gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive effects of ketogenic weight-reducing diets. (1995)

Further research is needed to confirm this finding and to determine whether ketogenic diets negatively affect other complex mental tasks, such as problem solving.
Analysis of a marine picoplankton community by 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing (1991)

The phylogenetic diversity of an oligotrophic marine picoplankton community was examined by analyzing the sequences of cloned ribosomal genes. This strategy does not rely on cultivation of the resident microorganisms. Bulk genomic DNA was isolated from picoplankton collected in the north central Pacific Ocean by tangential flow filtration. The mixed-population DNA was fragmented, size fractionated, and cloned into bacteriophage lambda. Thirty-eight clones containing 16S rRNA genes were identified in a screen of 3.2 x 10(4) recombinant phage, and portions of the rRNA gene were amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. The resulting sequences were used to establish the identities of the picoplankton by comparison with an established data base of rRNA sequences. Fifteen unique eubacterial sequences were obtained, including four from cyanobacteria and eleven from proteobacteria. A single eucaryote related to dinoflagellates was identified; no archaebacterial sequences were detected. The cyanobacterial sequences are all closely related to sequences from cultivated marine Synechococcus strains and with cyanobacterial sequences obtained from the Atlantic Ocean (Sargasso Sea). Several sequences were related to common marine isolates of the gamma subdivision of proteobacteria. In addition to sequences closely related to those of described bacteria, sequences were obtained from two phylogenetic groups of organisms that are not closely related to any known rRNA sequences from cultivated organisms. Both of these novel phylogenetic clusters are proteobacteria, one group within the alpha subdivision and the other distinct from known proteobacterial subdivisions. The rRNA sequences of the alpha-related group are nearly identical to those of some Sargasso Sea picoplankton, suggesting a global distribution of these organisms.
One-step .alpha.-tosyloxylation of ketones with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzene (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOne-step .alpha.-tosyloxylation of ketones with [hydroxy(tosyloxy)iodo]benzeneGerald F. Koser, Attila G. Relenyi, Alexander N. Kalos, Louis Rebrovic, and Richard H. WettachCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 12, 2487–2489Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00133a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00133a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1985Altmetric-Citations213LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Activation of guanylate cyclase from rat liver and other tissues by sodium azide. (1975)

Sodium azide, hydroxylamine, and phenylhydrazine at concentrations of 1 mM increased the activity of soluble guanylate cyclase from rat liver 2- to 20-fold. The increased accumulation of guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate in reaction mixtures with sodium azide was not due to altered levels of substrate, GTP, or altered hydrolysis of guanosine 3':5'-monophosphate by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The activation of guanylate cyclase was dependent upon NaN3 concentration and temperature; preincubation prevented the time lag of activation observed during incubation. The concentration of NaN3 that resulted in half-maximal activation was 0.04 mM. Sodium azide increased the apparent Km for GTP from 35 to 113 muM. With NaN3 activation the enzyme was less dependent upon the concentration of free Mn2+. Activation of enzyme by NaN3 was irreversible with dilution or dialysis of reaction mixtures. The slopes of Arrhenius plots were altered with sodium azide-activated enzyme, while gel filtration of the enzyme on Sepharose 4B was unaltered by NaN3 treatment. Triton X-100 increased the activity of the enzyme, and in the presence of Triton X-100 the activation by NaN3 was not observed. Trypsin treatment decreased both basal guanylate cyclase activity and the responsiveness to NaN3. Phospholipase A, phospholipase C, and neuraminidase increased basal activity but had little effect on the responsiveness to NaN3. Both soluble and particulate guanylate cyclase from liver and kidney were stimulated with NaN3. The particulate enzyme from cerebral cortex and cerebellum was also activated with NaN3, whereas the soluble enzyme from these tissues was not. Little or no effect of NaN3 was observed with preparations from lung, heart, and several other tissues. The lack of an effect with NaN3 on soluble GUANYLATE Cyclase from heart was probably due to the presence of an inhibitor of NaN3 activation in heart preparations. The effect of NaN3 was decreased or absent when soluble guanylate cyclase from liver was purified or stored at -20degrees. The activation of guanylate cyclase by NaN3 is complex and may be the result of the nucleophilic agent acting on the enzyme directly or what may be more likely on some other factor in liver preparations.
Growth-promoting activity of acid mucopolysaccharides on a strain of human mammary carcinoma cells. (1960)

