gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Word set probability boosting for improved spontaneous dialog recognition (1997)

Based on the observation that the unpredictable nature of conversational speech makes it almost impossible to reliably model sequential word constraints, the notion of word set error criteria is proposed for improved recognition of spontaneous dialogs. The single-pass adaptive boosting (AB) algorithm enables the language model weights to be tuned using the word set error criteria. In the two-pass version of the algorithm, the basic idea is to predict a set of words based on some a priori information, and perform a rescoring pass wherein the probabilities of the words in the predicted word set are amplified or boosted in some manner. An adaptive gradient descent procedure for tuning the word boosting factor is formulated, which enables the boost factors to be incrementally adjusted to maximize the accuracy of the speech recognition system outputs on held-out training data using the word set error criteria. Two novel models which predict the required word sets are presented: (i) utterance triggers, which capture within-utterance long-distance word interdependencies, and (ii) dialog triggers, which capture local temporal dialog-oriented word relations. The proposed trigger and adaptive boosting (TAB) algorithm, and the single-pass adaptive boosting (AB) algorithm are experimentally tested on a subset of the TRAINS-93 spontaneous dialogs and the TRAINS-95 semispontaneous corpus, and the results summarized.
Depolarization Cross Sections for the Metastable Noble Gases by Optical Pumping (1969)

The relaxation times of optically oriented metastable atoms of Ne, Ar, and Xe in buffers of noble gases have been measured, and depolarization cross sections obtained. The cross sections range from 0.43 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for ${\mathrm{Xe}}^{m}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{Xe}$ collisions to 190 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}16}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ for ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{m}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{He}$.
Directly acting antivirals against hepatitis C virus (2011)

The approval of directly acting antivirals (DAA) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection will represent a major breakthrough for the 180 million persons infected worldwide. Paradoxically, hepatitis C is the only human chronic viral disease that can be cured, as all other pathogenic viruses infecting humans either display self-limited courses or establish non-eradicable persistent infections. Until now, treatment of chronic hepatitis C consisted of the combination of peginterferon-α plus ribavirin, which provided limited rates of cure and was associated with frequent side effects. Several DAA have been identified that inhibit the NS3 protease, the NS5B polymerase or the NS5A replication complex, and have entered the final steps of clinical development. These molecules, coupled with significant progress made in the recognition of more potent and safe interferon forms (e.g. interferon-λ) and host protein targets (e.g. alisporivir), are opening a new era in hepatitis C therapeutics. The expectations are so great that, to some extent, it is reminiscent of what happened in 1996 in the HIV field when the introduction of the first protease inhibitors as part of triple combinations revolutionized antiretroviral therapy. To maximize treatment success and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance selection, a proper individualization of hepatitis C therapy will be required, choosing the most convenient drugs and strategies according to distinct viral and host profiles. The complexity of HCV therapeutics has reached a point that presumably will lead to the birth of a new specialist, the HCV doctor.
電影《 In Time (潛逃時空)》 : 終結美國金融霸權的盼望 (2012)

二零一一年九月十七日，美國「佔領華爾街」運動正式啟動。近千名示威者湧入被視為全球資本主義心臟，位於美國紐約市的華爾街，高舉「我們是百分之九十九」的標語，宣告開展持續的佔領行動，目標是結束那個劫貧濟富，百分之一的資本家壟斷全球大部份資源，讓百分之九十九底層社會人民受盡苦難的資本主義制度。適逢電影 《In Time》（中文譯名:《潛逃時空》在運動展開後一個月上映，此部電影的大綱內容與佔領華爾街運動極為相似，同樣是要顛覆目前不斷擴大貧富差距的金融體制，電影主題如此配合社會大形勢，按照常理，此片理應叫好叫座，但成績卻偏偏只屬一般，還被不少影評人批評此片情節公式化，對資本主義如何禍害社會未能一針見血及細緻刻劃，而且結局離不開個人英雄主義的框框，想象力遠遜於現實生活的人民集體覺醒抗爭，令觀眾感到失望。 筆者觀賞過此片後，雖同意此片在內容描寫上未夠細膩，結局也確實欠缺新意，然而只要細看，仍能從中找出很多值得細味的符號。由於電影製作之時仍未發生佔領運動，假若電影能在佔領運動爆發前上映，憑著淺白簡潔的情節，筆者相信的確可令當時身陷經濟困境及對前景感到困惑的觀眾產生共鳴，並帶動人民意識覺醒（不幸的只是電影上映時間不對吧？）。而事實上，筆者認為電影不單單只在於描寫資本主義制度於國內實行的問題，更深層次是要借此來批判企圖控制全球的美國霸權主義。此文將嘗試藉著剖析電影《In Time》的內容，回顧美國佔領華爾街運動所帶出的訊息，並檢視美國霸權主義的情況。
Toward Drugs for Protease-Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) (2013)

