gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of disulfide bridges in determining the biological activity of interleukin 3. (1988)

Total chemical synthesis of analog proteins was used to examine the requirement for specific disulfide bridges for the biological activity of interleukin 3 (IL-3), a growth factor that stimulates multiple lineages of hemopoietic cells. Four structural analogs of the mature, 140 amino acid murine IL-3 molecule were synthesized in which specific cysteine residues were replaced by alanines. In a quantitative IL-3 assay, based on [3H]thymidine incorporation into factor-dependent cells, the IL-3 analog with alanines substituted for all four cysteines--i.e., [Ala17,79,80,140]IL-3--had 1/500th as much activity as the molecule synthesized according to the native sequence. The two analogs [Cys17,79,Ala80,140]IL-3 and [Cys17,140,Ala79,80]IL-3 had similarly low activity, whereas the [Cys17,80,Ala79,140]IL-3 analog had 2000-fold higher activity than these three analogs, and 3-fold higher than the molecule with the native sequence. This shows that in IL-3 a single disulfide bridge, between cysteines 17 and 80, is required for biological activity that approximates physiological levels. This disulfide probably stabilizes the tertiary structure of the protein to give a conformation that is optimal for function.
1994 MIDWESTERN STATES EQUIPMENT MANAGEMENT CONFERENCE (1995)

The 6th Midwestern States Equipment Managers Conference was held June 6-8, 1994, in Arlington Heights, Illinois and hosted by the Illinois Department of Transportation, Division of Highways. This report presents a brief summary of the discussion topics and information reported during the meeting. Discussion topics included the following: alternative fuels update; color standardization; automatic transmissions - experiences with the Allison MD series; anti-lock brakes for medium and heavy duty trucks; fleet management systems; equipment fleet size and utilization expectations for government fleets; re-refined lubricants and fluids; the pros and cons of remanufactured engines, transmissions and other major components; the purchase and use of electronic diagnostic tools for servicing diesel engines; inventory control practices for tools and small equipment; mechanic classification; handling of welding fumes; the Illinois modification to the Minnesota Gordon Stanley TMA hitch; dump body specifications; track-type hydraulic excavators - use and experiences; under-body plow specifications; ground speed spreader controls; a cooperative purchasing venture by Minnesota; and application of SHRP products.
Translational embryology: Using embryonic principles to generate pancreatic endocrine cells from embryonic stem cells (2007)

Diseases that affect endodermally derived organs such as the lungs, liver, and pancreas include cystic fibrosis, chronic hepatitis, and diabetes, respectively. Despite the prevalence of these diseases, cures remain elusive. While several promising transplantation-based therapies exist for some diseases such as Type 1 diabetes, they are currently limited by the availability of donor-derived tissues. Embryonic stem cells are a promising and renewable source of tissue for transplantation; however, directing their differentiation into specific, adult cell lineages remains a significant challenge. In this review, we will focus on one endodermally derived organ, the pancreas, and discuss how studies of embryonic pancreas development have been used as the basis for the directed, step-wise differentiation of mouse and human embryonic stem cells into pancreatic endocrine cells that are capable of rescuing Type 1 diabetes in animal models.
Synthesis of endotoxic principle of bacterial lipopolysaccharide and its recognition by the innate immune systems of hosts (2006)

A new stage of endotoxin research was brought about by structure elucidation and chemical synthesis of lipid A, the lipophilic partial structure of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. Synthetic lipid A exhibited full endotoxic activity, which gave unequivocal evidence for the concept that lipid A is the active entity of endotoxin. Various lipid A analogues, as well as their radiolabeled derivatives and more complex partial structures of LPS, were also synthesized. By the use of these synthetic homogeneous preparations, not only simple studies on structure-activity relationships but precise and detailed analyses became possible on how this typical bacterial component is recognized by the innate immune receptor complex of mammalian cells.
Rehabilitation Program for Prosthetic Tracheojejunal Voice Production and Swallowing Function Following Circumferential Pharyngolaryngectomy and Neopharyngeal Reconstruction with a Jejunal Free Flap (2010)

