gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ketone bodies in epilepsy (2012)

Seizures that are resistant to standard medications remain a major clinical problem. One underutilized option for patients with medication-resistant seizures is the high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet. The diet received its name based on the observation that patients consuming this diet produce ketone bodies (e.g., acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone). Although the exact mechanisms of the diet are unknown, ketone bodies have been hypothesized to contribute to the anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects. In this review, anticonvulsant properties of ketone bodies and the ketogenic diet are discussed (including GABAergic and glutamatergic effects). Because of the importance of ketone body metabolism in the early stages of life, the effects of ketone bodies on developing neurons in vitro also are discussed. Understanding how ketone bodies exert their effects will help optimize their use in treating epilepsy and other neurological disorders.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription and replication by DNA sequence-selective plant lignans. (1995)

A plant lignan, 3'-O-methyl nordihydroguaiaretic acid (3'-O-methyl NDGA, denoted Malachi 4:5-6 or Mal.4; molecular weigth 316), was isolated from Larrea tridentata and found to be able to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat-regulated transactivation in vivo, induce protection of lymphoblastoid CEM-SS cells from HIV (strain IIIB) killing, and suppress the replication of five HIV-1 strains (WM, MN, VS, JR-CSF, and IIIB) in mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, all in a dose-dependent manner. Mal.4 inhibits both basal transcription and Tat-regulated transactivation in vitro. The target of Mal.4 has been localized to nucleotides -87 to -40 of the HIV long terminal repeat. Mal.4 directly and specifically interferes with the binding of Sp1 to Sp1 sites in the HIV long terminal repeat. By inhibiting proviral expression, Mal.4 may be able to interrupt the life cycles of both wild-type and reverse transcriptase or protease mutant viruses in HIV-infected patients.
Activation of conventional kinesin motors in clusters by shaw voltage-gated potassium channels (2013)

The conventional kinesin motor transports many different cargos to specific locations in neurons. How cargos regulate motor function remains unclear. Here we focus on KIF5, the heavy chain of conventional kinesin, and report that the Kv3 (Shaw) voltage-gated K(+) channel, the only known tetrameric KIF5-binding protein, clusters and activates KIF5 motors during axonal transport. Endogenous KIF5 often forms clusters along axons, suggesting a potential role of KIF5-binding proteins. Our biochemical assays reveal that the high-affinity multimeric binding between the Kv3.1 T1 domain and KIF5B requires three basic residues in the KIF5B tail. Kv3.1 T1 competes with the motor domain and microtubules, but not with kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1), for binding to the KIF5B tail. Live-cell imaging assays show that four KIF5-binding proteins, Kv3.1, KLC1 and two synaptic proteins SNAP25 and VAMP2, differ in how they regulate KIF5B distribution. Only Kv3.1 markedly increases the frequency and number of KIF5B-YFP anterograde puncta. Deletion of Kv3.1 channels reduces KIF5 clusters in mouse cerebellar neurons. Therefore, clustering and activation of KIF5 motors by Kv3 regulate the motor number in carrier vesicles containing the channel proteins, contributing not only to the specificity of Kv3 channel transport, but also to the cargo-mediated regulation of motor function.
Electrophilic NF Fluorinating Agents (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrophilic NF Fluorinating AgentsG. Sankar Lal, Guido P. Pez, and Robert G. SyvretView Author Information Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., 7201 Hamilton Boulevard, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18195-1501 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 1996, 96, 5, 1737–1756Publication Date (Web):August 1, 1996Publication History Received20 November 1995Revised23 May 1996Published online1 August 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr941145phttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr941145presearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11757Altmetric-Citations408LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Fluorine,Halogenation,Reagents,Salts Get e-Alerts
Concrete cracking process induced by steel corrosion- A review (2013)

The article reviews a number of empirical and analytical models to describe the cracking process of concrete induced by steel corrosion. The experimental study is a direct method to investigate the corrosion-induced concrete cracking. Based on the limited experimental data, generally the empirical models are the simple mathematical expressions and cannot be universally valid. Introducing the smear crack and considering the post-peak softening of concrete, the analytical models can describe the concrete cracking process of a thick-walled cylinder subjected to an internal uniform pressure due to steel corrosion. However, the current analytical is not yet able to handle the uneven corrosion situation and consider the influence of the external loading and stirrups. The further studied in this area are also identified.
A Neuroendocrine Peptide Derived from the Amino-Terminal Half of Rat Procalcitonin (1989)

