gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LASER PROCESSING OF DIAMOND AND DIAMOND-LIKE FILMS (1993)

Abstract Laser processing of polycrystalline diamond and amorphous carbon films is shown to be a promising technology for micropatterning of these materials in electronics and other applications. By using excimer lasers, holes and pits have been formed in 10-60 μm thick diamond films by physical etching with ablation rates of up to 300 nm/pulse. The channels of micrometer scale width were created in diamond-like carbon films on silicon by chemical etching in oxygen by the scanning with a cw Ar+ laser beam. At laser powers below the etching threshold, a transformation of amorphous carbon to graphitic carbon allows the formation of conductive lines of different geometry in dielectric carbon layers.
An Introduction to Multivariate Calibration and Analysis (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Introduction to Multivariate Calibration and AnalysisKenneth R. Beebe and Bruce R. KowalskiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 17, 1007A–1017APublication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online30 May 2012Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00144a725https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00144a725research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1204Altmetric-Citations390LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Monoclonal antibodies directed against the E2 protein (MIC2 gene product) induce exposure of phosphatidylserine at the thymocyte cell surface (1993)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against E2, a 32-kDa transmembrane protein encoded by the MIC2 gene located in the pseudoautosomal region, induce a transbilayer movement of phosphatidylserine and, to a lesser extent, phosphatidylethanolamine in human thymocytes and a Jurkat T lymphocytes. The translocation of phosphatidylserine has been evidenced by using either derivatization of anionic phospholipids with trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TNBS) or cytofluorimetry after labeling of cells with antiphosphatidylserine antibodies. The perturbation of membrane phospholipids induced by anti-E2 mAbs was further evidenced by labeling the cells with merocyanine 540. The specificity of anti-E2-induced perturbations of membrane asymmetry was tested by using a number of mAbs able to activate T cells, including CD3 and CD2. The results strongly suggest that anti-E2-induced changes in PtdSer are related to cell aggregation since the same mAbs specifically induce the aggregation of both thymocytes and Jurkat cells and since the E2 molecule has been previously implicated in the adhesive properties of human T cells with erythrocytes.
Strategies and Therapeutic Opportunities for the Delivery of Drugs to the Esophagus (2008)

Targeting of drugs and therapies locally to the esophagus is an important objective in the development of new and more effective dosage forms. Therapies that are retained within the oral cavity for both local and systemic action have been utilized for many years, although delivery to the esophagus has been far less reported. Esophageal disease states, including infections, motility disorders, gastric reflux, and cancers, would all benefit from localized drug delivery. Therefore, research in this area provides significant opportunities. The key limitation to effective drug delivery within the esophagus is sufficient retention at this site coupled with activity profiles to correspond with these retention times; therefore, a suitable formulation needs to provide the drug in a ready-to-work form at the site of action during the rapid transit through this organ. A successfully designed esophageal-targeted system can overcome these obstacles. This review presents a range of dosage form approaches for targeting the esophagus, including bioadhesive liquids and orally retained lozenges, chewing gums, gels, and films, as well as endoscopically delivered therapeutics. The techniques used to measure efficacy both in vitro and in vivo are also discussed. Drug delivery is a growing driver within the pharmaceutical industry and offers benefits both in terms of clinical efficacy, as well as in market positioning, as a means of extending a drug's exclusivity and profitability. Emerging systems that can be used to target the esophagus are reported within this review, as well as the potential of alternative formulations that offer benefits in this exciting area.
Optimal Growth and Ethanol Production from Xylose by Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Require Moderate d -Xylulokinase Activity (2003)

D-Xylulokinase (XK) is essential for the metabolism of D-xylose in yeasts. However, overexpression of genes for XK, such as the Pichia stipitis XYL3 gene and the Saccharomyces cerevisiae XKS gene, can inhibit growth of S. cerevisiae on xylose. We varied the copy number and promoter strength of XYL3 or XKS1 to see how XK activity can affect xylose metabolism in S. cerevisiae. The S. cerevisiae genetic background included single integrated copies of P. stipitis XYL1 and XYL2 driven by the S. cerevisiae TDH1 promoter. Multicopy and single-copy constructs with either XYL3 or XKS1, likewise under control of the TDH1 promoter, or with the native P. stipitis promoter were introduced into the recombinant S. cerevisiae. In vitro enzymatic activity of XK increased with copy number and promoter strength. Overexpression of XYL3 and XKS1 inhibited growth on xylose but did not affect growth on glucose even though XK activities were three times higher in glucose-grown cells. Growth inhibition increased and ethanol yields from xylose decreased with increasing XK activity. Uncontrolled XK expression in recombinant S. cerevisiae is inhibitory in a manner analogous to the substrate-accelerated cell death observed with an S. cerevisiae tps1 mutant during glucose metabolism. To bypass this effect, we transformed cells with a tunable expression vector containing XYL3 under the control of its native promoter into the FPL-YS1020 strain and screened the transformants for growth on, and ethanol production from, xylose. The selected transformant had approximately four copies of XYL3 per haploid genome and had moderate XK activity. It converted xylose into ethanol efficiently.
Functional characterization of NCAM fibronectin type III domains: Demonstration of modulatory effects of the proline-rich sequence encoded by alternatively spliced exons a and AAG (1996)

