gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Autoantibody Silencing by Immunoglobulin Light Chains (2004)

Several newly arising human antibodies are polyreactive, but in normal individuals the majority of these potentially autodestructive antibodies are removed from the repertoire by receptor editing or B cell deletion in the bone marrow. To determine what proportion of naturally arising autoantibodies can be silenced by immunoglobulin (Ig) light chain receptor editing, we replaced the light chains in 12 such antibodies with a panel of representative Igkappa and Iglambda chains. We found that most naturally arising autoantibodies are readily silenced by light chain exchange. Thus, receptor editing may account for most autoreactive antibody silencing in humans. Light chain complementarity determining region (CDR) isoelectric points did not correlate with silencing activity, but Iglambda genes were more effective than Igkappa genes as silencers. The greater efficacy of Iglambda chains as silencer of autoreactivity provides a possible explanation for the expansion and altered configuration of the Iglambda locus in evolution.
Passive serum antibody causes temporary recovery from influenza virus infection of the nose, trachea and lung of nude mice. (1988)

BALB/c normal and nude mice were infected with a non-lethal mouse-passaged A/PC/1/73 (H3N2) influenza virus in order to assess the role of T cells on the course of disease of the nose, trachea and lung. The tracheal epithelium of both mouse strains was desquamated by 3 days after infection. Although normal regeneration began, nude mice never completed that regeneration whereas normal mice had fully regenerated tracheas by Day 14. This failure to complete the recovery was also evident from the continued virus shedding by the nude mouse. In order to assess the role of serum antibody on recovery from infection, ferret, goat or mouse antibody to H3N2 influenza virus was passively administered to nude mice after infection. It resulted in a transient decrease in virus shedding from the nose, trachea and lung, and complete but temporary regeneration of the tracheal epithelium. However, later in the course of the infection, when serum antibody levels were no longer detectable, the tracheal epithelium of these animals redesquamated and large amounts of virus were again shed from nose, trachea and lungs. We conclude that: (i) desquamation of the ciliated epithelium of the trachea is not T-cell dependent; and (ii) serum antibody can contribute to temporary recovery from infection, but by itself is insufficient for permanent recovery of the nose, trachea or lung.
Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Imines (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTAsymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of IminesNobuyuki Uematsu, Akio Fujii, Shohei Hashiguchi, Takao Ikariya, and Ryoji NoyoriView Author Information ERATO Molecular Catalysis Project Research Development Corporation of Japan 1247 Yachigusa, Yakusa-cho, Toyota 470-03, Japan Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 20, 4916–4917Publication Date (Web):May 22, 1996Publication History Received5 February 1996Published online22 May 1996Published inissue 22 May 1996https://doi.org/10.1021/ja960364kCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views12427Altmetric-Citations718LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit Read OnlinePDF (115 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (3)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Amines,Catalysts,Mixtures,Redox reactions,Transfer reactions Get e-Alerts
Analysis of changes in reflectance measurements on biological tissues subjected to different probe pressures (2008)

Spectral reflectance measurements of biological tissues have been studied for early diagnoses of several pathologies such as cancer. These measurements are often performed with a fiber optic probe in contact with the tissue surface. We report a study in which reflectance measurements are obtained in vivo from mouse thigh muscle while varying the contact pressure of the fiber optic probe. It is determined that the probe pressure is a variable that affects the local optical properties of the tissue. The reflectance spectra are analyzed with an analytical model that extracts the tissue optical properties and facilitates the understanding of underlying physiological changes induced by the probe pressure.
Improvement of Ultrasonically Welded Aluminum/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer‐Joints by Surface Technology and High Resolution Analysis (2013)

In order to achieve a more specific knowledge about the bonding mechanism of ultrasonically welded Al/CFRP‐joints, microscopic investigations were carried out. Transmission electron microscopy was used to investigate the interface between the aluminum and the CFRP sheet. One important result was the detection of mechanically deformed areas due to ultrasonic welding which lead to a reorientation of the crystal structure in surface near areas of mechanically pre‐treated aluminum. Furthermore it has been proven, that molten thermoplastic can penetrate into a cavernous, nanoscaled aluminum oxide layer, which was generated due to acidic etching of aluminum prior to ultrasonic welding. Because of the fact that hybrid joints with such chemically pre‐treated aluminum parts show most favorable strengths in comparative terms within single lap shear tests, there are clear indications, that in case of CF‐PA66 surface enlargement due to higher roughness is not the reason for this behavior. Instead of this, the sub‐microscopic interlocking of polymer and metal based on the generation of sub‐microscopic fine, porous, and open aluminum oxide structures is the key to improve the mechanical properties of ultrasonically welded Al/CFRP‐joints.
Relation Between Progression and Regression of Atherosclerotic Left Main Coronary Artery Disease and Serum Cholesterol Levels as Assessed With Serial Long-Term (≥12 Months) Follow-Up Intravascular Ultrasound (2003)

