gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated endothelin-1 in heart failure and loss of normal response to postural change. (1992)

BACKGROUND The possible contribution of endothelin-1, a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor peptide, to neurohumoral compensation for hemodynamic stress was examined in nine normal volunteers and six patients with severe congestive heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma levels of endothelin-1 were measured with a sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay. Venous blood samples were obtained after 90 minutes of supine rest and serially during 30 minutes of 60 degrees upright tilt. Endothelin-1 levels were compared with those of known neurohumoral mediators of compensation. In normal subjects, the resting levels of endothelin-1 were low (0.74 +/- 0.11 pg/ml), and there was a rapid increase to 1.37 +/- 0.07 pg/ml at 5 minutes of upright tilting (p less than 0.05). This increase was not sustained at 10 and 15 minutes of tilt, but there was a trend toward a second rise at 30 minutes (1.14 +/- 0.17 pg/ml; p = 0.06). This biphasic pattern of response was shared by dopamine and reflected the response of systemic blood pressure to postural change. In contrast, slower and more sustained increases in circulating levels were observed for norepinephrine, epinephrine, aldosterone, plasma renin activity, and vasopressin, whereas atrial natriuretic peptide tended to decrease progressively. Patients with congestive heart failure had markedly higher basal levels of circulating endothelin-1 than normal subjects (3.7 +/- 0.5 pg/ml; p less than 0.01), and there was no further increase on postural change. Similar patterns were observed for the other neurohumoral mediators measured, with the degree of blunting of the response to upright tilting in heart failure being inversely related to the magnitude of increase in basal levels. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in plasma levels of endothelin in congestive heart failure and in response to postural change were qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the alterations of known mediators of neurohumoral compensation. In addition, the increase in plasma endothelin-1 during upright tilting in normal subjects preceded the increases in circulating levels of the other vasoconstrictor mediators, consistent with a role of endothelin-1 in neurohumoral compensation for hemodynamic stress.
Interleukin-6/Glycoprotein 130-dependent Pathways Are Protective during Liver Regeneration (2003)

After tissue loss the liver has the unique capacity to restore its mass by hepatocyte proliferation. Interleukin-6 (IL6)-deficient mice show a lack in DNA synthesis after partial hepatectomy (PH). To define better the role of IL6 and its family members for liver regeneration after PH, we used conditional knockout mice for glycoprotein 130 (gp130), the common signal transducer of all IL6 family members. We show that gp130-dependent pathways control Stat3 activation after PH. By using gene array analysis, we demonstrate that c-jun, NF-kappa B, c-myc, and tumor necrosis factor receptor expression is gp130-dependent. However, in gp130-deleted mice only minor effects on cell cycle and on the maximum of DNA synthesis after PH were found compared with controls. As in conditional gp130 animals, the acute phase response was completely abolished, we considered that other means are essential to define the role of gp130-dependent pathways for liver regeneration. LPS stimulation in gp130-deleted and also IL6 -/- animals after PH leads to a significant reduction in survival and DNA synthesis, which was associated with decreased Bcl-xL expression and higher apoptosis in the liver. These results indicate that the phenotype concerning the reduction in DNA synthesis might be linked to the degree of infection after PH. Thus our results suggest that the role of gp130-dependent signaling is not a direct influence on cell cycle progression after partial hepatectomy but is to activate protective pathways important to enable hepatocyte proliferation.
T CELL SUBSETS AND GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE (1987)

The Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104; and the Department of Immunology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037
Metastasis-Suppressor Genes: a Review and Perspective on an Emerging Field (2000)

Metastasis is the most lethal attribute of a cancer. There is a critical need for markers that will distinguish accurately those histologic lesions and disseminated cells with a high probability of causing clinically important metastatic disease from those that will remain indolent. While the development of new diagnostic markers of metastasis was the initial motivation for many studies, the biologic approach used to identify metastasis-suppressor genes has provided surprising insights into the in vivo mechanisms regulating the formation of metastases. This review and perspective describes the evolving view of the mechanisms that regulate metastasis and the importance of metastasis-suppressor genes in this process. The known metastasis-suppressor proteins or genes and the microcell-mediated chromosomal transfer strategy used to identify many of them are reviewed. New evidence for the role of these metastasis-suppressor proteins or genes in regulating the growth of disseminated cancer cells at the secondary site, the potential for the identification of novel therapeutic targets, and the multidisciplinary approach needed to translate this information into clinical tools for the treatment of metastatic disease are discussed.
Matching the Functionality of Single‐Cell Algal Oils with Different Molecular Compositions (2014)

