gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins on expression of platelet-derived growth factor by human monocyte-derived macrophages (1991)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is secreted by several cells that participate in the process of atherogenesis, including arterial wall monocyte-derived macrophages. Macrophages in human and non-human primate lesions have recently been demonstrated to contain PDGF-B chain protein in situ. In developing lesions of atherosclerosis, macrophages take up and metabolize modified lipoproteins, leading to lipid accumulation and foam cell formation. Oxidatively modified low density lipoproteins (LDL) have been implicated in atherogenesis and have been demonstrated in atherosclerotic lesions. The effects of the uptake of various forms of modified LDL on PDGF gene expression, synthesis, and secretion in adherent cultures of human blood monocyte-derived macrophages were examined. LDL oxidized in a cell-free system in the presence of air and copper inhibited the constitutive expression of PDGF-B mRNA and secretion of PDGF in a dose-dependent fashion. Oxidatively modified LDL also attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced PDGF-B mRNA expression. These changes were unrelated to the mechanism of lipid uptake and the degree of lipid loading and were detectable within 2 h of exposure to oxidized LDL. The degree of inhibition of both basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced PDGF-B-chain expression increased with the extent of LDL oxidation. Monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to acetylated LDL or LDL aggregates accumulated more cholesterol than cells treated with oxidized LDL, but PDGF expression was not consistently altered. Thus, uptake of a product or products of LDL oxidation modulates the expression and secretion of one of the principal macrophage-derived growth factors, PDGF. This modulation may influence chemotaxis and mitogenesis of smooth muscle cells locally in the artery wall during atherogenesis.
Efficacy and safety of rituximab in moderately‐to‐severely active systemic lupus erythematosus: The randomized, double‐blind, phase ii/iii systemic lupus erythematosus evaluation of rituximab trial (2009)

The EXPLORER trial enrolled patients with moderately-to-severely active SLE and used aggressive background treatment and sensitive cutoffs for nonresponse. No differences were noted between placebo and rituximab in the primary and secondary end points. Further evaluation of patient subsets, biomarkers, and exploratory outcome models may improve the design of future SLE clinical trials.
Immunochemical Studies on a Sophorosyl-Azoprotein Conjugate* (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImmunochemical Studies on a Sophorosyl-Azoprotein Conjugate*P. Z. Allen, I. J. Goldstein, and R. N. IyerCite this: Biochemistry 1967, 6, 10, 3029–3036Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00862a009https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00862a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evolution of the major histocompatibility complex. (1986)

The major histocompatibility complex is a group of closely linked loci that code for molecules used by T-lymphocytes as context for the recognition of antigens. The loci fall into two classes: I, coding for molecules used as context by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and II, used as context by helper and other regulatory T-cells. The Mhc is present in all mammals and perhaps all vertebrates. Some of the Mhc loci are highly polymorphic, while others are not. This article will summarize what is known about the genetic organization of the Mhc in different species and will discuss the selection pressures acting on the individual loci and the tempo and the mechanisms of their evolution.
Mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis: Recent advances (1984)

The carcinogenetic risk assessment of veterinary drugs has to be envisaged as part of food toxicology. The authors review the recent discoveries which have proved significant for the toxicologist. Tumours arise from an inherited transformation of normal cells through genotoxic, perigenetic and epigenetic processes. Genotoxic mechanisms are best understood and have led to the development of short-term reference tests. The biochemistry of DNA alterations is being unravelled and permits quantitative estimation of carcinogenetic potencies. Work on the role of oncogenes is providing new clues to the understanding the mechanisms of chemical carcinogenesis. Perigenetic processes deal mainly with DNA repair systems and emphasize the complexity of human genome dynamics. Experimental findings about epigenetic mechanisms are still inconclusive as to their practical implications. Abnormal expression of HLA-antigens at the surface of neoplastic cells has been reported, but its significance is still unknown. In conclusion, the main source of progress in toxicology undoubtedly comes from molecular biology, but experimental results must be interpreted with caution if practical issues are to be derived from them.
Highly sensitive detection of nanoparticles with a self-referenced and self-heterodyned whispering-gallery Raman microlaser (2014)