Summary A strain of pure epithelium from a human duct cell carcinoma of the breast (BT 20) can be maintained in good condition when the medium is supplemented by umbilical cord extract (CE). CE can be entirely replaced by hyaluronate, partially by chondroitinsulfate C and not at all by the enzymatic digests of hyaluronate or by chick embryo extract. A polyvinylpyrrolidone of high molecular weight comparable to that of hyaluronate (K-90; av. mol. wt., 360,000) can partially replace CE in the maintenance of BT 20 cells. It is suggested that the action of acid mucopolysaccharides on BT 20 cells is not of a nutritional, but of a physical or physico-chemical, nature and is exerted at the cell membrane. Polymerization in the neighborhood of mol. wt. 350,000 is most favorable, or essential, for this action, which is probably concerned with water and electrolyte exchanges between cells and medium and/or reciprocal electrical influences between cell surfaces and polyelectrolytes. A parallelism is suggested between the growth requirements of these human mammary carcinoma cells and the existence of large amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides in the ground substance of mammary carcinoma.
Immunity in Chimpanzees Chronically Infected with Hepatitis C Virus: Role of Minor Quasispecies in Reinfection (1998)

We have previously reported that chimpanzees chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) could be reinfected, even with the original infecting strain. In this study we tested the hypothesis that this might reflect the presence of minor quasispecies to which there was little or no immunity. To evaluate this hypothesis, we sequenced multiple clones taken at intervals after primary infection and rechallenge from four chronically infected chimpanzees. The inoculum used in these studies (HCV-H, genotype 1a) revealed 17 separate variants among 46 clones sequenced. Following challenge, each of the four challenged animals showed marked alterations of their quasispecies distribution. The new variants, which appeared 1 to 6 weeks after challenge, were either identical to or closely resembled variants present in the challenge inoculum. These results, paralleled by an increase in viremia in some of the challenged animals, suggest that quasispecies in the challenge inoculum were responsible for signs of reinfection and that there was little immunity. However, the newly emerged quasispecies completely took over infection in only one animal. In the remaining three chimpanzees the prechallenge quasispecies were able to persist. The natural evolution of infection within chimpanzees resulted in variants able to compete with the inoculum variants. Whether through reexposure or the natural progression of infection, newly emerged quasispecies are likely to play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic HCV infection.
Beyond Rayleigh's criterion: A resolution measure with application to single-molecule microscopy (2006)

Rayleigh's criterion is extensively used in optical microscopy for determining the resolution of microscopes. This criterion imposes a resolution limit that has long been held as an impediment for studying nanoscale biological phenomenon through an optical microscope. However, it is well known that Rayleigh's criterion is based on intuitive notions. For example, Rayleigh's criterion is formulated in a deterministic setting that neglects the photon statistics of the acquired data. Hence it does not take into account the number of detected photons, which, in turn, raises concern over the use of Rayleigh's criterion in photon-counting techniques such as single-molecule microscopy. Here, we re-examine the resolution problem by adopting a stochastic framework and present a resolution measure that overcomes the limitations of Rayleigh's criterion. This resolution measure predicts that the resolution of optical microscopes is not limited and that it can be improved by increasing the number of detected photons. Experimental verification of the resolution measure is carried out by imaging single-molecule pairs with different distances of separation. The resolution measure provides a quantitative tool for designing and evaluating single-molecule experiments that probe biomolecular interactions.
The N, O-diacetylmuramidase of Chalaropsis species. V. The complete amino acid sequence. (1975)

The complete amino acid sequence of lysozyme Ch has been established by a combination of automated and manual Edman degradation and carboxypeptidase digestion.(see article)There is a single disulfide bond in the center of the molecule. The enzyme has 211 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 22,415. Lysozyme Ch has an amino acid sequence that is totally different from all other lysozymes whose sequences are known.
OnabotulinumtoxinA improves quality of life and reduces impact of chronic migraine (2011)

This study provides Class 1A evidence that onabotulinumtoxinA treatment reduces headache impact and improves HRQoL.
Transduction of Cell Survival Signals by Connexin-43 Hemichannels (2002)

Bisphosphonates, drugs used widely in the treatment of bone diseases, prevent osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis by a mechanism involving extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. We report herein that hexameric connexin (Cx)-43 hemichannels, but not gap junctions, are the essential transducers of the ERK-activating/anti-apoptotic effects of bisphosphonates. Transfection of Cx-43, but not other Cxs, into Cx-43 naive cells confers de novo responsiveness to the drugs. The signal-transducing property of Cx-43 requires the pore forming as well as the C-terminal domains of the protein, the activation of both Src and ERK kinases, and the SH2 and SH3 domains of Src. This evidence adds Cx-43 to the list of transmembrane proteins capable of transducing survival signals in response to extracellular cues and raises the possibility that it may serve in this capacity for endogenously produced molecules or even other drugs.
NTRK1 re‐arrangement in papillary thyroid carcinomas of children after the Chernobyl reactor accident (1999)

