gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 20-mW 640-MHz CMOS Continuous-Time $\Sigma\Delta$ ADC With 20-MHz Signal Bandwidth, 80-dB Dynamic Range and 12-bit ENOB (2006)

A wide bandwidth continuous-time sigma-delta ADC, operating between 20 and 40 MS/s output data rate, is implemented in 130-nm CMOS. The circuit is targeted for applications that demand high bandwidth, high resolution, and low power, such as wireless and wireline communications, medical imaging, video, and instrumentation. The third-order continuous-time SigmaDelta modulator comprises a third-order RC operational-amplifier-based loop filter and 4-bit internal quantizer operating at 640 MHz. A 400-fs rms jitter LC PLL with 450-kHz bandwidth is integrated, generating the low-jitter clock for the jitter-sensitive continuous-time SigmaDelta ADC from a single-ended input clock between 13.5 and 40 MHz. To reduce clock jitter sensitivity, nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) DAC pulse shaping is used. The excess loop delay is set to half the sampling period of the quantizer and the degradation of modulator stability due to excess loop delay is avoided with a new architecture. The SigmaDelta ADC achieves 76-dB SNR, -78-dB THD, and a 74-dB SNDR or 12 ENOB over a 20-MHz signal band at an OSR of 16. The power consumption of the CT SigmaDelta modulator itself is 20 mW and in total the ADC dissipates 58 mW from the 1.2-V supply
Ovine fetal cardiovascular, renal, and fluid balance responses to 3 days of high arginine vasopressin levels (1997)

To determine the effects of sustained high levels of arginine vasopressin (AVP) on the fetus and whether these effects were the same as those found during acute infusion of AVP, chronically catheterized fetal sheep aged 121-136 days were infused for 3 days with either AVP (45 mU x kg(-1) x h(-1)) or saline. The bradycardia, acidemia, and failure of glomerulotubular balance that occurred with acute AVP infusion were reversed by day 3 of AVP (P < 0.005) and the acute rise in arterial pressure was attenuated (P < 0.005). By contrast, the rise in the glomerular filtration rate was sustained (P < 0.005) and urinary osmolality increased further to 426 +/- 30 mosmol/kg (P < 0.01). Although placental blood flow did not change acutely with AVP, it had fallen by day 3 (P < 0.01). In addition, with AVP but not saline extracellular volume fell from 588 +/- 28 to 493 +/- 29 ml/kg (P < 0.002) and the plasma/interstitial volume ratio rose from 0.18 +/- 0.01 to 0.21 +/- 0.01 (P = 0.001). These findings suggest that although release of AVP may be beneficial in acute stress in utero, sustained high levels may be detrimental to fetal health and sodium balance.
A Modified and Memory Saving Approach to B+ Tree Index for Search of an Image Database based on Chain Codes (2010)

Space savings is a demand of these days. Almost all applications are trying to represent their data in the least possible amount of space. It is the goal of all algorithms to consume as less memory as possible in the computer. Many techniques have been developed to compress large bulk of data so that large amount of information can be accommodated in lesser amount of space. The proposed approach called Coded B+ tree is a modified approach to the conventional B+ Tree index and can be applied only to chain codes of images and to a search of an image database based on chain codes of images as its search key value. The proposed method brings about considerable space savings of more than a half at the cost of 4 to 5 more comparisons. It is a useful technique of indexing for systems that require saving memory spaces.
A Transmission Line Taper of Improved Design (1956)

The theory of the design of optimal cascaded transformer arrangements can be extended to the design of continuous transmission-line tapers. Convenient relationships have been obtained from which the characteristic impedance contour for an optimal transmission-line taper can be found. The performance of the Dolph-Tchebycheff transmission-line taper treated here is optimum in the sense that it has minim reflection coefficient magnitude in the pass band for a specified length of taper, and, likewise, for a specified maximum magnitude reflection coefficient in the pass band, the Dolph-Tchebycheff taper has minimum length. A sample design has been carried out for the purposes of illustration, and its performance has been compared with that of other tapers. In addition, a table of values of a transcendental function used in the design of these tapers is given.
Cardioprotection from ischemia by a brief exposure to physiological levels of ethanol: Role of epsilon protein kinase C (1999)

