gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Science to Practice: Can Antioxidant Supplements Protect against the Possible Harmful Effects of Ionizing Radiation from Medical Imaging? (2012)

A novel mixture of antioxidants was shown to reduce formation of double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs), as indicated by phosphorylated histone variant g-H2AX foci, in human lymphocytes following in vitro radiation with a radiation dose equivalent to 10 mGy (1). While provocative, it is too soon to conclude that antioxidant supplements should be used to protect against any future harmful effects of ionizing radiation potentially associated with medical imaging (2). It is unclear whether g-H2AX foci are associated with increased cancer rates, no experimental study has found any protective agent to reduce future cancer rates, and exposures typical of diagnostic imaging examinations are in the range that epidemiologic investigation is unable to detect an increase in cancer rates (even if one exists). Nonetheless, such research is encouraged as medical radiation is the number one source of population exposure in the United States. Patients who undergo frequent medical imaging examinations can accumulate doses that are in the range at which excess cancers have been demonstrated, and any protection afforded by a nontoxic antioxidant compound would be an exciting accomplishment.
Detection of ischemic neuronal damage with [18F]BMS‐747158‐02, a mitochondrial complex‐1 positron emission tomography ligand: Small animal PET study in rat brain (2012)

The acute and subacute ischemic neuronal damage in rat brain caused by photochemically induced thrombosis (PIT) was imaged using [¹⁸F]BMS-747158-02 ([¹⁸F]BMS) for mitochondrial complex-1 (MC-1) and [¹¹C](R)-PK11195 ([¹¹C](R)-PK) for peripheral benzodiazepine receptor [PBR; translocator protein] at preischemic "Normal," 1 (day 1), and 7 days (day 7) after ischemic insult. When [¹⁸F]BMS was intravenously injected into "Normal" rat, it was rapidly taken up into the brain, in which it showed a homogeneous distribution, and the uptake was suppressed by rotenone, a specific MC-1 inhibitor. The specificity of [¹⁸F]BMS binding to MC-1 was also confirmed by living brain slice imaging. At day 1, [¹⁸F]BMS uptake was low in infarct and peri-infarct regions where neuronal damage was detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. At day 7, the damaged areas determined using [¹⁸F]BMS revealed some discrepancy from those detected by TTC staining, suggesting that TTC stained not only surviving cells but also activated microglial cells in the peri-infarct region. This was also confirmed by [¹¹C](R)-PK imaging and immunohistochemical assessment with Iba1 antibody. In contrast, the uptake pattern of [¹⁸F]BMS was consistent with immunohistochemical assessment with NeuN antibody at both days 1 and 7. These results demonstrated that [¹⁸F]BMS could be a promising positron emission tomography ligand to assess the neuronal damage induced by ischemic insult in both acute and subacute phases.
Pyridine Nucleotide Transhydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii (1980)

Pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii was purified with a scaled‐up procedure. In a typical purification 500 ml cell‐free extract from 200 g cells is loaded on an Ado‐2′, 5′‐ P 2 ‐Sepharose 4B affinity column (20 ml bed volume). After washing, the enzyme is desorbed with 2′AMP at neutral pH and further purified by Sephadex G‐200 gel chromatography. The enzyme (10–12 mg) is obtained in 40–60% yield and is homogeneous its judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme is also apparent from electron microscopy studies, where the enzyme appears as a polydisperse set of polymers without contaminating, structures and from fluorescence lifetime studies by the method of single‐photon counting. The flavin fluorescence appears to decay with a single lifetime τ= 2.5 ns. The polymeric nature of transhydrogenase can be aptly demonstrated by density gradient centrifugation in the presence of KBr. After centrifuging for 50 h at 160000 × g and 10° C the enzyme is concentrated in a narrow fluorescent band with buoyant density Q b = 1.305 g cm −3 . The arrangement of subunits in the transhydrogenase polymer has been derived from optical diffraction studies of electron micrographs. The polymers are built tip from a linear assembly of tetramers. Four subunits are placed in a rhomb with sides of 13.5 mm and an angle of 45° (135°) between the sides. A second tetramer is located staggered on top of the first one. Since a variety of other studies have indicated that the polymers dissociate into octamers under alkaline condition [Voordouw, G. et al. (1979) Eur. J. Biochem. 98 , 447–454] we conclude that this smallest functional unit is built up from two tetramers.
Shedding of Treponema hyodysenteriae, transmission of disease, and agglutinin response to pigs convalescent from swine dysentery. (1981)

