to produce 9-bromo-m-carborane. Coordinatively unsaturated Pd(0) and hydrido Pd(II) species generated upon thermal decomposition of [(Ph3P)2Pd(Ph)(O2CH)] and [(Ph3P)2Pd2(Ph)2(μ-O2CH)2] reduce 9-iodo-m-carborane to m-carborane with 100% selectivity. The thermal decomposition of [(Ph3P)2Pd2(Ph)2(μ-O2CH)2] in the presence of excess 9-iodo-m-carborane and PhI (1:1) results in the formation of m-carborane (3%) and [(Ph3P)2Pd2(Ph)2(μ-I)2] (97%), whose structure was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. X-ray analysis of 9-iodo-m-carborane and m-carboran-9-yl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate shows that in the iodonium salt the B−I bond is longer by ca. 0.03 Å than in the iodocarborane. In contrast, the C−I bond distances in carboran-9-yl(phenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate (2.111(2) Å) and in iodobenzene (2.098(4) Å) are only marginally different. The elongation of the B−I bond, not the C−I bond, likely contributes to (i) the enhanced reactivity of B−carboranyl(phenyl)iodonium cations toward nucleophiles and (ii) the remarkably high selectivity of these SN reactions that occur exclusively at the boron atom. A new crystallographic form of 9,10-diiodo-m-carborane is reported.
Increased life span due to calorie restriction in respiratory deficient yeast (2005)

A model for replicative life span extension by calorie restriction (CR) in yeast has been proposed whereby reduced glucose in the growth medium leads to activation of the NAD þ -dependent histone deacetylase Sir2.One mechanism proposed for this putative activation of Sir2 is that CR enhances the rate of respiration, in turn leading to altered levels of NAD þ or NADH, and ultimately resulting in enhanced Sir2 activity.An alternative mechanism has been proposed in which CR decreases levels of the Sir2 inhibitor nicotinamide through increased expression of the gene coding for nicotinamidase, PNC1.We have previously reported that life span extension by CR is not dependent on Sir2 in the longlived BY4742 strain background.Here we have determined the requirement for respiration and the effect of nicotinamide levels on life span extension by CR.We find that CR confers robust life span extension in respiratorydeficient cells independent of strain background, and moreover, suppresses the premature mortality associated with loss of mitochondrial DNA in the short-lived PSY316 strain.Addition of nicotinamide to the medium dramatically shortens the life span of wild type cells, due to inhibition of Sir2.However, even in cells lacking both Sir2 and the replication fork block protein Fob1, nicotinamide partially prevents life span extension by CR.These findings (1) demonstrate that respiration is not required for the longevity benefits of CR in yeast, (2) show that nicotinamide inhibits life span extension by CR through a Sir2-independent mechanism, and (3) suggest that CR acts through a conserved, Sir2-independent mechanism in both PSY316 and BY4742.
High p-type doping of ZnSe using Li3N diffusion (1994)

We have achieved a highly doped p-type ZnSe layer using a Li3N diffusion technique. The hole concentration of the p-type ZnSe layer, grown on a GaAs substrate by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, reached a level as high as 1017 cm−3. With the diffusion temperature of 470 °C, the resistivity of the layer is as low as 0.4 Ω cm, with hole concentration p≳9×1017 cm−3 and hole mobility μp=17 cm2/V s. We made an ohmic contact by using this p+-type ZnSe as a contact layer for p-ZnSe epilayers.
Chemical Accessories Give DNA New Talents (1998)

Cells have a strict division of labor: DNA conveys genetic information, while proteins run the chemistry of life. Teams of chemists and biologists are now working to bridge that division by creating hybrid molecules that tack the chemically active functional groups of proteins onto DNA's coiled backbone. The goal is to create molecules that are both chemically adept, like proteins, and easy to copy and vary, like DNA—properties that might enable researchers to “evolve” valuable new catalysts. But this elegant scheme faced a serious hurdle: The enzyme that copies DNA, called DNA polymerase, refused to play along, balking when it encountered a modified DNA building block.
Dielectric Anomaly of Bi4Ti3O12 at Low Temperature (1982)

An anomaly near at 243°K in Bi4Ti3O12 was found by dielectric and X-ray diffraction studies. The details of this anomaly is not well known at present, but it is concluded that at this temperature the framework of the crystal structure remains unchanged from that at room temperature, whereas the electron cloud distribution in the crystal may somewhat change.
Synechococcus sp. Strain PCC 7002 Transcriptome: Acclimation to Temperature, Salinity, Oxidative Stress, and Mixotrophic Growth Conditions (2012)

Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002 is a unicellular, euryhaline cyanobacterium. It is a model organism for studies of cyanobacterial metabolism and has great potential for biotechnological applications. It exhibits an exceptional tolerance of high-light irradiation and shows very rapid growth. The habitats from which this and closely related strains were isolated are subject to changes in several environmental factors, including light, nutrient supply, temperature, and salinity. In this study global transcriptome profiling via RNAseq has been used to perform a comparative and integrated study of global changes in cells grown at different temperatures, at different salinities, and under mixotrophic conditions, when a metabolizable organic carbon source was present. Furthermore, the transcriptomes were investigated for cells that were subjected to a heat shock and that were exposed to oxidative stress. Lower growth temperatures caused relatively minor changes of the transcriptome; the most prominent changes affected fatty acid desaturases. A heat shock caused severe changes of the transcriptome pattern; transcripts for genes associated with major metabolic pathways declined and those for different chaperones increased dramatically. Oxidative stress, however, left the transcript pattern almost unaffected. When grown at high salinity, Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 had increased expression of genes involved in compatible solute biosynthesis and showed increased mRNA levels for several genes involved in electron transport. Transcripts of two adjacent genes dramatically increased upon growth at high salinity; the respective proteins are putatively involved in coping with oxidative stress and in triggering ion channels. Only minor changes were observed when cells were grown at low salinity or when the growth medium was supplemented with glycerol. However, the transcriptome data suggest that cells must acclimate to excess reducing equivalents when a reduced C-source is present.
Transmission of two Australian strains of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in enclosure populations of house mice (Mus domesticus) (2005)

To control plagues of free-living mice (Mus domesticus) in Australia, a recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) expressing fertility proteins is being developed as an immunocontraceptive agent. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to monitor the transmission of two genetically variable field strains of MCMV through mouse populations after 25% of founding mice were infected with the N1 strain, followed by the G4 strain 6 weeks later. Pathogen-free wild-derived mice were released into outdoor enclosures located in northwestern Victoria (Australia). Of those mice not originally inoculated with virus, N1 DNA was detected in more than 80% of founder mice and a third of their offspring and similarly, G4 DNA was detected in 13% of founder mice and in 3% of their offspring. Thus, prior immunity to N1 did not prevent transmission of G4. This result is promising for successful transmission of an immunocontraceptive vaccine through Australian mouse populations where MCMV infection is endemic.
VEGI-192, a New Isoform of TNFSF15, Specifically Eliminates Tumor Vascular Endothelial Cells and Suppresses Tumor Growth (2005)

Our findings indicate that VEGI is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis, and that systemic administration of the VEGI-192 isoform resulted in inhibition of tumor angiogenesis and growth.
Spectral beam combining of diode laser bars achieve efficient near diffraction limited output power (2003)

The use of diode laser bars has traditionally been limited in many applications because of their poor beam quality in the plane of the junction (slow direction). Spectral Beam Combination (SBC) corrects this defect with minimal impact on efficiency. Aculight has demonstrated efficient SBC of nearly 400 single transverse mode semiconductor lasers. The semiconductor lasers were packaged in two adjacent 1-cm wide, 200 emitter bars. The M<sup>2</sup> of a single 1-cm wide diode bar is typically greater than 1000. Using SBC we have measured an output M<sup>2</sup> of less than 1.5. The output bandwidth of the device is ~10 nm; and it is this spectral width that allows combination with the result that each of the 200 lasers deliver power through the same output aperture. The efficiency of this process was measured at &gt;70% when high quality optical components were employed. Efficiency is defined as the SBC output power normalized to the power provided by the diode bars without SBC. With single emitters we have achieved SBC efficiencies of &gt;80%.
Accurate modification of a chromosomal plasmid by homologous recombination in human cells. (1987)

We have examined the consequences of modifying mammalian cellular DNA sequences by homologous recombination. A plasmid carrying a 248-base-pair deletion in the neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene was introduced into hamster and human cells. The integrated, defective neo gene was used as a target for modification by a second round of transfection with a plasmid carrying a different (283-base-pair) deletion in the neo gene. Recombinants resulting in an intact neo gene were selected by their G418 resistance phenotype. The best ratio of homologous to nonhomologous recombination events was about 1:80. Analyses of the functional neo genes in various independent cell lines establish that simple crossovers (single and double) generated the wild-type neo genes.
A Redefinition of Zinc Deficiency (1983)

