gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced immunogenicity and improved pharmacokinetics of humanized anti-Tac in cynomolgus monkeys (1991)

The anti-Tac mAb has been shown to bind to the p55 chain of the IL-2R, block IL-2 binding and inhibit T cell proliferation. A humanized form of anti-Tac (HAT) has been constructed that retains the binding properties of murine anti-Tac (MAT). These two mAb were evaluated in cynomolgus monkeys to compare relative immunogenicity and pharmacokinetic properties. Monkeys treated with HAT daily for 14 days exhibited anti-HAT antibody titers which were 5- to 10-fold lower than their MAT-treated counterparts and these antibodies developed later than in the MAT-treated monkeys. Two of four monkeys receiving a single injection of MAT developed anti-MAT antibodies, whereas none of four monkeys developed antibodies after a single treatment with HAT. In monkeys injected with either HAT or MAT daily for 14 days, the anti-antibody titers induced were inversely related to the amount of anti-Tac administered. Antibodies that developed against MAT were both anti-isotypic and anti-idiotypic, whereas those developed against HAT appeared to be predominantly anti-idiotypic. The pharmacokinetic properties, that is the half-life and area under the curve values, of HAT were also significantly different from those of MAT. The area under the curve values for HAT in naive monkeys were approximately twofold more than those for MAT, and the mean serum half-life of HAT was 214 h, approximately four- to fivefold more than MAT. These pharmacokinetic values were reduced in monkeys previously sensitized with HAT or MAT suggesting that the presence of anti-antibodies altered these parameters.
The Egg Cell: Development and Role in Fertilization and Early Embryogenesis. (1993)

Flowering plant reproduction is unusual in many features, as evidenced by the different topics discussed in this issue of THE PLANT CELL. The egg cell of flowering plants in particular displays several unique features. First, the egg cell is an integral part of the several thousands of cells forming the ovule, and it cannot be released without the aid of enzymes or microdissection. The egg cell appears to be part of a functional assemblage of cells that are fragile in isolation. Surrounding the egg cell in situ are the two synergids (collectively forming the egg apparatus) and the adjacent central cell, as shown in Figure 1. These are almost always derived from the same initial meiotic cell as the egg cell. The surrounding cells appear to provide nutrition for the egg cell and are involved in the positioning of the sperm cells to the precise site where gametic fusion occurs. Different developmental programs are invoked in both the egg and central cells by the fusion of each with a sperm cell in an event characteristic of flowering plants known as “double fertilization.” During this event, one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus to form the zygote, whereas the other sperm nucleus fuses with the two (or more) central cell nuclei, resulting in the formation of the nutritive endosperm. The developmental potential, biochemical identity, and char
Cyclodextrin functionalized polymers as drug delivery systems (2010)

Cyclodextrins belong to the most important and promising macrocyclic hosts, since they are inexpensive, water-soluble natural products, non-toxic, readily functionalized and commercially available. Cyclodextrin chemistry creates lots of research areas. The present review focuses on investigations of cyclodextrins in polymer chemistry and their applications in drug delivery systems. Click reactions as a possibility to obtain polymer chains with covalently attached cyclodextrins are described, and examples for the application of such polymers in drug delivery are shown.
Bluetooth: Connect Without Cables (2000)

From the Publisher:
Bluetooth is a technology for small devices and computers to communicate without cables or wires. Bluetooth enabled devices such as cell phones, notebook computers and PDAs will eventually be able to swap data and information wirelessly. By 2005 there will be more than 570 million Bluetooth-enabled devices, according to research by Cahners In-Stat Group. This book is intended as an introduction to Bluetooth technology for professionals in the computing and telecommunications industries.
ChemInform Abstract: Advances in the Chemistry of Novel Broad‐Spectrum Orally Active Azole Antifungals: Recent Studies Leading to the Discovery of SCH 56592 (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
From LOGO-I to the JPEG-LS standard (2003)

LOGO-I (LOw COmplexity LOssless COmpression for Images) is the algorithm at the core of the new ISO/ITU standard for lossless and near-lossless compression of continuous-tone images, JPEG-LS. The algorithm was conceived as a "low complexity projection" of the universal context modeling paradigm, matching its modeling unit to a simple coding unit based on Golomb codes. The JPEG-LS standard evolved after successive refinements of the core algorithm, and a description of its design principles and main algorithmic components is presented in this paper. LOCO-I/JPEG-LS attains compression ratios similar or superior to those obtained with state-of-the-art schemes based on arithmetic coding. Moreover, it is within a few percentage points of the best available compression ratios, at a much lower complexity level.
A Novel Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Derivative, N25, Exhibiting Improved Antitumor Activity in both Human U251 and H460 Cells (2014)

