gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiolabeled amino acids: basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. (2001)

As the applications of metabolic imaging are expanding, radiolabeled amino acids may gain increased clinical interest. This review first describes the basic aspects of amino acid metabolism, then continues with basic aspects of radiolabeled amino acids, and finally describes clinical applications, with an emphasis on diagnostic value. A special focus is on (11)C-methionine, (11)C-tyrosine, and (123)I-iodomethyltyrosine, because these have been most used clinically, although their common affinity for the L-transport systems may limit generalization to other classes of amino acids. The theoretic and preclinical background of amino acid imaging is sound and supports clinical applications. The fact that amino acid imaging is less influenced by inflammation may be advantageous in comparison with (18)F-FDG PET imaging, although tumor specificity is not absolute. In brain tumor imaging, the use of radiolabeled amino acids is established, the diagnostic accuracy of amino acid imaging seems adequate, and the diagnostic value seems advantageous. The general feasibility of amino acid imaging in other tumor types has sufficiently been shown, but more research is required in larger patient series and in well-defined clinical settings.
Leakage mechanism in GaN and AlGaN Schottky interfaces (2004)

Based on detailed temperature-dependent current–voltage (I–V–T) measurements the mechanism of leakage currents through GaN and AlGaN Schottky interfaces is discussed. The experiments were compared to calculations based on thin surface barrier model in which the effects of surface defects were taken into account. Our simulation method reproduced the experimental I–V–T characteristics of the GaN and AlGaN Schottky diodes, and gave excellent fitting results to the reported Schottky I–V curves in GaN for both forward and reverse biases at different temperatures. The present results indicate that the barrier thinning caused by unintentional surface-defect donors enhances the tunneling transport processes, leading to large leakage currents through GaN and AlGaN Schottky interfaces.
Effect of alkyl chain length and anion species on the interfacial nanostructure of ionic liquids at the Au(111)–ionic liquid interface as a function of potential (2013)

Colloid probe atomic force microscopy (AFM) force measurements are used to elucidate the effect of variation in the cation alkyl chain length and the anion species on IL nanostructure at Au(111) surfaces as a function of potential. Four ionic liquids (ILs) are examined: 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM] FAP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([BMIM] FAP), 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([HMIM] FAP) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodide ([BMIM] I). The step-wise force-distance profiles show the ILs adopt a multilayered morphology, with stronger near surface structure present at more biased potentials. The results suggest that the innermost (interfacial) layer is enriched in counter ions strongly bound to the Au(111) surface. For ILs with FAP(-) anions, the cations in the interfacial layer at negative potentials pack more neatly than the anions at positive potentials, and thus more effectively template structure in subsequent layers. [BMIM] FAP has the weakest interfacial structure. [EMIM] FAP has stronger interfacial structure because the imidazolium rings of [EMIM](+) cations in the interfacial layer are orientated towards the Au(111) surface, and this more parallel orientation is favourable for templating structure. [HMIM] FAP is more strongly structured than [BMIM] FAP because the longer cation alkyl chain increases solvophobic interactions which lead to better defined near surface structure. The response of [BMIM] I to changes in potential is opposite to that of the FAP(-) ILs. [BMIM] I interfacial nanostructure is stronger at positive potentials, because I(-) anions pack more neatly at the Au(111) surface than [BMIM](+) cations, which templates stronger structure in subsequent layers.
Plasminogen activator inhibitor activity and other fibrinolytic variables in patients with coronary artery disease. (1988)

