gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B7-H3/CD276: An Emerging Cancer Immunotherapy (2021)

Immunotherapy aiming at suppressing tumor development by relying on modifying or strengthening the immune system prevails among cancer treatments and points out a new direction for cancer therapy. B7 homolog 3 protein (B7-H3, also known as CD276), a newly identified immunoregulatory protein member of the B7 family, is an attractive and promising target for cancer immunotherapy because it is overexpressed in tumor tissues while showing limited expression in normal tissues and participating in tumor microenvironment (TME) shaping and development. Thus far, numerous B7-H3-based immunotherapy strategies have demonstrated potent antitumor activity and acceptable safety profiles in preclinical models. Herein, we present the expression and biological function of B7-H3 in distinct cancer and normal cells, as well as B7-H3-mediated signal pathways in cancer cells and B7-H3-based tumor immunotherapy strategies. This review provides a comprehensive overview that encompasses B7-H3's role in TME to its potential as a target in cancer immunotherapy.
VLSI implementation of synchronization algorithms in a 100 Mbit/s digital receiver (2002)

Digital VLSI implementation of the timing and carrier synchronization of digital receivers at very high data rates is addressed. The implementation of the synchronization algorithms for 100 Mb/s digital receiver for coded 8-PSK modulation is described. The digital receiver operates on a signal which is down-converted to baseband with a fixed-frequency oscillator and which is sampled at a fixed rate (no VCOs). The timing is recovered by estimating the timing offset and shifting the received samples by means of a digital interpolation. The carrier synchronization is carried out after matched filtering by estimating the carrier phase offset and rotating the samples accordingly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
2010 Consensus Statement on the Worldwide Standardization of the Hemoglobin A1C Measurement (2010)

Glycated hemoglobin concentrations (most commonly hemoglobin A1C; HbA1c) reflect time-averaged blood glucose during the previous 2–3 months and are used as the gold standard for long-term follow-up of glycemic control. Standardization with common calibration was first proposed in 1984 (1). It was only after the publication of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) study in 1993 (2), however, that the issue of international standardization of HbA1c measurements became an important objective for scientists and clinicians. At that time, the lack of international standardization resulted in several countries developing National standardization programs; most notable of these are: 

A common feature of these national programs is the absence of primary and secondary reference materials. To overcome this lack of reference materials, achieve global standardization, and meet the requirements of the European Union directive on in vitro diagnostic (IVD) medical devices, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) established a Working Group on HbA1c Standardization to develop a reference measurement system within the concept of metrological traceability. Such a system has been developed consisting of incubation with the enzyme endoproteinase Glu-C, cleavage of the NH2-terminal hexapeptide of the β-chain, and separation and …
Experimental Studies on Blinking Behavior of Single InP/ZnS Quantum Dots: Effects of Synthetic Conditions and UV Irradiation (2012)

In this study, we first synthesized a series of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS core/shell QDs under varied reaction conditions and then systematically investigated the blinking behaviors of QDs by single molecule imaging technique. In the measurement of blinking processes, the PL intensity trajectories of single QDs with different emission peak were recorded by a total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging system. We observed that particle size, molar ratio of myristic acid/indium (MA:In), and the overcoating of ZnS shell had significant influence on the blinking behaviors of InP/ZnS QDs. Statistical analysis documented that both the on and off events (mon and moff) followed the power-law distributions P(ton/off) = Bt–mon/off, and the values for mon and moff were in the ranges of 1.3–1.7 and 1.4–1.9, respectively. As the wavelength of emission peak increased from 565 to 646 nm, the on-time fraction changed from 30% to 70%. The QDs prepared under higher MA/In ratio possessed a longer on-time fraction. The optimal overcoating time of the ZnS shell was about 3 h for blinking suppression in this case. Furthermore, we found that UV irradiation of QDs certainly suppressed the off-time fraction by reducing surface traps. We were able to control the blinking behavior of QDs by varying the synthesis parameters, and prepared InP/ZnS QDs with the on-time fraction up to 80% for future biological and photoelectric applications.
The Evolution of T-cell Therapies for Solid Malignancies (2015)

