gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Classifying Peer-to-Peer Technologies (2003)

Popularized by Napster and Gnutella file sharing solutions, peer-to-peer (P2P) computing has suddenly emerged at the forefront of Internet computing. The basic notion of cooperative computing and resource sharing has been around for quite some time, although these new applications have opened up possibilities of very flexible web-based information sharing. This article provides a frame-work for classifying current and future P2P technologies. The main motivation for the classification is to identify basic characteristics of P2P applications so that the infrastructure to support P2P computing can concentrate on these basic characteristics.
Effects of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, a marker of oxidative stress, on the cyclooxygenase-2 of human placenta in chorioamnionitis (2004)

Chorioamnionitis (CAM) is one of the causes of preterm labour. A recent study has indicated that NADPH oxidase, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzyme, is activated in CAM. CAM is thought to be closely associated with oxidative stress. We have hypothesized that oxidative stress in CAM may induce preterm labour. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), which is a marker of oxidative stress, on human placenta during preterm labour. We initially examined the HNE-modified proteins in human placentas by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry using anti-HNE antibody. To examine the effect of HNE on human placenta, we stimulated human placental tissue with HNE. The expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were observed by RT-PCR and western blot analysis respectively. Furthermore, we measured the peroxidase activity of COX-2 by COX activity assay kit. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in the supernatants of placental tissue was also determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry showed that the levels of HNE-modified proteins were increased in the placentas with CAM, compared to the normal placenta. HNE induced the expression of COX-2 mRNA, protein and activity in the placental tissue culture stimulated with HNE. In addition, PGE(2) was also released into the medium in a time-dependent fashion. These findings suggest that HNE-modified proteins, which were increased in the placenta with CAM, play an important role in preterm labour.
UDP‐L‐arabinose‐hydroxyproline‐O‐glycosyltransferases in Volvox carteri (1987)

Hydroxyproline‐containing peptides of different length and amino acid sequence have been used to demonstrate UDP‐L‐arabinose‐hydroxyproline‐ O ‐glycosyltransferases in a crude microsomal fraction from the green alga Volvox carteri . The formation of O ‐glycosidic linkages by transfer of UDP‐activated arabinose to the side chain of hydroxyproline was concluded from the resistance of the glycopeptides under the basic conditions of β‐elimination and their susceptibility to hydrolysis by trifluoroacetic acid. This treatment yielded arabinose as the only cleavage product. Arabinose transfer to the various peptide substrates was found to be stimulated by low concentrations of detergent, to require divalent cations and to proceed optimally at pH values around 7.0. The smallest arabinose acceptor peptide was the tripeptide Tyr‐Hyp‐Lys. The glycosyl acceptor electivity increased with increasing numbers of repeated hydroxyproline residues, suggesting that hydroxyproline clusters critically affect substrate recognition by the Volvox transferase(s).
Plasma surface modification of polymers for improved adhesion: a critical review (1993)

Since the earliest systematic research during the 1960s, the field of materials surface modification by 'cold', low-pressure plasma treatment has undergone an enormous expansion. Much of this expansion has taken place in recent years, particularly in the surface modification of polymeric materials, for which there now exist numerous industrial applications (enhancement of paint adhesion, improved bonding in polymer matrix composites, etc.). In this paper, we provide a critical review of the development and trends in this field; reference is also made to other surface modification techniques, particularly to corona treatment, and comparisons are made wherever appropriate. We begin with a brief overview of adhesion theory, and of the physics and chemistry of 'cold' plasmas. Next, interaction mechanisms between a plasma and a polymer surface are examined; these include physical bombardment by energetic particles and by ultraviolet photons, and chemical reactions at or near the surface. The resulting four main effects, namely cleaning, ablation, crosslinking, and surface chemical modification, occur together in a complex synergy, which depends on many parameters controlled by the operator. In spite of this complexity, for there are still many unanswered questions, it is nevertheless possible to optimize the main set of parameters governing a given process, and then to reliably reproduce the process outcome. Three industrially important systems, for which many research results exist, are then separately examined, namely: (i) polymer-polymer bonding, (ii) polymer-matrix composites, and (iii) metal-polymer bonding. Finally, we present a brief overview of commercial plasma reactors for industrial (non-semiconductor) purposes, and of process considerations for efficient use of such equipment. We foresee that the use of plasma processes will continue to expand, because they have unique capabilities, are economically attractive, and are 'friendly' towards the environment.
Cultivation of cell‐polymer cartilage implants in bioreactors (1993)

