gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systematic Review of the Preparation Techniques of Iron Oxide Magnetic Nanoparticles (2013)

Magnetism being one of the oldest scientific disciplines has been continuously studied since 6th century BC, which still offers scientific innovations today in realm of nanomagnetism. Iron oxide nanomaterials have been growing excessive importance because of their magnetic characteristics and wide applications. Iron oxides magnetic nanoparticles with appropriate surface chemistry are prepared either by wet chemical method such as colloid chemical or sol-gel methods or by dry processes such as vapour deposition techniques. This review summarizes comparative and brief study of the methods for the preparation of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles with a control over the size, morphology and the magnetic properties. Applications of microwave irradiation for magnetic particle synthesis are also addressed.
Reasoning in the Year 5 Mathematics Classroom (2010)

The various strategies and activities that can be undertaken with students in the Year 5 mathematics classroom to help promote reasoning are discussed. Students will benefit from having the ability to be flexible in their thinking and from being able to generalize and apply their skills in a new situation.
Determination of HDL2 cholesterol by precipitation with dextran sulfate and magnesium chloride: Establishing optimal conditions for rat plasma (1989)

Optimal conditions for analyzing HDL2 cholesterol in small amounts of rat plasma have been studied using different concentrations of dextran sulfate and MgCl2 to precipitate lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein B and/or apo E. When the MgCl2 level was 91 mM, the supernate cholesterol was rather constant at a level of about 50-60% of the total plasma cholesterol concentration. Immunochemical determination of the apo A-I content indicated that no major losses of the HDL2 fraction took place under these conditions. The recovery of about 96% of HDL2 lipoproteins after the precipitation of rat plasma and the almost complete absence of lipoproteins belonging to the VLDL, LDL and HDL1 fractions was demonstrated by agarose gel electrophoresis. Thus, the method should be suitable for screening the HDL2 cholesterol content in small volumes of rat plasma.
Crystal Engineering through Halogen Bonding. 2. Complexes of Diacetylene-Linked Heterocycles with Organic Iodides (2003)

The bis(aryl)diacetylenes 1,4-bis(3-quinolyl)-1,3-butadiyne (1), 1,4-bis(4-isoquinolyl)-1,3-butadiyne (2), and 1,4-bis(3-pyridyl)-1,3-butadiyne (3) form strongly halogen bonded complexes with organic iodides, including tetraiodoethylene (TIE), 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (F4DIB), and 1,4-diiodooctafluorobutane (F8DIBut). The crystal structures for the new donor, 2, as well as for six complexes, 1·TIE, 1·F4DIB, 2·TIE, 2·F4DIB, 3·(F4DIB)2, and 32· (F8DIBut)2, are reported. Extended chain structures consisting of donor and acceptor molecules are observed in all cases, except that of 32·(F8DIBut)2, which forms a molecular adduct. In most cases, the complexes segregate into columns of donors and acceptors, as is typical for this class of complexes. However, 1·F4DIB displays an unusual “crosshatched” pattern with each acceptor directly above the diacetylene moiety of another donor along the b-axis. In addition to 1·F4DIB, 32·(F8DIBut)2 also exhibits packing that does not consist of segregated stacks (i.e., the acceptor in the chain sits on top of one end of the donor and the uncomplexed F4DIB sits on top of the other end). Neither diacetylene 2, nor any of the complexes, pack in a manner that would allow for topotactic polymerization of the diacetylene moiety.
Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber (2006)

A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.
Knowledge-based image analysis for automated boundary extraction of transesophageal echocardiographic left-ventricular images (1991)

A system for automatically determining the contour of the left ventricle (LV) and its bounded area, from transesophageal echocardiographic (TEE) images is presented. It uses knowledge of both heart anatomy and echocardiographic imaging to guide the selection of image processing methodologies for thresholding, edge detection, and contour following and the center-based boundary-finding technique to extract the contour of the LV region. To speed up the processing a rectangular region of interest from a TEE picture is first isolated and then reduced to a coarse version, one-ninth original size. All processing steps, except the final contour edge extraction, are performed on this reduced image. New methods developed for automatic threshold selection, region segmentation, noise removal, and region center determination are described.
Dual-function radiosensitizers. .alpha.-[[(2-Bromoethyl)amino]methyl]-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol and related compounds: preparation via an aziridine equivalent (1991)