Primary resistant, recurrent, and relapsed solid tumors are often nonresponsive to conventional antineoplastic therapies. Moreover, in responsive tumors, the therapeutic-to-toxic range of these interventions remains quite narrow, such that side effects of therapy are substantial. Targeted therapies, such as adoptive T-cell transfer, not only spare normal tissues but also use alternative killing mechanisms to which the tumor cells are usually not immune. Adoptive T-cell transfer for solid tumors faces unique challenges because of the inherent heterogeneity of tumor parenchyma, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and tumor occurrence in areas with limited therapeutic accessibility. In this review, we examine the recent evolution of various T-cell-based immunotherapeutics, the mechanisms of action behind their antitumor activity, their increasing complexity, and the prospect of building on previous successes in the treatment of solid tumors.
Evaluation of extracorporeal alkylation of red cells as a potential treatment for sickle cell anemia (1976)

Nitrogen mustard and nor-nitrogen mustard inhibit sickling, but the concentrations required would be associated with unacceptable toxicity if these agents were administered to patients. Red cells could be treated extracorporeally and infused back into donors, if the alkylating agent could be removed or inactivated, if the treatment per se did not significantly shorten red cell survival, and if viable alkylated lymphocytes could be eliminated from the treated blood. To estimate whether these conditions could be met in a clinical trial, red cells from four dogs were alkylated at 6-wk intervals. No toxic reactions were observed, although not all nor-nitrogen mustard was removed by the washing procedure. Red cell survival was shortened to about half that of control cells, using concentrations of alkylating agent which reduce sickling by 50%. Lymphocytes from treated blood could still exclude trypan blue, but could not be shown to circulate after reinfusion into donor dogs. If alkylating agents are used to treat patients' cells, inhibition of sickling may outweigh the shortening of red cell life span induced by the treatment; blood should probably be irradiated before infusion to avoid administration of alkylated and potentially mutated, but viable, lymphocytes.
Avalanche semiconductor radiation detectors (1996)

Operation of novel avalanche semiconductor detectors, produced on the basis of heterojunctions Si-SiC and Si-Si/sub x/O/sub y/, is described. A uniform avalanche process with gain from 10/sup 3/ to 10/sup 5/ can be reached depending on the conductivity of the SiC and Si/sub x/O/sub y/ layers. Two types of avalanche photodetectors designed for applications in the wavelength range 500-1000 mm with quantum efficiency 60/spl plusmn/10% (650 nm) and 200-700 nm with quantum efficiency 60/spl plusmn/15% (450 nm) are presented.
Infection of Acanthamoeba castellanii with Mycobacterium bovis and M. bovis BCG and Survival of M. bovis within the Amoebae (2003)

Survival of Mycobacterium bovis after ingestion by protozoa would provide an environmental reservoir for infection of cattle. We have shown that M. bovis survived ingestion by Acanthamoeba castellanii. In contrast, two strains of M. bovis BCG did not survive well within Acanthamoeba.
Kinetic mechanism of DNA polymerase I(Klenow fragment): identification of a second conformational change and evaluation of the internal equilibrium constant (1991)

In a previously determined minimal kinetic scheme for DNA polymerization catalyzed by the Klenow fragment (KF) of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, a nonchemical step that interconverted the KF'.DNAn+1.PPi and KF.DNAn+1PPi complexes was not observed in correct incorporation [Kuchta, R. D., Mizrahi, V., Benkovic, P.A., Johnson, K.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 8410-8417] but was detected in misincorporation [Kuchta, R. D., Benkovic, P.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 6716-6725]. In a pulse-chase experiment in this study, a burst amplitude of 100% of the enzyme concentration is observed; under pulse-quench conditions, the burst amplitude is 80%, indicative of the accumulation of the KF'.DNA.dNTP species owing to a slow step subsequent to chemical bond formation. This latter step was unequivocally identified by single-turnover pyrophosphorolysis and pyrophosphate-exchange experiments as one interconverting KF'.DNAn+1.PPi and KF.DNAn+1.PPi. The rate constants for this step in both directions were established through the rate constants for processive synthesis and pyrophosphorolysis. Pyrophosphorolysis of a 3'-phosphorothioate DNA duplex confirmed that the large elemental effect observed previously [Mizrahi, V., Henrie, R. N., Marlier, J.F., Johnson, K.A., & Benkovic, S.J. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 4010-4018] in this direction but not in polymerization is due to a marked decrease in the affinity of KF for the phosphorothioate-substituted duplex and not to the chemical step. The combination of the experimentally measured equilibrium constant for the bound KF.DNA species with the collective kinetic measurements further extends previous insights into the dynamics of the polymerization process catalyzed by KF.
Structure, Dynamics, and Selectivity of the Sodium Channel Blocker μ-Conotoxin SIIIA (2008)