There is a positive linear relation between LDL cholesterol and annual changes in plaque size, with an LDL value of 75 mg/dL predicting, on average, no plaque progression. HDL cholesterol shows an inverse relation with annual changes in plaque size.
Comparison of Casein Micelles in Raw and Reconstituted Skim Milk (2007)

During the manufacture of skim milk powder, many important alterations to the casein micelles occur. This study investigates the nature and cause of these alterations and their reversibility upon reconstitution of the powders in water. Samples of skim milk and powder were taken at different stages of commercial production of low-, medium-, and high-heat powders. The nature and composition of the casein micelles were analyzed using a variety of analytical techniques including photon correlation spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, turbidity, and protein electrophoresis. It was found that during heat treatment, whey proteins are denatured and become attached to the casein micelles, resulting in larger micelles and more turbid milk. The extent of whey protein attachment to the micelles is directly related to the severity of the heat treatment. It also appeared that whey proteins denatured during heat treatment may continue to attach to casein micelles during water removal (evaporation and spray-drying). The process of water removal causes casein and Ca in the serum to become increasingly associated with the micelles. This results in much larger, denser micelles, increasing the turbidity while decreasing the viscosity of the milk. During reconstitution, the native equilibrium between colloidal Ca and serum Ca is slowly reestablished. The reequilibration of the caseins and detachment of the whey proteins occur even more slowly. The rate of reequilibration does not appear to be influenced by shear or temperature in the range of 4 to 40 degrees C.
Effect of dietary krill oil supplementation on the endocannabinoidome of metabolically relevant tissues from high-fat-fed mice (2011)

Our data suggest that KO may promote therapeutic benefit by reducing endocannabinoid precursor availability and hence endocannabinoid biosynthesis.
The male climacterium. (1993)

In contrast to women, fertility in men persists until a very old age. However, testicular function of both the exo- and endocrine compartments decreases in old age, causing a series of clinical symptoms which are analogous to, although less pronounced than, the menopausal syndrome. These symptoms can be considered to represent the male climacterium or andropause. However, whereas at menopause ovarian hormonal secretion ceases almost completely, the decrease in the levels of biologically active endrogens (free testosterone) is only moderate and many elderly men have free androgen levels that would be considered normal for young men. Moreover, whereas many well-controlled studies have shown the benefit of hormonal replacement therapy, at least for symptomatic posmenopausal women, so far no well-controlled studies exist that prove a favourable risk/benefit balance of androgen substitution in elderly men. The major risk is the potentially stimulating effect of androgens in elderly men who frequently present with subclinical prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, the generalized use of androgen substitution in elderly men cannot, as yet, be recommended.
Mitochondria: execution central (2000)

Mitochondria play an essential function in eukaryotic life and death. They also play a central role in apoptosis regulation, reflected by the convergence of Bcl-2 family members on the mitochondrial outer membrane, and the presence of 'death factors' in the intermembrane space. Mitochondrial structure and function must be taken into consideration when evaluating mechanisms for cytochrome c release. The core machinery for caspase activation is conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to man, and we consider parallels in the role of mitochondria in this process.
Anion-exchange membranes for alkaline polymer electrolyte fuel cells: comparison of pendent benzyltrimethylammonium- and benzylmethylimidazolium-head-groups (2012)

Radiation-grafted alkaline anion-exchange membranes (AAEM) containing pendent groups with either benzyltrimethylammonium (BTM) or benzylmethylimidazolium (BMI) functionality were successfully synthesised from the same base membrane and with identical ion-exchange capacities. The conductivity of the new BMI-AAEM is comparable to the BTM-benchmark AAEM. The fuel cell performance obtained with the BMI-AAEM was, however, significantly poorer due to in situ AAEM degradation. FT-Raman spectroscopic studies on the stability of the two head-groups at 60 °C in aqueous potassium hydroxide (1 mol dm−3) indicates that the BMI-group is intrinsically less chemically stable in strongly alkaline conditions compared to the BTM-benchmark head-group. However, the stabilities of both head-groups are improved when treated at 60 °C in lower pH aqueous carbonate and bicarbonate solutions (1 mol dm−3). Contrary to a portion of the prior literature, there appears to be no real advantage in using anion-exchange polymer electrolytes containing pendent imidazolium groups in highly alkaline systems.
D-ILA technology for high-resolution projection displays (2003)