Several fibrinolytic variables, including plasminogen activator inhibitor activity, were studied before and after exercise in 67 normolipidaemic patients with coronary artery disease and in 25 hyperlipidaemic patients with coronary artery disease. Before exercise plasminogen activator inhibitor activity was higher in the patient groups than in a group of 10 healthy volunteers. For those who were normolipidaemic plasminogen activator inhibitor activity was greater in patients with angina pectoris who had had a myocardial infarction. The concentration of antigenic tissue-type plasminogen activator was similar in all the patients with coronary artery disease and higher than in the control group. After the exercise test fibrinolytic capacity was lower in the patients with angina pectoris and a previous history of myocardial infarction. After exercise both the released immunological tissue-type plasminogen activator and fibrinolytic capacity were lower in the hyperlipidaemic patients than in the normolipidaemic patients. The concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor was also higher in the hyperlipidaemic patients. Patients with hyperlipidaemia IV had the highest plasminogen activator inhibitor activity. The increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor activity found in the patients was partially inhibited by antiserum against plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in vitro. The formation of a complex of about 115,000 daltons between plasminogen activator inhibitor and purified tissue-type plasminogen activator was detected by a zymographic fibrin technique. These findings show that in patients with coronary artery disease fibrinolytic activity is impaired by an increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor. Impaired fibrinolysis may be related to the clinical evolution of coronary artery disease in these patients.
Eosinophil granule proteins in peripheral blood granulocytes (1992)

Eosinophils contain four principal cationic proteins, major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), and eosinophil peroxidase (EPO). To determine the quantities of these proteins in granulocytes and whether they are specific to eosinophils, their concentrations in lysates of human granulocytes were measured using specific radioimmunoassays. The effect of different methods for eosinophil lysis on the recovery of the proteins was also studied. Maximal recovery occurred at pH 2 for MBP and pH 5.6 for the other granule proteins. The proteins cosedimented with eosinophils and their concentrations (mean +/- SEM) in ng/10(6) eosinophils (and in nM/10(6) eosinophils) were: MBP, 8,982 +/- 611 (641.6); EDN, 3,283 +/- 116 (178.4); ECP, 5,269 +/- 283 (250.9); and EPO, 12,174 +/- 859 (171.5). Basophils from a normal person contained (in ng/10(6) cells) MBP, 2,374; EDN, 214; ECP, 77; and EPO, 17. Highly purified neutrophils contained (in ng/10(6) cells) MBP, 3 +/- 0.5; EDN, 72 +/- 9; and ECP, 50 +/- 12. Therefore we conclude that these proteins are mainly expressed in eosinophils, but that certain ones are present in basophils and neutrophils.
New Genome Type of Adenovirus Serotype 4 Caused Nosocomial Infections Associated with Epidemic Conjunctivitis in Japan (2004)

Human adenovirus type 4 is one of the major serotypes isolated from patients with adenoviral conjunctivitis. In 2001 we encountered nosocomial infections with epidemic conjunctivitis in the ophthalmology ward of one hospital in Sapporo, which is in the northern part of Japan. Adenoviruses were isolated from the patients with this nosocomial infection and identified as adenovirus type 4 (AdV-4) by a neutralization test with serotype-specific antiserum. When the cleavage patterns of the isolates were compared with the full viral genome with BamHI and SmaI, the cleavage patterns of the isolates were shown to be different from those of AdV-4p and other previously known AdV-4 variants. The nucleotide sequences of the fiber gene of the isolates showed the highest homologies (94.3%) with AdV-4 among the nucleotide sequences available from GenBank and formed a monophyletic cluster along with the prototype strain of AdV-4. The isolates, however, were located in a different lineage from those of AdV-4p and the AdV-4 variant from the sporadic infections. We conclude that the nosocomial infection that appeared in 2001 was caused by a new genome type of AdV-4, which was designated AdV-4c.
Total Synthesis of Epothilone E and Analogues with Modified Side Chains through the Stille Coupling Reaction (1998)

Ring-closing metathesis (step a in the scheme below), deprotection (b), Stille coupling (c), and epoxidation (d) are the key steps in the first total synthesis of the naturally occurring epothilone E (1). An advanced intermediate, the product of the olefin metathesis, allows access to a range of epothilone E analogues having different aromatic moieties in the side chain. TBS = tBuMe2Si.
Integrin distribution in malignant melanoma: association of the beta 3 subunit with tumor progression. (1990)

