gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbiota Controls the Homeostasis of Glial Cells in the Gut Lamina Propria (2015)

The intrinsic neural networks of the gastrointestinal tract are derived from dedicated neural crest progenitors that colonize the gut during embryogenesis and give rise to enteric neurons and glia. Here, we study how an essential subpopulation of enteric glial cells (EGCs) residing within the intestinal mucosa is integrated into the dynamic microenvironment of the alimentary tract. We find that under normal conditions colonization of the lamina propria by glial cells commences during early postnatal stages but reaches steady-state levels after weaning. By employing genetic lineage tracing, we provide evidence that in adult mice the network of mucosal EGCs is continuously renewed by incoming glial cells originating in the plexi of the gut wall. Finally, we demonstrate that both the initial colonization and homeostasis of glial cells in the intestinal mucosa are regulated by the indigenous gut microbiota.
A versatile protocol for the stereocontrolled elaboration of vicinal secondary and tertiary centers of relevance to natural product synthesis (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA versatile protocol for the stereocontrolled elaboration of vicinal secondary and tertiary centers of relevance to natural product synthesisStephen Hanessian and Peter J. MurrayCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 6, 1170–1172Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00382a043RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views530Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (405 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting analysis of smooth-lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity among Brucella biovars related to A and M specificities (1990)

Smooth (S)-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations from reference and field strains of several biovars of Brucella abortus, B. melitensis, and B. suis were prepared by (i) the hot phenol-water method, (ii) hot sodium dodecyl sulfate extraction and proteinase K digestion, or (iii) dimethyl sulfoxide extraction. These S-LPS-enriched fractions were further analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining after periodate oxidation. Immunoblots were developed by using either monoclonal antibodies specific for Brucella A or M antigens or polyclonal polyspecific or monospecific sera from rabbits, cattle, and goats. The specificity of monoclonal antibodies reactive with Brucella unique (A or M) epitopes was demonstrated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, LPS latex agglutination, or agglutination inhibition. The most-represented subunits of S-LPS ranged in Mr from 30,000 to 70,000 relative to marker proteins. According to A or M immunodominance, two sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis banding patterns were clearly distinguished among biovars, whatever the fraction tested: a close succession of regularly spaced narrow bands for A greater than M strains and regularly spaced triplets of bands including either (i) a first thin band followed by two thick bands for B. abortus M greater than A strains or (ii) one thick band between two thin bands for B. melitensis or B. suis M greater than A strains. Moreover, A and M specificities were reaffirmed by sandwich enzyme immunoassay and latex agglutination inhibition with monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal sera.
Porphyrins with exocyclic rings. 1. Chemistry of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indoles: synthesis of acetoxy derivatives, dihydroindoles, and novel porphyrins with four exocyclic rings (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPorphyrins with exocyclic rings. 1. Chemistry of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-indoles: synthesis of acetoxy derivatives, dihydroindoles, and novel porphyrins with four exocyclic ringsTimothy D. Lash, Karla A. Bladel, Craig M. Shiner, Donna L. Zajeski, and Rajiv P. BalasubramaniamCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 18, 4809–4820Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00044a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00044a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views736Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A Unified Approach to Serial Search Spread-Spectrum Code Acquisition--Part I: General Theory (1984)

The purpose of this two-part paper is threefold: 1) Part I discusses the code-acquistion problem in some depth and 2) also provides a general extension to the approach of analyzing serial-search acquisition techniques via transform-domain flow graphs; 3) Part II illustrates the applicability of the proposed theoretical framework by evaluating a matchedfilter (fast-decision rate) noncoherent acquisition receiver as an example. The theory is formulated in a general manner which allows for significant freedom in the receiver modeling. The statistics of the acquisition time for the single-dwell [2], [3] and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> -dwell [5] systems are shown to be special cases of this unified approach.
Association between FOXP2 polymorphisms and schizophrenia with auditory hallucinations (2006)

These results suggested that the FOXP2 gene may confer vulnerability to schizophrenic patients with auditory hallucinations.
Thioridazine induces apoptosis of multidrug-resistant mouse lymphoma cells transfected with the human ABCB1 and inhibits the expression of P-glycoprotein. (2011)

