gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Fibromyalgia, or whole body pain]. (2003)

Fibromyalgia is a rheumatic syndrome which is being recognized and diagnosed more often all the time. Its symptoms include a general state of pain not localized in the joints, combined with tremendous tiredness and sleep alterations. Although its exact etiology is still unknown, medical professionals speculate on the existence of multiple cause factors. Therefore, an integrated therapeutic treatment having the coordinated participation of medical professionals from different fields of expertise is necessary. Mental health professionals play an important role since it is proven the existence of psychological and socio-psychological factors at the start, during the duration of and in the evolution of this syndrome.
Lossless compression of color palette images with one-dimensional techniques (2006)

Palette images are widely used on the World Wide Web (WWW) and in game-cartridge applications. Many images used on the WWW are stored and transmitted after they are compressed losslessly with the standard graphics interchange format (GIF), or portable network graphics (PNG). Well-known 2-D compression schemes, such as JPEG-LS and JPEG-2000, fail to yield better compression than GIF or PNG due to the fact that the pixel values represent indices that point to color values in a look-up table. To improve the compression performance of JPEG-LS and JPEG-2000 techniques, several researchers have proposed various reindexing algorithms. We investigate various compression techniques for color palette images. We propose a new technique comprised of a traveling salesman problem (TSP)-based reindexing scheme, Burrows-Wheeler transformation, and inversion ranks. We show that the proposed technique yields better compression gain on average than all the other 1-D compressors and the reindexing schemes that utilize JPEG-LS or JPEG-2000.
On the substrate specificity of nitric oxide synthase (1991)

Nitric oxide (.NO) synthase (NOS) activity in subcellular fractions from cultured endothelial cells (EC) and lipopolysaccharide-activated J774.2 monocyte/macrophages was investigated by monitoring the .NO-mediated increase in intracellular cyclic GMP in LLC-PK1 pig kidney epithelial cells. The constitutive NOS in EC (NOSc) was largely membrane-bound, whereas the inducible NOS in J774.2 cells (NOSi) was equally distributed among cytosol and membrane(s). Both the cytosolic NOSc in EC and the membrane-bound NOSi in J774.2 cells were strictly Ca(2+)-dependent, whereas the membrane-bound NOSc in EC and the cytosolic NOSi in J774.2 cells were not. L-Homoarginine and L-arginine-containing small peptides, such as L-arginyl-L-phenylalanine, replaced L-arginine as a substrate for the NOSc in EC and the Ca(2+)-independent NOSi in J774.2 cells, but not the Ca(2+)-dependent NOSi. Thus, irrespective of their intracellular localisation, at least three isoforms of NOS exist, which can be differentiated by their substrate specificity and Ca(2+)-dependency.
Mechanisms of Antibody Binding to a Protein (1987)

The mechanisms of antibody binding to a protein were studied by an analysis of specific amino acid residues critical to nine antigenic sites on myohemerythrin. Rabbit antisera to the whole protein were assayed for binding to more than 1500 distinct peptide analogs differing from the protein sequence by single amino acid replacements. The results, combined with information from the three-dimensional crystallographic structure, were used to evaluate probable mechanisms of antibody binding at individual sites. The data from all sites examined indicate that initial binding to solvent-exposed amino acid residues may promote local side-chain displacements and thereby allow the participation of other, previously buried, residues.
Hydrolysis of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide by choleragen and its A protomer: possible role in the activation of adenylate cyclase. (1976)

Choleragen and the isolated A protomer catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide. The protein with NADase activity (NAD nucleosidase; NAD glycohydrolase, EC 3-2-2-5) migrated on polyacrylamide gels with choleragen, and chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-60 columns with the A protomer. The NADase activity of choleragen and of the A protomer was increased markedly in acetate and phosphate buffers, and enhanced over 10-fold by dithiothreitol in high concentration. NAD hydrolysis was proportional to choleragen concentration; the Michaelis constant for NAD was about 4 mM with both choleragen and the A protomer. The demonstration that the A protomer of choleragen catalyzes an enzymatic reaction involving activation of the ribosyl-nicotinamide bond of NAD, a reaction analogols to those catalyzed by diphtheria toxin, supports the hypothesis that activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen involves the ADP-ribosylation of an appropriate acceptor protein.
Are Antecedents in the Adoption Stage Affecting IS Effectiveness in the Implementation Stage (2004)