N1- (2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N(8)-hydroxyoctanediamide (N25) is a novel SAHA cap derivative of HDACi, with a patent (No. CN 103159646). This invention is a hydroxamic acid compound with a structural formula of RNHCO(CH2)6CONHOH (wherein R=2, 5dimethoxyaniline), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt which is soluble. In the present study, we investigated the effects of N25 with regard to drug distribution and molecular docking, and anti-proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycling, and LD50. First, we designed a molecular approach for modeling selected SAHA derivatives based on available structural information regarding human HDAC8 in complex with SAHA (PDB code 1T69). N25 was found to be stabilized by direct interaction with the HDAC8. Anti-proliferative activity was observed in human glioma U251, U87, T98G cells and human lung cancer H460, A549, H1299 cells at moderate concentrations (0.5-30 μM). Compared with SAHA, N25 displayed an increased antitumor activity in U251 and H460 cells. We further analyzed cell death mechanisms activated by N25 in U251 and H460 cells. N25 significantly increased acetylation of Histone 3 and inhibited HDAC4. On RT-PCR analysis, N25 increased the mRNA levels of p21, however, decreased the levels of p53. These resulted in promotion of apoptosis, inducing G0/G1 arrest in U251 cells and G2/M arrest in H460 cells in a time-dependent and dose- dependent manner. In addition, N25 was able to distribute to brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier of mice (LD50: 240.840 mg/kg). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that N25 will provide an invaluable tool to investigate the molecular mechanism with potential chemotherapeutic value in several malignancies, especially human glioma.
Functional antibody lacking a variable-region disulfide bridge. (1986)

In 1981, Auffray et al. [Auffray, C., Sikorav, J. L., Ollo, R. & Rougeon, F. (1981) Ann. Immunol. (Inst. Pasteur) 132D, 77-88] reported a partial cDNA sequence of the heavy chain from the ABPC48 plasmacytoma whose protein product had previously been shown to bind bacterial and grass levan. In the cDNA sequence the second half-cystine of the heretofore invariant disulfide bridge had been replaced by a tyrosine. Since the presence of invariant variable-region disulfide bridges has been considered a basic structural feature of the antibody molecule necessary for proper folding and function, we have analyzed the heavy chain protein produced by ABPC48. Our results indicate that heavy chains from ABPC48 quantitatively express tyrosine in place of the normally occurring second half-cystine in the variable region. Furthermore, this antibody population is capable of both binding antigen and subsequent precipitation. Thus, the presence of a disulfide bridge in the heavy-chain variable region does not appear necessary for proper function of this antibody and may not be obligatory for antibody function in general, as has been assumed previously.
Acute seizures after intracerebral hemorrhage (2003)

Seizures occur commonly after ICH and may be nonconvulsive. Seizures are independently associated with increased midline shift after intraparenchymal hemorrhage.
HIV Pathogenesis: Dynamics and Genetics of Viral Populations and Infected Cells (2013)

In the absence of treatment, HIV-1 infection, usually starting with a single virion, leads inexorably to a catastrophic decline in the numbers of CD4(+) T cells and to AIDS, characterized by numerous opportunistic infections as well as other symptoms, including dementia and wasting. In the 30 years since the AIDS pandemic came to our attention, we have learned a remarkable amount about HIV-1, the responsible virus--the molecular details about how it functions and interacts with the host cell, its evolution within the host, and the countermeasures it has evolved to overcome host defenses against viral infection. Despite these advances, we remain remarkably ignorant about how HIV-1 infection leads to disease and the death of the human host. In this brief article, we introduce and discuss important lessons that we have learned by examining the dynamics of viral populations and infected cells. These studies have revealed important features of the virus-host interaction that now form the basis of our understanding of the importance and consequence of ongoing viral replication during HIV-1 infection.
Tracking Recovery of Vestibular Function in Individuals With Blast-Induced Head Trauma Using Vestibular-Visual-Cognitive Interaction Tests (2010)

Background and Purpose: Traumatic brain injury secondary to blast exposure is a significant international concern and a growing rehabilitation issue. Our objective was to determine whether a novel battery of vestibular-visual-cognitive interaction tests provides objective data to document functioning, and the changes in functioning associated with vestibular physical therapy (VPT) treatment, in individuals with blast-induced balance disorder. Methods: Eighty-two individuals with blast-induced mild traumatic brain injury were evaluated at baseline using a set of vestibular-visual-cognitive tests. Testing was repeated at 4-week intervals after beginning VPT. The tests included static visual acuity, perception time, target acquisition, target following (TF), dynamic visual acuity (DVA), and gaze stabilization tests. The VPT program consisted of exercise procedures that targeted the vestibulo-ocular reflex, cervico-ocular reflex, and depth perception. Somatosensory balance exercises, dynamic gait, and aerobic function exercises were also included. Participants attended VPT twice weekly for 1-hour appointments and were instructed to perform the exercises at home on other days. Mean test values were determined and compared with normative values previously collected in our laboratory from individuals without vestibular dysfunction. Results: Mean participant pre-VPT measures for perception time and target acquisition were similar to normative values, and there was no significant change in these measures. Initially, TF and DVA scores were below normative levels but returned to normative levels after 8 weeks of VPT. Gaze stabilization scores were below normative levels pre-VPT but improved by the time of the week 8 evaluation. Conclusions: This battery of vestibular-visual-cognitive tests seems to be reasonable to establish initial status and to evaluate participant progress associated with participation in VPT. Our data suggest meaningful improvement in TF and DVA after 8 weeks of treatment. A treatment period of 12 weeks or longer may be required for gaze stabilization scores to return to normative values.
Identification of genes required for normal pheromone-induced cell polarization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1994)

