gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grafting of functionalized silica particles with poly(acrylic acid) (2006)

Abstract Two different methods to graft silica particles with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were studied. In the first method PAA was reacted with 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole to give functionalized PAA. The resulting activated carbonyl group reacted easily with 3‐aminopropyl‐functionalized silica at low temperatures. In the second method 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐functionalized silica particles were reacted directly with PAA by using magnesium chloride as a catalyst. Different molecular weights of PAAs were used in order to investigate the effect of molecular weight on grafting yields in both methods. The grafting yields were determined with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). All products were also investigated with IR. The results showed that the yields of reactions performed at ambient temperature by using 1,1′‐carbonyldiimidazole‐functionalized PAA were the same as with a direct reaction of unfunctionalized PAA and 3‐aminopropyl‐functionalized silica performed at 153°C. Also in reactions between 3‐glycidoxypropyl‐functionalized silica and PAA the yields were satisfactory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Punitive Damages in Securites Arbitration: The Interplay of State and Federal Law (or a Smaller Bite of the Big Apple) (1993)

As the United States Supreme Court has observed, the Federal Arbitration Act (FAA) 2 "is something of an anomaly in the field of federal-court jurisdiction. It creates a body of federal substantive law establishing and regulating the duty to honor an agreement to arbitrate, yet it does not create any independent federal-question jurisdiction."' The parameters and effect of state law under the FAA are continually being refined by the courts. Since the FAA is silent regarding the award of punitive damages, the role state law plays with respect to this issue is unsettled.
CoQ10: Could it have a role in cancer management? (1999)

Coenzyme Q10 or ubiquinone has been shown to have both anti-cancer and immune system enhancing properties when tested in animals. Preliminary results reported here suggest that it might inhibit tumour-associated cytokines. Clinical studies conducted with combination therapies of CoQ10 and other antioxidants are ongoing, but the results are difficult evaluate owing to the lack of proper control groups and of initial randomisation. Also on the basis of some anti-cancer effects of antioxidants reported in literature, further animal studies and a proper clinical trial of coenzyme Q10 in cancer patients are needed.
The nucleotide sequences of two leghemoglobin genes from soybean (1982)

We present the complete nucleotide sequences of two leghemoglobin genes isolated from soybean DNA. Both genes contain three intervening sequences in identical positions. Comparison of the coding sequences with known amino-acid sequences of soybean leghemoglobins suggest that the two genes correspond to leghemoglobin C2 and leghemoglobin C3, respectively.
Design and Testing of an Impedance-Based Sensor for Monitoring Drug Delivery (2004)

A new impedance-based sensor to monitor drug delivery from an implantable microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) device has been fabricated and tested. The sensor consists of two electrodes on opposing sides of a pyramidal drug reservoir. The dissolution of the drug and advance of solution into the reservoir cause the impedance to change over time. A 100 times scale model of the sensor was constructed to examine the effects of electrode geometry on solution resistance. An equivalent circuit was formulated to interpret the impedance signal in terms of the resistance and double-layer capacitance of the solution in the reservoir. The circuit was validated by impedance measurements on reservoirs filled with phosphate-buffered saline solutions of varying concentrations. The sensor was then used to monitor the dissolution of the model drug mannitol from the drug delivery MEMS device. The measured solution resistance and double-layer capacitance are related to the rate of transport of drug from the device, making this sensor a potential instrument for noninvasive monitoring of drug transport from the implant in vivo. Experimental results agree closely with the expected values of capacitance, resistance, and dissolution time calculated from physical parameters. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
New Drugs for the Treatment of Diabetes (2008)

This is the second of a 2-part series focusing on newer therapies for type 2 diabetes and their cardiovascular implications. In the first segment, we reviewed the thiazolidinediones, highlighting emerging data concerning their cardiovascular effects, both positive and negative. Here, we present a corresponding discussion of the newest antihyperglycemic category, modulators of the incretin system, which include the glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetics and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. In addition, we briefly survey several novel drug classes in development, provide summary recommendations for glucose-lowering regimens in specific patient types, underscore the importance of nonglucose cardiovascular risk reduction strategies, and comment on present and future considerations for the regulatory review of diabetes drugs.
Two signaling molecules share a phosphotyrosine-containing binding site in the platelet-derived growth factor receptor. (1993)

