gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OmniUnpack: Fast, Generic, and Safe Unpacking of Malware (2007)

Malicious software (or malware) has become a growing threat as malware writers have learned that signature- based detectors can be easily evaded by "packing" the malicious payload in layers of compression or encryption. State-of-the-art malware detectors have adopted both static and dynamic techniques to recover the pay- load of packed malware, but unfortunately such techniques are highly ineffective. In this paper we propose a new technique, called OmniUnpack, to monitor the execution of a program in real-time and to detect when the program has removed the various layers of packing. OmniUnpack aids malware detection by directly providing to the detector the unpacked malicious payload. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. OmniUnpack is able to deal with both known and unknown packing algorithms and introduces a low overhead (at most 11% for packed benign programs).
Regulation of gastric emptying in humans by cholecystokinin. (1986)

In the present study we used a bioassay system for measuring plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) to evaluate whether CCK has a physiologic role in regulating gastric emptying in humans. Plasma CCK levels and gastric emptying after ingestion of a mixed liquid meal were determined in five normal male volunteers. Fasting CCK levels averaged 0.8 +/- 0.1 pM and increased to 6.5 +/- 1.0 pM within 10 min of drinking the mixed meal. CCK levels remained elevated for up to 90 min. Gastric emptying after a meal was slow; at the end of the 90 min 68% of the original volume remained in the stomach. The rate of gastric emptying of water was then measured in the same individuals with a simultaneous infusion of either saline, or one of two doses of CCK (12 pmol/kg per h and 24 pmol/kg per h). With the saline infusion, plasma CCK levels did not increase above basal and gastric contents emptied rapidly. At the end of 90 min only 7% of the original volume remained in the stomach. The lower dose of CCK resulted in a plasma level of 3.4 pM which both reproduced the average postprandial plasma level and caused a significant delay in gastric emptying. The higher dose of CCK achieved plasma levels of 8 pM and resulted in a delay in gastric emptying that was similar to that seen with the mixed meal. Since exogenous CCK at concentrations which occur postprandially delays gastric emptying, we conclude that CCK is a physiologic regulator of gastric emptying.
Advances in the anemia of chronic disease. (1999)

The anemia found in patients with chronic infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic disorders, known as the anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is one of the most common syndromes in medicine. A characteristic finding of the disorders associated with ACD is increased production of the cytokines that mediate the immune or inflammatory response, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and the interferons. All the processes involved in the development of ACD can be attributed to these cytokines, including shortened red cell survival, blunted erythropoietin response to anemia, impaired erythroid colony formation in response to erythropoietin, and abnormal mobilization of reticuloendothelial iron stores. In this review, advances in the understanding of the diagnostic, pathophysiologic, and therapeutic aspects of this syndrome are summarized.
Antigen presentation by resting B cells. Radiosensitivity of the antigen-presentation function and two distinct pathways of T cell activation. (1984)

In this report we have examined the ability of small resting B cells to act as antigen-presenting cells (APC) to antigen-specific MHC-restricted T cells as assessed by either T cell proliferation or T cell-dependent B cell stimulation. We found that 10 of 14 in vitro antigen-specific MHC-restricted T cell clones and lines and three of four T cell hybridomas could be induced to either proliferate or secrete IL-2 in the presence of lightly irradiated (1,000 rads) purified B cells and the appropriate foreign antigen. All T cell lines and hybridomas were stimulated to proliferate or make IL-2 by macrophage- and dendritic cell-enriched populations and all T cells tested except one hybridoma caused B cell activation when stimulated with B cells as APC. Furthermore, lightly irradiated, highly purified syngeneic B cells were as potent a source of APC for inducing B cell activation as were low density dendritic and macrophage-enriched cells. Lymph node T cells freshly taken from antigen-primed animals were also found to proliferate when cultured with purified B cells and the appropriate antigen. Thus, small resting B cells can function as APC to a variety of T cells. This APC function was easily measured when the cells were irradiated with 1,000 rads, but was greatly diminished or absent when they were irradiated with 3,300 rads. Thus, the failure of some other laboratories to observe this phenomenon may be the result of the relative radiosensitivity of the antigen-presenting function of the B cells. In addition, this radiosensitivity allowed us to easily distinguish B cell antigen presentation from presentation by the dendritic cell and macrophage, as the latter was resistant to 3,300 rads. Finally, one T cell clone that failed to proliferate when B cells were used as APC was able to recruit allogeneic B cells to proliferate in the presence of syngeneic B cells and the appropriate antigen. This result suggests that there are at least two distinct pathways of activation in T cells, one that leads to T cell proliferation and one that leads to the secretion of B cell recruitment factor(s).
On random sampling over joins (1999)

