gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media probed with diffusing temporal light correlation (1997)

The diffusion of correlation is used to detect, localize, and characterize dynamical and optical spatial inhomogeneities in turbid media and is accurately modeled by a correlation diffusion equation. We demonstrate experimentally and with Monte Carlo simulations that the transport of correlation can be viewed as a correlation wave {analogous to a diffuse photon-density wave [Phys. Today48, 34 (1995)]} that propagates spherically outward from sources and scatters from macroscopic spatial variations in dynamical and/or optical properties. We demonstrate the utility of inverse scattering algorithms for reconstructing images of the spatially varying dynamical properties of turbid media. The biomedical applicability of this diffuse correlation probe is illustrated in studies of the depth of burned tissues.
Special Delivery to the Lymph Node (2009)

Mast cell–derived particles provide a mechanism for the safe transport of signaling factors from inflamed tissues to the draining lymph nodes.
NSAID effect on sporadic colon polyps. (1993)

We did not observe dramatic regression of sporadic colon adenomatous polyps to either sulindac or piroxicam after 6 months of therapy in this small uncontrolled pilot study.
Cancer and aging: More puzzles, more promises? (2008)

In this issue of Cell Cycle, a new paper shows that metformin, an oral antidiabetic drug that activates AMP-activated protein kinase, prolongs both mean and maximal life span and prevents reproductive aging of female mice. Unexpectedly, metformin did not decrease the incidence of cancer in this mice strain. Here, we discuss the relationship between aging and cancer, the mechanism of metformin action, and the prospects of using this compound for life span extension in humans.
Lead (II) ion selective electrodes based on diphenylmethyl-N-phenylhydroxamic acid ionophore in cyanocopolymer matrix (2001)

A Pb/sup 2+/ ion selective electrode has been prepared using diphenylmethyl-N-phenylhydroxamic acid (DPNINPRA) as ionophore and cyanocopolymer as new membrane matrix. The electrode (Membrane-2) exhibited a Nernstian slope of 36.75/spl plusmn/0.001 mV decade/sup -1/ activity of Pb/sup 2+/ ions on varying the Pb/sup 2+/ ions activity from 7.41/spl times/10/sup -8/ to 3.68/spl times/10/sup -1/ mol dm/sup -3/. The electrode has exhibited a response time of 13.0/spl plusmn/s at 1.0/spl times/10/sup -3/ mol dm/sup -3/ activity of Pb/sup 2+/ ions and also revealed an improved selectivity in presence of various interfering ions. The high dipolar property of the selected cyanocopolymer has reduced significantly the anions interference and shown potential response independent to the activity of sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB). The electrode has shown isothermal point of 30/spl deg/C as determined from a hysteresis curve. Sensitivity of the electrode has shown a significant variation with thickness of the membrane. The electrode has shown a constant response on continuous use for a period of six months without any drift in potential and has been also found to be useful as indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of Pb/sup 2+/ ions.
Sex, parturition and motherhood without oxytocin? (1998)

Our understanding of the functions of oxytocin in mammals has recently been challenged by findings in transgenic mice in which the oxytocin gene has been knocked out. Mammals generally have only two posterior pituitary nonapeptide genes, for oxytocin and vasopressin, while some marsupials do not express oxytocin but do express a closely related peptide, mesotocin, which acts at the oxytocin receptor (Acher et al. 1995). Birds have arginine vasotocin and mesotocin (Acher et al. 1995), while among other vertebrates a subclass of cartilaginous fishes evidently produces oxytocin (Michel et al. 1993). Mice homozygous for deletion of exon 1 of the oxytocin gene, containing the oxytocin nonapeptide sequence, were produced by homologous recombination in mouse embryonic stem cells. Offspring from matings of the heterozygotes were in the correct Mendelian frequency, indicating no lethal developmental defects in the homozygotes, which later showed normal sexual maturation, with both males and females showing sexual behaviour and normal fertility (Nishimori et al. 1996). Young and colleagues (1996) used gene targeting to generate a mouse with most of the first intron and the last two of the three exons of the oxytocin gene eliminated. The amount of oxytocin gene transcripts in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of homozygotes was 1% of the wild-type level, with less than 0·4% of the wild-type content of oxytocin in the pituitary gland, and no oxytocin detectable in blood plasma by RIA. In both types of oxytocin gene disablement, the only evident defect was a complete failure of postpartum homozygotes to transfer milk to the suckling young, which consequently did not survive unless the mothers were treated with exogenous oxytocin. Thus parturition and maternal behaviour proceeded without oxytocin, although these processes were not studied in detail. These findings are surprising in view of the vast literature on a wide range of species suggesting important roles for oxytocin in regulating gonadal function, in expression of sexual behaviour, in parturition and initiation of maternal behaviour as well as in lactation. It is appropriate to consider whether the results from the oxytocin knockout mice arise from peculiarities in the roles of oxytocin in the mouse in comparison with other species, or indicate redundancy in the mechanisms in which oxytocin normally has an important role; apart that is, from the milk-ejection reflex in which there is no evident redundancy, at least in the mouse.
Using Self-Assembled Monolayers That Present Oligo(ethylene glycol) Groups To Control the Interactions of Proteins with Surfaces (1997)