Optical whispering-gallery-mode resonators (WGMRs) have emerged as promising platforms for label-free detection of nano-objects. The ultimate sensitivity of WGMRs is determined by the strength of the light-matter interaction quantified by quality factor/mode volume, Q/V, and the resolution is determined by Q. To date, to improve sensitivity and precision of detection either WGMRs have been doped with rare-earth ions to compensate losses and increase Q or plasmonic resonances have been exploited for their superior field confinement and lower V. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, enhanced detection of single-nanoparticle-induced mode splitting in a silica WGMR via Raman gain-assisted loss compensation and WGM Raman microlaser. In particular, the use of the Raman microlaser provides a dopant-free, self-referenced, and self-heterodyned scheme with a detection limit ultimately determined by the thermorefractive noise. Notably, we detected and counted individual nanoparticles with polarizabilities down to 3.82 × 10(-6) μm(3) by monitoring a heterodyne beatnote signal. This level of sensitivity is achieved without exploiting plasmonic effects, external references, or active stabilization and frequency locking. Single nanoparticles are detected one at a time; however, their characterization by size or polarizability requires ensemble measurements and statistical averaging. This dopant-free scheme retains the inherited biocompatibility of silica and could find widespread use for sensing in biological media. The Raman laser and operation band of the sensor can be tailored for the specific sensing environment and the properties of the targeted materials by changing the pump laser wavelength. This scheme also opens the possibility of using intrinsic Raman or parametric gain for loss compensation in other systems where dissipation hinders progress and limits applications.
Spectra Excited in a Helium Afterglow (1964)

The selective excitation of spectra by collisions of the second kind with active helium species was examined in a flowing helium afterglow. Techniques for titrating for the active species in the afterglow are described. Conditions under which the metastable atom He(23S), the atomic ion He+, or the molecular ion He2+ predominate in the burner are found and the spectra excited by each are listed.
Analytic and preparative separation of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and A-IV by reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (1988)

We have developed a rapid reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic technique capable of separating apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and A-IV and their constituent isoforms. The separations were performed on a 30 cm x 3.9 mm C18 reverse-phase silica-based column (Waters Associates) using a 47-55% gradient of acetonitrile in 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Injection of a mixture of equal weights of apolipoproteins A-I, A-II, and A-IV yielded a single peak for apoA-IV, two peaks of apoA-I isoforms, and three peaks of apoA-II isoforms, with negligible overlap of each peak. When applied to the isolation of apoA-IV from a crude protein mixture obtained by incubation of phospholipid-triglyceride emulsion particles with lipoprotein-depleted plasma, the technique yielded a single peak of highly pure apoA-IV cleanly separated from isoforms of apoA-I and higher molecular weight proteins. A positive linear correlation was observed between apoprotein hydrophobicity and column retention time, thus indicating that the system provided a true reverse phase separation. We conclude that reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography can separate human apolipoprotein A-IV from isoforms of apoA-I and apoA-II on the basis of differences in mean molecular hydrophobicity. The technique has direct application to the isolation of human apolipoprotein A-IV.
Lipid-Related Markers and Cardiovascular Disease Prediction (2012)

In a study of individuals without known CVD, the addition of information on the combination of apolipoprotein B and A-I, lipoprotein(a), or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass to risk scores containing total cholesterol and HDL-C led to slight improvement in CVD prediction.
The Treatment of Cutaneous Vascular Lesions with the Nd (1988)

The Nd:YAG laser is well suited for the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions. The characteristic properties of the Nd:YAG laser emissions in tissue are a high degree of penetration with low absorption by unpigmented tissue. The result is a coagulative effect on tissue containing hemoglobin with relative skin sparing. The Nd:YAG laser was used to treat 116 patients with a variety of cutaneous vascular lesions. Good to excellent results were obtained with a low complication rate for deep cavernous and capillary lesions, port wine stains, and minor vascular ectasias above the lower extremities. Minor venous ectasias and varicosities located on the lower extremities responded poorly. The Nd:YAG laser represents an efficacious tool for the treatment of difficult vascular lesions, with the exception of venous lesions of the lower extremities.
Bacterial mutagenicity studies of DNA-intercalating aniline mustards: an insight into the mode of action of a novel class of anti-tumour drugs. (1989)

Bifunctional alkylating agents are reactive compounds which work by crosslinking DNA, but which have no special affinity for it. A series of acridine-linked aniline mustards of widely-varying alkylator reactivity (5-11), designed as DNA-directed alkylating agents, have been evaluated in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium with differing DNA repair capabilities to obtain information about their mechanism of action. The compounds showed greatly increased potency (determined as D37 values) compared with the corresponding untargeted mustards, in the repair-proficient strain TA1978+. All but the most unreactive mustards were considerably more potent (greater than 10-fold) in the corresponding repair-deficient strain TA98, indicating that DNA-crosslinking is the major cytotoxic mechanism. However, the mutagenic profile of the compounds in four Salmonella strains, particularly in the excision repair-deficient strains TA98 and TA100, suggest the compounds also form substantial levels of mutagenic monoadducts. The possibility that intercalative binding by the acridine chromophore provides an additional geometrical restraint on cross-linking by the mustard is an important facet of design which needs further study.
Monitoring Brain Oxygen Saturation During Coronary Bypass Surgery: A Randomized, Prospective Study (2006)

