gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-4 Enhances 15-Lipoxygenase Activity and Incorporation of 15(S)-HETE into Cellular Phospholipids in Cultured Pulmonary Epithelial Cells (1999)

15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15[S]-HETE) is a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) metabolite that may play an important role in different pulmonary diseases. 15-HETE is synthesized by different epithelial cells and may be subsequently incorporated into cellular phospholipids. We studied the role of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on 15-LO activity and on 15(S)-HETE incorporation into cellular phospholipids by WI-26 pulmonary epithelial cells. 15-LO activity was evaluated by measuring 15(S)-HETE production, through combined reverse-phase-high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) separation and specific radioimmunoassay (RIA), after incubation with arachidonic acid (AA). We also studied 15-LO messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, using primed in situ (PRINS) labeling. IL-4 (10 ng/ml) markedly increased the percentage of 15-LO mRNA-bearing cells as well as 15-LO activity after 24, 48, and 72 h, with a maximal response at 48 h. Uptake and incorporation into cellular phospholipid was studied with [3H]15(S)-HETE, which showed that IL-4 was able to increase significantly 15(S)-HETE incorporation into WI-26 cells, with a maximal effect observed at 72 h. Cellular-lipid-associated [3H]15(S)-HETE, evaluated with RP-HPLC after base-catalyzed hydrolysis, increased concomitantly with disappearance of the radiolabel from the supernatant. Class separation of cellular lipids with normal-phase HPLC (NP-HPLC) showed that IL-4 increased [3H]15(S)- HETE incorporation mainly in the phosphatidylinositol (PI) fraction. The ability of IL-4 to promote 15-LO activity and incorporation into cellular phospholipids of human lung epithelial cells may be important in airway inflammation and in modulation of the potential autocrine function of 15(S)-HETE.
An Evaluation Of Nitrobenzyl Ester Chemistry For Chemical Amplification Resists (1988)

Chemical amplification processes have been reported to be useful in the development of sensitive, high resolution photoresists. Acids, photochemically generated from onium salt precursors, catalytically remove a protective group from substituted hydroxystyrene polymers. Nonionic, acid precursors based on 2-nitrobenzyl ester photochemistry have been developed that have utility in resist applications. Several resist systems capable of imaging via chemical amplification processes have been evaluated in terms of their materials and lithographic properties. Resist with sensitivities ranging from ~15 to 150 mJ/cm2 in the deep-UV region have been prepared and 0.5 &mu;m resolution has been demonstrated.
Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Modulation by Synthetic and Natural Compounds: An Update (2013)

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), together with MD-2, binds bacterial endotoxins (E) with high affinity, triggering formation of the activated homodimer (E.MD-2.TLR4)2. Activated TLR4 induces intracellular signaling leading to activation of transcription factors that result in cytokine and chemokine production and initiation of inflammatory and immune responses. TLR4 also responds to endogenous ligands called danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Increased sensitivity to infection and a variety of immune pathologies have been associated with either too little or too much TLR4 activation. We review here the molecular mechanisms of TLR4 activation (agonism) or inhibition (antagonism) by small organic molecules of both natural and synthetic origin. The role of co-receptors MD-2 and CD14 in the TLR4 modulation process is also discussed. Recent achievements in the field of chemical TLR4 modulation are reviewed, with special focus on nonclassical TLR4 ligands with a chemical structure different from that of lipid A.
The role of mitochondria in energy production for human sperm motility (2011)

