gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Dressing Design for Use with Maggot Therapy (1997)

Maggot therapy has been used since the 1930s for treating soft-tissue wounds. Despite decades of experience with this therapy, selecting appropriate dressing materials continues to be a problem. Before initiating our maggot therapy service, we needed to develop a dressing that would (1) prevent the maggots from escaping, (2) permit oxygen to reach the maggots, (3) facilitate drainage, (4) allow inspection of the wound, (5) require minimal maintenance, and (6) be of low cost. The optimal dressing design proved to be a two-layered cagelike dressing, the bottom layer of which comprised a hydrocolloid pad, applied to the surrounding healthy skin and covered by a fine chiffon or nylon mesh. Liquefied necrotic tissue drained through the mesh and was absorbed in a top layer of gauze, which was replaced periodically. Thus it was possible to contain the maggots within the wound by means of readily available materials.
Synthesis of asymmetrical methyl‐branched chiral ketones from the corresponding homologous wax esters. A new synthesis of the insect pheromone lardolure and of 9‐norlardolure (1995)

Abstract The insect pheromone (2 R 4 R 6 R ,8 R )‐4,6,8‐trimethyl‐2‐undecyl formate (lardolure, 7c ) and (2 R ,4 R ,6 R ,8 R )‐4,6,8‐trimethyl‐2‐decyl formate (9‐norlardolure, 7b ) have been synthesized from the corresponding homologous chiral methyl‐branched esters 1b and 1c , which have been obtained from the preengland wax of the domestic goose Anser a. f. domesticus. The intermediate (4 R ,6 R ,8 R )‐4,6,8‐trimethyl‐2‐undecanone ( 4c ) and (4 R ,6 R ,8 R )‐4,6,8‐trimethyl‐2‐decanone ( 4b ), the (2 R )‐alcohols 5c and 5b , as well as some analogous compounds, have been characterized. 9‐Norlardolure ( 7b ) shows a weak pheromone activity.
Escherichia coli Replicative Helicase PriA Protein-Single-stranded DNA Complex (2000)

Analyses of interactions of the Escherichia coli replicative helicase, PriA protein, with a single-stranded (ss) DNA have been performed, using the quantitative fluorescence titration technique. The stoichiometry of the PriA helicase.ssDNA complex has been examined in binding experiments with a series of ssDNA oligomers. The total site-size of the PriA.ssDNA complex, i.e. the maximum number of nucleotide residues occluded by the PriA helicase in the complex, is 20 +/- 3 residues per protein monomer. However, the protein can efficiently form a complex with a minimum of 8 nucleotides. Thus, the enzyme has a strong ssDNA-binding site that engages in direct interactions with a significantly smaller number of nucleotides than the total site-size. The ssDNA-binding site is located in the center of the enzyme molecule, with the protein matrix protruding over a distance of approximately 6 nucleotides on both sides of the binding site. The analysis of the binding of two PriA molecules to long oligomers was performed using statistical thermodynamic models that take into account the overlap of potential binding sites, cooperative interactions, and the protein.ssDNA complexes with different stoichiometries. The intrinsic affinity depends little upon the length of the ssDNA. Moreover, the binding is accompanied by weak cooperative interactions.
Oxindole Derivatives as Orally Active Potent Growth Hormone Secretagogues (2001)

A series of substituted oxindole derivatives was synthesized and evaluated for growth hormone (GH) releasing activity using cultured rat pituitary cells. (+)-6-Carbamoyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-4-trifluoromethyloxindole (SM-130686, 37S) was found to have potent activity (EC(50) = 3.0 nM), while the other enantiomer 37R had reduced activity. The absolute configuration of 37S was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 37S showed a good pharmacokinetic profile in rats with 28% oral bioavailability at 10 mg/kg and excellent in vivo activity as evidenced by a significant weight gain after 4 days of oral administration at 10 mg/kg twice a day. Compound 37S displaced the binding of (35)S-MK-677 to human GHS-R with an IC(50) value of 1.2 +/- 0.2 nM.
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) does not depress left ventricular function in patients with pulmonary edema. (1981)