Cartilage implants for potential use in reconstructive or orthopedic surgery can be created by growing isolated cartilage cells (chondrocytes) in vitro on synthetic, biodegradable polymer scaffolds. The scaffolds provide specific three-dimensional structures which support cell proliferation and biodegrade in a controlled fashion in parallel to cellular regeneration of cartilaginous tissue. Cartilage implants based on chondrocytes and fibrous polyglycolic acid scaffolds were recently shown to closely resemble normal cartilage histologically as well as with respect to cell density and matrix composition (collagen, glycosaminoglycan) [Freed et al., J Biomed Mater Res 27:11-23, 1993a]. These findings form the basis for developing straightforward procedures to obtain implants for clinical use from small, autologous cartilage specimens without any limitations in terms of availability of donor tissue or implant dimensions. Chondrocyte growth and cartilage matrix regeneration on polymer scaffolds are interdependent and also depend on in vitro tissue culture conditions. Under static culture conditions, cell growth rates are diffusionally limited due to increasing cell mass and decreasing effective implant porosity resulting from cartilage matrix regeneration. Optimization of the in vitro culture environment is thus essential for the cultivation of large, clinically useful cartilage implants. Preliminary studies indicate that major improvements can be achieved using bioreactors that provide efficient mass transfer and controlled shear rates at the cell and implant surfaces.
MADS-box genes and crop domestication: the jack of all traits (2018)

MADS-box genes are key regulators of virtually every aspect of plant reproductive development. They play especially prominent roles in flowering time control, inflorescence architecture, floral organ identity determination, and seed development. The developmental and evolutionary importance of MADS-box genes is widely acknowledged. However, their role during flowering plant domestication is less well recognized. Here, we provide an overview illustrating that MADS-box genes have been important targets of selection during crop domestication and improvement. Numerous examples from a diversity of crop plants show that various developmental processes have been shaped by allelic variations in MADS-box genes. We propose that new genomic and genome editing resources provide an excellent starting point for further harnessing the potential of MADS-box genes to improve a variety of reproductive traits in crops. We also suggest that the biophysics of MADS-domain protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, which is becoming increasingly well characterized, makes them especially suited to exploit coding sequence variations for targeted breeding approaches.
Missense Mutation in the Pore Region of HERG Causes Familial Long QT Syndrome (1996)

We conclude that the Ile593Arg missense mutation in HERG is the cause of LQT in this family because it segregates with disease, its presence was confirmed in three ways, and it is not found in normal individuals. The Ile593Arg mutation may result in a change in potassium selectivity and permeability leading to a loss of HERG function, thereby resulting in LQT.
Fcgamma receptor expression levels on monocytes are elevated in rheumatoid arthritis patients with high erythrocyte sedimentation rate who do not use anti-rheumatic drugs (2003)

These data point to the involvement of FcgammaRs, specifically FcgammaRIIa and IIIa, in the immune response of RA and suggest that FcgammaR expression levels are susceptible to modulation by DMARD therapy.
Histone demethylase JMJD2B coordinates H3K4/H3K9 methylation and promotes hormonally responsive breast carcinogenesis (2011)