In order to characterize the functions of the two fibronectin type III (F3) homology domains of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), we investigated the effects of two variants, expressed as fusion proteins, of the NCAM-F3 domains on attachment and spreading of NCAM-expressing fibroblasts, cerebellar cell aggregation and fiber formation, and on growth cones. The two fusion proteins were different with regard to a short proline-rich insert of six amino acids between the two F3 domains. Immobilized NCAM-F3 fusion proteins were found to mediate attachment of both transmembrane and lipid-anchored NCAM expressing fibroblasts. Also NCAM-negative cells adhered to the NCAM-F3 substratum, although to a lesser extent, implying the possibility of a heterophilic ligand to NCAM-F3 domains on the surface of fibroblasts. Cellular spreading on NCAM-F3 substratum was selectively increased in fibroblasts expressing transmembrane NCAM, and only the NCAM-F3 fusion protein lacking the proline-rich insert was able to elicit this effect. Primary cultures of mouse cerebellum were strongly inhibited with regard to formation of cellular aggregates and fibers, when incubated in the presence of either of the two NCAM-F3 fusion proteins, the fusion protein with the proline-rich insert being the more effective one. Finally, the morphology of growth cones from rat cerebellar granule cells changed significantly when grown on NCAM-F3 substrata as revealed by computer-assisted image analysis. Thus, our data indicate that the NCAM-F3 domain are involved in cell-cell adhesion, and that insertion of the proline-rich sequence has a modulatory effect on NCAM-F3 domain functions.
Dedicated 3D photoacoustic breast imaging (2013)

CNR, lateral field-of-view and penetration depth of our dedicated PAM scanning system is sufficient to image breasts as large as 1335 mL, which should accommodate up to 90% of the women in the United States.
Evolution and stability of ring species (2013)

Neutral models, in which genetic change arises through random variation without fitness differences, have proven remarkably successful in describing observed patterns of biodiversity, despite the manifest role of selection in evolution. Here we investigate the effect of barriers on biodiversity by simulating the expansion of a population around a barrier to form a ring species, in which the two ends of the population are reproductively isolated despite ongoing gene flow around the ring. We compare the spatial and genetic properties of a neutral agent-based population model to the greenish warblers' complex, a well-documented example of an actual ring species in nature. Our results match the distribution of subspecies, the principal components of genetic diversity, and the linear spatial-genetic correlation of the observed data, even though selection is expected to be important for traits of this species. We find that ring species are often unstable to speciation or mixing but can persist for extended times depending on species and landscape features. For the greenish warblers, our analysis implies that the expanded area near the point of secondary contact is important for extending the duration of the ring, and thus, for the opportunity to observe this ring species. Nevertheless it also suggests the ring will break up into multiple species in 10,000 to 50,000 y. These results imply that simulations can be used to accurately describe empirical data for complex spatial-genetic traits of an individual species.
The Polar Hydrophobicity of Fluorinated Compounds (2004)

Fluorine's peculiar property: The CF bond is marked by a peculiar combination of polarity on nonpolarizability (hardness); this imbues fluorinated compounds with polar hydrophobicity. This property, whereby desolvation of fluorinated surfaces and weak dipolar interactions in organized media drive molecular recognition (see schematic representation), is argued to be a useful design principle and a likely explanation for the abundance of fluorinated compounds in medicinal chemistry.
mRuby, a Bright Monomeric Red Fluorescent Protein for Labeling of Subcellular Structures (2009)

