gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How do polymers prolong circulation time of liposomes? (1996)

Protective effect of poly(ethylene glycol) and some other polymers on liposomes is considered in terms of statistical behavior of macromolecules in solution. According to the mechanism proposed, liposome-grafted chains of flexible and hydrophilic polymers form dense “conformational clouds” preventing other macromolecules from the surrounding solution from interaction with the liposome surface even at low concentration of protecting polymer. The scale of protective effect is interpreted as the balance between the energy of hydrophobic anchor interaction with the membrane core and the energy of polymer chain free motion in solution. Experimental evidences are presented for the importance of protecting polymer flexibility in preventing liposome opsonization, and possible further theoretical applications of the suggested model are discussed. The possibility of using protecting polymers other than poly(ethylene glycol) is analyzed, and examples of such polymers are given basing on polymer-coated liposome biodistribution data.
A simple approach to facial expression recognition (2007)

Auditory stream segregation and informational masking were investigated in brain-lesioned individuals, age-matched controls with no neurological disease, and young college-age students. A psychophysical paradigm known as rhythmic masking release (RMR) was used to examine the ability of participants to identify a change in the rhythmic sequence of 20-ms Gaussian noise bursts presented through headphones and filtered through generalized head-related transfer functions to produce the percept of an externalized auditory image (i.e., a 3D virtual reality sound). The target rhythm was temporally interleaved with a masker sequence comprising similar noise bursts in a manner that resulted in a uniform sequence with no information remaining about the target rhythm when the target and masker were presented from the same location (an impossible task). Spatially separating the target and masker sequences allowed participants to determine if there was a change in the target rhythm midway during its presentation. RMR thresholds were defined as the minimum spatial separation between target and masker sequences that resulted in 70.7% correct-performance level in a single-interval 2-alternative forced-choice adaptive tracking procedure. The main findings were (1) significantly higher RMR thresholds for individuals with brain lesions (especially those with damage to parietal areas) and (2) a left-right spatial asymmetry in performance for lesion (but not control) participants. These findings contribute to a better understanding of spatiotemporal relations in informational masking and the neural bases of auditory scene analysis.
Safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae vaccine (tetanus toxoid conjugate) administered concurrently or combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis vaccine and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine to healthy infants at two, four and six months of age (1994)

The safety and immunogenicity of Haemophilus influenzae vaccine (tetanus toxoid conjugate (PRP-T) administered concurrently in separate sites or mixed in the same syringe with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis vaccine and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine were assessed in 439 infants at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. The proportions with local redness, tenderness and swelling in the separate and combined groups were 18% vs. 11% (P < 0.001), 27% vs. 24% and 15% vs. 13%, respectively. Systemic reactions occurred at similar rates in both groups. The combined vaccine induced tetanus and diphtheria antitoxin titers > or = 0.01 IU/ml in 99.5 and 99.1% of infants, pertussis agglutinin titers > or = 64 in 92.4%, anti-polyribosylribitol phosphate titers > or = 0.15 microgram/ml in 93.8% and > or = 1.0 microgram/ml in 75% and polio-neutralizing titers > or = 8 in > 98% of infants. However, antibody concentrations to PRP-T, some pertussis antigens and tetanus toxoid were significantly lower after combined than after separate injections of DPT/diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, pertussis vaccine and inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine and PRP-T. The clinical significance of these differences is not known, but the interactions observed among the components of the pentavalent vaccine may be of concern because they might influence antibody persistence until the fourth dose is administered.
Characterization of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked molecule CD55/decay-accelerating factor as the receptor for antibody SC-1-induced apoptosis. (1999)

The human monoclonal antibody SC-1 induces apoptosis of stomach carcinoma cells and is currently used in a clinical Phase II trial. The antibody binds to a target molecule that is preferentially expressed on diffuse- and intestinal-type stomach cancer cells and shows a very restricted expression on other normal and malignant tissues. In this paper, we show that the SC-1 receptor is a stomach carcinoma-associated isoform of CD55 [membrane-bound decay-accelerating factor (DAF)-B] with a relative molecular mass of approximately 82 kDa. The antigenic site of SC-1 is an N-linked carbohydrate residue. Cross-linking of the DAF receptor increases apoptotic activity. SC-1 binding induces tyrosine phosphorylation of three proteins of approximately 60, 75, and 110 kDa, whereas a serine residue of an approximately 35-kDa protein is dephosphorylated. Expression of caspase-3 (CPP32) and caspase-8 (FLICE) is elevated, and activation of these caspases occurs. These data show that a tumor-specific variant form DAF is involved in apoptosis and can be used for adjuvant therapeutical purposes on gastric carcinoma.
BCR First Exon Sequences Specifically Activate the BCR/ABL Tyrosine Kinase Oncogene of Philadelphia ChromosomePositive Human Leukemias (1991)