We evaluated the effects of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on left ventricular function in 15 patients with acute respiratory insufficiency secondary to pulmonary edema with invasive (pressure; flow) measurements and radionuclide angiography (RA). Using RNA allowed a definition of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and then calculation of the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), both before and after PEEP. With a mean PEEP of 14.2 +/- 1.8 cm H2O (mean +/- SD) (range, 10 to 15), a fall in the cardiac index (4.34 +/- 1.5 to 3.84 +/- 1.4 L/min/M2; p less than 0.001) was accompanied by a significant decrease in the stroke volume index (42 +/- 13 to 39 +/- 12 ml/beat M2; p less than 0.01) and pulse rate (103.4 +/- 14.3 to 98 +/- 13.5 beats/min; p less than 0.01). The decrease in the stroke volume index was primarily due to a significant decrease in left ventricular preload (LVEDV) from 85.9 +/- 19 to 71.4 +/- 21.4 ml/m2 (p less than 0.01). Simultaneously, the mean LVEF increased from 0.47 +/- 0.10 to 0.53 +/- 0.08 (p less than 0.05), despite a significant increase in the systemic vascular resistance (1,619 +/- 575 to 1,864 +/- 617 dynes . s. cm-5/M2; p less than 0.01). We concluded that the use of PEEP in patients with acute pulmonary edema, to the degree used in this study, may depress cardiac output by simply decreasing left ventricular preload. We were unable to produce any evidence that would support a change in the contractile state of the left ventricle as a cause of depressed forward flow with the use of PEEP.
Composites of PZT and Epoxy for Hydrostatic Transducer Applications (1981)

Composites with 3–1 connectivity for transducer applications were made by embedding extruded PZT rods in an epoxy matrix. The effects of rod diameter, volume fraction of PZT, and composite thickness on the hydrostatic properties of the composites were determined. Due to decoupling of the d̄ 33 and d̄ 31 coefficients in a composite with 3–1 connectivity, the d̄ n may be enhanced, even in composites of low volume fractions of PZT. Such composites alsojiave a low dielectric permittivity. The combination of high d̄ n values and low ɛ 33 value results in a greatly enhanced ḡ n . Composites with 10 vol% PZT were made with values of d̄ h and ḡ h which are, respectively, two times (&gt;80×10 −12 C/N) and 25 times (&gt;70×10 −3 (V·m/N) the solid PZT values.
Inhibition of HIV-1 multiplication by antisense U7 snRNAs and siRNAs targeting cyclophilin A (2004)

Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) multiplication depends on a cellular protein, cyclophilin A (CyPA), that gets integrated into viral particles. Because CyPA is not required for cell viability, we attempted to block its synthesis in order to inhibit HIV-1 replication. For this purpose, we used antisense U7 small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) that disturb CyPA pre-mRNA splicing and short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that target CyPA mRNA for degradation. With dual-specificity U7 snRNAs targeting the 3' and 5' splice sites of CyPA exons 3 or 4, we obtained an efficient skipping of these exons and a strong reduction of CyPA protein. Furthermore, short interfering RNAs targeting two segments of the CyPA coding region strongly reduced CyPA mRNA and protein levels. Upon lentiviral vector-mediated transduction, prolonged antisense effects were obtained for both types of antisense RNAs in the human T-cell line CEM-SS. These transduced CEM-SS cells showed a delayed, and for the siRNAs also reduced, HIV-1 multiplication. Since the two types of antisense RNAs function by different mechanisms, combining the two approaches may result in a synergistic effect.
Real-time image mosaicing with a hand-held dual-axes confocal microscope (2008)

In recent years there has been growing interest in using confocal microscopy to observe tissue structure and function for in vivo pathology. Although confocal microscopy can provide image resolution that is comparable to histopathology, it can be limited by a small field-of-view as well as a low signal-to-noise ratio. In this paper we show that image mosaicing can enhance confocal microscopy by stitching multiple images together to widen the field-of-view and increase the signal-to-noise ratio. Specifically, we present a real-time image mosaicing system for imaging human skin with a hand-held dual-axes confocal microscope. Our system allows the user to "paint" an image mosaic in real-time and aids navigation by localizing the current view with respect to the larger image map. We first discuss image calibration, then describe an efficient algorithm for real-time image mosaicing, and finally present experimental results obtained in vivo with a dual-axes confocal microscope.
Binding and transepithelial transport of immunoglobulins by intestinal M cells: demonstration using monoclonal IgA antibodies against enteric viral proteins. (1989)

