gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CBP/p300-Interacting Protein CITED1 Modulates Parathyroid Hormone Regulation of Osteoblastic Differentiation (2008)

PTH regulates osteoblastic differentiation and activity and exerts different overall skeletal effects in vivo, depending on the schedule and dose of administration. In clonal Wt9 murine osteoblastic cells, mRNA and protein levels of CITED1 transcriptional coactivator were strongly up-regulated by human (h) PTH(1-34). Stimulation of CITED1 mRNA by PTH was transient, peaking at 4 h, concentration dependent, and blocked by actinomycin D but not cycloheximide. The stimulation was mimicked by forskolin, phorbol ester, and the cAMP-selective PTH analog [G(1),R(19)] hPTH (1-28) and inhibited completely by the protein kinase A inhibitor, H89 and partially by phorbol ester-induced protein kinase C depletion. Increased CITED1 expression was not maintained during persistent (24 h) PTH exposure. Cultured primary calvarial osteoblasts from neonatal homozygous or hemizygous CITED1-knockout (KO) mice achieved 2-fold greater mineralized nodule formation in comparison with wild type (WT) osteoblasts. This effect was blocked by restoration of CITED1 expression via adenoviral gene transfer. Intermittent administration of hPTH(1-34) (10 nm, for 4 h every 48 h) for 3-6 wk increased mineralization up to 2-fold over basal levels in both WT and CITED1 KO mouse calvarial cell cultures. Whereas the cAMP-selective [G(1),R(19)]hPTH(1-28) analog [at 100 nm, equivalent to 10 nm hPTH(1-34)] did not stimulate mineralization in WT cultures, it was twice as effective as hPTH(1-34) in CITED1 KO cultures. Thus, CITED1 negatively regulates osteoblastic differentiation in vitro and inhibits the cAMP-dependent stimulation of differentiation by intermittent PTH. We conclude also that PTH receptor signaling pathways independent of cAMP restrain osteoblastic differentiation, an effect normally obscured in the presence of CITED1 but revealed in its absence.
Fractalkine Deficiency Markedly Reduces Macrophage Accumulation and Atherosclerotic Lesion Formation in CCR2 −/− Mice (2007)

These data provide the first in vivo evidence for independent roles for CCR2 and CX3CL1 in macrophage accumulation and atherosclerotic lesion formation and suggest that successful therapeutic strategies may need to target multiple chemokines or chemokine receptors.
Mitochondria 1983 : nucleo-mitochondrial interactions : proceedings of a conference held in Schliersee, Germany, July 19-23, 1983 (1983)

Papers presented at the Schliersee Meeting on Nucleo-mitochondrial Interactions, held July 19-23, 1983.
Will Epigenetic Allelic Ratio Analysis Turn Prenatal Diagnosis of Trisomy 18 on Its EAR? (2006)

In a proof of principle report elsewhere in this issue of Clinical Chemistry, Tong et al. (1) describe a novel approach to the noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of a human chromosomal abnormality by analyzing the allelic ratio of a polymorphism present within the methylated promoter of a DNA sequence on chromosome 18q21.3, maspin (SERPINB5) . This method differs from other approaches to noninvasive diagnosis of aneuploidy in that it is truly diagnostic, as opposed to being a screen.

The technique described in this paper relies first on the isolation of cell-free fetal DNA from maternal plasma, and second, on the fact that there is differential methylation of maspin . In a previous report from the same laboratory group (2) maspin was shown to be hypomethylated (i.e., actively expressed) in placenta and hypermethylated (i.e., silenced) in maternal leukocytes, which are the source of most circulating cell-free DNA in plasma (3). By the method of bisulfite modification, unmethylated cytosine residues in the DNA sequence are converted to uracil, but methylated cytosine residues remain unchanged. This sequence difference is then exploited via methylation-specific PCR amplification, followed by allele-specific primer extension. A single-base variation [or single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)] within the promoter sequence is then used as a focus for mass spectrometric analysis, with subsequent analysis of the ratio of copy numbers of the particular DNA sequence variation.