Fecal shedding of Treponema hyodysenteriae, transmission of disease, and humoral antibody production against the large spirochete were evaluated in pigs convalescent from experimentally induced swine dysentery. Untreated pigs (n = 21) and 5 pigs that had been treated with virginiamycin were included in the study. Treponema organisms were culturally detected in the feces of 2 untreated pigs as long as 70 and 71 days, and in the feces of 1 treated pig as long as 83 days after the last clinical evidence of disease. Of 8 convalescent pigs that intermittently discharged T hyodysenteriae in their feces, 4 transmitted clinical disease to exposed susceptible pigs. One of the convalescent animals has been free of clinical signs of disease for 57 days before introduction of the susceptible pigs. Treated and untreated convalescent pigs developed similarly elevated agglutinin titers that were maintained as long as 150 days after infection. There was no apparent correlation between the frequency or duration of fecal shedding of the spirochetes and the magnitude of the agglutinin titers of the convalescent pigs.
Copyright labeling of digitized image data (1998)

This article addresses the problem of embedding a robust copyright label into image data for identifying the ownership and distribution of the digitized image. The article first defines a reasonable set of functional requirements and design criteria for an image copyright labeling system, and then describes a labeling method using a JPEG model-based, frequency-hopped, randomly sequenced pulse position modulated code (RSPPMC). Our experiments demonstrated that the proposed method meets the requirements for copyright protection, including the robustness of an embedded label against several damaging possibilities such as lossy data compression, low-pass filtering, and color space conversion, as well as printing/scanning, scaling, and cropping.
Tumor‐induced tolerance and immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells (2008)

Emerging evidence indicates that the Achilles' heel of cancer immunotherapies is often the complex interplay of tumor-derived factors and deviant host properties, which involve a wide range of immune elements in the lymphoid and myeloid compartments. Regulatory lymphocytes, tumor-conditioned myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages, and dysfunctional and immature dendritic cells take part in a complex immunoregulatory network. Despite the fact that some mechanisms governing tumor-induced immune tolerance and suppression are starting to be better understood and their complexity dissected, little is known about the diachronic picture of immune tolerance. Based on observations of MDSCs, we present a time-structured and topologically consistent idea of tumor-dependent tolerance progression in tumor-bearing hosts.
DIVERSOMERTM technology: Solid phase synthesis, automation, and integration for the generation of chemical diversity (1994)

Abstract The drug discovery process depends upon the synthesis and testing of thousands of compounds to bring a new drug through discovery, clinical testing, development, and FDA approval. Recent advances in high throughput screening have created the need for the accelerated synthesis of small organic molecules. By combining solid phase chemistry, organic synthesis, and automation with a unique apparatus capable of performing techniques common to organic synthesis, “libraries” of organic compounds (DIVERSOMERS TM ) are efficiently generated. This was demonstrated by the multiple simultaneous synthesis of 40 hydantoins and 40 benzodiazepines, related to Dilantin® and Valium®, respectively. © 1994 Wiley‐Less, Inc.
Vitamin K Contents of Meat, Dairy, and Fast Food in the U.S. Diet (2005)

The purpose of this study was to determine the contents of three forms of vitamin K [phylloquinone, dihydrophylloquinone, and menaquinone-4 (MK-4)] in representative samples (including different samples within the same food category) of meat (n = 128), dairy and eggs (n = 24), and fast foods (n = 169) common to the U.S. diet. The findings of our analysis indicate that no single food item in these categories is a rich dietary source of any one form of vitamin K. However, these foods are often consumed in large quantities; hence, they may be of importance in overall contribution to total vitamin K intake. The presence of MK-4 in meat, eggs, and dairy foods could be important as physiologic functions unique to MK-4 are identified.
Design strategy for microalloyed ultra-ductile magnesium alloys (2009)