Recent epidemiological studies indicate beneficial effects of moderate ethanol consumption in ischemic heart disease. Most studies, however, focus on the effect of long-term consumption of ethanol. In this study, we determined whether brief exposure to ethanol immediately before ischemia also produces cardioprotection. In addition, because protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to mediate protection of the heart from ischemia, we determined the role of specific PKC isozymes in ethanol-induced protection. We demonstrated that (i) brief exposure of isolated adult rat cardiac myocytes to 10-50 mM ethanol protected against damage induced by prolonged ischemia; (ii) an isozyme-selective epsilonPKC inhibitor developed in our laboratory inhibited the cardioprotective effect of acute ethanol exposure; (iii) protection of isolated intact adult rat heart also occurred after incubation with 10 mM ethanol 20 min before global ischemia; and (iv) ethanol-induced cardioprotection depended on PKC activation because it was blocked by chelerythrine and GF109203X, two PKC inhibitors. Consumption of 1-2 alcoholic beverages in humans leads to blood alcohol levels of approximately 10 mM. Therefore, our work demonstrates that exposure to physiologically attainable ethanol levels minutes before ischemia provides cardioprotection that is mediated by direct activation of epsilonPKC in the cardiac myocytes. The potential clinical implications of our findings are discussed.
TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE ANTIGENS OF GROUP B STREPTOCOCCI (1967)

The type-specific antigen of Group B Type II streptococci has been prepared free of other known cell components. This antigen is a capsular polysaccharide containing D-galactose, D-glucose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, and a labile component which has not been chemically characterized. Extraction of Type II streptococci with cold TCA yielded this antigen which contained two serological determinants. A partial antigen with only one of the determinants was obtained by extraction with dilute HCl at 100 degrees C. By means of the quantitative precipitin inhibition technique, a (beta-D-galactopyranoside has been established as the determinant of the HCl-extracted polysaccharide. The second determinant, present solely in the TCA antigen, has not been identified.
A cubic coordination framework constructed from benzobistriazolate ligands and zinc ions having selective gas sorption properties (2009)

Two novel metal coordination polymers, [Zn5Cl4(BBTA)3].3 DMF (1), and [ZnCl(BBTA)(0.5)(DMA)] (2) {H2-BBTA = 1H,5H-benzo(1,2-d:4,5-d')bistriazole}, have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions using ZnCl2 and H2-BBTA in DMF (DMF = N,N'-dimethylformamide) or DMA (DMA = N,N'-dimethylacetamide). Moreover, a highly efficient microwave synthetic route has been developed for 1. The structures of both compounds have been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Compound 1 represents the first example of a novel family of cubic microporous metal-organic frameworks (MFU-4; Metal-Organic Framework Ulm University-4), consisting of dianionic BBTA2- linkers and pentanuclear {Zn5Cl4}6+ secondary building units, whereas compound 2 forms a dense 2D layered framework. Phase purity of both compounds was confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), IR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. TGA and variable temperature XRPD (VTXRPD) experiments carried out on 1 indicate that solvent molecules occluded in the large cavities of 1 can be removed at a temperature >250 degrees C in high vacuum without significant loss of crystallinity, giving rise to a metal-organic framework with void cavities. Due to the small diameter of the aperture joining the two types of cavities present in 1, the diffusion of guest molecules across the crystal lattice is largely restricted at ambient conditions. Compound 1 therefore exhibits a highly selective adsorption for hydrogen vs. nitrogen at -196 degrees C. The framework is stable against moisture and has a specific pore volume of 0.42 cm3 g(-1) estimated from the water adsorption isotherm.
Occult Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Stable Congestive Heart Failure (1995)