In the present study, the U-maspin -156 SNP was used. A normal euploid fetus might be genotyped as AC at this locus. Fetuses with trisomy 18, if polymorphic, would be genotyped as having AAC or ACC. By measuring the ratio of A to …
A review of methods for improving the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and polymer matrix (1997)

Abstract The interfacial properties between carbon fibers and surrounding matrix of a composite are drastically affected by interfacial structure. This structure mainly relates to the surface physico‐chemistry of the fiber, which includes its surface chemical groups and microstructure, morphology, surface area, and surface free energy. These properties can be changed by various surface treatments, including various dry and wet oxidation steps, plasma treatment, electrodischarge, and fiber sizing or coating. These methods improve the interfacial properties significantly and synergistically, although each treatment has its specific application area.
Global optimization in the localization of neuromagnetic sources (1998)

The locations of active brain areas can be estimated from the magnetic field produced by the neural current sources. In many cases, the actual current distribution can be modeled with a set of stationary current dipoles with time-varying amplitudes. This work studies global optimization methods that find the minimum of the least-squares error function of the current dipole estimation problem. Three different global optimization methods were investigated: clustering method, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. In simulation studies, the genetic algorithm was the most effective method. The methods were also applied to analysis of actual measurement data.
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2001 outpatient department summary. (2003)

During 2001, about 83.7 million visits were made to hospital OPDs in the United States. The 2001 rate (29.9 per 100 persons) represents a 33 percent increase since 1992. Females had higher OPD visit rates than males (35.2 versus 24.3 visits per 100 persons) and black or African-American persons had higher OPD visit rates than white persons (48.8 versus 27.9 visits per 100 persons). The majority of visits to hospital OPDs were made by patients with previous visits to the clinic (84.2 percent); 70.0 percent had visited the clinic one or more times during the past 12 months. Preventive care visits comprised 15.5 percent of all OPD visits; nearly three out of four preventive care visits were made by females (72.8 percent). Diagnostic and screening services were ordered or provided at 85.0 percent of visits, therapeutic and preventive services were ordered or provided at 45.6 percent of visits, and medications were prescribed at 64.6 percent of visits. Most patients were given an appointment to return to the clinic (60.1 percent).
Microvascular specializations promoting rapid interstitial solute dispersion in nucleus tractus solitarius (1990)

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), an aggregate of several individual nuclear groups in the dorsal medulla oblongata, is involved in virtually all autonomic functions as the first synaptic site in the brain for many peripheral viscerosomatic inputs. We found morphological evidence that dorsocaudal subregions of rat NTS (approximately 800 microns caudal from obex) had fenestrated capillaries and enlarged Virchow-Robin (perivascular) spaces that were similar to those in area postrema but unlike capillaries elsewhere in the medulla oblongata. Complexes of microvessels, consisting of up to 10 small vessels with smooth muscle layers (luminal diameters of 10-45 microns) and several capillaries (average luminal diameter of 4.5 microns), were located in the dorsal midline of NTS within large Virchow-Robin spaces measuring some 2,000 microns 2 in area. In physiological studies, we determined that most of NTS had a definable blood-brain barrier [permeability-surface area (PS) products for a neutral amino acid near 0], but medial and lateral aspects of the commissural subnucleus of NTS had PS products of 16-63 microliters.g-1.min-1 for alpha-[14C]aminoisobutyric acid 12 s after intravenous injection. Microvascular differentiations permitting such brisk tracer influx from blood resemble those of area postrema and appear to afford the rich neuropil of commissural NTS with a constant stream of blood-borne information for expediting its regulation of viscerosensory and autonomic functions.
<title>Virtual environment system for simulation of leg surgery</title> (1991)

A virtual environment system has been developed for viewing and manipulating a model of the human leg. The model can be used to simulate the biomechanical consequences of various reconstructive surgical procedures. Previously, the model was implemented on a standard engineering workstation, and interaction was limited to a mouse and screen cursor. By incorporating the leg model into a virtual environment, the authors were able to assess the value of a head-coupled stereo display and direct 3-D manipulation for a surgery simulation application. This application is an interesting test case for a virtual environment because it requires visualization and manipulation of complex 3-D geometries. Since the model can be used as the basis for a number of biomechanical analyses, the virtual environment provides an opportunity to visualize the resulting datasets in the context of the 3-D model. The components used in assembling the system are described the design and implementation of this system is discussed, and a set of interface techniques that allow direct 3-D interaction with the model is presented.
Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus genomes in Taiwan: Molecular epidemiology and genome evolution (2004)

