gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Evidence for Vertical Diffusion and Exchange Processes of Polyanions and Polycations in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films (2004)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTDirect Evidence for Vertical Diffusion and Exchange Processes of Polyanions and Polycations in Polyelectrolyte Multilayer FilmsPhilippe Lavalle, Valérie Vivet, Nadia Jessel, Gero Decher, Jean-Claude Voegel, Philippe J. Mesini, and Pierre SchaafView Author Information Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 595, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, 11 rue Humann, F-67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France; Institut Charles Sadron Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UPR22), Université Louis Pasteur, 6 rue Boussingault, F-67083 Strasbourg Cedex, France; and Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux de Strasbourg, 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France Cite this: Macromolecules 2004, 37, 3, 1159–1162Publication Date (Web):January 16, 2004Publication History Received8 September 2003Revised2 December 2003Published online16 January 2004Published inissue 1 February 2004https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma035326hhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma035326hbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2004 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views924Altmetric-Citations123LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Deposition,Fluorescence,Lasers,Polyelectrolytes,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Computer systems that learn: classification and prediction methods from statistics, neural nets, machine learning, and expert systems (1991)

Preface 1 Overview of Learning Systems 1.1 What is a Learning System? 1.2 Motivation for Building Learning Systems 1.3 Types of Practical Empirical Learning Systems 1.3.1 Common Theme: The Classification Model 1.3.2 Let the Data Speak 1.4 What's New in Learning Methods 1.4.1 The Impact of New Technology 1.5 Outline of the Book 1.6 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 2 How to Estimate the True Performance of a Learning System 2.1 The Importance of Unbiased Error Rate Estimation 2.2. What is an Error? 2.2.1 Costs and Risks 2.3 Apparent Error Rate Estimates 2.4 Too Good to Be True: Overspecialization 2.5 True Error Rate Estimation 2.5.1 The Idealized Model for Unlimited Samples 2.5.2 Train-and Test Error Rate Estimation 2.5.3 Resampling Techniques 2.5.4 Finding the Right Complexity Fit 2.6 Getting the Most Out of the Data 2.7 Classifier Complexity and Feature Dimensionality 2.7.1 Expected Patterns of Classifier Behavior 2.8 What Can Go Wrong? 2.8.1 Poor Features, Data Errors, and Mislabeled Classes 2.8.2 Unrepresentative Samples 2.9 How Close to the Truth? 2.10 Common Mistakes in Performance Analysis 2.11 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 3 Statistical Pattern Recognition 3.1 Introduction and Overview 3.2 A Few Sample Applications 3.3 Bayesian Classifiers 3.3.1 Direct Application of the Bayes Rule 3.4 Linear Discriminants 3.4.1 The Normality Assumption and Discriminant Functions 3.4.2 Logistic Regression 3.5 Nearest Neighbor Methods 3.6 Feature Selection 3.7 Error Rate Analysis 3.8 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 4 Neural Nets 4.1 Introduction and Overview 4.2 Perceptrons 4.2.1 Least Mean Square Learning Systems 4.2.2 How Good Is a Linear Separation Network? 4.3 Multilayer Neural Networks 4.3.1 Back-Propagation 4.3.2 The Practical Application of Back-Propagation 4.4 Error Rate and Complexity Fit Estimation 4.5 Improving on Standard Back-Propagation 4.6 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 5 Machine Learning: Easily Understood Decision Rules 5.1 Introduction and Overview 5.2 Decision Trees 5.2.1 Finding the Perfect Tree 5.2.2 The Incredible Shrinking Tree 5.2.3 Limitations of Tree Induction Methods 5.3 Rule Induction 5.3.1 Predictive Value Maximization 5.4 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 6 Which Technique is Best? 6.1 What's Important in Choosing a Classifier? 6.1.1 Prediction Accuracy 6.1.2 Speed of Learning and Classification 6.1.3 Explanation and Insight 6.2 So, How Do I Choose a Learning System? 6.3 Variations on the Standard Problem 6.3.1 Missing Data 6.3.2 Incremental Learning 6.4 Future Prospects for Improved Learning Methods 6.5 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks 7 Expert Systems 7.1 Introduction and Overview 7.1.1 Why Build Expert Systems? New vs. Old Knowledge 7.2 Estimating Error Rates for Expert Systems 7.3 Complexity of Knowledge Bases 7.3.1 How Many Rules Are Too Many? 7.4 Knowledge Base Example 7.5 Empirical Analysis of Knowledge Bases 7.6 Future: Combined Learning and Expert Systems 7.7 Bibliographical and Historical Remarks References Author Index Subject Index
Engineering radix sort (1993)