The prevalence of severe occult sleep-disordered breathing is high in ambulatory patients with stable, optimally treated chronic congestive heart failure. The breathing episodes are associated with severe nocturnal arterial blood oxyhemoglobin desaturation and excessive arousals. Severe untreated sleep-disordered breathing may adversely affect left ventricular function, resulting in a vicious cycle that could contribute to death in patients with congestive heart failure. Prospective, longitudinal studies on survival are needed.
Intrauterine Growth Retardation* (1983)

Fetal growth retardation ranks third after prematurity and malformations as a cause of perinatal deaths. Antenatal fetal monitoring (biochemical testing of fetoplacental function plus cardiotocography) has emerged as the most important means of reduction in the number of stillbirths and improvement in the quality of survival of infants who are born alive. Clinical acumen combined with biochemical and/or ultrasonographic testing will identify no more than 70% of growth retarded fetuses. However, not all small for dates fetuses are at risk, and many doomed to die in utero are not by definition, growth retarded. It should be the obstetrician's aim to identify the fetus at risk of death from hypoxia whether growth retarded or not. Biochemical and ultrasonographic methods of testing are not truly comparable, since some aim to identify the growth retarded fetus, irrespective of his state of health, whereas others aim to detect fetoplacental dysfunction, irrespective of whether or not the fetus is growth retarded. With present methods of antenatal diagnosis and treatment and timing of delivery determined by nonstressed cardiotocography, the physical and intellectual prognosis of growth retarded infants is most satisfactory; follow-up studies have shown that only about 2% of these infants are severely handicapped.
Structural studies of the lysozyme coded by the pneumococcal phage Cp‐1 (1990)

The CPL-1 lysozyme coded by the pneumococcal phage Cp-1 has been overproduced in Escherichia coli under the control of a modified lipoprotein lactose promoter. This result has provided the conditions to analyse the CPL-1 secondary structure by circular dichroism (CD). The CD spectra recorded in the far-ultraviolet region showed, at neutral pH, two minima at 210 nm and 230 nm and a shoulder at 217 nm, whereas two bands at 260 nm and 295 nm were observed in the near-ultraviolet region. It has been estimated, by using the CDPROT program, that the protein is composed of 19% alpha-helix, 32% beta-sheet, 28% beta-turn and 21% random coil. Minor changes in the CD spectra were detected either when the pH was varied over 6-10 or when the ionic strength was increased to 1 M NaCl. Choline, a well known modulator of the enzyme activity that is present in the pneumococcal cell wall, induced remarkable changes in the intensities of the bands at 210, 230 and 295 nm, with the appearance of an unusual positive band at 225 nm. The conformational change was reversible and correlated with the competitive inhibitory effect of choline on the lysozyme activity, supporting, by a new and direct experimental approach, the basic role of choline in the recognition of the cell wall substrate. The analyses of the secondary structure prediction and the CD data reported here are compatible with the two-domain structure of CPL-1 reinforce our hypothesis that the C-terminal region is directly involved in the binding of the enzyme to the pneumococcal teichoic and lipoteichoic acids.
Time-of-Flight sensor for patient positioning (2009)

In this paper we present a system that uses Time-of-Flight (ToF) technology to correct the position of a patient in respect to a previously acquired reference surface. A ToF sensor enables the acquisition of a 3-D surface model containing more than 25,000 points using a single sensor in real time. One advantage of this technology is that the high lateral resolution makes it possible to accurately compute translation and rotation of the patient in respect to a reference surface. We are using an Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm to determine the 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) vector. Current results show that for rigid phantoms it is possible to obtain an accuracy of 2.88 mm and 0.28&deg; respectively. Tests with human persons validate the robustness and stability of the proposed system. We achieve a mean registration error of 3.38 mm for human test persons. Potential applications for this system can be found within radiotherapy or multimodal image acquisition with different devices.
The Effect of Antithrombin III-Independent Thrombin Inhibitors and Heparin on Fibrin Accretion onto Fibrin-Coated Polyethylene (1993)