Since early March 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV) infection has claimed 346 cases and 37 deaths in Taiwan. The epidemic occurred in two stages. The first stage caused limited familial or hospital infections and lasted from early March to mid-April. All cases had clear contact histories, primarily from Guangdong or Hong Kong. The second stage resulted in a large outbreak in a municipal hospital, and quickly spread to northern and southern Taiwan from late April to mid-June. During this stage, there were some sporadic cases with untraceable contact histories. To investigate the origin and transmission route of SARS-CoV in Taiwan's epidemic, we conducted a systematic viral lineage study by sequencing the entire viral genome from ten SARS patients. SARS-CoV viruses isolated from Taiwan were found closely related to those from Guangdong and Hong Kong. In addition, all cases from the second stage belonged to the same lineage after the municipal hospital outbreak, including the patients without an apparent contact history. Analyses of these full-length sequences showed a positive selection occurring during SARS-CoV virus evolution. The mismatch distribution indicated that SARS viral genomes did not reach equilibrium and suggested a recent introduction of the viruses into human populations. The estimated genome mutation rate was approximately 0.1 per genome, demonstrating possibly one of the lowest rates among known RNA viruses.
Streponigrin and related compounds. II. Synthesis of the c‐ring precursors (1975)

Abstract Synthesis of the tricyclic analogue 1b of the antitumor antibiotic streptonigrin 1a by the application of Friedlander condensation required a substituted 2‐acetylpyridine ( 2 ) as the precursor for the C‐ring. A practical, 8‐step sequence was devised for its synthesis starting from 2,5‐lutidine.
第二项东盟协调一致协议：参与性地区“发展”的政策前景 (2005)

随着2003年底第二项东盟协调一致协议的签署,东南亚地区制定了一项雄心勃勃的计划,旨在建立一个基于经济、安全和社会文化等三大支柱的共同体.但是,东盟的议事日程一直是高度自愿性的,尽管在一定程度上由于新加坡和泰国利益的促动而在实行东盟经济一体化方面也取得了某些进展.这种明显的政策差异可以被视为战略上的不明确,这将使不同的成员国得以根据自身的能力,要么通过差别性一体化的双重步骤,要么通过创造性免税的概念来参与一体化.当前关于人的安全和发展含义的争论,是可以用来加强东盟活力的两个相关方面.还有待于制定出一项真正包含一切的发展战略,即能够建立一个可持续的东盟社会文化共同体,并得到经济地区主义扩大模式和全面安全秩序的支持.这些是第二项东盟协调一致协议所缺少的基础.然而,实施第二项东盟协调一致协议的整个漫长时期(持续到2020年),表明了东盟国家能够对其所面临的挑战作出现实的评估.
Integration of Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 epilayers with Si by domain epitaxy (2000)

High-quality lead zirconate titanate films (PZT) have been grown on yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) bottom electrode by domain epitaxy where integral multiples of lattice constants match across the interface. The YBCO films were epitaxially fabricated on Si (100) by introducing epilayer geometry of strontium titanate/magnesium oxide/titanium nitride. Pulsed-laser ablation was used to evaporate these five stoichiometric targets in a high vacuum chamber. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques were employed to gain understanding of the structure, crystallinity, and interfaces in these epilayers. The electrical characterization of the PZT films with evaporated silver contacts resulted in superior values of spontaneous polarization, remnant polarization, and coercive fields. This heterostructure opens a way for integration of epitaxial single-crystal PZT-based capacitors with silicon-based devices.
Single-Step Process To Prepare CeO2 Nanotubes with Improved Catalytic Activity (2009)

CeO(2) nanotubes have been grown electrochemically using a porous alumina membrane as a template. The resulting material has been characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy tomography, high-resolution electron microscopy (HREM), and electron energy loss spectroscopy. According to SEM, the outer diameter of the nanotubes corresponds to the pore size (200 nm) of the alumina membrane, and their length ranges between 30 and 40 microm. HREM images have revealed that the width of the nanotube walls is about 6 nm. The catalytic activity of these novel materials for the CO oxidation reaction is compared to that of a polycrystalline powder CeO(2) sample prepared by a conventional route. The activity of the CeO(2) nanotubes is shown to be in the order of 400 times higher per gram of oxide at 200 degrees C (77.2 x 10(-2) cm(3) CO(2) (STP)/(gxs) for the nanotube-shaped CeO(2) and 0.16 x 10(-2) cm(3) CO(2) (STP)/(gxs) for the powder CeO(2)).
Organic Electroluminescent Devices (1996)