Monitoring cerebral rSO2 in coronary artery bypass patients avoids profound cerebral desaturation and is associated with significantly fewer incidences of major organ dysfunction.
Genetics and Genomics of Core Short Tandem Repeat Loci Used in Human Identity Testing (2006)

Over the past decade, the human identity testing community has settled on a set of core short tandem repeat (STR) loci that are widely used for DNA typing applications. A variety of commercial kits enable robust amplification of these core STR loci. A brief history is presented regarding the selection of core autosomal and Y-chromosomal STR markers. The physical location of each STR locus in the human genome is delineated and allele ranges and variants observed in human populations are summarized as are mutation rates observed from parentage testing. Internet resources for additional information on core STR loci are reviewed. Additional topics are also discussed, including potential linkage of STR loci to genetic disease-causing genes, probabilistic predictions of sample ethnicity, and desirable characteristics for additional STR loci that may be added in the future to the current core loci. These core STR loci, which form the basis for DNA databases worldwide, will continue to play an important role in forensic science for many years to come.
An electronically collimated gamma camera for single photon emission computed tomography. Part I: Theoretical considerations and design criteria (1983)

The detection and imaging characteristics of a new type of gamma camera for single photon emission computed tomography have been investigated. Unlike conventional gamma cameras which use mechanical collimation, the new gamma camera utilizes electronic collimation which is obtained from a sequential interaction of gamma radiation with a dual position-and-energy sensitive detection system. Coincident counting between the two detectors provides localization of activity upon a multitude of conical surfaces throughout the object, wherefrom the three-dimensional activity distribution can be reconstructed. Not only does electronic collimation provide simultaneous multiple views of the object, but a large gain in sensitivity is also indicated over a conventionally collimated gamma camera under conditions of similar spatial resolution. Detector optimization studies have been performed to design a prototype system comprising a 33 X 33 array of high-purity germanium detectors coupled to an uncollimated conventional scintillation camera. The cumulative signal-to-noise ratio in projection images obtained with this system is expected to be about a factor of 4 higher (sensitivity about a factor of 15 higher) than that obtained in a corresponding projection image with a conventional gamma camera for imaging a uniformly distributed Tc-99m source in a 20-cm-diam X 20-cm-tall cylinder. A similar gain is expected in the tomographic images.
New hepatitis B vaccine formulated with an improved adjuvant system (2007)

A new hepatitis B vaccine (FENDrix, GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) containing as active substance 20 microg of recombinant hepatitis B virus surface antigen produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae has recently been licensed in Europe. It is prepared with a novel adjuvant system: aluminum phosphate and 3-O-desacyl-4 -monophosphoryl lipid A. It is intended for use in adults from the age of 15 years onwards for active immunization against hepatitis B virus infection for patients with renal insufficiency (including prehemodialysis and hemodialysis patients). It is applied in a four-dose scheme: day 0, month 1, 2 and 6 after day 0. Due to the improved adjuvant system it induces higher antibody concentrations that reach protective levels in a faster fashion. Furthermore, due to higher titers reached after the primary immunization course, protective levels are retained for a longer period of time. Vaccination with FENDrix induces more transient local symptoms, with pain at the injection site being the most frequently reported solicited local symptom. Other symptoms such as fatigue, gastrointestinal disorders and headaches were also frequently observed but resolved without sequelae. The higher risk of hepatitis B transmission in patients with end-stage renal disease and the often immunocompromised status of these patients afford a tailored vaccination strategy that, up to now, has consisted of injecting double doses of ordinary hepatitis B vaccines. With the introduction of FENDrix there now exists an efficient alternative with superior immunogenicity that is, despite comparatively higher reactogenicity, well tolerated.
Stable a-Si:H circuits based on short-term stress stability of amorphous silicon thin film transistors (2006)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) technology is interesting for large-area active matrix structure due to its good uniformity over large-area, low-temperature, and low-cost fabrication, and its industrial accessibility. However, the circuits implemented in this technology suffer from the instability of the material under prolonged bias stress. To improve the circuit stability, we present a circuit design technique based on the stability of a-Si:H thin film transistors (TFTs) under short-term bias stress. Here, an a-Si:H local current source (LCS) is used to adjust the circuit current bias. Since the LCS circuit is under stress for a small fraction of operation time, its current remains stable. The measurement and analysis of the LCS circuit indicate that the a-Si:H TFT is stable under short-term bias stress for over 50000h. Also, we present a pixel circuit based on this technique for active matrix organic light emitting diode displays.
Metallo‐β‐lactamase structure and function (2012)

β-Lactam antibiotics are the most commonly used antibacterial agents and growing resistance to these drugs is a concern. Metallo-β-lactamases are a diverse set of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a broad range of β-lactam drugs including carbapenems. This diversity is reflected in the observation that the enzyme mechanisms differ based on whether one or two zincs are bound in the active site that, in turn, is dependent on the subclass of β-lactamase. The dissemination of the genes encoding these enzymes among Gram-negative bacteria has made them an important cause of resistance. In addition, there are currently no clinically available inhibitors to block metallo-β-lactamase action. This review summarizes the numerous studies that have yielded insights into the structure, function, and mechanism of action of these enzymes.
Regulatory T Cells: Mechanisms of Differentiation and Function (2007)

