gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dendrimer‐Functionalized Shell‐crosslinked Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In‐Vivo Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumors (2008)

A powerful magnetic nanoprobe with folic acid (FA)-targeting ligands is fabricated by dendrimer functionalization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) precoated with crosslinkable and biocompatible polymer multilayer shells. This magnetic probe allows for magnetic resonance imaging of FA receptor-overexpressing tumor cells in vitro and of an early-stage tumor model in vivo (see picture).
Humoral and Cellular Immunologic Study of Cerebrospinal Fluid in a Patient With Behcet Encephalitis (1992)

To study the immunopathogenesis of neuro-Behçet syndrome, we performed serial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations in a patient with Behçet's syndrome and involvement of the central nervous system. Before and after immunosuppressive treatment, we measured the CSF indexes of immunoglobulins (Ig), and the third (C3) and the fourth (C4) component of complement, and quantified immune complexes and lymphocyte subsets in CSF and peripheral blood. During active encephalitis, humoral abnormalities were intrathecal production of IgM and, to a lesser degree, IgG and IgA, presence of immune complexes in CSF but not in peripheral blood, intrathecal C3 production, and elevated CSF C3 and C4 concentrations; lymphocyte subset analysis showed an increased CSF CD8+ T-cell percentage, in combination with slightly increased PB CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets. After effective immunosuppressive treatment, humoral and cellular CSF values were normal. We conclude that intrathecally produced immunoglobulins, immune complexes, and C3 as well as CD8+ T cells are likely to participate in the development of Behçet encephalitis.
High Dynamic Range Video Coding with Backward Compatibility (2016)

This paper presents a method for efficient compression of high dynamic range (HDR) and wide color gamut (WCG) video data. The proposed solution consists of two major elements: a conventional video codec (e.g., HEVC) and pre-and post-processing steps applied prior to encoding and after decoding process, respectively. The proposed HDR/WCG video coding system can be configured to provide two configurations: (1) a non-backward compatible bitstream with improved HDR video quality and (2) a SDR backward compatible bitstream with balanced visual quality between the reconstructed signal by the SDR and the HDR receivers. The simulations conducted under the MPEG Common Test Conditions for HDR demonstrate that the compression efficiency of the proposed solution outperforms the anchor solution on objective metrics. Additionally, subjective evaluations conducted under MPEG revealed improved visual quality for the proposed method.
Active microwave imaging: a model-based approach (1991)

A model-based approach that improves the spatial resolution of a buried inhomogeneous object using an active microwave imaging system is discussed. Algorithms are developed for quasi-real-time processing using a microwave camera specifically constructed for civil engineering applications using reflection mode imaging. The model is generated by numerically solving an integral equation representing the ideal scattered field of the object. The model is used to develop an optimal spatial filter to process the measured field. Finally, the inverse problem is solved using an imaging algorithm based on diffraction tomography and Fourier transforms. Experimental results indicate a reasonable performance of the approach.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Application of an End-to-End Biomarker Discovery Platform to Identify Target Engagement Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid by High Resolution Differential Mass Spectrometry (2010)

The rapid identification of protein biomarkers in biofluids is important to drug discovery and development. Here, we describe a general proteomic approach for the discovery and identification of proteins that exhibit a statistically significant difference in abundance in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after pharmacological intervention. This approach, differential mass spectrometry (dMS), is based on the analysis of full scan mass spectrometry data. The dMS workflow does not require complex mixing and pooling strategies, or isotope labeling techniques. Accordingly, clinical samples can be analyzed individually, allowing the use of longitudinal designs and within-subject data analysis in which each subject acts as its own control. As a proof of concept, we performed multifactorial dMS analyses on CSF samples drawn at 6 time points from n = 6 cisterna magna ported (CMP) rhesus monkeys treated with 2 potent gamma secretase inhibitors (GSI) or comparable vehicle in a 3-way crossover study that included a total of 108 individual CSF samples. Using analysis of variance and statistical filtering on the aligned and normalized LC-MS data sets, we detected 26 features that were significantly altered in CSF by drug treatment. Of those 26 features, which belong to 10 distinct isotopic distributions, 20 were identified by MS/MS as 7 peptides from CD99, a cell surface protein. Six features from the remaining 3 isotopic distributions were not identified. A subsequent analysis showed that the relative abundance of these 26 features showed the same temporal profile as the ELISA measured levels of CSF A beta 42 peptide, a known pharmacodynamic marker for gamma-secretase inhibition. These data demonstrate that dMS is a promising approach for the discovery, quantification, and identification of candidate target engagement biomarkers in CSF.
Effect of Initial Timing of Scarification and Overlay Treatment on Chloride Concentrations in Concrete Bridge Decks (2011)