Mitochondria of spermatozoa are different from the corresponding organelles of somatic cells, in both their morphology and biochemistry. The biochemical differences are essentially related to the existence of specific enzyme isoforms, which are characterized by peculiar kinetic and regulatory properties. As mitochondrial energy metabolism is a key factor supporting several sperm functions, these organelles host critical metabolic pathways during germ cell development and fertilization. Furthermore, spermatozoa can use different substrates, and therefore activate different metabolic pathways, depending on the available substrates and the physico-chemical conditions in which they operate. This versatility is critical to ensure fertilization success. However, the most valuable aspect of mitochondria function in all types of cells is the production of chemical energy in the form of ATP which can be used, in the case of spermatozoa, for sustaining sperm motility. The latter, on the other hand, represents one of the major determinants of male fertility. Accordingly, the presence of structural and functional alterations in mitochondria from asthenozoospermic subjects confirms the important role played by these organelles in energy maintenance of sperm motility. The present study gives an overview of the current knowledge on the energy-producing metabolic pathways operating inside human sperm mitochondria and critically analyse the differences with respect to somatic mitochondria. Such a comparison has also been carried out between the functional characteristics of human sperm mitochondria and those of other mammalian species. A deeper understanding of mitochondrial energy metabolism could open up new avenues of investigation in bioenergetics of human sperm mitochondria, both in physiological and pathological conditions.
Effectiveness of brain injury rehabilitation (1999)

Despite the problems posed by diversity of condition and the lack of agreement among researchers over what outcome to measure, there is now increasingly robust evidence for the effectiveness of rehabilitation in brain-injured populations. Meta-analysis has demonstrated clearly that stroke units provide a better outcome than management on a general medical ward, at the level of survival, discharge destination and dependency. The extent of this advantage may be summarized in the following terms. For every 100 patients treated in a stroke unit, four deaths and two institutional admissions are avoided, and five patients are discharged home. This benefit appears to arise from a combination of good-quality acute management and the coordinated input of a multidisciplinary team. Therapy programmes are shown to be of benefit and intensive therapy programmes of somewhat greater benefit. Smaller numbers and heterogeneity among the head-injured population tend to confound randomized controlled trial designs, but there is no good reason to suppose that brain injury resulting from trauma should be less responsive to similar good management principles than that arising from stroke. In any event, we have progressed to a stage where the weight of evidence supports the notion that rehabilitation is effective, and nontreatment controls are ethically no longer acceptable. It is time now to unravel the threads of rehabilitation and consider which are the critical components. There are still many opportunities for comparison of different models for delivery of care, and the existing evidence for these is discussed.
Dysregulation of IL-32 in myelodysplastic syndrome and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia modulates apoptosis and impairs NK function (2008)

TNFalpha levels are elevated in the marrows of patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and are associated with high rates of apoptosis, which contributes to hematopoietic failure. We observed that exposure of human marrow stroma cell lines HS5 and HS27a to TNFalpha increases levels of IL-32 mRNA. IL-32, in turn, induces TNFalpha. Marrow stroma from patients with MDS expressed 14- to 17-fold higher levels of IL-32 mRNA than healthy controls. In contrast, cells from patients with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) expressed only one tenth the level of IL-32 measured in healthy controls. Human KG1a leukemia cells underwent apoptosis when cocultured with HS5 stromal cells, but knockdown of IL-32 in the stromal cells by using siRNA abrogated apoptosis in the leukemia cells. IL-32 knockdown cells also showed dysregulation of VEGF and other cytokines. Furthermore, CD56(+) natural killer cells from patients with MDS and CMML expressed IL-32 at lower levels than controls and exhibited reduced cytotoxic activity, which was unaffected by IL-2 treatment. We propose that IL-32 is a marrow stromal marker that distinguishes patients with MDS and CMML. Furthermore, IL-32 appears to contribute to the pathophysiology of MDS and may be a therapeutic target.
Clearance of Hepatitis C Viremia Associated with Cellular Immunity in the Absence of Seroconversion in the Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission in Prisons Study Cohort (2004)