mu-SIIIA, a novel mu-conotoxin from Conus striatus, appeared to be a selective blocker of tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels in frog preparations. It also exhibited potent analgesic activity in mice, although its selectivity profile against mammalian sodium channels remains unknown. We have determined the structure of mu-SIIIA in aqueous solution and characterized its backbone dynamics by NMR and its functional properties electrophysiologically. Consistent with the absence of hydroxyprolines, mu-SIIIA adopts a single conformation with all peptide bonds in the trans conformation. The C-terminal region contains a well-defined helix encompassing residues 11-16, while residues 3-5 in the N-terminal region form a helix-like turn resembling 3 10-helix. The Trp12 and His16 side chains are close together, as in the related conotoxin mu-SmIIIA, but Asn2 is more distant. Dynamics measurements show that the N-terminus and Ser9 have larger-magnitude motions on the subnanosecond time scale, while the C-terminus is more rigid. Cys4, Trp12, and Cys13 undergo significant conformational exchange on microsecond to millisecond time scales. mu-SIIIA is a potent, nearly irreversible blocker of Na V1.2 but also blocks Na V1.4 and Na V1.6 with submicromolar potency. The selectivity profile of mu-SIIIA, including poor activity against the cardiac sodium channel, Na V1.5, is similar to that of the closely related mu-KIIIA, suggesting that the C-terminal regions of both are critical for blocking neuronal Na V1.2. The structural and functional characterization described in this paper of an analgesic mu-conotoxin that targets neuronal subtypes of mammalian sodium channels provides a basis for the design of novel analogues with an improved selectivity profile.
Electrical Characterization of Silicon Dioxide Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Vapor Deposition from Tetrakis(diethylamino)silane and Ozone (1997)

Silicon dioxide thin films were prepared by a low-temperature atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition method from tetrakis(diethylamino)silane-ozone at a substrate temperature above 200° C. The relative dielectric constants of the films prepared in this study were lower than those for the films prepared from tetraethoxysilane-ozone. The relative dielectric constants for both films were nearly proportional to the absorbance of Si–O· bonds at about 950 cm -1 , indicating that an ionic polarization due to the nonbridging oxygen was closely connected with the relative dielectric constant of the film prepared using ozone at a low substrate temperature.
Perspectives on Factor Xa Inhibition (2001)

Blood coagulation involves a complex cascade of enzymatic reactions, ultimately generating fibrin, the basis of all blood clots. This cascade is comprised of two arms, the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways which converge at factor Xa to form the common pathway. Factor Xa activates prothrombin to thrombin, which in turn catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Recently, both natural and synthetic factor Xa inhibitors have shown promising pharmacological effects in animal models of thrombosis. Accordingly, factor Xa has emerged as a compelling target for pharmacological intervention and much recent effort has focused on selective and potent inhibition of this key enzyme. Factor Xa and other enzymes in the coagulation cascade belong to the trypsin-like serine protease family, the various members of which are involved in numerous physiological functions in the body. Hence, to avoid toxicity and adverse side effects, it is important to selectively inhibit the target enzyme. Achieving the needed selectivity has proved challenging due to the high degree of structural homology around the active site of this class of enzymes. This article provides a brief review of the strategies currently being employed to develop oral anticoagulants and, more specifically, the structural features of protein-ligand binding that have been utilized to achieve potency and selectivity toward factor Xa. Additionally, selected lead molecules will be discussed to highlight binding motifs used to attain both potency and selectivity in drug candidates.
Kainate-evoked modulation of gene expression in rat brain. (1997)

