gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Megakaryocytopoiesis in experimentally induced chronic normobaric hypoxia. (1990)

It was recently proposed that prolonged hypoxia produces hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia by reducing the pool of committed megakaryocyte progenitor cells at the expense of a greatly expanded erythroid progenitor pool. In order to test this hypothesis we have studied the relationship between megakaryocytopoiesis, erythropoiesis, and granulopoiesis at the level of progenitor cells (megakaryocyte colony-forming unit, CFU-Mk; erythroid CFU, CFU-E; erythroid burst-forming units; BFU-E; and granulocyte-macrophage CFU, CFU-GM) in the marrow of rats exposed for 4 weeks to normobaric hypoxia. We have found that hypomegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia was accompanied by decreased CFU-Mk, increased CFU-E, and a normal number of BFU-E and CFU-GM. These results support the hypothesis that prolonged hypoxia reduces the precursor cell commitment to differentiate into the megakaryocyte series by enhancing demand for differentiation into the erythroid cell line. However, the underlying mechanism needs further investigation.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor Type I-dependent Fibrogenic Gene Program Is Mediated via Activation of Smad1 and ERK1/2 Pathways (2007)

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta/Smad3 signaling pathway is considered a central mediator of pathological organ fibrosis; however, contribution of Smad2/3-independent TGF-beta signaling has not been fully explored. The present study utilized previously a described model of scleroderma (SSc) fibrosis based on forced expression of the TGF-betaRI (ALK5) (Pannu, J., Gardner, H., Shearstone, J. R., Smith, E., and Trojanowska, M. (2006) Arthritis Rheum. 54, 3011-3021). This study was aimed at determining the molecular mechanisms underlying the profibrotic program in this model. We demonstrate that the TGF-betaRI-dependent up-regulation of collagen and CCN2 (CTGF) does not involve Smad2/3 activation but is mediated by ALK1/Smad1 and ERK1/2 pathways. The following findings support this conclusion: (i) Smad2 and -3 were not phosphorylated in response to TGF-betaRI, (ii) a TGF-betaRI mutant defective in Smad2/3 activation, ALK5(3A), potently stimulated collagen production, (iii) elevation of TGF-betaRI triggered sustained association of ALK5 with ALK1 and high levels of Smad1 phosphorylation, (iv) blockade of Smad1 via small interfering RNA abrogated collagen and CCN2 up-regulation in this model, (v) elevated TGF-betaRI led to a prolonged activation of ERK1/2, (vi) the pharmacologic inhibitor of ERK1/2 inhibited Smad1 phosphorylation and abrogated profibrotic effects of elevated TGFbeta-RI. Additional experiments demonstrated that a GC-rich response element located -6 to -16 (upstream of the transcription start site) in the CCN2 promoter mediated Smad1-dependent increased promoter activity in this model. This element was shown previously to mediate up-regulation of the CCN2 promoter in SSc fibroblasts. In conclusion, this study defines a novel ALK1/Smad1- and ERK1/2-dependent, Smad3-independent mode of TGF-beta signaling that may operate during chronic stages of fibrosis in SSc.
T-Cell Growth Factor Gene: Lack of Expression in Human T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma Virus-Infected Cells (1984)

Activated mature T cells require T-cell growth factor (TCGF) for continuous proliferation. However, many mature T cells infected with human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus grow independently of exogenously added TCGF. It is now reported that cells infected with this virus also lack detectable TCGF messenger RNA (less than one copy per cell) and thus do not produce their own growth factor. The results apparently rule out an autostimulation mechanism of growth control.
Localisation of the MRC OX‐2 Glycoprotein on the Surfaces of Neurones (1984)

The MRC OX-2 monoclonal antibody recognises membrane glycoproteins of Mr 41,000 in rat brain and 47,000 on thymocytes. It also reacts with follicular dendritic cells in lymphoid organs, endothelium, smooth muscle, and B-lymphocytes. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining of cryostat sections showed that OX-2 antigen was present throughout the cerebellum, with staining of both grey and white matter. Blood vessels were also stained. The Purkinje cell layer appeared to be unlabelled. Double-immunofluorescence staining of cerebellar interneurone cultures with MRC OX-2 antibody and tetanus toxin showed that all tetanus-positive cells (neurones) were MRC OX-2-positive. Glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive astrocytes were not labelled by MRC OX-2 antibody. Thus OX-2 antigen is one of the few biochemically characterised components of neuronal membranes and its properties are compared with those of the neuronal membrane glycoprotein Thy-1.
Further Insight Into the Physics and Modeling of Floating-Body Capacitorless DRAMs (2005)

