gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Polymerization and Solid Monomer Deposition for the Fabrication of Polymer Membranes with Dual-Scale Porosity (2013)

Here we demonstrate a novel technique for the fabrication of porous polymer membranes via vapor phase polymerization. Vapor phase processing allows for control over the chemical functionality of the membranes and eliminates solubility requirements and surface tension effects. Porous polymer membranes are formed by concurrent deposition of solid monomer and polymerization, which is achieved by increasing the partial pressure of the monomer above its saturation pressure and decreasing the substrate temperature below the freezing point of the monomer. The membranes exhibit dual-scale porosity, where the large-scale pores form during the deposition and the small-scale pores form upon sublimation of the solid monomer. We demonstrate that the growth rate and pore size of the membrane can be controlled by varying the reactor parameters, including deposition time, monomer partial pressure, and substrate temperature. Stimuli-responsive poly(methacrylic acid) and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) membranes were fabricated to show the generality of the process. Furthermore, the ability to make copolymer membranes was demonstrated using ethylene glycol diacrylate as a cross-linking agent. Our ability to produce tailored polymer membranes with chemically diverse compositions has potential applications in separations and biosensing.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Neutral, Zwitterionic and Cationic Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl−Tantalum−Phosphinimide Complexes (2001)

This paper focuses on the synthesis and reactivity of Cp*Ta(V)−phosphinimide complexes. Reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Cp*TaCl4 and phosphinimine R3PNSiMe3 affords the complexes Cp*Ta(NPR3)Cl3, R = t-Bu 1, i-Pr 2. These species are readily derivatized to the alkylated complexes Cp*Ta(NPR3)Me3, R = t-Bu3, i-Pr 4; Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(CH2Ph)Cl2, 5; and Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(CH2Ph)Me2, 6. Reaction with 3 equiv of BnMgCl afforded the robust alkylidene species Cp*Ta(NPR3)(CHPh)(CH2Ph), R = t-Bu 7, i-Pr 8. Reaction of 7 with MeI gives the metallacycle Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(η2-CHPhCH2)(CH2Ph), 9. Alkylation of 1 and 2 with 2 equiv of EtMgCl results in formation of the complexes Cp*Ta(NPR3)(η2-C2H4)Cl, R = t-Bu 10, i-Pr 11, while further reaction of 10 with EtMgCl affords Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(η2-C2H4)(CH2CH3), 12. Reaction of 1 with 1 equiv of B(C6F5)3 results in generation of the salt [Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)Cl2][ClB(C6F5)3], 13, while the analogous reaction with Ph3C[B(C6F5)4] affords the related salt [Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)Cl2][B(C6F5)4], 14. The zwitterionic species Cp*Ta(NPR3)Me2(MeB(C6F5)3) (R = t-Bu 15, i-Pr 16) are derived via reaction of 3 or 4 with B(C6F5)3. The analogous reaction of 3 and 4 with [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] affords the related salts [Cp*Ta(NPR3)Me2][B(C6F5)4] (R = t-Bu 17, i-Pr 18). Treatment of 10 with Ph3CB(C6F5)4, Ph3CBF4, or B(C6F5)3 gives the complexes [Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(Cl)CH2CH2CPh3][B(C6F5)4], 20, [Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(Cl)(CH2CH2CPh3)][BF4], 21 and the zwitterionic species [Cp*Ta(NPt-Bu3)(Cl)(CH2CH2B(C6F5)3)], 22, respectively. The relevance of this chemistry to the related group IV metal olefin polymerization catalysts is discussed and considered. X-ray structural studies of 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 22 are reported.
Oral sodium phenylbutyrate in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas:A dose escalation and pharmacologic study (2005)

We determined the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicity profile, pharmacokinetic parameters, and preliminary efficacy data of oral sodium phenylbutyrate (PB) in patients with recurrent malignant gliomas. Twenty-three patients with supratentorial recurrent malignant gliomas were enrolled on this dose escalation trial. Four dose levels of PB were studied: 9, 18, 27, and 36 g/day. Data were collected to assess toxicity, response, survival, and pharmacokinetics. All PB doses of 9, 18, and 27 g/day were well tolerated. At 36 g/day, two of four patients developed dose-limiting grade 3 fatigue and somnolence. At the MTD of 27 g/day, one of seven patients developed reversible grade 3 somnolence. Median survival from time of study entry was 5.4 months. One patient had a complete response for five years, and no partial responses were noted, which yielded an overall response rate of 5%. Plasma concentrations of 706, 818, 1225, and 1605 muM were achieved with doses of 9, 18, 27, and 36 g/day, respectively. The mean value for PB clearance in this patient population was 22 liters/h, which is significantly higher than the 16 liters/h reported in patients with other malignancies who were not receiving P450 enzyme-inducing anticonvulsant drugs (P = 0.038). This study defines the MTD and recommended phase 2 dose of PB at 27 g/day for heavily pretreated patients with recurrent gliomas. The pharmacology of PB appears to be affected by concomitant administration of P450-inducing anticonvulsants.
Achieving fast timing performance with multiplexed SiPMs (2016)

