gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Dense Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Coating Improves Penetration of Large Polymeric Nanoparticles Within Brain Tissue (2012)

Prevailing opinion suggests that only substances up to 64 nm in diameter can move at appreciable rates through the brain extracellular space (ECS). This size range is large enough to allow diffusion of signaling molecules, nutrients, and metabolic waste products, but too small to allow efficient penetration of most particulate drug delivery systems and viruses carrying therapeutic genes, thereby limiting effectiveness of many potential therapies. We analyzed the movements of nanoparticles of various diameters and surface coatings within fresh human and rat brain tissue ex vivo and mouse brain in vivo. Nanoparticles as large as 114 nm in diameter diffused within the human and rat brain, but only if they were densely coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Using these minimally adhesive PEG-coated particles, we estimated that human brain tissue ECS has some pores larger than 200 nm and that more than one-quarter of all pores are ≥ 100 nm. These findings were confirmed in vivo in mice, where 40- and 100-nm, but not 200-nm, nanoparticles spread rapidly within brain tissue, only if densely coated with PEG. Similar results were observed in rat brain tissue with paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable nanoparticles of similar size (85 nm) and surface properties. The ability to achieve brain penetration with larger nanoparticles is expected to allow more uniform, longer-lasting, and effective delivery of drugs within the brain, and may find use in the treatment of brain tumors, stroke, neuroinflammation, and other brain diseases where the blood-brain barrier is compromised or where local delivery strategies are feasible.
Treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a review. (2014)

Gemcitabine monotherapy has been the standard of care for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer for several decades. Despite recent advances in various chemotherapeutic regimens and in the development of targeted therapies, metastatic pancreatic cancer remains highly resistant to chemotherapy. Previous studies of several combination regimens showed minimal or no significant change in overall survival compared with gemcitabine alone. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) overexpression in pancreatic stromal fibroblasts is considered one of the major causes of chemotherapy resistance. The nanoparticle albumin-bound formulation of paclitaxel (nab-paclitaxel) has been found to be superior to other formulations of paclitaxel because of its favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Initial preclinical studies showed its synergistic effect with gemcitabine in pancreatic cancer, in which nab-paclitaxel is sequestered by SPARC to cause stromal depletion and increasing microvasculature, resulting in higher gemcitabine concentration within the tumor. In the recent phase III multinational Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Clinical Trial (MPACT), the combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel was shown to be superior to gemcitabine monotherapy, with an increase in median survival of 1.8 months. Combination therapy with gemcitabine plus erlotinib, or with gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel, or the multidrug regimen of leucovorin, fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) can be considered as first-line chemotherapy for patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. In this review we will discuss details of the recently approved combination of gemcitabine and nab-paclitaxel for first-line treatment of metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma and compare it with other therapeutic options.
Locating singing voice segments within music signals (2002)

A sung vocal line is the prominent feature of much popular music. It would be useful to locate the portions of a musical track during which the vocals are present reliably, both as a 'signature' of the piece and as a precursor to automatic recognition of lyrics. We approach this problem by using the acoustic classifier of a speech recognizer as a detector for speech-like sounds. Although singing (including a musical background) is a relatively poor match to an acoustic model trained on normal speech, we propose various statistics of the classifier's output in order to discriminate singing from instrumental accompaniment. A simple HMM allows us to find a best labeling sequence for this uncertain data. On a test set of forty 15 second excerpts of randomly-selected music, our classifier achieved around 80% classification accuracy at the frame level. The utility of different features, and our plans for eventual lyrics recognition, are discussed.
Antiproliferative effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide in aortic and pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (2004)

Pulmonary hypertension is characterized by vascular remodeling involving smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and nitric oxide (NO) are potent vasodilators, and the inhibition of aortic smooth muscle cell (ASMC) proliferation by NO has been documented, but less is known about the effects of CGRP. The mechanism by which overexpression of CGRP inhibits proliferation in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and ASMC following in vitro transfection by the gene coding for prepro-CGRP was investigated. Increased expression of p53 is known to stimulate p21, which inhibits G(1) cyclin/cdk complexes, thereby inhibiting cell proliferation. We hypothesize that p53 and p21 are involved in the growth inhibitory effect of CGRP. In this study, CGRP was shown to inhibit ASMC and PASMC proliferation. In PASMC transfected with CGRP and exposed to a PKA inhibitor (PKAi), cell proliferation was restored. p53 and p21 expression increased in CGRP-treated cells but decreased in cells treated with CGRP and PKAi. PASMC treated with CGRP and a PKG inhibitor (PKGi) recovered from inhibition of proliferation induced by CGRP. ASMC treated with CGRP and then PKAi or PKGi recovered only when exposed to the PKAi and not PKGi. Although CGRP is thought to act through a cAMP-dependent pathway, cGMP involvement in the response to CGRP has been reported. It is concluded that p53 plays a role in CGRP-induced inhibition of cell proliferation and cAMP/PKA appears to mediate this effect in ASMC and PASMC, whereas cGMP appears to be involved in PASMC proliferation.
Site-specific glycan analysis of human chorionic gonadotropin -subunit from malignancies and pregnancy by liquid chromatography--electrospray mass spectrometry (2006)