Abstract This article describes a design strategy deployed in developing ultra-ductile Mg alloys based on a microalloying concept, which aims to restrict grain growth considerably during alloy casting and forming. We discuss the efficiency of the design approach, and evaluate the resulting microstructural and mechanical properties. After processing, the so-designed alloys ZQCa3 (Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–0.25Ca–0.15Mn, in wt.%) and ZKQCa3 (Mg–3Zn–0.5Zr–0.5Ag–0.25Ca–0.15Mn, in wt.%) reveal very fine grains (<10 µm), high ductility (elongation to fracture of up to 30%) at moderate strength or high strength (ultimate tensile strength of up to 350 MPa) at reasonable ductility. These properties are explained based on thermodynamic modelling, microstructure analysis including transmission electron microscopy studies, and microstructural and mechanical testing after annealing, and are compared to a related commercial alloy (ZK31). Keywords: magnesium alloysextrusiondynamic recrystallisationductilitygrain growth restriction Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the support of Dr. L. Zhao (Metallkraft, Norway) regarding TEM studies, and thank A. Dubach (ETH Zurich, Switzerland) for conducting SEM analysis. This work was supported financially by the Kplus research programs (Austria).
Phase correction in double-pass quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation with a wedged crystal (1998)

Compensation for dispersive elements is necessary for efficient multiple-pass and intracavity nonlinear frequency-conversion devices. We describe the use of a wedged quasi-phase-matched crystal to compensate for the phase shifts introduced by mirrors in such devices, taking advantage of the periodic variation in the relative phases of the interacting waves in a quasi-phase-matching grating. A representative double-pass second-harmonic generation experiment with a 5-cm -long periodically poled lithium niobate crystal showed the expected conversion efficiency enhancement.
A portable, low coherence interferometry based instrument for fine needle aspiration biopsy guidance (2005)

A portable, low coherence interferometry (LCI) based instrument for fine-needle aspiration biopsy guidance is presented. The instrument consists of a fiber-based low coherence interferometer, a data acquisition, processing and display unit, and a probe. The probe, consisting of a 250μm diameter single-mode optical fiber inserted within the bore of a fine needle, is used to illuminate tissue and collect light from tissue at the tip of the needle. Light returning out of the probe is detected by the LCI system, which is capable of measuring depth-resolved information (reflectivity, spectra, birefringence) with a spatial resolution of 10μm over a depth range of approximately 1.4mm. The LCI based instrument can be used to guide the fine needle during biopsy procedures to potentially diagnose neoplasms, infections, inflammations, or infiltrations. The design and performance of the instrument, as well as preliminary measurements on excised breast tissue specimens, are presented in detail.
Neospora caninum (Protozoa: Apicomplexa) infections in rats (1990)

The susceptibility of laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) to experimental inoculation with tachyzoites of Neospora caninum was examined. Groups of female rats were intramuscularly injected with 0, 2, or 4 mg of methylprednisolone acetate (MPA) 7 days prior to, and on the day of, subcutaneous inoculation with 0 or 1.5 × 10 5 tachyzoites. Clinical signs of disease or deaths did not occur in rats given nothing or only N. caninum tachyzoites. Rats given only 4 mg MPA failed to grow as well as rats given nothing or only N. caninum tachyzoites but were otherwise healthy. All of 20 rats given 4 mg MPA and tachyzoites died of hepatitis and pneumonia within 12 days postinoculation. Hepatic necrosis was the most striking lesion seen in these rats, and other milder lesions consisted of pneumonia, encephalitis, and myositis. The response of rats given 2 mg MPA and tachyzoites was less severe. Three of 20 rats died with encephalitis, myositis, hepatitis, and pancreatitis. Mild lesions, but no N. caninum tachyzoites, were seen in 3 of 14 rats inoculated only with tachyzoites. Rats given the 4 mg MPA treatment and inoculated with N. caninum tachyzoites appear to be suitable subjects for examining acute neosporosis and could be used in studies designed to examine treatment of acute disease.
Een Turcologisch onderzoekje (2003)