Based upon clinical data we have reclassified zinc deficiency using traditional, epidemiological techniques into three syndromes; these are acute, chronic and subacute zinc deficiency. Acute zinc deficiency is relatively uncommon and follows parenteral hyperalimentation or oral L-histidine administration. Chronic zinc deficiency is more common, usually resulting from chronic dietary lack of zinc. Subacute or marginal zinc deficiency is the most common of these syndromes. Based upon a recent survey it is estimated that there are 4 million people in the U.S. with this syndrome, the initial symptom being dysfunction of taste and olfaction whereas treatment with exogenous zinc usually requires months before these symptoms return to normal. Diagnosis of these disorders was most efficacious following oral administration of Zn65 with subsequent evaluation of the kinetics of transfer of the isotope into various body tissues, the formulation of the data by compartmental analysis and the integration of the data by a systematic model of zinc metabolism.
Engineered serine protease inhibitor prevents furin-catalyzed activation of the fusion glycoprotein and production of infectious measles virus (1995)

We have identified the major cellular endoprotease that activates the fusion (F) glycoprotein of measles virus (MV) and have engineered a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) to target the endoprotease and inhibit the production of infectious MV. The F-protein precursor of MV was not cleaved efficiently into the mature F protein in human colon carcinoma cells lacking functional furin, indicating that furin is the major enzyme responsible for activation of the MV F protein. A human serpin alpha 1-antitrypsin variant was engineered to specifically inhibit furin. When expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus in primate cells infected by MV, the engineered serpin (alpha 1-PDX) specifically inhibited furin-catalyzed cleavage of the F-protein precursor without affecting synthesis of other MV proteins. We generated human glioma cells stably expressing alpha 1-PDX. MV infection in these cells did not result in syncytia. The infected cells produced all the MV proteins, but the F-protein precursor remained largely uncleaved. This did not prevent virus assembly. However, the released virions contained inactive F-protein precursor rather than mature F protein, and infectious-virus titers were reduced by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. These results show that a mature F protein is not required for the assembly of MV but is crucial for virus infectivity. The engineered serpin may offer a novel molecular antiviral approach against MV.
UGA is read as tryptophan in Mycoplasma capricolum. (1985)

UGA is a nonsense or termination (opal) codon throughout prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, mitochondria use not only UGG but also UGA as a tryptophan codon. Here, we show that UGA also codes for tryptophan in Mycoplasma capricolum, a wall-less bacterium having a genome only 20-25% the size of the Escherichia coli genome. This conclusion is based on the following evidence. First, the nucleotide sequence of the S3 and L16 ribosomal protein genes from M. capricolum includes UGA codons in the reading frames; they appear at positions corresponding to tryptophan in E. coli S3 and L16. Second, a tRNATrp gene and its product tRNA found in M. capricolum have the anticodon sequence 5' U-C-A 3', which can form a complementary base-pairing interaction with UGA.
New Oligidic Production Diet for Lygus hesperus Knight and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois)2,3 (2000)

A new oligidic (undefined) diet for rearing Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) and L. lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) is described. The diet (referred to as Nl diet) is a semisolid slurry that accommodates the solid-to-liquid feeding habits of Lygus spp. The Nl diet consists of an “entomophage component” (cooked, whole chicken eggs, chicken egg yolks, sugar, and yeast) combined with plant components (soy bean flour, wheat germ, lima bean meal, and soy lecithin). Biological fitness estimates for L. hesperus indicated that mean biomass production per cage, adult wet and dry weights, survival to the adult stage, and egg production were significantly greater for the Nl diet than for the existing standard, Debolt (1982) diet. The ingredients in the Nl diet cost about ⅛ those in the Debolt diet, and preparation requires less than ½ of the labor. The cost of diet for production per 1000 eggs was approximately $0.004 compared to $0.04 for an equal number of eggs from Debolt diet. Recent work, started after the currently reported bioassays with L. hesperus, indicates that the Nl diet also supports development and reproduction in the tarnished plant bug, L. lineolaris.This diet was used to rear and 15 generations of L. hesperus and is currently being used to support production colonies; it has also been used to rear L. lineolaris for 5 generations, thus far. The L. lineolaris colony started from field collected populations has been reared continuously and exclusively on the Nl diet and is currently in a log phase of population growth. This diet should be beneficial in providing a great reduction of Lygus production costs while producing a high quality, vigorously reproducing insect.
Low-dimensional thermoelectric materials (1999)