The case of a 68-year-old woman with postoperative speech and swallowing problems following a circumferential pharyngolaryngectomy and neopharyngeal reconstruction with a jejunal free flap is presented. The primary tumor was an extended papillary thyroid carcinoma (pT4N0M0). For vocal restoration, an indwelling Provox(®) 1 voice prosthesis was inserted secondarily. The patient received speech and swallowing therapy, including digital maneuvers at the level of the proximal (cervical) part of the jejunal graft to improve speech and swallowing function. Pre- and/ or post-treatment data on speech and swallowing function were gathered using the following assessment methods: esophageal insufflation test, Voice Handicap Index (VHI), videofluoroscopy of phonation (VFSph), digital high-speed endoscopy of jejunal vibration during voice production, fiber-optic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES), and videofluoroscopy of swallowing (VFSs). This case clearly demonstrates that even after extensive laryngopharyngectomy with jejunal free flap reconstruction, a tailored rehabilitation program can improve both voice and swallowing function, and that these results clearly can be objectified/visualized, underlining the validity of this approach.
Randomized Phase III Trial of Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin Compared With Gemcitabine Alone in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer (2006)

These results support the efficacy and safety of an every-2-weeks treatment with gemcitabine plus cisplatin. Median overall survival and progression-free survival were more favorable in the combination arm as compared with gemcitabine alone, although the difference did not attain statistical significance.
Erythropoietin response to post-liver transplantation anemia (2000)

Anemia frequently accompanies end-stage liver disease.Erythropoietin has recently been shown to be of benefit in a number of diseases complicated by anemia. We studied erythropoietin levels before and after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) and correlated these with the degree of anemia. Twenty-seven patients with end-stage cirrhosis who underwent OLT had preoperative and weekly postoperative serum erythropoietin levels determined by a highly sensitive radioimmunoassay. The relation of erythropoietin level to the values for hematocrit, serum creatinine, and cyclosporine and other biochemical test results was evaluated. Before transplantation, 23 patients were anemic; erythropoietin levels were appropriately elevated (72.7 ± 37 mU/mL; normal, 10 to 15 mU/mL) for the degree of anemia (hematocrit, 33.1% ± 1%) in 16 patients (70%). A blunted erythropoietin response to anemia was found in 7 of the anemic patients with cirrhosis (30%). After OLT, the hematocrit decreased to 29.5% ± 0.6% at 4 weeks, with a reciprocal increase in serum erythropoietin levels to 36 ± 5 mU/mL. Erythropoietin response appeared appropriate to the degree of anemia in 82% of the liver transplant recipients and blunted in 18%. We conclude that the ability to secrete erythropoietin in response to anemia is defective in many patients with end-stage liver disease, and a normal response may be restored after OLT The results uggest that exogenous erythropoietin administration may be beneficial in anemic patients with cirrhosis and liver transplant recipients who have inappropriately low serum erythropoietin levels.
DNA methylation biomarkers in stool for early screening of colorectal cancer (2019)

<b>Objective</b>: Detection of aberrant methylated genes in feces has been developed as an early screening method for colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to probe the methylation status of SEPT9, BMP3, NDRG4, and SDC2 in stool and study whether methylation of these genes is associated with colorectal cancer. <b>Materials and Methods</b>: DNAs were isolated and purified from cancerous and non-cancerous stool samples and colorectal cancer tissue. Gene methylation levels were quantified by methylation-specific PCR on SEPT9, BMP3, NDRG4, and SDC2 and analyzed by a diagnostic model. <b>Results</b>: DNA methylation of SEPT9, NDRG4 and SDC2, but not BMP3, had diagnostic potential for detecting colorectal cancer. Moreover, integration of SEPT9, NDRG4, and SDC2 methylation demonstrated high feasibility for detecting colorectal cancer and adenoma, with better performance on colorectal cancer than adenoma. <b>Conclusion</b>: The methylation of SEPT9, NDRG4, and SDC2 in stool may be a potential biomarker for early screening of colorectal cancer.
Posterior trochanteric osteotomy provides adequate exposure for treatment of acetabular fractures (2011)