Prosthetic vascular grafts become coated with a layer of fibrin that contributes to graft thrombosis and occlusion. We compared the effect of antithrombin III-independent inhibitors of thrombin with heparin for their ability to prevent fibrin accretion onto a model of a vascular graft formed in vitro by coating polyethylene tubing with thrombin bound to a layer of polymerized fibrin. Equivalent antithrombin concentrations of heparin, D-Phe-Pro-Arg CH2Cl (PPACK), recombinant hirudin (r-hirudin), and Hirulog-1 were added to barium chloride-absorbed plasma containing radiolabelled fibrinogen. Whereas, PPACK and r-hirudin persistently inhibited fibrin accretion, the inhibition by heparin was transient. Hirulog-1 had no effect on early fibrin accretion and was actually associated with enhanced accretion at 30 min (control 11.7 +/- 2.0 micrograms fibrin/cm2; Hirulog-1, 18.4 +/- 3.5 micrograms fibrin/cm2, p < 0.001). Both Hirulog-1 and r-hirudin displaced radiolabelled thrombin from the fibrin surface. Whereas hirudin-thrombin complexes are stable, Hirulog-1 produces only transient inhibition of the displaced thrombin thereby accounting for the enhanced fibrin accretion with this anticoagulant. These studies show that the antithrombin III-independent inhibitors, r-hirudin and PPACK, are more effective inhibitors of fibrin accretion onto fibrin-coated polyethylene than heparin or Hirulog-1. In addition, they emphasize the importance of determining the ability of anticoagulants to displace thrombin from fibrin and to form stable thrombin-inhibitor complexes; lack of stability of thrombin-inhibitor complexes must be countered by levels of anticoagulant that are adequate to maintain its effectiveness.
ACE expression in monocytes is induced by cytokines, phorbol ester and steroid (1991)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) levels are elevated in the serum and peripheral blood monocytes (PBM) of patients with granulomatous diseases. However, the role of ACE in (Mo) physiology and the regulation of the inflammatory response is not well understood. Since Mo can be stimulated to form giant cells using phorbol esters, glucocorticoids or certain inflammatory cytokines, the authors examined production of ACE protein by normal PBM, a Mo-like cell line, THP-1, and a macrophage-like cell line, U937 following stimulation with these agents. Using a sensitive ELISA assay, they found that in U937 cells, expression of ACE protein increased by 3.4 fold with dexamethasone, 3.7. fold with phorbol 12-myristate acetate (PMA), and 5.8 fold with the two agents combined. The cytokines IL-4 and GM-CSF substantially increased ACE expression, by 7.6 and 7.7 fold respectively, with maximal effect at 0.01 U/ml, while IFN-{gamma} and TNF-{alpha} had little effect. Similar results were found with PBM and THP-1 cells. The combination of dexamethasone and PMA also induced homotypic cluster formation in PBM, suggesting a correlation between cell adhesion and ACE production. The authors conclude that ACE expression in monocytes and macrophages is stimulated by low concentration of glucocorticoids and certain inflammatory cytokines. ACE may more » participate in the initiation and propagation of granulomatous inflammatory processes. « less
Affective Disorders (1996)

The discovery of new, effective psychopharmacological agents has never been a simple matter. Indeed, most of the major psychiatric drugs were introduced about three decades ago. Although the search for more effective and more rapidly acting antidepressants and mood-stabilizing agents has continued unabated, progress in drug develop­ment has been very slow, with the exception of serotonin-selective re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Although this class of drugs has signifi­cantly fewer serious side effects and is thus a useful addition to our therapeutic aresenal, they are somewhat cleaner “me too” drugs, and may even be less effective than the older tricyclics in severe depres­sion. In psychopharmacology, we have traditionally used behavioral and physiological animal models that reflect the actions of drugs already known to be antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and so on (Potter et al., 1992). This has proved to be an excellent method of finding compounds with a similar therapeutic profile to the original, serendipitously discovered, psychotherapeutic compounds. This approach, however, has not yet developed a widely accepted drug whose therapeutic biochemical principle is not inherent in drugs discovered three decades ago.
Affinity of Cystathionine β-Synthase for Pyridoxal 5′-Phosphate in Cultured Cells (1980)