The prevalence of NTRK1 re-arrangement was determined in papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) of children from Belarus who had been exposed to radioactive iodine after the Chernobyl reactor accident; 81 tumors were included, all of which were devoid of RET re-arrangement as analyzed in a current study on genomic alterations in PTC. Oncogenic fusion of the NTRK1 tyrosine kinase domain with the amino-terminal part of the tropomyosin gene (TPM3/NTRK1, trk) was observed in 5 tumors. A single tumor exhibited a TPR/NTRK1 fusion (TRK-T2). Reciprocal NTRK1/TPM3 transcripts were found in 4 of 5 tumors with TPM3/NTRK1 re-arrangement, indicating an intra-chromosomal balanced reciprocal inversion. No phenotypic differences from other post-Chernobyl childhood PTCs were detected. As compared with the high prevalence of RET re-arrangements reported for thyroid carcinomas of children after the Chernobyl reactor accident, NTRK1 re-arrangements appear rare. Our results confirm that activation of receptor tyrosine kinase genes plays the predominant role in post-Chernobyl childhood thyroid carcinogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 80:842–847, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Single Cells as Biosensors for Chemical Separations (1995)

A biosensor system based on the response of living cells was demonstrated that can detect specific components of a complex mixture fractionated by a microcolumn separation technique. This system uses ligand-receptor binding and signal-transduction pathways to biochemically amplify the presence of an analyte after electrophoretic separation. The transduced signal was measured by means of two approaches: (i) fluorescence determination of intracellular calcium concentrations in one or more rat PC-12 cells and (ii) measurement of transmembrane current in a Xenopus laevis oocyte microinjected with messenger RNA that encodes a specific receptor. This analysis system has the potential to identify biologically active ligands present in a complex mixture with exceptional sensitivity and selectivity.
Weighted Voronoi stippling (2002)

The traditional artistic technique of stippling places small dots of ink onto paper such that their density give the impression of tone. The artist tightly controls the relative placement of the stipples on the paper to produce even tones and avoid artifacts, leading to long creation times for the drawings.We present two non-interactive techniques for generating stipple drawings from grayscale images using weighted centroidal Voronoi diagrams. An iterative technique acts on input images directly to produce high-quality stipple drawings and a real-time approach uses precomputed dot distributions to stipple images quickly.
Manometric Evaluation of Children with Chronic Constipation Using a Suction-Stimulating Electrode (1992)

Thirteen children with chronic constipation (8 males and 5 females, aged 1 month to 9 years) were evaluated manometrically. A suction-stimulating electrode was used to induce the rectoanal reflex electrically so as to examine the threshold voltage and latency of this reflex. The rectoanal reflex was induced in all patients by balloon dilatation of the rectum. However, electrical stimulation of the rectal mucosa triggered a reflex in only nine of them and the threshold voltage and latency was 22.2 +/- 3.6 volts (mean +/- SD, n = 9) and 2.04 +/- 0.38 seconds (n = 9), respectively. Hence, it is suggested that a suction-stimulating electrode is a useful supportive tool in manometric anorectal studies, and that disturbances in the rectal nervous system might be one of the causative factors in chronic constipation in childhood.
Identical allelic loss on chromosome 11q13 in microdissected in situ and invasive human breast cancer. (1995)

Human breast carcinoma is thought to develop through progressive stages from atypical hyperplasias to in situ carcinoma and finally to invasive and metastatic cancer. In situ breast carcinoma consists of small, isolated neoplastic foci which cannot be selectively studied by conventional methods. In this study, we used tissue microdissection to examine the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of chromosome 11q13 in both in situ and invasive lesions of the breast, as compared to normal breast epithelium from the same patients. Forty-one cases of sporadic breast cancer were analyzed. Tissue microdissection allows for procurement and PCR-based analysis of small lesions using either frozen or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. LOH on chromosome 11q13 was found in 24 of 36 (67%) of the informative invasive breast cancer cases using two polymorphic DNA markers specific for this region (INT2 and PYGM). Twenty-one of the cases which demonstrated LOH in the invasive tumor also contained in situ carcinoma in the same tissue section. Seventy-one % (15 of 21) of the microdissected in situ lesions showed LOH of chromosome 11q13. Every case (15 of 15) of in situ tumor with LOH showed loss of the same allele in the corresponding invasive tumor cells. The results of this study suggest that a tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 11q13 may play an important role in the early stages of development of sporadic human breast cancer. This finding provides molecular genetic support for the hypothesis that invasive breast cancer arises from in situ lesions.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical correlations (2002)

