gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes (2006)

Diabetes reduces life expectancy by five to 10 years. Premature cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality, but the microvascular complications specific to diabetes (box 1) are also contributory factors. Diabetes is the most common reason for renal replacement therapy worldwide, the most common cause of blindness in the under 65s, and the most common cause of non-traumatic amputation. With our current knowledge, most of these devastating events could be prevented or delayed, or their impact minimised. This review focuses on the prevention, early detection, and initial management of the vascular complications of diabetes in adults.
A 20 MHz 6th order BiCMOS programmable filter using parasitic-insensitive integrators (2003)

A fast parasitic-insensitive continuous-time filter that uses an active integrating-capacitor is described. The filter IC consists of a sixth-order Bessel lowpass and a second-order cosine-equalizer stage. It is made up of three biquads with lowpass and bandpass outputs. Both outputs of the last stage are available with matched group-delay characteristics. The corner frequency is digitally programmable through the digital serial interface to 64 values over a 4 to 1 range. Techniques for excess-phase nulling and Gm-setting independent of supply and temperature are described. This 20 MHz, 5 V equalizer has 0.24% of total harmonic distortion with 2 Vp-p signals and is built in 1.5 mu m/4 GHz BiCMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Embryonic Stem Cells: New Possible Therapy for Degenerative Diseases That Affect Elderly People (2003)

The capacity of embryonic stem (ES) cells for virtually unlimited self renewal and differentiation has opened up the prospect of widespread applications in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. The use of these cells would overcome the problems of donor tissue shortage and implant rejection, if the cells are made immunocompatible with the recipient. Since the derivation in 1998 of human ES cell lines from preimplantation embryos, considerable research is centered on their biology, on how differentiation can be encouraged toward particular cell lineages, and also on the means to enrich and purify derivative cell types. In addition, ES cells may be used as an in vitro system not only to study cell differentiation but also to evaluate the effects of new drugs and the identification of genes as potential therapeutic targets. This review will summarize what is known about animal and human ES cells with particular emphasis on their application in four animal models of human diseases. Present studies of mouse ES cell transplantation reveal encouraging results but also technical barriers that have to be overcome before clinical trials can be considered.
Murexide reaction of caffeine with hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid. II (1990)

Abstract In continuation of the study on the murexide reaction of caffeine with 3% hydrogen peroxide/hydrochloric acid and then with ammonia giving a purple coloration, we investigated the oxidation reaction of caffeine with 6% hydrogen peroxide/hydrochloric acid to isolate ten reaction products, 3‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethyloxazolo[4,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐2,5,7(3 H ,4 H ,6 H )‐trione 1 , 1,3‐dimethylalloxan 2 , murexoin 3 , 1,3,7‐trimethyl‐2,6,8‐trioxo‐9‐hydroxy‐1 H ,3 H ,7 H ‐xanthine 5 , 1,3,7‐trimethyl‐2,6,8‐trioxo‐1 H ,3 H ,7 H ‐xanthine 6 , 1,3,7‐trimethyl‐2,6‐dioxo‐8‐chloro‐1 H ,3 H ,7 H ‐xanthine 7, 5‐(1,3‐dimethyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐2,4,6‐trioxopyrimidin‐5‐yl)‐aminomethylene‐1,3‐dimethyl‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexahydro‐2,4,6‐trioxopyrimidine ammonium salt 9 , 1,3‐dimethylpalabanic acid 10 , 1‐methyl‐2,4,5‐trioxoimidazole 11 , 3‐hydroxy‐5,7‐dimethyloxazolo[5,4‐ d ]pyrimidine‐2,4,6(3 H ,5 H ,7 H )‐trione 12 and 4,6,8‐trimethyl‐1,2,4‐dioxazino[6,5‐ d ]pyrimidine‐3,5,7(4 H ,6 H ,8 H )‐trione 13 . The oxidation reaction using 6% hydrogen peroxide/hydrochloric acid was found to produce a similar purple coloration to that of the murexide reaction despite no subsequent addition of ammonia, indicating the liberation of ammonia by the oxidation of caffeine. Among the above compounds, the purple colored substance murexoin 3 and the yellow colored compound 9 were both ammonium salts, and compound 5 was the red colored substance. In the present investigation, these three compounds were found to contribute to the coloration.
Suctioning Sponge (1983)