This chapter reviews the use of self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiolates on gold to control the interactions of proteins and cells with man-made materials. The work is based on the ability of monolayers that present oligo(ethylene glycol) groups to resist the non-specific adsorption of protein. The chapter describes the use of functionalized monolayers for the bio- and chemo-specific adsorption of proteins. The chapter concludes with a discussion of techniques that can pattern the formation of monolayers and that can prepare tailored substrates for the control of cell attachment.
Elastic Characteristics of the Self-expanding Metallic Stents (1988)

We measured elastic properties of the self-expanding metallic (Gianturco) stent using Hooke's law to characterize the stent with respect to its caliber, length, and radius by a coefficient of stiffness. Although this coefficient was independent of the radius of the stent, we found that it was directly dependent on caliber. For a stent of a particular caliber and length, the fractional change in radius determined the force exerted by the stent. For small radial displacements of the stent, the force required to compress it was directly proportional to the radial displacements; for large displacements, the force depended on a power series of the fractional radial displacement. A hyperbolic function was empirically introduced to approximate this type of relationship between force and radial displacement. We calculated tension and pressure exerted by the stent and suggest the use of our findings with normal vessels.
Epidemiological investigations on rheumatoid arthritis in Stockholm. The use of different data sources. (1984)

The general aim of the thesis was to see how different data sources available in Stockholm County could be used for epidemiological investigations on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The specific aims were: to study the mortality among persons with RA and the causes of the postulated high mortality in RA, to study the possible preventive effect of oral contraceptive use on the incidence of RA and to study the quality of the in-patient register with regard to RA. Four sources were used: An epidemiological survey of RA in Stockholm, the in-patient register of Stockholm County, the Stockholm County sample of the national health interview survey and the national cause-of-death register. These data sources were compared and validated against each other and other data collected. The possibilities and limitations in the use of these different sources were assessed in a series of epidemiological investigations of which the main findings were the following: Persons with RA had an increased mortality compared to the general population. This applied to persons with RA identified in a random sample from the general population as well as to persons hospitalized with RA. The excess mortality was particularly high in the hospitalized group. RA was rarely recorded as the cause of death. The mortality was strongly correlated to the severity of the disease, and drug use was not found to be the main cause of the high mortality. There was a slight reduction in incidence of RA among oral contraceptive users compared with non users, particularly for women with age at onset of RA over 40. At least 80% of the cases recorded as RA in the in-patient register were judged to be "true" cases of RA. The documentation of the cases as well as the accuracy of the diagnosis varied strongly between different types of departments.
Identification of the Correct Cervical Level by Palpation of Spinous Processes (2011)

The flexion-extension method is more accurate than the conventional method when identifying cervical vertebral level.
Medicaments: Aids to success in endodontics. Part 1. A review of the literature (1990)

Bacteria play a major role in pulpal and periapical disease. They are capable of surviving in dentinal tubules and other canal ramifications that are inaccessible to mechanical instrumentation and irrigation. In order to predictably achieve bacteria-free root canal systems, especially in pulpless teeth, it is necessary to use intra-canal medicaments. These medicaments must be capable of destroying bacteria, reducing inflammation and stimulating hard tissue formation whilst not being toxic to the host tissues. Consideration of a material's therapeutic action must be made when selecting a medicament for any pathological condition. Many of the commercial preparations do not satisfy the requirements for the ideal root canal medicament.
Connective Tissue Growth Factor Expression in Pediatric Myofibroblastic Tumors (2001)

Human connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) is a secreted cysteine-rich peptide and a member of the peptide family that includes serum-induced immediate gene products such as a v-src-induced peptide and a putative proto-oncogene, c-src. CTGF is secreted by endothelial cells, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, and myofibroblasts. Its expression is increased in various human and animal fibrotic diseases. We hypothesized that tumors with significant fibrous and vascular components would exhibit increased expression of CTGF. We examined the expression of CTGF mRNA by in situ hybridization in 12 pediatric tumors and tumor-like conditions, including angiofibroma, malignant fibrous histiocytoma, infantile myofibromatosis, and malignant hemangiopericytoma. All the tumors showed moderate to intense CTGF expression in tumor cells and/or endothelial cells of the associated vasculature. Angiofibromas expressed CTGF only in factor VIII-positive endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. In contrast, infantile myofibromatosis, malignant hemangiopericytomas, and fibrous histiocytomas expressed CTGF in both endothelial cells and in vimentin-positive tumor cells, particularly those around the blood vessels. CTGF mRNA was not detected in the inflammatory cells observed in many of the tumors. The presence of CTGF in the endothelial cells and tumor cells around blood vessels raises the possibility that CTGF is involved in the pathogenesis of these myofibroblastic tumors.
Color-encoded digital fringe projection technique for high-speed three-dimensional surface contouring (1999)