PAR2 has a distinctive functional phenotype among an unusual group of GPCRs called protease activated receptors, which self-activate after cleavage of their N-termini by mainly serine proteases. PAR2 is the most highly expressed PAR on certain immune cells, and it is activated by multiple proteases (but not thrombin) in inflammation. PAR2 is expressed on many types of primary human cells and cancer cells. PAR2 knockout mice and PAR2 agonists and antagonists have implicated PAR2 as a promising target in inflammatory conditions; respiratory, gastrointestinal, metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological dysfunction; and cancers. This article summarizes salient features of PAR2 structure, activation, and function; opportunities for disease intervention via PAR2; pharmacological properties of published or patented PAR2 modulators (small molecule agonists and antagonists, pepducins, antibodies); and some personal perspectives on limitations of assessing their properties and on promising new directions for PAR2 modulation.
Biotin Reagents for Antibody Pretargeting. 3. Synthesis, Radioiodination, and Evaluation of Biotinylated Starburst Dendrimers (1998)

We are investigating the hypothesis that biotin multimers can be used with streptavidin and monoclonal antibody conjugates in cancer pretargeting protocols to provide a method of increasing the amount of radioactivity bound on cancer cells in patients. As part of that investigation, a series of biotinylated Starburst dendrimers (BSBDs) have been prepared and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In this study, a new biotinidase-stabilized, water-solubilizing biotinylation reagent was prepared and reacted with Starburst (PAMAM) dendrimers, generations 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The reaction conditions employed resulted in perbiotinylation of generation 0 (four biotin moieties conjugated), generation 1 (eight biotin moieties conjugated), generation 2 (16 biotin moieties conjugated), and generation 3 (32 biotin moieties conjugated). With generation 4, incomplete biotinylation was achieved resulting in the largest portion of that BSBD having 51 biotin moieties (of 64 possible) conjugated. The ability of each BSBD to cross-link streptavidin (SAv) was examined in an in vitro assay. In that assay, an assessment was made of the quantity of [125I]SAv bound with polystyrene-bound SAv after treatment with the synthesized BSBDs. All BSBDs cross-linked the polystyrene-bound SAv with [125I]SAv; however, the amount of [125I]SAv bound varied with the different BSBDs. Roughly 1 equiv of [125I]SAv was bound when Starburst dendrimers containing three or four biotin moieties (generation 0) were used. Two equivalents were bound with BSBD generation 1, and 4 equiv were bound with BSBDs generations 2, 3, and 4. To assess the distribution of BSBDs generations 0, 1, and 2 in mice (at 4 h postinjection), a method was developed for radioiodinating them using the NHS ester of p-[125I]iodobenzoate ([125I]PIB). It was found that the radioiodinated BSBDs had low blood concentrations (i.e., 0.13-0.20% ID/g) at the 4 h time point. In fact, most tissues examined had low concentrations of biotinylated dendrimers, except kidney and liver. Kidney had the highest concentration of [125I]-labeled BSBDs, and its concentration increased with increasing size and charge of dendrimer (e.g., 8-48% ID/g). On the basis of the increased radioactivity observed in the in vitro assay and the rapid clearance from blood in mice, additional in vivo studies with perbiotinylated Starburst dendrimer, generation 2, are planned.
Stimulation of MAP-2 kinase activity in T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 or anti-Ti monoclonal antibody is partially dependent on protein kinase C. (1990)