In this paper, we report on parasitic bipolar conduction occurring in floating-body effect based capacitor-less DRAMs. A way to include these effects into a previously developed model is presented. The enhanced model is then compared with electrical data realized on triple-well nMOSFET devices within the 26/spl deg/C-100/spl deg/C temperature range.
Incorporation of 6‐Thioguanosine and 4‐Thiouridine into RNA (1978)

Isolation of newly synthesised RNA can be achieved by treatment of cells in culture with 6-thioguanosine or 4-thiouridine followed by separation of thiol-containing RNA by affinity chromatography on mercurated cellulose columns. After short periods of treatment with 6-thioguanosine the proportion of RNA retained on mercurated cellulose is the same for both poly(A)-containing and poly(A)-free RNA, indicating similar incorporation of the drug into mRNA and rRNA. However, after longer periods of exposure, the cytotoxic effect of 6-thioguanosine results in diminished incorporation of radioactive uridine into RNA and of radioactive leucine into protein; this suggests that synthesis of both RNA and protein are impaired. On the other hand, even after long exposure to high concentrations of 4-thiouridine, the syntheses of RNA and protein are not significantly affected. Proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 6-thioguanosine are less stable than proteins synthesised after treatment of cells with 4-thiouridine.
Preliminary experience of selective lumbosacral posterier rhizotomy for treatment of lower limb spastic cerebral palsy (2009)

Objective To review our preliminary experience of sacral posterior rhizotomy (SPR) operation for treating spastic cerebral palsy of lower limb. Methods From January 1994 to June 2005, 52 patients of lower limb spastic cerebral palsy underwent selective lumbosacral posterior rhizotomies. The results of followed-up were retrospectively analyzed. Results The patients wire followed up for 2- 10 Years (mean 4. 2 years), post-operatively. There were 49 patients with both spastivity reduction and gait improvement,2 patients with spastivity reduction, but without gait improvement and 1 patient with genu recurvature. Wound infection, leakage of cerebrospinal fluid or unstability of lumbar column was not detected post-operatively. Conclusions Clear indication, accurate localization of the affected seg- ment are the key to successful outcome.

Key words: 
Cerebral palsy; Rhizotomy
Vaccines - patenting dynamics of a powerful healthcare tool (1998)

Vaccines are considered to be some of the most powerful healthcare tools of this century. From an industrial perspective, in the past they have not provided particularly attractive targets for investment, but this situation changed dramatically in the late eighties and early nineties with governmental initiatives aimed at stabilising the vaccine liability situation together with advances in molecular biology and the emergence of biotechnology, opening-up new opportunities for solving the scientific problems associated with vaccine developments. This paper analyses how these developments are reflected in patenting activities worldwide. The comparison of vaccine patent applications with pharmaceutical patents as a whole indicates that vaccine research has been a very dynamic field during the last 15 years; total patent applications increased by a factor of 7.5 between 1980 and 1994. Genetic engineering approaches have established themselves as key tools for vaccine R&D, such techniques being applied in more than 50% of all vaccine patent applications during the nineties. International vaccine patent applications are mainly driven by the US and Europe, which together contributed 91% of all patents and 96% of the genetic engineering related vaccine patents in 1994. Within Europe, France, Germany, Great Britain and Italy are the most active countries. Key players in vaccine patenting are American governmental agencies, international pharmaceutical corporations, biotech firms, universities and non-university public research organisations. All-in-all, public research activities seem to play a crucial role in the creation of scientific and technological knowledge for the development of new vaccines.
Action recognition by dense trajectories (2011)

Feature trajectories have shown to be efficient for representing videos. Typically, they are extracted using the KLT tracker or matching SIFT descriptors between frames. However, the quality as well as quantity of these trajectories is often not sufficient. Inspired by the recent success of dense sampling in image classification, we propose an approach to describe videos by dense trajectories. We sample dense points from each frame and track them based on displacement information from a dense optical flow field. Given a state-of-the-art optical flow algorithm, our trajectories are robust to fast irregular motions as well as shot boundaries. Additionally, dense trajectories cover the motion information in videos well. We, also, investigate how to design descriptors to encode the trajectory information. We introduce a novel descriptor based on motion boundary histograms, which is robust to camera motion. This descriptor consistently outperforms other state-of-the-art descriptors, in particular in uncontrolled realistic videos. We evaluate our video description in the context of action classification with a bag-of-features approach. Experimental results show a significant improvement over the state of the art on four datasets of varying difficulty, i.e. KTH, YouTube, Hollywood2 and UCF sports.
Sacral neuromodulations for female lower urinary tract, pelvic floor, and bowel disorders (2010)