Abstract The fatty acid composition, triglyceride composition, melting/crystallization profiles, crystallization kinetics, X‐ray diffraction patterns, microstructure and mechanical properties of a pair of algal oils were studied to elucidate structural reasons for the similarity in melting and mechanical properties. Oil A is a predominantly saturated fat, rich in capric, myristic and palmitic acids, composed mostly of trisaturated triglycerides while Oil B contains predominantly palmitic and oleic acids in triglycerides such as POP/OPP and OOP/OPO. The DSC thermogram of Oil A shows similar peak melting temperatures to that of Oil B with Oil B exhibiting a few additional peaks. Both oils exhibit identical SFC‐temperature profiles. Polarized light microscopy revealed a needle‐like morphology for both Oil A and Oil B, with an average length of approximately 3.5–4.0 μm. The similar morphology of the crystals was attributed to a similar polymorphic form (β’) present in both. The fractal dimensions for the distribution of crystalline material within the fat crystal networks of both oils were also similar. The identical melting and mechanical properties of Oil A and Oil B were thus be attributed, respectively, to the presence of different triglycerides (in approximately equal proportions) with similar melting points and the assembly of these triglycerides into crystals of identical shape and size, which are in turn assembled into a network with identical crystal mass distributions. This work suggests that the mechanical and thermal properties of oils with vastly different molecular compositions can be matched by targetting specific TAG combinations which yield similar melting behavior, microstructure and mechanical response.
Progression of HIV disease is associated with increased expression of FcγRI and CR1 on alveolar macrophages (1997)

The expression of receptors for complement and the Fc region of immunoglobulin by alveolar macrophages (AM) constitutes a valuable aid to effector function of these cells. However, during HIV infection such expression may also act to increase binding of immune complexes, thus facilitating viral infection of these cells. This study was designed to determine whether changes in the expression of these receptors occurs in situ during HIV infection. Lung macrophages were isolated by bronchoalveolar lavage in groups of HIV+ subjects segregated on the basis of peripheral CD4 count. A group of normal subjects was also investigated. Expression of CR1 and Fc gammaRI was quantified by measuring the optical density of reaction product following controlled immunoperoxidase staining with MoAbs CD35 and CD64. Both CR1 and Fc gammaRI were increased over normal in all HIV+ subjects. This increase was progressive with advancing disease as determined by correlation with declining peripheral CD4 count. Comparison of asymptomatic and symptomatic subjects with HIV infection showed no difference in CR1 expression but a rise in Fc gammaRI expression in the latter group. An overall inverse correlation was also found between peripheral CD4 count and Fc gammaRI expression, but not CR1 expression. These data demonstrate a significant increase in the expression of these receptors on AM from HIV+ subjects, and show that this increase may occur before any symptoms in these patients.
A natural head pose and eye gaze dataset (2009)

We present a new dataset, ideal for Head Pose and Eye Gaze Estimation algorithm testings. Our dataset was recorded using a monocular system, and no information regarding camera or environment parameters is offered, making the dataset ideal to be tested with algorithms that do not utilize such information and do not require any specific equipment in terms of hardware. Copyright 2009 ACM.
Defining ovarian reserve to better understand ovarian aging (2011)

