gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clostridium Difficile-Associated Diarrhea and Colitis (1995)

Treatment of symptomatic (but not asymptomatic) patients with metronidazole or vancomycin for 10 days is effective; metronidazole may be preferred to reduce risk of vancomycin resistance among other organisms in hospitals. Recurrence of symptoms occurs in 7% to 20% of patients and is due to both relapse and reinfection. Over 90% of first recurrences can be treated successfully in the same manner as initial cases. Combination treatment with vancomycin plus rifampin or the addition orally of the yeast Saccharomyces boulardii to vancomycin or metronidazole treatment has been shown to prevent subsequent diarrhea in patients with recurrent disease.
Mutation of outer-shell residues modulates metal ion co-ordination strength in a metalloenzyme (2010)

The metal ion co-ordination sites of many metalloproteins have been characterized by a variety of spectroscopic techniques and small-molecule model systems, revealing many important insights into the structural determinants of metal ion co-ordination. However, our understanding of this fundamentally and practically important phenomenon remains frustratingly simplistic; in many proteins it is essentially impossible to predict metal ion specificity and the effects of remote 'outer-shell' residues on metal ion co-ordination strength are also poorly defined. This is exemplified by our inability to explain why metalloenzymes with identical metal ion co-ordination spheres, such as the closely related orthologues of bacterial PTE (phosphotriesterase) from Agrobacterium radiobacter and Pseudomonas diminuta, display different metal ion specificity and co-ordination strength. In the present study, we present a series of PTE variants that all possess identical metal ion co-ordination spheres, yet display large differences in their metal ion co-ordination strength. Using measurement of the rates of metal ion dissociation from the active site alongside analysis of structural data obtained through X-ray crystallography, we show that 'outer-shell' residues provide essential support for the metal ion ligands, in effect buttressing them in their optimal orientation. Remote mutations appear to modulate metal ion interactions by increasing or decreasing the stabilizing effects of these networks. The present study therefore provides a description of how the greater protein fold can be modified to 'tune' the strength of metal ion co-ordination and metal ion specificity, as well as reinforcing the concept of proteins as ensembles of conformational states with unique structures and biochemical properties.
[Sucralfate in odontostomatology. Clinical experience]. (1997)

In conclusion we believe that sucralfate can be considered a valid therapeutic support in the context of the lenitive pharmacological protocols in which it is currently used, but our results do not allow a definitive judgement of its efficacy in patients with BMS.
Development of Eosinophilic Airway Inflammation and Airway Hyperresponsiveness Requires Interleukin-5 but Not Immunoglobulin E or B Lymphocytes (1999)

We previously defined a role for B cells and allergen-specific immunoglobulins in the development of allergic sensitization, airway inflammation, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), using a 10-d protocol in which allergen exposure occurred exclusively via the airways, without adjuvant. In the present protocol, normal and B-cell-deficient (microMt(-/-)) mice were sensitized intraperitoneally to ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged with OVA via the airways in order to examine the requirements for AHR with this protocol. T-cell activation (antigen-specific proliferative responses and Th2-type cytokine production) and eosinophil infiltration in the peribronchial regions of the airways, with signs of eosinophil activation and degranulation, occurred in both experimental groups. In contrast to the 10-d protocol, increased in vivo airway responsiveness to methacholine and in vitro tracheal smooth-muscle responses to electrical field stimulation were observed in both normal and B-cell-deficient mice, and these responses were inhibited by anti-interleukin (IL)-5 administration before airway challenge. These data show that IL-5, but not B cells or allergen-specific IgE, are required for eosinophil airway infiltration and the development of AHR following allergen/alum sensitization and repeated airway challenge with allergen. These results emphasize that the use of different sensitization and challenge protocols can influence the requirements for development of AHR.
WSDLite: a lightweight alternative to windows sockets direct path (2000)