SNM is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of idiopathic overactive bladder, urge urinary incontinence, and chronic nonobstructive urinary retention. SNM is not yet an approved method for the treatment of other pelvic disorders, but data supporting its benefit are emerging. The major advantage of SNM lies in its potential to treat the bladder, urethral sphincter, anal sphincters, and pelvic floor muscles simultaneously, which might result in better therapeutic effects.
Organoboranes. 37. Synthesis and properties of (Z)-1-alkenylboronic esters (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganoboranes. 37. Synthesis and properties of (Z)-1-alkenylboronic estersHerbert C. Brown and Toshiro ImaiCite this: Organometallics 1984, 3, 9, 1392–1395Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00087a013https://doi.org/10.1021/om00087a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views980Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cell division, guillotining of dimer chromosomes and SOS induction in resolution mutants (dif, xerC and xerD) of Escherichia coli (2000)

We have studied the growth and division of xerC, xerD and dif mutants of Escherichia coli, which are unable to resolve dimer chromosomes. These mutants express the Dif phenotype, which includes reduced viability, SOS induction and filamentation, and abnormal nucleoid morphology. Growth was studied in synchronous cultures and in microcolonies derived from single cells. SOS induction and filamentation commenced after an apparently normal cell division, which sheared unresolved dimer chromosomes. This has been called guillotining. Microcolony analysis demonstrated that cell division in the two daughter cells was inhibited after guillotining, and microcolonies formed that consisted of two filaments lying side by side. Growth of these filaments was severely reduced in hipA+ strains. We propose that guillotining at dif destroys the expression of the adjacent hipBA genes and, in the absence of continued formation of HipB, HipA inhibits growth. The length of the filaments was also affected by SfiA: sfiA dif hipA mutants initially formed filaments, but cell division at the ends of the filaments ultimately produced a number of DNA-negative cells. If SOS induction was blocked by lexA3 (Ind-), filaments did not form, and cell division was not inhibited. However, pedigree analysis of cells in microcolonies demonstrated that lethal sectoring occurred as a result of limited growth and division of dead cells produced by guillotining.
Electromagnetic Tracking in Medicine—A Review of Technology, Validation, and Applications (2014)

Object tracking is a key enabling technology in the context of computer-assisted medical interventions. Allowing the continuous localization of medical instruments and patient anatomy, it is a prerequisite for providing instrument guidance to subsurface anatomical structures. The only widely used technique that enables real-time tracking of small objects without line-of-sight restrictions is electromagnetic (EM) tracking. While EM tracking has been the subject of many research efforts, clinical applications have been slow to emerge. The aim of this review paper is therefore to provide insight into the future potential and limitations of EM tracking for medical use. We describe the basic working principles of EM tracking systems, list the main sources of error, and summarize the published studies on tracking accuracy, precision and robustness along with the corresponding validation protocols proposed. State-of-the-art approaches to error compensation are also reviewed in depth. Finally, an overview of the clinical applications addressed with EM tracking is given. Throughout the paper, we report not only on scientific progress, but also provide a review on commercial systems. Given the continuous debate on the applicability of EM tracking in medicine, this paper provides a timely overview of the state-of-the-art in the field.
Programming (1973)

Article Free Access Share on ProgrammingCSC '73: Proceedings of the 1st annual computer science conference on Program information abstractsFebruary 1973 Pages 73–74https://doi.org/10.1145/1125118.1125162Online:20 February 1973Publication History 0citation45DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads45Last 12 Months0Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Lipopolysaccharide-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human macrophages is mediated by CD14. (1993)

Induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an early intracellular event in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages that appears to play a role in signal transduction. We have now demonstrated that LPS also increases protein tyrosine phosphorylation in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in the human monocytic cell line, THP-1. This response was rapidly elicited by biologically active forms of LPS or lipid A, at concentrations of these bacterial components that stimulate anti-bacterial responses by human macrophages. Inhibition of the LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation response with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, herbimycin A, was accompanied by the inhibition of the secretion of TNF-alpha by human macrophages. These results extend previous work with murine macrophages and provide further support for the hypothesis that induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation is an important signaling reaction in macrophages after LPS exposure. In addition, CD14, which is thought to be a receptor for LPS, appeared to mediate the induced phosphorylation response in human macrophages and THP-1 cells at low LPS concentrations. Two antibodies against CD14, 3C10 and 60b, which have been shown to prevent LPS binding to CD14, specifically inhibited the protein tyrosine phosphorylation induced by nanogram per milliliter concentrations of LPS in these cells. The antibody-mediated inhibition did not appear to involve engagement of surface FcR because a preparation of F(ab')2/Fab fragments of the 60b antibody also prevented LPS-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. At higher concentrations of LPS (> or = 10 ng/ml), however, anti-CD14 antibodies did not prevent the induction of protein tyrosine phosphorylation, suggesting that a lower affinity CD14-independent pathway also mediates the tyrosine phosphorylation response. Because CD14-dependent and CD14-independent recognition of LPS appear to lead to the same functional responses by macrophages, induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation may be part of a shared intracellular signaling pathway.
Information Dropout: learning optimal representations through noise (2017)