An improved synthesis of the dual-function radiosensitizer alpha-[[(2-bromoethyl)amino]methyl]-2-nitro-1H-imidazole-1-ethanol (2, RB 6145) has been developed. Previously, the synthetic difficulties associated with this compound limited its attractiveness as a clinical candidate, although its radiosensitizing activity in preclinical models warranted its further development. The synthesis described uses a 2-oxazolidinone as an aziridine equivalent and provides 2 in 47% yield.
Optimized gene editing technology for Drosophila melanogaster using germ line-specific Cas9 (2013)

The ability to engineer genomes in a specific, systematic, and cost-effective way is critical for functional genomic studies. Recent advances using the CRISPR-associated single-guide RNA system (Cas9/sgRNA) illustrate the potential of this simple system for genome engineering in a number of organisms. Here we report an effective and inexpensive method for genome DNA editing in Drosophila melanogaster whereby plasmid DNAs encoding short sgRNAs under the control of the U6b promoter are injected into transgenic flies in which Cas9 is specifically expressed in the germ line via the nanos promoter. We evaluate the off-targets associated with the method and establish a Web-based resource, along with a searchable, genome-wide database of predicted sgRNAs appropriate for genome engineering in flies. Finally, we discuss the advantages of our method in comparison with other recently published approaches.
CHEMICAL THERMOSTABILIZATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF CARBON FIBERS FROM SOFTWOOD LIGNIN (2012)

A thermally fusible softwood lignin was directly isolated by a solvolysis of cedar wood chips with a mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) and sulfuric acid. Its fusibility was found to be due to a PEG moiety introduced into the lignin by the solvolysis. The lignin was easily formed into fibers by melt-spinning at temperatures ranging from 145 to 172 °C without any modification. The lignin fibers could be converted into infusible fibers as a precursor for carbon fibers (CFs) by conventional oxidative thermal stabilization processing in air or a stream of oxygen for 2 days. We found that the infusible fibers resulted from the partial cleavage of the PEG moiety from the lignin fibers after treatment with 6 M hydrochloric acid at 100 °C for 2 h. The infusible fibers were converted into CFs with a tensile strength of 450 MPa by carbonization at 1000 °C under a N2 stream.
Mouse urine collection using clear plastic wrap (1999)

Qualitative urinalysis using Multistix reagent strips for the detection of urinary pH, protein, glucose, bilirubin, blood, ketone, urobilinogen and creatinine can be carried out with a few drops of mouse urine. The use of metabolic cages is not practical for such qualitative studies particularly when several animals are involved. Here we describe two different methods for collecting pure mouse urine. The single animal method (SAM) involves allowing a single mouse to urinate on Glad cling wrap outside of the animal cage. The multiple animal method (MAM) involves partitioning seven mice into seven different make-shift compartments laid out on top of the cling wrap and allowing them to urinate. The voided urine, in each case, is then aspirated into micro-centrifuge tubes using a Pipetman. Without coercion pure urine was obtained as early as 12 s. Volumes in the range of 10-250 microl were obtained. Modifications of the SAM could prove useful for rat or mouse urine collection under conditions of microgravity.
Topiramate for Migraine Prevention<SUBTITLE>A Randomized Controlled Trial</SUBTITLE> (2004)

Topiramate showed significant efficacy in migraine prevention within the first month of treatment, an effect maintained for the duration of the double-blind phase.
A Wearable Sensor for Unobtrusive, Long-Term Assessment of Electrodermal Activity (2010)