Radix sorting methods have excellent asymptotic performance on string data, for which comparison is not a unit-time operation. Attractive for use in large byte-addressable memories, these methods have nevertheless long been eclipsed by more easily programmed algorithms. Three ways to sort strings by bytes left to right---a stable list sort, a stable two-array sort, and an in-place &amp;quot;American flag&amp;quot; sort---are illustrated with practical C programs. For heavy-duty sorting, all three perform comparably, usually running at least twice as fast as a good quicksort. We recommend American flag sort for general use.
Quantification of mitochondrial DNA mutation load (2009)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are an important cause of genetic disease and have been proposed to play a role in the ageing process. Quantification of total mtDNA mutation load in ageing tissues is difficult as mutational events are rare in a background of wild-type molecules, and detection of individual mutated molecules is beyond the sensitivity of most sequencing based techniques. The methods currently most commonly used to document the incidence of mtDNA point mutations in ageing include post-PCR cloning, single-molecule PCR and the random mutation capture assay. The mtDNA mutation load obtained by these different techniques varies by orders of magnitude, but direct comparison of the three techniques on the same ageing human tissue has not been performed. We assess the procedures and practicalities involved in each of these three assays and discuss the results obtained by investigation of mutation loads in colonic mucosal biopsies from ten human subjects.
Integrative and Conjugative Elements (ICEs): What They Do and How They Work (2015)

Horizontal gene transfer plays a major role in microbial evolution, allowing microbes to acquire new genes and phenotypes. Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs, a.k.a. conjugative transposons) are modular mobile genetic elements integrated into a host genome and are passively propagated during chromosomal replication and cell division. Induction of ICE gene expression leads to excision, production of the conserved conjugation machinery (a type IV secretion system), and the potential to transfer DNA to appropriate recipients. ICEs typically contain cargo genes that are not usually related to the ICE life cycle and that confer phenotypes to host cells. We summarize the life cycle and discovery of ICEs, some of the regulatory mechanisms, and how the types of cargo have influenced our view of ICEs. We discuss how ICEs can acquire new cargo genes and describe challenges to the field and various perspectives on ICE biology.
Lewis Base-Catalyzed Addition of Trialkylaluminum Compounds to Epoxides (2001)

A novel concept for catalytic epoxide alkylation has been developed. Lewis bases like phosphanes, arsanes, stibanes, and sulfides were found to catalyze the alkylation of symmetrical epoxides with trialkylaluminum compounds very effectively at a 5 mol % level. Cyclic as well as acyclic epoxides were readily alkylated in good yields. In reactions with terminal epoxides a significant enhancement of rate and/or regioselectivity was noted in the Lewis base-catalyzed process. Coordination of the Lewis base to the Lewis acidic aluminum reagent was proved by 27Al and 31P NMR spectroscopy and is proposed to form a more nucleophilic alkylating agent.
Characterization of a Transgenic Short Hairpin RNA-Induced Murine Model of Tafazzin Deficiency (2010)