The sequence of rat procalcitonin reveals that calcitonin is located within the precursor's midregion, flanked by two potential polybasic cleavage sites that separate it from amino- and carboxyl-terminal domains. Cleavage at the polybasic sites during precursor processing to generate the 32-residue calcitonin should also generate 57- and 16-residue peptides from the amino- and carboxyl-terminal flanking regions. The carboxyl-terminal flanking hexadecapeptide and its coordinate secretion from C cells with calcitonin have been previously reported. In the present study we have focused on the predicted 57-residue amino-terminal procalcitonin cleavage peptide (N-proCT). We raised antisera to synthetic peptides homologous to the carboxyl- and amino-terminal regions of the putative 57-amino-acid N-proCT and screened calcitonin-rich neoplastic and nonneoplastic C-cells for these two immunoreactivities. A single species of 7.4 kilodaltons detected in C cells by gel filtration and reversed-phase HPLC analyses accounts for most of the carboxyl- and amino-terminal immunoreactivities and possesses the biochemical and biological features predicted for N-proCT. When C cell hyperplasia is induced by a high fat diet, thyroidal levels of calcitonin and N-proCT increase in parallel. In neoplastic C cell cultures, N-proCT and calcitonin concentrations are nearly equimolar in both cellular extracts and basal medium; dexamethasone increases both the cellular and secreted concentration of these peptides. Basal and dexamethasone-treated cultures show calcium-dependent, parallel secretion of N-proCT and calcitonin. Thus, the 57-residue N-proCT predicted from analysis of the procalcitonin sequence is a secretory peptide that appears to be present in equimolar amounts and coordinately regulated with calcitonin in vivo and in vitro.
Buried Tunnel Contact Junctions in GaN-Based Light-Emitting Diodes (2001)

InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diode structures utilizing tunnel contact junctions have been demonstrated. The heavily doped p+/n+ GaN tunnel junctions are located in the upper cladding layers of conventional devices allowing n-type GaN instead of p-type GaN as a top contact layer. Accordingly, metal Ohmic contacts are performed at the same time on the upper and the lower contact layers. The reverse-biased thin tunnel contact junction provides lateral electron current spreading along the n+ layer without the use of a semi-transparent electrode and spatially uniform luminescence exhibiting an improved radiative efficiency.
The use of BrCN for assembling modified DNA duplexes and DNA-RNA hybrids; comparison with water-soluble carbodiimide (1991)

Both cyanogen bromide (BrCN) and 1-ethyl-3-(3'-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide may be used as coupling reagents for the template-directed assembly of DNA duplexes containing the sugar-phosphate backbone modification. Both reagents show similar ligation site structure-specific trend. Practical recommendations are given for selection of the condensing reagent depending on the properties of the duplex. Based on 31P NMR spectroscopy data, a scheme is suggested for BrCN activation of the nucleotide phosphomonoester group. Using both condensing reagents, we studied the condensation of oligonucleotides containing ribo-segments (from mononucleotide residue to full sequence) on the DNA template. Efficiency of the chemical ligation of RNA oligomers was shown to be much lower than that of DNA analogues. The coupling yield depends on the position of the RNA segment in the hybrid duplexes and on the position of the phosphate group in the nick.
Some examples of the applications of the transonic and supersonic area rules to the prediction of wave drag (1957)

Report presenting a comparison of the experimental wave drags of bodies and wing-body combinations over a wide range of Mach numbers with the computed drags utilizing a 24-term Fourier series application of the supersonic area rule and results of equivalent-body tests. The equivalent-body technique was found to provide a good method for predicting the wave drag of certain wing-body combinations at and below a Mach number of 1, but becomes misleading at Mach numbers greater than 1.
Radioimmunological Imaging of Metastatic Prostatic Cancer with111Indium-Labeled Monoclonal Antibody Pay 276 (1987)

A total of 25 patients with histologically proved adenocarcinoma of the prostate, whose disease was staged clinically as D2 by appropriate radiographic and nuclear medicine studies, received increasing doses of PAY 276, an antiprostatic acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody for radioimmunological imaging. The patients were divided into 5 groups of 5. Groups 1 through 5 received an infusion of 5, 10, 20, 40 or 80 mg. monoclonal antibody, respectively, 1 mg. of which was labeled to 5 mCi. of 111indium, while stable monoclonal antibody was added to achieve the desired antibody concentration. No patient had an allergic reaction, and no significant change in serial hemoglobin levels, platelet count, chemistry profile or results of urinalyses was noted. The monoclonal antibody scan visualized at least 1 lesion in 19 of 25 patients (76 per cent): 4 in groups 1 and 2, and all 15 in groups 3 to 5. With results of conventional radiography and bone scintigraphy considered definitive for metastases, monoclonal antibody scans detected 7 of 32 metastases (21.8 per cent) in group 3 (20 mg.), 31 of 58 (53.4 per cent) in group 4 (40 mg.) and 101 of 134 (75.4 per cent) in group 5 (80 mg). In group 5 the incidence of false positive and false negative scans was 2.3 per cent (3 of 132) and 24.6 per cent (33 of 134), respectively. The detection of metastatic lesions increased as the concentration of unlabeled monoclonal antibody increased. Radioimmunological imaging of prostatic cancer with antiprostatic acid phosphatase monoclonal antibody seems to be feasible.
An adaptively trained neural network (1991)