Since tumor progression is dependent on the ability of malignant cells to interact with the extracellular matrix, molecules on the cell surface which mediate cell-substratum interactions are likely to be important regulators of tumor invasion and metastasis. The purpose of this study was to examine the distribution of one such group of cell adhesion receptors, the integrins, in benign and malignant lesions of human melanocytes. The distribution of integrin adhesion receptors was defined on cells in culture derived from normal and malignant melanocytes and in tissue sections from benign to increasingly malignant melanocytic lesions using a panel of monoclonal antibodies against specific integrin subunits. Cells in culture expressed a large variety of integrins, including all of the previously characterized members of the beta 1 subfamily plus the alpha v/beta 3 vitronectin receptor. The expression of integrins was similar in cells cultured from either benign or malignant lesions. In contrast, consistent differences were noted in integrin expression by cells within tissues containing metastatic and vertical growth phase melanomas when compared to radial growth phase melanoma cells and cells within nevi. Most notably, the expression of the beta 3 subunit was restricted exclusively to cells within vertical growth phase and metastatic melanomas. The presence of this integrin may be important in the development of tumor invasiveness and could be useful as a marker of melanoma cells entering the more aggressive phase of the malignant process.
Detection of targeted GFP - Hox gene fusions during mouse embryogenesis (1998)

The ability to use a vital cell marker to study mouse embryogenesis will open new avenues of experimental research. Recently, the use of transgenic mice, containing multiple copies of the jellyfish gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP), has begun to realize this potential. Here, we show that the fluorescent signals produced by single-copy, targeted GFP in-frame fusions with two different murine Hox genes, Hoxa1 and Hoxc13, are readily detectable by using confocal microscopy. Since Hoxa1 is expressed early and Hoxc13 is expressed late in mouse embryogenesis, this study shows that single-copy GFP gene fusions can be used through most of mouse embryogenesis. Previously, targeted lacZ gene fusions have been very useful for analyzing mouse mutants. Use of GFP gene fusions extends the benefits of targeted lacZ gene fusions by providing the additional utility of a vital marker. Our analysis of the Hoxc13(GFPneo) embryos reveals GFP expression in each of the sites expected from analysis of Hoxc13(lacZneo) embryos. Similarly, Hoxa1(GFPneo) expression was detected in all of the sites predicted from RNA in situ analysis. GFP expression in the foregut pocket of Hoxa1(GFPneo) embryos suggests a role for Hoxa1 in foregut-mediated differentiation of the cardiogenic mesoderm.
Persistent Induction of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 by TGF-β1 on Synovial T Cells Contributes to Their Accumulation Within the Rheumatoid Synovium (2000)

Chemokines and their receptors determine the distribution of leukocytes within tissues in health and disease. We have studied the role of the constitutive chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) in the perivascular accumulation of T cells in rheumatoid arthritis. We show that synovial T cells, which are primed CD45RO+CD45RBdull cells and consequently not expected to express constitutive chemokine receptors, have high levels of the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Sustained expression of CXCR4 was maintained on synovial T cells by specific factors present within the synovial microenvironment. Extensive screening revealed that TGF-beta isoforms induce the expression of CXCR4 on CD4 T cells in vitro. Depletion studies using synovial fluid confirmed an important role for TGF-beta1 in the induction of CXCR4 expression in vivo. The only known ligand for CXCR4 is SDF-1. We found SDF-1 on synovial endothelial cells and showed that SDF-1 was able to induce strong integrin-mediated adhesion of synovial fluid T cells to fibronectin and ICAM-1, confirming that CXCR4 expressed on synovial T cells was functional. These results suggest that the persistent induction of CXCR4 on synovial T cells by TGF-beta1 leads to their active, SDF-1-mediated retention in a perivascular distribution within the rheumatoid synovium.
Engineered blood vessel networks connect to host vasculature via wrapping-and-tapping anastomosis (2011)

Rapid blood perfusion is critical for postimplantation survival of thick, prevascularized bioartificial tissues. Yet the mechanism by which implanted vascular networks inosculate, or anastomose, with the host vasculature has been unknown, making it difficult to develop optimized strategies for facilitating perfusion. Here we show that implanted vascular networks anastomose with host vessels through a previously unidentified process of "wrapping and tapping" between the engrafted endothelial cells (ECs) and the host vasculature. At the host-implant interface, implanted ECs first wrap around nearby host vessels and then cause basement membrane and pericyte reorganization and localized displacement of the underlying host endothelium. In this way, the implanted ECs replace segments of host vessels to divert blood flow to the developing implanted vascular network. The process is facilitated by high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-14 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expressed by the wrapping ECs. These findings open the door to new strategies for improving perfusion of tissue grafts and may have implications for other physiologic and pathologic processes involving postnatal vasculogenesis.
Short coir fiber‐reinforced natural rubber composites: Effects of fiber length, orientation, and alkali treatment (1995)