Glycosylation is an important posttranslational modification in proteins, and aberrant glycosylation occurs in malignancies. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone produced in high concentrations during pregnancy. It is also expressed as particular glycoforms by certain malignancies. These glycoforms, which are called "hyperglycosylated" hCG (hCGh), have been reported to contain more complex glycan moieties. We have analyzed tryptic glycopeptides of the beta-subunit of hCG of various origins by liquid chromatography (LC) connected to an electrospray mass spectrometer. Site-specific glycan structures were visualized by the use of differential expression analysis software. hCGbeta was purified from urine of two patients with testicular cancer, one with choriocarcinoma, one with an invasive mole, two pregnant women at early and late gestation, from a pharmaceutical preparation and culture medium of a choriocarcinoma cell line. N-glycans at Asn-13 and Asn-30 as well as O-glycans at Ser-121, Ser-127, Ser-132, and Ser-138 were characterized. In all samples, the major type of N-glycan was a biantennary complex-type structure, but triantennary structures linked to Asn-30 as well as fucosylation of the Asn-13-bound glycan are increased in cancer-derived hCGbeta. There were significant site-specific differences in the O-glycans, with constant core-2 glycans at Ser-121, core-1 glycans at Ser-138, and putative sites unoccupied by any glycan. Core-2 glycans at either Ser-127 or Ser-132 were enriched in cancer. The glycans of free hCGbeta were larger and had a higher fucose content of Asn-13-linked oligosaccharides than intact hCG. This may facilitate the detection of this malignancy-associated variant by a lectin assay. Analysis of hCGh affinity purified with antibody B152 confirmed that this antibody recognizes a core-2 glycan on Ser-132.
Development of prophylactic vaccines against HIV-1 (2013)

The focus of most current HIV-1 vaccine development is on antibody-based approaches. This is because certain antibody responses correlated with protection from HIV-1 acquisition in the RV144 phase III trial, and because a series of potent and broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies have been isolated from infected individuals. Taken together, these two findings suggest ways forward to develop a neutralizing antibody-based vaccine. However, understanding of the correlates of protection from disease in HIV-1 and other infections strongly suggests that we should not ignore CTL-based research. Here we review recent progress in the field and highlight the challenges implicit in HIV-1 vaccine design and some potential solutions.
A 19-ns 250-mW CMOS erasable programmable logic device (1986)

A 19-ns 250-mW erasable programmable logic device using 1.2-/spl mu/m n-well CMOS EPROM technology is described. CMOS EPROM technology and new circuit techniques give smaller die and lower power than SSI/MSI logic components without compromising speed. A novel cell current tracking, temperature-compensated sense amplifier is used to enhance performance and reduce power. The versatile macrocell makes the logic implementation simpler, and the EPROM technology gives improved programmability and reliability.
Human monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4 is a novel CC chemokine with activities on monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils induced in allergic and nonallergic inflammation that signals through the CC chemokine receptors (CCR)-2 and -3 (1996)

The chemokines are a large family of cytokines that regulate the complex and precise recruitment of immune cells into inflammatory foci. To fully appreciate their role in the pathogenesis of human diseases, the entire spectrum of chemokines, their receptors, their cellular targets, and mechanisms of regulation need to be delineated. Using eotaxin as a probe, we isolated a cDNA for a novel human beta (or CC) chemokine that, based on its biological and structural features, we have named monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-4. Purified recombinant MCP-4 protein was a potent chemoattractant for monocytes and eosinophils and stimulated histamine release from basophils. MCP-4 induced a calcium flux in HEK-293 cells transfected with the monocyte selective MCP-1 receptor (CCR-2B) and the eosinophil selective eotaxin receptor (CCR-3), but not in the more widely expressed CCR-1 or CCR-5. This novel chemokine is expressed in TNF-alpha and IL-1 activated epithelial and endothelial cells in vitro, and in the epithelial mucosa of patients with both Th2-type allergic and Th1-type nonallergic sinusitis. Furthermore, both IFN-gamma and IL-4, products of Th1 and Th2 cells, respectively, synergized with TNF-alpha and IL-1 in inducing MCP-4 mRNA accumulation. These properties of MCP-4 offer a molecular explanation for the observed accumulation of monocytes, eosinophils and basophils in both Th1- and Th2-type immune responses.
Multiple silicon nanowires-embedded Schottky solar cell (2009)

