gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallel algorithms for optimal compression using dictionaries with the prefix property (2003)

The authors study parallel algorithms for lossless data compression via textual substitution. Dynamic dictionary compression is known to be P-complete, however, if the dictionary is given in advance, they show that compression can be efficiently parallelized and a computational advantage is obtained when the dictionary has the prefix property. The approach can be generalized to the sliding window method where the dictionary is a window that passes continuously from left to right over the input string.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effect of acute hypoxemia on brain blood flow and oxygen metabolism in immature fetal sheep (1990)

Studies of cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism during acute hypoxic hypoxia in fetal sheep have been confined to late gestation, a time when brain development in this species is largely complete. There is no systematic study of cerebral vascular responses to acute hypoxic hypoxia in immature fetal sheep or, indeed, in immature brains of any species. We studied 13 fetal sheep in utero at 93 +/- 1 days gestation (term = 145-150 days), 48 h after intravascular catheters were placed into the superior sagittal sinus, axillary arteries, and inferior vena cava. We measured brain blood flow by the microsphere method. Cerebral oxygen consumption was calculated with the use of blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres (cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon) and arterial and sagittal sinus values for oxygen content. Fractional oxygen extraction was calculated as the ratio between oxygen consumption and oxygen transport. We altered fetal oxygenation by changing the mother's inspired oxygen concentration. As in the near-term fetus, acute hypoxic hypoxia resulted in increased blood flow to cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, and pons-medulla; furthermore, the increase in blood flow was sufficient to sustain cerebral oxygen consumption. However, in contrast to near-term fetuses, the increase in blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres was not sufficient to maintain convective oxygen transport. Cerebral oxygen consumption was therefore sustained in part by an increase in fractional extraction. Blunted hypoxic vasodilation in immature fetuses might reflect either immature regulatory mechanisms or an inability of cerebral vessels to respond to the usual stimuli. It is also possible that hypoxic vasodilation was blunted by reflex stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Dementia in schizophrenia (2012)

Summary A growing body of evidence suggests that the most common type of dementia in schizophrenia differs from Alzheimer's disease in its clinical features, natural course, neuropathology, neuroanatomical substrates and prognosis. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the risk of developing cognitive impairment and its progression in early-onset schizophrenia differ compared with late- or very-late-onset schizophrenia. The diagnosis and management of dementia in schizophrenia is challenging for both general adult and old age psychiatrists. This article reviews the evidence base regarding dementia in schizophrenia. It discusses the diagnosis of dementia in schizophrenia, its management and prognosis, and identifies some future research opportunities.
Biological effects of nitrogen dioxide and nitric oxide (1979)

The continuous exposure of mice to 0.5 to 0.8 ppM NO/sub 2/ for one month or longer produced many structural changes in the mucous membrane, e.g., proliferation of epithelial cells, and degeneration and ablation of the mucous membrane. Mice exposure continuously to 0.5 to 1.0 ppM NO/sub 2/ for 39 days were challenged with mouse-adapted influenza A/PR/8 virus. Interstitial pneumonia was more extensive in the exposed mice than in the control exposed to clean air. An initial decrease in the quantity of reduced glutathione in the lungs of mice was observed at the beginning of continuous exposure to 0.8 ppM NO/sub 2/ for five days. After initial reduction, the level of glutathione recovered to remain at a normal level. When mice were exposed to 40 ppM NO, in the absence of NO/sub 2/, the nitrosylhemoglobin (NOHb) content of the blood reached a maximum in 30 min and then remained constant. The NOHb level decreased by 50% several minutes after the mouse was removed to room air. Methemoglobin was also formed in NO exposure and the time course of methemoglobin levels was similar to that for NOHb. Long-term exposures of mice to NO were conducted at 2.4 and 10 ppM. Exposuremore » at 10 ppM produced increased lung weight and a decrease in the cholinesterase activity of the blood.« less
Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli To Enhance Recombinant Protein Production through Acetate Reduction (1995)