Scarification and overlay (SO) procedures are often performed on concrete bridge decks to minimize the corrosion of reinforcing steel caused by chloride ingress. The objectives of this research were to collect information from personnel of state departments of transportation (DOTs) about their SO procedures and to recommend the timing of initial SO procedures on concrete bridge decks to prevent the accumulation of corrosion-inducing levels of chlorides and to extend deck service life. A survey of state DOTs was conducted; numerical modeling of SO treatments was performed for decks both with and without stay-in-place metal forms (SIPMFs). Full-factorial numerical modeling was performed through a service life of 50 years to determine the recommended initial timing of SO treatment in each case. Research results showed that bridge decks without SIPMFs could endure longer delays in SO treatment timing than those with SIPMFs. The allowable delay in SO timing ranged from 2 years to 6 years for decks with SIPMFs, while the allowable delay ranged from 6 years to 18 years for decks without SIPMFs. In addition, results showed that the allowable delay also depended on the original cover depth (OCD). On average, for each additional 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of OCD, the period of additional allowable delay for decks with SIPMFs was 2 years; for decks without SIPMFs, however, the additional allowable delay was 5 years with each additional 0.5 in. (12.7 mm) of OCD.
Context-based, adaptive, lossless image coding (1997)

We propose a context-based, adaptive, lossless image codec (CALIC). The codec obtains higher lossless compression of continuous-tone images than other lossless image coding techniques in the literature. This high coding efficiency is accomplished with relatively low time and space complexities. The CALIC puts heavy emphasis on image data modeling. A unique feature of the CALIC is the use of a large number of modeling contexts (states) to condition a nonlinear predictor and adapt the predictor to varying source statistics. The nonlinear predictor can correct itself via an error feedback mechanism by learning from its mistakes under a given context in the past. In this learning process, the CALIC estimates only the expectation of prediction errors conditioned on a large number of different contexts rather than estimating a large number of conditional error probabilities. The former estimation technique can afford a large number of modeling contexts without suffering from the context dilution problem of insufficient counting statistics as in the latter approach, nor from excessive memory use. The low time and space complexities are also attributed to efficient techniques for forming and quantizing modeling contexts.
P‐142: Synthesis and Electroluminescent Properties of Various Carbazole Derivatives as HTL Layer (2005)

Abstract We report the photoluminescent and electroluminescent properties of conjugated compounds based on carbazolyl dimer moiety, N, N′‐diethyl‐3, 3′‐bicarbazyl (DEBC) and N, N′‐diphenyl‐3, 3′‐bicarbazyl (DPBC) as hole‐transporting molecules. The ITO / CuPc(20nm) / DPBC (50nm) / Alq 3 (60nm) / LiF (1nm) / Al (200nm) device showed turn‐on voltage at 11V and 5.13cd/A efficiency. The ITO / CuPc (20nm) / DPBC (50nm) / Alq 3 +Coumarin6 (C 6 ) (1.5%) (60nm) / LiF (1nm) / Al (200nm) device also showed 13.5cd/A efficiency. DPBC showed 20% increased EL efficiency relative to NPB in Alq 3 based system as well as 1.5 % C 6 ‐doped Alq 3 based system.
Methods for determining infrasound phase velocity direction with an array of line sensors (2008)

