gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant Gene Transfer and Expression Protocols (1995)

The development of recombinant DNA technology and methods for transferring recombinant genes into plants has brought about significant advances in plant science. First, it has allowed investigation, using reporter genes, into the transcriptional regulation of plant genes—a key to the under­ standing of the biochemical basis of growth and development in plants. Second, gene transfer technology has facilitated the molecular cloning, by tagging genomic sequences, of important genes (e. g. , homeotic genes) whose gene products control the normal pattern of growth and differentia­ tion of plants. Third, overproducing foreign or endogenous proteins in plants can often lead to a better understanding of biochemical and physiological processes. Fourth, gene transfer technology has allowed the improvement of plant agricultural productivity. For example, plants have been engineered with improved viral resistance or the ability to withstand herbicide attack, therefore allowing a more effective use of herbicides to kill weeds. Fifth, there have been recent successes that demonstrate the potential use of plants as biotechnological chemical factories. For example, it is possible to use plants in the production of human antibodies and antigens of medical importance. It has been demonstrated recently that plants can be engineered to produce modified oils and even plastics! This paves the way to redirect agriculture from the production of surplus foods to the production of bio­ technological products of industrial importance
Developing Antiangiogenic Peptide Drugs for Angiogenesis-Related Diseases (2007)

Angiogenesis is regulated by stimulators and inhibitors and involve multiple biological processes including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, assembly into tube structures as well as apoptosis. Designing and developing peptides for therapeutic application to inhibit angiogenesis is an important area in antiangiogenic drug development. Small peptides have advantages over proteins for therapeutic application, due to their stability, solubility, increased bio-availability and lack of immune response in the host cell. Endogenous protein angiogenesis stimulators and inhibitors hold vital information for designing antiangiogenic peptides for drug development. These proteins function through their interaction with extracellular matrix molecules, cell surface receptors, proteases, as well as growth factors and cytokines. Conserved domains such as thrombospondin type 1 repeats (TSRs), kringle domains as well as critical amino acid residues present in these domains are involved in their functions. By exploiting these properties, several small peptides have been designed, synthetically made and being tested for therapeutic efficacy. Peptides derived from type 1 repeat of thrombospondin, alpha 4 and beta 1 chains of laminin, arginine rich N terminus of endostatin, leucine rich repeat 5 of decorin, pigment epithelium derived factor and N terminal of parathyroid hormone are examples of small antiangiogenic peptides derived from endogenous proteins. Such bioactive peptides are further modified physico-chemically to increase their potency and stability. In addition, phage-display library screening and combinatorial approach are also in use to identify novel antiangiogenic peptides targeting tumour and various proteins. This review will provide a comprehensive summary of the current status of the antiangiogenic peptides and their relevance for drug designing and development. Several critical issues that need to be resolved in translating this concept into clinical practice are also discussed.
Anti-idiotype immunization of cancer patients: modulation of the immune response. (1987)

Thirty patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma (CRC) were treated with alum-precipitated polyclonal goat anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) to monoclonal anti-CRC antibody CO17-1A (Ab1) in doses between 0.5 and 4 mg per injection. All patients developed anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) with binding specificities on the surfaces of cultured tumor cells similar to the specificity of Ab1. Furthermore, the Ab3 competed with Ab1 for binding to CRC cells. Fractions of Ab3-containing sera obtained after elution of the serum immunoglobulins from CRC cells bound to purified tumor antigen and inhibited binding of Ab2 to Ab1. The Ab3, therefore, may share idiotopes with Ab1. Six patients showed partial clinical remission and seven patients showed arrest of metastases following immunotherapy. Four of the thirteen patients with measurable clinical responses had received Ab2 alone, whereas 9 patients had also received chemotherapy.
Microtrenching resulting from specular reflection during chlorine etching of silicon (1998)