Barth's syndrome (BTHS) is an X-linked mitochondrial disease that is due to a mutation in the Tafazzin (TAZ) gene. Based on sequence homology, TAZ has been characterized as an acyltransferase involved in the metabolism of cardiolipin (CL), a unique phospholipid almost exclusively located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Yeast, Drosophila, and zebrafish models have been invaluable in elucidating the role of TAZ in BTHS, but until recently a mammalian model to study the disease has been lacking. Based on in vitro evidence of RNA-mediated TAZ depletion, an inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated TAZ knockdown (TAZKD) mouse model has been developed (TaconicArtemis GmbH, Cologne, Germany), and herein we describe the assessment of this mouse line as a model of BTHS. Upon induction of the TAZ-specific shRNA in vivo, transgenic mouse TAZ mRNA levels were reduced by >89% in cardiac and skeletal muscle. TAZ deficiency led to the absence of tetralineoyl-CL and accumulation of monolyso-CL in cardiac muscle. Furthermore, mitochondrial morphology from cardiac and skeletal muscle was altered. Skeletal muscle mitochondria demonstrated disrupted cristae, and cardiac mitochondria were significantly enlarged and displace neighboring myofibrils. Physiological measurements demonstrated a reduction in isometric contractile strength of the soleus and a reduction in cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction of TAZKD mice compared with control animals. Therefore, the inducible TAZ-deficient model exhibits some of the molecular and clinical characteristics of BTHS patients and may ultimately help to improve our understanding of BTHS-related cardioskeletal myopathy as well as serve as an important tool in developing therapeutic strategies for BTHS.
In vivo and in vitro characterization of the light-regulated cpcB2A2 promoter of Fremyella diplosiphon (1994)

When exposed to different spectral qualities of light, many cyanobacteria dramatically alter their phycobilisome rod composition in a process termed complementary chromatic adaptation. In the cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon, this response is associated with differential expression of the cpcB2A2, cpeBA, and cpeCDE operons, which code for the phycobiliproteins phycocyanin and phycoerythrin and the phycoerythrin linker polypeptides, respectively. To define components of the signal transduction pathway involved in light-regulated expression of genes encoding phycobilisome polypeptides, we have used in vivo and in vitro techniques to identify cis-acting sequences and trans-acting factors necessary for the regulation of the red-light-inducible cpcB2A2 operon. Deletion of the cpcB2A2 upstream sequences to -76 bp with respect to the transcription start site had no effect on red-light induction of a cpcB2A2-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) chimeric gene, while deletion to -37 bp abolished GUS expression. Furthermore, a fragment of the cpcB2A2 gene from -76 to +25 bp linked to the untranslated leader of cpcB1A1 (a constitutively expressed operon encoding phycocyanin) is sufficient to drive high-level GUS expression in red light. Therefore, the sequence between positions -76 and -37 is necessary for the expression of cpcB2A2, and the region extending from -76 to +25 is sufficient for red-light induction of the operon. Attempts were made to correlate the in vivo data with protein binding in the region upstream of the transcription start site of cpcB2A2. Using in vitro analysis, we detected two protein-binding sites in the cpcB2A2 promoter which were localized to positions -162 to -122 and -37 to +25. Proteins from both red- and green-light-grown cells interacted with the former site, while only proteins present in extracts from red-light-grown cells interacted with the latter site. The data from both the in vivo and in vitro analyses suggest that while two regions upstream of the cpcB2A2 transcription initiation site specifically bind proteins, only the binding site bordering the transcription start site is important for complementary chromatic adaptation.
Exchange interaction and polariton effects in quantum-well excitons (1990)

We calculate the exchange interaction (EI) of excitons in quantum wells. The EI is found to depend on the in-plane wave vector k, and follows two distinct regimes: for kL\ensuremath{\gg}1, where L is the well width, the EI is enhanced over the bulk value. For kL\ensuremath{\ll}1, the splitting between longitudinal and transverse excitons is linear in k, and vanishes at k=0: thus the common expectation that the longitudinal-transverse splitting increases with confinement is invalid at k=0. Moreover, the exciton polarized along the growth direction is split from the excitons polarized in the planes. The present results yield the dispersion of polariton modes without retardation: for kL\ensuremath{\ll}1, they reduce to those of Nakayama and Matsuura [Surf. Sci. 170, 641 (1986)]. Finally, the dispersion relations of surface polaritons are obtained for all values of kL. Effects due to the interaction with radiation occur at smaller wave vectors than those arising from the EI, so that it is in principle possible to discriminate between the two. Such effects are small in GaAs/${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathit{x}}$As quantum wells, where they tend to be hidden by spatial dispersion, but might be observable in materials with smaller exciton radii, as in CuCl. Available experimental data are discussed.
Regulation of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β and Downstream Wnt Signaling by Axin (1999)