This paper describes WSDLite, a thin software layer that maps a useful subset of the WinSock2 APT onto a system area network. The development of WSDLite was motivated by our experience with an early version of Windows Sockets Direct Path (WSDP). WSDP is intended to allow unmodified applications to exploit the performance and reliability advantages of System Area Networks (SANs). This is accomplished through the use of a software &amp;quot;switch&amp;quot; that, when appropriate, redirects message traffic through the SAN provider protocol stack instead of the standard TCP/IP protocol stack. The need for WSDP to implement the entire WinSock2 APT results in substantial overhead. While we expect later versions of WSDP software to exhibit better performance, the beta version of WSDP examined was only able to achieve 26% of the native SAN Virtual Interface Architecture (VIA) throughput on our system. Although better performance can clearly be obtained by coding directly to the SAN native APT, this is not a particularly attractive alternative. It may not be desirable or possible to rewrite existing programs to use the SAN library instead of TCP/IP, since coding directly to the SAN provider interface requires exacting buffer-management by the programmer. Additionally, this practice results in applications that are network-interface specific, thus requiring software vendors to maintain multiple versions of their applications that are tailored for each network vendor&amp;apos;s APT. Finally, it is likely to be infeasible, or at least unpalatable, to rewrite substantial portions of the large body of application code already in existence. A third alternative is suggested by the observation that many Windows network applications only utilize a small fraction of the WinSock2 APT. For those applications that do...
Matrix Calculations for Digital Photography (1997)

Different digital cameras have different spectral sensitivities and opto-electronic conversion functions (OECF’s), and therefore produce different data about the same scene. Correct interpretation of the data requires that it be presented in some sort of standard form. The most rigorous way to do this is to provide the raw data along with the camera color channel OECF’s and spectral sensitivities. Another option is to transform the data itself into some sort of standard form with assumed OECF and spectral characteristics, or to specify a transformation. There are a number of paths to take in determining such transformations. The results obtained are variable, and depend on the scene and capture device spectral characteristics, and how the transformation to the standard data form was determined. Since the spectral spaces spanned by different cameras are different, and the intended use of the data in digital photography is to produce a reproduction for viewing, the obvious choice for a standard spectral space is a spectral space spanned by a set of color matching functions, e.g. a color space. This paper outlines several methods for determining 3x3 matrix transformations from camera spectral spaces to a standard color space based on the ITU-R BT.709 red, green, and blue (RGB) primaries. Since these transformations are intended for digital cameras, they are based on either of two assumptions about the scene spectral correlation statistics: standard surface reflection statistics as represented by a Macbeth Color Checker (MBCC), or the assumption of no spectral correlation (maximum ignorance). This paper only deals with 3x3 matrix transformations because such transformations are most appropriate when the relationship between the scene radiance and the radiance incident on the sensor is variable, different illumination sources are used, and the colorants found in the scene are unknown or highly variable. If the illumination source, colorants, and corresponding spectral correlation statistics of the scene or original are known, as is typically the case with film scans, the actual correlation statistics should be applied by using the appropriate spectral correlation matrix, or
Adherence of human basophils to cultured umbilical vein endothelial cells. (1988)

The mechanism by which circulating human basophils adhere to vascular endothelium and migrate to sites of allergic reactions is unknown. Agents have been identified which stimulate the adherence of purified basophils to cultured human umbilical vein vascular endothelial cells (HuVEC). Treatment of HuVEC with interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), bacterial endotoxin, and 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in time and dose-dependent increases of adhesiveness for basophils. Coincubation of basophils and HuVEC for 10 min with C5a, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, the calcium ionophore A23187, platelet-activating factor, TNF, and TPA also resulted in significant dose-dependent increases in basophil adherence; this effect resulted from activation of the basophil. Adherence of basophils to HuVEC was time and temperature dependent, required divalent cations, and was unaffected by glucocorticoids. Monoclonal antibody 60.3, directed against the beta-subunit of the leukocyte adherence complex CD18, inhibited the binding of basophils to HuVEC. Adherence of basophils to vascular endothelium may be important in initiating basophil infiltrates in vivo.
A 1.5-V 45-mw direct-conversion WCDMA receiver IC in 0.13-μm CMOS (2003)