Signaling via the alpha-beta T cell Ag receptor (Ti)-CD3 complex is a complicated event that implicates several protein kinases, most notably protein kinase C (PKC). We have recently identified a serine kinase in T lymphocytes with the following characteristics: molecular mass 43 kDa, in vitro substrate affinity for microtubule associated protein 2 (MAP-2) with a preference for Mn2+ during the catalytic reaction, and elution from DEAE resin over a salt range 100 to 200 mM NaCl. This kinase is activated in a rapidly reversible fashion during ligation of CD3/Ti by a process which involves prior phosphorylation; in vitro exposure of activated 43-kDa MAP-2 kinase (MAP-K) to an immobilized phosphatase abrogated its kinase activity. We now show that a MAP-2K response could also be obtained during treatment with mAb to Ti and the specific PKC agonist, PMA. Although the kinetics of the former response was rapidly reversible, PMA elicited a more prolonged response. The dose responsiveness for PMA was similar to the requirements for PKC activation in intact lymphocytes. Moreover, as with PKC, we found that the CD3-induced MAP-2K response could be further enhanced by using a second layer cross-linking antibody. The specificity of CD3/Ti in the Jurkat cell response is demonstrated by the fact that OKT-11(CD2) and anti-CD4 mAb did not stimulate a MAP-2K response. It was also not possible to elicit a response in a Jurkat cell mutant that lacks surface expression of CD3 and Ti. The specificity of PKC in these events was further explored with the cell permeant diacylglycerol, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, and the nonagonist phorbol ester, 4 alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate: whereas the former was an effective inducer of the MAP-2K response, the latter failed to yield any stimulation. Prior exposure of Jurkat cells to 100 mM PMA for 24 h eliminated greater than 60% of the MAP-2K response during anti-CD3 treatment. This response could also be inhibited in dose-dependent fashion by prior treatment of Jurkat cells with the potent PKC inhibitor 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl) 2-methylpiperazine dihydrochloride. Although a Ca2(+)-ionophore failed to synergize with PMA at inducing a MAP-2K response, depletion of extracellular Ca2+ by EGTA abrogated anti-CD3 responsiveness. The events culminating in MAP-2K activation were slightly inhibited in the presence of cholera toxin but not pertussis toxin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Clonal Progenitor Cell Line with Chondrogenic Potential and Markers of Craniofacial Mesenchyme (2012)

Human embryonic stem cell-derived embryonic progenitor cell lines may provide a novel means of generating purified site-specific osteochondral progenitor cell lines that are useful in research and therapy.
Usable access control for the world wide web (2004)

While publishing content on the World Wide Web has moved within reach of the nontechnical mainstream, controlling access to published content still requires expertise in Web server configuration, public-key certification, and a variety of access control mechanisms. Lack of such expertise results in unnecessary exposure of content published by nonexperts, or force cautious nonexperts to leave their content off-line. Recent research has focused on making access control systems more flexible and powerful, but not on making them easier to use. We propose a usable access control systems for the World Wide Web, i.e., a system that is easy to use both for content providers (who want to protect their content from unauthorized access) and (authorized) content consumers (who want hassle-free access to such protected content). Our system is constructed with judicious use of conventional building blocks, such as access control lists and public-key certificates. We point out peculiarities in existing software that make it unnecessarily hard to achieve our goal of usable access control, and assess the security provided by our usable system.
Rapid similarity searches of nucleic acid and protein data banks. (1983)

With the development of large data banks of protein and nucleic acid sequences, the need for efficient methods of searching such banks for sequences similar to a given sequence has become evident. We present an algorithm for the global comparison of sequences based on matching k-tuples of sequence elements for a fixed k. The method results in substantial reduction in the time required to search a data bank when compared with prior techniques of similarity analysis, with minimal loss in sensitivity. The algorithm has also been adapted, in a separate implementation, to produce rigorous sequence alignments. Currently, using the DEC KL-10 system, we can compare all sequences in the entire Protein Data Bank of the National Biomedical Research Foundation with a 350-residue query sequence in less than 3 min and carry out a similar analysis with a 500-base query sequence against all eukaryotic sequences in the Los Alamos Nucleic Acid Data Base in less than 2 min.
Targetable Signaling Pathway Mutations Are Associated with Malignant Phenotype in IDH -Mutant Gliomas (2014)