Genetic and metabolic engineering provide powerful and effective tools for the systematic manipulation and fine tuning of cellular metabolic activities. In this study, successful application of such techniques to enhance recombinant protein production by reducing acetate accumulation in Escherichia coli is presented. The alsS gene from Bacillus subtilis encoding the enzyme acetolactate synthase was introduced into E. coli cells using a multicopy plasmid. This newly introduced heterologous enzyme modifies the glycolytic fluxes by redirecting excess pyruvate away from acetate to acetolactate. Acetolactate is then converted to a nonacidic and less harmful byproduct acetoin, which appears in the broth. Furthermore, comparative fermentation studies show that the reduction in acetate accumulation leads to a significant improvement of recombinant protein production. The expression of a model recombinant CadA/beta-galactosidase fusion protein, under the control of a strong pH-regulated promoter, was found to increase by about 60% for the specific protein activity (to a level of 30% of total cellular protein) and 50% in terms of the volumetric activity in a batch fermenter. In fed-batch cultivation, the engineered strain achieved a volumetric recombinant protein yield of 1.6 million units/mL (about 1.1 g/L of beta-galactosidase), which represented a 220% enhancement over the control strain. In the meantime, acetate excretion was maintained below 20 mM compared with 80 mM for the control, and the final cell density was improved by 35%.
Reduced social interaction and ultrasonic communication in a mouse model of monogenic heritable autism (2008)

Autism spectrum conditions (ASCs) are heritable conditions characterized by impaired reciprocal social interactions, deficits in language acquisition, and repetitive and restricted behaviors and interests. In addition to more complex genetic susceptibilities, even mutation of a single gene can lead to ASC. Several such monogenic heritable ASC forms are caused by loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding regulators of synapse function in neurons, including NLGN4. We report that mice with a loss-of-function mutation in the murine NLGN4 ortholog Nlgn4, which encodes the synaptic cell adhesion protein Neuroligin-4, exhibit highly selective deficits in reciprocal social interactions and communication that are reminiscent of ASCs in humans. Our findings indicate that a protein network that regulates the maturation and function of synapses in the brain is at the core of a major ASC susceptibility pathway, and establish Neuroligin-4-deficient mice as genetic models for the exploration of the complex neurobiological disorders in ASCs.
Emission Spectroscopy of the Cathode Fall Region of an Analytical Glow Discharge (1997)

Stark spectroscopy of hydrogen Balmer lines and neutrai helium lines with forbidden components is used for the study of an analyticai glow discharge. Splitting of the hydrogen Hβ and Hγ lines is applied for simultaneous determination of local electric field and temperature of excited H atoms in pure hydrogen and in argon-hydrogen mixture. Temperature measurements showed that, in pure hydrogen discharge, at least two groups of excited atoms exist : "slow", with average energies in the range from 3.4 eV to 8.2 eV and "fast", ranging between 80 eV and 190 eV. In argon-hydrogen discharge, excited hydrogen neutrals with average energies between 32 eV and 43 eV are detected only. The origin of these energetic neutrals is related to the presence of H+ and H3+ : ions in pure hydrogen, and to the dominant role of H3+ ion in argon-hydrogen mixture. For both gases, in the negative glow region, the increase of the exited hydrogen atoms temperature is detected and explanation suggested. For the electric field measurements in pure helium and helium-hydrogen mixture, the Stark splitting and shitiig of the neutral helium 492.19 nm, 447.15 nm and 406.62 nm with respect to their forbidden counterparts is used. Good agreement between electric field measurements from these three helium lies is obtained.
Computer Structures: Readings and Examples, (1971)

Computer Structures utilizes a case study approach to cover 40 distinct computer types, and to provide a taxonomical framework for analyzing the 1000 different computers now extant. Of the 40 computers described, 10 are based on unpublished sources. Approximately one-third of the book is devoted to original machine descriptions and new 'framework' material. (Author)
Early Life Adversity Is Associated With Elevated Levels of Circulating Leptin, Irisin, and Decreased Levels of Adiponectin in Midlife Adults (2014)