Infrasound arrays typically consist of several microbarometers separated by distances that provide predictable signal time separations, forming the basis for processing techniques that estimate the phase velocity direction. The directional resolution depends on the noise level and is proportional to the number of these point sensors; additional sensors help attenuate noise and improve direction resolution. An alternative approach is to form an array of directional line sensors, each of which emulates a line of many microphones that instantaneously integrate pressure change. The instrument response is a function of the orientation of the line with respect to the signal wavefront. Real data recorded at the Piñon Flat Observatory in southern California and synthetic data show that this spectral property can be exploited with multiple line sensors to determine the phase velocity direction with a precision comparable to a larger aperture array of microbarometers. Three types of instrument-response-dependent beamforming and an array deconvolution technique are evaluated. The results imply that an array of five radial line sensors, with equal azimuthal separation and an aperture that depends on the frequency band of interest, provides directional resolution while requiring less space compared to an equally effective array of five microbarometers with rosette wind filters.
Strategies for the Production of Transgenic Chickens (2003)

Insertion of foreign DNA into the germline requires access to the chromosomes of cells that give rise to sperm or eggs. From a theoretical point of view, the newly fertilized zygote is the most appropriate cell for genetic alteration because any modification of the genome will be inherited by every cell that subsequently develops within the organism. In mammals, random insertion of genes via injection of DNA into the pronucleus is the most cost-effective route for modification of the genome (see Chapter 31). If specific, targeted modifications to the genome are desired, however, an elaborate culture system is required that simultaneously supports proliferation of pluripotential embryonic stem cells and facilitates selection of cells that bear the specific genetic change (see Chapter 31). In the chicken, injection into the pronuclei of the newly fertilized egg is not feasible for two reasons. Firstly, the oocyte is located on the surface of the large and fragile yolk and techniques to identify, manipulate, and inject the female pronucleus have not yet been developed. Secondly, fertilization in avian species is associated with the entry of several sperm into the egg () and it is not yet possible to distinguish individual male pronuclei or to determine which male pronucleus will unite with the female pronucleus. Strategies for gaining access to the germline of chickens, therefore, have arisen through an improved understanding of the morphological and physiological events that occur between fertilization and differentiation of the primordial germ cell lineage.
Implanted stimulators for restoration of function in spinal cord injury (2001)

Neuroprostheses that electrically stimulate paralyzed muscles provide functional enhancements for individuals with spinal cord injury and stroke such as standing and stepping, reaching and grasping, and bladder and bowel function. For chronic applications, implanted neuroprostheses lead to reliable, low-maintenance and patient-acceptable systems. The advantages of such systems are discussed followed by a generic description of implantable stimulators. Features of current first and second generation neuroprostheses developed at our centre are discussed followed by our experience in the application of these devices in the rehabilitation of individuals with spinal cord injury.
Microscopic manipulation of homojunction band lineups (1992)

We tested the theoretical prediction that the band structures on the opposite sides of a homojunction can be artificially displaced in energy with respect to each other by means of double intralayers of atomiclike thickness, producing band discontinuities of potential interest for practical applications. Evidence of such discontinuities was found when Ga-As, Al-As, Ga-P, or Al-P intralayers were inserted between Si and Si or Ge and Ge.
Quantitative reconstruction of leukocyte subsets using DNA methylation (2014)

Cell mixture distributions within peripheral blood can be assessed accurately and reliably using DNA methylation. Thus, precise immune cell differential estimates can be reconstructed using only DNA rather than whole cells.
Spatial domain analysis predicts risk of colorectal cancer recurrence and infers associated tumor microenvironment networks (2020)