It is well-documented that the methylation of histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4) and of H3K9 are mutually exclusive, an epigenetic phenomenon conserved from yeast to humans. How this opposed methylation modification is accomplished and coordinated in mammalian cells is poorly understood. Here we report that the H3K9 trimethyl demethylase JMJD2B is an integral component of the H3K4-specific methyltransferase, the mixed-lineage leukemia (MLL) 2 complex. We show that the JMJD2B/MLL2 complex is copurified with estrogen receptor α (ERα) and is required for ERα-regulated transcription. We demonstrate that H3K9 demethylation and H3K4 methylation are coordinated in ERα-activated transcription such that H3K9 demethylation is a prerequisite for H3K4 methylation. Significantly, depletion of JMJD2B impairs the estrogen-induced G(1)/S transition of the cell cycle in vitro and inhibits breast tumorigenesis in vivo. Interestingly, JMJD2B itself is an ERα target gene, and forms a feed-forward regulatory loop in regulation of the hormone response. Our results provide a molecular basis for the coordinated H3K4 methylation/H3K9 demethylation in transcription activation, link the trimethyl demethylase JMJD2B to euchromatin functions, and provide a mechanism for JMJD2B in breast carcinogenesis.
Sequence-specific Peptide Aptamers, Interacting with the Intracellular Domain of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, Interfere with Stat3 Activation and Inhibit the Growth of Tumor Cells (2003)

Receptor tyrosine kinases of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor family regulate essential cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation but also play central roles in the etiology and progression of tumors. We have identified short peptide sequences from a random peptide library integrated into the thioredoxin scaffold protein, which specifically bind to the intracellular domain of the EGF receptor (EGFR). These molecules have the potential to selectively inhibit specific aspects of EGF receptor signaling and might become valuable as anticancer agents. Intracellular expression of the aptamer encoding gene construct KDI1 or introduction of bacterially expressed KDI1 via a protein transduction domain into EGFR-expressing cells results in KDI1.EGF receptor complex formation, a slower proliferation, and reduced soft agar colony formation. Aptamer KDI1 did not summarily block the EGF receptor tyrosine kinase activity but selectively interfered with the EGF-induced phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues 845, 1068, and 1148 as well as the phosphorylation of tyrosine 317 of p46 Shc. EGF-induced phosphorylation of Stat3 at tyrosine 705 and Stat3-dependent transactivation were also impaired. Transduction of a short synthetic peptide aptamer sequence not embedded into the scaffold protein resulted in the same impairment of EGF-induced Stat3 activation.
ODE (2009)

Online databases respond to a user query with result records encoded in HTML files. Data extraction, which is important for many applications, extracts the records from the HTML files automatically. We present a novel data extraction method, ODE (Ontology-assisted Data Extraction), which automatically extracts the query result records from the HTML pages. ODE first constructs an ontology for a domain according to information matching between the query interfaces and query result pages from different Web sites within the same domain. Then, the constructed domain ontology is used during data extraction to identify the query result section in a query result page and to align and label the data values in the extracted records. The ontology-assisted data extraction method is fully automatic and overcomes many of the deficiencies of current automatic data extraction methods. Experimental results show that ODE is extremely accurate for identifying the query result section in an HTML page, segmenting the query result section into query result records, and aligning and labeling the data values in the query result records.
Architectures for personalized multimedia (1994)

Personalized multimedia on-demand services are fast evolving from a symbiosis of storage, network, and content providers. A major obstacle to their practical realization is the unprecedented cost of storage and transmission. Architectures and caching techniques can minimize the costs of delivering personalized multimedia programs across metropolitan networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The hazards of fame Gillian Rubenstein talks to Jeri Kroll (1990)

Fame can be exhausting. Space Demons and Skymaze brought Gillian Rubenstein to national prominence. Last year. Beyond The Labyrinth won Book of the Year for Older Readers, while Answers to Brut and Melanie and the Night Animal gained honour book status in the Children's Book Awards. Rubenstein found herself travelling far and wide as a result of her success. The Word Festival in Canberra. Allwrite! in Adelaide, National English Week and Children's Book Week tours, stints in Tasmania and Sydney. That was 1989 for Gillian Rubenstein.
In Situ Growth Rates and Biofilm Development of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Populations in Chronic Lung Infections (2007)

