gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing datacenter packet transport (2012)

We present, pFabric, a minimalistic datacenter fabric design that provides near-optimal performance in terms of completion time for high-priority flows and overall network utilization. pFabric's design eliminates nearly all buffering on switches (switches have only ~20KB of buffering per port), requires almost no congestion control and uses only simple mechanisms at each switch. Specifically, switches are only required to locally and greedily decide what packets to schedule and drop according to priorities in the packet header and do not maintain any flow state or rate estimates. Rate-control is almost unnecessary, all flows start at line-rate and only slow down in the extreme case of congestion collapse. We show via simulations using realistic workloads and topologies that this simple design achieves near optimal flow completion times and network utilization.
Screening blood donors for gastrointestinal illness: a strategy to eliminate carriers of Yersinia enterocolitica (1991)

Recent reports of fatal transfusion-associated Yersinia enterocolitica sepsis prompted a study of the feasibility of adding a question to the routine donor health history as a method of reducing this risk. In three American Red Cross blood centers, 11,323 donors were asked one of two questions about gastrointestinal symptoms during their health history screenings. Affirmative responses were obtained from 0.6 or 4.0 percent of the donors, depending on how the question was asked. In one center, more than 6 percent of donors gave affirmative answers. The efficacy of asking a relatively simple question about gastrointestinal symptoms as a way of preventing Y. enterocolitica should be evaluated further, because relatively large numbers of donors may respond affirmatively. Other methods of reducing the risk of transfusion-associated Y. enterocolitica infection should be pursued.
Intermodulation Effects in Limiter Amplifier Repeaters (1970)

A method is presented for analyzing intermodulation (IM) spectra in limiting amplifiers using a statistical approach. Engineering approximations are derived for the case of a large number of input signals. The accuracy appears to be good down to seven signals. The approach permits analysis of arbitrary locations (in frequency) of the input signals. Possible ways of reducing IM interference in limiting satellite repeaters are discussed. The analysis is generally restricted to the ideal hard-limiting amplifier however, its applicability to other nonlinear characteristics is illustrated. Additional sources of degradation, such as amplitudemodulation-frequency-modulation (AM-FM) conversion and system phase nonlinearity, are not treated.
Diabetic Gastroparesis (2007)

A 36-year-old man with a 20-year history of type 1 diabetes mellitus, background retinopathy, peripheral sensory neuropathy, and nephropathy presents with a history of several months of nausea and vomiting. On physical examination (performed 1 hour after the patient has eaten), his blood pressure is 130/80 mm Hg while he is lying down and 110/60 mm Hg while he is standing. His abdomen is not tender. There is epigastric distention, but no splash is audible when the upper abdomen is shaken. How should this patient be evaluated and treated?
Embryonic Modulation of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor in the Rat Uterus1 (1993)

Cellular proliferation and differentiation are critical components of uterine remodeling prior to embryonic implantation. Recent studies have shown that the ovarian hormones, estrogen and progesterone, modulate these cellular events through the production of growth factors. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has been implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryonic development. To clarify its role in uterine remodeling, the cellular distribution of bFGF was examined immunohistochemically in the rat uterus during early pregnancy (Days 2-6). Basic FGF localized intracellularly in stromal and epithelial cells and within the extracellular matrix at Days 2 and 3. It was distinctly evident at the apical surface of epithelial cells at Days 4 and 5 of pregnancy. Concurrent with this apical localization, bFGF was present in the uterine luminal fluid, suggesting release of this growth factor from epithelial cells. Embryonic implantation was accompanied by increased intracellular bFGF content in luminal epithelial and decidual cells. However, similar cells outside of the implantation site and in the artificially decidualized uterus did not express analogous bFGF levels, indicating that a unique signal from the embryo triggers bFGF expression. Changes in the cell-specific distribution of bFGF imply a multifunctional role for this growth factor in uterine cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryonic implantation. In addition, the apical release of bFGF from epithelial cells indicates utilization of a novel secretory pathway for bFGF export during early pregnancy.
Strain‐specified relative conformational stability of the scrapie prion protein (2001)