A major bottleneck in implementing sampling as a primitive relational operation is the inefficiency of sampling the output of a query. It is not even known whether it is possible to generate a sample of a join tree without first evaluating the join tree completely. We undertake a detailed study of this problem and attempt to analyze it in a variety of settings. We present theoretical results explaining the difficulty of this problem and setting limits on the efficiency that can be achieved. Based on new insights into the interaction between join and sampling, we develop join sampling techniques for the settings where our negative results do not apply. Our new sampling algorithms are significantly more efficient than those known earlier. We present experimental evaluation of our techniques on Microsoft's SQL Server 7.0.
The economic background [September 1997] (1997)

Overall the outlook for the world economy has improved although most short and long-term interest rates in the major financial markets have increased slightly. These changes were undoubtedly based on the US rise in interest rates from 4.75% to 5% at the end of June. Within the Euro area there has been a strengthening of growth while inflation remained low and interest rates did not change. Japanese GDP increased by 1.9% in 1999ql which was a welcome sign. The increase in growth may however be attributed to the fiscal stimulus the economy has received. Oil prices have increased significantly although most other commodity prices showed little change.
SURVEY AND SUMMARY: Recent advances in the elucidation of the mechanisms of action of ribozymes (2001)

The cleavage of RNA can be accelerated by a number of factors. These factors include an acidic group (Lewis acid) or a basic group that aids in the deprotonation of the attacking nucleophile, in effect enhancing the nucleophilicity of the nucleophile; an acidic group that can neutralize and stabilize the leaving group; and any environment that can stabilize the pentavalent species that is either a transition state or a short-lived intermediate. The catalytic properties of ribozymes are due to factors that are derived from the complicated and specific structure of the ribozyme-substrate complex. It was postulated initially that nature had adopted a rather narrowly defined mechanism for the cleavage of RNA. However, recent findings have clearly demonstrated the diversity of the mechanisms of ribozyme-catalyzed reactions. Such mechanisms include the metal-independent cleavage that occurs in reactions catalyzed by hairpin ribozymes and the general double-metal-ion mechanism of catalysis in reactions catalyzed by the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme. Furthermore, the architecture of the complex between the substrate and the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme allows perturbation of the pK(a) of ring nitrogens of cytosine and adenine. The resultant perturbed ring nitrogens appear to be directly involved in acid/base catalysis. Moreover, while high concentrations of monovalent metal ions or polyamines can facilitate cleavage by hammerhead ribozymes, divalent metal ions are the most effective acid/base catalysts under physiological conditions.
531. The water-soluble polysaccharides of Cladophora rupestris and of Chaetomorpha spp. Part II. The site of ester sulphate groups and the linkage between the galactose residues (1965)

E. Hirst, W. Mackie and E. Percival, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 2958 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650002958
The Pharmacokinetics of Sufentanil in Surgical Patients (1984)

The pharmacokinetics of sufentanil, a new thienyl analogue of fentanyl, were studied in 10 surgical patients. Sufentanil, 5 micrograms/kg, was given intravenously as a bolus injection and plasma concentrations measured at intervals up to 8 h. Plasma sufentanil concentrations decreased rapidly after injection--98% of the administered dose having left the plasma within 30 min. In 9 of the 10 patients, a tri-exponential equation optimally described the sufentanil concentration decay curve, with average (+/-SEM) half-lives for the rapid (pi) and slow (alpha) distribution phases of 1.4 +/- 0.3 min and 17.7 +/- 2.6 min, respectively. The average terminal elimination (beta) half-life was 164 +/- 22 min. The average value for Vd beta was 2.9 +/- 0.2 1/kg, Vdss 1.7 +/- 0.2 1/kg and total plasma clearance 12.7 +/- 0.8 ml X kg-1 X min-1 (935 +/- 50 ml/min). In one patient, a bi-exponential equation was sufficient to describe the concentration-time data, yielding a distribution half-life of 4.7 min and an elimination half-life of 117 min.
Non-random fragmentation patterns in circulating cell-free DNA reflect epigenetic regulation (2015)