A monomeric variant of the red fluorescent protein eqFP611, mRuby, is described. With excitation and emission maxima at 558 nm and 605 nm, respectively, and a large Stokes shift of 47 nm, mRuby appears particularly useful for imaging applications. The protein shows an exceptional resistance to denaturation at pH extremes. Moreover, mRuby is about ten-fold brighter compared to EGFP when being targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum. The engineering process of eqFP611 revealed that the C-terminal tail of the protein acts as a natural peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS). Using an mRuby variant carrying the eqFP611-PTS, we discovered that ordered inheritance of peroxisomes is widespread during mitosis of different mammalian cell types. The ordered partitioning is realized by the formation of peroxisome clusters around the poles of the mitotic spindle and ensures that equal numbers of the organelle are inherited by the daughter cells. The unique spectral properties make mRuby the marker of choice for a multitude of cell biological applications. Moreover, the use of mRuby has allowed novel insights in the biology of organelles responsible for severe human diseases.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. Synthesis of Water-Soluble, Topically Effective, Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Aromatic/Heterocyclic Sulfonamides Containing Cationic or Anionic Moieties:  Is the Tail More Important than the Ring? (1999)

Reaction of several aromatic/heterocyclic sulfonamides containing a free amino, imino, hydrazino, or hydroxyl group, with 2, 3-pyridinedicarboxylic anhydride or 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid in the presence of carbodiimide derivatives, afforded two series of water-soluble (as hydrochloride, triflate, or carboxylate salts) compounds. The new derivatives were assayed as inhibitors of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA) and more precisely of three of its isozymes, CA I, II (cytosolic forms), and IV (membrane-bound form), involved in important physiological processes. Efficient inhibition was observed against all three isozymes, but especially against CA II and IV (in nanomolar range), the two isozymes known to play a critical role in aqueous humor secretion within the ciliary processes of the eye. Some of the best inhibitors synthesized were applied as 2% water solutions directly into the eye of normotensive and glaucomatous albino rabbits. Very strong and long-lasting intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering was observed with many of them. This result prompted us to reanalyze the synthetic work done by other groups for the design of water-soluble, topically effective antiglaucoma sulfonamides. According to these researchers, the IOP-lowering effect is due to the intrinsic nature of the specific heterocyclic sulfonamide considered, among which the thienothiopyran-2-sulfonamide derivatives represent the best-studied case. Indeed, the first agents developed for topical application, such as dorzolamide, are derivatives of this ring system. To prove that the tail (in this case the pyridinecarboxylic moieties) conferring water solubility to a sulfonamide CA inhibitor is more important than the ring to which the sulfonamido group is grafted, we also prepared dorzolamide derivatives incorporating such moieties. These new compounds possess good water solubility as hydrochloride or carboxylate salts, balanced by a relatively modest lipid solubility. They are strong CA II inhibitors and are able to lower IOP in experimental animals more than the parent derivatives. Our conclusion is that the tail conferring water solubility to such an enzyme inhibitor is more important for topical activity as an antiglaucoma drug, than the heterocyclic/aromatic ring to which the sulfonamido moiety is grafted.
Hydroxyurea, azacitidine and gemtuzumab ozogamicin therapy in patients with previously untreated non-M3 acute myeloid leukemia and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes in the elderly: results from a pilot trial (2008)

Elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) have a poor prognosis due to low response rates (26-46%) to standard chemotherapy and high treatment-related mortality (11-31%). In this Phase II study, we used a combination of hydroxyurea (HU), azacitidine and low dose gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) to assess its efficacy and toxicity in this group of patients. Twenty patients with non-M3 AML and MDS were treated with this regimen. The treatment was begun with HU 1500 mg orally twice daily to lower white blood cell count below 10,000/microL, followed by azacitidine 75 mg/m(2) subcutaneously for 7 days and GO 3 mg/m(2) on day 8. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR) received a consolidation course. The median age of patients was 76 years. Eleven patients (55%) were treated in the outpatient setting. Fourteen (70%) achieved a CR, three of which were incomplete (CRi). The median duration of remission was 8 months and median survival was 10 months. Performance status of 0-1 was associated with high complete response rate. Overall toxicity was acceptable with only one (5%) early death due to disease progression. The combination of HU, azacitdine and GO appears to be a safe and effective regimen in the treatment of AML and high risk MDS in the elderly. These results need to be confirmed in a larger cohort of patients.
The SCGM1 System: Subcutaneous Continuous Glucose Monitoring Based on Microdialysis Technique (2003)