Waarom hebben Turkse native speakers zo’n moeite met de woordvolgorde in het Nederlands? Daan King probeert duidelijk te maken hoezeer het Turkije-Turks (de Turkse taal die voor de meeste Nederlandse Turken de moedertaal is) afwijkt van de ons meest bekende talen in een bepaald opzicht, namelijk de woordvolgorde. Het is zo geschreven dat de lezer geen kennis van het Turks nodig heeft. Voor Turcologen zelf zal het artikel weinig nieuws bevatten. Het is misschien nog het meest van belang voor leraren die te maken hebben met Turkse native speakers en die zich daarbij verbazen over bepaalde hardnekkige fouten in het Nederlands, Engels, Duits en Frans van deze leerlingen.
A Good Bargain: An Inexpensive, Air‐Stable Ruthenium Metathesis Catalyst Derived from α‐Asarone. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Csk suppression of Src involves movement of Csk to sites of Src activity. (1994)

Csk phosphorylates Src family members at a key regulatory tyrosine in the C-terminal tail and suppresses their activities. It is not known whether Csk activity is regulated. To examine the features of Csk required for Src suppression, we expressed Csk mutants in a cell line with a disrupted csk gene. Expression of wild-type Csk suppressed Src, but Csk with mutations in the SH2, SH3, and catalytic domains did not suppress Src. An SH3 deletion mutant of Csk was fully active against in vitro substrates, but two SH2 domain mutants were essentially inactive. Whereas Src repressed by Csk was predominantly perinuclear, the activated Src in cells lacking Csk was localized to structures resembling podosomes. Activated mutant Src was also in podosomes, even in the presence of Csk. When Src was not active, Csk was diffusely located in the cytosol, but when Src was active, Csk colocalized with activated Src to podosomes. Csk also localizes to podosomes of cells transformed by an activated Src that lacks the major tyrosine autophosphorylation site, suggesting that the relocalization of Csk is not a consequence of the binding of the Csk SH2 domain to phosphorylated Src. A catalytically inactive Csk mutant also localized with Src to podosomes, but SH3 and SH2 domain mutants did not, suggesting that the SH3 and SH2 domains are both necessary to target Csk to places where Src is active. The failure of the catalytically active SH3 mutant of Csk to regulate Src may be due to its inability to colocalize with active Src.
Leukocyte adhesion molecules on the vascular endothelium: their role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease and the mechanisms underlying their expression. (1993)

It is well known that granulocytes increase infarct size after reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium, and that monocytes promote atherogenesis. Those cells are also believed to play a contributory role in pathogenesis of coronary restenosis as response to arterial injury during balloon angioplasty. The adhesion of those leukocytes to the vascular endothelium is a prerequisite for their recruitment and accumulation in the lesion. Inflammatory mediators likely to occur under those conditions, e.g., histamine, thrombin, oxygen-derived free radicals (ODFR), interleukin (IL)-1, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and activated complement factors, induce in a distinct time course the (transient) expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecules P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 on the endothelium. Only VCAM-1 is specific for monocytes; the others mediate the binding and subsequent extravasation of both monocytes and granulocytes. The response to the relevant inflammatory mediators, except for extracellularly produced ODFR, is coupled via specific receptors on the surface of the endothelium to specific signal transduction pathways and, except for P-selectin (early response), is directly dependent on protein synthesis (intermediate and late response). Protein kinase-C-induced phosphorylation of transcription factors is often shown to be involved. Protein synthesis is preceded by increased transcription of mRNA that is regulated in part by the transcription factor NF-kappa B. Indications have been obtained that intracellularly produced ODFR may be involved in the translocation of this transcription factor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Long-term expression of γ-globin mRNA in mouse erythrocytes from retrovirus vectors containing the human γ-globin gene fused to the ankyrin-1 promoter (2000)