Experimental outcomes suggest that cfDNA retains characteristics previously noted in genome-wide analysis of chromatin structure, in particular, in MNase-seq assays. Thus far the analysis of the DNA fragmentation pattern may aid further developing of cfDNA based biomarkers for a variety of human conditions.
Injection of isolated mitochondria during early reperfusion for cardioprotection (2008)

Previously, we demonstrated that ischemia induces mitochondrial damage and dysfunction that persist throughout reperfusion and impact negatively on postischemic functional recovery and cellular viability. We hypothesized that viable respiration-competent mitochondria, isolated from tissue unaffected by ischemia and then injected into the ischemic zone just before reperfusion, would enhance postischemic functional recovery and limit infarct size. New Zealand White rabbits (n = 52) were subjected to 30 min of equilibrium and 30 min of regional ischemia (RI) induced by snaring the left anterior descending coronary artery. At 29 min of RI, the RI zone was injected with vehicle (sham control and RI vehicle) or vehicle containing mitochondria (7.7 x 10(6) +/- 1.5 x 10(6)/ml) isolated from donor rabbit left ventricular tissue (RI-Mito). The snare was released at 30 min of RI, and the hearts were reperfused for 120 min. Our results show that left ventricular peak developed pressure and systolic shortening in RI-Mito hearts were significantly enhanced (P < 0.05 vs. RI-vehicle) to 75% and 83% of equilibrium value, respectively, at 120 min of reperfusion compared with 57% and 62%, respectively, in RI-vehicle hearts. Creatine kinase-MB, cardiac troponin I, and infarct size relative to area at risk were significantly decreased in RI-Mito compared with RI-vehicle hearts (P < 0.05). Confocal microscopy showed that injected mitochondria were present and viable after 120 min of reperfusion and were distributed from the epicardium to the subendocardium. These results demonstrate that viable respiration-competent mitochondria, isolated from tissue unaffected by ischemia and then injected into the ischemic zone just before reperfusion, significantly enhance postischemic functional recovery and cellular viability.
Cloning and Sequencing of a Novel 64-kDa Autoantigen Recognized by Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease* (1991)

Screening 10(6) plaque-forming units from a lambda gt11 human thyroid cDNA library with a pool of 10 sera from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis resulted in the isolation of a clone, D1, of 292 basepairs with an open reading frame of 97 amino acids which did not share significant similarity with any known protein. Rescreening the library using D1 as a probe led to the full-length cDNA being cloned and sequenced which has the potential to encode a 572-amino acid polypeptide. This would correspond to a 63-kDa nonglycosylated protein which is probably membrane bound. The recombinant fusion protein from the original D1 clone was recognized in dot blot or Western blot assays by 4 of 19 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 3 of 9 patients with Graves' disease, and 1 of 6 patients with idiopathic myxedema; all other sera (12), including that from normal subjects, were negative. Clone affinity-purified autoantibodies bound to a protein of 64 kDa in a Western blot of human thyroid tissue. Using D1 as a probe in a Northern blot revealed 3.9-kilobase (kb) transcripts in poly(A)+ RNA from normal human thyroid and extraocular muscle, but not skeletal muscle. The dog equivalent of D1 cDNA was isolated by screening 10(6) plaque-forming units from a dog thyroid cDNA library using clone D1. A fragment of dog cDNA was, in turn, used as a probe in a Northern blot of dog poly(A)+ RNAs from thyroid, brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and stomach; a faint signal at 3.9 kb was observed in all tissues except the thyroid, which displayed a strong transcript of 2.6 kb. It is concluded that the D1 cDNA clone encodes an autoantigen shared by the thyroid and eye muscle. Its possible relevance to autoimmune ophthalmopathy is discussed.
An empirical study of automatic restructuring of nonnumerical programs for parallel processors (1985)