Abstract Natural rubber is reinforced with untreated coir fiber chopped to different lengths, viz., 6, 10, and 14 mm. Mixes were also prepared using 10 mm‐long coir fibers treated with 5% sodium hydroxide solution for different time intervals, viz., 4, 24, 48, and 72 h. These composites were vulcanized at 150°C. The vulcanization parameters, processability characteristics, and stress–strain properties of these composites were analyzed. The rubbercoir interface bonding was improved by the addition of a resorcinol–hexamethylenetetramine dry‐bonding system. The reinforcing property of the alkali‐treated fiber was compared with that of the untreated one. The extent of fiber orientation in the composite was determined from green strength measurements. From anisotropic swelling studies, the extent of fiber alignment and the strength of fiber–rubber interface adhesion were analyzed. Scanning electron microscopic studies were carried out to investigate the fiber surface morphology, fiber pullout, and fiber–rubber interface. © 1995 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Alkylphosphocholines: Effects on human leukemic cell lines and normal bone marrow cells (1998)

The anti-leukemic activity of a series of alkylphosphocholines (APCs) was studied against a panel of human leukemic cell lines (HL-60, K-562, Reh, MOLT-4, Jurkat, Ramos and Raji). Cytotoxic efficacy was measured by the MTT cell survival assay. All cell lines were found to be sensitive, except the multipotential CML-derived K-562 cell line. Flow cytometry of HL-60 cells showed a significant decrease of cells in S phase and the formation of a sub-G1 fraction. DNA fragmentation typical for programmed cell death was detected by DNA gel electrophoresis in these cells but not in any of the other leukemic lines. At concentrations below the cytotoxic range, mitogenic effects were seen in HL-60 cells after 14-hr exposure. Colony formation by K-562 cells revealed an augmented clonogenicity after exposure to APC with a short alkyl chain. In contrast, cells of lymphoid origin did not undergo DNA fragmentation or show mitogenic stimulation after exposure to APC. Normal bone marrow cells were also investigated for mitogenic and genotoxic effects. No decrease was found in the number of hematopoietic progenitors in long-term bone marrow cell cultures after exposure to APC. On the contrary, a significant increase was found after short exposure. Dodecylphosphocholine, hexadecylphosphocholine (HPC) and (octadecyl-[2-(N-methylpiperidino)-ethyl]-phosphate exhibited a mild clastogenicity at equimolar high doses on murine bone marrow cells in vivo,which is unusual for the majority of classical DNA-interacting anti-cancer drugs. In conclusion, APCs are agents with a broad spectrum of in vitro anti-leukemic effects, which lack hematological toxicity. Int. J. Cancer,77:778–786, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Expression of SCUBE2 gene declines in high grade endometrial cancer and associates with expression of steroid hormone receptors and tumor suppressor PTEN (2013)

SCUBE2 (Signal peptide-CUB-epidermal growth factor-like domain-containing 2) gene codes for a cell-surface glycoprotein. In breast cancer, SCUBE2 transcript levels are part of important prognostic and predictive gene signatures and are linked to expression of estrogen receptor α (ERα). To elucidate the role of this gene in endometrial cancer, we compared SCUBE2 expression in malignant and normal endometrial tissue specimens. We then examined its correlation with steroid hormone receptors and PTEN and compared it to SCUBE2 expression in breast cancer samples. Expression of SCUBE2 was found to be decreased in G3 endometrial cancer when compared to postmenopausal endometrium or to G1 tumors (p < 0.05). In postmenopausal endometrium, SCUBE2 transcript levels were more than twice as high as in premenopausal women. In breast cancer, SCUBE2 expression was found to be notably reduced particularly in ERα-negative G3 tumors. Both in endometrial and breast cancer we observed a significant positive correlation of SCUBE2 transcript levels with expression of ERα, PR and PTEN. Our data suggest that SCUBE2, like in breast cancer, associates with ERα and might have a potential as prognostic or predictive marker in endometrial cancer.
Low-intensity ultrasound enhances the anticancer activity of cetuximab in human head and neck cancer cells (2012)