Studies of prion biology and diseases have elucidated several new concepts, but none was more heretical than the proposal that the biological properties that distinguish different prion strains are enciphered in the disease-causing prion protein (PrP(Sc)). To explore this postulate, we examined the properties of PrP(Sc) from eight prion isolates that propagate in Syrian hamster (SHa). Using resistance to protease digestion as a marker for the undenatured protein, we examined the conformational stabilities of these PrP(Sc) molecules. All eight isolates showed sigmoidal patterns of transition from native to denatured PrP(Sc) as a function of increasing guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) concentration. Half-maximal denaturation occurred at a mean value of 1.48 M GdnHCl for the Sc237, HY, SHa(Me7), and MT-C5 isolates, all of which have approximately 75-d incubation periods; a concentration of 1.08 M was found for the DY strain with a approximately 170-d incubation period and approximately 1.25 M for the SHa(RML) and 139H isolates with approximately 180-d incubation periods. A mean value of 1.39 M GdnHCl for the Me7-H strain with a approximately 320-d incubation period was found. Based on these results, the eight prion strains segregated into four distinct groups. Our results support the unorthodox proposal that distinct PrP(Sc) conformers encipher the biological properties of prion strains.
Growth Factor Delivery to a Cartilage‐Cartilage Interface Using Platelet‐Rich Concentrates on a Hyaluronic Acid Scaffold (2019)

The delivery of platelet-rich concentrates in conjunction HA scaffolds may augment healing cartilaginous injuries.
Evaluation of Biologically Relevant Short α-Helices Stabilized by a Main-Chain Hydrogen-Bond Surrogate (2006)

We previously reported the design and synthesis of a new class of artificial alpha-helices in which an N-terminal main-chain hydrogen bond is replaced by a carbon-carbon bond derived from a ring-closing metathesis reaction [Chapman, R. N.; Dimartino, G.; Arora, P. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 12252-12253]. Our initial study utilized an alanine-rich sequence; in the present manuscript we evaluate the potential of this method for the synthesis of very short (10 residues) alpha-helices representing two different biologically relevant alpha-helical domains. We extensively characterized these two sets of artificial helices by NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopies and find that the hydrogen-bond surrogate approach can afford well-defined short alpha-helical structures from sequences that do not spontaneously form alpha-helical conformations.
Births: Final Data for 2016. (2018)

This report presents 2016 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted.Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.95 million births that occurred in 2016 are presented. Data are presented for maternal age, live-birth order, race and Hispanic origin, marital status, tobacco use, prenatal care, source of payment for the delivery, method of delivery, gestational age, birthweight, and plurality. Selected data by mother's state of residence and birth rates by age also are shown. Trend data for 2010-2016 are presented for selected items. A total of 3,945,875 births were registered in the United States in 2016, down 1% from 2015. Compared with rates in 2015, the general fertility rate declined to 62.0 per 1,000 women aged 15-44. The birth rate for females aged 15-19 fell 9% in 2016. Birth rates declined for women in their 20s but increased for women intheir 30s and early 40s. The total fertility rate declined to 1,820.5 births per 1,000 women in 2016. The birth rate for unmarried women declined, while the rate for married women increased. More than three-quarters of women began prenatal care in the firsttrimester of pregnancy (77.1%) in 2016, while 7.2% of all women smoked during pregnancy. The cesarean delivery rate declined for the fourth year in a row. Medicaid was the source of payment for 42.6% of all 2016 births. The preterm birth rate rose for the second straight year, and the rate of low birthweight increased 1%. Twin and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates declined, although the changes were not statistically significant.
Fast, high-resolution atomic force microscopy using a quartz tuning fork as actuator and sensor (1997)

We report a new method of achieving tip–sample distance regulation in an atomic force microscope (AFM). A piezoelectric quartz tuning fork serves as both actuator and sensor of tip–sample interactions, allowing tip–sample distance regulation without the use of a diode laser or dither piezo. Such a tuning fork has a high spring constant so a dither amplitude of only 0.1 nm may be used to perform AFM measurements. Tuning-fork feedback is shown to operate at a noise level as low as that of a cantilever-based AFM. Using phase-locked-loop control to track excursions in the resonant frequency of a 32 kHz tuning fork, images are acquired at scan rates which are fast enough for routine AFM measurements. Magnetic force microscopy using tuning-fork feedback is demonstrated.
Clinical Trial Development in Female Sexual Dysfunction (2002)