The growth dynamics of bacterial pathogens within infected hosts are a fundamental but poorly understood feature of most infections. We have focused on the in situ distribution and growth characteristics of two prevailing and transmissible Pseudomonas aeruginosa clones that have caused chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients for more than 20 years. We used fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) directly on sputum specimens to examine the spatial distribution of the infecting P. aeruginosa cells. Mucoid variants were present in sputum as cell clusters surrounded by an extracellular matrix, whereas nonmucoid variants were present mainly as dispersed cells. To obtain estimates of the growth rates of P. aeruginosa in CF lungs, we used quantitative FISH to indirectly measure growth rates of bacteria in sputum samples (reflecting the in vivo lung conditions). The concentration of rRNA in bacteria isolated from sputa was measured and correlated with the rRNA contents of the same bacteria growing in vitro at defined rates. The results showed that most cells were actively growing with doubling times of between 100 and 200 min, with some growing even faster. Only a small stationary-phase subpopulation seemed to be present in sputa. This was found for both mucoid and nonmucoid variants despite their different organizations in sputum. The results suggest that the bacterial population may be confronted with selection forces that favor optimized growth activities. This scenario constitutes a new perspective on the adaptation and evolution of P. aeruginosa during chronic infections in CF patients in particular and on long-term infections in general.
A low power GaAs front-end IC with current-reuse configuration using 0.15 μm gate MODFETs (2002)

We have developed a novel current-reuse configuration of front-end IC, where the current can be reused in the whole circuit blocks such as low noise amplifier, local amplifier and mixer. The power dissipation is reduced by the factor of three. Excellent high frequency performance such as conversion gain of 30 dB and NF of 1.6 dB at 1.5 GHz is attained under the conditions of supply voltage and current of 3.6 V and 3 mA, respectively.
A Reactive Metabolite of Furan, cis-2-Butene-1,4-dial, Is Mutagenic in the Ames Assay (2000)

Furan is classified as a nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogen. It is thought to be activated to a toxic metabolite, cis-2-butene-1,4-dial, which is acutely toxic to liver cells. The resulting cytotoxicity is followed by compensatory cell proliferation, increasing the likelihood of tumor production. We examined the genotoxic activity of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial in several strains of Salmonella typhimurium commonly used in the Ames assay. This reactive compound tested positive in TA104, a strain that is sensitive to aldehydes. Mutagenic activity was concentration-dependent (1000 +/- 180 revertants/micromol). Incubation of cis-2-butene-1,4-dial with glutathione prior to addition of bacteria inhibited both the acute toxic and genotoxic activity of this compound. No evidence of mutagenic activity was seen at nontoxic concentrations in TA97, TA98, TA100, and TA102. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cis-2-butene-1,4-dial reacts with DNA to form mutagenic adducts. Our data suggest that cis-2-butene-1,4-dial may be an important genotoxic as well as toxic intermediate in furan-induced tumorigenesis.
<title>Context-based entropy coding of block transform coefficients for image compression</title> (2001)

It has been well established that state-of-the-art wavelet image coders outperform block transform image coders in the rate-distortion (R-D) sense by a wide margin. Wavelet-based JPEG2000 is emerging as the new high-performance international standard for still image compression. An often asked question is: how much better are wavelets comparing to block transforms in image coding? A notable observation is that each block transform coefficient is highly correlated with its neighbors within the same block as well as its neighbors within the same subband. Current block transform coders such as JPEG suffer from poor context modeling and fail to take full advantage of inter-block correlation in both space and frequency sense. This paper presents a simple, fast and efficient adaptive block transform image coding algorithm based on a combination of pre-filtering, post-filtering, and high-order space-frequency context modeling of block transform coefficients. Despite the simplicity constraints, coding results show that the proposed codec achieves competitive R-D performance comparing to the best wavelet codecs.
Functional genomics and disease in 2003 (2003)