The correlation of synovial MIF with disease activity corroborates existing evidence of the role of this cytokine in RA. The demonstration that only MIF and TNF-alpha show significant variation in synovial cytokine content with clinical remission suggests that MIF is an important member of the cytokine hierarchy in RA.
THE pH AND pD DEPENDENCE OF THE SPONTANEOUS AND MAGNESIUM-ION-CATALYZED DECARBOXYLATION OF OXALACETIC ACID (1964)

Spectrophotometric studies of the spontaneous and magnesium-ion-catalyzed decarboxylation of oxalacetic acid in H 2 O and D 2 O have been carried out over a range of pH, pD, and magnesium ion concentrations.The rate of decarboxylation of oxalacetic acid depends on the proposed equilibrium system between the acid anion and magnesium chelate under a variety of conditions.The absorbancy indexes and the apparent equilibrium constant of the keto and enol forms of the magnesium chelate were estimated from a combination of the kinetic and spectral data.
Refracture Reorientation Enhances Gas Production in Barnett Shale Tight Gas Wells (2000)

Abstract Refracturing can be used to increase production in poorly fractured wells. A different application of this technology is to refracture wells with strong initial fractures. In this paper, we provide evidence of increased production due to refracturing two tight gas wells having deeply penetrating initial fractures. Surface tiltmeter measurements show refracture orientations at oblique angles to the azimuth of the initial fractures.
BCG IMMUNOTHERAPY PREVENTS RECURRENCE OF DIABETES IN ISLET GRAFTS TRANSPLANTED INTO SPONTANEOUSLY DIABETIC NOD MICE (1994)

Islet transplantation can provide a therapeutic option for patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes mellitus, especially if current aggressive immunosuppression could be eliminated. In vitro immunomodulation has achieved this goal for islet allografts--however, strategies must be developed to prevent B cell lysis secondary to the chronic autoimmune process of diabetes. Previously, we have found that adjuvant therapy with CFA was effective in preventing the onset of diabetes and the recurrence of B cell lysis post-islet transplantation. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of BCG, a more clinically relevant immunoadjuvant, to prevent recurrent autoimmune damage to islets grafted into diabetic NOD mice. Highly purified islets were isolated from either 5-7-week-old prediabetic NOD mice or 5-8-week-old CBA/J mice using standard islet isolation techniques. Four hundred purified islets were transplanted into the kidney capsule of diabetic NOD recipients. A single dose of BCG was administered in recipients of syngeneic (gp 1) and allogeneic islets (gp 2). In gp 1, 8 of 10 BCG-treated syngeneic recipients remained normoglycemic for > 100 days posttransplant. In untreated recipients of syngeneic islets (gp 3) the graft failed at 19 days (n = 16) (P value, gp 1 vs. gp 3 < 0.001). In untreated allograft recipients, islet grafts functioned for 11 days (n = 8), which did not differ significantly (P = NS) from the BCG-treated allografts (gp 4) (14 days, n = 7). In 6 mice with long-term graft function, a second syngeneic graft implanted into the contralateral kidney maintained normoglycemia for 50 days following the removal of the first islet graft. Histological examination of the grafts from gp 1 mice showed granulated B cells with periinsular lymphocytes, while those of the control animals showed lytic B cells and marked lymphocytic infiltration. We conclude that adjuvant therapy with a single dose of BCG can prevent the recurrent autoimmune insulitis, but not allograft rejection in islets transplanted into NOD mice, and that a state of unresponsiveness is induced to allow acceptance of a second syngeneic graft. These data suggest that adjuvant therapy may be useful to sustain the function of transplanted islets in the type 1 diabetic.
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Successful Longterm Urate Lowering with Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Subjects with Gout (2009)

Durable maintenance of goal range SUA level with either dose of febuxostat or in smaller numbers of subjects with allopurinol resulted in near elimination of gout flares and improved tophus status over time. Registered as NCT00175019.
Physicochemical High Throughput Screening:  Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay in the Description of Passive Absorption Processes (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUELetterNEXTPhysicochemical High Throughput Screening: Parallel Artificial Membrane Permeation Assay in the Description of Passive Absorption ProcessesManfred Kansy, Frank Senner, and Klaus GubernatorView Author Information F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Pharma Research, Infectious Diseases, Molecular Structure Research, 4070 Basel, Switzerland Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1998, 41, 7, 1007–1010Publication Date (Web):March 7, 1998Publication History Received11 August 1997Published online7 March 1998Published inissue 1 March 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm970530ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm970530erapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11023Altmetric-Citations1029LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Absorption,Cells,Fluxes,Interface engineering,Membranes Get e-Alerts