A subset of IDH-mutant gliomas with mutations in driver oncogenes has a more malignant phenotype in patients. Identification of these alterations may provide an opportunity for use of targeted therapies in these patients. Clin Cancer Res; 20(11); 2898-909. ©2014 AACR.
Induced SHIP Deficiency Expands Myeloid Regulatory Cells and Abrogates Graft-versus-Host Disease (2007)

Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is the leading cause of treatment-related death in allogeneic bone marrow (BM) transplantation. Immunosuppressive strategies to control GVHD are only partially effective and often lead to life-threatening infections. We previously showed that engraftment of MHC-mismatched BM is enhanced and GVHD abrogated in recipients homozygous for a germline SHIP mutation. In this study, we report the development of a genetic model in which SHIP deficiency can be induced in adult mice. Using this model, we show that the induction of SHIP deficiency in adult mice leads to a rapid and significant expansion of myeloid suppressor cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Consistent with expansion of myeloid suppressor cells, splenocytes and lymph node cells from adult mice with induced SHIP deficiency are significantly compromised in their ability to prime allogeneic T cell responses. These results demonstrate that SHIP regulates homeostatic signals for these immunoregulatory cells in adult physiology. Consistent with these findings, induction of SHIP deficiency before receiving a T cell-replete BM graft abrogates acute GVHD. These findings indicate strategies that target SHIP could increase the efficacy and utility of allogeneic BM transplantation, and thereby provide a curative therapy for a wide spectrum of human diseases.
Aloe polymannose enhances anti-coxsackievirus antibody titres in mice (2000)

Aloe polymannose (AP), a high mannose biological response modifier (BRM) purified from the Aloe barbadensis Miller plant, was tested for activity in enhancing antibody titres against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) and CVB3-induced myocarditis in murine models of the disease. Inoculation of mice with AP over a range of three nontoxic doses and in varying schedules did not reduce virus titres in heart tissues or ameliorate virus-induced cardiopathological alterations during acute disease. However, this BRM was found to significantly enhance titres of anti-CVB3 antibodies produced during acute infection of three strains of mice with CVB3. Simultaneous intraperitoneal inoculation of AP at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight per mouse with purified CVB3 significantly increased ELISA titres of anti-CVB3 antibodies and the proportion of mice with these titres, compared with similar parameters in mice inoculated only with CVB3. The data conclusively show that AP can immunopotentiate antibody production against capsid protein epitopes of a nonenveloped picornavirus and suggest this BRM (AP) might be of benefit in enhancing antibody titres against other enteroviruses during a natural infection and poliovirus vaccine strains.
Redirected T Cell Cytotoxicity in Cancer Therapy (2018)

Bispecific antibodies that recruit and redirect T cells to attack tumor cells have tremendous potential for the treatment of various malignancies. In general, this class of therapeutics, known as CD3 bispecifics, promotes tumor cell killing by cross-linking a CD3 component of the T cell receptor complex with a tumor-associated antigen on the surface of the target cell. Importantly, this mechanism does not rely on a cognate interaction between the T cell receptor and a peptide:HLA complex, thereby circumventing HLA (human leukocyte antigen) restriction. Hence, CD3 bispecifics may find a key role in addressing tumors with low neoantigen content and/or low inflammation, and this class of therapeutics may productively combine with checkpoint blockade. A wide array of formats and optimization approaches has been developed, and a wave of CD3 bispecifics is proceeding into human clinical trials for a range of indications, with promising signs of therapeutic activity.
Development of Lightweight Steel Drillpipe With a 165-ksi Yield Strength (1991)

Summary This paper describes the development of a lightweight steel drillpipe with a 165-ksi [1137-MPa] yield strength. The drill-pipe was developed according to three design objectives and verified by full-size and material-evaluation tests. The lightweight steel drillpipe has two advantages over standard API G-105 pipe with the same pipe-body OD—it weighs 25% less and has a 20% lower hydraulic loss (loss of fluid pressure)—but maintains a performance level comparable with that of G-105 pipe.
Detection of Campylobacter and Shigella Species in Food Samples Using an Array Biosensor (2003)