Kainate is a glutamate analog that produces neuronal excitation resulting in seizures within hours following its intraperitoneal injection into adult rats. Then, at 2-3 days after the treatment, neurodegeneration of apoptotic character can be observed in limbic system. As a consequence, plastic reorganization and glial reactivation phenomena occur. These physiological and pathological responses are reflected by specific changes in gene expression, that can be dissected according to their spatio-temporal patterns. The early phase of gene expression observed in all hippocampal subfields appears to reflect a sudden burst of spiking activity. Changes in mRNA levels restricted to dentate gyrus are suggestive of a link to neuronal plasticity. The late gene expression response implies its correlation either to neuronal cell death or glial reactivation, depending on cellular localization of gene products. Thus analysis of the temporal and spatial gene expression pattern in the hippocampus after kainate treatment may provide clues revealing specific phenomena to which gene expression could be attributed.
Handbook of Analytical Derivatization Reactions (1979)

Introduction: Uses of Analytical Derivatization. Derivative Types and Reagents. General Considerations in Analytical Derivatization. Apparatus for Analytical Derivatization. Derivatization of Particular Compound Types: Hydroxyl, Sulfhydryl, and Epoxy Compounds. Amino Compounds. Carboxylic Acids. Unsaturated, Cyclopropane, and Methyl Branched Fatty Acids: Derivatives for Determination of Substituent Location. Amino Acids and Peptides. Aldehydes and Ketones. Nitrogen Functional Groups Other than the Amino Group. Phospho and Sulfo Compounds. Derivatives for Chromatographic Separation of Optical Isomers. Fatty Lipids. Steroids, Prostaglandins and Related Compounds. Carbohydrates. Nucleotides, Their Constituents, and Related Compounds. Drugs. Appendices. Indexes.
Synthesis of Aβ[1‐42] and its derivatives with improved efficiency (2006)

It has been proved that the principal component of senile plaques is aggregates of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) in cases of one of the most common forms of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the synthetic methods for the synthesis of Abeta peptides have been developed since their first syntheses, Abeta[1-42] is still problematic to prepare. The highly hydrophobic composition of Abeta[1-42] results in aggregation between resin-bound peptide chains or intrachain aggregation which leads to a decrease in the rates of deprotection and repetitive incomplete coupling reactions during 9-flurenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) synthesis. In order to avoid aggregation and/or disrupt internal aggregation during stepwise Fmoc solid phase synthesis and to improve the quality of crude products, several attempts have been made. Since highly pure Abeta peptides in large quantities are used in biological experiments, we wanted to develop a method for a rational synthesis of human Abeta[1-42] with high purity and adequate yield. This paper reports a convenient methodology with a novel solvent system for the synthesis of Abeta[1-42], its N-terminally truncated derivatives Abeta[4-42] and Abeta[5-42], and Abeta[1-42] labeled with 7-amino-4-methyl-3-coumarinylacetic acid (AMCA) at the N-terminus using Fmoc strategy. The use of 10% anisole in Dimethylformamide/Dichloromethane (DMF/DCM) can substantially improve the purity and yield of crude Abeta[1-42] and has been shown to be an optimal coupling condition for the synthesis of Abeta[1-42]. Anisole is a cheap and simple aid in the synthesis of 'difficult sequences' where other solvents are less successful in the prevention of aggregation during the synthesis.
Evaluation of Selectable Markers for Obtaining Stable Transformants in the Gramineae (1988)