Objective To explore whether posterior trochanteric osteotomy can provide adequate exposure to facilitate surgery for acetabular fractures.Methods From January 2000 to January 2008, 32 cases of acetabular fracture involving the acetabular dome underwent posterior trochanteric osteotomy for a better exposure to facilitate internal fixation with acetabular tridimensional memory fixation system(ATMFS).Of the 32 cases, 28 were followed up.They were 16 men and 12 women, with a mean age of 39.9 years (16 to 73) .There were 19 fresh fractures and 9 old ones.Results Twenty-eight cases were followed up for an average of 48.9( 19 to 95) months .According to Matta criteria, anatomical reduction was achieved in 17 cases, satisfactory reduction in 10 cases, and unsatisfactory reduction in one old fracture.All the fractures got direct bony union with no displacement or deep infection.All the osteotomy fragments healed within 14 weeks without any nonunion, proximal migration, loosening or breakage of hardware or deep infection.Superficial infection occurred in one patient but healed after regular dressing.Two patients had to sustain removal of the implants from greater trochanter because of irritation.According to the Medical Research Council (MRC) grading system, the strength of the abductors was of Grade 4 in 3 patients, of Grade 3 in one patient and normal in the rest.By the modified d'Aubigne & Postel scoring system, the excellent to good rate was 89.3%.Conclusion Posterior trochanteric osteotomy can provide an adequate exposure of the acetabular dome without such complications as nonunion, proximal replacement or weakness of the abductors which often occur after the conventional oblique osteotomy.

Key words: 
Acetabulum;  Fractures;  Osteotomy;  Fracture fixation, internal
The polyclonal antibody responses of lewis rats to the synthetic encephalitogenic neuropeptide S55S (residues 72–84 of guinea pig myelin basic protein) and its analogs (1987)

Immunochemical analysis of polyclonal antisera from Lewis rats immunized with peptide analogs and subpeptides of residues 72-84 of guinea pig myelin basic protein (MBP) indicated that there were four main epitopic specificities involved: one represented by residues 76-80, one by residues 72-74, one by 81-84-Gly, and one involving 74-76 in a heteroclitic way even when the immunogen contained a tetraleucine spacer between residues 74 and 75. The affinities were all relatively low, ranging from 3 x 10(4) M-1 to 7.2 x 10(6) M-1, and each affinity population was very restricted with respect to heterogeneity. The results were commensurate with our hypothesis that autoimmune responses to homologous encephalitogenic neuropeptide determinants reflect an evolutionarily imposed degeneration of the overall response, and were also in agreement with our hypothesis that the affinities of autoantibodies against epitopes in the molecular neighborhood of an encephalitogen would be necessarily low. It was also found that peptide 69-81-Gly (S67) in solution would not interact in liquid phase radioimmunoassays with any of the above antibody populations, thus indicating that its preferred conformation did not allow the expression of autoreactive epitopes. There was no evidence that S67 in solution. even in the presence of S53, would express any epitopes reactive with autoantibodies. How this finding for a B cell product correlates with T cell-mediated immunologic responses is not totally understood, but it will be recalled that S67 by itself does not induce T cell-mediated experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), that S53 (residues 75-84-Gly) induces only clinical symptoms of EAE without attendant pathological disease, but that the two together induce classical EAE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A PROM element based on salicide agglomeration of poly fuses in a CMOS logic process (2002)

A novel programmable element has been developed and evaluated for state of the art CMOS processes. This element is based on agglomeration of the Ti-silicide layer on top of poly fuses. Various aspects of this programmable device including characterization and optimization of physical and electrical aspects of the element, programming yield, and reliability have been studied. Development of a novel programming and sensing circuit is also included.
Plant genome editing made easy: targeted mutagenesis in model and crop plants using the CRISPR/Cas system (2013)

