gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fiber-Bragg-grating pair interferometer sensor with improved multiplexing capacity and high resolution (2003)

A new technique for the monitoring and multiplexing of fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) sensors is described. The sensing elements - low-finesse Fabry-Perot interferometers formed with FBG pairs - are reflectively monitored with a linearly chirped Er:fiber laser. This reflected signal is convolved with a reference waveform which varies at a frequency proportional to the optical length of each sensor to 1) obtain a coarse measurement of FBG reflectance peak frequency and 2) refine this measurement using the phase of the convolved signal. Multiplexed sensors of different lengths are distinguished even though the reflectance spectra for the sensors may overlap or even coincide. A spectral resolution of 0.045 GHz (0.36 pm), corresponding to a temperature resolution of 0.035/spl deg/C, was achieved.
The mystery of the origin of multiple sclerosis. (1986)

Our present understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed in relation to the views of Sir William Gowers. He perceived that both environmental and genetic factors might be implicated in the aetiology of the disease. Evidence for the former was first reported in 1903, but has become convincing only in the past 20 years; the nature of the environmental factor remains obscure. Evidence for a genetic influence on susceptibility has accumulated since the 1930s, the most compelling coming from the recent Canadian twin study. The number and mode of operation of the genetic factors is still uncertain, but there is evidence for the implication of genetically controlled cellular immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of the disease. The precise relationship between transient changes in immunological status and the development of new lesions has yet to be defined; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) promises to play a significant role in this analysis because of its sensitivity in detecting abnormalities in multiple sclerosis. MRI is not in itself specific; it is probable that the similar appearances in multiple sclerosis and cerebral vascular disease both derive at least in part from the influence of astrocytic gliosis on proton content and distribution. The significance of the gliosis is uncertain. Gowers believed that the primary defect in multiple sclerosis lay in the astrocyte. Recent observations on the immunological functions of this cell in vitro suggest that it could be involved early in the pathogenesis of the lesion.
Wiring the Brain: The Biology of Neuronal Guidance (2010)

The mammalian brain is the most complex organ in the body. It controls all aspects of our bodily functions and interprets the world around us through our senses. It defines us as human beings through our memories and our ability to plan for the future. Crucial to all these functions is how the brain is wired in order to perform these tasks. The basic map of brain wiring occurs during embryonic and postnatal development through a series of precisely orchestrated developmental events regulated by specific molecular mechanisms. Below we review the most important features of mammalian brain wiring derived from work in both mammals and in nonmammalian species. These mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, simply becoming more complex in the mammalian brain. This fascinating area of biology is uncovering the essence of what makes the mammalian brain able to perform the everyday tasks we take for granted, as well as those which give us the ability for extraordinary achievement.
A Zn-Dependent Metallopeptidase Is Responsible for Sensitivity to LsbB, a Class II Leaderless Bacteriocin of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGMN1-5 (2013)

Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis BGMN1-5 produces a leaderless class II bacteriocin called LsbB. To identify the receptor for LsbB, a cosmid library of the LsbB-sensitive strain BGMN1-596 was constructed. About 150 cosmid clones were individually isolated and transferred to LsbB-resistant mutants of BGMN1-596. Cosmid pAZILcos/MN2, carrying a 40-kb insert, was found to restore LsbB sensitivity in LsbB-resistant mutants. Further subcloning revealed that a 1.9-kb fragment, containing only one open reading frame, was sufficient to restore sensitivity. The fragment contains the gene yvjB coding for a Zn-dependent membrane-bound metallopeptidase, suggesting that this gene may serve as the receptor for LsbB. Further support for this notion derives from several independent experiments: (i) whole-genome sequencing confirmed that all LsbB-resistant mutants contain mutations in yvjB; (ii) disruption of yvjB by direct gene knockout rendered sensitive strains BGMN1-596 and IL1403 resistant to LsbB; and (iii) most compellingly, heterologous expression of yvjB in naturally resistant strains of other species, such as Lactobacillus paracasei and Enterococcus faecalis, also rendered them sensitive to the bacteriocin. To our knowledge, this is the first time a membrane-bound peptidase gene has been shown to be involved in bacteriocin sensitivity in target cells. We also demonstrated a novel successful approach for identifying bacteriocin receptors.
Chimeric fusion proteins--Pseudomonas exotoxin-based. (2001)