Because thioridazine has been in moderately safe use for over 40 years for the therapy of psychosis, it has the potential to serve as an adjuvant with anticancer agents, rendering the a priori MDR cancer cells susceptible to the anticancer agent.
Optimization of folate-conjugated liposomal vectors for folate receptor-mediated gene therapy (1999)

A folate-targeted transfection complex that is internalized by certain cancer cells and displays several properties reminiscent of enveloped viruses has been developed. These liposomal vectors are comprised of a polycation-condensed DNA plasmid associated with a mixture of neutral and anionic lipids supplemented with folate-poly(ethylene glycol)-dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine for tumor cell-specific targeting. N-Citraconyl-dioleylphosphatidylethanolamine is also included for pH-dependent release of endosome-entrapped DNA into the cytoplasm, and a novel plasmid containing a 366-bp segment from SV40 DNA has been employed to facilitate transport of the plasmid into the nucleus. Because formation of the DNA core is an important step in the assembly of liposomal vectors, considerable effort was devoted to comparing the transfection efficiencies of various DNA condensing agents. It was found that complexation of plasmid DNA with high molecular weight polymers such as acylated-polylysine and cationic dendrimers leads to higher folate-mediated transfection efficiency than DNA complexed with unmodified polylysine. In contrast, compaction of plasmid DNA with small cationic molecules such as spermine, spermidine, or gramicidin S yields only weakly active folate-targeted liposomal vectors. Compared to analogous liposomal vector preparations lacking an optimally compacted DNA core, a cell-specific targeting ligand, a caged fusogenic lipid, and a nucleotide sequence that facilitates nuclear uptake, these modified liposomal vectors display greatly improved transfection efficiencies and target cell specificity.
Tobacco Nectarin V Is a Flavin-Containing Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Protein with Glucose Oxidase Activity (2004)

Ornamental tobacco (Nicotiana langsdorffii X N. sanderae) secretes a limited array of proteins (nectarins) into its floral nectar. Careful sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of tobacco nectar revealed that a broad protein band from 61 to 65 kD actually consists of five discrete protein bands. N-terminal sequencing and tryptic peptide mass spectrometry fingerprint analysis demonstrated that the upper three bands are isoforms of the same protein, NEC5 (Nectarin V), whereas the lower two bands, NEC4 (Nectarin IV), are related to each other but not to NEC5. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based upon N-terminal sequence of NEC5 generated a short cDNA that encoded the N terminus of the NEC5 protein. Two rounds of inverse-PCR using genomic DNA permitted the isolation of approximately one-half of the coding region of the nec5 gene along with 787 nucleotides of the 5'-flanking region. This DNA fragment was used as a probe to isolate a near full-length nec5 clone from a nectary-derived cDNA library. BLAST analysis identified the nec5 cDNA as a berberine bridge enzyme-like protein. Approximately 40% of the cDNA sequence corresponded to peptides that were identified by tryptic peptide mass spectrometry fingerprint analysis of the NEC5 protein, thereby confirming that this cDNA encoded the NEC5 protein. In-gel assays also demonstrated that NEC5 contains a covalently linked flavin, and it possesses glucose oxidase activity. RT-PCR-based expression analyses showed that nec5 expression is limited exclusively to the nectary gland during late stages of floral development.
Inflammation in neurodegenerative diseases (2010)

Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons and axons in the central nervous system, is the primary pathological feature of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, neurotropic viral infections, stroke, paraneoplastic disorders, traumatic brain injury and multiple sclerosis. Despite different triggering events, a common feature is chronic immune activation, in particular of microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Apart from the pathogenic role of immune responses, emerging evidence indicates that immune responses are also critical for neuroregeneration. Here, we review the impact of innate and adaptive immune responses on the central nervous system in autoimmune, viral and other neurodegenerative disorders, and discuss their contribution to either damage or repair. We also discuss potential therapies aimed at the immune responses within the central nervous system. A better understanding of the interaction between the immune and nervous systems will be crucial to either target pathogenic responses, or augment the beneficial effects of immune responses as a strategy to intervene in chronic neurodegenerative diseases.
In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry for monitoring of circulating single cancer cells and contrast agents (2006)