In an effort to increase throughput, the microelectronics fabrication industry has transitioned to high plasma density etching reactors using large source (&amp;gt;800 W) and moderate substrate bias (&amp;gt;100 W) powers in which the ion to neutral radical flux is large compared to reactive-ion-etching systems. These conditions can lead to microtrenching where etch rates are largest at the base of the sidewalls. Microtrenching has been attributed to specular reflection of high energy particles, usually ions, at grazing angles on the sidewalls of the mask and trench. These reflections produce a “focusing” of flux to the corners of the trench which results in locally enhanced etching. In this letter, integrated plasma equipment and Monte Carlo feature profile models have been used to examine the processes and conditions which produce focused fluxes and microtrenching, including the degree of specular reflection and sidewall slope of the mask. Quantitative comparisons are made to experimental measurements of etch profiles.
Polymer-anchored organosilyl protecting group in organic synthesis (1985)

Polymer-anchored dimethyl-and diphenyl-chlorosilanes (1a) and (1b) have been prepared and polymer (1b) was found to be useful for the protection of the hydroxy functional group; its use in the synthesis of an insect sex pheromone is reported.
Detection of MAGE‐4 Protein in the Sera of Patients with Hepatitis‐C Virus‐associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Cirrhosis (1997)

The aim of this study was to determine whether MAGE-4 protein is detectable in sera of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and other liver diseases. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed for detection of MAGE-4 protein in sera of liver disease patients, healthy men and women (control I) and those undergoing prostatic cancer screening (control II). MAGE-4 protein levels in sera of patients with hepatitis C virus-associated HCC (HCC-C) (n = 45, mean = 2.160 ng/ml) and HCV-associated cirrhosis (LC-C) (n = 55, 1.072 ng/ml) were significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than those of control I (0.327 ng/ml) or control II (0.394 ng/ml). MAGE-4 protein was positive in 21/45 (46.7%) HCC-C patients and 18/55 (32.7%) LC-C patients (cut-off, mean plus 2 SD in healthy controls) but in 0/12 (0%) hepatitis B virus-associated HCC (HCC-B) patients, 3/49 (6.1%) hepatitis B virus-associated LC (LC-B) patients, 4/47 (8.5%) alcoholic liver disease patients, and 1/49 (2.0%) controls. Serum MAGE-4 protein level may be useful as a marker for identification of LC-C patients suffering from HCC that is undetectable by presently available methods.
The use of topical imiquimod for the treatment of actinic keratosis: a status report. (2005)

Topical imiquimod 5% cream is approved for the treatment of actinic keratosis (AK), superficial basal cell carcinoma, and external genital warts. The drug's mechanism of action is via stimulation of innate and acquired immune responses, which ultimately leads to inflammatory cell infiltration within the field of drug application followed by apoptosis of diseased tissue. This article reviews available data on the use of topical imiquimod for AK. Topical imiquimod is an effective and safe treatment option for AK that produces complete eradication or marked reduction in the number of lesions in most patients. Subclinical lesions also emerge during treatment of the affected skin region ("field treatment"). In addition, there is evidence that topical imiquimod at least partially reverses some of the cellular, molecular, and genetic photocarcinogenic changes that develop in skin damaged by UV light. Recent evidence suggests that many patients who effectively are cleared of AK lesions after topical imiquimod use remain free of lesions for several months to 2 years or develop a minimal number of new AK lesions.
Optimize Deep Convolutional Neural Network with Ternarized Weights and High Accuracy (2018)

Deep convolution neural network has achieved great success in many artificial intelligence applications. However, its enormous model size and massive computation cost have become the main obstacle for deployment of such powerful algorithm in the low power and resource-limited embedded systems. As the countermeasure to this problem, in this work, we propose statistical weight scaling and residual expansion methods to reduce the bit-width of the whole network weight parameters to ternary values (i.e. -1, 0, +1), with the objectives to greatly reduce model size, computation cost and accuracy degradation caused by the model compression. With about 16x model compression rate, our ternarized ResNet-32/44/56 could outperform full-precision counterparts by 0.12%, 0.24% and 0.18% on CIFAR- 10 dataset. We also test our ternarization method with AlexNet and ResNet-18 on ImageNet dataset, which both achieve the best top-1 accuracy compared to recent similar works, with the same 16x compression rate. If further incorporating our residual expansion method, compared to the full-precision counterpart, our ternarized ResNet-18 even improves the top-5 accuracy by 0.61% and merely degrades the top-1 accuracy only by 0.42% for the ImageNet dataset, with 8x model compression rate. It outperforms the recent ABC-Net by 1.03% in top-1 accuracy and 1.78% in top-5 accuracy, with around 1.25x higher compression rate and more than 6x computation reduction due to the weight sparsity.
Analysis of melting transitions of the DNA hairpins formed from the oligomer sequences d[GGATAC(X)4GTATCC] (X = A, T, G, C) (1990)