A training procedure that adapts the weights of a trained layered perceptron artificial neural network to training data originating from a slowly varying nonstationary process is proposed. The resulting adaptively trained neural network (ATNN), based on nonlinear programming techniques, is shown to adapt to new training data that are in conflict with earlier training data without affecting the neural networks' response to data elsewhere. The adaptive training procedure also allows for new data to be weighted in terms of its significance. The adaptive algorithm is applied to the problem of electric load forecasting and is shown to outperform the conventionally trained layered perceptron.
On the Equivalent Circuit for the G-Line above Ground (1998)

Based on the field theory, the primary transmission line constants of the Goubau line (G line) above ground (R, L, C and G) and the secondary transmission line constants (γ<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> = a<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> + jß<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> and Z<inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf>) were obtained, and then the equivalent circuit for the G line above ground was given. The behavior of the line from an engineering standpoint is now completely determined by the usual simple circuit theory. The transition of the G line from a ground return transmission line of a surface-wave transmission line was proved experimentally.
Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Leucomycin, a Macrolide Antibiotic, by Cerulenin (1974)

Inhibition of the Biosynthesis of Leucomycin, a Macrolide Antibiotic, by Cerulenin Get access Satoshi ŌMURA, Satoshi ŌMURA *Kitasato Institute, Kitasato UniversityMinato-ku, Tokyo**School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kitasato UniversityMinato-ku, Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hideo TAKESHIMA Hideo TAKESHIMA *Kitasato Institute, Kitasato UniversityMinato-ku, Tokyo Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 75, Issue 1, January 1974, Pages 193–195, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a130375 Published: 01 January 1974 Article history Received: 19 July 1973 Published: 01 January 1974
A high efficiency and high linearity power amplifier utilizing post-linearization technique for 5.8 GHz DSRC applications (2011)

In this paper, a post-linearization technique of cascode CMOS power amplifier is presented. The proposed method adopts two cascode FET, one operates in class AB mode and the other works near class B mode, which absorbs the nonlinear current of third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD). The proposed method is investigated for 5.8 GHz Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) applications, and fabricated by 0.13 µm CMOS process. The measured results show that the proposed power amplifier exhibited a power gain of 11.5 dB, an output power of 1 dB compression point (P1dB) of 17.3 dBm, a power added efficiency (PAE) of 32% at P1dB with a low voltage operation of 2.0 V. The improvement in IMD of 6 dB over large output power range and a maximum improvement of 12 dB were achieved.
The role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of spontaneous murine autoimmune disease: increased nitric oxide production and nitric oxide synthase expression in MRL-lpr/lpr mice, and reduction of spontaneous glomerulonephritis and arthritis by orally administered NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. (1994)

MRL-lpr/lpr mice spontaneously develop various manifestations of autoimmunity including an inflammatory arthropathy and immune complex glomerulonephritis. This study examines the role of nitric oxide, a molecule with proinflammatory actions, in the pathogenesis of MRL-lpr/lpr autoimmune disease. MRL-lpr/lpr mice excreted more urinary nitrite/nitrate (an in vivo marker of nitric oxide production) than did mice of normal strains and MRL-(+/+) and B6-lpr/lpr congenic strains. In addition, MRL-lpr/lpr peritoneal macrophages had an enhanced capacity to produce nitric oxide in vitro as well as increased nitric oxide synthase activity, and certain tissues from MRL-lpr/lpr mice had increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS) mRNA and increased amounts of material immunoreactive for inducible NOS. Oral administration of NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, prevented the development of glomerulonephritis and reduced the intensity of inflammatory arthritis in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. By using interspecific backcross mice, the gene for inducible NOS (Nosi) was mapped to mouse chromosome 11. This chromosomal localization was different from those loci that we have previously demonstrated to be linked to enhanced susceptibility to renal disease in an MRL-lpr/lpr cross. However, the chromosomal location of the NOS gene was consistent with an insulin-dependent diabetes locus identified in an analysis of nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. These results suggest that elevated nitric oxide production could be important in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity, and that treatments to block the production of nitric oxide or block its effects might be valuable therapeutically.
Remarkable Diversity in the Enzymes Catalyzing the Last Step in Synthesis of the Pimelate Moiety of Biotin (2012)