M cells of intestinal epithelia overlying lymphoid follicles endocytose luminal macromolecules and microorganisms and deliver them to underlying lymphoid tissue. The effect of luminal secretory IgA antibodies on adherence and transepithelial transport of antigens and microorganisms by M cells is unknown. We have studied the interaction of monoclonal IgA antibodies directed against specific enteric viruses, or the hapten trinitrophenyl (TNP), with M cells. To produce monospecific IgA antibodies against mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) and reovirus type 1, Peyer's patch cells from mucosally immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells, generating hybridomas that secreted virus-specific IgA antibodies in monomeric and polymeric forms. One of two anti-MMTV IgA antibodies specifically bound the viral surface glycoprotein gp52, and 3 of 10 antireovirus IgA antibodies immunoprecipitated sigma 3 and mu lc surface proteins. 35S-labeled IgA antibodies injected intravenously into rats were recovered in bile as higher molecular weight species, suggesting that secretory component had been added on passage through the liver. Radiolabeled or colloidal gold-conjugated mouse IgA was injected into mouse, rat, and rabbit intestinal loops containing Peyer's patches. Light microscopic autoradiography and EM showed that all IgA antibodies (antivirus or anti-TNP) bound to M cell luminal membranes and were transported in vesicles across M cells. IgA-gold binding was inhibited by excess unlabeled IgA, indicating that binding was specific. IgG-gold also adhered to M cells and excess unlabeled IgG inhibited IgA-gold binding; thus binding was not isotype-specific. Immune complexes consisting of monoclonal anti-TNP IgA and TNP-ferritin adhered selectively to M cell membranes, while TNP-ferritin alone did not. These results suggest that selective adherence of luminal antibody to M cells may facilitate delivery of virus-antibody complexes to mucosal lymphoid tissue, enhancing subsequent secretory immune responses or facilitating viral invasion.
Can metastatic colorectal cancer be cured? (2012)

Significant advances have been made in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Development of the targeted biologic agents and their integration with cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens has led to improvements in clinical efficacy. Despite these gains, the overall impact of these combination regimens in mCRC therapy has been relatively modest. While 2-year survival has improved, substantive gains have yet to be made in 5-year survival. However, a small subset of patients can be cured of their metastatic disease, with prolonged 5- and 10-year overall survival. This select group of patients includes those with metastatic disease limited to the liver or other organ-specific sites, as these patients are able to undergo surgical resection at the time of diagnosis or following conversion therapy with the appropriate integration of chemotherapy. A multimodality team-based approach involving medical oncologists, surgical oncologists, radiologists, and other healthcare providers is absolutely critical for the success of this therapeutic approach. This article reviews the main issues that must be considered from the surgical oncology and medical oncology perspectives, respectively.
Effect of Immunoglobulin G from Cows Immunized with Ferric Citrate Receptor (FecA) on Iron Uptake by Escherichia coli (2003)

The effects of immunoglobulin (Ig) G from cows immunized with the ferric citrate receptor (FecA) on iron uptake by Escherichia coli were investigated. Receptor FecA was purified from E. coli UT5600/pSV66. Cows were immunized with 400 microg purified FecA three times at 21 d intervals during late lactation and the nonlactating period. Immunoglobulin G was purified by protein G affinity chromatography from colostral whey from cows immunized with FecA and from unimmunized control cows. The purified IgG from FecA immunized cows had higher IgG titers against FecA compared with control IgG. Fifteen E. coli isolated from intramammary infections and E. coli UT5600/pSV66 were grown in an iron-depleted medium containing 1 mM citrate to induce FecA. The bacterial cells were mixed with 0, 2, and 4 mg/ml purified IgG, and 55Fe was added to the assay. After 5, 10, and 15 min incubations at 37 degrees C, samples were passed through 0.45-pm pore size filters. Filters were washed with saline three times, and the radioactivity of 55Fe taken up by the bacterial cells on the filters was measured by a liquid scintillation counter. The measurements were expressed as numbers of 55Fe atoms per colony-forming unit and transformed to log10. The assay was repeated three times for each isolate in a partially balanced incomplete block design. The presence of IgG decreased 55Fe uptake by E. coli mastitis isolates and E. coli UT5600/pSV66. Anti-FecA IgG reduced 55Fe uptake by E. coli greater than IgG from unimmunized cows.
Three-Dimensional Solution Structure of Oryzacystatin-I, a Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitor of the Rice, Oryza sativa L. japonica, (2000)