Optical melting transitions of the short DNA hairpins formed from the self-complementary DNA oligomers d[GGATACX4GTATCC] where X = A, T, G, or C measured in 100 mM NaCl are presented. A significant dependence of the melting transitions on loop sequence is observed and transition temperatures, tm, of the hairpins vary from 58.3 degrees C for the T4 loop hairpin to 55.3 degrees C for the A4 loop. A nearest-neighbor sequence-dependent theoretical algorithm for calculating melting curves of DNA hairpins is presented and employed to analyze the experimental melting transitions. Experimental melting curves were fit by adjustment of a single theoretical parameter, Fend(n), the weighting function for a hairpin loop comprised of n single-strand bases. Empirically determined values of Fend(n) provide an evaluation of the free-energy of hairpin loop formation and stability. Effects of heterogeneous nearest-neighbor sequence interactions in the duplex stem on hairpin loop formation were investigated by evaluating Fend(n) in individual fitting procedures using two of the published sets of nearest-neighbor stacking interactions in DNA evaluated in 100 mM NaCl and given by Wartell and Benight, 1985. In all cases, evaluated values of Fend(n) were obtained that provided exact theoretical predictions of the experimental transitions. Results of the evaluations indicate: (1) Evaluated free-energies of hairpin loop formation are only slightly dependent on loop sequences examined. At the transition temperature, Tm, the free-energy of forming a loop of four bases is approximately equal for T4, G4, or C4 loops and varies from 3.9 to 4.8 kcal/mole depending on the set of nearest-neighbor interactions employed in the evaluations. This result suggests, in light of the observed differences in stability between the T4, G4, and C4 loop hairpins, that sequence-dependent interactions between base residues of the loop are most likely not the source of the enhanced stability of a T4 loop.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Guidance of Radiofrequency Endocardial Ablation With Real-time Three-dimensional Magnetic Navigation System (1997)

We conclude that the NFM system can guide the application of RF energy without the use of fluoroscopy in a highly accurate and reproducible manner.
Aerial Point Sampling for Land Use Surveys (1988)

Aerial point sampling (APS) is an aerial survey method for quantifying land use patterns specifically among African smallholders where the tiny size of the fields, the incidence of intercropping, and the highly varied cropping calendar, all reduce the effectiveness of more conventional survey methods. In an APS survey, vertical sample 35 mm colour diapositives are taken at intervals along flight lines at an image scale
Mapping Neural Circuits with Activity-Dependent Nuclear Import of a Transcription Factor (2012)

Abstract: Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) is a calcium-responsive transcription factor. We describe here an NFAT-based neural tracing method-CaLexA (calcium-dependent nuclear import of LexA)-for labeling active neurons in behaving animals. In this system, sustained neural activity induces nuclear import of the chimeric transcription factor LexA-VP16-NFAT, which in turn drives green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter expression only in active neurons. We tested this system in Drosophila and found that volatile sex pheromones excite specific neurons in the olfactory circuit. Furthermore, complex courtship behavior associated with multi-modal sensory inputs activated neurons in the ventral nerve cord. This method harnessing the mechanism of activity-dependent nuclear import of a transcription factor can be used to identify active neurons in specific neuronal population in behaving animals.
A 37×28 mm/sup 2/ 600k-pixel CMOS APS dental X-ray camera-on-a-chip with self-triggered readout (2002)