Information systems (IS) effectiveness is a multidimensional construct which can be influenced by individual characteristics, individual beliefs about the system and institutional factors. Prior researchers have examined the effects of a wide range of factors on IS adoption and successful IS implementation. However, these factors are separated in IS adoption and postadoption research areas and isolated from each other in affecting IS effectiveness. This study demonstrates the relevance of these factors and organizational factors moderating the effects among the individual characteristics, beliefs about the system and IS effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to give a comprehensive picture of IS effectiveness using the multilevel analysis.
Mechanisms of Pulmonary Fibrosis (2004)

Tissue injury evokes highly conserved, tightly regulated inflammatory responses and less well-understood host repair responses. Both inflammation and repair involve the recruitment, activation, apoptosis, and eventual clearance of key effector cells. In this review, we propose the concept of pulmonary fibrosis as a dysregulated repair process that is perpetually "turned on" even though classical inflammatory pathways may be dampened or "switched off." Significant regional heterogeneity, with varied histopathological patterns of inflammation and fibrosis, has been observed in individual patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. We discuss environmental factors and host response factors, such as genetic susceptibility and age, that may influence these varied manifestations. Better understanding of the mechanisms of lung repair, which include alveolar reepithelialization, myofibroblast differentiation/activation, and apoptosis, should offer more effective therapeutic options for progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
Multiphoton Resonant Nonlinear Optical Processes in Organic Molecules (1996)

Based on a general and phenomenological theoretical description of nonlinear optical responses in media, the roles and application of multiphoton resonances in various nonlinear optical processes are discussed. The latest research progress in two specific application aspects, i.e. multiphoton absorption based optical limiting and two-photon pumped upconverted lasing are presented. Some issues and opportunities for theoretical studies on optical nonlinearity of organic molecular systems are discussed.
The role of Cdk7 in CAK function, a retro-retrospective (1998)

Most transitions in the eukaryotic cell cycle are catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks, CDKs), complexes formed between a member of the Cdk family of protein kinases and a regulatory cyclin subunit. CDKs are among the most highly regulated enzymes known: Their activities are controlled through multiple mechanisms that include cyclin association, positive and negative phosphorylation events, negative regulation through association with Cdk inhibitors (CKIs), and association with accessory proteins such as Cks/Suc1 (Fig. 1) (reviewed in Morgan 1997). In addition to controlling Cdk activation, the cyclin subunit may also contribute to substrate specificity. These elaborate regulatory pathways reflect the critical roles of cyclin–kinases in the life of a cell; alterations that generate unregulated cyclin– kinase activity can promote improper proliferation that can result in developmental defects or proliferative diseases such as cancer (Sherr 1996). The Cdk subunit alone is inactive and requires both association with a cyclin and phosphorylation on a conserved threonine residue (T161 in human Cdc2 and T160 in human Cdk2) for full activation (Gould et al. 1991; Desai et al. 1992; Solomon et al. 1992; Connell-Crowley et al. 1993). In the case of Cdk2, these two events account for an increase in activity of greater than seven orders of magnitude (Connell-Crowley et al. 1993; Russo 1997). Cyclin A promotes Cdk2 activation by inducing two major structural changes in the kinase that are likely to be conserved in other cyclin/Cdk pairs (Jeffrey et al. 1996; Russo et al. 1996). First, cyclin binding leads to a conformational change in the amino-terminal PSTAIRE/helix that reorients the catalytic residue glutamate-51. This residue is conserved in all eukaryotic protein kinases and is involved in ATP binding. In addition, cyclin binding leads to a change in the orientation of the T-loop, the region of Cdk2 containing the activating threonine phosphorylation site T160. In the absence of cyclin, the T-loop blocks substrate access to the active site but the conformational changes induced by cyclin largely relieve this steric block. This conformational change in the T-loop may also be critical for the activating phosphorylation event because T160 is not particularly solvent-exposed in monomeric Cdk2 but is well exposed in the cyclin/Cdk2 complex. Completion of the Cdk activation process involves phosphorylation of the T-loop threonine by Cdk activating kinase (CAK), a modification that promotes further structural changes in the T-loop (Russo et al. 1996).
Transitions in Distinct Histone H3 Methylation Patterns at the Heterochromatin Domain Boundaries (2001)