Using time of flight (ToF) measurements for positron emission tomography (PET) is an attractive avenue for increasing the signal to noise (SNR) ratio of PET images. However, achieving excellent time resolution required for high SNR gain using silicon photomultipliers (SiPM) requires many resource heavy high bandwidth readout channels. A method of multiplexing many SiPM signals into a single electronic channel would greatly simplify ToF PET systems. However, multiplexing SiPMs degrades time resolution because of added dark counts and signal shaping. In this work the relative contribution of dark counts and signal shaping to timing degradation is simulated and a baseline correction technique to mitigate the effect of multiplexing on the time resolution of analog SiPMs is simulated and experimentally verified. A charge sharing network for multiplexing is proposed and tested. Results show a full width at half maximum (FWHM) coincidence time resolution of [Formula: see text] ps for a single 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm LYSO scintillation crystals coupled to an array of sixteen 3 mm × 3 mm SiPMs that are multiplexed to a single timing channel (in addition to 4 position channels). A [Formula: see text] array of 3 mm × 3 mm × 20 mm LFS crystals showed an average FWHM coincidence time resolution of [Formula: see text] ps using the same timing scheme. All experiments were performed at room temperature with no thermal regulation. These results show that excellent time resolution for ToF can be achieved with a highly multiplexed analog SiPM readout.
Intravenous angiotensin II for the treatment of high-output shock (ATHOS trial): a pilot study (2014)

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01393782. Registered 12 July 2011.
[Spectrometric determination of trace elements in Tricholoma giganteum Massee]. (2008)

The eight trace elements in Tricholoma giganteum Massee, including K, Ca, Na, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu, were determined simultaneously by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The relative standard deviation of the method is 0.1%-2.2%, and the recovery is 98.1%-106.4%. The analytical results were satisfactory. The results showed that some elements essential to human such as Zn, K, Ca, Mg and Mn in Tricholoma giganteum Massee are abundant, implying that the nutritive value of Tricholoma giganteum Massee is high.
Stimuli-Responsive Surfaces Utilizing Cleavable Polymer Brush Layers (2009)

A new set of materials has been developed that allow for the preparation of coatings with stimuli-responsive surfaces relying on acid-sensitive polymer brush layers. A functionalized methacrylate monomer, 5-(2-bromo-2-methylpropanoyloxy)-2,5-dimethylhexan-2-yl methacrylate, was synthesized and added to a photopolymerizable solution consisting of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylate, N-vinylpyrrolidone, 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol trimethacrylate, and 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone. Thin films of this solution were spin-coated onto silicon wafers and cured. These substrates were placed into a reactor under atom transfer radical polymerization conditions which accomplished the growth of a polystyrene polymer brush layer from the photopolymer surface. Because of the acid-sensitive nature of the brush tether group, the brush layers could be selectively cleaved from the surface by treatment with a p-toluenesulfonic acid/dioxane solution. All surfaces were fully characterized before and after modification. The cleaved polymer from the brush layer was collected and characterized using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).
A new Escherichia coli cell division gene, ftsK (1995)

A mutation in a newly discovered Escherichia coli cell division gene, ftsK, causes a temperature-sensitive late-stage block in division but does not affect chromosome replication or segregation. This defect is specifically suppressed by deletion of dacA, coding for the peptidoglycan DD-carboxypeptidase, PBP 5. FtsK is a large polypeptide (147 kDa) consisting of an N-terminal domain with several predicted membrane-spanning regions, a proline-glutamine-rich domain, and a C-terminal domain with a nucleotide-binding consensus sequence. FtsK has extensive sequence identity with a family of proteins from a wide variety of prokaryotes and plasmids. The plasmid proteins are required for intercellular DNA transfer, and one of the bacterial proteins (the SpoIIIE protein of Bacillus subtilis) has also been implicated in intracellular chromosomal DNA transfer.
The integumentary system: anatomy, physiology and function of skin (2012)