Large area applicable silicon nanowire (SiNW)-embedded Schottky solar cell (SC) is fabricated. Multiple semiconducting SiNWs were positioned on two different metals. SiNW forms a Schottky or an Ohmic contact to each metal according to the Fermi level lineup. Electrons or holes have a barrier to transport resulting in a rectifying flow. Under 1 sun illumination, the SiNW Schottky SC provided 0.167 V of photovoltage and 91.91 nA of photocurrent with an ideality factor of 1.2. It discusses the fabrication scheme and mechanism of multiple SiNWs-embedded Schottky SC.
Learning to Assign Orientations to Feature Points (2016)

We show how to train a Convolutional Neural Network to assign a canonical orientation to feature points given an image patch centered on the feature point. Our method improves feature point matching upon the state-of-the art and can be used in conjunction with any existing rotation sensitive descriptors. To avoid the tedious and almost impossible task of finding a target orientation to learn, we propose to use Siamese networks which implicitly find the optimal orientations during training. We also propose a new type of activation function for Neural Networks that generalizes the popular ReLU, maxout, and PReLU activation functions. This novel activation performs better for our task. We validate the effectiveness of our method extensively with four existing datasets, including two non-planar datasets, as well as our own dataset. We show that we outperform the state-of-the-art without the need of retraining for each dataset.
Effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz Microwave Radiation on E-Col; B (1977)

The effects of 2.6-4.0 GHz microwave radiation on living E. coli B bacteria were studied using measurement of the colony forming ability (CFA) of the cells and alterations in the molecular structure determined by comparing the infrared spectrum of irradiated and unirradiated cell cultures. At absorbed power levels of 20 mW in 1 ml of cellular suspensions (i.e., a specific absorption rate of 20 W/kg) for 10-12 hour exposures, no effects were observed on either the molecular structure or the CFA for this particular strain of E. coli.
Automatic Switching in Metropolitan Optical Networks (2002)

TDM-based networks developed in metropolitan areas need to evolve in a way to fulfil new emerging requirements and to transport efficiently the growing data-traffic. As a matter of fact, recently, the focus of the DWDM challenge is being extended from developing long-haul point-to-point links to building out flexible automatically switched optical networks. This paper describes the applicability of automatic switching in metropolitan optical networks for the dynamic provisioning of high-capacity links
Therapeutic effect of (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine, caffeic acid oxidation product, and trisodiumphosphonoformate on cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in guinea pigs (1987)

The influence of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU), caffeic acid oxidation product (KOP), and trisodiumphosphonoformate (TPF) on the course of the primary cutaneous herpes simplex virus infection was investigated by means of a guinea pig test model. The antiviral substances were applied in an ointment with 10% urea as a penetration mediator. When the treatment was initiated 15 minutes after virus inoculation, 3% BVDU effectively inhibited the development of herpetic vesicles and 0.1% BVDU prevented the appearance of herpetic satellites. Under the same conditions 1% and 3% KOP ointments inhibited the appearance of satellites; and 0.5% TPF ointment completely inhibited the development of cutaneous herpes lesions. Prophylactic drug administration given 24, 20, and 4 hours before virus inoculation was without any protective effect.
From structure-from-motion point clouds to fast location recognition (2009)

Efficient view registration with respect to a given 3D reconstruction has many applications like inside-out tracking in indoor and outdoor environments, and geo-locating images from large photo collections. We present a fast location recognition technique based on structure from motion point clouds. Vocabulary tree-based indexing of features directly returns relevant fragments of 3D models instead of documents from the images database. Additionally, we propose a compressed 3D scene representation which improves recognition rates while simultaneously reducing the computation time and the memory consumption. The design of our method is based on algorithms that efficiently utilize modern graphics processing units to deliver real-time performance for view registration. We demonstrate the approach by matching hand-held outdoor videos to known 3D urban models, and by registering images from online photo collections to the corresponding landmarks.
Comparison of experimental and theoretical absolute rates for intervalence electron transfer (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComparison of experimental and theoretical absolute rates for intervalence electron transferDahv A. V. Kliner, Keisuke Tominaga, Gilbert C. Walker, and Paul F. BarbaraCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 21, 8323–8325Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00047a073RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views166Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (410 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
A Phase I Pharmacokinetic and Biological Correlative Study of Oblimersen Sodium (Genasense, G3139), an Antisense Oligonucleotide to the Bcl-2 mRNA, and of Docetaxel in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (2004)

The recommended Phase II doses for oblimersen and docetaxel on this schedule are 7 mg/kg/day continuous i.v. infusion days 1 to 6, and 75 mg/m(2) i.v. day 6, respectively, once every 3 weeks. The absence of severe toxicities at this recommended dose, evidence of Bcl-2 protein inhibition in PBMC and tumor tissue, and encouraging antitumor activity in HPRC patients warrant further clinical evaluation of this combination.
Transport properties of the underdoped Y 0.5 Pr 0.5 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 − δ films in high magnetic fields (2002)