A 2-GHz direct-conversion receiver for wide-band code division multiple access (WCDMA) is presented. It includes two low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), an I/Q demodulator, and two sixth-order baseband channel select filters with programmable gain. Quadrature local oscillator (LO) signals are generated on chip in a frequency divider flip-flop. An external interstage filter between the LNAs rejects transmitter leakage to relax demodulator linearity requirements. A low-voltage demodulator topology improves linearity as well as demodulator output pole accuracy. The active-RC baseband filter uses a programmable servo loop for offset compensation and provides an adjacent channel rejection of 39 dB. Programmable gain over 71-dB range in 1-dB steps is merged with the filter to maximize dynamic range. An automatic on-chip frequency calibration scheme provides better than 1.5% corner frequency accuracy. The receiver is integrated in a 0.13-μm CMOS process with metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors. Measured receiver performance includes a 6.5-dB noise figure, IIP2 of +27 dBm, and IIP3 of -8.6 dBm. Power consumption is 45 mW.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Adipogenesis in Hemangioma Involution (2006)

Hemangioma is a benign tumor of infancy whose hallmark is rapid growth during the first year of life followed by slow regression during early childhood. The proliferating phase is characterized by abundant immature endothelial cells, the involuting phase by prominent endothelial-lined vascular channels and endothelial apoptosis, and the involuted phase by few remaining capillary-like vessels surrounded by loose fibrofatty tissue. Nothing is known about the mechanisms that contribute to the adipogenesis during this spontaneous regression. We postulated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in the tumor and preferentially differentiate into adipocytes. To test this hypothesis, we isolated MSCs from 14 proliferating and five involuting hemangiomas by taking advantage of the well known selective adhesion of MSCs to bacteriologic dishes. These hemangioma-derived MSCs (Hem-MSCs) are similar to MSCs obtained from human bone marrow, expressing the cell surface markers SH2 (CD105), SH3, SH4, CD90, CD29, smooth muscle alpha-actin, and CD133 but not the hematopoietic markers CD45 and CD14 or the hematopoietic/endothelial markers CD34, CD31, and kinase insert domain receptor (KDR). Hem-MSCs exhibited multilineage differentiation with robust adipogenic potential that correlated with the proliferating phase. The numbers of adipogenic Hem-MSCs were higher in proliferating-phase than in involuting-phase tumors and higher than in normal infantile skin. Furthermore, Hem-MSCs exhibited a random pattern of X-chromosomal inactivation, indicating that these cells are not clonally derived. In summary, we have identified MSCs as a novel cellular constituent in infantile hemangioma. These MSCs may contribute to the adipogenesis during hemangioma involution.
Reprogramming Efficiency Following Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer Is Influenced by the Differentiation and Methylation State of the Donor Nucleus (2006)

Reprogramming of a differentiated cell nucleus by somatic cell nuclear transplantation is an inefficient process. Following nuclear transfer, the donor nucleus often fails to express early embryonic genes and establish a normal embryonic pattern of chromatin modifications. These defects correlate with the low number of cloned embryos able to produce embryonic stem cells or develop into adult animals. Here, we show that the differentiation and methylation state of the donor cell influence the efficiency of genomic reprogramming. First, neural stem cells, when used as donors for nuclear transplantation, produce embryonic stem cells at a higher efficiency than blastocysts derived from terminally differentiated neuronal donor cells, demonstrating a correlation between the state of differentiation and cloning efficiency. Second, using a hypomorphic allele of DNA methyltransferase-1, we found that global hypomethylation of a differentiated cell genome improved cloning efficiency. Our results provide functional evidence that the differentiation and epigenetic state of the donor nucleus influences reprogramming efficiency.
Pressure Readings Point Out Distribution System Problems (1988)