A newly devised sponge absorbs and suctions blood and irrigation fluids during surgical procedures. This new sponge eliminates the need for the frequent exchange of sponges during an operation. Although the sponge was designed for ophthalmic operations, it can be used in other types of surgical procedures as well.
Relative Target Affinities of T-Cell–Dependent Bispecific Antibodies Determine Biodistribution in a Solid Tumor Mouse Model (2018)

Anti-HER2/CD3, a T-cell-dependent bispecific antibody (TDB) construct, induces T-cell-mediated cell death in cancer cells expressing HER2 by cross-linking tumor HER2 with CD3 on cytotoxic T cells, thereby creating a functional cytolytic synapse. TDB design is a very challenging process that requires consideration of multiple parameters. Although therapeutic antibody design strategy is commonly driven by striving for the highest attainable antigen-binding affinity, little is known about how the affinity of each TDB arm can affect the targeting ability of the other arm and the consequent distribution and efficacy. To our knowledge, no distribution studies have been published using preclinical models wherein the T-cell-targeting arm of the TDB is actively bound to T cells. We used a combined approach involving radiochemistry, invasive biodistribution, and noninvasive single-photon emission tomographic (SPECT) imaging to measure TDB distribution and catabolism in transgenic mice with human CD3ε expression on T cells. Using CD3 affinity variants, we assessed the impact of CD3 affinity on short-term pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and cellular uptake. Our experimental approach determined the relative effects of (i) CD3 targeting to normal tissues, (ii) HER2 targeting to HER2-expressing tumors, and (iii) relative HER2/CD3 affinity, all as critical drivers for TDB distribution. We observed a strong correlation between CD3 affinity and distribution to T-cell-rich tissues, with higher CD3 affinity reducing systemic exposure and shifting TDB distribution away from tumor to T-cell-containing tissues. These observations have important implications for clinical translation of bispecific antibodies for cancer immunotherapy. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 17(4); 776-85. ©2018 AACR</i>.
Viral gastroparesis: a subgroup of idiopathic gastroparesis--clinical characteristics and long-term outcomes. (1997)

A viral etiology should be considered in gastroparesis patients when their illness is characterized by an acute onset, initial severe illness and slow resolution toward a satisfactory quality of life. Idiopathic gastroparesis is a more slowly progressive illness, and patients remain significantly more symptomatic for a longer period of time.
Hallucinating Stereoscopy from a Single Image (2015)

Abstract We introduce a novel method for enabling stereoscopic viewing of a scene from a single pre‐segmented image. Rather than attempting full 3D reconstruction or accurate depth map recovery, we hallucinate a rough approximation of the scene's 3D model using a number of simple depth and occlusion cues and shape priors. We begin by depth‐sorting the segments, each of which is assumed to represent a separate object in the scene, resulting in a collection of depth layers. The shapes and textures of the partially occluded segments are then completed using symmetry and convexity priors. Next, each completed segment is converted to a union of generalized cylinders yielding a rough 3D model for each object. Finally, the object depths are refined using an iterative ground fitting process. The hallucinated 3D model of the scene may then be used to generate a stereoscopic image pair, or to produce images from novel viewpoints within a small neighborhood of the original view. Despite the simplicity of our approach, we show that it compares favorably with state‐of‐the‐art depth ordering methods. A user study was conducted showing that our method produces more convincing stereoscopic images than existing semi‐interactive and automatic single image depth recovery methods.
Picosecond ultrasonics (1989)

The generation and detection of ultrasonic waves with picosecond time resolution are described. With picosecond ultrasonics, the frequency range of acoustic waves is extended into the 100-GHz range. It allows the investigation of thin-film materials, microstructures, and materials with large acoustic attenuation. Velocity and attenuation measurements on a variety of thin films are reviewed. The results on complex microstructures, including multilayers, are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
PBSX Induction in a Temperature-sensitive Mutant of Bacillus subtilis (1978)