Recombinant fusion toxins have several potential advantages over conventional immunotoxin chemical conjugates, including (i) a defined toxin-ligand junction; (ii) efficient and relatively inexpensive production in large scale from bacteria; (iii) shorter plasma half-lives which might avoid diffuse endothelial damage which leads to vascular leak syndrome (VLS); and (iv) ability to genetically engineer mutations in the recombinant toxin to increase its potency or lower its non-specific toxicity. Two major varieties of recombinant fusion toxins include growth factor fusion toxins, containing a growth factor fused to truncated toxin, and recombinant immunotoxins, containing the variable fragments of an antibody fused to truncated toxin. In either case the ligand is used to bind selectively to tumor cells while the toxin kills the target cell following internalization. The bacterial toxins Pseudomonas exotoxin and diphtheria toxin are most often used for making recombinant fusion toxins. This review will focus on several agents containing truncated Pseudomonas exotoxin, which are undergoing preclinical and clinical development.
Steroidal thiadiazines (1980)

Abstract The reaction of 16α‐bromoketosteroids, 2α‐bromoketosteroids and 21‐bromoketosteroids with thiosemi‐carbazide in 2‐propanol produces the corresponding 2′‐amino‐1′,3′,4′‐thidiazinosteroids. Acetylation of the 2′‐aminothiadiazino‐compounds led to the diacetamidothiadiazinosteroids. The title compounds prepared were substantiated by examination of infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra.
Identification and preclinical characterization of AZ-23, a novel, selective, and orally bioavailable inhibitor of the Trk kinase pathway (2009)

Tropomyosin-related kinases (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC) are receptor tyrosine kinases that, along with their ligands, the neurotrophins, are involved in neuronal cell growth, development, and survival. The Trk-neurotrophin pathway may also play a role in tumorigenesis through oncogenic fusions, mutations, and autocrine signaling, prompting the development of novel Trk inhibitors as agents for cancer therapy. This report describes the identification of AZ-23, a novel, potent, and selective Trk kinase inhibitor. In vitro studies with AZ-23 showed improved selectivity over previous compounds and inhibition of Trk kinase activity in cells at low nanomolar concentrations. AZ-23 showed in vivo TrkA kinase inhibition and efficacy in mice following oral administration in a TrkA-driven allograft model and significant tumor growth inhibition in a Trk-expressing xenograft model of neuroblastoma. AZ-23 represents a potent and selective Trk kinase inhibitor from a novel series with the potential for use as a treatment for cancer.
Microdissection of Tissue Sections: Application to the Molecular Genetic Characterisation of Premalignant Lesions (2000)

The characterisation of the early molecular genetic events of tumor development depends on the selective procurement of histopathologically defined small cell populations from premalignant tissue. In order to obtain high-quality DNA, mRNA and proteins from these small tissue samples and even from single cells, tissue microdissection is one of the most useful techniques, becoming increasingly important for molecular pathologists. Using different microdissection techniques which allow the isolation of morphologically defined cell populations under direct visualisation, it is now feasible to study molecular genetic events that drive the multistep evolution in tumours. This review aims to present the current techniques of tissue microdissection and these techniques are discussed in the light of their ability to isolate premalignant cell populations in particular. Furthermore, we describe the subsequent application of several multiplex molecular analyses for characterising the microdissected premalignant cells. Applying these advanced techniques, alterations in the cellular DNA or the fluctuation of expressed genes that correlate with a particular stage of carcinogenesis can ultimately be compared within or between individual patients. Thus, these new technologies will have an enormous impact on molecular pathology with several diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications.
Neuropsychotrope Aktivität dopaminanaloger Piperidin‐ und Piperazinderivate (1979)

Abstract Die Beziehungen zwischen Struktur und neuropsychotroper Wirkung von 22 dopaminanalogen Piperidin‐ und Piperazinderivaten werden untersucht. Die aktivsten Verbindungen haben ein dem Haloperidol ähnliches Wirkungsspektrum und erreichen dieses in Dosierungsbereich und Wirkungsbreite. Die strukturelle Verwandtschaft zu dopaminanalogen 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolinen 1 findet auch im Wirkungsprofil ihre Entsprechung.
The Ontogeny of Thymic Independent Antibody Responses in Vitro in Normal Mice and Mice with an X-Linked B Cell Defect (1977)

Abstract The primary in vitro antibody response of neonatal spleen cells to three thymic independent antigens has been examined. The time of onset of responsiveness to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was significantly earlier than the onset of responsiveness to TNP-Ficoll. This ontologic sequence was not affected by T cell depletion or antigen presentation on adult macrophages. In neonatal mice bearing the X-linked CBA/N defect, the response to TNP-Brucella abortus and TNP-lipopolysaccharide was much delayed and no response to TNP-Ficoll developed. We conclude that different thymic independent antigens address different subpopulations of B cells, one of which appears earlier in ontogeny than the other.
Rumen Microbial Degradation of Potassium Hydroxide-treated Coastal Bermudagrass Leaf Blades Examined by Electron Microscopy (1980)