Autophosphorylation sites of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity function as specific binding sites for Src homology 2 (SH2) domains of signaling molecules. This interaction appears to be a crucial step in a mechanism by which receptor tyrosine kinases relay signals to downstream signaling pathways. Nck is a widely expressed protein consisting exclusively of SH2 and SH3 domains, the overexpression of which causes cell transformation. It has been shown that various growth factors stimulate the phosphorylation of Nck and its association with autophosphorylated growth factor receptors. A panel of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor mutations at tyrosine residues has been used to identify the Nck binding site. Here we show that mutation at Tyr-751 of the PDGF beta-receptor eliminates Nck binding both in vitro and in living cells. Moreover, the Y751F PDGF receptor mutant failed to mediate PDGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Nck in intact cells. A phosphorylated Tyr-751 is also required for binding of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase to the PDGF receptor. Hence, the SH2 domains of p85 and Nck share a binding site in the PDGF receptor. Competition experiments with different phosphopeptides derived from the PDGF receptor suggest that binding of Nck and p85 is influenced by different residues around Tyr-751. Thus, a single tyrosine autophosphorylation site is able to link the PDGF receptor to two distinct SH2 domain-containing signaling molecules.
Solving the Riddle of Frightening Near-Death Experiences: Some Testable Hypotheses and a Perspective Based on A Course in Miracles (1994)

Article discussing three varieties of frightening near-death experiences (NDEs), as distinguished in the typology of Bruce Greyson and Nancy Evans Bush.
A low-jitter 5000ppm spread spectrum clock generator for multi-channel SATA transceiver in 0.18μm CMOS (2005)

A low-jitter 5000ppm spread-spectrum clock generator is implemented in a 0.18/spl mu/m CMOS process. By using 10 multi-phase clocks and a /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator with periodic input, the chip has a deterministic jitter of 25ps due to spread-spectrum clocking and an amount of spreading of 5000ppm.
Prevalence, incidence, survival, and disease characteristics of systemic sclerosis in a large US population (2003)

This study establishes baseline estimates of SSc occurrence and characteristics in a large US cohort consisting primarily of black adults and white adults. These data should facilitate research regarding the role of geographic, ethnic, racial, and environmental factors for this disease in comparison populations.
Sialyl Lewisx-containing oligosaccharide attenuates myocardial reperfusion injury in cats. (1994)

Neutrophil (PMN) adhesion to the vascular endothelium is an important mechanism of myocardial reperfusion injury. The adhesion process is initially mediated by selectins (e.g., P- and L-selectin), and monoclonal antibodies directed against these adhesion molecules exert cardioprotective activity in ischemia/reperfusion models. The counterreceptors for these selectins are thought to be carbohydrate-containing moieties. In this connection, we studied the effect of a soluble sialyl Lewisx-containing oligosaccharide (SLex-OS) on PMN-endothelial interactions in a feline model of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R). SLex-OS (10 mg/kg), administered 10 min before R, significantly reduced myocardial necrosis compared with its vehicle 270 min after reperfusion (6 +/- 1% vs. 35 +/- 4% of area at risk, P < 0.01). The cardioprotection was confirmed by significantly lower plasma creatine kinase activities in SLex-OS vs. vehicle-treated cats (P < 0.01). Cardiac contractility (dP/dt max) of cats receiving SLex-OS was significantly preserved after 270 min of R (97 +/- 2% vs. 78 +/- 5% of initial, P < 0.01). Furthermore, endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine in coronary artery rings isolated from MI/R cats treated with SLex-OS was significantly preserved (73 +/- 7% vs. 22 +/- 6% vasorelaxation, P < 0.01). In vitro PMN adherence to coronary vascular endothelium after 270 min of R was significantly attenuated in the SLex-OS-treated group compared with the vehicle group (14 +/- 5 vs. 91 +/- 12 PMN/mm2, P < 0.01). Our results indicate that a SLex-OS is cardioprotective and preserves coronary endothelial function after MI/R, indicating an important role of sialyl Lewisx in PMN accumulation, endothelial dysfunction, and myocardial injury in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion.
L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria and brain malignant tumors (2004)