A new photoacoustic flow cytometry was developed for real-time detection of circulating cells, nanoparticles, and contrast agents in vivo. Its capability, integrated with photothermal and optical clearing methods, was demonstrated using a near-infrared tunable laser to characterize the in vivo kinetics of Indocyanine Green alone and single cancer cells labeled with gold nanorods and Indocyanine Green in the vasculature of the mouse ear. In vivo applications are discussed, including selective nanophotothermolysis of metastatic squamous cells, label-free detection of melanoma cells, study of pharmokinetics, and immune response to apoptotic and necrotic cells, with potential translation to humans. The threshold sensitivity is estimated as one cancer cell in the background of 10(7) normal blood cells.
Irreversible Electroporation in Medicine (2007)

This is a brief introduction to the emerging field of irreversible electroporation in medicine. Certain electrical fields when applied across a cell can have as a sole effect the permeabilization of the cell membrane, presumable through the formation of nanoscale defects in the cell membrane. Sometimes this process leads to cell death, primarily when the electrical fields cause permanent permeabilization of the membrane and the consequent loss of cell homeostasis, in a process known as irreversible electroporation. This is an unusual mode of cell death that is not understood yet. While the phenomenon of irreversible electroporation may have been known for centuries it has become only recently rigorously considered in medicine for various applications of tissue ablation. A brief historical perspective of irreversible electroporation is presented and recent studies in the field are discussed.
Non-Cancer Uses of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors: Effects on Infectious Diseases and &#946;-Hemoglobinopathies+ (2009)

After the approval of suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA, vorinostat, Zolinza) for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL), a number of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are currently in Phase II or III clinical trials (alone or in combination) for the treatment of a great number of tumors. In addition to these cancer uses, HDACi can be successfully used in non-cancer diseases. In this review we focused on the uses of HDACi in some infectious diseases and beta-hemoglobinopaties. In C. albicans cultures, HDACi increased the frequency of cell switching (a relevant virulence trait) in the white-to-opaque transition, reduced the azole trailing effect through reduction in azole-dependent upregulation of CDR and ERG genes, and inhibited the fluconazole-dependent resistance induction. Moreover, they inhibited germination in several strains, and caused 90% reduction in the adherence of C. albicans to human cultured pneumocytes. In HIV-1-infected cells, the treatment with HDACi reactivates the HIV-1 expression in latent cellular reservoirs. Thus, the use of HDACi as adjuvant to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can represent a new potential therapeutic strategy to eradicate the viral infection. A number of HDACi have been reported as active against P. falciparum infection. Two recent papers show some 2-aminosuberic acid-based compounds as well as a series of phenylthiazolyl suberoyl hydroxamates as very potent and selective antimalarial agents. Among the many agents capable to perform post-natal reactivation of fetal hemoglobin production, HDACi for their capacity to de-repress gamma-globin gene expression in adult red cell, are presently considered promising molecules for personalized therapy of beta-hemoglobinopathies.
Bitterness and Astringency of Sinapine and Its Components (1981)

ABSTRACT Sinapine, choline chloride, and sinapic acid were evaluated for bitterness and astringency, at suprathreshold concentrations in water, by a trained sensory panel using magnitude estimation. Power functions (S = kC n ) were established for the bitterness of each of the three chemicals and the reference caffeine; none of the exponents for bitterness was significantly different from caffeine (n = 0.98) suggesting that, for any of these taste precursors, a doubling of concentration would double the bitterness perceived. Equimolar solutions of caffeine and sinapine were considered similar in intensity and significantly more bitter than choline chloride; sinapic acid was intermediate in bitterness. The sum of the bitterness values calculated from the power functions for choline chloride and sinapic acid accounted for approximately 80% of the bitterness of sinapine, at equimolar concentrations. Fifty to 94% of the bitterness perceived from tasting water slurries of rapeseed flour and protein concentrate was explained by the bitterness expected from their content of sinapine and free choline. Reliable power functions could not be established for the astringency of sinapine, choline chloride, and sinapic acid at the concentrations used. However, a clear psychophysical function was established for the astringency of the reference alum.
A Novel Method of Real-time Size Control of Nanoaggregates by AFM (1997)

