gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacology of Endogenous Neuroactive Steroids (2004)

Neuroactive steroids are potent endogenous neuromodulators with rapid actions in the central nervous system. Neuroactive steroids have been claimed to have specific physiological roles in normal or pathological brain function. This article reviews the emerging evidence that progesterone-, deoxycorticosterone-, and testosterone-derived endogenous neuroactive steroids play an important role in the modulation of neural excitability and brain function. Neuroactive steroids such as allopregnanolone and allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (THDOC) are extremely potent positive allosteric modulators of GABAA receptors with sedative, anxiolytic, and anticonvulsant properties. The sulfated neuroactive steroids pregnenolone sulfate (PS) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), which are negative GABAA receptor modulators, induce anxiogenic and proconvulsant effects. Thus, natural fluctuations in neuroactive steroid levels during the menstrual cycle and stress could affect several nervous system functions. There is strong evidence that allopregnanolone and THDOC are involved in the pathophysiology of premenstrual syndrome, catamenial epilepsy, major depression, and stress-sensitive brain disorders. Neuroactive steroids PS and DHEAS have been shown to modulate memory functions. However, the significance of the testosterone-derived neuroactive steroid 3alpha-androstanediol is not well understood. Like naturally occurring neuroactive steroids, synthetic derivatives such as ganaxolone have been proven in preclinical and clinical studies to be effective anticonvulsants with great potential for human use. Future research on inhibition or stimulation of specific neuroactive steroid synthesizing enzymes could provide an improved understanding and novel approaches for the treatment of anxiety, epilepsy, and depression.
Elimination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose from the anterior chamber of the rabbit (1989)

The elimination of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) of molecular weight 86,000 daltons (2%, viscosity 4,000 centipoises; 2.5%, 15,000 centipoises) and 120,000 daltons (2%, 15,000 centipoises) from the anterior chamber of rabbit eyes was determined colorimetrically and was nearly complete by 24 hours. The elimination rate was dependent on the viscosity of the HPMC injected into the eye. Elevation of the intraocular pressure by HPMC was detected three hours after injection, but the pressure was almost normal at six hours and was normal thereafter. This effect is independent of the molecular weight, the concentration, and the viscosity of the solutions used. Using an in vitro assay method, HPMC (86,000 daltons) at 2.5% concentration in tissue culture medium was innocuous to rabbit endothelial cells.
Dipeptidyl‐peptidase IV hydrolyses gastric inhibitory polypeptide, glucagon‐like peptide‐1(7–36)amide, peptide histidine methionine and is responsible for their degradation in human serum (1993)

Peptides of the glucagon/vasoactive-intestinal-peptide (VIP) peptide family share a considerable sequence similarity at their N-terminus. They either start with Tyr-Ala, His-Ala or His-Ser which might be in part potential targets for dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, a highly specialized aminopeptidase removing dipeptides only from peptides with N-terminal penultimate proline or alanine. Growth-hormone-releasing factor (1-29)amide and gastric inhibitory peptide/glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) with terminal Tyr-Ala as well as glucagon-like peptide-1(7-36)amide/insulinotropin [GLP-1(7-36)amide] and peptide histidine methionine (PHM) with terminal His-Ala were hydrolysed to their des-Xaa-Ala derivatives by dipeptidyl-peptidase IV purified from human placenta. VIP with terminal His-Ser was not significantly degraded by the peptidase. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of GIP, GLP-1(7-36)amide and PHM were analyzed in detail. For these peptides Km values of 4-34 microM and Vmax values of 0.6-3.8 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 were determined for the purified peptidase which should allow their enzymic degradation also at physiological, nanomolar concentrations. When human serum was incubated with GIP or GLP-1(7-36)amide the same fragments as with the purified dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, namely the des-Xaa-Ala peptides and Tyr-Ala in the case of GIP or His-Ala in the case of GLP-1(7-36)amide, were identified as the main degradation products of these peptide hormones. Incorporation of inhibitors specific for dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, 1 mM Lys-pyrrolidide or 0.1 mM diprotin A (Ile-Pro-Ile), completely abolished the production of these fragments by serum. It is concluded that dipeptidyl-peptidase IV initiates the metabolism of GIP and GLP-1(7-36)amide in human serum. Since an intact N-terminus is obligate for the biological activity of the members of the glucagon/VIP peptide family [e. g. GIP(3-42) is known to be inactive to release insulin in the presence of glucose as does intact GIP], dipeptidyl-peptidase-IV action inactivates these peptide hormones. The relevance of this finding for their inactivation and their determination by immunoassays is discussed.
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase: Biochemistry and Functional Significance (2003)