The c-abl proto-oncogene encodes a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase which is homologous to the src gene product in its kinase domain and in the upstream kinase regulatory domains SH2 (src homology region 2) and SH3 (src homology region 3). The murine v-abl oncogene product has lost the SH3 domain as a consequence of N-terminal fusion of gag sequences. Deletion of the SH3 domain is sufficient to render the murine c-abl proto-oncogene product transforming when myristylated N-terminal membrane localization sequences are also present. In contrast, the human BCR/ABL oncogene of the Philadelphia chromosome translocation has an intact SH3 domain and its product is not myristylated at the N terminus. To analyze the contribution of BCR-encoded sequences to BCR/ABL-mediated transformation, the effects of a series of deletions and substitutions were assessed in fibroblast and hematopoietic-cell transformation assays. BCR first-exon sequences specifically potentiate transformation and tyrosine kinase activation when they are fused to the second exon of otherwise intact c-ABL. This suggests that BCR-encoded sequences specifically interfere with negative regulation of the ABL-encoded tyrosine kinase, which would represent a novel mechanism for the activation of nonreceptor tyrosine kinase-encoding proto-oncogenes.
Microglia: Scapegoat, Saboteur, or Something Else? (2013)

Microglia are resident immune cells in the brain and spinal cord. These cells provide immune surveillance and are mobilized in response to disparate diseases and injuries. Although microglial activation is often considered neurotoxic, microglia are essential defenders against many neurodegenerative diseases. It also seems increasingly likely that microglial dysfunction can underlie certain neurological diseases without an obvious immune component.
Mosquito attraction to substances from the skin of different humans. (1990)

Mosquito attraction responses to substances collected from human skin and placed on glass petri dishes were studied. Mosquito response varied according to the source of the substance. Substances removed from the head and hands elicited the greatest attraction response in laboratory-reared mosquitoes. Mosquito response lasted up to 6 h when the substance was aged and was increased by warming the samples from ca. 25 degrees C to 37 degrees C. Of the 12 mosquito species studied, attraction response was greatest in Aedes aegypti. It is cautioned that residues deposited by handling traps or other apparatus used in mosquito studies may influence test results.
High-frequency generation of electrochemiluminescence at microelectrodes (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh-frequency generation of electrochemiluminescence at microelectrodesMaryanne M. Collinson and R. Mark. WightmanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 19, 2576–2582Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00067a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00067a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views446Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2013)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00345176.
<title>Analysis of microparticle penetration into human and porcine skin: non-invasive imaging with multiphoton excitation microscopy</title> (2002)

At the University of Oxford and PowderJect Pharmaceuticals plc, a unique form of needle-free injection technology has been developed. Powdered vaccines and drugs in micro-particle form are accelerated in a high-speed gas flow to sufficient velocity to enter the skin, subsequently achieving a pharmaceutical effect. To optimize the delivery of vaccines and drugs with this method a detailed understanding of the interactive processes that occur between the microparticles and the skin is necessary. Investigations to date of micro-particle delivery into excised human and animal tissue have involved image analyses of histology sections. In the present study, a series of investigations were conducted on excised human and porcine skin using the technique of Multi-Photon fluorescence excitation Microscopy (MPM) to image particles and skin structures post-penetration. Micro-particles of various size and composition were imaged with infrared laser excitation. Three-dimensional images of stratum corneum and epidermal cell deformation due to micro-particle penetration were obtained. Measurements of micro-particle penetration depth taken from z-scan image stacks were used to successfully quantify micro-particle distribution within the skin, without invasively disrupting the skin target. This study has shown that MPM has great potential for the non-invasive imaging of particle skin interactive processes that occur with the transdermal delivery of powdered micro-particle vaccines and drugs.
Virus: Detection and Elimination (1995)

Definition history the virus virus detection techniques exterminating the buggers disclaimer virus - tiny COM infectors virus - COM infector EXE infectors and you virus - EXE infector partition/Boot infectors companion advanced virus programming tiny virus revisited have a care. Appendix: end of the road.
HepG2/C3A cells respond to cysteine deprivation by induction of the amino acid deprivation/integrated stress response pathway (2008)