The City of Columbus (Ohio) Water Division has developed a device, called a leak checker, which uses pressure readings to determine whether leaks and causes of inadequate pressure occur in the utility's or the customer's area of responsibility. The leak checker is a standard meter jumper with a gate valve and a cut‐in tee for a pressure gauge. In addition to finding leaks, the leak checker can also determine if adequate flow is available through the customer's service. The device takes approximately 30‐45 minutes to build and costs $40.00.
Sterically stabilized anti-G(M3), anti-Le(x) immunoliposomes: targeting to B16BL6, HRT-18 cancer cells. (1999)

Various tumor-associated antigens have been identified as carbohydrates bound to lipids or to proteins expressed on tumor cell membranes. We prepared tumor-specific immunoliposomes by coupling anticarbohydrate antibodies, such as antiganglioside G(M3) antibody (DH2) or anti-Le(x) antibody (SH1), to polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated liposomes. In vitro and in vivo targetability of anti-G(M3) and anti-Le(x) immunoliposomes to B16BL6 mouse melanoma cells and HRT-18 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells were monitored with a fluorescence microscopy, and analyzed by biodistribution assay of the immunoliposome in mice bearing the tumor tissues. The antibody coupling to the PEG liposomes did not greatly diminish the circulation time of the liposome in the C57BL/6 mouse model. In vitro cytotoxicity of doxorubicin encapsulated in liposomes was enhanced by antibody coupling, but still behind free doxorubicin. However, in vivo antitumor therapeutic efficacy of doxorubicin encapsulated in the immunoliposomes was far greater than the free drug or in conventional liposomes. Doxorubicin encapsulated in anti-G(M3) immunoliposomes was able to reduce in vivo tumor growth and metastasis of B16BL6 mouse melanoma cells more greatly than any other formulations of the drug. This study suggests that tumor-associated antigens can be good target molecules for tumor-specific delivery of liposomal drugs or other synthetic drug delivery systems.
Identification of an inhibitory region of the heat-stable protein inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. (1985)

The present study was undertaken in order to identify the inhibitory site of the heat-stable inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKI) and to synthesize a peptide that could serve as a useful inhibitor of the enzyme. Digestion of purified PKI by mast cell proteinase II yielded a peptide fragment that retained inhibitory activity. A sequence of 20 amino acids of the peptide, (sequence in text) revealed the presence of a "pseudosubstrate site" (Arg-Arg-Asn-Ala-Ile) for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase in which alanine replaces the seryl or threonyl residue that is normally phosphorylated. Digestion of PKI with various other proteinases implicated the involvement of arginyl and hydrophobic residues as determinants for the inhibitory activity. The assumption that this region is part of the inhibitory site was confirmed by the synthesis of a corresponding duodecapeptide that displayed strong inhibitory activity. Inhibition by the peptide was competitive with a Ki of 0.8 microM as measured against a number of protein substrates. The sequence of this fragment bears a strong resemblance to the autophosphorylation site in the type II regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, a region also postulated to interact with the catalytic subunit, and the analogous region of type I regulatory subunit. Neither intact PKI nor the synthetic peptide inhibit the cGMP-dependent protein kinase, phosphorylase kinase, myosin light-chain kinase, casein kinase II, or protein kinase C.
Head and/or CaaX Domain Deletions of Lamin Proteins Disrupt Preformed Lamin A and C But Not Lamin B Structure in Mammalian Cells (2000)