Campylobacter and Shigella bacteria are common causes of food- and water-borne illness worldwide. There is a current need in food, medical, environmental, and military markets for a rapid and user-friendly method of detecting such pathogens. The array biosensor developed at the NRL encompasses these qualities. In this study, 25-min, sandwich immunoassays were developed for the detection of Campylobacter and Shigella species in both buffer and a variety of food and beverage samples. The limit of detection for Shigella dysenteriae in buffer and chicken carcass wash was 4.9 x 10(4) cfu mL(-)(1), whereas Campylobacter jejuni could be measured at concentrations as low as 9.7 x 10(2) cfu mL(-)(1). The limits of detection and dynamic range were found to vary depending on the sample matrix, but could be improved by running the sample over the waveguide surface for longer periods of time. Samples were run with no preconcentration or enrichment steps and little-to-no sample pretreatment prior to analysis.
Episodic skeletal-plan refinement based on temporal data (1989)

ONCOCIN is a medical expert system that extends the skeletal-planning technique to an applciation area where the history of past events and the duration of actions are important. The system's knowledge base is designed to reflect a hierarchical model of the domain, and its control and inference mechanisms encourage a mixed-initiative style of interaction between the computer and the user.
A Macrophage Factor Inhibits Adipocyte Gene Expression: An in Vitro Model of Cachexia (1985)

Certain infections and malignancies in mammals cause the development of a condition known as cachexia in which the animal continues to lose weight, often while consuming an adequate diet. When macrophages are stimulated with an endotoxin, they produce a factor or factors, termed cachectin, that inhibits the activity of fat-producing (lipogenic) enzymes in cultured adipocytes. This effect may reflect one of the physiological bases for cachexia. In the present study, clones of complementary DNA from genes whose expression is increased during the differentiation of adipocytes were used to study the molecular basis of cachectin's actions. In the presence of cachectin, the expression of the corresponding genes was reversibly and specifically inhibited. Furthermore, when mature adipocytes were exposed to cachectin, the messenger RNA's of those genes diminished and rapidly approached the levels present before differentiation.
Tissue Factor Positions and Maintains the Factor VIIa Active Site Far above the Membrane Surface Even in the Absence of the Factor VIIa Gla Domain (1997)

Coagulation factor VIIa (fVIIa), a soluble serine protease, exhibits full proteolytic activity only when bound to its cofactor, tissue factor (TF). Both proteins interact with membranes; TF is an integral membrane protein, while fVIIa binds reversibly to phospholipid surfaces via its Gla domain. In this study, we examine the extent to which the location of the fVIIa active site in the fVIIa.TF complex is determined by the fVIIa Gla domain. A fluorescein dye was covalently attached to the active site of fVIIa lacking the Gla domain (Gla domainless fVIIa, GD-fVIIa) via a tripeptide tether to yield fluorescein-D-Phe-Pro-Arg-GD-fVIIa (Fl-FPR-GD-fVIIa). The location of the active site of GD-fVIIa relative to the membrane surface was determined using fluorescence resonance energy transfer between the fluorescein dye in the active site of GD-fVIIa and octadecylrhodamine (OR) at the surface of phospholipid vesicles. As expected, no energy transfer was observed between Fl-FPR-GD-fVIIa and OR in vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylserine (PC/PS, 4:1) because the Gla domain is required for the binding of fVIIa to phospholipid. However, when Fl-FPR-GD-fVIIa was titrated with PC or PC/PS vesicles into which purified TF had been reconstituted, energy transfer was observed. Based on the dependence of fluorescence resonance energy transfer on OR density, the average distance of closest approach between fluorescein in the active site of Fl-FPR-GD-fVIIa.TF and OR at the vesicle surface was determined to be 78 A (kappa2 = (2)/(3)). Since this value is nearly the same as that obtained with intact Fl-FPR-fVIIa bound to TF, the presence or absence of the fVIIa Gla domain has only a small effect on the location of the active site in the fVIIa.TF complex. The extracellular domain of tissue factor therefore must be fairly rigid and fixed relative to the surface to position and maintain the fVIIa active site far above the membrane even in the absence of the fVIIa Gla domain.
In vitro activities of spectinomycin and comparator agents against Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica from respiratory tract infections of cattle (2004)

Prior to the renewal of spectinomycin, only a small number of spectinomycin-resistant strains was detected among bovine P. multocida and M. haemolytica. The genes responsible for spectinomycin resistance in these strains seemed to be different from those so far known to occur in other Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.