Though a widely utilized term and clinical concept, ovarian reserve (OR) has been only inadequately defined. Based on Medline and PubMed searches we here define OR in its various components, review genetic control of OR, with special emphasis on the FMR1 gene, and discuss whether diminished OR (DOR) is treatable. What is generally referred to as OR reflects only a small portion of total OR (TOR), a pool of growing (recruited) follicles (GFs) at different stages of maturation. Functional OR (FOR) depends on size of the follicle pool at menarche and the follicle recruitment rate. Both vary between individuals and, at least partially, are under genetic control. The FMR1 gene plays a role in defining FOR at all ages. Infertility treatments have in the past almost exclusively only centered on the last two weeks of folliculogenesis, the gonadotropin-sensitive phase. Expansions of treatments into earlier stages of maturation will offer opportunity to significantly improve ovarian stimulation protocols, especially in women with DOR. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) may represent a first such intervention. Data generated in DHEA-supplemented women, indeed, suggest a new ovarian aging concept, based on aging of ovarian environments and not, as currently is believed, aging oocytes.
CLINICAL ASSESSMENT OF BODY HAIR GROWTH IN WOMEN (1961)

A method was developed for the semiquantitative assessment of body hair growth, and suitable for use in the study of clinical problems associated with hirsuties in women. Five gradings based on densities and areas involved, were determined for each of 11 sites. Findings from application of the method to a control group of 430 women (ages, 15–74 years) are reported. Hair tended to increase on the face and disappear from all other sites with advancing years. In younger age groups a significant amount of hair was found on the forearm and leg in most subjects, but a zero grading was much the commonest finding at all other sites. It is suggested that 2 factors may be involved: one of protective nature with main expression on the forearm and leg, and the other related to hormone levels or sensitivity, with clearest expression elsewhere. An “hormonal” score obtained by adding the gradings obtained from 9 of the 11 sites (excluding the forearm and leg) is being employed in clinical studies.
Analysis of the interaction of ZAP-70 and syk protein-tyrosine kinases with the T-cell antigen receptor by plasmon resonance. (1995)

Tyrosine phosphorylation of a 17-amino acid immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), conserved in each of the signaling subunits of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), mediates the recruitment of ZAP-70 and syk protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) to the activated receptor. The interaction between the two tandemly arranged Src-homology 2 (SH2) domains of this family of PTKs and each of the phosphotyrosine-containing ITAMs was examined by real-time measurements of kinetic parameters. The association rate and equilibrium binding constants for the ZAP-70 and syk SH2 domains were determined for the CD3 epsilon ITAM. Both PTKs bound with ka and Kd values of 5 x 10(6) M-1.sec-1 and approximately 25 nM, respectively. Bindings to the other TCR ITAMs (zeta 1, zeta 2, gamma, and delta ITAMs) were comparable, although the zeta 3 ITAM bound approximately 2.5-fold less well. Studies of the affinity of a single functional SH2 domain of ZAP-70 provided evidence for the cooperative nature of binding of the dual SH2 domains. Mutation of either single SH2 domain decreased the Kd by > 100-fold. Finally, the critical features of the ITAM for syk binding were found to be similar to those required for ZAP-70 binding. These data provide insight into the mechanism by which the multisubunit TCR interacts with downstream effector molecules.
A membrane-associated form of sucrose synthase and its potential role in synthesis of cellulose and callose in plants. (1995)

Sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13; sucrose + UDP reversible UDPglucose + fructose) has always been studied as a cytoplasmic enzyme in plant cells where it serves to degrade sucrose and provide carbon for respiration and synthesis of cell wall polysaccharides and starch. We report here that at least half of the total SuSy of developing cotton fibers (Gossypium hirsutum) is tightly associated with the plasma membrane. Therefore, this form of SuSy might serve to channel carbon directly from sucrose to cellulose and/or callose synthases in the plasma membrane. By using detached and permeabilized cotton fibers, we show that carbon from sucrose can be converted at high rates to both cellulose and callose. Synthesis of cellulose or callose is favored by addition of EGTA or calcium and cellobiose, respectively. These findings contrast with the traditional observation that when UDPglucose is used as substrate in vitro, callose is the major product synthesized. Immunolocalization studies show that SuSy can be localized at the fiber surface in patterns consistent with the deposition of cellulose or callose. Thus, these results support a model in which SuSy exists in a complex with the beta-glucan synthases and serves to channel carbon from sucrose to glucan.
Monolithic Ka-band phase shifter using voltage tunable BaSrTiO/sub 3/ parallel plate capacitors (2000)