SUMMARY A temperature-sensitive mutant of Bacillus subtilis is described which produces PBSX phage at a non-permissive temperature (47 °C). The mutant is, in the properties tested, phenotypically identical to the mutant tsi23 reported by Siegel &amp; Marmur (1969). Its mutation (tsi85) maps in the same chromosomal region (dal-purB) in which tsi23 is located; the two mutations are shown to be distinct but probably affect the same function. Double mutants carrying the mutations tsi and xin (which blocks the induction of PBSX by mitomycin C) do not produce PBSX at a non-permissive temperature but retain their thermosensitivity. Tsi mutants display a reduced rate of RNA synthesis at the non-permissive temperature. Such a phenotype is lost in tsi-xin double mutants, revealing that it is associated with PBSX induction. The nature of the primary lesion that leads to PBSX induction in tsi mutants remains to be ascertained.
Treatment With AC Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields Induces Vivid Colored Dreams in Multiple Sclerosis (1998)

Cessation of dream recall has been reported in numerous neurological disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). Two women MS patients are presented in whom transcranial treatment with AC pulsed electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of 7.5 picotesla flux density restored dream recall and 4 to 5 months later induced vivid colored dreams. The experience of colored dreams coincided with a period of distinctive improvement in visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception and in one patient with normalization of the visual evoked potential latencies. Dreams associated with REM sleep are reported to be vivid, colorful and lengthy and administration of melatonin facilitates REM sleep and increases its duration in humans. Additionally, melatonin administered at night induces vivid colored dreams in normal subjects and narcoleptic patients. Therefore, since melatonin secretion is sensitive to the effects of pulsed EMFs these findings suggest that the experience of colored dreams in these patients was probably related to reactivation of the pineal gland with increased nocturnal melatonin release. The recurrence of colored dreams in the course of magnetic therapy may be a marker of pineal regeneration.
Semiconductor lasers for coherent optical fiber communications (1990)

The current status of semiconductor lasers used in coherent optical fiber communications is reviewed for nonexperts in the field. The issues of spectral purity, tuning, modulation, and advanced fabrication methods for photonic integration are discussed, with examples drawn from current experimental devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Band gap engineering of amorphous silicon quantum dots for light-emitting diodes (2001)

Amorphous silicon quantum dots (a-Si QDs), which show a quantum confinement effect were grown in a silicon nitride film by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Red, green, blue, and white photoluminescence were observed from the a-Si QD structures by controlling the dot size. An orange light-emitting diode (LED) was fabricated using a-Si QDs with a mean size of 2.0 nm. The turn-on voltage was less than 5 V. An external quantum efficiency of 2×10−3% was also demonstrated. These results show that a LED using a-Si QDs embedded in the silicon nitride film is superior in terms of electrical and optical properties to other Si-based LEDs.
Protein kinase involved in lung injury susceptibility: Evidence from enzyme isoform genetic knockout and in vivo inhibitor treatment (2003)

Acute lung injury (ALI) associated with sepsis and iatrogenic ventilator-induced lung injury resulting from mechanical ventilation are major medical problems with an unmet need for small molecule therapeutics. Prevailing hypotheses identify endothelial cell (EC) layer dysfunction as a cardinal event in the pathophysiology, with intracellular protein kinases as critical mediators of normal physiology and possible targets for drug discovery. The 210,000 molecular weight myosin light chain kinase (MLCK210, also called EC MLCK because of its abundance in EC) is hypothesized to be important for EC barrier function and might be a potential therapeutic target. To test these hypotheses directly, we made a selective MLCK210 knockout mouse that retains production of MLCK108 (also called smooth-muscle MLCK) from the same gene. The MLCK210 knockout mice are less susceptible to ALI induced by i.p. injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide and show enhanced survival during subsequent mechanical ventilation. Using a complementary chemical biology approach, we developed a new class of small-molecule MLCK inhibitor based on the pharmacologically privileged aminopyridazine and found that a single i.p. injection of the inhibitor protected WT mice against ALI and death from mechanical ventilation complications. These convergent results from two independent approaches demonstrate a pivotal in vivo role for MLCK in susceptibility to lung injury and validate MLCK as a potential drug discovery target for lung injury.
Evaluation of liquid from the Papanicolaou test and other liquid biopsies for the detection of endometrial and ovarian cancers (2018)