Targeted genome engineering (also known as genome editing) has emerged as an alternative to classical plant breeding and transgenic (GMO) methods to improve crop plants. Until recently, available tools for introducing site-specific double strand DNA breaks were restricted to zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and TAL effector nucleases (TALENs). However, these technologies have not been widely adopted by the plant research community due to complicated design and laborious assembly of specific DNA binding proteins for each target gene. Recently, an easier method has emerged based on the bacterial type II CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) immune system. The CRISPR/Cas system allows targeted cleavage of genomic DNA guided by a customizable small noncoding RNA, resulting in gene modifications by both non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) mechanisms. In this review we summarize and discuss recent applications of the CRISPR/Cas technology in plants.
Subscriber distribution networks using compressed digital video (1992)

Emerging standards for highly compressed digital video create interesting possibilities for providing broadcast and switched video services over fiber in the subscriber loop. Experiments are reported which simulate transmission of 200-400 compressed digital video signals using conventional Fabry-Perot lasers and p-i-n diode lightwave receivers. In addition to featuring a robust, low-cost transmission system, compressed digital video networks can offer significant additional advantages, including provisioning of broadcast and switched-video services on a single optical carrier, offering remote service provisioning, and use of video line concentration to significantly reduce the number of switched-video access lines required on each fiber-loop.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Escherichia coliNissle 1917 Distinctively Modulates T-Cell Cycling and Expansion via Toll-Like Receptor 2 Signaling (2005)

Although the probiotic Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 has been proven to be efficacious for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, the underlying mechanisms of action still remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of E. coli Nissle 1917 on cell cycling and apoptosis of peripheral blood and lamina propria T cells (PBT and LPT, respectively). Anti-CD3-stimulated PBT and LPT were treated with E. coli Nissle 1917-conditioned medium (E. coli Nissle 1917-CM) or heat-inactivated E. coli Nissle 1917. Cyclin B1, DNA content, and caspase 3 expression were measured by flow cytometry to assess cell cycle kinetics and apoptosis. Protein levels of several cell cycle and apoptosis modulators were determined by immunoblotting, and cytokine profiles were determined by cytometric bead array. E. coli Nissle 1917-CM inhibits cell cycling and expansion of peripheral blood but not mucosal T cells. Bacterial lipoproteins mimicked the effect of E. coli Nissle 1917-CM; in contrast, heat-inactivated E. coli Nissle 1917, lipopolysaccharide, or CpG DNA did not alter PBT cell cycling. E. coli Nissle 1917-CM decreased cyclin D2, B1, and retinoblastoma protein expression, contributing to the reduction of T-cell proliferation. E. coli Nissle 1917 significantly inhibited the expression of interleukin-2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gamma interferon but increased IL-10 production in PBT. Using Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) knockout mice, we further demonstrate that the inhibition of PBT proliferation by E. coli Nissle 1917-CM is TLR-2 dependent. The differential reaction of circulating and tissue-bound T cells towards E. coli Nissle 1917 may explain the beneficial effect of E. coli Nissle 1917 in intestinal inflammation. E. coli Nissle 1917 may downregulate the expansion of newly recruited T cells into the mucosa and limit intestinal inflammation, while already activated tissue-bound T cells may eliminate deleterious antigens in order to maintain immunological homeostasis.
Current status of therapy of solid tumors. (2005)