The development of clinical trial protocols for testing safety and efficacy of therapeutic interventions requires the blending of traditional methodologies with special consideration of the indications. The specificity of disease definition, precise identification of target populations, study design rationales, instruments, and selection of endpoints all contribute to the difficulty of conducting successful trials in this arena. An understanding of these issues can lead to improved clinical protocols.
Oxygen Carriers (“Blood Substitutes”)Raison d'Etre, Chemistry, and Some PhysiologyBlut ist ein ganz besondrer Saft (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxygen Carriers ("Blood Substitutes")Raison d'Etre, Chemistry, and Some Physiology Blut ist ein ganz besondrer Saft 1Jean G. RiessView Author Information MRI Institute, University of California at San Diego, CA 92103 Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 9, 2797–2920Publication Date (Web):September 12, 2001Publication History Received21 December 2000Published online12 September 2001Published inissue 1 September 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr970143chttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr970143cresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6496Altmetric-Citations672LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anatomy,Emulsions,Peptides and proteins,Polymerization,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY TO THE SKIN AND DEEPER TISSUES: ROLE OF PHYSIOLOGY, SOLUTE STRUCTURE AND DISEASE (1997)

1. Drug delivery through the skin has been used to target the epidermis, dermis and deeper tissues and for systemic delivery. The major barrier for the transport of drugs through the skin is the stratum corneum, with most transport occurring through the intercellular region. The polarity of the intercellular region appears to be similar to butanol, with the diffusion of solutes being hindered by saturable hydrogen bonding to the polar head groups of the ceramides, fatty acids and other intercellular lipids. Accordingly, the permeability of the more lipophilic solutes is greatest from aqueous solutions, whereas polar solute permeability is favoured by hydrocarbon-based vehicles. 2. The skin is capable of metabolizing many substances and, through its microvasculature, limits the transport of most substances into regions below the dermis. 3. Although the flux of solutes through the skin should be identical for different vehicles when the solute exists as a saturated solution, the fluxes vary in accordance with the skin penetration enhancement properties of the vehicle. It is therefore desirable that the regulatory standards required for the bioequivalence of topical products include skin studies. 4. Deep tissue penetration can be related to solute protein binding, solute molecular size and dermal blood flow. 5. Iontophoresis is a promising area of skin drug delivery, especially for ionized solutes and when a rapid effect is required. 6. In general, psoriasis and other skin diseases facilitate drug delivery through the skin. 7. It is concluded that the variability in skin permeability remains an obstacle in optimizing drug delivery by this route.
Emissivity of silicon at elevated temperatures (1993)

The temperature dependences of the spectral and total hemispherical emissivities of silicon have been experimentally determined, by using a technique which combines isothermal electron beam heating with in situ optical measurements. Emission spectra were used to deduce the absorption coefficient for phosphorus-doped silicon samples for wavelengths between 1.1 and 1.6 μm, in the temperature range from 330 to 800 °C. For lightly doped samples, the data show good agreement with a model which includes the effects of the various phonon-assisted processes involved in interband transitions in silicon, as well as the free-carrier absorption. For heavily doped samples the agreement was less satisfactory, possibly because of inadequacies in the model for free-carrier absorption. It was shown that reflection spectra can also be used to determine the absorption spectrum, for the range where the absorption coefficient lies between 1 and ∼70 cm−1. By fitting the theoretical model to the absorption coefficients derived from the reflection spectrum, it is possible to deduce the temperature of a sample, which is especially useful for temperatures less than 300 °C, where the thermal emission is very weak. The total hemispherical emissivity of the specimens was determined from the input electron-beam power densities and the measured temperatures. The total emissivity of a 390-μm-thick specimen of lightly doped silicon rises from 0.12 at 280 °C to a limiting value of 0.7 at 650 °C. This behavior is a consequence of the increase in the free-carrier concentration with the temperature. For heavily doped specimens the total emissivity remains approximately constant at ∼0.7 between 200 and 800 °C because the carrier concentration is high even at room temperature, and the additional thermal generation of carriers produces an insignificant change in the total emissivity.
Contents (2015)

Coalmining was a notoriously dangerous industry and many of its workers experienced injury and disease. However, the experiences of the many disabled people within Britain's most dangerous industry have gone largely unrecognised by historians. This book examines the British coal industry through the lens of disability, using an interdisciplinary approach to examine the lives of disabled miners and their families.The book considers the coal industry at a time when it was one of Britain's most important industries, and follows it through a period of growth up to the First World War, through strikes, depression and wartime, and into an era of decline. During this time, the statutory provision for disabled people changed considerably, most notably with the first programme of state compensation for workplace injury. And yet disabled people remained a constant presence in the industry as many disabled miners continued their jobs or took up 'light work'. The burgeoning coalfields literature used images of disability on a frequent basis and disabled characters were used to represent the human toll of the industry.A diverse range of sources are used to examine the economic, social, political and cultural impact of disability in the coal industry, looking beyond formal coal company and union records to include autobiographies, novels and oral testimony. It argues that, far from being excluded entirely from British industry, disability and disabled people were central to its development. The book will appeal to students and academics interested in disability history, disability studies, social and cultural history, and representations of disability in literature.
Ice-phobic Coatings Based on Silicon-Oil-Infused Polydimethylsiloxane (2013)