Potassium hydroxide-treated and untreated Coastal bermudagrass leaf blades were compared for variations in cell wall digestion by rumen microorganisms. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the relative rate and extent of cell wall digestion. Transmission electron microscopy was used to compare the manner of rumen bacterial degradation of treated and untreated tissues and cell walls. Potassium hydroxide treatment disrupted tissues, separating parenchyma bundle sheaths, inner bundle sheaths and sclerenchyma tissues into individual cells. Rumen microorganisms degraded the more easily digested tissues (mesophyll) and the more slowly degraded tissues (parenchyma bundle sheath and epidermis) faster in treated blades than in untreated blades. Alkali treatment of the slowly degradable cell walls resulted in decreased electron density (shown by transmission electron microscopy) and increased availability of cell walls to nearby and attached bacteria. Treated lignified cell walls were attacked by rumen bacteria and the intercellular layers were easily degraded, whereas similar untreated tissues were resistant to microbial attack. Potassium hydroxide treatment resulted in a substantial increase in protozoal association with leaf blades.
Catalytic Poisoning in Liquid-Phase Hydrogenation (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic Poisoning in Liquid-Phase HydrogenationA. Garrell Deem and Joseph E. KaveckisCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1941, 33, 11, 1373–1376Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50383a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50383a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (2001)

Measurement of erythrocyte 6-TG metabolite levels is helpful in determining the adequacy of azathioprine dosage and can be used to optimise the dose of antimetabolite therapy to achieve an improved clinical response without inducing leucopenia. Patients who are clinically refractory to azathioprine therapy despite achieving high erythrocyte 6-TG levels (>250) should be considered for adjunct or alternative forms of immunosuppressive therapy or surgery.
Intravenous Infusion of the NMDA Antagonist, Ketamine, in Chronic Posttraumatic Pain with Allodynia (1995)

NMDA antagonists and opioids relieve experimentally produced hyperalgesia in animals and humans, presumably by attenuating a heightened central nervous system response to afferent input. A few small studies in patients have suggested that intravenous boluses or rapid infusions of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine relieve some neuropathic pains but also produce disturbances of cognition and mood. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial, we treated eight patients with chronic posttraumatic pain and widespread mechanical allodynia with 2-h intravenous infusions of the NMDA antagonist ketamine (mean dose, 58 mg), the opioid mu-receptor agonist alfentanil (mean dose, 11 mg), and placebo. The patients were selected because extensive sensory testing suggested that altered central processing contributed to their symptoms. The slow rate of drug infusion was chosen to see if pain relief would precede dose-limiting side effects. Means of the peak effect scores achieved during the 2-h infusion were for pain relief: ketamine, 65%, alfentanil, 46%, and placebo, 22% (p < 0.01 for ketamine and p = 0.08 for alfentanil, each compared to placebo); and for relief of allodynia: ketamine, 71%, alfentanil, 57%, and placebo, 21% (p < 0.01 for both ketamine and alfentanil). Appreciable symptomatic relief developed only after the onset of unpleasant drug side effects. After the infusion was stopped, pain relief disappeared before the side effects resolved. We conclude that NMDA antagonists may have promise for the treatment of neuropathic pain, but strategies are needed to improve their therapeutic ratio, such as intrathecal administration or systemic treatment with more selective drugs.
Screening for Ovarian Cancer (2009)

A 56-year-old woman presents to her physician, requesting screening for ovarian cancer. She reports the recent death of a friend from ovarian cancer at the age of 65 years. The patient has no family history of ovarian or breast cancer. The physical examination, including pelvic and rectal examination, is normal. Should the physician recommend screening for ovarian cancer?
Production of catechols : microbiology and technology (2002)

The bioconversion of toluene into 3-methylcatechol was studied as a model system for the production of valuable 3-substituted catechols in general.For this purpose an improved microbial system for the production of 3methylcatechol was obtained.Pseudomonas putida strains, that contain the todC1C2BAD genes involved in the conversion of toluene into 3methylcatechol, were used as hosts for introduction of extra copies of these genes by means of a novel integrative expression system.A construct was made containing an expression cassette with the todC1C2BAD genes cloned under control of the inducible regulatory control region for naphthalene and phenanthrene degradation nagR.Introduction of this construct into wild type P. putida F1, which degrades toluene via 3-methylcatechol, or into mutant P. putida F107 that accumulates 3-methylcatechol, yielded biocatalysts that carried multiple copies of the expression cassette.As a result up to 14 mM (1.74 g l -1 ) of 3-methylcatechol was accumulated and the specific production rate reached a level of 105 mol min -1 g CDW -1 , which is four times higher compared to other catechol production systems.It was shown that these properties were stably maintained in the biocatalysts, without the need for antibiotics in the production process.This is an important step for obtaining designer biocatalysts.
Metabolic responses to polychromatic LED and OLED light at night (2021)