The nuclear lamina is an important determinant of nuclear architecture. Mutations in A-type but not B-type lamins cause a range of human genetic disorders, including muscular dystrophy. Dominant mutations in nuclear lamin proteins have been shown to disrupt a preformed lamina structure in Xenopus egg extracts. Here, a series of deletion mutations in lamins A and B1 were evaluated for their ability to disrupt lamina structure in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Deletions of either the lamin A "head" domain or the C-terminal CaaX domain formed intranuclear aggregates and resulted in the disruption of endogenous lamins A/C but not lamins B1/B2. By contrast, "head-less" lamin B1 localized to the nuclear rim with no detectable effect on endogenous lamins, whereas lamin B1 CaaX domain deletions formed intranuclear aggregates, disrupting endogenous lamins A/C but not lamins B1/B2. Filter binding assays revealed that a head/CaaX domain lamin B1 mutant interacted much more strongly with lamins A/C than with lamins B1/B2. Regulated induction of this mutant in stable cell lines resulted in the rapid elimination of all detectable lamin A protein, whereas lamin C was trapped in a soluble form within the intranuclear aggregates. In contrast to results in Xenopus egg extracts, dominant negative lamin B1 (but not lamin A) mutants trapped replication proteins involved in both the initiation and elongation phases of replication but did not effect cellular growth rates or the assembly of active replication centers. We conclude that elimination of the CaaX domain in lamin B1 and elimination of either the CaaX or head domain in lamin A constitute dominant mutations that can disrupt A-type but not B-type lamins, highlighting important differences in the way that A- and B-type lamins are integrated into the lamina.
Self-Sorted, Aligned Nanotube Networks for Thin-Film Transistors (2008)

To find use in electronics, single-walled carbon nanotubes need to be efficiently separated by electronic type and aligned to ensure optimal and reproducible electronic properties. We report the fabrication of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) network field-effect transistors, deposited from solution, possessing controllable topology and an on/off ratio as high as 900,000. The spin-assisted alignment and density of the SWNTs are tuned by different surfaces that effectively vary the degree of interaction with surface functionalities in the device channel. This leads to a self-sorted SWNT network in which nanotube chirality separation and simultaneous control of density and alignment occur in one step during device fabrication. Micro-Raman experiments corroborate device results as a function of surface chemistry, indicating enrichment of the specific SWNT electronic type absorbed onto the modified dielectric.
Activation of the formyl peptide receptor by the HIV-derived peptide T-20 suppresses interleukin-12 p70 production by human monocytes (2001)

It has been proposed that in the early stages of human immunodeficiency (HIV) infection, before the loss of CD4(+) T cells, inhibition of IL-12 production from host antigen-presenting cells plays a critical role in the suppression of T-helper cell type 1 responses. Activation of the G(i)-protein-coupled high-affinity N-formyl peptide receptor by f-met-leu-phe and HIV-derived peptide T-20-suppressed IL-12 p70 production from human monocytes in response to both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent stimulation are reported. Activation of the low-affinity N-formyl peptide receptor by the HIV-derived F-peptide suppressed IL-12 production more modestly. This suppression was pertussis toxin sensitive and was selective for IL-12; the production of IL-10, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was unaltered. The production of IL-12 p70 by dendritic cells was unaffected by these peptides despite functional expression of the high-affinity fMLP receptor. These findings provide a potential direct mechanism for HIV-mediated suppression of IL-12 production and suggest a broader role for G-protein-coupled receptors in the regulation of innate immune responses. (Blood. 2001;97:3531-3536)
Suppression by several synthetic polypeptides of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis induced in guinea pigs and rabbits with bovine and human basic encephalitogen (1973)

Abstract The basic copolymer of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine and tyrosine, denoted Cop 1, is an efficient suppressor of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with the bovine basic encephalitogen in guinea pigs and rabbits. The suppression was very effective also when the experimental disease was induced with the basic protein from human source. Two related polymers, one in which glutamic acid was replaced with aspartic acid, and one devoid of tyrosine, were less effective in the suppression of the experimentally induced disease. The route of administration of Cop 1 plays an important role in its suppressive effectiveness, with intravenous injections being the most efficient. The injection schedule and dose of injection are also of great importance; thus, repeated doses of Cop 1 starting five days after the administration of the basic protein are suppressive, whereas a single dose of 5 mg given 72 h after challenging with the basic protein does not suppress EAE. Cop 1 is not a nonspecific immunosuppressant, as it does not affect the immune response towards a variety of antigens, including the rejection of a skin graft. When EAE was induced with the human encephalitogen, the histological changes observed included demyelination and fibrosis in the guinea pig brain.