The three-dimensional structure of oryzacystatin-I, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor of the rice, Oryza sativa L. japonica, has been determined in solution at pH 6.8 and 25 degrees C by (1)H and (15)N NMR spectroscopy. The main body (Glu13-Asp97) of oryzacystatin-I is well-defined and consists of an alpha-helix and a five-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, while the N- and C-terminal regions (Ser2-Val12 and Ala98-Ala102) are less defined. The helix-sheet architechture of oryzacystatin-I is stabilized by a hydrophobic cluster formed between the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet and is considerably similar to that of monellin, a sweet-tasting protein from an African berry, as well as those of the animal cystatins studied, e.g., chicken egg white cystatin and human stefins A and B (also referred to as human cystatins A and B). Detailed structural comparison indicates that oryzacystatin-I is more similar to chicken cystatin, which belongs to the type-2 animal cystatins, than to human stefins A and B, which belong to the type-1 animal cystatins, despite different loop length.
Glycerol protection and purification of Bacillus subtilis glucose dehydrogenase. (1983)

Bacillus subtilis glucose dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.47) has been purified from sporulating cell extract to apparent homogeneity (as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and isoelectric focusing). The enzyme purified as a single molecular species with no evidence for a multiple form of the enzyme. The B. subtilis glucose dehydrogenase has an apparent isoelectric point of 4.7-4.8 and an apparent Mr = 126,000 and is comprised of four subunits of Mr = 31,500 each. The glucose 2-deoxyglucose and glucosamine substrate specificity of the enzyme is similar to the substrate specificity for B. subtilis spore germination, suggesting that the spore glucose dehydrogenase may play some role in spore germination. The B. subtilis glucose dehydrogenase is extremely dependent on the presence of glycerol or other hydrophobic bond-stabilizing agents (or NAD) for retention of enzymatic activity, and the presence of glycerol (20% w/v) in the extraction and purification buffers was absolutely necessary for the successful purification of this enzyme.
The Role of Equatorial and Axial Ligands in Promoting the Activity of Non‐Heme Oxidoiron(IV) Catalysts in Alkane Hydroxylation (2007)

Abstract The key electronic structural feature of the FeO 2+ moiety, which determines its activity as an alkane hydroxylation catalyst, is the presence of low‐lying acceptor orbitals, namely the 3σ* 3d –2p z antibonding orbital. Both the energetic position of this orbital and the spin state of the system (which in turn also affects the 3σ* energy) depend on the surrounding ligands. We present results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on a series of gas‐phase complexes of composition [FeO(H 2 O) n (L) 5– n ] 2+ ( n = 4, 1, 0) derived from the recently characterised aqueous [FeO(H 2 O) 5 ] 2+ by substitution of ligand water molecules with L = NH 3 , CH 3 CN, H 2 S and BF 3 . The calculations reveal that the high‐spin (quintet) state is favoured by the weaker σ‐donating equatorial ligands, which is consistent with the literature. The high‐spin configuration is more reactive because of significant exchange stabilisation of the crucial 3σ*↑ orbital. Once the quintet state is formed by a judicious choice of equatorial ligands, the reactivity can be fine‐tuned by modulating the energy of the 3σ* orbital by varying the nature of the axial ligand. A linear relation between the σ‐donor properties of the axial ligand (estimated from the magnitude of the orbital interaction between the σ lone pair and the 3σ* orbital) and the activation barrier for the abstraction reaction is observed, and is related to a “push effect” of the σ donors that destabilises the 3σ* orbital. We propose that species with enhanced activation properties for hydrogen abstraction relative to [FeO(H 2 O) 5 ] 2+ might be obtainable by either replacing the axial ligand with a σ donor weaker than H 2 O or by preventing ligands from coordinating to iron in an axial position. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Facile Surface Modification of Hydroxylated Silicon Nanostructures Using Heterocyclic Silanes (2016)