The potential clinical use of ultrasound in inducing cell apoptosis and enhancing the effects of anticancer drugs in the treatment of cancers has previously been investigated. In this study, the combined effects of low-intensity ultrasound (LIU) and cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) antibody, on cell killing and induction of apoptosis in HSC-3 and HSC-4 head and neck cancer cells, and its mechanisms were investigated. Experiments were divided into 4 groups: non-treated (CNTRL), cetuximab-treated (CETU), ultrasound-treated (UST) and the combination of cetuximab and US-treated (COMB). Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue staining assay and induction of apoptosis was detected by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) staining assay at 24 h after cetuximab and/or US treatment. To elucidate the effect of cetuximab and US on EGFR signaling and apoptosis in head and neck cancer cells after the treatments, the expression of EGFR, phospho-EGFR, and the activation of caspase-3 were evaluated with western blotting. More cell killing features were evident in the COMB group in HSC-3 and HSC-4 cells compared with the other groups. No differences in EGFR expression among the CETU, UST and COMB groups was observed, while the expression of phospho-EGFR in the CETU group was downregulated compared with that in the CNTRL group. Phospho-EGFR expression was much more downregulated in the COMB group compared with that in the other groups. In addition, the activation of caspase-3 in the UST group was upregulated compared with that in the CNTRL group. Caspase-3 activation was much more upregulated in the COMB group than that in the other groups. These data indicated that LIU was able to enhance the anticancer effect of cetuximab in HSC-3 and HSC-4 head and neck cancer cells.
Decentralizing a global naming service for improved performance and fault tolerance (1989)

Naming is an important aspect of distributed system design. A naming system allows users and programs to assign character-string names to objects, and subsequently use the names to refer to those objects. With the interconnection of clusters of computers by wide-area networks and internetworks, the domain over which naming systems must function is growing to encompass the entire world. In this paper we address the problem of a global naming system, proposing a three-level naming architecture that consists of global, administrational, and managerial naming mechanisms, each optimized to meet the performance, reliability, and security requirements at its own level. We focus in particular on a decentralized approach to the lower levels, in which naming is handled directly by the managers of the named objects. Client-name caching and multicast are exploited to implement name mapping with almost optimum performance and fault tolerance. We also show how the naming system can be made secure. Our conclusions are bolstered by experience with an implementation in the V distributed operating system.
Creating ribosomes with an all-RNA 30S subunit P site (2004)

Ribosome crystal structures have revealed that two small subunit proteins, S9 and S13, have C-terminal tails, which, together with several features of 16S rRNA, contact the anticodon stem-loop of P-site tRNA. To test the functional importance of these protein tails, we created genomic deletions of the C-terminal regions of S9 and S13. All of the tail deletions, including double mutants containing deletions in both S9 and S13, were viable, showing that Escherichia coli cells can synthesize all of their proteins by using ribosomes that contain 30S P sites composed only of RNA. However, these mutants have slower growth rates, indicating that the tails may play a supporting functional role in translation. In vitro analysis shows that 30S subunits purified from the S13 deletion mutants have a generally decreased affinity for tRNA, whereas deletion of the S9 tail selectively affects the binding of tRNAs whose anticodon stem sequences are most divergent from that of initiator tRNA.
SAW resonators as vapor sensors (2002)

The application of SAW (surface acoustic wave) resonators as substance-of-abuse vapor sensors is described. High-Q SAW resonators configured as vapor/mass detectors are an optimally sensitive SAW geometry. The SAW resonator is able to achieve sensitivities approaching femtogram levels and exhibits a nearly true fourth-order sensitivity vs. frequency dependence. Detection of drugs at the 1-10 femtogram level was achieved. Scale factors of 20000 Hz/nanogram have been achieved by using very-high-frequency SAW resonators and by confining the depositions to the active area of the resonators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>