L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria is a rare metabolic encephalopathy displaying a subcortical leukoencephalopathy on MRI. Diagnosis rests on detection of an abnormal accumulation of L-2-hydroxyglutaric acid in body fluids. The authors report on four patients who developed a malignant brain tumor during the course of the disease. This association points to a possible role of L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria in predisposing to brain tumorigenesis.
Fat Grafting to the Breast Revisited: Safety and Efficacy (2007)

Given these results and reports of other plastic surgeons, free fat grafting should be considered as an alternative or adjunct to breast augmentation and reconstruction procedures. It is time to end the discrimination created by the 1987 position paper and judge fat grafting to the breast with the same caution and enthusiasm as any other useful breast procedure.
A new approach towards acid sensitive copolymer micelles for drug delivery (2003)

A new micellar system capable of selective release of its contents under mildly acidic conditions is described.
The coreceptor CD2 uses plasma membrane microdomains to transduce signals in T cells (2009)

The interaction between a T cell and an antigen-presenting cell (APC) can trigger a signaling response that leads to T cell activation. Prior studies have shown that ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers a signaling cascade that proceeds through the coalescence of TCR and various signaling molecules (e.g., the kinase Lck and adaptor protein LAT [linker for T cell activation]) into microdomains on the plasma membrane. In this study, we investigated another ligand-receptor interaction (CD58-CD2) that facilities T cell activation using a model system consisting of Jurkat T cells interacting with a planar lipid bilayer that mimics an APC. We show that the binding of CD58 to CD2, in the absence of TCR activation, also induces signaling through the actin-dependent coalescence of signaling molecules (including TCR-zeta chain, Lck, and LAT) into microdomains. When simultaneously activated, TCR and CD2 initially colocalize in small microdomains but then partition into separate zones; this spatial segregation may enable the two receptors to enhance signaling synergistically. Our results show that two structurally distinct receptors both induce a rapid spatial reorganization of molecules in the plasma membrane, suggesting a model for how local increases in the concentration of signaling molecules can trigger T cell signaling.
Legume saponins of Gleditsia japonica Miquel. IV. 13C-Nuclear magnetic resonance spectral studies for structure elucidation of gleditsia saponins B and C. (1982)

Two triterpenoid saponins, gleditsia saponins B (GS-B, XIX) and C (GS-C, XX) which were isolated from Gleditsia japonica cv. 'Saponifera', were characterized as 3, 28-O-bisglycosides of echinocystic acid acylated with monoterpene carboxylic acids. On the basis of 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and the results of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, it was established that the positions of acylation with the mono-terpenes (IV) and (V) were C-2 and C-3, respectively, of the terminal rhamnose of the 28-O-glycoside moiety in the molecules of GS-C and GS-B.
Primary nursing and job diagnostic surveys (1991)

Nicola Eaton and Paul Thomas describe a method of assessing the impact of new nursing roles on job satisfaction
Suspended microfluidics (2013)