To further define genes that are differentially expressed during cysteine deprivation and to evaluate the roles of amino acid deprivation vs. oxidative stress in the response to cysteine deprivation, we assessed gene expression in human hepatoma cells cultured in complete or cysteine-deficient medium. Overall, C3A cells responded to cysteine deprivation by activation of the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)2alpha kinase-mediated integrated stress response to inhibit global protein synthesis; increased expression of genes containing amino acid response elements (ASNS, ATF3, CEBPB, SLC7A11, and TRIB3); increased expression of genes for amino acid transporters (SLC7A11, SLC1A4, and SLC3A2), aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (CARS), and, to a limited extent, amino acid metabolism (ASNS and CTH); increased expression of genes that act to suppress growth (STC2, FOXO3A, GADD45A, LNK, and INHBE); and increased expression of several enzymes that favor glutathione synthesis and maintenance of protein thiol groups (GCLC, GCLM, SLC7A11, and TXNRD1). Although GCLC, GCLM, SLC7A11, HMOX, and TXNRD1 were upregulated, most genes known to be upregulated via oxidative stress were not affected by cysteine deprivation. Because most genes known to be upregulated in response to eIF2alpha phosphorylation and activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) synthesis were differentially expressed in response to cysteine deprivation, it is likely that many responses to cysteine deprivation are mediated, at least in part, by the general control nondepressible 2 (GCN2)/ATF4-dependent integrated stress response. This conclusion was supported by the observation of similar differential expression of a subset of genes in response to leucine deprivation. A consequence of sulfur amino acid restriction appears to be the upregulation of the cellular capacity to cope with oxidative and chemical stresses via the integrated stress response.
Surface-Initiated Activators Generated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization in Detection of DNA Point Mutation (2009)

Amplification-by-Polymerization reportedly offers a sensitive and detector-free approach for DNA detection. However, the requirement for an oxygen-free environment when classic radical polymerization reactions are used in signal amplification significantly limits the mobility of this approach for point-of-need applications. We report here the employment of a purge-free controlled/"living" polymerization reaction, activators generated by electron transfer for atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP), to achieve signal amplification upon DNA hybridization. Its aptitude in simplifying assay procedure and shortening assay turn-around has been demonstrated in this report, which substantiates the feasibility of using Amplification-by-Polymerization for high throughput or portable screening of genetic mutations. In addition, employment of water-soluble ascorbic acid as the reducing agent has overcome the hurdles encountered by heterogeneous AGET ATRP reactions. Optimization of AGET ATRP in the presence of oligonucleotides has been conducted where tris[(2-pyridyl)methyl]amine (TPMA) was selected as the catalyst ligand for its mild reaction rate. Effective polymer growth has been achieved when the concentration of the Cu(II) catalyst was controlled at 20 mM and ascorbic acid at 18 mM. The propagation and termination reaction constants have been derived, purporting the speculated controlled growth kinetics during polymer grafting. A linear relationship between the grafted polymer film thickness and the amount of captured DNA target sequences has been established, which provides the quantification basis during DNA detection. Detection of DNA sequences with single-point mutations has been successful regardless of the mutation site.
Binding of interleukin-8 to heparan sulphate enhances cervical maturation in rabbits (1999)

Cervical ripening is a cytokine-triggered process with substantial remodelling of the cervical extracellular matrix. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is an important cytokine in cervical maturation. Glycosaminoglycans are also included in this process, but their role in not clearly understood. The effects of heparan sulphate (HS), hyaluronic acid (HA), IL-8, HS + IL-8 and HA + IL-8 on biochemical properties of the cervix were examined in non-pregnant rabbits. The changes in vascular pattern with collagen structure of the cervices and immunohistochemical studies, together with the relative collagen concentrations, were determined. A reduction in relative collagen concentration was significant after HS + IL-8, IL-8 and HA + IL-8 treatment (all P < 0.0001). Gel electrophoresis analysis showed that IL-8 bound preferentially to HS than to HA. Neutrophils were significantly increased in number (P < 0.0001) and located predominantly beneath the glandular epithelium and around the blood vessels after HS + IL-8 treatment. HS + IL-8 treatment caused cervices to increase their water content and become oedematous. The collagen fibres were considerably dissociated, the interfibrillar spaces markedly dilated, and the blood vessels notably increased and dilated. We conclude that binding to HS enhances the activity of IL-8 in inducing cervical maturation.
Effects of folate receptor expression following stable transfection into wild type and methotrexate transport-deficient ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. (1992)