Cell suspension cultures of Triticum monococcum, Panicum maximum, Saccharum officinarum, Pennisetum americanum, and a double cross trispecific hybrid between Pennisetum americanum, P. purpureum, and P. squamulatum were tested for resistance to kanamycin, hygromycin, and methotrexate for use in transformation studies. All cultures showed high natural levels of resistance to kanamycin, in excess of 800 milligrams per liter, and variable levels of resistance to hygromycin. Methotrexate was a potent growth inhibitor at low concentrations with all species. Kanamycin and hygromycin were growth inhibitory only if added early (within 5 days after protoplast isolation and culture). Protoplasts of T. monococcum, P. maximum, S. officinarum, and the tri-specific hybrid were electroporated with plasmid DNA containing hygromycin (pMON410), kanamycin (pMON273), or methotrexate (pMON806) resistance genes. Resistant colonies were obtained at low frequencies (1 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-6)) when selected under conditions which were growth inhibitory to protoplasts electroporated without DNA. Southern blot hybridization confirmed stable integration of plasmid DNA into T. monococcum using hygromycin vectors and P. maximum using the methotrexate vector with 1 to 10 copies integrated per haploid genome.
A new synthesis of isocyanates (1976)

M. W. Gittos, R. V. Davies, B. Iddon and H. Suschitzky, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1976, 141 DOI: 10.1039/P19760000141
Fundamental-mode operation in polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped fiber with an effective area of 1400 μm^2 (2007)

We report, for the first time to our knowledge, fundamental-mode operation in polarization-maintaining ytterbium-doped fiber with an effective area of approximately 1400 micro m(2) and birefringence of 2.1 x 10(-4). The measured critical bending radius, R(c), defined as the radius at which the loss is equal to 3 dB for 1 m of fiber, is approximately 4 cm. Lasing with slope efficiency exceeding 60% and M(2) of 1.2 has also been demonstrated.
Polarized entry and release of Junín virus, a New World arenavirus (2005)

Junin virus (JUNV), the causative agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever, is a human pathogen that naturally enters the body through the epithelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The interaction of JUNV with two types of polarized epithelial cultures, Vero C1008 and A549, was investigated. Radioactive virus-binding assays showed that JUNV infects polarized lines preferentially through the apical surface. High-level expression of viral nucleoprotein was detected in polarized cell lines infected through the apical domain. Virus production from apical media was about 100-fold higher than that found into the basolateral medium. Confocal-immunofluorescence analysis revealed high-level expression of glycoprotein at the apical-membrane surface. Disruption of the microtubule network by colchicine impaired JUNV vectorial release. This is the first study to analyse the interaction between a member of the virus family Arenaviridae and polarized epithelial cells, showing preferential entry and release from the apical plasma membrane.
Protein Structure and Dynamics in Ionic Liquids. Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies (2008)

We present in this work the first molecular simulation study of an enzyme, the serine protease cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi, in two ionic liquids (ILs): 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([BMIM][PF6]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate ([BMIM][NO(3)]). We tested different water contents in these ILs at room temperature (298 K) and high temperature (343 K), and we observe that the enzyme structure is highly dependent on the amount of water present in the IL media. We show that the enzyme is preferentially stabilized in [BMIM][PF6] at 5-10% (w/w) (weight of water over protein) water content at room temperature. [BMIM][PF6] renders a more nativelike enzyme structure at the same water content of 5-10% (w/w) as previously found for hexane, and the system displays a similar bell-shape-like dependence with the water content in the IL media. [BMIM][PF6] is shown to increase significantly the protein thermostability at high temperatures, especially at low hydration. Our analysis indicates that the enzyme is less stabilized in [BMIM][NO(3)] relative to [BMIM][PF6] at both temperatures, most likely due to the strong affinity of the [NO(3)]- anion toward the protein main chain. These findings are in accordance with the experimental knowledge for these two ionic liquids. We also show that these ILs "strip off" most of the water from the enzyme surface in a degree similar to that found for polar organic solvents such as acetonitrile, and that the remaining waters at the enzyme surface are organized in many small clusters.
The tissue origin of low back pain and sciatica: a report of pain response to tissue stimulation during operations on the lumbar spine using local anesthesia. (1991)

In an effort to define the origin of low back pain and sciatica, 193 patients were carefully studied using progressive local anesthesia. These patients had surgery for herniated discs, spinal stenoses, or both. Various tissues were stimulated during the performance of these lumbar spinal operations. This article discusses our observations and the results of that study.