Electrodermal activity (EDA) is a sensitive index of sympathetic nervous system activity. Due to the lack of sensors that can be worn comfortably during normal daily activity and over extensive periods of time, research in this area is limited to laboratory settings or artificial clinical environments. We developed a novel, unobtrusive, nonstigmatizing, wrist-worn integrated sensor, and present, for the very first time, a demonstration of long-term, continuous assessment of EDA outside of a laboratory setting. We evaluated the performance of our device against a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved system for the measurement of EDA during physical, cognitive, as well as emotional stressors at both palmar and distal forearm sites, and found high correlations across all the tests. We also evaluated the choice of electrode material by comparing conductive fabric with Ag/AgCl electrodes and discuss the limitations found. An important result presented in this paper is evidence that the distal forearm is a viable alternative to the traditional palmar sites for EDA measurements. Our device offers the unprecedented ability to perform comfortable, long-term, and in situ assessment of EDA. This paper opens up opportunities for future investigations that were previously not feasible, and could have far-reaching implications for diagnosis and understanding of psychological or neurological conditions.
Metabolic Activity and Proliferation of Cho Cells in Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Methyl Methacrylate (Hema-Mma) Microcapsules (1993)

To better understand encapsulated cell behaviour, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) fibroblasts were encapsulated in HEMA-MMA microcapsules and short-term (<2 wks) proliferation and changes in metabolic activity were investigated in vitro. CHO cells were observed to undergo rapid proliferation in the first week following encapsulation after which a growth arrest was obtained at approximately 3500 cells/capsule. The cell growth was localized in aggregates in the capsule core, resulting in high local cell density but low cell density in the whole capsule interior (approximately 10(7) cells/mL). The total metabolic activity, as determined by the MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium) assay, within the microcapsules increased in the first week, with no significant change afterwards. A broad variation in metabolic activity among the individual capsules was obtained. Supplementing the cell suspension with 20% Ficoll 400 during the encapsulation process resulted in significantly higher morphological uniformity among the individual capsules (with reduced capsule wall thickness and eccentricity); however, this did not change the extent of heterogeneity in metabolic activity. We conclude that viability and proliferation ability (at least to a limited extent) of CHO cells are maintained in HEMA-MMA microcapsules. The local cell growth and subsequent growth arrest remain issues to be addressed in order to obtain better utilization of the microcapsule core volume. Alternatively, small diameter (< 400 microns as opposed to the present approximately 750 microns diameter) capsules are necessary.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2006)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and the third cause of cancer-related death. Despite therapeutic advances, the overall survival of patients with HCC has not significantly improved in the last two decades. In the majority of the cases there is underlying cirrhosis, so the prognosis of HCC depends on not only tumor stage but also liver function. There is not a widely accepted HCC staging system. In our group we have developed a new staging classification that stratifies HCC patients into four major categories and simultaneously links staging with treatment. Patients at an early stage are those who present with an asymptomatic single HCC with a maximum diameter of 5cm or up to three nodules each less than 3cm. They will benefit from curative therapies, including resection, liver transplantation (LT), and percutaneous ablation. Patients exceeding these limits, but who are free of cancer-related symptoms and vascular invasion or extrahepatic spread fit into the intermediate stage and may benefit from palliation with chemoembolization. The patients with mild cancer-related symptoms and/or vascular invasion or extrahepatic spread are included in the advanced stage. In this stage there is not effective therapy, and these patients may profit from new therapies in the setting of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Finally, the patients with severe cancer-related symptoms or great tumor burden belong to the terminal stage and only benefit from symptomatic treatment.
Effects of DNA mass on multiple displacement whole genome amplification and genotyping performance (2005)

The amount of gDNA input into the MDA WGA reaction is a critical determinant of genotyping performance of wgaDNA. At least 10 ng of lymphoblastoid gDNA input into MDA WGA is required to obtain wgaDNA TaqMan SNP assay genotyping performance equivalent to that of gDNA. Over 100 ng of lymphoblastoid gDNA input into MDA WGA is required to obtain optimal STR genotyping performance using the AmpFlSTR Identifiler panel from wgaDNA equivalent to that of gDNA.
Identification of potential plasma biomarkers for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by a proteomic method. (2015)