Biotin synthesis in Escherichia coli requires the functions of the bioH and bioC genes to synthesize the precursor pimelate moiety by use of a modified fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. However, it was previously noted that bioH has been replaced with bioG or bioK within the biotin synthetic gene clusters of other bacteria. We report that each of four BioG proteins from diverse bacteria and two cyanobacterial BioK proteins functionally replace E. coli BioH in vivo. Moreover, purified BioG proteins have esterase activity against pimeloyl-ACP methyl ester, the physiological substrate of BioH. Two of the BioG proteins block biotin synthesis when highly expressed and these toxic proteins were shown to have more promiscuous substrate specificities than the non-toxic BioG proteins. A postulated BioG-BioC fusion protein was shown to functionally replace both the BioH and BioC functions of E. coli. Although the BioH, BioG and BioK esterases catalyze a common reaction, the proteins are evolutionarily distinct.
The prolonged half-lives of new erythropoietin derivatives via peptide addition (2005)

Erythropoietin, or Epo, is a hematopoietic cytokine that promotes erythropoiesis, and recombinant human Epo has been used in the treatment of anemia in various chronic diseases. Here, we have constructed novel Epo derivatives with prolonged half-lives by adding peptides to the carboxy terminus of Epo without using linkers. The fused peptides were selected from the carboxy terminal region of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or human thrombopoietin (hTpo), which promote the proper folding, secretion, and stabilization of bioactive glycoproteins. Addition of these peptides did not interfere with secretion or receptor binding, and significantly increased the in vivo half-life of human Epo, as measured by intravenous administration in rats. The plasma half-life of the Epo constructs was longest when the carboxy terminal 28 aa of the beta subunit of hCG was added (Epo-CGC), a half-life that was slightly longer than NESP (Aranesp), which is the most effective Epo product in current clinical use. The transformation of four Ser glycosylation sites to Ala on the CGC sequence also lengthened the plasma half-life of Epo, indicating that the in vivo stabilizing effect of the hCG peptide was due to both structures within the peptide itself and its O-glycosylations. The application of the carboxy terminal half of hTpo also resulted in remarkably reduced elimination of the Epo chimera (Epo-TpC), possibly due to protection by the TpC sequence. The in vivo hematopoietic activity of Epo derivatives in mice was consistent with their pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, these derivatives with prolonged half-lives may provide opportunities for developing new Epo therapeutics with less frequent administration.
Characterization of a class 3 tyrosine kinase. (1992)

In an effort to identify unique tyrosine kinases found in human leukemia cell lines, we utilized polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology and degenerate oligonucleotide primers to produce a cDNA library of kinase catalytic domains found in the human monocytic cell line AML-193. This search yielded a member of the class 3 tyrosine kinases closely related to the murine kinase FD-22. Previous work has identified this kinase as JAK1. This class of tyrosine kinases is characterized by being ubiquitously expressed, lacking both a ligand-binding domain and a SH2 domain, while containing a second domain similar to a degenerate kinase domain. Our studies focused on the further characterization of this class 3 tyrosine kinase using Northern blot analysis to demonstrate an increase in steady-state mRNA by interferon-gamma in human monocytes. A human-hamster somatic cell hybrid panel and linkage mapping was used to assign JAK1 (aml-116) to human chromosome 1.
Expression of the Chemokine Eotaxin and Its Receptor, CCR3, in Human Endometrium1 (2000)

Eosinophils are present in human endometrium only immediately before and during menstruation, suggesting a role in that process. The expression of the eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin, and its receptor, CCR3, within the human endometrium were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections spanning the entire menstrual cycle. Eotaxin was localized to perivascular cells in the late secretory phase, and it was also identified in eosinophils. However, the highest levels of this chemokine were present in both luminal and glandular epithelial cells during the proliferative and secretory phases of the cycle. Treatment of endometrial tissue with monensin, which blocks protein secretion, increased epithelial immunoreactive eotaxin, substantiating synthesis in these cells. Although the CCR3 receptor was expressed by eosinophils, it was also strongly expressed by endometrial epithelial cells. The CCR3 receptor on purified, cultured endometrial epithelial cells was functional, as assessed by a transient Ca(2+) flux in response to eotaxin. These analyses demonstrate that eotaxin is expressed by endometrial cells and may therefore be involved in the recruitment of eosinophils into this tissue premenstrually. However, the observation that this chemokine and the CCR3 molecule are strongly expressed by epithelial cells throughout the cycle suggests that these proteins may have additional important functions within the endometrium.
The Electrical Double Layer in Methanol (1955)

Abstract The capacity of the electrical double layer between mercury and methanolic solutions of KF, NH 4 F, NH 4 Cl, and NH 4 NO 3 has been measured. The results at 25° are qualitatively similar to those observed in aqueous solutions at elevated temperatures, and differ from those observed in water at 25°Chiefly in the absence of the familiar “hump”. A theory of the double layer proposed earlier according to which the capacity of the inner region is a function of the surface charge density q in the absence of specific adsorption has been tested and found to be very satisfactory in methanol solutions. A qualitative explanation is proposed for the shape of the capacity curves observed in methanol at 25° and in water at elevated temperatures. No adsorption of chloride ion from methanolic solutions of NH 4 Cl on cathodic polarization is indicated.