Abstract AFM enables the direct size control of nan-aggregate when the growth process is real-time observed. The method requires the optimal adsorption of desired molecule on the tip of AFM.
Formation of formaldehyde and peroxides by air oxidation of high purity polyoxyethylene surfactants (1998)

Ethoxylated alcohols are non-ionic surfactants. The majority are used in household cleaners, laundry products, toiletries and in industrial and institutional cleaners. In previous studies, an ethoxylated non-ionic surfactant of technical quality showed allergenic activity in guinea pig experiments. Chemical analysis revealed a content of formaldehyde, a well-known contact allergen, and peroxides in the surfactant. Most cases of occupational contact dermatitis are considered to be of irritant origin, caused by contact with water and surfactants, but if allergenic autoxidation products can be formed, allergic contact dermatitis cannot be excluded. The sensitizing potential of a chemically defined high purity ethoxylated alcohol was investigated and oxidation under various storage and handling conditions was studied for this and a homologous product. The pure surfactant showed no significant allergenic activity on predictive testing in guinea pigs. When ethoxylated alcohols were stored in the refrigerator, their deterioration was limited. At room temperature, their content of peroxides and formaldehyde increased with time. Levels of formaldehyde above those capable of causing positive patch test reactions were found. Since such surfactants have wide applications, resulting exposure to formaldehyde could be more frequent than is generally realized, contributing to persistence of dermatitis in individuals allergic to formaldehyde.
Synthetic Study on Peptide Antibiotic Nisin. V. Total Synthesis of Nisin (1992)

Abstract Total synthesis of a lanthionine peptide nisin was achieved by the successive condensations of four segments including cyclic lanthionine peptide parts and the C-terminal linear segment including dehydroalanine, followed by the deprotection procedure with anhydrous HF. Modified reaction conditions for the Hofmann degradation were applied to prepare the dehydroalanine residue from the 2,3-diaminopropionic acid residue. The final deprotection with anhydrous HF proceeded without decomposition of the dehydroamino acid residues which are generally labile in acidic media. The synthetic nisin was completely identical with the natural one in all respects, resulting in a confirmation of the proposed structure.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of substituted 3-(5-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazolylmethylene)-2-indolinones. (2002)

The synthesis of 3-(5-imidazo]2,1-blthiazolylmethylene)-2-indolinones, analogs of compounds recently published, is described. The EIZ isomerism was studied by means of nuclear Overhauser effect experiments and X-ray crystallography. All the compounds were tested as potential antitumor agents. They were also tested as potential inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), in order to determine if the antitumor activity was related to this mechanism of action. The results showed that under certain substitution conditions (5-methoxy group for the indole benzene ring and 2-methyl group for the imidazothiazole system), an interesting antitumor activity was found for some compounds. From the analysis of the antitumor data, 3-1(2,6-dimethylimidazo[2,1-bJ-thiazol-5-yl)methylenel-5-methoxy-2-indolinone was the most active of the whole series.
Characterization of laser vaporization plasmas generated for the deposition of diamond-like carbon (1992)

Pulsed laser vaporization of graphite is rapidly emerging as an effective technique for the preparation of high quality diamond-like carbon films. However, the dynamics of the process and mechanisms by which diamond-like properties are obtained have not been well understood. The characteristics of the vapor plume generated by 248 nm KrF excimer laser irradiation of a graphite target are investigated using laser induced fluorescence and a Langmuir probe. It is found that the kinetic energy of the C2 molecule increases with laser fluence, reaching a value in excess of 12 eV in the moderate fluence range (3–5 J/cm2) employed for deposition. The Cn+ ions are 5–10 times more energetic and comprise ∼10% of the vapor flux. A notable finding is that irradiation of the surface at an angle of 70° with respect to the target normal increases the ion velocity when compared with 0° laser incidence at the same surface fluence. Analysis of the films prepared under such conditions supports the theory that diamond-like film character is directly related to the kinetic energy of the depositing species.