Monamines derived from the decarboxylation of aromatic L-amino acids are formed by every type of living organism from bacteria to plants and animals. These compounds and their derivatives are important regulatory substances. Although consensus has been difficult to reach, it appears that only two enzymes catalyze the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids in mammals. first, histidine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.22), a very specific enzyme; and second, aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28) (AADC), a very nonspecific enzyme. The notable features of AADC are as follows. The enzyme is found in tissues where a functional role is obvious, such as catecholaminergic neurons, serotonergic neurons, the adrenal medulla, pineal gland, and enterochromaffin tissue. The highest levels of AADC, however, are found in tissues such as the kidney, liver, and gastrointestinal tract where its functional status is unclear. In those tissues in which AADC is clearly functional, it is assumed the enzyme is present in massive excess relative to the activity of other monoamine enzymes. Thus, the prevailing concept has been that AADC is not rate-limiting in monoamine synthesis. The enzyme does not appear to be under metabolic control. In fact, the Michaelis constant of the enzyme for even its best substrates is several orders of magnitude greater than the endogenous concentration of those amino acids.
Synthesising 3D Facial Motion from “In-the-Wild” Speech (2020)

Synthesising 3D facial motion from speech is a crucial problem manifesting in a multitude of applications such as computer games and movies. Recently proposed methods tackle this problem in controlled conditions of speech. In this paper, we introduce the first methodology for 3D facial motion synthesis from speech captured in arbitrary recording conditions (“in-the-wild”) and independent of the speaker. For our purposes, we captured 4D sequences of people uttering 500 words, contained in the Lip Reading in the Wild (LRW) words, a publicly available large-scale in-the-wild dataset, and built a set of 3D blendshapes appropriate for speech. We correlate the 3D shape parameters of the speech blendshapes to the LRW audio samples by means of a novel time-warping technique, named Deep Canonical Attentional Warping (DCAW), that can simultaneously learn hierarchical non-linear representations and a warping path in an end-to-end manner. We thoroughly evaluate our proposed methods, and show the ability of a deep learning model to synthesise 3D facial motion in handling different speakers and continuous speech signals in uncontrolled conditions <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> .
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography for the nondestructive assessment of the remineralization of dentin (2009)

Previous studies have demonstrated that polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) can be used to image caries lesions in dentin, measure nondestructively the severity of dentin demineralization, and determine the efficacy of intervention with anticaries agents including fluoride and lasers. The objective of this study is to determine if PS-OCT can be used to nondestructively measure a reduction in the reflectivity of dentin lesions after exposure to a remineralization solution. Although studies have shown the ability of PS-OCT to image the remineralization of lesions in enamel, none have included dentin. PS-OCT images of dentin surfaces are acquired after exposure to an artificial demineralizing solution for six days and a remineralizing solution for 20 days. The integrated reflectivity, depth of demineralization, and thickness of the layer of remineralization are calculated for each of the two treatment groups on each sample. Polarized light microscopy and microradiography are used to measure lesion severity on histological thin sections for comparison. PS-OCT successfully measured the formation of a layer of increased mineral content near the lesion surface. Polorized light microscopy (PLM) and transverse microradiography (TMR) corroborated those results. PS-OCT can be used for the nondestructive measurement of the remineralization of dentin.
Inhibition of Mouse Liver Sialidase by the Root ofScutellaria baicalensis (1989)

Of 266 Chinese crude drugs, the hot water extract from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis showed potent mouse liver sialidase inhibitory activity; in addition, wogonin, wogonin glucuronide, baicalein, and baicalin were identified as the inhibitors. These flavonoids showed almost the same inhibitory activity when 50-125 micrograms/ml doses of the samples were used for the assay, while wogonin and baicalein showed a more potent activity than wogonin glucuronide and baicalin at the lower concentration (10 micrograms/ml). However, these flavonoids, except wogonin, showed negligible inhibitory activity against Arthrobacter ureafaciens sialidase. These results indicated that S. baicalensis extract contains the sialidase inhibitors which are specific to mouse liver sialidase.
Altered Neutrophil Trafficking During Sepsis (2002)