A 675(H)/spl times/900(V) pixel CMOS active pixel sensor (APS) camera-on-a-chip is implemented in 2 /spl mu/m 1P, 2M technology with a linear capacitor option. The chip measures 37/spl times/28 mm/sup 2/ with 40 /spl mu/m pixel pitch, and has on-chip timing and control logic, fixed pattern noise suppression circuits, and features an event detection circuit for self-triggered readout. The sensor is placed in a patient's mouth for dental X-ray applications.
Remote Oxidation of Aliphatic C–H Bonds in Nitrogen-Containing Molecules (2015)

Nitrogen heterocycles are ubiquitous in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Herein, we disclose a nitrogen complexation strategy that employs a strong Brønsted acid (HBF4) or an azaphilic Lewis acid (BF3) to enable remote, non-directed C(sp(3))-H oxidations of tertiary, secondary, and primary amine- and pyridine-containing molecules with tunable iron catalysts. Imides resist oxidation and promote remote functionalization.
Interaction between chronically HIV-infected promonocytic cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in viral expression modulation (2000)

HIV type 1 expression was significantly up-regulated in chronically infected promonocytic cell line (U1) co-cultured with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Virus replication, evaluated as supernatant p24 release, was higher when U1 were co-cultured with IL-1beta-activated HUVEC than with unstimulated HUVEC. When non-adherent U1 were removed from co-cultures, the remaining U1 cells adherent to the endothelial monolayer still showed enhanced HIV replication in comparison with an equal number of U1 cultured alone. While addition of adhesion molecule blocking antibodies (anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), -vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), -CD18 and -very late antigen-4 (VLA-4)) strongly inhibited adherence of U1 cells to endothelial monolayers, such treatment resulted in only a partial reduction in p24 release. Furthermore, HIV replication in U1 cells was enhanced on culture in HUVEC-conditioned media. Such data suggest that soluble mediators secreted by endothelial monolayers may modulate HIV-1 expression. Indeed, addition of cytokine and chemokine antagonists to both U1/HUVEC co-cultures and to U1 cultured in HUVEC-conditioned media clearly down-regulated p24 release. Anti-IL-6, anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and, particularly, anti-MCP-1 MoAbs reduced p24 release, while anti-IL-8 polyclonal antiserum and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) had no significant effect. Thus, the interaction between HUVEC and infected monocytic cells up-regulates HIV-1 replication predominantly through production of endothelium-derived soluble factors including MCP-1, TNF-alpha and IL-6. This phenomenon may influence the passage of HIV-1 from latency to productive replication and enhance virus spreading during physiological and/or pathological contact of monocytes with endothelium.
Interdependence of Gemcitabine Treatment, Transporter Expression, and Resistance in Human Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells (2010)

Gemcitabine is widely used as first-line chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Our previous experimental chemotherapy studies have shown that treatment of human pancreatic carcinoma cells with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) alters the cellular transporter expression profile and that modulation of the expression of multidrug resistance protein 5 (MRP5; ABCC5) influences the chemoresistance of these tumor cells. Here, we studied the influence of acute and chronic gemcitabine treatment on the expression of relevant uptake and export transporters in pancreatic carcinoma cells by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative RT-PCR, and immunoblot analyses. The specific role of MRP5 in cellular gemcitabine sensitivity was studied by cytotoxicity assays using MRP5-overexpressing and MRP5-silenced cells. Exposure to gemcitabine (12 nM for 3 days) did not alter the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of MRP1, MRP3, MRP5, and equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1), whereas high dosages of the drug (20 microM for 1 hour) elicited up-regulation of these transporters in most cell lines studied. In cells with acquired gemcitabine resistance (up to 160 nM gemcitabine), the mRNA or protein expression of the gemcitabine transporters MRP5 and ENT1 was upregulated in several cell lines. Combined treatment with 5-FU and gemcitabine caused a 5- to 40-fold increase in MRP5 and ENT1 expressions. Cytotoxicity assays using either MRP5-overexpressing (HEK and PANC-1) or MRP5-silenced (PANC1/shMRP5) cells indicated that MRP5 contributes to gemcitabine resistance. Thus, our novel data not only on drug-induced alterations of transporter expression relevant for gemcitabine uptake and export but also on the link between gemcitabine sensitivity and MRP5 expression may lead to improved strategies of future chemotherapy regimens using gemcitabine in pancreatic carcinoma patients.
INVESTIGATION OF PRINCIPAL FACTORS OF THE STERILIZATION BY PLASMA DC GLOW DISCHARGE (1998)