2003 is a highly celebratory year for genomics, with the 50th anniversary of the publication of the double helical structure of DNA (April 1953) and the announcement of the completion of the human genome sequence (April 2003). The structure of DNA, arguably the most important biological advance of the 20th century, and the human genome project have fundamentally affected our view of biology. The determination of the DNA structure, in a union of physics, chemistry and biology, revealed how information is encoded by genes and how those genes are replicated; the completion of the human genome sequence offers the prospect of disease prediction, prevention and cure, as well as a deeper understanding of our own evolution. Having determined the informational content of many genomes as specified in the DNA, we are now moving on to elucidating how gene products function and how the chemistry of life is translated into complex cellular organization. This is the area covered by functional genomics, the exploration of gene function on a global scale. Functional genomics makes use of revolutionary technological advances, characteristically capable of very high sample throughput and producing vast amounts of data, which require computational processing for interpretation. Array technologies have proved particularly powerful. DNA arrays can reveal genetic variation or monitor expression of integrated sets or all of the genes of an organism at the mRNA level in one experiment, with small samples of tissue; the more recent antibody arrays can similarly reveal the protein levels, while protein or whole-proteome chips give the opportunity for parallel functional analysis. The ‘classical’ proteomics approaches of high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or liquid chromatography, combined with mass spectrometry, are capable of separating and identifying thousands of proteins, revealing changes in protein expression and the composition of intracellular protein complexes. Protein–protein interactions can be analysed in vivo by the yeast twohybrid approach and its derivatives. Antibodies, the most familiar form of binding molecules, are again proving their immense value in analysing proteins of unknown function identified from the genome sequence. Elegant knockdown strategies, such as RNAi or mutagenesis approaches, can specifically silence or alter individual genes, the effects of which can be observed on a global scale in genetically amenable ‘model organisms’ such as yeast,
Optimization of anisotropically etched silicon surface-relief gratings for substrate-mode optical interconnects (2006)

The optimum profiles of right-angle-face anisotropically etched silicon surface-relief gratings illuminated at normal incidence for substrate-mode optical interconnects are determined for TE, TM, and random linear (RL) polarizations. A simulated annealing algorithm in conjunction with the rigorous coupled-wave analysis is used. The optimum diffraction efficiencies of the -1 forward-diffracted order are 37.3%, 67.1%, and 51.2% for TE-, TM-, and RL-polarization-optimized profiles, respectively. Also, the sensitivities to grating thickness, slant angle, and incident angle of the optimized profiles are presented.
Kinetics of intravenous and intramuscular morphine (1978)

The disposition of parenteral morphine was assessed in two pharmacokinetic studies. In Study 1, 10 mg of morphine sulfate was administered by intravenous (IV) infusion, intramuscular (1M) injection, or both, to 8 healthy young adult male volunteers. Plasma morphine concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in multiple blood samples drawn after each dose. Mean (±SE) kinetic parameters following IV morphine were: volume of distribution (V d ), 3.2 (±0.3) Llkg; elimination half‐life (t ½ β ), 2.9 (±0.5) hr; clearance, 14.7 (±0.9) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.70 (±0.04). After IM morphine, peak plasma levels ranged from 51 to 62 ng/ml and were reached within 20 min of injection. The absorption half‐life averaged 7.7 (±1.6) min. Systemic availability was 100% complete. In study 2, 4 elderly male patients (61 to 80 yr of age) received 45 to 80 mg of morphine sulfate IV prior to operative repair of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Morphine pharmacokinetics were determined as described above. Kinetic variables were: V d , 4.7 (±0.2) L/kg; t ½ β 4.5 (±0.3) hr; clearance, 12.4 (±1.2) ml/min/kg; extraction ratio, 0.59 (±0.05). Both studies demonstrate that morphine distribution is rapid and extensive and its t ½ β relatively short. IM morphine is rapidly and completely absorbed.