Monolithic Ka-band phase shifter circuit that employs voltage tunable BaSrTiO/sub 3/ (BST) parallel plate capacitors is presented here. The circuit is capable of continuous 0/spl deg/-157/spl deg/ phase shift at 30 GHz with an insertion loss of only 5.8 dB and return loss better than 12 dB. In addition to promising loss performance (27.1/spl deg//dB) at 30 GHz, the circuit reported here has several advantages over previously reported BST phase shifters such as moderate control voltages (20 V), room temperature operation, and compatibility with monolithic fabrication techniques.
Recombinant human growth hormone improves the fat redistribution syndrome (lipodystrophy) in patients with HIV (1999)

Short-term treatment with rhGH improved the alterations in body shape that occur with FRS in HIV-infected patients. Waist/hip ratios and mid-thigh circumference are useful measures to follow alterations in body shape in FRS.
Treatment of ACE Inhibitor‐Induced Cough (1999)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are widely administered to treat numerous medical conditions. Although they are generally well tolerated, they are associated with a dry cough that can lead to discontinuation of treatment. Data concerning the frequency, onset, and clinical effects vary among the agents. When discontinuing the ACE inhibitor is not an ideal option, pharmacologic treatment of the cough may be considered, such as cromolyn, baclofen, theophylline, sulindac, and local anesthetics.
Synthetic antigenic determinants of the Brucella A polysaccharide: A disaccharide thioglycoside for block synthesis of pentasaccharide and lower homologues of α1,2-linked 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-α-D-mannose (1989)

Methyl glycosides 13, 18, and 22, which represent potential antigenic determinants of the Brucella A polysaccharide, are the first synthetic analogues of this antigen. Their synthesis was necessitated by crystallographic studies of a Fab combining site obtained from a monoclonal antibody that binds the Brucella A antigen and synthetic pentasaccharide. Monosaccharide synthon 3 and disaccharide 7, S-ethyl glycoside derivatives of 4-azido-4,6-dideoxy-D-mannose, have been used successfully as key intermediates in a convergent strategy to synthesize α1,2-linked homo-oligosaccharides of 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-D-mannose. The disaccharide thioglycoside 7 was activated by methyl triflate in the presence of selectively protected mono- or trisaccharide alcohols 1, 6, or 10 to give α1,2-linked tri- and pentasaccharides 8, 9, and 19. Despite the non-participating glycosyl substituent at position two of the thioglycoside, 1,2-trans glycosidic products appeared to be formed exclusively. Conversion of 3 to the glycosyl bromide 5 by bromine under mild conditions provided routes to both the disaccharide building block 7 and a tetrasaccharide 15 using conventional silver triflate promoted glycosylation reactions. Deprotection was accomplished by transesterification, hydrogen sulphide reduction of azido groups, followed by N-formylation and finally hydro-genolysis of benzyl ethers. Keywords: Brucella A antigen, pentasaccharide synthesis, thioglycosides, oligosaccharide building units, 4,6-dideoxy-4-formamido-D-mannose, antibody combining sites.
The expectation-maximization algorithm (1996)

A common task in signal processing is the estimation of the parameters of a probability distribution function. Perhaps the most frequently encountered estimation problem is the estimation of the mean of a signal in noise. In many parameter estimation problems the situation is more complicated because direct access to the data necessary to estimate the parameters is impossible, or some of the data are missing. Such difficulties arise when an outcome is a result of an accumulation of simpler outcomes, or when outcomes are clumped together, for example, in a binning or histogram operation. There may also be data dropouts or clustering in such a way that the number of underlying data points is unknown (censoring and/or truncation). The EM (expectation-maximization) algorithm is ideally suited to problems of this sort, in that it produces maximum-likelihood (ML) estimates of parameters when there is a many-to-one mapping from an underlying distribution to the distribution governing the observation. The EM algorithm is presented at a level suitable for signal processing practitioners who have had some exposure to estimation theory.
LigPlot+: Multiple Ligand–Protein Interaction Diagrams for Drug Discovery (2011)