An unmet clinical need in solid tumor cancers is the ability to harness the intrinsic spatial information in primary tumors that can be exploited to optimize prognostics, diagnostics and therapeutic strategies for precision medicine. Here, we develop a transformational spatial analytics computational and systems biology platform (SpAn) that predicts clinical outcomes and captures emergent spatial biology that can potentially inform therapeutic strategies. We apply SpAn to primary tumor tissue samples from a cohort of 432 chemo-naïve colorectal cancer (CRC) patients iteratively labeled with a highly multiplexed (hyperplexed) panel of 55 fluorescently tagged antibodies. We show that SpAn predicts the 5-year risk of CRC recurrence with a mean AUROC of 88.5% (SE of 0.1%), significantly better than current state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, SpAn infers the emergent network biology of tumor microenvironment spatial domains revealing a spatially-mediated role of CRC consensus molecular subtype features with the potential to inform precision medicine.
Excitotoxic cell death and delayed rescue in human neurons derived from NT2 cells (1995)

The excitotoxic response of NT2-N cells, a clonal line of human teratocarcinoma cells that are terminally differentiated into neuron-like cells, was examined using several endpoints. A 15 min exposure to glutamate produced a dose-dependent toxicity with a maximal cell loss of 80-90% in 6 week old cells. The rapidly triggered excitotoxicity induced by glutamate was blocked by NMDA selective antagonists, was calcium dependent and pH sensitive and could be mimicked by NMDA but not by non-NMDA agonists, AMPA, kainate or quisqualate. The non-NMDA agonists however caused toxicity on prolonged exposure. The NMDA receptor modulators glycine and spermidine enhanced glutamate-mediated toxicity whereas ifenprodil potently and completely inhibited toxicity suggesting that the toxic response is mediated by the NR1/NR2B combination of NMDA subunits. These cells can be rescued from death up to 1 hr after removal of glutamate by NMDA receptor blockade, removal of extracellular Ca2+ or lowering of pH. The extent of rescue is directly related to the time elapsed before intervention. Blockage of NMDA receptor activity for 1 hr immediately after removal of glutamate is both necessary and sufficient for complete rescue. Glutamate-mediated toxicity was not prevented by nitric oxide synthase inhibitors nor was nitric oxide synthase detected in NT2-N cells indicating that nitric oxide is not required for glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. In summary, NT2-N cells exhibit a robust excitotoxic response and represent a novel model system in which to study the molecular basis of excitotoxic cell death.
Automatic construction of efficient multiple battery usage policies (2011)

There is a huge and growing number of systems that depend on batteries for power supply, ranging from small mobile devices to large high-powered systems such as electrical substations. In most of these systems, there are significant user-benefits or engineering reasons to base the supply on multiple batteries, with load being switched between batteries by a control system. The key to efficient use of multiple batteries lies in the design of effective policies for the management of the switching of load between them. This paper describes work in which we show that automated planning can produce much more effective policies than other approaches to multiple battery load management in the literature.
Flame‐retardant epoxy resin compounds containing novolac derivatives with aromatic compounds (2001)

Abstract New flame‐retardant epoxy resin compounds containing novolac derivatives with specific aromatic compounds have been developed. After crosslinking reactions between epoxy resin and hardener, the epoxy resin compounds formed highly flame‐retardant network structures that were obtained by including biphenylene and phenylene moieties in the main chains of novolac‐type epoxy resin and phenol novolac resin hardener. The high flame retardancy is due mainly to the stable foam layers that form during combustion because of the low elasticity at high temperatures and the high pyrolysis resistance of the compounds. Furthermore, the addition of excess phenol derivative hardener not only facilitates the formation of the foam layers by decreasing the crosslink densities but also reduces the amount of flammable substances generated from the epoxy resin compounds during combustion. The use of a multifunctional epoxy resin containing four glycidyloxy groups in the compounds improved characteristics such as heat resistance and strength at high temperatures, while maintaining excellent flame retardancy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Autonomous distributed self-organizing and self-healing hardware architecture - The eDNA concept (2011)