A color-encoded digital fringe projection technique is proposed for high-speed 3-D surface contouring applications. in this technique, a color fringe pattern whose RGB components comprise three phase-shifted fringe patterns is created by software on a computer screen and then projected to an object by a novel computer-controlled digital projection system. The image of the object is captured by a digital camera positioned at an angle different from that of the projection system. The image is then separated into its RGB components, creating three phase-shifted images of the object. These three images are used to retrieve the 3-D surface contour of the object through the use of a phase wrapping and unwrapping algorithm. Only one image of the object is required to obtain the 3-D surface contour of the object. Thus contouring speed, limited only by the frame rate of the camera, can be dramatically increased as compared to that of the traditional phase-shifting techniques. The technique is especially useful in applications where the object being contoured is going through quasi-static or dynamic changes. The principle of the technique is described and some preliminary experimental results are presented.
Cryptopatches Are Essential for the Development of Human GALT (2013)

Abnormal gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in humans is associated with infectious and autoimmune diseases, which cause dysfunction of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract immune system. To aid in investigating GALT pathologies in vivo, we bioengineered a human-mouse chimeric model characterized by the development of human GALT structures originating in mouse cryptopatches. This observation expands our mechanistic understanding of the role of cryptopatches in human GALT genesis and emphasizes the evolutionary conservation of this developmental process. Immunoglobulin class switching to IgA occurs in these GALT structures, leading to numerous human IgA-producing plasma cells throughout the intestinal lamina propria. CD4+ T cell depletion within GALT structures results from HIV infection, as it does in humans. This human-mouse chimeric model represents the most comprehensive experimental platform currently available for the study and for the preclinical testing of therapeutics designed to repair disease-damaged GALT.
Carbon sequestration (2007)

Developing technologies to reduce the rate of increase of atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from annual emissions of 8.6PgCyr-1 from energy, process industry, land-use conversion and soil cultivation is an important issue of the twenty-first century. Of the three options of reducing the global energy use, developing low or no-carbon fuel and sequestering emissions, this manuscript describes processes for carbon (CO2) sequestration and discusses abiotic and biotic technologies. Carbon sequestration implies transfer of atmospheric CO2 into other long-lived global pools including oceanic, pedologic, biotic and geological strata to reduce the net rate of increase in atmospheric CO2. Engineering techniques of CO2 injection in deep ocean, geological strata, old coal mines and oil wells, and saline aquifers along with mineral carbonation of CO2 constitute abiotic techniques. These techniques have a large potential of thousands of Pg, are expensive, have leakage risks and may be available for routine use by 2025 and beyond. In comparison, biotic techniques are natural and cost-effective processes, have numerous ancillary benefits, are immediately applicable but have finite sink capacity. Biotic and abiotic C sequestration options have specific nitches, are complementary, and have potential to mitigate the climate change risks.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of Single Crystalline and Polycrystalline GaN Grown by the Na-flux Method (2010)

A single crystal and polycrystals of GaN grown by the Na-flux method were photoelectrochemically characterized. The flatband potential of the GaN single crystal was approximately 0.2 V anodic of the potential of the GaN layer grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy. Clear photo-electrochemical response was observed for the GaN single crystal. The turn-on slopes of the photocurrent for the poly-crystalline samples were gentler than the slope for the single crystal. The turn-on slopes were probably affected by the high resistivity of grain boundaries in the polycrystalline samples.
Overexpression of ARGOS Genes Modifies Plant Sensitivity to Ethylene, Leading to Improved Drought Tolerance in Both Arabidopsis and Maize (2015)

Lack of sufficient water is a major limiting factor to crop production worldwide, and the development of drought-tolerant germplasm is needed to improve crop productivity. The phytohormone ethylene modulates plant growth and development as well as plant response to abiotic stress. Recent research has shown that modifying ethylene biosynthesis and signaling can enhance plant drought tolerance. Here, we report novel negative regulators of ethylene signal transduction in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and maize (Zea mays). These regulators are encoded by the ARGOS gene family. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of maize ARGOS1 (ZmARGOS1), ZmARGOS8, Arabidopsis ARGOS homolog ORGAN SIZE RELATED1 (AtOSR1), and AtOSR2 reduced plant sensitivity to ethylene, leading to enhanced drought tolerance. RNA profiling and genetic analysis suggested that the ZmARGOS1 transgene acts between an ethylene receptor and CONSTITUTIVE TRIPLE RESPONSE1 in the ethylene signaling pathway, affecting ethylene perception or the early stages of ethylene signaling. Overexpressed ZmARGOS1 is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi membrane, where the ethylene receptors and the ethylene signaling protein ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE2 and REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1 reside. In transgenic maize plants, overexpression of ARGOS genes also reduces ethylene sensitivity. Moreover, field testing showed that UBIQUITIN1:ZmARGOS8 maize events had a greater grain yield than nontransgenic controls under both drought stress and well-watered conditions.
The first three domains of the insulin receptor differ structurally from the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in the regions governing ligand specificity (2006)