Heterocyclic silanes containing Si-N or Si-S bonds in the ring undergo a ring opening reaction with -OH groups at the surface of porous Si nanostructures to generate -SH or -NH functional surfaces, grafted via O-Si bonds. The reaction is substantially faster (0.5-2 h at 25 °C) and more efficient than hydrolytic condensation of trialkoxysilanes on similar hydroxy-terminated surfaces, and the reaction retains the open pore structure and photoluminescence of the quantum-confined silicon nanostructures. The chemistry is sufficiently mild to allow trapping of the test protein lysozyme, which retains its enzymatic activity upon release from the modified porous nanostructure.
Growth inhibition of human tumor cells in athymic mice by anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibodies. (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were raised against epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors on a human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431. Administration of anti-EGF receptor MoAbs inhibited tumor formation in athymic mice by A431 cells and by another epidermal carcinoma cell line, T222. When one of the same MoAbs was used in therapy against Li-7 (a human hepatoma) and HeLa cells (a cervical carcinoma), tumor growth was not affected. The number of EGF receptors on A431 cells was about 100-fold higher than on T222, Li-7, and HeLa cells, suggesting that the number of EGF receptors may not be an important determinant in suppressing tumor growth. Three anti-EGF receptor MoAbs were used in the present studies. MoAbs 528 (immunoglobulin G2a) and 225 (immunoglobulin G1) are capable of competing with EGF for receptor binding and inhibit proliferation of A431 cells in culture. The other MoAb, 455 (immunoglobulin G1), is incapable of blocking the binding of EGF to its receptors and has no effect on the proliferation of cultured A431 cells. All three MoAbs inhibited A431 tumor growth in athymic mice, indicating that the antibody isotype and the site of binding on the EGF receptor are not the determinants of antiproliferative activity in vivo. The observation that MoAb against the receptor for EGF is cytostatic rather than cytocidal in vitro against A431 cells, yet completely prevents tumor growth in vivo, suggests that some host animal responses also may be involved in the antitumor effect. MoAbs against growth factor receptors could provide useful immunotherapeutic agents.
Outcome after Relapse among Children with Standard Risk (SR) ALL Treated on CCG-1952. (2004)

Abstract The event-free survival (EFS) of children with SR-ALL is now &gt; 80%. Nonetheless, ALL relapse remains a major problem in pediatric cancer, and optimal therapy for these children remains to be defined. We examined post relapse outcomes for children initially treated on the Children’s Cancer Group CCG-1952 study and compared stem cell transplant (SCT) with chemotherapy (CT) as salvage treatment in second remission (CR2). Between 5-96 and 1-00, 2176 eligible patients with SR-ALL (WBC &lt; 50,000/mcl; age ≥ 1, &lt; 10 years) were enrolled on CCG-1952, 321 of whom experienced a relapse after initially achieving M1 remission. Among the relapses, 196 are bone marrow (BM) ± extramedullary (EM) relapses (61%) and 125 are isolated EM (iEM: CNS, testicular, or ocular) (39%) relapses. The mean time (range) from first remission to BM relapse, iCNS relapse, and itesticular relapse is 34 ± 1 (2 to 79) month (mo.), 22 ± 1 (1 to 70) mo., and 37 ± 3 (4 to 74) mo., respectively. The 3-year EFS and overall survival (OS) after relapse for all patients are 41% and 53%. Three-year EFS and OS after BM ± EM relapse are 32% and 40% and after iEM relapse are 55% and 71%. Patients with early BM relapse (CR1 &lt; 36 months) or early iEM relapse (CR1 &lt; 18 months) are 2.3 times (p=0.002) and 2.8 times (p=0.01) more likely to suffer a subsequent adverse event than patients with later relapse by Cox regression analysis after adjustment for age, pre-relapse treatment, day 7/14 BM status, and type of treatment in CR2. The 3-year OS for early and late relapses are 31% vs 59% (p=0.001) for BM relapse and 50% vs 87% (p=0.01) for iEM relapse. We compared 73 SCT and 215 CT patients, excluding 33 patients with adverse events prior to the median time to SCT (130 days, range 56 to 1148 days) using Kaplan-Meier life table analysis and the log rank test. The cohorts are similar with respect to age (p=0.57), duration of CR1 (p=0.96), and initial Day 14 BM status (p=0.69). Thirty-seven percent (n=62) of patients with BM relapse (33 early; 29 late) and 9% (n=11) of patients with iEM relapse (6 early, 5 late) received SCT. Thus far, outcomes are similar between cohorts for patients with any BM relapse (OS, p=0.45; EFS, p=0.70), early BM relapse (OS, p=0.95; EFS, p=0.66), and iEM relapse (OS, p=0.44; EFS, p=0.96). Among patients with later BM relapse, a trend favors CT (OS, p=0.08; EFS, p= 0.14). In summary, duration of CR1 remains the most significant predictor of outcome after either BM or iEM relapse in this SR-ALL cohort. Prognosis after early BM relapse remains poor with either SCT or CT.