Axin is a recently identified protein encoded by the fused locus in mice that is required for normal vertebrate axis formation. We have defined a 25-amino-acid sequence in axin that comprises the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK-3beta) interaction domain (GID). In contrast to full-length axin, which has been shown to antagonize Wnt signaling, the GID inhibits GSK-3beta in vivo and activates Wnt signaling. Similarly, mutants of axin lacking key regulatory domains such as the RGS domain, which is required for interaction with the adenomatous polyposis coli protein, bind and inhibit GSK-3beta in vivo, suggesting that these domains are critical for proper regulation of GSK-3beta activity. We have identified a novel self-interaction domain in axin and have shown that formation of an axin regulatory complex in vivo is critical for axis formation and GSK-3beta activity. Based on these data, we propose that the axin complex may directly regulate GSK-3beta enzymatic activity in vivo. These observations also demonstrate that alternative inhibitors of GSK-3beta can mimic the effect of lithium in developing Xenopus embryos.
Paired analysis of plasma proteins and coagulant capacity after treatment with three methods of pathogen reduction (2013)

PR treatment of plasma affects coagulation proteins and coagulant capacity. For the RF method this effect is most pronounced, although to some extent compensated by a smaller volume loss.
Development of an optimized expression system for the screening of antibody libraries displayed on the Escherichia coli surface (1999)

Polypeptide library screening technologies are critically dependent upon the characteristics of the expression system employed. A comparative analysis of the lpp-lac, tet and araBAD promoters was performed to determine the importance of tight regulation and expression level in library screening applications. The surface display of single-chain antibody (scFv) in Escherichia coli as an Lpp-OmpA' fusion was monitored using a fluorescently tagged antigen in conjunction with flow cytometry. In contrast to the lpp-lac promoter, both tet and araBAD promoters could be tightly repressed. Tight regulation was found to be essential for preventing rapid depletion of library clones expressing functional scFv and thus for maintaining the initial library diversity. Induction with subsaturating inducer concentrations yielded mixed populations of uninduced and fully induced cells for both the tet and araBAD expression systems. In contrast, homogeneous expression levels were obtained throughout the population using saturating inducer concentrations and could be adjusted by varying the induction time and plasmid copy number. Under optimal induction conditions for the araBAD system, protein expression did not compromise either cell viability or library diversity. This expression system was used to screen a library of random scFv mutants specific for digoxigenin for clones exhibiting improved hapten dissociation kinetics. Thus, an expression system has been developed which allows library diversity to be preserved and is generally applicable to the screening of E. coli surface displayed libraries.
Active Immunization against Nicotine Prevents Reinstatement of Nicotine-Seeking Behavior in Rats (2002)

Our findings indicate that active immunization against nicotine may effectively abolish the reinforcing action of nicotine in brain, an effect which is critical for relapse in nicotine dependence. These data suggest the potential utility of active immunization in smoking cessation programs.
Drug Delivery to the Lymphatic System (1997)

The specialized structure and function of the lymphatics has stimulated considerable interest in both site-specific drug delivery to the lymph and lymphoid tissue, and delivery to the systemic circulation via lymphatic transport mechanisms. In this review, drug access to the lymphatic system from the vasculature or interstitium after parenteral administration, and from the gastrointestinal tract after enteral administration, is discussed. Macromolecular and lipophilic prodrug approaches to lymphatic delivery and the use of microparticulate systems such as microspheres, liposomes, and colloidal carbon are also examined and discussed.
DIALIGN: finding local similarities by multiple sequence alignment. (1998)

werner, morgenstern@gsf.de
Spectroscopic evidence for preexisting T- and R-state insulin hexamer conformations (1996)