Electroluminescence from organic materials has the potential to enable low-cost, full-color flat-panel displays, as well as other emissive products. Some materials have now demonstrated adequate efficiencies (1 to 15 lumens/watt) and lifetimes (>5000 hours) for practical use; however, the factors that govern lifetime remain poorly understood. This article provides a brief review of device principles and applications requirements and focuses on the understanding of reliability issues.
Cyclic Peptides as Molecular Adapters for a Pore-Forming Protein (2000)

Recently, cyclodextrins were shown to act as adapters for the pore-forming protein staphylococcal α-hemolysin (αHL). The bagel-shaped molecules bind in the lumen of the transmembrane channel formed by αHL and alter the properties of the pore. For example, the unitary conductance is reduced, and organic molecules can act as channel blockers by binding to the cavity within the cyclodextrin adapter. In a search for a class of adapters more versatile than the cyclodextrins and amenable to preparation as libraries, cyclic peptides have now been examined. Four peptides, cyclo[(l-Arg-d-Leu)4-] ((RL)4), cyclo[(l-Glu-d-Leu)4-] ((EL)4), cyclo[(-l-Phe-d-N-(aminoethyl)-Ala-l-Phe-d-Ala)2-] (diNH3+-(FA)4), and cyclo[(-l-Phe-d-N-(carboxymethyl)-Ala-l-Phe-d-Ala)2-] (diCO2--(FA)4), became lodged within the αHL pore, altering the unitary conductance and ion selectivity. Further, the positively charged peptides, (RL)4 and diNH3+-(FA)4, were able to act as binding sites for various small polyanions. For example, the second messenger IP3 bound to (RL)4 within the αHL pore. Therefore, the modulation of single-channel currents through pores containing cyclic peptide adapters may prove useful for sensing a variety of molecules.
Towards an Economy of Complexity: Derrida, Morin and Bataille (2013)

In this article we explore the possibility of viewing complex systems, as well as the models we create of such systems, as operating within a particular type of economy. The type of economy we aim to establish here is inspired by Jacques Derrida’s reading of George Bataille’s notion of a general economy. We restrict our discussion to the philosophical use of the word ‘economy’. This reading tries to overcome the idea of an economy as restricted to a single logos or master narrative. At the same time, however, Derrida illustrates that we always operate from a restricted framework and as such something will always escape and interrupt our understanding of the world. In this paper we will propose that one could use Derrida’s reading of Bataille, along with notions such as différance, in order to move towards an understanding of complex systems as existing within certain sets of possibilities and constraints. We argue that this view of an economy agrees with the work of Edgar Morin on complexity and his conceptualization of general complexity.
Bilirubin Mono- and diglucuronide formation by human liver In vitro : Assay by high-pressure liquid chromatography (1981)