Gene therapy for patients with hemoglobin disorders has been hampered by the inability of retrovirus vectors to transfer globin genes and their cis-acting regulatory sequences into hematopoietic stem cells without rearrangement. In addition, the expression from intact globin gene vectors has been variable in red blood cells due to position effects and retrovirus silencing. We hypothesized that by substituting the globin gene promoter for the promoter of another gene expressed in red blood cells, we could generate stable retrovirus vectors that would express globin at sufficient levels to treat hemoglobinopathies. Recently, we have shown that the human ankyrin (Ank) gene promoter directs position-independent, copy number-dependent expression of a linked gamma-globin gene in transgenic mice. We inserted the Ank/(A)gamma-globin gene into retrovirus vectors that could transfer one or two copies of the Ank/(A)gamma-globin gene to target cells. Both vectors were stable, transferring only intact proviral sequences into primary mouse hematopoietic stem cells. Expression of Ank/(A)gamma-globin mRNA in mature red blood cells was 3% (single copy) and 8% (double copy) of the level of mouse alpha-globin mRNA. We conclude that these novel retrovirus vectors may be valuable for treating a variety of red cell disorders by gene replacement therapy including severe beta-thalassemia if the level of expression can be further increased.
New Viral Footprints in Kaposi's Sarcoma (1995)

Humans are infected with at least eight different herpesviruses, if 6A and 6B are counted as distinct. The discovery by Chang et al.1 of number 9 (to be known, perversely, as human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]) should have caused barely a ripple. That it stirred considerable excitement is due to two factors. First, the footprints of the virus were discovered by the application of a novel technique.2 Second, the footprints were found in cells affected by Kaposi's sarcoma, long thought to be caused by an infectious agent transmitted by sexual contact or tissue transplantation. As the articles by Moore and Chang . . .
Entire nucleotide sequence and characterization of a hepatitis C virus of genotype V/3a (1994)

The entire nucleotide sequence of a hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome (NZL1) of genotype V/3a was determined from overlapping cDNA clones obtained from a human carrier in New Zealand. It comprised 9425 nucleotides (nt) including a 5'-untranslated region of 339 nt, a single large open reading frame encoding a polyprotein of 3021 amino acids, a 3'-untranslated region of 23 nt, and 3'-terminal poly(U) stretches of variable lengths. The NZL1 genome was compared with 15 HCV isolates of other genotypes for which the full-length sequence has been determined. It differed from them by 31.1 to 34.3% in nucleotide sequence identity and by 24.5 to 29.1% in amino acid sequence identity, confirming the distinction of genotype V/3a from the other isolates.
Serum Gc-globulin in the early course of multiple trauma (1998)

Serum concentrations of Gc-globulin were significantly low in trauma patients. The reduction took place within 60 mins after injury. Because the normal half-life of Gc-globulin is almost 48 hrs, our observations suggest a marked consumption of Gc-globulin immediately after the trauma. This finding could be the first clinical evidence that Gc-globulin plays a role in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome after trauma. This result is supported by the finding that lack of Gc-globulin was related to nonsurvival and the severity of the trauma.
CD8 functions as an inhibitory ligand in mediating the immunoregulatory activity of CD8+ cells. (1990)

Antisense and sense transfection technologies were employed in cellular coculture systems to investigate the physiologic requirements for CD8-dependent immunoregulation. Our data indicate that cells bearing genetically engineered CD8 molecules incorporating a glycoinositolphospholipid membrane anchor, as well as fixed cells bearing natural CD8 molecules, retain specific, CD8-dependent immunoregulatory activity. These findings together support the novel concept that CD8, a molecule traditionally thought of as a receptor, can function as an inhibitory ligand. CD8-dependent inhibition was shown to induce nonresponsiveness, persisting for at least 24 h, in Ag-specific responders. Moreover, only cells undergoing primary, but not secondary, antigenic stimulation through their TCR were found to be susceptible to CD8-dependent inhibition. Both CD4+ and CD8+ responding T cells were inhibited by CD8+ modulatory cells. These functional analyses of inhibitory and responder cells in CD8-dependent inhibition lay the groundwork for developing artificial CD8-based immunomodulatory peptides and deciphering CD8's role in natural immunoregulation.