We describe a graphical system for automatically generating multiple 2D diagrams of ligand-protein interactions from 3D coordinates. The diagrams portray the hydrogen-bond interaction patterns and hydrophobic contacts between the ligand(s) and the main-chain or side-chain elements of the protein. The system is able to plot, in the same orientation, related sets of ligand-protein interactions. This facilitates popular research tasks, such as analyzing a series of small molecules binding to the same protein target, a single ligand binding to homologous proteins, or the completely general case where both protein and ligand change.
Sic transit acetylcysteine?* (2007)

Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, The Cooper Health System, Camden, NJ
Presidential Address: English Landed Society in the Twentieth Century IV. Prestige without Power? (1993)

By hook or by crook, sometimes by both at the same time, great landowners, and many of the not so great, have survived into the final decade of the twentieth century. Some of the survivors are, no doubt, clinging on by their fingernails, huddled over a single-bar electric fire in a damp and draughty room of a family mansion that is slowly crumbling over their heads, living on baked beans and memories in the manner of an A. S. Byatt novel. Many, however, are extremely wealthy. Old-established landed families provide between a fifth and a quarter of the 200 wealthiest people in Britain in the early 1990s, a proportion which has changed very little since the 1880s. But what are they for? A hundred years ago it was unnecessary to ask such a question. Meredith Townsend, who with J. L. Sanford produced two volumes on The Great Governing Families of England, writing in 1865 had little need of argument or evidence to support his statement that the great landowners were the governing class. He was more defensive in justifying his selection of just thirty-one families as the core of that class, but in 1865 it was not unreasonable to prophesy that ‘in another hundred years these thirty one families will be the marked and ticketed families among two hundred millions of English-speaking men’, and to argue that: ‘The redivision of property may ultimately shatter their power, but short of that their dignity and consideration will probably for a century steadily increase.’
Preparation ofN-Aryl Compounds by Amino Acid-Promoted Ullmann-Type Coupling Reactions (2005)

N-Aryl α- or β-amino acids, aryl amines, N-arylpyrroles, N-arylindoles, N-arylimidazoles, N-arylpyrazoles and aryl azides are prepared by CuI-catalyzed coupling reactions of aryl halides with corresponding nitrogen sources using amino acids as the promoters.
Effects of Intracameral Injection of Chondroitinase ABC In Vivo (1992)

A glycosaminoglycan-degrading enzyme, chondroitinase ABC, was introduced into the anterior chamber of three cynomolgus monkeys. Following the injection, the intraocular pressure decreased in the experimental eyes. Depending on the monkey, the intraocular pressure was lowered for 5, 7, or 14 days before it returned to the normal level. Repeated injections produced a similar response. Structurally, the intertrabecular spaces appeared widened, and marked ballooning of the juxtacanalicular tissue was observed. The outer trabecular beams and the inner wall of Schlemm's canal were greatly disorganized. Considerable loss of the juxtacanalicular tissue was noted even 2 months after the enzyme was injected into the anterior chamber. These observations suggest that chondroitinase ABC digested the trabecular glycosaminoglycans, triggering intraocular pressure reduction and causing disorganization of the extracellular matrices of the disorganized trabecular beams, especially in areas near Schlemm's canal.
Error-Control Block Codes for Communications Engineers (2000)

Introduction to Coded Digital Communication Systems. Introduction to Abstract Algebra. Linear Block Codes. Reed-Muller Codes. Cyclic Codes. Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenham Codes. Reed-Solomon Codes. Multilevel Block-Coded Modulation. Appendices.
Estimate of the melanin content in human hairs by the inverse Monte-Carlo method using a system for digital image analysis (2006)

Based on the digital image analysis and inverse Monte-Carlo method, the proximate analysis method is deve-loped and the optical properties of hairs of different types are estimated in three spectral ranges corresponding to three colour components. The scattering and absorption properties of hairs are separated for the first time by using the inverse Monte-Carlo method. The content of different types of melanin in hairs is estimated from the absorption coefficient. It is shown that the dominating type of melanin in dark hairs is eumelanin, whereas in light hairs pheomelanin dominates.