Although the field of microfluidics has made significant progress in bringing new tools to address biological questions, the accessibility and adoption of microfluidics within the life sciences are still limited. Open microfluidic systems have the potential to lower the barriers to adoption, but the absence of robust design rules has hindered their use. Here, we present an open microfluidic platform, suspended microfluidics, that uses surface tension to fill and maintain a fluid in microscale structures devoid of a ceiling and floor. We developed a simple and ubiquitous model predicting fluid flow in suspended microfluidic systems and show that it encompasses many known capillary phenomena. Suspended microfluidics was used to create arrays of collagen membranes, mico Dots (μDots), in a horizontal plane separating two fluidic chambers, demonstrating a transwell platform able to discern collective or individual cellular invasion. Further, we demonstrated that μDots can also be used as a simple multiplexed 3D cellular growth platform. Using the μDot array, we probed the combined effects of soluble factors and matrix components, finding that laminin mitigates the growth suppression properties of the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor GM6001. Based on the same fluidic principles, we created a suspended microfluidic metabolite extraction platform using a multilayer biphasic system that leverages the accessibility of open microchannels to retrieve steroids and other metabolites readily from cell culture. Suspended microfluidics brings the high degree of fluidic control and unique functionality of closed microfluidics into the highly accessible and robust platform of open microfluidics.
Listeria monocytogenesas a Short-Lived Delivery System for the Induction of Type 1 Cell-Mediated Immunity against the p36/LACK Antigen ofLeishmania major (2000)

Listeria monocytogenes has been used as an experimental live vector for the induction of CD8-mediated immune responses in various viral and tumoral experimental models. Susceptibility of BALB/c mice to Leishmania major infection has been correlated to the preferential development of Th2 CD4 T cells through an early production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) by a restricted population of CD4 T cells which react to a single parasite antigen, LACK (stands for Leishmania homologue of receptors for activated C kinase). Experimental vaccination with LACK can redirect the differentiation of CD4(+) T cells towards the Th1 pathway if LACK is coadministrated with IL-12. As IL-12 is known to be induced by L. monocytogenes, we have tested the ability of a recombinant attenuated actA mutant L. monocytogenes strain expressing LACK to induce the development of LACK-specific Th1 cells in both B10.D2 and BALB/c mice, which are resistant and susceptible to L. major, respectively. After a single injection of LACK-expressing L. monocytogenes, IL-12/p40 transcripts showed a rapid burst, and peaks of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma)-secreting LACK-specific Th1 cells were detected around day 5 in the spleens and livers of mice of both strains. These primed IFN-gamma-secreting LACK-reactive T cells were not detected ex vivo after day 7 of immunization but could be recruited and detected 15 days later in the draining lymph node after an L. major footpad challenge. Although immunization of BALB/c mice with LACK-expressing L. monocytogenes did not change the course of the infection with L. major, immunized B10.D2 mice exhibited significantly smaller lesions than nonimmunized controls. Thus, our results demonstrate that, in addition of its recognized use for the induction of effector CD8 T cells, L. monocytogenes can also be used as a live recombinant vector to favor the development of potentially protective IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 CD4 T lymphocytes.
ON-state critical gate overdrive voltage for fluorine-implanted enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2011)

This paper presents a study of the ON-state gate overdrive of enhancement-mode AlGaN/GaN HEMTs fabricated by fluorine plasma implantation technology. A critical gate forward voltage (VGC) is observed, beyond which the channel turn-on voltage (or threshold voltage) of the devices exhibits a persistent and nonrecoverable negative shift. This phenomenon is explained by a proposed physical model based on the impact ionization of the F ions in the barrier layer by hot electron injection. The proposed physical model is further validated by the temperature-dependent characterization of VGC that shows an eventual stabilization at higher temperatures (&amp;gt;125 °C), owing to the efficient relaxation of hot electrons by phonon scattering. The determination of VGC provides valuable guideline for the design of gate drive circuits of GaN power circuits
Tissue Geometry Determines Sites of Mammary Branching Morphogenesis in Organotypic Cultures (2006)

The treelike structures of many organs, including the mammary gland, are generated by branching morphogenesis, a reiterative process of branch initiation and invasion from a preexisting epithelium. Using a micropatterning approach to control the initial three-dimensional structure of mouse mammary epithelial tubules in culture, combined with an algorithm to quantify the extent of branching, we found that the geometry of tubules dictates the position of branches. We predicted numerically and confirm experimentally that branches initiate at sites with a local minimum in the concentration of autocrine inhibitory morphogens, such as transforming growth factor-beta. These results reveal that tissue geometry can control organ morphogenesis by defining the local cellular microenvironment, a finding that has relevance to control of invasion and metastasis.
Scalable antiguided ribbon laser (2002)