The immune system has evolved to mount an effective defense against pathogens and to minimize deleterious immune-mediated inflammation caused by commensal microorganisms, immune responses against self and environmental antigens, and metabolic inflammatory disorders. Regulatory T (Treg) cell-mediated suppression serves as a vital mechanism of negative regulation of immune-mediated inflammation and features prominently in autoimmune and autoinflammatory disorders, allergy, acute and chronic infections, cancer, and metabolic inflammation. The discovery that Foxp3 is the transcription factor that specifies the Treg cell lineage facilitated recent progress in understanding the biology of regulatory T cells. In this review, we discuss cellular and molecular mechanisms in the differentiation and function of these cells.
Signal Transduction by Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (1988)

The proliferation of cells in vivo and in culture is tightly regulated by polypeptide growth factors. Like all polypeptide hormones, growth factors initiate their action by binding to specific, high-affinity receptor molecules on the cell surface. Interest in growth factors and their receptors has been dramatically intensified by the discovery that at least some of these molecules were identified as viral oncogene products. For example, the v-sis oncogene encodes the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-B molecule, whereas the v-erbB oncogene product is a truncated form of the avian receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) (for review, see Schlessinger 1988; Yarden and Ullrich 1988). Inappropriate expression of the cellular counterparts of viral oncogenes is thought to play a role in the initiation and maintenance of malignant growth. Therefore, the study of the mode of action of growth factors will undoubtedly yield important insights into mechanisms underlying oncogenesis.
Kinetics of transport and phosphorylation of glucose in cancer cells (2009)

Metabolic control analysis of tumor glycolysis has indicated that hexokinase (HK) and glucose transporter (GLUT) exert the main flux control (71%). To understand why they are the main controlling steps, the GLUT and HK kinetics and the contents of GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT3, GLUT4, HKI, and HKII were analyzed in rat hepatocarcinoma AS-30D and HeLa human cervix cancer. An improved protocol to determine the kinetic parameters of GLUT was developed with D-[2-(3)H-glucose] as physiological substrate. Kinetic analysis revealed two components at low- and high-glucose concentrations in both tumor cells. At low glucose and 37 degrees C, the V(max) was 55 +/- 20 and 17.2 +/- 6 nmol (min x mg protein)(-1), whereas the K(m) was 0.52 +/- 0.7 and 9.3 +/- 3 mM for hepatoma and HeLa cells, respectively. GLUT activity was partially inhibited by cytochalasin B (IC(50) = 0.44 +/- 0.1; K(i) = 0.3 +/- 0.1 microM) and phloretin (IC(50) = 8.7 microM) in AS-30D hepatocarcinoma. At physiological glucose, GLUT1 and GLUT3 were the predominant active isoforms in HeLa cells and AS-30D cells, respectively. HK activity in HeLa cells was much lower (60 mU/mg protein) than that in AS-30D cells (700 mU/mg protein), but both HKs were strongly inhibited by G6P. HKII was the predominant isoform in AS-30D carcinoma and HeLa cells. The much lower GLUT V(max) and catalytic efficiency (V(max)/K(m)) values in comparison to those of G6P-sensitive HK suggested the transporter exerts higher control on the glycolytic flux than HK in cancer cells. Thus, GLUT seems a more adequate therapeutic target.
A complete theory of human evolution of intelligence must consider stage changes (2002)

We show 13 stages of the development of tool-use and tool making during different eras in the evolution of Homo sapiens. We used the NeoPiagetian Model of Hierarchical Complexity rather than Piaget's. We distinguished the use of existing methods imitated or learned from others, from doing such a task on one's own.
Argon Laser Trabeculoplasty Controls One Third of Cases of Progressive, Uncontrolled, Open Angle Glaucoma for 5 Years (1992)

Seventy-eight patients (109 eyes) with progressive glaucoma had argon laser trabeculoplasty as a substitute for filtration surgery and were then followed up for a minimum of 5 years. One hundred spots were placed at the anterior margin of the posterior trabecular meshwork over 360 degrees. Consecutive cases between 1980 and 1985 were reviewed, 95% of treated cases being included in the final analysis. Eighty-two eyes had primary open angle glaucoma. If only the group with primary open angle glaucoma is considered, the failure rate the first year was 19%. After that, the failure rate was approximately eight per year. At the end of 5 years, 65% of all eyes had failed. At the end of 10 years, data were available on 84 of the original 109 treated eyes; in 80 treatment had failed, and four were still receiving medical therapy.