This article, which forms part of the life sciences series, examines the anatomy and physiology of skin, also termed the integumentary system. Skin is composed of two main layers, the epidermis and dermis. The structure of the epidermis and dermis are described and their functions are discussed. Accessory structures, such as nails and hair are also considered. Although many diseases of the skin exist, two common conditions – psoriasis and decubitus ulcers – are described in this article.
Calcium and vitamin D modulate mouse colon epithelial proliferation and growth characteristics of a human colon tumor cell line (1987)

The role of calcium and vitamin D in the prevention of colorectal cancer is only now being investigated at the organismal, cellular, and molecular biologic levels. Recent epidemiologic studies have supported the hypothesis that dietary calcium and vitamin D may be related to a reduced risk for colon cancer. The evidence from laboratory investigations in animals and in cell culture also indicate a possible preventative effect. Addition of calcium and vitamin D to the roster of developmental cancer chemopreventative agents for further research is warranted.
Improvement of Physical Health and Quality of Life of Alcohol-Dependent Individuals With Topiramate Treatment<subtitle>US Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle> (2008)

Topiramate appears to be generally effective at improving the drinking outcomes and physical and psychosocial well-being of alcoholic subjects.
Chronic active hepatitis associated with antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1: A second type of “autoimmune” hepatitis (1987)

Sixty-five patients with histologically proven chronic active hepatitis of unknown cause but associated with the antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1, confirmed by immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation, were selected as forming a special entity. This disease was found to be rare with a prevalence of 5/1,000,000. The female to male ratio was 8:1. The condition occurred at all ages but was most common between the ages of 2 and 14 years. In 22 of the 65 cases, the hepatitis was associated with an autoimmune disease, most commonly insulin-dependent diabetes, autoimmune thyroid disease and vitiligo. The same autoimmune diseases were present in first-degree relatives from seven families. In 36 cases, the onset of disease resembled acute viral hepatitis. Serum biochemical tests showed marked elevation in aminotransaminases and hypergammaglobulinemia. Paradoxically, serum and salivary IgA levels were often normal or low. Histologic findings were multifocal hepatic necrosis with bridging in the acute stage, and aggressive hepatitis with mononuclear cell infiltration or macronodular cirrhosis in the late stages. Serologically, apart from the presence of antiliver/kidney microsome antibody type 1, the disease was characterized by the absence of antiactin, antimitochondria and antinucleus antibodies; however, organ-specific autoantibodies were often present. The clinical course was usually severe: six patients in the acute stage presented with fulminant hepatitis, and all, except two, other patients progressed to cirrhosis. Prolonged treatment with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants was usually effective in rendering the cirrhosis inactive. The cumulative survival rate was 51% at 14 years. We propose to call this entity "anti-LKM1 chronic active hepatitis" or "autoimmune hepatitis type II" to differentiate it from classical "lupoid hepatitis" or autoimmune hepatitis type I.
A Cytokinin Oxidase in Zea mays (1974)

An enzyme activity that catalyzes conversion of N 6 -(Δ 2 -isopentenyl)adenosine (i 6 Ado) to adenosine was detected in cultured tobacco tissue by Pačes et al. (1971) (Plant Physiol. 48, 775–778). Purification and characteristics of this enzyme in corn kernels have been studied. Only the naturally occurring cytokinins i 6 Ado and ribosylzeatin serve as substrates; the nucleoside or free base works equally as well. The reaction requires oxygen. An unstable intermediate appears to be the primary reaction product. This product decomposes to adenosine.The enzyme activity is greatest at pH 5–7. It is independent of added magnesium. The molecular weight of the enzyme is about 88 000. The activity of the enzyme in corn kernels increases from the time of pollination to about 21 days.A nucleoside hydrolase is isolated with i 6 Ado oxidase. The activities can be partially separated by G-150 gel filtration. The hydrolase is less stable than the i 6 Ado oxidase and frozen preparations lose their activity after 2 months, whereas i 6 Ado oxidase is stable under these conditions.
Methanocarba Modification of Uracil and Adenine Nucleotides:  High Potency of Northern Ring Conformation at P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y11 but Not P2Y6 Receptors (2001)