The feasibility of automatic restructuring of nonnumerical programs for parallel processing is studied through experiments using Parafrase, an automatic restructurer at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Parallel processing speedup results due to automatic restructuring for several basic nonnumerical problems are presented. The loops encountered are classified at a low level. On the basis of the speedup results and the analyses of the loop types, the difficulty and the effectiveness of automatic restructuring are discussed. The experiments suggest that automatic restructuring can be a useful tool for exploiting parallelism in the sequential form of nonnumerical programs.
Enzymatic assay for measurement of zidovudine triphosphate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (1994)

In this report, we describe a new method to measure intracellular zidovudine triphosphate (ZDV-TP) levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients treated with ZDV by utilizing inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase activity by ZDV-TP. Intracellular levels of ZDV-TP were determined with our enzymatic assay in PBMCs isolated from the blood of healthy individuals incubated with different concentrations of labeled ZDV and were validated by high-performance liquid chromatography separation and liquid scintillation counting of the radioactive ZDV-TP. These methods gave virtually identical results over a range of ZDV-TP concentrations from 150 to 900 fmol. ZDV-TP recoveries were over 90%, and the limit of quantitation of ZDV-TP by this method was 20 to 50 fmol. To demonstrate the utility of the method, plasma ZDV and intracellular ZDV-TP concentrations were measured at serial time points over 6 h in 12 human immunodeficiency virus-infected volunteers following a single 100- or 500-mg oral dose of ZDV. Systemic oral clearance rates were similar to those in previous studies with adults but were highly variable (range, 0.86 to 2.75 liters/h/kg of body weight). The area under the plasma concentration versus time curve increased significantly (P < 0.0005) with the dose from a median value of 1.2 mg.h/liter at the lower dose to 4.2 mg.h/liter at the higher dose. Median intracellular ZDV-TP levels ranged from 5 to 57 and 42 to 92 fmol/10(6) cells in volunteers administered 100 and 500 mg of ZDV, respectively. Intracellular ZDV-TP levels rose to a plateau value by 2 h and remained consistent to 6 h. Although the higher dose and higher areas under the curve yielded consistently higher intracellular ZDV-TP levels, systemic pharmacokinetics explains only a modest proportion of the variability in cellular pharmacokinetic. The ZDV-TP bioassay should prove useful in further studies of ZDV metabolism in patient-derived PBMCs at the doses of ZDV currently administered.
Chronic Allograft Nephropathy (2003)

Long-term survival of kidney transplants (renal allografts) has changed little during the past decade, despite dramatic improvements in short-term survival. Most late renal allograft loss, other than that associated with the death of the patient, has been attributed to progressive renal dysfunction, termed “chronic allograft nephropathy” (or CAN), a confusing term that lacks a rigorous consensus definition.Chronic allograft nephropathy entered prime time in 1993 as a category in the Banff diseases of kidney-transplant diseases that included at least four entities that could not always be differentiated on biopsy (chronic rejection, chronic toxic effects of cyclosporine; hypertensive vascular disease; and . . .
Transforming growth factor-beta. A very potent inhibitor of myoblast differentiation, identical to the differentiation inhibitor secreted by Buffalo rat liver cells. (1986)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is now known to have a number of actions in addition to the induction of phenotypic transformation in fibroblastic cells. In this paper, we characterize its inhibition of differentiation in rat myoblasts of Yaffe's L6 strain and demonstrate its identity or very close similarity to the differentiation inhibitor (DI) secreted by Buffalo rat liver cells cultured in serum-free medium. At concentrations as low as 60 pg/ml, TGF-beta gave detectable inhibition of differentiation measured as myoblast fusion and creatine kinase elevation; maximal inhibition was observed at and above 0.5 ng/ml (20 pM). The inhibition persisted as long as fresh TGF-beta was added at 48-h intervals, but it was reversed upon removal of the factor. By itself or in the presence of mitogens, TGF-beta had no mitogenic activity in the L6 cells. Concentration dependencies of human TGF-beta and the rat DI were closely parallel in three assays: inhibition of myoblast differentiation, stimulation of normal rat kidney cell growth in soft agar, and competition for displacement of labeled TGF-beta from binding sites on A549 human lung carcinoma cells. We conclude that most if not all of the DI activity found in medium conditioned by Buffalo rat liver cells can be attributed to the presence of TGF-beta or a very similar molecule. These observations also offer a potentially useful approach to study the control of myogenesis; the process(es) can be blocked in cloned L6 myoblasts by incubation with very small quantities of a pure protein in fully defined serum-free medium.
Free radicals: important cause of pathologies refer to ageing. (1999)