The insulin receptor (IR) and the type-1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) are homologous multidomain proteins that bind insulin and IGF with differing specificity. Here we report the crystal structure of the first three domains (L1-CR-L2) of human IR at 2.3 A resolution and compare it with the previously determined structure of the corresponding fragment of IGF1R. The most important differences seen between the two receptors are in the two regions governing ligand specificity. The first is at the corner of the ligand-binding surface of the L1 domain, where the side chain of F39 in IR forms part of the ligand binding surface involving the second (central) beta-sheet. This is very different to the location of its counterpart in IGF1R, S35, which is not involved in ligand binding. The second major difference is in the sixth module of the CR domain, where IR contains a larger loop that protrudes further into the ligand-binding pocket. This module, which governs IGF1-binding specificity, shows negligible sequence identity, significantly more alpha-helix, an additional disulfide bond, and opposite electrostatic potential compared to that of the IGF1R.
Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis class 3 outer membrane protein gene variable regions and type identification using genetic techniques (1995)

The class 3 porin proteins of Neisseria meningitidis stimulate bactericidal antibodies and express serotype-specific antigenic epitopes. Sequence analysis of porB genes for the class 3 proteins revealed regions of variability that map to surface-exposed loops. To evaluate the relationship between serotype and variable-region (VR) genotype, sequences from the 11 class 3-expressing serotype strains and 3 additional serotype 4 strains were analyzed by molecular techniques. Multiple-sequence alignment revealed a limited number of unique sequences at each of four VRs (VR1 to VR4), ranging from four unique sequences at VR1 to seven sequence patterns at VR2 and VR4. Serotype-specific VR sequences were found in each of the four VRs, suggesting that each VR has immunologic importance. Five serotypes had at least one VR sequence that was unique. Three serotypes which had sequences in common with other serotypes at each VR were distinguished by examining multiple VRs. Serotype 3 was identical to serotype 19 at each VR, and serotype 8 was identical to serotype 18 at each VR. Serotypes 4 and 21 were identical at VR1 and significantly different at VR3 and VR4. A subpopulation of serotype 4 strains with a unique VR2 sequence was identified. The serotypes which were grouped with closely related or identical sequences at one VR were grouped with different serotypes at other VRs consistent with the pattern of genetic mosaicism described for the porA (class 1 protein) gene. Hybridization assays demonstrated the ability to identify VR genotypes and distinguish serotypes using biotin-labelled oligonucleotide probes. This information may be useful in strain selection for vaccine development, in epidemiologic studies to determine the prevalence of the individual VR genotype (especially among nonserotypeable strains) and, combined with PCR, in the identification of culture-negative suspected meningococcal cases.
Subcutaneous Tocilizumab Versus Placebo in Combination With Disease‐Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis (2014)

TCZ-SC every other week had significantly greater efficacy, including ACR end points and inhibition of joint damage, compared with PBO-SC. TCZ-SC was well tolerated and its safety profile was comparable with that of previous intravenous TCZ studies.
Allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye. (1996)

This study suggests that the evaluation of serum antigen specific IgE and tear dynamics are important for the differential diagnosis of patients with allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye. Clinically diagnosed allergic conjunctivitis with negative serum antigen specific and total IgE can be one form of dry eye.
Identification of Residues Critical to the Activity of Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (1996)

Alanine scanning mutagenesis of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) was used to identify residues critical for the cell-proliferative activity of the protein. Fifty-eight residues, most of them on the protein surface, were independently mutated to alanine. Most of the variants retained full biological activity; however, 15 mutants were significantly impaired in their ability to stimulate bone marrow cell proliferation in vitro. Four of these variants contain mutations at buried residues and two have substitutions at side chains involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The remaining nine down mutations identify two regions on the surface of the molecule important for biological activity. Consistent with these observations, measurements of binding to NFS-60 cells indicate that the residues most important for receptor binding are Lys40 and Phe144 in site 1 and Glu19 in site 2. In addition to these residues, Val48 and Leu49 in site 1 and Leu15, Asp112, and Leu124 in site 2 are also important for biological activity. These results suggest the presence of two binding sites on the cytokine surface required for dimerization of the G-CSF receptor.