D-ILA modulators and projectors based on LCOS (liquid crystal on silicon) technology have been developed. The compact reflection-mode modulators have resolution of up to 2048 x 1536 pixels for projection display applications. Research projectors have demonstrated resolution of 3840 x 2048 pixels. D-ILA projectors feature high contrast and a close-spaced pixel structure that creates high quality imagery. The structure of the D-ILA will be reviewed and current performance of D-ILA projectors characterized.
Overexpression of a transmembrane isoform of neural cell adhesion molecule alters the invasiveness of rat CNS-1 glioma. (1998)

CNS-1 is a highly invasive neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM)-positive rat glioma that exhibits similarities in its pattern of infiltration to human gliomas. To investigate whether increasing NCAM expression alters invasive behavior, retroviruses encoding human NCAM 140 and a cytoplasmic truncation of NCAM 140 were used to transduce a population of CNS-1 glioma cells that had a relatively low endogenous level of NCAM. Compared to cells transduced with a control virus, cells overexpressing either intact or truncated human NCAM 140 showed decreased invasion of a reconstituted basal lamina. Changes in growth rate or in key matrix metalloproteinase activities could not account for this result. In a migration assay on type IV collagen, cells exhibited a substrate concentration-dependent increase in the rate of migration; however, overexpression of NCAM 140 or truncated NCAM 140 inhibited motility at higher substrate concentrations. Consistent with these findings was the decreased spread of NCAM 140 overexpressers in vivo following instillation of cells into the right frontal cortex of rat brain. NCAM 140 overexpressers showed considerably more restricted perivascular and periventricular spread than cells transduced with a control virus. However, NCAM-140-overexpressing tumor exhibited a less cohesive pattern of growth near the site of tumor instillation and more individual cell infiltration of brain parenchyma with more pronounced perineuronal satellitosis. The stability of recombinant NCAM expression was confirmed by recovering tumor cells from tumor-bearing animals and measuring NCAM levels by flow cytometry. These observations show that overexpression of NCAM 140 decreases the long-range spread of CNS-1 glioma along basal lamina pathways but enhances local infiltration of neuropil.
MNP: Multihop Network Reprogramming Service for Sensor Networks (2005)

Reprogramming of sensor networks is an important and challenging problem as it is often necessary to reprogram the sensors in place. In this paper, we propose a multihop reprogramming service designed for Mica-2/XSM motes. One of the problems in reprogramming is the issue of message collision. To reduce the problem of collision and hidden terminal problem, we propose a sender selection algorithm that attempts to guarantee that in a neighborhood there is at most one source transmitting the program at a time. Further, our sender selection is greedy in that it tries to select the sender that is expected to have the most impact. We also use pipelining to enable fast data propagation. MNP is energy efficient because it reduces the active radio time of a sensor node by putting the node into "sleep" state when its neighbors are transmitting a segment that is not of interest. Finally, we argue that it is possible to tune our service according to the remaining battery level of a sensor, i.e., it can be tuned so that the probability that a sensor is given the responsibility of transmitting the code is proportional to its remaining battery life
Vacuum-sealed silicon micromachined incandescent light source (2003)

A silicon-filament vacuum-sealed incandescent light has been fabricated using technologies and materials derived from IC processes. The incandescent source consists of a heavily doped p/sup +/ polysilicon filament coated with silicon nitride and enclosed in a vacuum-sealed ( approximately=80 mT) cavity. The filament is electrically heated to reach a maximum temperature between 1500 and 1600 K, corresponding to a peak black body wavelength at approximately 2 mu m. The power required to achieve this temperature in a filament 350*3*1 mu m/sup 3/ is 3.5 mW. The cavity is sealed with a silicon-nitride window that is highly transmissive to the emitted radiation. The microlamp can be processed compatibly with circuits and has been operated in a liquid ambient. Without substrate cooling it requires several milliseconds for complete turn-off after being disconnected from power. >
Treatment of osteochondral defects of the distal femur with fresh osteochondral allografts: A preliminary report (1986)

Twenty-four patients with osteochondral defects of a femoral condyle who failed to respond adequately to arthroscopic arthroplasty underwent osteochondral grafting with fresh allografts. Grafts were obtained from young donors and were matched according to skeletal size as measured by standard x-rays. Transplantation was performed within 12 h of harvesting. Follow-up extends from 2 to 4 years in 10 cases and is 1-2 years in the remaining 14. All ten patients with follow-up greater than 2 years were improved when evaluated in terms of pain, buckling, and swelling. Of the 24 patients, 11 have been evaluated arthroscopically following transplantation. In all 11 cases, the graft appeared viable. Fraying, if present, was limited to the margins of the graft in all except two cases. Collapse was not observed.
Pain control with intrathecally and peridurally administered opioids and other drugs. (1991)