The promise of low dimensional thermoelectric materials for enhanced performance is reviewed, with particular attention given to quantum wells and quantum wires. The high potential of bismuth as a low-dimensional thermoelectric material is discussed.
Halide Welding for Silver Nanowire Network Electrode (2017)

We developed a method of chemically welding silver nanowires (AgNWs) using an aqueous solution containing sodium halide salts (NaF, NaCl, NaBr, or NaI). The halide welding was performed simply by immersing the as-coated AgNW film into the sodium halide solution, and the resulting material was compared with those obtained using two typical thermal and plasmonic welding techniques. The halide welding dramatically reduced the sheet resistance of the AgNW electrode because of the strong fusion among nanowires at each junction while preserving the optical transmittance. The dramatic decrease in the sheet resistance was attributed to the autocatalytic addition of dissolved silver ions to the nanowire junction. Unlike thermal and plasmonic welding methods, the halide welding could be applied to AgNW films with a variety of deposition densities because the halide ions uniformly contacted the surface or junction regions. The optimized AgNW electrodes exhibited a sheet resistance of 9.3 Ω/sq at an optical transmittance of 92%. The halide welding significantly enhanced the mechanical flexibility of the electrode compared with the as-coated AgNWs. The halide-welded AgNWs were successfully used as source-drain electrodes in a transparent and flexible organic field-effect transistor (OFET). This simple, low-cost, and low-power consumption halide welding technique provides an innovative approach to preparing transparent electrodes for use in next-generation flexible optoelectronic devices.
Left Ventricular Response to Severe Exertion in Untethered Dogs (1972)

The left ventricular response to severe exercise was studied by telemetering direct measurements of left ventricular diameter (D) and pressure (P) and aortic blood flow from healthy dogs running at speeds up to 30 mph in the field. Severe exercise increased cardiac output from 101 to 478 ml/kg per min, heart rate from 95 to 297 beats/min, stroke volume from 31 to 44 ml, left ventricular isolength (iso) systolic pressure from 120 to 186 mm Hg, left ventricular end diastolic pressure from 6 to 18 mm Hg, and left ventricular end diastolic diameter from 58.9 to 60.1 mm, while end systolic diameter decreased from 53.0 to 52.2 mm. Two indices of myocardial contractility, (dP/dt)/P increased from 37 to 92 sec(-1), while dD/dt, the velocity of myocardial fiber shortening at isolength, rose from 54 to 119 mm/sec. All of these changes were statistically significant. When, in resting dogs, heart rate was first raised to exercise levels by electrical stimulation, severe exercise subsequently increased left ventricular end diastolic diameter more profoundly, from 55.7 to 59.7 mm, while end systolic diameter remained constant and the increases in left ventricular pressure, (dP/dt)/P and velocity(iso) were roughly comparable to those occurring during exercise in spontaneous rhythm. After propranolol, 1.0 mg/kg, severe exercise resulted in significantly smaller increases in cardiac output (from 82 to 240 ml/kg), in heart rate (from 87 to 186 beats/min), in left ventricular pressure(iso) (from 122 to 150 mm Hg), in (dP/dt)/P (from 32 to 44 sec(-1)), in velocity(iso) (from 47 to 59 mm/sec), and in slightly greater increases in end diastolic diameter, from 59.8 to 62.0 mm and pressure from 8 to 22 mm Hg, while end systolic diameter did not change significantly.Thus, the left ventricle responds to severe exercise with near maximal increases in heart rate and contractility, while significant increases in end diastolic diameter (Frank-Starling mechanism) and stroke volume occur as well. When heart rate was held constant severe exercise produced similar increases in contractility but end systolic size failed to diminish and the increases in end diastolic size were greater. Beta adrenergic receptor blockade interfered with the chronotropic and particularly the inotropic response to severe exercise and while the participation of the Frank-Starling mechanism was somewhat greater, the latter was not sufficient to increase cardiac output normally.
How knowledge workers use the web (2002)

We report on a diary study of how and why knowledge workers use the World Wide Web. By examining in detail a complete two-day set of Web activities from each of 24 people, we construct a framework with which to describe the different tasks knowledge workers undertake. By looking at the characteristics of each type of activity, we can see how certain activities are unsuited to particular kinds of technologies (e.g., mobile devices); how Web tools might be incrementally improved; and how we might better support knowledge workers' Web tasks in the future