The potency of nucleotide antagonists at P2Y1 receptors was enhanced by replacing the ribose moiety with a constrained carbocyclic ring (Nandanan, et al. J. Med. Chem. 2000, 43, 829-842). We have now synthesized ring-constrained methanocarba analogues (in which a fused cyclopropane moiety constrains the pseudosugar ring) of adenine and uracil nucleotides, the endogenous activators of P2Y receptors. Methanocarba-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was fixed in either a Northern (N) or a Southern (S) conformation, as defined in the pseudorotational cycle. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine was prepared from the 1-amino-pseudosugar ring by treatment with beta-ethoxyacryloyl cyanate and cyclization to form the uracil ring. Phosphorylation was carried out at the 5'-hydroxyl group through a multistep process: Reaction with phosphoramidite followed by oxidation provided the 5'-monophosphates, which then were treated with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole for condensation with additional phosphate groups. The ability of the analogues to stimulate phospholipase C through activation of turkey P2Y1 or human P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, and P2Y11 receptors stably expressed in astrocytoma cells was measured. At recombinant human P2Y1 and P2Y2 receptors, (N)-methanocarba-ATP was 138- and 41-fold, respectively, more potent than racemic (S)-methanocarba-ATP as an agonist. (N)-methanocarba-ATP activated P2Y11 receptors with a potency similar to ATP. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-triphosphate (UTP) was equipotent to UTP as an agonist at human P2Y2 receptors and also activated P2Y4 receptors with an EC(50) of 85 nM. (N)-Methanocarba-uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP) was inactive at the hP2Y6 receptor. The vascular effects of (N)-methanocarba-UTP and (N)-methanocarba-UDP were studied in a model of the rat mesenteric artery. The triphosphate was more potent than UTP in inducing a dilatory P2Y4 response (pEC(50) = 6.1 +/- 0.2), while the diphosphate was inactive as either an agonist or antagonist in a P2Y6 receptor-mediated contractile response. Our results suggest that new nucleotide agonists may be designed on the basis of the (N) conformation that favors selectivity for P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y11 receptors.
Pak3 Promotes Cell Cycle Exit and Differentiation of β-Cells in the Embryonic Pancreas and Is Necessary to Maintain Glucose Homeostasis in Adult Mice (2013)

The transcription factor neurogenin3 (Ngn3) triggers islet cell differentiation in the developing pancreas. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms coupling cell cycle exit and differentiation in Ngn3(+) islet progenitors. We identified a novel effector of Ngn3 endocrinogenic function, the p21 protein-activated kinase Pak3, known to control neuronal differentiation and implicated in X-linked intellectual disability in humans. We show that Pak3 expression is initiated in Ngn3(+) endocrine progenitor cells and next maintained in maturing hormone-expressing cells during pancreas development as well as in adult islet cells. In Pak3-deficient embryos, the proliferation of Ngn3(+) progenitors and β-cells is transiently increased concomitantly with an upregulation of Ccnd1. β-Cell differentiation is impaired at E15.5 but resumes at later stages. Pak3-deficient mice do not develop overt diabetes but are glucose intolerant under high-fat diet (HFD). In the intestine, Pak3 is expressed in enteroendocrine cells but is not necessary for their differentiation. Our results indicate that Pak3 is a novel regulator of β-cell differentiation and function. Pak3 acts downstream of Ngn3 to promote cell cycle exit and differentiation in the embryo by a mechanism that might involve repression of Ccnd1. In the adult, Pak3 is required for the proper control of glucose homeostasis under challenging HFD.
A solvent I detergent treated, pasteurised and highly purified factor VIII concentrate. (1994)