This paper presents the current state of the autonomous distributed self-organizing and self-healing electronic DNA (eDNA) hardware architecture (patent pending). In its current prototype state, the eDNA architecture is capable of responding to multiple injected faults by autonomously reconfiguring itself to accommodate the fault and keep the application running. This paper will also disclose advanced features currently available in the simulation model only. These features are future work and will soon be implemented in hardware. Finally we will describe step-by-step how an application is implemented on the eDNA architecture.
Analysis of <i>β-Catenin</i> Gene Mutations in Pancreatic Tumors (1999)

These data suggest that the beta-catenin gene as the major player of the beta-catenin-Tcf pathway does not play an important role in the genesis of pancreatic tumors.
Heterologous expression of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol acetyltransferase genes in Clostridium acetobutylicum and Escherichia coli for the production of isoamyl acetate (2003)

Esters are formed by the condensation of acids with alcohols. The esters isoamyl acetate and butyl butyrate are used for food and beverage flavorings. Alcohol acetyltransferase is one enzyme responsible for the production of esters from acetyl-CoA and different alcohol substrates. The genes ATF1 and ATF2, encoding alcohol acetyltransferases from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been sequenced and characterized. The production of acids and alcohols in mass quantities by the industrially important Clostridium acetobutylicum makes it a potential organism for exploitation of alcohol acetyltransferase activity. This report focuses on the heterologous expression of the alcohol acetyltransferases in Escherichia coli and C. acetobutylicum. ATF1 and ATF2 were cloned and expressed in E. coli and ATF2 was expressed in C. acetobutylicum. Isoamyl acetate production from the substrate isoamyl alcohol in E. coli and C. acetobutylicum cultures was determined by head-space gas analysis. Alcohol acetyltransferase I produced more than twice as much isoamyl acetate as alcohol acetyltransferase II when expressed from a high-copy expression vector. The effect of substrate levels on ester production was explored in the two bacterial hosts to demonstrate the efficacy of utilizing ATF1 and ATF2 in bacteria for ester production.
Regulation and properties of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1, 2, and 3. (1993)

The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are 43- and 41-kd enzymes activated by many extracellular cues. They lie within a protein kinase cascade that is used to achieve many cellular responses. In addition to the wide variety of regulatory contexts in which they are activated, they phosphorylate important regulatory proteins, including receptors, transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins, and other protein kinases. Thus, the stimulation of this kinase cascade is thought to have a pleiotropic action. ERK1 and ERK2 are controlled by phosphorylation on threonine and tyrosine. To understand the regulatory mechanisms, wild-type and mutant ERKs were expressed in bacteria and phosphorylated with MEK, the enzyme that is upstream of ERKs. Wild-type proteins could be activated 500- to 1,000-fold in vitro by MEK. ERK3, an enzyme of 62 kd and only 50% identical to ERK1 and ERK2 in the catalytic core, was also phosphorylated by MEK in vitro. This suggests that all three of these enzymes are targets of common signaling pathways.
Discovery of a Potent, Highly Selective, and Orally Efficacious Small-Molecule Activator of the Insulin Receptor (2000)

A series of 3,6-diaryl-2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinones were synthesized and evaluated for their abilities to selectively activate human insulin receptor tyrosine kinase (IRTK). 2, 5-Dihydroxy-6-(1-methylindol-3-yl)-3-phenyl-1,4-benzoquinone (2h) was identified as a potent, highly selective, and orally active small-molecule insulin receptor activator. It activated IRTK with an EC(50) of 300 nM and did not induce the activation of closely related receptors (IGFIR, EGFR, and PDGFR) at concentrations up to 30 000 nM. Oral administration of the compound to hyperglycemic db/db mice (0.1-10 mg/kg/day) elicited substantial to nearly complete correction of hyperglycemia in a dose-dependent manner. In ob/ob mice, the compound (10 mg/kg) caused significant reduction in hyperinsulinemia. A structurally related compound 2c, inactive in IRTK assay, failed to affect blood glucose level in db/db mice at equivalent exposure levels. Results from additional studies with compound 2h, aimed at evaluating classical quinone-related phenomena, provided sufficient grounds for optimism to allow more extensive toxicologic evaluation.