In response to mating pheromones, cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae adopt a polarized "shmoo" morphology, in which the cytoskeleton and proteins involved in mating are localized to a cell-surface projection. This polarization is presumed to reflect the oriented morphogenesis that occurs between mating partners to facilitate cell and nuclear fusion. To identify genes involved in pheromone-induced cell polarization, we have isolated mutants defective in mating to an enfeebled partner and studied a subset of these mutants. The 34 mutants of interest are proficient for pheromone production, arrest in response to pheromone, mate to wild-type strains, and exhibit normal cell polarity during vegetative growth. The mutants were divided into classes based on their morphological responses to mating pheromone. One class is unable to localize cell-surface growth in response to mating factor and instead enlarges in a uniform manner. These mutants harbor special alleles of genes required for cell polarization during vegetative growth, BEM1 and CDC24. Another class of mutants forms bilobed, peanut-like shapes when treated with pheromone and defines two genes, PEA1 and PEA2. PEA1 is identical to SPA2. A third class forms normally shaped but tiny shmoos and defines the gene TNY1. A final group of mutants exhibits apparently normal shmoo morphology. The nature of their mating defect is yet to be determined. We discuss the possible roles of these gene products in establishing cell polarity during mating.
Multi‐source least‐squares reverse time migration (2012)

ABSTRACT Least‐squares migration has been shown to improve image quality compared to the conventional migration method, but its computational cost is often too high to be practical. In this paper, we develop two numerical schemes to implement least‐squares migration with the reverse time migration method and the blended source processing technique to increase computation efficiency. By iterative migration of supergathers, which consist in a sum of many phase‐encoded shots, the image quality is enhanced and the crosstalk noise associated with the encoded shots is reduced. Numerical tests on 2D HESS VTI data show that the multisource least‐squares reverse time migration (LSRTM) algorithm suppresses migration artefacts, balances the amplitudes, improves image resolution and reduces crosstalk noise associated with the blended shot gathers. For this example, the multisource LSRTM is about three times faster than the conventional RTM method. For the 3D example of the SEG/EAGE salt model, with a comparable computational cost, multisource LSRTM produces images with more accurate amplitudes, better spatial resolution and fewer migration artefacts compared to conventional RTM. The empirical results suggest that multisource LSRTM can produce more accurate reflectivity images than conventional RTM does with a similar or less computational cost. The caveat is that the LSRTM image is sensitive to large errors in the migration velocity model.
Variable region framework differences result in decreased or increased affinity of variant anti-digoxin antibodies. (1988)

Rare spontaneous variants of the anti-digoxin antibody-producing hybridoma 40-150 (Ko = 5.4 x 10(9) M-1) were selected for altered antigen binding by two-color fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The parent antibody binds digoxin 890-fold greater than digitoxin. The variant 40-150 A2.4 has reduced affinity for digoxin (Ko = 9.2 x 10(6) M-1) and binds digoxin 33-fold greater than digitoxin. A second-order variant, derived from 40-150 A2.4 (designated 40-150 A2.4 P.10), demonstrated partial regain of digoxin binding (Ko = 4.4 x 10(8) M-1). The altered binding of the variant 40-150 A2.4 was accounted for by a point mutation resulting in substitution of arginine for serine at position 94 in the heavy chain variable region. Antibody 40-150 A2.4 P.10 also contains this arginine but owes its enhanced antigen binding to deletion of two amino acids from the heavy chain amino terminus. This unusual sequence alteration in an immunoglobulin framework region confers increased affinity for antigen.
Handbook of Laser Wavelengths (1998)