Among malignant tumors, the mortality rate of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) ranks sixth in the world. Late-stage diagnosis of ESCC increases the mortality. Therefore, more effective biomarkers for early diagnosis of ESCC are necessary. Unfortunately, appropriate biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis have not been identified yet. However, recent progresses in quantitative proteomics have offered opportunities to identify plasma proteins as biomarkers for ESCC. In the present study, plasma samples were analyzed by differential in-gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and differentially expressed proteins were identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). A total of 31 proteins representing 12 unique gene products were identified, in which 16 proteins were up-regulated and 15 down-regulated in tumors. The up-regulated proteins were alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG), leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG), zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, complement factor I and complement C4-B, whereas the down-regulated proteins were serum albumin, Ig alpha-2 chain C region, alpha-1-antitrypsin, fibrinogen gamma chain, haptoglobin and hemoglobin subunit alpha. Among all the differentially expressed proteins, AHSG and LRG were validated by ELISA. The results were consistent with the data from the proteomics results, further suggesting that AHSG and LRG may be employed as potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of ESCC. In summary, this study was the first time to use DIGE combined MALDI-TOF/TOF platform to identify the potential plasma biomarkers for ESCC. The plasma AHSG and LRG showed great potential for ESCC screening.
Selection of a method of condensed tannin analysis for studies with rumen bacteria (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelection of a method of condensed tannin analysis for studies with rumen bacteriaHee Dong. Bae, Tim A. McAllister, Alister D. Muir, L. Jay. Yanke, Ken A. Bassendowski, and Kuo Joan. ChengCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 8, 1256–1260Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00032a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00032a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views628Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1<sup>+</sup> Pancreatic Progenitors (2017)

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1<sup>+</sup>/NKX6-1<sup>+</sup> cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1<sup>+</sup>/NKX6-1<sup>+</sup> pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature β cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1<sup>+</sup>/NKX6-1<sup>+</sup> pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to β cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.
Unpaired cysteine-54 interferes with the ability of an engineered disulfide to stabilize T4 lysozyme (1986)

We have introduced an intramolecular disulfide bond into T4 lysozyme and have shown this molecule to be significantly more stable than the wild-type molecule to irreversible thermal inactivation [Perry, L.J., & Wetzel, R. (1984) Science (Washington, D.C.) 226, 555-557]. Wild-type T4 lysozyme contains two free cysteines, at positions 54 and 97, and no disulfide bonds. By directed mutagenesis of the cloned T4 lysozyme gene, we replaced Ile-3 with Cys. Oxidation in vitro generated an intramolecular disulfide bond; proteolytic mapping showed this bond to connect Cys-3 to Cys-97. While this molecule exhibited substantially more stability against thermal inactivation than wild type, its stability was further enhanced by additional modification with thiol-specific reagents. This and other evidence suggest that at basic pH and elevated temperatures Cys-54 is involved in intermolecular thiol/disulfide interchange with the engineered disulfide, leading to inactive oligomers. Mutagenic replacement of Cys-54 with Thr or Val in the disulfide-cross-linked variant generated lysozymes exhibiting greatly enhanced stability toward irreversible thermal inactivation.
Bactericidal Activity of Photocatalytic TiO 2 Reaction: toward an Understanding of Its Killing Mechanism (1999)

When titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) is irradiated with near-UV light, this semiconductor exhibits strong bactericidal activity. In this paper, we present the first evidence that the lipid peroxidation reaction is the underlying mechanism of death of Escherichia coli K-12 cells that are irradiated in the presence of the TiO(2) photocatalyst. Using production of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an index to assess cell membrane damage by lipid peroxidation, we observed that there was an exponential increase in the production of MDA, whose concentration reached 1.1 to 2.4 nmol. mg (dry weight) of cells(-1) after 30 min of illumination, and that the kinetics of this process paralleled cell death. Under these conditions, concomitant losses of 77 to 93% of the cell respiratory activity were also detected, as measured by both oxygen uptake and reduction of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride from succinate as the electron donor. The occurrence of lipid peroxidation and the simultaneous losses of both membrane-dependent respiratory activity and cell viability depended strictly on the presence of both light and TiO(2). We concluded that TiO(2) photocatalysis promoted peroxidation of the polyunsaturated phospholipid component of the lipid membrane initially and induced major disorder in the E. coli cell membrane. Subsequently, essential functions that rely on intact cell membrane architecture, such as respiratory activity, were lost, and cell death was inevitable.