Two biochemically distinct systems, the high affinity folate receptor and the lower affinity reduced-folate carrier, have each been implicated in mediating the transport of folates and antifolates into cells. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that methotrexate accumulation into wild type (WT) ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells involves a system with characteristics of the reduced-folate carrier, that this system is deficient in methotrexate resistant (MTXR) ZR-75-1 cells in which methotrexate transport is undetectable and that neither breast cancer cell line expresses folate receptors. In this report we examined the possible interaction of the reduced-folate carrier with folate receptors by stably transfecting both WT ZR-75-1 and MTXR ZR-75-1 cells with an expression vector containing a folate receptor cDNA. Clones of stably transfected MTXR ZR-75-1 and WT ZR-75-1 cells expressing comparable levels of folate receptors were studied and compared to the nontransfected cell lines. Although nontransfected WT and MTXR ZR-75-1 cell lines require concentrations > or = 100 nM folic acid for growth, the expression of folate receptors in transfected WT and MTXR ZR-75-1 cells permitted the growth of both cell lines in low concentrations (1 nM) of folic acid. While the defect in the reduced-folate carrier system in MTXR ZR-75-1 cells inhibits their growth in medium containing low concentrations of folinic acid (< or = 1 microM), MTXR ZR-75-1 cells expressing folate receptors display uninhibited growth in 1 nM folinic acid. The accumulation of folic acid, folinic acid, and methotrexate is enhanced in folate receptor-transfected WT ZR-75-1 cells and MTXR ZR-75-1 cells. Furthermore, the accumulation of folates and antifolate was similar in both transfected WT and MTXR ZR-75-1 cell lines that expressed folate receptors. This suggests that alterations in the reduced-folate carrier do not affect folate receptor function. We also examined the effect of folate receptor expression on the sensitivity of WT and MTXR ZR-75-1 cells to methotrexate and to the lipophillic antifolate trimetrexate. Increased folate receptor expression decreased the sensitivity of WT ZR-75-1 cells toward the antifolate trimetrexate, presumably through increased uptake of reduced folates. Although the expression of the folate receptor enhanced the growth of both cell lines in low folate concentrations, it did not affect the sensitivity of either WT or MTXR ZR-75-1 cells to methotrexate.
Differential impact of mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells compared with conventional CD4+ T cells (2007)

Based on their ability to control T-cell homeostasis, Foxp3(+)CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) are being considered for treatment of autoimmune disorders and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). When combining Tregs with the immunosuppressant rapamycin (RAPA), we observed reduced alloreactive conventional T-cell (Tconv) expansion and aGVHD lethality compared with each treatment alone. This synergistic in vivo protection was paralleled by intact expansion of polyclonal Tregs with conserved high FoxP3 expression. In contrast to Tconv, activation of Tregs with alloantigen and interleukin-2 preferentially led to signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) phosphorylation and not phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway activity. Expression of phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), a negative regulator of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, remained high in Tregs but not Tconv during stimulation. Conversely, targeted deletion of PTEN increased susceptibility of Tregs to mTOR inhibition by RAPA. Differential impact of RAPA as a result of reduced usage of the mTOR pathway in Tregs compared with conventional T cells explains the synergistic effect of RAPA and Tregs in aGVHD protection, which has important implications for clinical trials using Tregs.
Interaction of Recombinant Procollagen and Properdin Modules of Thrombospondin-1 with Heparin and Fibrinogen/Fibrin (1999)

Many properties have been assigned to the procollagen and properdin (Type I) modules of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) based on activities of large proteolytic fragments of TSP1 or peptides containing TSP1-derived sequences. To examine the activities of the modules more exactly, we expressed the first properdin module (P1); the third properdin module (P3); the first and second properdin modules (P12); the first, second, and third properdin modules (P123); and the procollagen module with the first, second, and third properdin modules (CP123) in the GELEX expression vector (GE1) using the baculovirus system. GE1 encodes the pre-pro sequence, the transglutaminase cross-linking site(s), the protease-sensitive site, and the gelatin binding domain from the amino terminus of rat fibronectin. All five recombinant proteins were expressed by insect cells, secreted into the culture medium, and purified by gelatin-agarose affinity chromatography. P123 shared with TSP1 a resistance to trypsin unless reduced and alkylated. P12/GE1, P123/GE1, and CP123/GE1 bound poorly to heparin-agarose except in the absence of sodium chloride, whereas peptides based on P2 are known to bind to heparin in up to 150 mM sodium chloride. In cross-linking experiments employing activated recombinant factor XIII and the transglutaminase cross-linking site in the fibronectin-derived sequence, P12/GE1, P123/GE1, CP123/GE1, and P3/GE1 but not P1/GE1 became incorporated into a fibrin clot more than GE1 alone. Analysis of the complex indicated that cross-linking was to the portion of the fibrin alpha-chain remaining in the D-dimer of plasmin digests. P123 also cross-linked to the Aalpha-chain of unclotted fibrinogen. P123 competed for 125I-TSP1 incorporation into the fibrin clot. P123 did not cross-link to plasminogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein, fibronectin, or plasma globulins other than fibrinogen/fibrin. These results indicate that the properdin modules of TSP1 specifically interact with fibrinogen/fibrin but not with heparin under physiologic conditions.