In sepsis, dysregulation of the inflammatory system is well known, as reflected in excessive inflammatory mediator production, complement activation, and appearance of defects in phagocytic cells. In the current study sepsis was induced in rats by cecal ligation/puncture. Early in sepsis the beta(1) and beta(2) integrin content on blood neutrophils increased in a nontranscriptional manner, and the increase in beta(2), but not beta(1), integrin content was C5a dependent. Similar changes could be induced in vitro on blood neutrophils following contact with phorbol ester or C5a. Direct injury of lungs of normal rats induced by deposition of IgG immune complexes (IgG-IC) caused 5-fold increases in the myeloperoxidase content that was beta(2), but not beta(1), dependent. In contrast, in cecal ligation/puncture lungs myeloperoxidase increased 10-fold after IgG immune complex deposition and was both beta(1) and beta(2) integrin dependent. These data suggest that sepsis causes enhanced neutrophil trafficking into the lung via mechanisms that are not engaged in the nonseptic state.
Mechanisms of mRNA Surveillance in Eukaryotes (1999)

A conserved mRNA degradation system, referred to as mRNA surveillance, exists in eukaryotic cells to degrade aberrant mRNAs. A defining aspect of aberrant transcripts is that the spatial relationship between the termination codon and specific downstream sequence information has been altered. A key, yet unknown, feature of the mRNA surveillance system is how this spatial relationship is assessed in individual transcripts. Two views have emerged to describe how discrimination between proper and improper termination might occur. In the first view, a surveillance complex assembles onto the mRNA after translation termination, and scans the mRNA in a 3' to 5' direction for a limited distance. If specific downstream sequence information is encountered during this scanning, then the surveillance complex targets the transcript for rapid decay. An alternate view suggests that the downstream sequence information influences how translation termination occurs. This view encompasses several ideas including: (a) The architecture of the mRNP can alter the rate of key steps in translation termination; (b) the discrimination between a proper and improper termination occurs via an internal, Upf1-dependent, timing mechanism; and (c) proper termination results in the restructuring of the mRNP to a form that promotes mRNA stability. This proposed model for mRNA surveillance is similar to other systems of kinetic proofreading that monitor the accuracy of other biogenic processes such as translation and spliceosome assembly.
Functional Genomics of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2006)

The majority of DNA-microarray based gene expression profiling studies on human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has focused on identifying genes associated with clinicopathological features of HCC patients. Although notable success has been achieved, this approach still faces significant challenges due to the heterogeneous nature of HCC (and other cancers) as well as the many confounding factors embedded in gene expression profile data. However, these limitations are being overcome by improved bioinformatics and sophisticated analyses. Also, application of cross comparison of multiple gene expression data sets from human tumors and animal models are facilitating the identification of critical regulatory modules in the expression profiles. The success of this new experimental approach, comparative functional genomics, suggests that integration of independent data sets will enhance our ability to identify key regulatory elements in tumor development. Furthermore, integrating gene expression profiles with data from DNA sequence information in promoters, array-based CGH, and expression of non-coding genes (i.e., microRNAs) will further increase the reliability and significance of the biological and clinical inferences drawn from the data. The pace of current progress in the cancer profiling field, combined with the advances in high-throughput technologies in genomics and proteomics, as well as in bioinformatics, promises to yield unprecedented biological insights from the integrative (or systems) analysis of the combined cancer genomics database. The predicted beneficial impact of this "new integrative biology" on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of liver cancer and indeed cancer in general is enormous.
Non-fullerene small molecule acceptors based on perylene diimides (2016)

This brief review summarizes non-fullerene acceptors based on perylene diimides used in bulk-heterojunction solar cells which were reported mainly during 2014–2016.
Structure of the dimethyl sulfoxide-oxalyl chloride reaction product. Oxidation of heteroaromatic and diverse alcohols to carbonyl compounds (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of the dimethyl sulfoxide-oxalyl chloride reaction product. Oxidation of heteroaromatic and diverse alcohols to carbonyl compoundsAnthony J. Mancuso, Debra S. Brownfain, and Daniel SwernCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 23, 4148–4150Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01337a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01337a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3430Altmetric-Citations255LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Life cycle and calculation of the intrinsic rate of natural increase of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp. from chemoautotrophic Movile Cave, Romania (2007)