Early-life adversity is directly associated with elevated circulating leptin and irisin, and indirectly associated with elevated CRP and decreased adiponectin. These findings suggest that these adipomyokines may play a role in the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormality in a population with significant early life adversity.
Targeting OX40 and OX40L for the Treatment of Autoimmunity and Cancer (2007)

The optimal activation of naïve T cells requires TCR-mediated recognition of cognate peptide-MHC complexes on antigen presenting cells in the presence of costimulatory signals. Although signals provided via CD28-B7 interactions are important for enhancing the initial T-cell response, other costimulatory signals are required for sustaining the response and promoting both T-cell differentiation and survival. In particular, engagement of OX40 (CD134) by its natural ligand OX40L (CD134L) or OX40 agonists has been shown to provide key signals that can augment CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, numerous studies have highlighted the ability of OX40-specific agonists or antagonists to enhance antitumor immunity or ameliorate autoimmune disease, respectively. On the basis of these studies, the development of OX40- and OX40L-specific reagents has been pursued for clinical use. Given the emerging role of OX40 and OX40L as novel therapeutic targets, this review will focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of OX40-mediated T-cell costimulation with a special emphasis on the role of OX40-OX40L interactions in the etiology and treatment of autoimmunity and cancer.
Lysine Propionylation and Butyrylation Are Novel Post-translational Modifications in Histones (2007)

The positively charged lysine residue plays an important role in protein folding and functions. Neutralization of the charge often has a profound impact on the substrate proteins. Accordingly all the known post-translational modifications at lysine have pivotal roles in cell physiology and pathology. Here we report the discovery of two novel, in vivo lysine modifications in histones, lysine propionylation and butyrylation. We confirmed, by in vitro labeling and peptide mapping by mass spectrometry, that two previously known acetyltransferases, p300 and CREB-binding protein, could catalyze lysine propionylation and lysine butyrylation in histones. Finally p300 and CREB-binding protein could carry out autopropionylation and autobutyrylation in vitro. Taken together, our results conclusively establish that lysine propionylation and lysine butyrylation are novel post-translational modifications. Given the unique roles of propionyl-CoA and butyryl-CoA in energy metabolism and the significant structural changes induced by the modifications, the two modifications are likely to have important but distinct functions in the regulation of biological processes.
Systemic Therapy in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (2004)

During the last two decades considerable advances have been made in the understanding of the biology of RCC. Although the best therapeutic options for patients with metastatic RCC have not been defined, it is apparent that use of immunomodulating cytokines like interferon-alpha and interleukin-2 either alone or combined with chemotherapeutic agents provides the best available results in routine clinical practice. Numerous studies have confirmed that objective tumour responses are seen only in a small fraction of patients (averagely in 15-20%). In spite of a lot of evidence that these treatments prolong survival, expectations of only 5-10% long-term survivals with complete and durable regression of tumours are realistic. Recently, some new promising investigational approaches have been reported. These may already in near future further improve overall treatment results.
The tumour suppressor gene CEACAM1 is completely but reversibly downregulated in renal cell carcinoma (2004)

CEACAM1 acts as a tumour suppressor in various epithelial tumours. On the other hand, de novo expression of CEACAM1 is strongly associated with reduced disease-free survival of melanoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma patients. Since effector functions of natural killer and T cells are inhibited by homophilic CEACAM1 interaction, immune escape could be responsible for the poor prognosis of these patients. Here, we describe CEACAM1 expression in normal kidney, renal adenomas and renal cell carcinomas (RCC) using a novel antibody generated by genetic immunization. In normal kidney, CEACAM1 was found in epithelial cells of proximal tubules and in endothelial cells. In contrast, tumour cells of 30 clear cell, three chromophobic, and two chromophilic RCCs were completely devoid of CEACAM1. Renal adenomas also lacked CEACAM1 expression. Similarly, RCC cell lines CaKi1, CaKi2, A498, and RCC26 exhibited no or low-level CEACAM1 expression. However, CEACAM1 expression was transiently induced in A498 cells upon contact with allogeneic CD8+ T cells, mediated at least in part by interferon-gamma. Furthermore, the majority of tumour-infiltrating T and NK cells expressed CEACAM1 upon stimulation. Thus, transient expression of the tumour suppressor CEACAM1 by tumour cells and subsequent homophilic interaction with CEACAM1 on tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes could represent a novel immune escape mechanism in RCC.
Tetracycline-Dependent Gene Regulation: Combinations of Transregulators Yield a Variety of Expression Windows (2002)