This volume represents the most complete, up-to-date compilation of wavelengths of lasers in all media. Divided by type - solid, liquid, and gas - and listed in order of increasing wavelength, Handbook of Laser Wavelengths includes:crystalline paramagnetic ion lasersglass laserscolor center laserssemiconductor laserspolymer lasersliquid and solid-state dye lasersrare earth liquid lasersneutral atom, ion, and molecular gas lasersextreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray lasersfree electron lasersnuclear-pumped laserslasers in naturelasers without inversionBrief descriptions of each type of laser are presented, followed by tables listing the laser wavelength, lasing element or medium, host, transition, and primary literature citations. A special section on commercial lasers is an added featured.Handbook of Laser Wavelengths singularly serves as the essential reference for scientists and engineers searching for laser sources for specific applications as well as a survey of the developments that have occurred since the advent of the laser.
NACP, A Protein Implicated in Alzheimer's Disease and Learning, Is Natively Unfolded (1996)

The "non-A beta component of Alzheimer's disease amyloid plaque" (NAC) is a minor peptide component of the insoluble fibrillar core of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuritic plaque. NAC amyloid fibrils seed the polymerization of A beta 1-40, the major AD amyloid protein. NAC is derived from a 14 kDa precursor protein, designated NACP, a member of a highly conserved family of heat-stable brain-specific acidic proteins which have been suggested to be involved in synapse formation and/or stabilization. NACP has also been suggested to play a role in AD. We present herein a conformational analysis of human NACP. NACP has a much larger Stokes radius (34 A) but sedimented more slowly (s20,w = 1.7S) than globular proteins of similar molecular weight, indicating that the native protein is elongated. Circular dichroism (CD) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicate the absence of significant amounts of secondary structure in NACP, while CD and ultraviolet spectroscopy suggest the lack of a hydrophobic core. The conformational properties of NACP were unchanged by boiling and were independent of concentration, pH, salt, and chemical denaturants. These features indicate that NACP exists as a mixture of rapidly equilibrating extended conformers and is representative of a class of "natively unfolded" proteins, many of which potentiate protein-protein interactions.
Nonlinear mode mixing in dual-wavelength semiconductor lasers with tunnel junctions (2007)

The authors demonstrate and study two- and three-wavelength generations in the semiconductor diode laser with a tunnel junction separating two different quantum-well active regions integrated within a single waveguide. To avoid resonant cross absorption of the modes at different frequencies and achieve phase matching, the laser waveguide is designed to generate the first-order transverse mode at a longer wavelength and the third-order mode at a shorter wavelength. Excellent agreement with the designed and measured device parameters is observed. Intracavity nonlinear mixing leading to sum-frequency and second-harmonic generation is demonstrated.
New networks for perfect inversion and perfect reconstruction (1992)

The authors present a new network structure that realizes perfect inversion networks (PINs) and perfect reconstruction networks (PRNs). In some applications, such as transform source coders, it is important that the cascade of the forward and the inverse transform give the identity exactly (perfect inversion), although the coefficients and the intermediate results are quantized. In subband coders, for example, the split and merge filter banks should preferably have perfect reconstruction. It is advantageous if perfect reconstruction can be accomplished even when the coefficients and the intermediate results are quantized. The proposed network has a ladderlike shape and a predescribed symmetry between the forward and inverse network or between the split and merge bank. In some parts of this ladder network almost any function is allowed. Due to the prescribed symmetry, the property of perfect inversion or perfect reconstruction is structurally assured.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Equine infectious anemia virus trans-regulatory protein Rev controls viral mRNA stability, accumulation, and alternative splicing (1994)

The cis- and trans-acting components of the Rev regulatory pathway employed by equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) to regulate and coordinate viral gene expression were examined in complementation experiments. Viral protein expression and mRNA expression were compared in cells transiently transfected with wild-type or mutant proviruses in combination with Rev expression plasmids. Mutation of the predicted rev gene abolished Gag protein synthesis, and this defect was complemented, in trans, by Rev. Analysis of viral mRNAs from transfected cells confirmed that EIAV expresses five major mRNAs: the full-length and singly spliced mRNAs contain introns and encode viral structural proteins while the three fully spliced mRNAs, encoding nonstructural genes, are generated by alternative splicing. Compared to cells transfected with the wild-type provirus, the intron-containing mRNAs produced from the rev-minus mutant were present at reduced levels in the nuclear RNA fraction and were not detected in the cytoplasm. This pattern of viral mRNA synthesis was restored to the wild-type pattern by providing Rev in trans. In contrast to the intron-containing mRNAs, cytoplasmic accumulation of the multiply spliced class of mRNAs was independent of Rev. Closer examination of the multiply spliced class of viral mRNAs by reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed a Rev-dependent alternative splicing phenomenon. In the absence of Rev, proviruses expressed a four-exon mRNA at high levels; the addition of Rev caused both a decrease in the levels of the four-exon mRNA and the appearance of a related mRNA lacking exon 3. The cis-acting RNA elements that mediate Rev responsiveness were studied with deleted proviruses, which revealed that EIAV contains at least two elements located near the ends of envelope gene. Unlike the Rev-responsive elements in other retroviruses, the cis-acting regions of EIAV do not appear to form complex secondary structures.