Bilirubin diglucuronide, the major pigment in human bile is formed in two steps. Bilirubin is converted to bilirubin monoglucuronide by transfer of the glucuronosyl moiety of uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid catalyzed by the microsomal enzyme, uridine diphosphoglucuronate glucuraonosyl transferase (UDP glucuronyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.17). Bilirubin monoglucuaronide is converted to bilirubin diglucuronide in vitro by two enzymatic mechanisms: (a) UDP glucuronyl transferase-mediated transfer of a second mole of glucuronic acid form UDP-glucuronic acid to bilirubin monoglucuronide; (b) dismutation of 2 moles of bilirubin monoglucuronide to 1 mole of bilirubin diglucuronide and 1 mole of unconjugated bilirubin, catalyzed by bilirubin monoglucuronide dismutase (bilirubin glucuronoside glucuronosyl transferase EC 2.4.1.95). Assay methods for the three enzymatic mechanisms in human liver homogenate by high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis of underivatized bilirubin tetrapyrroles have been developed. UDP glucuronyl transferase was activated in five human liver homogenates with digitonin, Triton X-100, or UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. Greatest activation was observed with Triton X-100. The pH optimum for conversion of bilirubin to bilirubin monoglucuronide was 7.4, and UDP glucuronyl transferase activity was 625 +/- 51 nmoles per 20 min per gm liver. At high initial bilirubin concentrations (342 microM), the product of UDP glucuronyl transferase assay with bilirubin as substrate was predominantly bilirubin monoglucuronide. At lower initial bilirubin concentrations (6.5 to 34 microM), up to 15% bilirubin diglucuronide was formed. Glucuronyl transferase-mediated UDP glucuronic acid-dependent conversion of bilirubin monoglucuronide to diglucuronide was assayed using UDP-14-C-glucuronic acid. The pH optimum was 7.4, and the rate was 21 +/- 7 nmoles per gm liver per 20 min. The rate of bilirubin diglucuronide formation by enzymatic dismutation of bilirubin monoglucuronide was 470 +/- 112 nmoles per gm liver per min. The pH optimum was 6.6. The products of enzymatic dismutation were of the IX alpha configuration.
A Novel Pathway for Synthesis of Submicrometer-Size Solid Core/Mesoporous Shell Silica Spheres (1998)

The synthesis of tailored nanoparticles—non-porous and porous—is a major challenge in advanced materials science. The authors here report the synthesis of submicrometer-size silica particles with a solid core and a thin porous shell (see Figure). The thermal stability and the high specific surface area make these silica beads suitable as adsorbents for various applications in chromatography.
Epidemiology of periodontal diseases. (1996)

This review summarizes findings from 46 reports selected from over 130 epidemiologic studies published in 1993 and 1994. Recent findings from longitudinal studies are consistent with the concept that periodontal destruction proceeds in random bursts at specific sites and demonstrate that some individuals have an elevated risk of attachment loss. These and other studies provide further evidence that cigarette smoking is a significant risk factor. New studies have quantified the risk of tooth loss due to periodontal disease, and there is better knowledge about HIV-associated periodontal diseases. Familial studies suggest that both environmental and genetic factors contribute to individual variations in etiologic factors (such as plaque) and periodontal diseases. Several studies propose an intriguing link between periodontal diseases and coronary heart disease, which may be mediated through risk factors common to both diseases, and as a direct consequence of the contribution of periodontal bacteria and their products to atherosclerosis.
Isosurface stuffing (2007)

The isosurface stuffing algorithm fills an isosurface with a uniformly sized tetrahedral mesh whose dihedral angles are bounded between 10.7° and 164.8°, or (with a change in parameters) between 8.9° and 158.8°. The algorithm is whip fast, numerically robust, and easy to implement because, like Marching Cubes, it generates tetrahedra from a small set of precomputed stencils. A variant of the algorithm creates a mesh with internal grading: on the boundary, where high resolution is generally desired, the elements are fine and uniformly sized, and in the interior they may be coarser and vary in size. This combination of features makes isosurface stuffing a powerful tool for dynamic fluid simulation, large-deformation mechanics, and applications that require interactive remeshing or use objects defined by smooth implicit surfaces. It is the first algorithm that rigorously guarantees the suitability of tetrahedra for finite element methods in domains whose shapes are substantially more challenging than boxes. Our angle bounds are guaranteed by a computer-assisted proof. If the isosurface is a smooth 2-manifold with bounded curvature, and the tetrahedra are sufficiently small, then the boundary of the mesh is guaranteed to be a geometrically and topologically accurate approximation of the isosurface.
Biomedical Applications of Untethered Mobile Milli/Microrobots (2015)

Untethered robots miniaturized to the length scale of millimeter and below attract growing attention for the prospect of transforming many aspects of health care and bioengineering. As the robot size goes down to the order of a single cell, previously inaccessible body sites would become available for high-resolution <i>in situ</i> and <i>in vivo</i> manipulations. This unprecedented direct access would enable an extensive range of minimally invasive medical operations. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current advances in biome dical untethered mobile milli/microrobots. We put a special emphasis on the potential impacts of biomedical microrobots in the near future. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges and emerging concepts associated with designing such a miniaturized robot for operation inside a biological environment for biomedical applications.