Previous attempts to correlate in vivo pyridoxine-responsiveness with in vitro assays of cystathionine beta-synthase activity in synthase-deficient homocystinuric patients have been only partially successful. All such studies, however, have been conducted with extracts of cultured skin fibroblasts grown in medium containing a high concentration (1,000 ng/ml) of pyridoxal. Having recently shown that such growth conditions may obscure important aspects of enzyme-coenzyme interactions by saturating most synthase molecules with their cofactor, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, we have established conditions for growth of cells in pyridoxal-free medium. Under these conditions, intracellular pyridoxal 5'-phosphate fell by >95%, and saturation of cystathionine beta-synthase apoenzyme with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate decreased from a predepletion value of 70% to <10%. When such depleted cells were grown in media containing pyridoxal concentrations ranging from 0 to 1,000 ng/ml, cellular pyridoxal 5'-phosphate reached a maximum of 30 ng/mg cell protein at a medium pyridoxal concentration of 100 ng/ml. Maximal saturation of aposynthase with coenzyme in control cells was reached at a medium pyridoxal concentration of 10 ng/ml. In contrast, maximal saturation of residual aposynthase in cells from an in vivo responsive patient was achieved at a medium pyridoxal concentration of 25-50 ng/ml, whereas that from cells from an in vivo unresponsive patient was reached at 100 ng/ml. Estimates of the affinity of control and mutant cystathionine beta-synthase for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in cell extracts supported the differences observed in intact cells. The apparent K(m) of cystathionine beta-synthase for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in extracts of depleted cells from four in vivo-responsive patients was two to four times that of control. In contrast, the K(m) for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in two lines from in vivo nonresponsive patients was 16- and 63-fold normal. These results suggest that cystathionine beta-synthase activity in cells from patients containing a mutant enzyme with a moderately reduced affinity for pyridoxal 5'-phosphate can be increased by pyridoxine supplements in vivo, whereas that from patients whose enzyme has a more dramatically reduced affinity for the coenzyme cannot be so modulated because of limits on the capacity of such cells to accumulate and retain pyridoxal 5'-phosphate.
Intracellular concentration of sodium and other elements as related to mitogenesis and oncogenesis in vivo. (1980)

Abstract We have been systematically testing the idea that the intracellular concentration of sodium is higher in transformed cells than in their normal counterparts and the idea that the sodium concentration is also higher in rapidly dividing cell populations than in slowly dividing cell populations. Unfixed freeze-dried and uncoated tissue sections of 18 normal and 4 tumor cell populations were subjected to electron microprobing of the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis was done to determine concentration (mmol/kg dry weight) for sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and potassium. The following list is a classification of the cell populations and their mean sodium concentration: tumorous cells (two hepatomas and two mammary adenocarcinomas), 451 ± 6 (S.E.); nontumorous counterpart cells (hepatocytes from two species and lactating mammary cells from two species), 138 ± 11; rapidly dividing cells (enterocytes from the crypts of the small and large intestines, neonatal cells, thymocytes), 196 ± 12; and slowly dividing cells (pancreatic acinar cells, smooth muscle, liver hepatocytes, etc.), 140 ± 8. Statistical analysis shows sodium concentration to be significantly higher in the tumorous cells than in any of the other cell populations. The rapidly dividing cells had significantly higher sodium concentration than did the slowly dividing cells but significantly less sodium than did the tumor cells. Chlorine showed the same significant concentration pattern as sodium. For both sodium and chlorine, the concentration was about the same in the nucleus and cytoplasm of each cell type studied. A number of significant and previously unreported correlations between the concentrations of various elements in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cells are revealed. Briefly, our data support the contentions that high intracellular sodium and chlorine concentrations are associated with mitogenesis and that even higher sodium and chlorine concentrations are associated with oncogenesis. Also, an elevated intracellular concentration of potassium and of magnesium is associated with the maintenance of a high rate of mitotic activity in the nontumorous cells but is not necessary for the maintenance of a high rate of mitotic activity in the tumor cells.