Free radical are highly reactive chemical species with an unpaired electron in an atomic or molecular orbital. In biological systems, the most important free radicals are superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide; in the presence of transition metals such as iron, copper and manganese both these free radicals produce hydroxyl radicals. Free radicals attack proteins, nuclei acids and membranes containing large quantities of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Because of their toxicity, the organism has developed ways to deactivate them. The superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) catalyzes dismutation of the superoxide radical into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen hydrogen peroxide is in turn reduced to water and oxygen by peroxidase glutathione and catalase enzymes. The production of radicals in the brain is due to catecholamine metabolism such as dopamine and norepinephrine and is increased by the presence of transition metals and by a deficiency of antioxidant agents such as vitamin E. Two main groups of dementia exist in older age: the multi-infarctual dementias, caused by cerebrovascular disorders and the primary degenerative disorders such as Alzheimer, where no vascular disease is evident. Free radicals play an important role in Parkinson's disease, in Alzheimer's disease and in stroke. The value of SOD and CAT activity following the above mentioned degenerative diseases differ among the various studies carried out. In Alzheimer's disease, the value of SOD activity probably increases in the neuropathologically involved areas. In stroke, the SOD value does not vary either in the ischemic area or in the peri-infarctual one during the first 24 hrs after lesion, while the CAT value decreases.
Physiological effects of a mouth-borne heat exchanger during heavy exercise in a cold environment (1989)

A mouth-borne heat and moisture exchanger (HME) was tested. Nine healthy subjects performed an incremental-load cycle ergometry test to exhaustion, breathing once through the HME and once through a similar device without heat-exchange function (control). HME substantially increased inspired gas temperatures and decreased expired gas temperatures measured at the mouth; at 260 W (pulmonary ventilation (VE) approximately 1001 min-1) these changes amounted to + 15 degrees C and -5 degrees C, respectively. The breathing resistance was increased by HME but remained well within tolerable levels even during severe exercise. This was reflected in the subjective assessments of breathing resistance and breathing discomfort which, at any given workload, were rated similarly in the HME and control conditions. Also, time to exhaustion as well as oxygen uptake and VE at a given workload were unaffected by HME. That even at high pulmonary ventilations HME provided a good heat-exchange function while keeping breathing resistance relatively low suggests HME to be a useful aid for individuals suffering from cold-induced bronchospasm.
Inhibition by heparin of the human blood coagulation intrinsic pathway factor X activator. (1994)

The effect of heparin and other glycosaminoglycans on the activation of factor X by the phospholipid membrane-bound human factor IXa-factor VIIIa complex (intrinsic fXase) was studied. Standard heparin inhibited purified intrinsic fXase by 50% at approximately 0.08 unit/ml (0.4 microgram/ml), which is below the normal range of heparin concentrations achieved during antithrombotic therapy (0.2-0.7 unit/ml). Kinetic and binding experiments revealed that heparin behaves as a partial noncompetitive inhibitor. The inhibition constant of heparin with low affinity for antithrombin was indistinguishable from heparin with high affinity for antithrombin (Ki = 20 nM). Additionally, "low molecular weight" heparin, which also is used as an antithrombotic drug, was a potent inhibitor of intrinsic fXase (Ki = 60 nM). Dermatan sulfate inhibited intrinsic fXase much more weakly than standard heparin (IC50 = 80 micrograms/ml). The IC50 of the other mammalian glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronic acid, were greater than 100 micrograms/ml. Purified prothrombinase and extrinsic fXase were not inhibited by heparin. We propose that part of the antithrombotic action of heparin and low molecular weight heparin is due to anti-thrombin-independent inhibition of intrinsic fXase and that heparin with low affinity for antithrombin may be useful as an antithrombotic agent.