This report presents the results of investigation the factors of the sterilization of medical devices directly in the plasma of DC glow discharge. The researches have provided convincing evidence that main sterilization factor is presented by ultraviolet radiation of the plasma in wavelength range of 160 nm<λ<240nm for opened surface and active electroneutral particles for the instruments with complex shape or long narrow tubes. It is shown that effective sterilization is possible using either air or other gases (argon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen) with comparatively low power density (W d=0,003 ®0,03W/cc).
Differences in composition of sweat induced by thermal exposure and by running exercise (1988)

To determine the differences in sweat composition between sweat induced by thermal stress alone and that induced by physical exercise, seven young healthy men first sat in a hot room and then performed running exercise. A 20-minute stay in a climate chamber at 40 degrees C resulted in a 5% reduction in body weight. The same body weight loss was induced by running exercise. Both sodium and chloride concentrations were much lower in the sweat induced by thermal exposure than that induced by the running exercise (p less than 0.01), while urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations were significantly higher after thermal exposure than after the running exercise (p less than 0.01). Potassium concentrations did not differ significantly with either procedure. These findings suggest that sweat composition varies with the kind of induction and that more salt seems to be lost through exercise-induced sweating than by just sitting in a hot environment.
Strategies against human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer. (2004)

Papillomaviruses infect a wide variety of animals, including humans. The human papillomavirus (HPV), in particular, is one of the most common causes of sexually transmitted disease. More than 200 types of HPV have been identified by DNA sequence data, and 85 HPV genotypes have been well characterized to date. HPV can infect the basal epithelial cells of the skin or inner tissue linings, and are, accordingly, categorized as either cutaneous or mucosal type. HPV is associated with a panoply of clinical conditions, ranging from innocuous lesions to cervical cancer. In the early 1980s, studies first reported a link between cervical cancer and genital HPV infection. Genital HPV infections are now recognized to be a major risk factor in at least 95% of cervical cancers. 30 different HPV genotypes have been identified as causative of sexually transmitted diseases, most of which induce lesions in the cervix, vagina, vulva, penis, and anus, as the result of sexual contact. There is also direct evidence demonstrating that at least four of these genotypes are prerequisite factors in cervical cancer. The main aim of this review was to evaluate the current literature regarding the pathovirology, diagnostics, vaccines, therapy, risk groups, and further therapeutic directions for HPV infections. In addition, we reviewed the current status of HPV infections in South Korean women, as evidenced by our data.
The New Role of Disodium Cromoglycate in the Treatment of Adults with Bronchial Asthma (2007)

DSCG inhalation therapy is a useful additional treatment following ICS to alleviate asthma symptoms, and to prevent colds in adult patients with asthma.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SURFACE-WAVE PROPAGATION ALONG A DIELECTRIC CYLINDER OF ELLIPTICAL CROSS SECTION (1962)

The problem of electromagnetic wave propagation along a dielectric cylinder of elliptical cross section is considered. Two infinite determinants representing the characteristic equations for the two types of hybrid waves (the _eHE_(mn) and the _oHE_(mn) waves) are derived. These waves degenerate to the well-known HE_(mn) wave of the circular dielectric rod as the eccentricity of the elliptical rod approaches zero. It is found that there exist two dominant waves which possess zero cutoff frequencies. The characteristic roots of these two dominant waves are computed for various values of eccentricity and relative dielectric constant. Also given are the attenuation characteristics and the field distribution of the dominant modes. It is shown that a flattened dielectric rod supporting the _eHE_(11) wave offers less loss than a circular rod having the same cross-sectional area and supporting the HE_(11) wave. Theoretical propagation characteristics (the guide wavelength, the field distribution and the attenuation constant) of the dominant waves are verified by experiments. The Q's of a dielectric rod cavity resonator supporting the dominant waves are also presented.