The recent approval of 2 radiolabeled antibodies against cluster designation 20-positive lymphoma has led to a resurgence of interest in radioimmunotherapy. As was the case with chemotherapy development, progress has been most marked in the hematologic neoplasms, both in myeloablative and in nonmyeloablative therapeutic strategies. Success in the radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors has lagged because of the immunogenicity of murine proteins and the relatively slow clearance of humanized intact immunoglobulins. Genetic engineering has enabled the development of a variety of antigen-binding constructs of various sizes and immunobiologic characteristics. Developments in radiochemistry as well as production of an increasing number of radionuclides with therapeutic potential or optimal imaging characteristics have spurred tailored therapeutic strategies that include dosimetry and considerations of tumor burden. Such progress has generated pivotal studies that will establish the radiobiologic paradigms for successful radioimmunotherapy of solid tumors. This review will describe seminal studies that have paved the way to an understanding of radioimmunotherapy in solid tumors. Finally, the authors' views of the future of this promising cancer therapy will be presented.
Protective Role of Interleukin-10 in Atherosclerosis (1999)

The potential role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the modulation of the atherosclerotic process remains unknown. Interleukin (IL)-10 has potent deactivating properties in macrophages and T cells and modulates many cellular processes that may interfere with the development and stability of the atherosclerotic plaque. IL-10 is expressed in human atherosclerosis and is associated with decreased signs of inflammation. In the present study, we show that IL-10-deficient C57BL/6J mice fed an atherogenic diet and raised under specific pathogen-free conditions exhibit a significant 3-fold increase in lipid accumulation compared with wild-type mice. Interestingly, the susceptibility of IL-10-deficient mice to atherosclerosis was exceedingly high (30-fold increase) when the mice were housed under conventional conditions. Atherosclerotic lesions of IL-10-deficient mice showed increased T-cell infiltration, abundant interferon-gamma expression, and decreased collagen content. In vivo, transfer of murine IL-10 achieved 60% reduction in lesion size. These results underscore the critical roles of IL-10 in both atherosclerotic lesion formation and stability. Moreover, IL-10 appears to be crucial as a protective factor against the effect of environmental pathogens on atherosclerosis.
Complement C5a, TGF-β1, and MCP-1, in Sequence, Induce Migration of Monocytes Into Ischemic Canine Myocardium Within the First One to Five Hours After Reperfusion (1997)

Beginning in the first 60 minutes after reperfusion, C5a, TGF-beta 1, and MCP-1, acting sequentially, promote infiltration of monocytes into formerly ischemic myocardium. These events may promote the healing of myocardial injury facilitated by reperfusion.
Gene Therapy for Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation After Arterial Injury (1994)

Accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells as a consequence of arterial injury is a major feature of vascular proliferative disorders. Molecular approaches to the inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation in these settings could potentially limit intimal expansion. This problem was approached by introducing adenoviral vectors encoding the herpesvirus thymidine kinase (tk) into porcine arteries that had been injured by a balloon on a catheter. These smooth muscle cells were shown to be infectable with adenoviral vectors, and introduction of the tk gene rendered them sensitive to the nucleoside analog ganciclovir. When this vector was introduced into porcine arteries immediately after a balloon injury, intimal hyperplasia decreased after a course of ganciclovir treatment. No major local or systemic toxicities were observed. These data suggest that transient expression of an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a cytotoxic drug locally may limit smooth muscle cell proliferation in response to balloon injury.
Predictive factors for peripheral-blood progenitor-cell collections using a single large-volume leukapheresis after cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor mobilization. (1995)

Reinfusion of PBPC collected in a single leukapheresis accelerates engraftment in the majority of patients. Pretreatment bone marrow CD34+ cell content determines PBPC mobilization capacity and may help select hematopoietic rescue strategies.
Reactions of Organomagnesates and Aryl Halides:  Metalation and Nucleophilic Substitution (2004)

Reactions with aryl halides (ArX) of preparations obtained in diethyl ether from an R2Mg compound and a cryptand, an alkali-metal alkoxide, or tetrabutylammonium bromide lead to ArH and ArR. ArH results from magnesium−halogen exchange, and ArR results from aryne formation. Reactions of similar preparations with pyridine lead to formation of larger amounts of substitution product, and those with 2-cyclohexen-1-one to larger amounts of 1,4-addition product, than do reactions of R2Mg alone.