In addition to the originally described Tet transactivator tTA, several variants including transrepressors (tTRs) and reverse transactivators (rtTAs) have been constructed, which we employ here to establish a set of HeLa cell lines carrying different combinations of chromosomally integrated Tet transregulators. We first compare the regulatory properties of these lines using transient transfection of a luciferase reporter gene. Cell lines carrying rtTA-S2 or rtTA-M2 show reduced activity in the absence of dox and higher activation levels in its presence compared to an rtTA line. rtTA-M2 and its synthetic counterpart rtTA2S-M2 show the same regulation pattern. The replacement of the VP16 activation domain in rtTA-S2 or tTA by p65 leads to slightly reduced expression levels. Combination of an rtTA variant with the transrepressor tTR shows active repression of basal expression without affecting the activation level of the transiently transfected reporter gene. However, if the target gene is also chromosomally integrated, then tTR leads to a further reduction of basal expression and also of the maximal expression level. The results demonstrate that different regulatory windows can be achieved using various transregulators or combinations thereof. Thus, the most appropriate combination of regulators can be chosen depending on the application and cell line desired. We suspect that these properties would also allow the construction of transgenic organisms with preselected expression windows.
A pre-run-time scheduling algorithm for hard real-time systems (1991)

Process scheduling, an important issue in the design and maintenance of hard real-time systems, is discussed. A pre-run-time scheduling algorithm that addresses the problem of process sequencing is presented. The algorithm is designed for multiprocessor applications with preemptable processes having release times, computation times, deadlines and arbitrary precedence and exclusion constraints. The algorithm uses a branch-and-bound implicit enumeration technique to generate a feasible schedule for each processor. The set of feasible schedules ensures that the timing specifications of the processes are observed and that all the precedence and exclusion constraints between pairs of processes are satisfied. the algorithm was tested using a model derived from the F-18 mission computer operational flight program.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Comparison of alternative buffers for use with a new live oral cholera vaccine, Peru-15, in outpatient volunteers (1997)

During development of Peru-15, a new live oral vaccine for cholera, the role of buffer needed to be evaluated. Generally, oral bacterial vaccines are acid labile and need to be administered by using a formulation which protects them from gastric acid. We compared three different buffers for use with Peru-15, including a standard bicarbonate-ascorbic acid buffer, Alka-Seltzer, and a new electrolyte-rice buffer, CeraVacx. Saline served as the control. Thirty-nine healthy adult volunteers received Peru-15 (10(8) CFU) with one of the three buffers or saline in a double-masked study. The volunteers were monitored for symptoms for 7 days after the dose, serum was tested for antibody responses by vibriocidal antibody and immunoglobulin G antitoxin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and stool samples were tested for excretion of the vaccine strain. Side effects were minimal in all groups. All 30 volunteers who took Peru-15 with a buffer showed significant rises in vibriocidal antibody titer. The magnitude of the rises was higher in the CeraVacx group than in the other two buffer groups. Four of nine volunteers who took the vaccine with saline also showed increased titers, but they were lower than those in any of the three buffer groups. Excretion of the vaccine strain was similar in the buffer groups, but excretion was not associated with the magnitude of the vibriocidal responses. Excretion of Peru-15 was not detected in the saline group. We conclude that buffer does amplify the serological response to Peru-15 and that CeraVacx may provide benefits not provided by other buffers.
Indian Seed System Development: Policy and Institutional Options (2008)