Understanding the earliest virological and immunological events in acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may provide insight into the determinants of protective immunity. Four cases of HCV viremia with subsequent viral clearance, but without biochemical hepatitis or anti-HCV seroconversion, are reported from a prospective cohort study of prison inmates. Two of the subjects who developed sustained viremia were assessed for production of interferon (IFN)- gamma, by use of the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) method and by assessment of HCV cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity, CD4 lymphocyte proliferative responses, HCV load, and genotype. After 2-6 months of viremia, all 4 subjects cleared serum HCV RNA. Specific cellular responses were detected in both of the subjects who were assessed, and production of IFN- gamma was demonstrated in one subject. All subjects had weak, but consistent, serological reactivity against HCV nonstructural proteins on immunoblot testing, despite repeatedly nonreactive HCV ELISA tests. These cases highlight the potential for cellular immune responses against HCV to facilitate viral clearance, responses that may model those required for effective HCV vaccination.
PEGylated polymers for medicine: from conjugation to self-assembled systems (2010)

Synthetic polymers have transformed society in many areas of science and technology, including recent breakthroughs in medicine. Synthetic polymers now offer unique and versatile platforms for drug delivery, as they can be "bio-tailored" for applications as implants, medical devices, and injectable polymer-drug conjugates. However, while several currently used therapeutic proteins and small molecule drugs have benefited from synthetic polymers, the full potential of polymer-based drug delivery platforms has not yet been realized. This review examines both general advantages and specific cases of synthetic polymers in drug delivery, focusing on PEGylation in the context of polymer architecture, self-assembly, and conjugation techniques that show considerable effectiveness and/or potential in therapeutics.
Immunogenicity of a Haemophilus influenzae polysaccharide- Neisseria meningitidis outer membrane protein complex conjugate vaccine. (1990)

Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines made with different carriers vary in their ability to elicit antipolysaccharide IgG antibody responses in young infants and an adult mouse model, suggesting that the carrier proteins used in the conjugate vaccines differ in their ability to act as carriers, or that additional mechanisms of immunogenicity play a role. A conjugate vaccine of Haemophilus influenzae PRP coupled to the outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B is immunogenic in children as young as 2 mo of age and is immunogenic in infant rhesus monkeys, an animal model for infant humans. In the present study, PRP-OMPC was found to induce efficient IgM to IgG switching of anti-PRP serum antibody in adult mice, whereas PRP conjugated to two other protein carriers did not. Thus the PRP-OMPC conjugate was examined in order to determine why PRP coupled to OMPC was so immunogenic, even more immunogenic than conjugates made with other carrier proteins. The OMPC carrier differs from the other protein carriers in that the proteins are present in a liposomal form containing lipids (including LPS) derived from the outer membrane of N. meningitidis. We studied the OMPC to see whether the different components or the nature of the OMPC carrier could contribute to its enhanced immunogenicity. Specifically we evaluated the OMPC for both classic Th cell carrier activity and adjuvanticity, and the LPS component of OMPC for systemic polyclonal B cell activation. Carrier recognition of the OMPC moiety of PRP-OMPC was demonstrated. In addition the PRP-OMPC conjugate vaccine was observed to have adjuvant properties for both T cell-dependent and T cell-independent Ag in the absence of LPS-induced systemic polyclonal B cell activation. These observations suggest that in addition to functioning as a classic protein carrier whereby the proteins in OMPC provide Th cell epitopes, the OMPC also has adjuvant activity that distinguishes it from other protein carriers and may contribute to the increased immunogenicity of PRP-OMPC conjugates in animal models.
A New Device for Transcatheter Closure of the Patent Ductus Arteriosus (1989)

A new device for transcatheter closure of the patent ductus arteriosus was developed and initially evaluated in the vasculature of adult mongrel dogs. The device consists of a nylon sack that can be made in various sizes and shapes. A small flexible crossbar attached to the distal end maintains the position of the sack while it is filled with a segment of modified guide wire. The device is delivered coaxially through a 10-Fr Teflon catheter and is easily repositioned or retrieved before release. The expansile force of the sack against the vessel wall can be varied, and its stability is easily checked prior to detachment. The device produced immediate and permanent vascular occlusion without inflammation or erosion. Over time, the entire unit became incorporated into the vessel wall by neointimal encasement. Nylon sacks offer a simple, unique method of closing virtually any ductus arteriosus without general anesthesia and major surgery.
An Improved Microwave Discharge Cavity for 2450 MHz (1970)