A simple and low-cost technique for the preparation of silicon-oil-infused polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coatings with different silicon oil contents have been developed and studied. This material is designed for ice-phobic applications, and thus a high hydrophobic property of PDMS is maintained by avoiding any polar groups such as C═O and OH in the structure. Therefore, the polymer main chain was attached with vinyl and Si-H groups to obtain a cross-linking capability, meanwhile to ensure a nonpolar chemical structure. Its ice-phobic property has been investigated in terms of ice adhesion strength (tensile and shear), water contact angle, icing dynamics using high-speed photography and morphology using TEM, SEM and AFM. The prepared coating surface shows a low surface energy and very low ice adhesion strength of 50 kPa, only about 3% of the value on a bare aluminum (Al) surface. In the silicon oil infused PDMS coatings, the low surface energy of the silicon oil and PDMS, and the high mobility of silicon oil played an important role on the ice-phobic property. Both of these factors offer the surface a large water contact angle and hence a small contact area, leading to the formation of a loose ice layer. In addition, the oil infused polymer structure significantly reduces the contact area of the ice with solid substrate since the ice mostly contacts with the mobile oil. This leads to a very weak interaction between the substrate and ice, consequently significantly reduces the ice adhesion strength on the surface. Therefore, such material could be a good candidate for ice-phobic coatings on which the accumulated ice may be easily removed by a nature force, such as wind, gravity, and vibration.
Amyloid imaging and memory change for prediction of cognitive impairment (2011)

PET radiotracers for in vivo measurement of β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition throughout the brain are contributing to early detection of the neuropathology associated with Alzheimer's disease and enhancing prediction of individuals most likely to develop cognitive impairment and dementia. However, the fact that 30 to 50% of cognitively normal older adults have varying but detectable levels of Aβ poses challenges and opportunities in using amyloid imaging in research and clinical applications. In this review, we summarize studies of the relationship between Aβ burden and cognitive status in impaired and unimpaired individuals and the relationship between Aβ burden and cognitive function. We conclude by operationalizing the way in which information on imaging-assessed Aβ burden and cognitive performance can be used jointly to improve prediction of clinical outcomes, to enhance understanding of the role of Aβ deposition in cognitive impairment, and to identify factors that promote cognitive resilience in the presence of Aβ.
Effect of Cnidii Rhizoma on nitric oxide production and invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells (2014)

Colorectal adenocarcinoma is the most common type of gastrointestinal cancer. Colon adenocarcinoma is a major health problem worldwide due to the high prevalence and mortality rates associated with the disease. The majority of colorectal carcinomas are adenocarcinomas, which originate from the epithelial cells of the colorectal mucosa. HT-29 cells, which originate from human colon adenocarcinoma, are used as an <i>in vitro</i> model to investigate the effect of malignant transformation on the expression of cellular constituents and functions of the intestinal epithelium. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule, which is involved in inflammation and carcinogenesis. It has been reported that enhanced inducible NO synthase (iNOS) activity and the resulting NO concentrations in human colon carcinoma contribute to tumor progression and vascular invasion. The present study investigates the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide (NO) production and iNOS expression on the invasion of human colorectal adenocarcinoma HT-29 cells, and the effect of extract from Cnidii Rhizoma on NO production and the invasiveness of HT-29 cells. Treatment of HT-29 cells with cytokines, 100 U/ml interferon γ, 10 ng/ml interleukin-1 α and 25 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor α was found to increase NO production. Pretreatment of the cells with Cnidii Rhizoma (0.1-5 mg/ml) resulted in an inhibition of cytokine-induced NO production and iNOS expression. The invasiveness of HT-29 cells through Matrigel was significantly increased by treatment with cytokines. Cnidii Rhizoma inhibited the invasiveness of cytokine-treated HT-29 cells through the Matrigel-coated membrane in a concentration-dependent manner. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in HT-29 cells increased following the treatment with cytokines, and pretreatment of the cells with Cnidii Rhizoma inhibited cytokine-induced MMP-2 activity. These results provide sufficient information for the further development of Cnidii Rhizoma as an antitumor metastatic agent for the treatment of colon cancer.