Developments in the Indian seed industry and their impact on access and use of commercial seed by farmers have been examined. Various types of seed systems such as hybrids, self-pollinated crops, vegetatively propagated crops, crops with high seed volume, etc have been analysed. It has been shown that the commercial seed markets for hybrids are well developed, but these need improving flow of information to farmers and effective regulation of unscrupulous traders, etc. There are significant changes in terms of seed regulations, management of GM crops and protection of intellectual property. Since all these regulations are mutually enforcing, there is a need for developing institutional capacity for their enforcement, as well as flexibility to learn from the experience for future adaptation. There is a lot of scope for strengthening the seed system of ‘orphan crops’, where there is no participation of the private sector, and the public seed system is facing several resource and institutional constraints. In particular, there is a need for technological backstopping, developing partnerships with private and civil society organisations, and developing capacity at the local level. The results of farm surveys have shown that increasing proportion of farmers use commercial seed for quality considerations. The study has argued that there is a problem with variety selection, particularly of proprietary hybrids, due to lack of information, which has resulted into poor crop performance on several occasions.
Sphingomyelinase enhances low density lipoprotein uptake and ability to induce cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. (1991)

Cholesteryl ester-loaded macrophages, or foam cells, are a prominent feature of atherosclerotic lesions. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-mediated endocytosis of native LDL is a relatively poor inducer of macrophage cholesteryl ester accumulation. However, the data herein show that in the presence of a very small amount of sphingomyelinase, LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis of 125I-LDL was enhanced and led to a 2-6-fold increase in 125I-LDL degradation and up to a 10-fold increase in cholesteryl ester accumulation in macrophages. The enhanced lipoprotein uptake and cholesterol esterification was seen after only approximately 12% hydrolysis of LDL phospholipids, was specific for sphingomyelin hydrolysis, and appeared to be related to the formation of fused or aggregated spherical particles up to 100 nm in diameter. Sphingomyelinase-treated LDL was bound by the macrophage LDL receptor. However, when unlabeled acetyl-LDL, a scavenger receptor ligand, was present during or after sphingomyelinase treatment of 125I-LDL, 125I-LDL binding and degradation were enhanced further through the formation of LDL-acetyl-LDL mixed aggregates. Experiments with cytochalasin D suggested that endocytosis, not phagocytosis, was involved in internalization of sphingomyelinase-treated LDL. Nonetheless, the sphingomyelinase effect on LDL uptake was macrophage-specific. These data illustrate that LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis of fused LDL particles can lead to foam cell formation in cultured macrophages. Furthermore, since both LDL and sphingomyelinase are present in atherosclerotic lesions and since some lesion LDL probably is fused or aggregated, there is a possibility that sphingomyelinase-treated LDL is a physiologically important atherogenic lipoprotein.
Theoretical basis of some empirical relations in seismology (1975)

Empirical relations involving seismic moment M_o, magnitude M_S, energy E_S and fault dimension L (or area S) are discussed on the basis of an extensive set of earthquake data (M_S ≧ 6) and simple crack and dynamic dislocation models. The relation between log S and log M_o is remarkably linear (slope ∼ 2/3) indicating a constant stress drop Δσ; Δσ = 30, 100 and 60 bars are obtained for inter-plate, intra-plate and “average” earthquakes, respectively. Except for very large earthquakes, the relation M_S ∼ (2/3) log M_o ∼ 2 log L is established by the data. This is consistent with the dynamic dislocation model for point dislocation rise times and rupture times of most earthquakes. For very large earthquakes M_S ∼ (1/3) log M_o ∼ log L ∼ (1/3) log E_S. For very small earthquakes M_S ∼ log M_o ∼ 3 log L ∼ log E_S. Scaling rules are assumed and justified. This model predicts log E_S ∼ 1.5 M_S ∼ 3 log L which is consistent with the Gutenberg-Richter relation. Since the static energy is proportional to σL^3, where σ is the average stress, this relation suggests a constant apparent stress ησ where η is the efficiency. The earthquake data suggest ησ ~ 1/2 Δσ. These relations lead to log S ∼ M_S consistent with the empirical relation. This relation together with a simple geometrical argument explains the magnitude-frequency relation log N ∼ − M_S.