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Activation of monocytes and platelets by monoclonal antibodies or malaria-infected erythrocytes binding to the CD36 surface receptor in vitro. (1989)

The CD36 leukocyte differentiation antigen, recognized by MAbs OKM5 and OKM8 and found on human monocytes and endothelial cells, has been implicated as a sequestration receptor for erythrocytes infected with the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (IRBC). CD36 is also expressed on platelets and appears to be identical to platelet glycoprotein IV. We investigated receptor activation of monocytes and platelets by anti-CD36 MAbs and by IRBC. Incubation of human monocytes with anti-CD36 MAbs or IRBC resulted in stimulation of the respiratory burst as measured by reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium and generation of chemiluminescence. Incubation of human platelets with anti-CD36 MAbs resulted in platelet activation as measured by aggregation or ATP secretion. Activation of monocytes and platelets required appropriate intracellular transmembrane signaling and was inhibited by calcium antagonists or by specific inhibitors of protein kinase C or guanine nucleotide binding proteins. Soluble CD36 inhibited binding of IRBC to both monocytes and platelets, suggesting that these interactions are mediated by the CD36 receptor. Using a cytochemical electron microscopic technique, the presence of reactive oxygen intermediates was identified at the interface between human monocytes and IRBC. These data provide support for the hypothesis that reactive oxygen intermediates produced by monocytes when IRBC ligands interact with cell surface receptors may play a role in the pathophysiology of falciparum malaria.
The Modeling of Platinum Diffusion in Silicon under Non‐equilibrium Conditions (1992)

The diffusion of platinum in silicon is described by the kick-out and by the dissociative mechanism. The resulting set of four coupled differential equations is solved numerically without any simplification. The authors find that the concentration of substitutional platinum is strongly influenced by the initial concentration of vacancies. As a result of their work, they suggest a complete set of parameters which describes the diffusion of platinum in silicon in the temperature range from 700 to 950degreeC. The dissociative mechanism dominates below 850degreeC and the kick-out mechanism above 900degreeC. The reaction constant for the dissociative mechanism can be estimated to be 1.6 x 10highminus14 ccmshighminus1, whereas the reaction constant of the kick-out mechanism is of the order of 1.7 x 10highminus4 shighminus1 at 700degreeC. Platinum diffusion below 850degreeC is suggested as a means of measuring vacancy distributions in silicon.
Generating Robust Digital Signature for Image/Video Authentication (1998)

Image/video authentication techniques protect the recipients against malicious forgery. In this paper, we describe an image authentication technique that verifies the originality of the received images. The authentication signature can distinguish content-changing manipulations (such as pixel replacing) from content-preserving manipulations (such as JPEG compression). We also propose a video authentication method that generates robust signatures for compressed video. The signatures can survive some of the transcoding process of MPEG.
MAPKAP Kinase 2 Phosphorylates Serum Response Factor in Vitro and in Vivo (1999)

Several growth factor- and calcium-regulated kinases such as pp90(rsk) or CaM kinase IV can phosphorylate the transcription factor serum response factor (SRF) at serine 103 (Ser-103). However, it is unknown whether stress-regulated kinases can also phosphorylate SRF. We show that treatment of cells with anisomycin, arsenite, sodium fluoride, or tetrafluoroaluminate induces phosphorylation of SRF at Ser-103 in both HeLa and NIH3T3 cells. This phosphorylation is dependent on the kinase p38/SAPK2 and correlates with the activation of MAPKAP kinase 2 (MK2). MK2 phosphorylates SRF in vitro at Ser-103 with similar efficiency as the small heat shock protein Hsp25 and significantly better than CREB. Comparison of wild type murine fibroblasts with those derived from MK2-deficient mice (Mk(-/-)) reveals MK2 as the major SRF kinase induced by arsenite. These results demonstrate that SRF is targeted by several signal transduction pathways within cells and establishes SRF as a nuclear target for MAPKAP kinase 2.
Full length article (1997)