Abstract The life cycle and somatic growth of two bacterivorous nematodes, Panagrolaimus sp. and Poikilolaimus sp., isolated from chemoautotrophic microbial mats in Movile Cave, Romania, were studied in monoxenic cultures at 20°C with Escherichia coli as the food source. A method is described that allows simultaneous investigation of the somatic growth pattern, age-specific fecundity, and age-specific mortality of single individuals with high accuracy. Somatic growth curves of the species are presented. During juvenile development, both species showed a strict linear increase in body length, whereas body weight increased exponentially. Growth was continuous without lag phases. The relationships between fresh weight, W (μg), and body length, L (mm), were W = 1.6439L2.7672 for Poikilolaimus sp. and W = 0.2085L4.0915 for Panagrolaimus sp. Life tables and fecundity schedules for the two species are presented. In addition, demographic parameters were calculated. For Panagrolaimus, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm), calculated according to the Lotka equation, was 0.309, the net reproductive rate (R0) 64, the mean generation time (T) 13.8 days and the minimum generation time (Tmin) 9.5 days. The corresponding values for Poikilolaimus were rm = 0.165, R0 = 108, T = 26.2 and Tmin = 19.5. Panagrolaimus produced fewer progeny than Poikilolaimus during its life but exhibited faster population growth due to its faster maturation. It showed a distinct post-reproductive period, whereas Poikilolaimus remained fertile until death.
Predicting the Time Course of Individual Objects with MEG (2014)

To respond appropriately to objects, we must process visual inputs rapidly and assign them meaning. This involves highly dynamic, interactive neural processes through which information accumulates and cognitive operations are resolved across multiple time scales. However, there is currently no model of object recognition which provides an integrated account of how visual and semantic information emerge over time; therefore, it remains unknown how and when semantic representations are evoked from visual inputs. Here, we test whether a model of individual objects--based on combining the HMax computational model of vision with semantic-feature information--can account for and predict time-varying neural activity recorded with magnetoencephalography. We show that combining HMax and semantic properties provides a better account of neural object representations compared with the HMax alone, both through model fit and classification performance. Our results show that modeling and classifying individual objects is significantly improved by adding semantic-feature information beyond ∼200 ms. These results provide important insights into the functional properties of visual processing across time.
Mechanisms and significance of liver steatosis in hepatitis C virus infection (2006)

The pathogenesis of liver damage associated with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is thought to be largely immunomediated. However, some frequent histopathological features, such as steatosis, suggest a direct cytopathic effect of HCV. The direct responsibility of HCV in the pathogenesis of steatosis is shown by: (1) the association with HCV genotype 3 infection, suggesting that some viral sequences are involved in the intracellular accumulation of lipids; (2) the correlation between severity of steatosis and HCV replication levels; (3) association between response to treatment and disappearance of steatosis. Experimental studies have shown that the nucleocapsid protein of HCV (core protein) is capable and sufficient to induce lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Moreover, the observation that chronic hepatitis C patients have reduced serum levels of ApoB suggests an interference with the very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) assembly, although other mechanisms are possible. In patients with sustained virological response induced by antiviral therapy, such levels are normalized. Other observations suggest that the pathogenesis of steatosis in chronic hepatitis C is not solely due to HCV. The origin of the mild steatosis observed in most patients may be metabolic, since its severity correlates with body mass index and insulin resistance. Most studies have shown a correlation between presence and/or severity of steatosis and fibrosis stage, but it is unclear whether this effect is direct or mediated by the associated insulin resistance, increased susceptibility to apoptosis, or by inflammatory cytokines. Finally, steatosis negatively influences the rate of response to antiviral treatment, as confirmed by large clinical trials. Management of steatosis in chronic hepatitis C requires knowledge of its pathogenesis and may involve both life-style changes and pharmacological interventions, although the latter remain largely experimental.
Dural mast cell degranulation is a putative mechanism for headache induced by PACAP-38 (2012)

These findings correlate with clinical studies and support the hypothesis that mast cell degranulation is involved in PACAP-induced migraine. PACAP-38 has a much stronger degranulatory effect on rat peritoneal and dural mast cells than VIP and PACAP-27. The difference in potency between PACAP-38- and PACAP-27/VIP-induced peritoneal mast cell degranulation is probably not related to the PAC(1) receptor but is caused by a difference in efficacy on phospholipase C.
Convergence properties of affine projection and normalized data reusing methods (2002)

The coloring of input sequences can significantly reduce the effective convergence rate of normalized least mean squares (LMS) adaptive filtering algorithms. There has been significant interest in affine projection adaptive filtering algorithms. These algorithms offer improved performance over traditional normalized LMS algorithms. They can achieve the performance of recursive least squares techniques at a lower computational cost. Unfortunately, these algorithms can greatly amplify measurement noise leading to higher overall misadjustment and poor tracking abilities. In this paper, the new forms of data reusing methods developed by the authors are shown to be able to approximate the convergence performance of the affine projection methods without the large misadjustment. In addition, a comprehensive analysis of the steady-state statistical convergence properties of a broad class of data reusing algorithms are presented.