We introduce Information Dropout, a generalization of dropout that is motivated by the Information Bottleneck principle and highlights the way in which injecting noise in the activations can help in learning optimal representations of the data. Information Dropout is rooted in information theoretic principles, it includes as special cases several existing dropout methods, like Gaussian Dropout and Variational Dropout, and, unlike classical dropout, it can learn and build representations that are invariant to nuisances of the data, like occlusions and clutter. When the task is the reconstruction of the input, we show that the information dropout method yields a variational autoencoder as a special case, thus providing a link between representation learning, information theory and variational inference. Our experiments validate the theoretical intuitions behind our method, and we find that information dropout achieves a comparable or better generalization performance than binary dropout, especially on smaller models, since it can automatically adapt the noise to the structure of the network, as well as to the test sample.
Melanoma Proteoglycan Modifies Gene Expression to Stimulate Tumor Cell Motility, Growth, and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (2009)

Melanoma chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) is a plasma membrane-associated proteoglycan that facilitates the growth, motility, and invasion of tumor cells. MCSP expression in melanoma cells enhances integrin function and constitutive activation of Erk1,2. The current studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which MCSP expression promotes tumor growth and motility. The results show that MCSP expression in radial growth phase, vertical growth phase, or metastatic cell lines causes sustained activation of Erk1,2, enhanced growth, and motility which all require the cytoplasmic domain of the MCSP core protein. MCSP expression in a radial growth phase cell line also promotes an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition based on changes in cell morphology and the expression of several epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers. Finally, MCSP enhances the expression of c-Met and hepatocyte growth factor, and inhibiting c-Met expression or activation limits the increased growth and motility of multiple melanoma cell lines. The studies collectively show the importance of MCSP in promoting progression by an epigenetic mechanism and they indicate that MCSP could be targeted to delay or inhibit tumor progression in patients.
Electrotransformation of Lactobacillus acidophilus Group A1 (1996)

Two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus Group A1, the neotype ATCC 4356 and a human isolate NCFM-N2, widely used as a dietary adjunct in milk and cultured dairy products, were transformed with plasmid DNA by electroporation. The transformation characteristics exhibited by the two L. acidophilus strains were found to differ markedly even though they appeared similar at the genomic level based on the DNA patterns of SmaI restriction fragments. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a consistent, reproducible transformation system of Lactobacillus acidophilus strains comprising the A1 DNA homology group.
CD38 antibodies in multiple myeloma: back to the future (2017)

CD38 is highly and uniformly expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) cells, and at relatively low levels on normal lymphoid and myeloid cells, and in some tissues of nonhematopoietic origin. CD38 is a transmembrane glycoprotein with ectoenzymatic activity, and also functions as a receptor and adhesion molecule. Altogether, this has triggered the development of several CD38 antibodies including daratumumab (fully human), isatuximab (chimeric), and MOR202 (fully human). CD38 antibodies have pleiotropic mechanisms of action including Fc-dependent immune-effector mechanisms, direct apoptotic activity, and immunomodulatory effects by the elimination of CD38<sup>+</sup> immune-suppressor cells. CD38-targeting antibodies are generally well tolerated and induce partial response or better in ∼30% of heavily pretreated MM patients as monotherapy. Based on their distinct mechanisms of action, favorable toxicity profile, and single-agent activity, CD38 antibodies are attractive partners in combination regimens. Indeed, deep responses and prolonged progression-free survival can be achieved in relapsed/refractory MM patients when CD38 antibodies are combined with immunomodulatory agents or proteasome inhibitors. Infusion-related reactions, which typically occur during the first infusion, are the most frequent adverse events. Attention should also be paid to the interference of CD38 antibodies with certain laboratory assays, which may complicate response evaluation and blood compatibility testing. Several studies are currently examining the role of CD38-based therapies in newly diagnosed and high-risk smoldering MM. Furthermore, CD38 antibodies are currently also under investigation in other hematologic malignancies, including acute lymphoblastic leukemia, natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, and acute myeloid leukemia, as well as in solid tumors.