Light exposure at night has various implications for human health, but little is known about its effects on energy metabolism during subsequent sleep. We investigated the effects of polychromatic white light using conventional light-emitting diodes (LED) and an alternative light source, organic light-emitting diodes (OLED), producing reduced spectral content in the short wavelength of blue light (455 nm). Ten male participants were exposed to either LED, OLED (1000 lx), or dim (< 10 lx) light for 4 h before sleep in a metabolic chamber. Following OLED exposure, energy expenditure and core body temperature during sleep were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Fat oxidation during sleep was significantly reduced (p = 0.001) after the exposure to LED compared with OLED. Following exposure to OLED, fat oxidation positively correlated with the 6-sulfatoxymelatonin levels, suggesting that the role of melatonin in lipolysis differs depending on the light. These findings advance our knowledge regarding the role of light in energy metabolism during sleep and provide a potential alternative to mitigate the negative consequences of light exposure at night.
Enabling always-available input with muscle-computer interfaces (2009)

Previous work has demonstrated the viability of applying offline analysis to interpret forearm electromyography (EMG) and classify finger gestures on a physical surface. We extend those results to bring us closer to using muscle-computer interfaces for always-available input in real-world applications. We leverage existing taxonomies of natural human grips to develop a gesture set covering interaction in free space even when hands are busy with other objects. We present a system that classifies these gestures in real-time and we introduce a bi-manual paradigm that enables use in interactive systems. We report experimental results demonstrating four-finger classification accuracies averaging 79% for pinching, 85% while holding a travel mug, and 88% when carrying a weighted bag. We further show generalizability across different arm postures and explore the tradeoffs of providing real-time visual feedback.
Balanced Cache: Reducing Conflict Misses of Direct-Mapped Caches (2006)

Level one cache normally resides on a processor’s critical path, which determines the clock frequency. Directmapped caches exhibit fast access time but poor hit rates compared with same sized set-associative caches due to nonuniform accesses to the cache sets, which generate more conflict misses in some sets while other sets are underutilized. We propose a technique to reduce the miss rate of direct mapped caches through balancing the accesses to cache sets. We increase the decoder length and thus reduce the accesses to heavily used sets without dynamically detecting the cache set usage information. We introduce a replacement policy to direct-mapped cache design and increase the access to the underutilized cache sets with the help of programmable decoders. On average, the proposed balanced cache, or BCache, achieves 64.5% and 37.8% miss rate reductions on all 26 SPEC2K benchmarks for the instruction and data caches, respectively. This translates into an average IPC improvement of 5.9%. The B-Cache consumes 10.5% more power per access but exhibits 2% total memory access related energy saving due to the miss rate reductions and hence the reduction to applications’ execution time. Compared with previous techniques that aim at reducing the miss rate of direct-mapped caches, our technique requires only one cycle to access all cache hits and has the same access time of a direct-mapped cache.
MULTIPLE VECTORS EFFECTIVELY ACHIEVE GENE TRANSFER IN A MURINE CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION MODEL IMMUNOSUPPRESSION WITH TGF-β OR vIL-10 (1995)

Transplantation is published monthly and is the most cited and influential journal in the field, with more than 25,000 citations per year. The journal celebrated its 50th year in 2016. Transplantation has been the trusted source for extensive and timely coverage of the most important advances in transplantation. The Editors and Editorial Board are an international group of research and clinical leaders that includes many pioneers of the field, representing a diverse range of areas of expertise. This capable editorial team provides thoughtful and thorough peer review, and delivers rapid, careful and insightful editorial evaluation of all manuscripts submitted to the journal.
A previously undescribed chemical link between smoking and metabolic disease (2002)

Over the past 20 years, protein glycation has been implicated in a variety of pathological states. Although smoking also can contribute to many of these diseases, the precise mechanism by which this occurs is not known. Previously, we have demonstrated that nornicotine, a constituent of tobacco and metabolite of nicotine, can catalyze aldol reactions under aqueous conditions. This finding has caused us to question whether this reaction has physiological consequences. We now report that nornicotine causes aberrant protein glycation and catalyzes the covalent modification of certain prescription drugs such as the commonly used steroid, prednisone. Furthermore, we show that the plasma of smokers as compared with nonsmokers contains higher concentrations of nornicotine-modified proteins, suggesting an unrecognized pathway for the development of the pathology of tobacco abuse.