In an assessment of the risks of virus transmission by clotting concentrates it is clear that the currently practised procedures for virus inactivation are not equally effective against all types of viruses; neither a pasteurisation nor the solvent detergent (SID) process alone are adequate enough to inactivate viruses that are strongly resistant to heat and organic solvents. In this context, human parvovirus B19 and hepatitis A virus (HAV) are of particular concern. In order to improve this situation which still poses a risk to the haemophiliac patients, a more effective pasteurisation process has been developed that could be easily applied to an already well established factor VIII (FVIII) process in addition to the SID-treatment. Experiments using temperatures above 60 degrees C were performed prompted by two recent publications, which demonstrate that HAV becomes instable at temperatures exceeding 62 degrees C. It is the purpose of this paper to present the following progress: achievement of a pasteurisation procedure for FVIII at 63 degrees C for 10 h with no discernible change in the structure of the factor VIII/von Willebrand factor (FVIII/VWF) complex owing to a newly developed composition of stabilizers; application of this pasteurisation procedure to a purified FVIII fraction that has already been submitted to a SID-treatment: Doing so, two independent virus inactivation steps are performed as previously recommended by the International Association of Biological Standardization (IABS). Introduction of a second purification step on an anion exchange resin, achieving an additional virus reduction over the presently manufactured FVIII preparation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Co-amplification of multiple regions of the HIV-1 genome by the polymerase chain reaction: potential use in multiple diagnosis. (1989)

We have used the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect by co-amplification, multiple regions of the HIV-1 genome in infected cells. Genomic RNA and DNA from productively infected H9 cells were independently extracted and amplified in reactions with and without reverse transcriptase respectively using primer pairs to the gag, env, tat and nef regions of the viral genome in the same reaction mixture. PCR-products were analysed by liquid hybridization with end labelled oligonucleotide probes followed by gel-electrophoresis (oligomer hybridization). The primer pairs were capable of detecting as few as 10 copies of RNA and 10-20 copies of integrated proviral DNA. The ability to co-amplify multiple target regions in the same incubation mixture provides a method for detecting and confirming the presence of HIV-1 in samples for which limited nucleic acid is available. In addition, in reconstitution experiments, the same method was used to detect HIV-1 and HTLV-I simultaneously with comparable sensitivity (20-40 gene copies each). This offers the possibility of simultaneous diagnosis of multiple viral infections, such as those that occur in AIDS, on the same sample preparation.
New Phototriggers 9:  p-Hydroxyphenacyl as a C-Terminal Photoremovable Protecting Group for Oligopeptides (2000)

In our search for a more versatile protecting group that would exhibit fast release rates for peptides, we have designed and developed the p-hydroxyphenacyl (pHP) group as a new photoremovable protecting group. We report the application of this protecting group for the dipeptide Ala-Ala (1) and for the nonapeptide bradykinin (2), two representative peptides that demonstrate C-terminus “caging” and photorelease. The synthesis of these p-hydroxyphenacyl esters was accomplished in good yields by DBU-catalyzed displacement of bromide from p-hydroxyphenacyl bromide. As in the case of caged γ-amino acids 11 (pHP glu) and 12 (pHP GABA) and caged nucleotide 17 (pHP ATP) reported earlier,1,2 irradiations of the p-hydroxyphenacyl esters of 1 and 2 actuate the release of the peptides with rate constants that are consistently greater than 108 s-1 and appearance efficiencies (Φapp) that range from 0.1 to 0.3. Release of the substrate is accompanied by a deep-seated rearrangement of the protecting group into the near-UV silent p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (6). Quenching studies of pHP Ala-Ala (7) with either sodium 2-naphthalenesulfonate or potassium sorbate gave good Stern−Volmer kinetics yielding a rate constant for release of 1.82 × 108 s-1. Quenching of the phosphorescence emission from pHP Ala-Ala (7, ET = 70.1 kcal/mol) and pHP GABA (12, ET = 68.9 kcal/mol) were also observed. The biological efficacy of bradykinin released from pHP bradykinin (9) was examined on single rat sensory neurons grown in tissue culture. A single 337 nm flash (<1 ns) released sufficient bradykinin from the p-hydroxyphenacyl protected nonapeptide to activate cell-surface bradykinin receptors as indicated by a rapid increase in the intracellular calcium concentration. A selective antagonist of type 2 bradykinin receptors blocked the biological response. From these results, it is apparent that flash photolysis of p-hydroxyphenacyl protected peptides provides a powerful tool for the rapid and localized activation of biological receptors.
Ab initiocalculations for a hypothetical material: Silicon nanotubes (2000)

Electronic and structural properties of a hypothetical material, silicon nanotubes, are examined through first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Even considering that Si nanotubes have never been observed, this paper attempts to establish the theoretical similarities between Si and C, like band structures and density of states, as well as the main differences, especially associated with cohesive energies. The band-structure calculations for silicon nanotubes show that, similar to carbon structures, depending on their chiralities, they may present metallic (armchair) or semiconductor (zigzag and mixed) behaviors.