The insulin hexamer is an allosteric protein exhibiting both positive and negative cooperative homotropic interactions and positive cooperative heterotropic interactions (C. R. Bloom et al., J. Mol. Biol. 245, 324-330, 1995). In this study, detailed spectroscopic analyses of the UV/Vis absorbance spectra of the Co(II)-substituted human insulin hexamer and the 1H NMR spectra of the Zn(II)-substituted hexamer have been carried out under a variety of ligation conditions to test the applicability of the sequential (KNF) and the half-site reactivity (SMB) models for allostery. Through spectral decomposition of the characteristic d-->d transitions of the octahedral Co(II)-T-state and tetrahedral Co(II)-R-state species, and analysis of the 1H NMR spectra of T- and R-state species, these studies establish the presence of preexisting T- and R-state protein conformations in the absence of ligands for the phenolic pockets. The demonstration of preexisting R-state species with unoccupied sites is incompatible with the principles upon which the KNF model is based. However, the SMB model requires preexisting T- and R-states. This feature, and the symmetry constraints of the SMB model make it appropriate for describing the allosteric properties of the insulin hexamer.
Beyond fick: How best to deal with non-fickian behavior in a fickian spirit (2009)

Starting from Fick’s train of thought, which led to the formulation of his law governing diffusion in a solid or liquid medium, we first consider the limits of applicability of this law to solid medium-single penetrant systems. We then take up the question of proper formulation, in combination with simple but physically meaningful modeling, of diffusion behavior deviating from this law, because of (i) concentration dependence (ii) time dependence or (iii) space dependence, of the relevant transport parameters (which include the sorption, no less than the diffusion, coefficient). Examples of application to real systems are offered in each case. We conclude that progress in such studies depends on following Fick’s mode of thinking rather than on adhering to the formalism of his law.
Dysregulated lipid metabolism in cancer (2012)

Alteration of lipid metabolism has been increasingly recognized as a hallmark of cancer cells. The changes of expression and activity of lipid metabolizing enzymes are directly regulated by the activity of oncogenic signals. The dependence of tumor cells on the dysregulated lipid metabolism suggests that proteins involved in this process are excellent chemotherapeutic targets for cancer treatment. There are currently several drugs under development or in clinical trials that are based on specifically targeting the altered lipid metabolic pathways in cancer cells. Further understanding of dysregulated lipid metabolism and its associated signaling pathways will help us to better design efficient cancer therapeutic strategy.
Complement Receptor 1 Expression on Mouse Erythrocytes Mediates Clearance ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeby Immune Adherence (2010)

Complement-containing immune complexes can be presented to phagocytes by human erythrocytes bearing complement receptor 1 (CR1). Although this has long been assumed to be a mechanism by which humans are able to protect themselves from "extracellular" bacteria such as pneumococci, there is little direct evidence. In these studies we have investigated this question by comparing results for erythrocytes from transgenic mice expressing human CR1 on their erythrocytes to the results for wild-type mouse erythrocytes that do not express CR1. We demonstrate that human CR1 expression on murine erythrocytes allows immune adherence to beads opsonized with either mouse or human serum as a source of complement. The role of CR1 in immune adherence was supported by studies showing that it was blocked by the addition of antibody to human CR1. Furthermore, human CR1 expression enhances the immune adherence of opsonized pneumococci to erythrocytes in vitro, and the pneumococci attached to erythrocytes via CR1 can be transferred in vitro to live macrophages. Even more importantly, we observed that if complement-opsonized pneumococci are injected intravenously with CR1(+) mouse erythrocytes into wild-type mice (after a short in vitro incubation), they are cleared faster than opsonized pneumococci similarly injected with wild-type mouse erythrocytes. Finally, we have shown that the intravenous (i.v.) injection of pneumococci into CR1(+) mice also results in more rapid blood clearance than in wild-type mice. These data support that immune adherence via CR1 on erythrocytes likely plays an important role in the clearance of opsonized bacteria from human blood.