The SCGM1 System is designed to allow continuous glucose monitoring in the subcutaneous interstitial fluid for up to 120 h. The system is based on the microdialysis technique and is composed of three components: (1) a disposable Cassette, which contains the microdialysis catheter (with the necessary tubes), an electrochemical flow-through sensor for glucose measurement, and the fluid reservoirs for both the microdialysis perfusate and a reagent solution containing glucose oxidase; (2) the Sensor Unit, which houses the Cassette and is worn by the patient using a belt pack; and (3) the Data Manager, with an integrated blood glucose meter for the calibration of the glucose signal. The Data Manager also has the option of displaying the continuous glucose signal. The Sensor Unit and Data Manager exchange glucose data and calibration data by radio transmission. In vitro precision was assessed by measurements of two standard glucose solutions (90 mg/dL, 3.4%; 360 mg/dL, 2.4%) over a time course of 4 days. The mean difference (+/- SD) between SCGM1 System devices (n = 11) and 15 glucose standard solutions with different concentrations was 1.4 +/- 3.5 mg/dL. The mean relative difference and the mean absolute relative difference ranged from - 0.6% to 3.7% and from 0.2% to 3.8%, respectively. The inherent physical lag time was 31 +/- 2 min (n = 10). The interference on the glucose signal of ascorbic acid, acetaminophen, and uric acid at the highest physiological concentrations was below 4%. The SCGM1 System showed a reliable and precise performance under in vitro conditions.
Autoregulation of PurR repressor synthesis and involvement of purR in the regulation of pur B, purC, purL, purMN and guaBA expression in Escherichia coli (1990)

The purR gene encodes a repressor (PurR) controlling the synthesis of the enzymes of purine biosynthesis. The subunit of PurR was identified as a 38-kDa polypeptide by SDS/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Analysis of a purR-lacZ transcriptional fusion indicated that purR expression is autoregulated. This was confirmed by gel retardation and DNaseI footprinting experiments, where two PurR-binding sites were identified in the transcribed part of purR. Introduction of a purR mutation in wild-type and pur-lac fusion strains was found to abolish purine repression of all genes of the purine biosynthetic pathway except for purA.
Dietary prevention of hormone refractory prostate cancer in Lobund-Wistar rats: a review of studies in a relevant animal model. (2006)

Lobund-Wistar (LW) rats, which have high testosterone levels, are predisposed to develop hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) spontaneously and by methylnitrosourea (MNU) induction, and the development of HRPC progresses through 2 stages. This paper reviews several studies in which LW rats were placed on soy-containing diets and were evaluated for development of either spontaneous or MNU-induced prostate cancer. The premalignant, testosterone-dependent stage is inhibited by testosterone deprivation. In the absence of testosterone deprivation, tumorigenesis progresses spontaneously to the testosterone-independent refractory stage. In LW rats: moderate caloric restriction prevented development of spontaneous prostate cancer; dietary 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide prevented MNU-induced prostate cancer; and dietary supplementation with soy protein isolate with high isoflavones prevented spontaneous and induced tumors and led to moderate reduction of serum testosterone. In rats 12 mo of age and younger, changing from the control diet to the soy+isoflavone diet significantly prevented progression of spontaneous tumors to the refractory stage of disease. Tumors that developed spontaneously and after MNU induction showed similar developmental stages and morphology, but MNU-induced tumors had shorter latency periods before development. The accumulated data indicate that soy-based diets are effective in the prevention of prostate cancer.
Langmuir monolayers of p-octadecylcalix[4]arene (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLangmuir monolayers of p-octadecylcalix[4]areneYoshiaki Nakamoto, Georg Kallinowski, Volker Boehmer, and Walter VogtCite this: Langmuir 1989, 5, 4, 1116–1117Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00088a042https://doi.org/10.1021/la00088a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improved Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of a Tuberculosis DNA Vaccine Encoding Ag85 by Protein Boosting (2001)

C57BL/6 mice were vaccinated with plasmid DNA encoding Ag85 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with Ag85 protein in adjuvant, or with a combined DNA prime-protein boost regimen. While DNA immunization, as previously described, induced robust Th1-type cytokine responses, protein-in-adjuvant vaccination elicited very poor cytokine responses, which were 10-fold lower than those observed with DNA immunization alone. Injection of Ag85 DNA-primed mice with 30 to 100 microg of purified Ag85 protein in adjuvant increased the interleukin-2 and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) response in spleen two- to fourfold. Further, intracellular cytokine analysis by flow cytometry also showed an increase in IFN-gamma-producing CD4(+) T cells in DNA-primed-protein-boosted animals, compared to those that received only the DNA vaccination. Moreover, these responses appeared to be better sustained over time. Antibodies were readily produced by all three methods of immunization but were exclusively of the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) isotype following protein immunization in adjuvant and preferentially of the IgG2a isotype following DNA and DNA prime-protein boost vaccination. Finally, protein boosting increased the protective efficacy of the DNA vaccine against an intravenous M. tuberculosis H37Rv challenge infection, as measured by CFU or relative light unit counts in lungs 1 and 2 months after infection. The capacity of exogenously given protein to boost the DNA-primed vaccination effect underlines the dominant role of Th1-type CD4(+) helper T cells in mediating protection.