Eukaryotic genomes are organized into discrete structural and functional chromatin domains. Here, we show that distinct site-specific histone H3 methylation patterns define euchromatic and heterochromatic chromosomal domains within a 47-kilobase region of the mating-type locus in fission yeast. H3 methylated at lysine 9 (H3 Lys9), and its interacting Swi6 protein, are strictly localized to a 20-kilobase silent heterochromatic interval. In contrast, H3 methylated at lysine 4 (H3 Lys4) is specific to the surrounding euchromatic regions. Two inverted repeats flanking the silent interval serve as boundary elements to mark the borders between heterochromatin and euchromatin. Deletions of these boundary elements lead to spreading of H3 Lys9 methylation and Swi6 into neighboring sequences. Furthermore, the H3 Lys9 methylation and corresponding heterochromatin-associated complexes prevent H3 Lys4 methylation in the silent domain.
Efficient differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into functional CD34+ progenitor cells by combined modulation of the MEK/ERK and BMP4 signaling pathways (2010)

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional cell types is a crucial step in cell therapy. In the present study, we demonstrate that functional CD34(+) progenitor cells can be efficiently produced from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) by combined modulation of 2 signaling pathways. A higher proportion of CD34(+) cells (∼ 20%) could be derived from hPSCs by inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling and activation of bone morphogenic protein-4 (BMP4) signaling. hPSC-derived CD34(+) progenitor cells further developed to endothelial and smooth muscle cells with functionality. Moreover, they contributed directly to neovasculogenesis in ischemic mouse hind limbs, thereby resulting in improved blood perfusion and limb salvage. Our results suggest that combined modulation of signaling pathways may be an efficient means of differentiating hPSCs into functional CD34(+) progenitor cells.
A Facile and Convenient Synthesis of (E,E)-4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-butadienyl Sulfides by Acid Catalyzed Reaction of 2,4-Diethoxy-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran with Thiols (1990)

Abstract (E,E)-4-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-butadienyl sulfides are prepared from 2,4-diethoxy-6-trifluoromethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran with thiols in the presence of acid catalysts.
Elevated Intraocular Pressure and Optic Nerve Injury Models in the Rat (2005)

Models of experimentally elevated intraocular pressure in rats provide valuable opportunities to discover and study mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage. The structure and vasculature of the rat optic nerve head have several anatomic similarities and differences from the primate that allow useful comparisons and insights into human glaucoma. Specifically, the ultrastructural relationship between astrocytes, retinal ganglion cell axons and the connective tissues of the optic nerve head appear quite similar to the primate, and have a high potential for revealing cellular mechanisms of axonal injury. Three widely used models of creating elevated IOP in rats exist. However, they are not all equivalent and appear to differ in the relationship they exhibit between the level of pressure and extent of optic nerve damage. This indicates that these models may differ in the mechanisms by which they produce elevated eye pressure. All of these models are amenable to a variety of methods for evaluating damage. These include objective and subjective histologic assessment of the optic nerve, counting cells in the retinal ganglion cell layer of the retina and the use of retinal whole mounts to count retinal ganglion cells that have been back-labeled with dye applied to the superior colliculus. In the decade since their introduction, these versatile models have provided important insights into mechanisms of pressure-induced optic nerve damage using sensitive molecular biology techniques. They have also allowed the evaluation of several potential strategies for neuroprotection in glaucoma, ranging from currently available drugs to gene transfer studies.
Energy Efficient MBR Designs Can Significantly Reduce Operating Costs (2010)