The effect of magnetic field and disorder on the transport properties of the underdoped Y0.5Pr0.5Ba2Cu3O7 − δ films has been investigated in a broad temperature range in magnetic fields up to 50 T. In ultrathin films with strong disorder, where the mean free path l corresponds to kFl < 4, a convincing power law resistivity vs. temperature ρab ∼ T−2γ (γ = 0.31–0.39) is observed in a very broad temperature range T ≈ 2–40 K. However, in superconducting thicker films with much weaker disorder (kFl > 14 in normal state), the high magnetic field, by suppressing superconductivity, recovers the normal-state transport behavior with the ρab ∼ ln {T}-dependence at low temperature in ∼ 50 T field. The two different transport behaviors indicate that the normal-state transport properties of the underdoped cuprates are very sensitive not only to the hole concentration but also to the degree of the disorder.
Intestinal Protein Loss and Bleeding Assessed by Fecal Hemoglobin, Transferrin, Albumin, and Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Levels in Patients with Colorectal Diseases (1995)

Four fecal proteins (hemoglobin, transferrin, albumin, and alpha 1-antitrypsin) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in patients with colorectal diseases. Levels of all 4 proteins were significantly increased in patients with colonic cancer and ulcerative colitis (UC) compared to levels in control subjects, while fecal alpha 1-antitrypsin was particularly elevated in colonic Crohn's disease (CD). That is, the fecal protein pattern of CD was distinct from those of colonic polyps, colonic cancer, and UC. To investigate whether levels of these fecal proteins reflect disease activity in UC and CD, comparative evaluation of fecal proteins in the active and inactive phases was performed. In UC, differences in the fecal concentrations of all 4 proteins were significant between the active and inactive phases of the disease. In CD, however, the difference in alpha 1-antitrypsin concentration was significant. Our results suggest that measurements of these 4 fecal proteins would be useful in the screening of colorectal diseases. In addition, these markers can also be used as indicators of disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases.
Macrophage-dependent Apoptosis of CD4+ T Lymphocytes from HIV-infected Individuals Is Mediated by FasL and Tumor Necrosis Factor (1997)

Apoptosis of bystander uninfected CD4+ T lymphocytes by neighboring HIV-infected cells is observed in cell culture and in lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected individuals. This study addresses whether antigen-presenting cells such as human macrophages mediate apoptosis of CD4+ T cells from HIV-infected individuals. Uninfected human macrophages, and to a larger degree, HIV-infected macrophages mediate apoptosis of T cells from HIV-infected, but not from uninfected control individuals. This macrophage-dependent killing targets CD4+, but not CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-infected individuals, and direct contact between macrophages and lymphocytes is required. Additional analyses indicated that the apoptosis-inducing ligands, FasL and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), mediate this macrophage-induced apoptosis of CD4+ T cells. These results support a role for macrophage-associated FasL and TNF in the selective depletion of CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected individuals.
Multi‐capillary optical waveguides for DNA sequencing (1998)

Cylindrical capillaries can be used as optical elements in a waveguide, where refraction will confine an appropriately focused light beam to pass through the interiors of successive capillaries in a flat parallel array. Such a capillary waveguide allows efficient illumination of samples in multiple capillaries with relatively little laser power. Analytical expressions derived under paraxial and thin-lens approximations provide guidance in selecting the capillary sizes and the refractive indices that will produce the waveguiding effect, but accurate predictions require exact ray tracing. Small reflective losses as the light passes through the capillary surfaces cause cumulative intensity decreases, but the resulting lack of uniformity can be compensated to a considerable extent by illuminating the capillary array from both sides. A 12-capillary waveguide illuminated from both sides in air has a difference of less than 10% from the strongest to the weakest illumination. By increasing the refractive index of both the external medium and the contents of the capillaries, a 96-capillary waveguide for DNA sequencing could be produced that would also provide nearly uniform illumination. A 12-capillary, bi-directionally illuminated waveguide system for DNA sequencing has been constructed. The two focused laser beams are delivered by integrated fiber optic transmitters (IFOTs), and fluorescence is collected by a set of optical fibers whose spacing exactly matches that of the capillaries in the waveguide. The system is easy to align and provides sensitive detection of fluorescence with minimal cross-talk between channels.
Fracional–Fringe Holographic Plasma Interferometry (1967)

Holographic interferometry can be applied to plasmas whose density results in shifts of less than one fringe by superposing the small shifts on an arbitrarily shaped and positioned background fringe pattern. The sensitivity of holographic interferometry is thereby increased to that of conventional interferometry, while the inherent advantages of holography are retained. The background fringes also simplify detection of the spurious phase changes that can arise in holography from motions of the apparatus.