Sharp pain is conducted rapidly by myelinated delta A fibers and diffused pain slowly by nonmyelinated C fibers to pseudobipolar neurons in the posterior ganglion and from there to neurons located in the posterolateral horn of the spinal cord. From here on nociferous impulses are transmitted by excitatory peptides (e.g. substance P) or amino acids (e.g. glutamate, aspartate) through interconnecting neurons of the pain pathways, primarily on the contralateral side, to the brain stem and from there to the sensory cortex, where they are appreciated and acted upon. There are specific inhibitory receptors located on axon terminals, near to the release sites of the excitatory amino acids and peptides. Stimulation of these receptors by their appropriate ligands such as endogenous (e.g. enkephalis, endorphins) or exogenous opioids, clonidine, serotonin, somatostatin inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and relieves pain. There are at least 3 different opioid receptors, called mu-, kappa- and delta-receptors in the spinal cord. These can be differentiated from one another by their specific affinity toward different endogenous or exogenous opioids and the pure narcotic antagonist, naloxone. It appears that the nociferous impulses transmitted by parallel pathways equipped with different inhibitory receptors have to be integrated to produce pain sensation and partial inhibition of transmission in different pathways or complete inhibition in one of the pathways may relieve pain. In recent years the concept of "selective spinal analgesia" has been applied clinically for the relief of postoperative, obstetrical and chronic pain. At first it was expected that the intrathecal or peridural administration of morphine will produce analgesia without the side effects of systemically administered morphine. It soon became evident, however, that intrathecally and peridurally administered morphine after several hours of delay reaches the fourth ventricle and by stimulating mu-receptors may cause respiratory depression and other undesired effects (e.g. nausea, vomiting, pruritus). Several different approaches are being investigated for the production of selective spinal analgesia without side effects. They include: a. the use of more lipophilic, long-lasting opioids (e.g. lofentanil) which would be almost completely absorbed by the spinal cord and therefore would not reach the medullary centers; b. the development of opioids with specific affinity to kappa- and for delta- and little or no affinity to mu-receptors, primarily responsible for side effects; and c. combining lower doses of opioid agonists with alpha 2-adrenergic agonists (e.g. clonidine) or with somatostatin. It is conceivable that in the not-too-distant future, it will be possible to achieve through these measures, selective spinal analgesia without side effects.
Synthetic Studies towards the Total Synthesis of Providencin (2007)

A synthetic approach to assemble the uncommon furylcyclobutane substructure in providencin has been developed starting from a commercially available cyclobutane precursor.
Interindividual Variation in Posture Allocation: Possible Role in Human Obesity (2005)

Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Humans expend energy through purposeful exercise and through changes in posture and movement that are associated with the routines of daily life [called nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]. To examine NEAT's role in obesity, we recruited 10 lean and 10 mildly obese sedentary volunteers and measured their body postures and movements every half-second for 10 days. Obese individuals were seated, on average, 2 hours longer per day than lean individuals. Posture allocation did not change when the obese individuals lost weight or when lean individuals gained weight, suggesting that it is biologically determined. If obese individuals adopted the NEAT-enhanced behaviors of their lean counterparts, they might expend an additional 350 calories (kcal) per day.
Specificity within the EGF family/ErbB receptor family signaling network (1998)

Recent years have witnessed tremendous growth in the epidermal growth factor (EGF) family of peptide growth factors and the ErbB family of tyrosine kinases, the receptors for these factors. Accompanying this growth has been an increased appreciation for the roles these molecules play in tumorigenesis and in regulating cell proliferation and differentiation during development. Consequently, a significant question has been how diverse biological responses are specified by these hormones and receptors. Here we discuss several characteristics of hormone-receptor interactions and receptor coupling that contribute to specificity: 1) a single EGF family hormone can bind multiple receptors; 2) a single ErbB family receptor can bind multiple hormones; 3) there are three distinct functional groups of EGF family hormones; 4) EGF family hormones can activate receptors in trans, and this heterodimerization diversifies biological responses; 5) ErbB3 requires a receptor partner for signaling; and 6) ErbB family receptors differentially couple to signaling pathways and biological responses.
Coset codes. II. Binary lattices and related codes (1988)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.34, no.5, p.1123-51 (1988). The family of Barnes-Wall lattices (including D/sub 4/ and E/sub 8/) of lengths N=2/sup n/ and their principal sublattices, which are useful in constructing coset codes, are generated by iteration of a simple construction called the squaring construction. The closely related Reed-Muller codes are generated by the same construction. The principal properties of these codes and lattices are consequences of the general properties of iterated squaring constructions, which also exhibit the interrelationships between codes and lattices of different lengths. An extension called the cubing construction generates good codes and lattices of lengths N=3*2/sup n/, including the Golay code and Leech lattice, with the use of special bases for 8-space. Another related construction generates the Nordstrom-Robinson code and an analogous 16-dimensional nonlattice packing. These constructions are represented by trellis diagrams that display their structure and interrelationships and that lead to efficient maximum-likelihood decoding algorithms. >