A new scalable fiber laser approach to phase locking of multiple gain cores in an antiguided structure is described and modeled. In essence, the waveguide comprises a periodic sequence of gain-loaded and no-gain segments that has a uniform refractive index (referred to as the ribbon) encapsulated within a reduced-index cladding region. Our calculations reveal that the constant-index profile within the ribbon structure provides optimal mode discrimination; the refractive index must be constant within ±0.001 to ensure single-mode operation for a five-core design. One-dimensional and two-dimensional calculations are pursued to support the design criteria. Slight periodic variation in the refractive index of the ribbon laser leads to the emergence of a photonic bandgap, in analogy to so-called holey fibers. Our constant-index design, together with the periodic gain profile, may be described as a photonic metal.
Image Appearance Exploration by Model‐Based Navigation (2009)

Abstract Changing the appearance of an image can be a complex and non‐intuitive task. Many times the target image colors and look are only known vaguely and many trials are needed to reach the desired results. Moreover, the effect of a specific change on an image is difficult to envision, since one must take into account spatial image considerations along with the color constraints. Tools provided today by image processing applications can become highly technical and non‐intuitive including various gauges and knobs. In this paper we introduce a method for changing image appearance by navigation, focusing on recoloring images. The user visually navigates a high dimensional space of possible color manipulations of an image. He can either explore in it for inspiration or refine his choices by navigating into sub regions of this space to a specific goal. This navigation is enabled by modeling the chroma channels of an image's colors using a Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). The Gaussians model both color and spatial image coordinates, and provide a high dimensional parameterization space of a rich variety of color manipulations. The user's actions are translated into transformations of the parameters of the model, which recolor the image. This approach provides both inspiration and intuitive navigation in the complex space of image color manipulations.
T Cell Responses to Pre-Erythrocytic Stages of Malaria: Role in Protection and Vaccine Development Against Pre-Erythrocytic Stages (1993)

Malaria remains a leading cause of human morbidity and mortality due to the inability of insecticides and chemotherapy/chemoprophylaxis to eliminate the vectors or disease caused by this protozoan parasite. In an effort to develop new methods of control, vaccines targeted to the various stages of the complex life cycle of Plasmodium have been developed. This review describes recent advances in the elucidation of cell-mediated immune mechanisms directed against sporozoites and liver stages of malaria parasites, their role in protection, and their relation to vaccine development. Recent data on the molecular basis of sporozoite-liver cell interaction are presented, and these may provide new approaches for chemoprophylaxis and immunoprophylaxis. We describe the role of the circumsporozoite protein, the major sporozoite surface antigen, in sporozoite movement and as a target of humoral immunity. The recognition of the circumsporozoite protein by human T cells is reviewed with emphasis on cytotoxic T cells and immune resistance against the exo-erythrocytic stage of the parasite. Earlier concepts regarding the polymorphisms of the circumsporozoite protein, the immunological relevance of this polymorphism, and predictions regarding vaccine development are reevaluated on the basis of recent data from different malaria endemic areas. Non-CS sporozoite antigens and liver stage antigens are discussed as potential targets for immune intervention. Recent experimental approaches such as multiple antigen peptides, recombinant live vectors, and new more potent adjuvants are considered for the development of more effective malaria vaccine formulations.
Stress-induced single-polarization single-transverse mode photonic crystal fiber with low nonlinearity (2005)

We report on the design of a single-polarization single-transverse mode large mode area photonic crystal fiber. By including index-matched stress applying elements in the photonic cladding an ultra-broadband single polarization window is obtained while a large mode field area of ~700 µm² is maintained. Based on that design, an Yb-doped double-clad photonic crystal fiber is realized that combines low nonlinearity and single polarization properties. A first result of the high power operation using this fiber is demonstrated.