These results suggests that the hemodynamic differences after normothermic and hypothermic CPB might be mediated, at least in part, by temperature dependent changes in ET-1 plasma levels.
Polymeric drugs as immunomodulatory vaccines against multiple sclerosis (1993)

Abstract COP‐1, a synthetic basic random amino acid copolymer, is effective in suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, rhesus monkeys and baboons, and of the exacerbating‐remitting type of multiple sclerosis in humans. COP‐1 is cross‐reactive at the monoclonal antibody level with the basic protein of the myelin sheath of the brain (BP), and the suppressive effect may be related to this immunological cross‐reaction. Indeed, competition for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen, between BP and COP‐1, may be one explanation for its beneficial effect in the disease. This polymeric drug, COP‐1, may, therefore, be considered also an immunomodulatory vaccine, and may serve as a prototype to vaccines against autoimmune diseases.
Probabilistic Mesomechanical Fatigue Crack Nucleation Model (1997)

A probabilistic mesomechanical crack nucleation model is proposed to link the microstructural material heterogeneities to the statistical scatter in the macro structural response. The macrostructure is modeled as an ensemble of microelements. Cracks nucleate within the microelements and grow from the microelements to final fracture. Variations of the microelement properties are defined using statistical parameters. A micromechanical slip band decohesion model along with a Paris law crack growth model are used with first order reliability methods and Monte Carlo simulation to determine the distribution of fatigue life for the macrostructure. The modeled response is compared to trends in experimental observations from the literature.
Depletion of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors rather than increased availability of survival factors is a likely explanation for enhanced survival of transplanted oligodendrocyte progenitors in X‐irradiated compared to normal CNS (2001)

Oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPs) survive and migrate following transplantation into adult rat central nervous system (CNS) exposed to high levels of X-irradiation but fail to do so if they are transplanted into normal adult rat CNS. In the context of developing OP transplantation as a potential therapy for repairing demyelinating diseases it is clearly of some importance to understand what changes have occurred in X-irradiated CNS that permit OP survival. This study addressed two alternative hypotheses. Firstly, X-irradiation causes an increase in the availability of OP survival factors, allowing the CNS to support a greater number of progenitors. Secondly, X-irradiation depletes the endogenous OP population thereby providing vacant niches that can be occupied by transplanted OPs. In situ hybridization was used to examine whether X-irradiation causes an increase in mRNA expression of five known OP survival factors, CNTF, IGF-I, PDGF-A, NT-3 and GGF-2. The levels of expression of these factors at 4 and 10 days following exposure of the adult rat spinal cord to X-irradiation remain the same as the expression levels in normal tissue. Using intravenous injection of horseradish peroxidase, no evidence was found of X-irradiation-induced change in blood-brain barrier permeability that might have exposed X-irradiated tissue to serum-derived survival factors. However, in support of the second hypothesis, a profound X-irradiation-induced decrease in the number of OPs was noted. These data suggest that the increased survival of transplanted OPs in X-irradiated CNS is not a result of the increases in the availability of the OP survival factors examined in this study but rather the depletion of endogenous OPs creating 'space' for transplanted OPs to integrate into the host tissue.
The Multi-Queue Replacement Algorithm for Second Level Buffer Caches (2001)

This paper reports our research results that improve second level buer cache performance. Several previous studies have shown that a good single level cache replacement algorithm such as LRU does not work well with second level buer caches. Second level buer caches have dierent access pat-tern from rst level buer caches because Accesses to second level buer caches are actually misses from rst level buer caches. The paper presents our study of second level buer cache access patterns using four large traces from various servers. We also introduce a new second level buer cache replace-ment algorithm called Multi-Queue (MQ). Our trace-driven simulation results show that MQ performs better than all seven tested alternatives. Our implementation on a real stor-age system validates these results. 1