Energy Efficient MBR Designs Can Significantly Reduce Operating CostsThe MBR technology is an attractive, flexible solution for plant expansion/enhancement as well as for greenfield facilities. While capital costs of MBRs have become fairly competitive with conventional treatment systems, the operating costs, specifically energy requirements, require additional focus. In order to provide the most cost effective and energy efficient system, enhancements with design,...Author(s)C.L. Wallis-LageS.D. LevesqueSourceProceedings of the Water Environment FederationSubjectSession 81: Membrane BioreactorsDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2010ISSN1938-6478SICI1938-6478(20100101)2010:10L.5828;1-DOI10.2175/193864710798194049Volume / Issue2010 / 10Content sourceWEFTECFirst / last page(s)5828 - 5838Copyright2010Word count160Subject keywordsMBRenergydesignoperationsequipmentflux enhancersaeration
Fast Chemical Imaging at High Spatial Resolution by Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (2013)

In recent years, chemical imaging was prognosticated to become one of the key analytical applications for laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). However, moderate spatial resolution and the associated measurement time required for a larger sampling area, have restricted this versatile, high sensitivity technique from being routinely used in two-dimensional chemical imaging. This work describes the development and investigation of a low dispersion sample chamber (tube cell), which allows improvement of the imaging capabilities by reduction of the single LA shot duration to 30 ms (full width at 1% maximum). The new tube cell is based on a constant laminar flow and a well-controlled delivery of the laser-ablated aerosol into the transport system, leading to minimized tailing of the aerosol washout and helping to separate the signals even at repetition rates as high as 20-30 Hz. To demonstrate the improved imaging capabilities, microstructured metallic thin film patterns were analyzed at a spatial resolution of a few micrometers. The LA-ICP-MS results obtained were comparable to Synchrotron-based micro-X-ray fluorescence (SR-microXRF). The suitability of the newly designed cell for multielement acquisitions was demonstrated using a simultaneous ICP-Mattauch-Herzog-MS. Finally, the novel laser ablation cell was applied to image the distribution of a metal-tagged biomarker in a thin section of breast cancer tissue. This application demonstrates that the technique is able to produce subcellular (~1 μm) spatial resolution, which is crucial for morphological assessment in cancer diagnostics.
Simultaneous in situ genotyping and phenotyping of human papillomavirus cervical lesions: comparative sensitivity and specificity. (1991)

The sensitivity and specificity of immunocytochemistry were compared with those of non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH) for the direct detection of human papillomaviruses in biopsy specimens. Four monoclonal antibodies raised to the capsid protein of HPV16 were less specific than NISH: all four reacted with lesions containing HPV33, and HPV18. Absolute discrimination of HPV types, therefore, was not possible with the monoclonal antibodies used in this study. The relative sensitivities of these antibodies were also lower than NISH. Sequential immunocytochemistry and NISH on the same section showed that 2.9-13.0 times as many cells were positive by NISH than by immunocytochemistry using the most sensitive monoclonal antibody. These data indicate that NISH has higher diagnostic specificity and sensitivity than immunocytochemistry using monoclonal antibodies to the HPV16 capsid protein.
Ring transformation of condensed pyrimidines by enamines and ynamines. Formation of condensed pyridines and condensed diazocines. (1991)

A [4+2]-cycloaddition of quinazoline (2) and the 3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo[4, 5-d]pyrimidine 4 with enamines 1a-e resulted in ring transformation into the quinolines, 3a and 3c, and the 3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo[4, 5-b]pyridines, 5a-e, respectively. Similarly, the ynamine 13a cycloadded to 2 and its 4-cyano derivative 6, giving the quinolines, 14a and 14b, respectively.On the other hand, the 3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo[4, 5-d]pyrimidines 4, 15, 8, 16, 17, 18, and 19 underwent [2+2]-cycloaddition with the ynamine 13a, resulting in ring transformation into the corresponding 3H-1, 2, 3-triazolo[4, 5-d]-[1, 3]diazocines 21a-27. The 7-methoxy derivative 20, the 4-methoxy- and 4-cyano-1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-d]pyrimidines, 30 and 31, and the 6-cyano-9H-purine 36 also underwent [2+2]-cycloaddition with 13a to give the corresponding 3H-1, 2-3-triazolo[4, 5-b][1, 5]diazocine 28, 1H-pyrazolo[3, 4-b][1, 5]diazocines, 32 and 33, and 3H-imidazo[4, 5-b]-[1, 5]diazocine 37, respectively.The structures of the 1, 3- and 1, 5-diazocines, 21a and 28, were determined by X-ray crystallography.
An exploratory study of volumetric analysis for assessing tumor response with 18F-FAZA PET/CT in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (2016)

Tumor hypoxia and metabolism are independent dynamic events as measured by (18)F-FAZA PET and (18)F-FDG PET, both prior to and after treatment with chemotherapy in NSCLC patients.
Portable Astronomical Scheduling Tools (1996)

. The Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI) developed the Spike planning and scheduling software in support of the Hubble Space Telescope as a general toolkit for planning and scheduling. It is our desire that this toolkit be used to promote scientific research through the effective and efficient use of ground- and space-based astronomical observatories. By providing the Spike system to other facilities, we hope to develop a community of users who use and enhance the Spike system. To the degree our resources allow, STScI will act as a clearinghouse for users, bug fixes, modifications, etc. This paper describes the Spike software and its application to HST and other astronomical scheduling problems. 1. Why Use Planning and Scheduling Tools? Planning and scheduling is necessary to improve the quality and efficiency of science observations. Quality can be improved by planning observations under optimal conditions like minimal airmass and low background light. Planning and scheduling...
Experimental and Clinical Studies of Cytokine Gene-Modified Tumor Cells (1994)

Cytokines are key modulators of host immune and inflammatory responses. The expression of cytokine genes by tumor cells as a result of gene transfer has emerged as a novel strategy to augment in vivo host reactivity to various cancers. This review summarizes the knowledge obtained from experimental systems using this strategy and provides information on the current clinical trials employing this approach. In murine model systems, immunization with tumors expressing certain cytokines [e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-7 (IL-7), and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating (GM-CSF)] has demonstrated their ability to promote the generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by various mechanisms; in some cases, significant regressions of established microscopic tumor deposits result. Non T cell mechanisms of tumor killing, such as granulocytic inflammatory responses, may also be elicited by the localized elaboration of certain cytokines [e.g., IL-4, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)]. The potency of antitumor immune potentiation by cytokines, however, remains to be established by further animal studies and emerging clinical trials. The genetic modification of tumors for the expression of immunostimulatory gene products holds promise as a new approach for active immunotherapy of cancer and for the isolation of effector cell populations for use in adoptive immunotherapy protocols.
Localization of Sperm Antigen SP-10 during the Six Stages of the Cycle of the Seminiferous Epithelium in Man1 (1991)

The distribution of the sperm protein SP-10 was investigated in plastic-embedded samples of human testes by light and electron microscopy. An immunogold and silver enhancement technique, in conjunction with a monoclonal antibody (MHS-10) raised against SP-10, was used to localize the protein. SP-10 was detected in spermatids at each of the six stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium. Light microscopy showed immunoreactive material at the circumference of developing acrosomes in the early steps of spermiogenesis. As differentiation proceeded and cell shape changed from round to elongated, immunoreactive material appeared in an arc, which gradually became a V shape bordering the spermatid nucleus. The area of the immunoreactive material and its shape corresponded to that of the developing acrosome. At the electron microscopic level, gold particles indicative of the presence of SP-10 were detected on electron-dense material found within the developing acrosomal vesicle in early steps of spermiogenesis. As the electron density of the acrosome increased, a high concentration of gold particles was seen in the vesicle matrix. The gold particles gradually became associated with the inner and outer acrosomal membranes of the most mature spermatids.