We report the detection of endometrial and ovarian cancers based on genetic analyses of DNA recovered from the fluids obtained during a routine Papanicolaou (Pap) test. The new test, called PapSEEK, incorporates assays for mutations in 18 genes as well as an assay for aneuploidy. In Pap brush samples from 382 endometrial cancer patients, 81% [95% confidence interval (CI), 77 to 85%] were positive, including 78% of patients with early-stage disease. The sensitivity in 245 ovarian cancer patients was 33% (95% CI, 27 to 39%), including 34% of patients with early-stage disease. In contrast, only 1.4% of 714 women without cancer had positive Pap brush samples (specificity, ~99%). Next, we showed that intrauterine sampling with a Tao brush increased the detection of malignancy over endocervical sampling with a Pap brush: 93% of 123 (95% CI, 87 to 97%) patients with endometrial cancer and 45% of 51 (95% CI, 31 to 60%) patients with ovarian cancer were positive, whereas none of the samples from 125 women without cancer were positive (specificity, 100%). Finally, in 83 ovarian cancer patients in whom plasma was available, circulating tumor DNA was found in 43% of patients (95% CI, 33 to 55%). When plasma and Pap brush samples were both tested, the sensitivity for ovarian cancer increased to 63% (95% CI, 51 to 73%). These results demonstrate the potential of mutation-based diagnostics to detect gynecologic cancers at a stage when they are more likely to be curable.
Process integration for 64 M DRAM using an asymmetrical stacked trench capacitor (AST) cell (2002)

The key points of sub-half-micron CMOS technologies for 64-Mb DRAM fabrication are described. The main features of the technologies are (1) an asymmetrical stacked trench capacitor (AST) cell, (2) localized channel implantation through the field oxide (LIF), and (3) a 0.4- mu m transistor with LDD (lightly doped drain) n/sup -/ impurity of arsenic. The lithographic levels are 0.4 mu m for critical layers. achieved using a KrF excimer laser stepper. The AST cell has a stacked capacitor in a trench; the trenches are located asymmetrically with respect to each other. A small cell area of 1.53 mu m/sup 2/ has been achieved by adopting the LIF isolation and the As LDD transistor for the AST cell. An experimental 64-Mb DRAM chip has been successfully fabricated using these technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Striped Metal Nanowires as Building Blocks and Optical Tags (2003)

Abstract Sequential electrodeposition within a porous template can be used to prepare striped nanowires with tailorable dimensions and composition. Variations in composition along the length of the wire can be used to incorporate electrical functionality, optical contrast, and/or desired surface chemistry. Nanowires can be functionalized with chemical or biochemical reagents appropriate for assembly or biosensing. Therefore, these particles are interesting as building blocks for nanoscale electronics and as “barcodes” for both biological and non‐biological tagging applications. In this article, we briefly discuss the synthesis and optical readout of striped metal nanowires, as well as progress towards each of these potential applications.
<title>General purpose bidirectional optical backplane bus</title> (1995)

We report for the first time a bi-directional optical backplane bus for a high performance system containing nine multi-chip module (MCM) boards. The backplane bus reported herein employs arrays of multiplexed polymer-based waveguide holograms in conjunction with a waveguiding plate within which 16 substrate guided waves for 72 (8 X 9) cascaded fanouts are generated. Data transfer of 1.2 Gbit/sec at 1.3 micrometers wavelength is demonstrated for a single bus line with 72 cascaded fanouts. Packaging-related issues such as transceiver size and misalignment are embarked upon to provide a reliable system with a wide bandwidth coverage. The backplane bus demonstrated is for general-purpose and, therefore, compatible with such IEEE standardized buses as VMEbus, Futurebus, and FASTBUS, and can function as a backplane bus in existing computing environments and significantly reduce the bottlenecks that accompany electrical interconnects.
Species and Regional Differences in the Expression of Cell‐Type Specific Elements at the Human and Rat Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Loci (1990)

The expression of the catecholamine biosynthetic enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), is confined to several different types of neuroendocrine cells. Using a transient assay system, we examined more than 10 kb of the human TH gene and 6.5 kb of 5' flanking sequences of the rat TH gene for DNA elements that confer cell-type specific expression. Surprisingly, these elements do not appear to be conserved in position or sequence across species. When plasmids containing DNA sequences - 749 bp from the transcription start site of the rat gene were introduced into PC12 cells, up to sixfold higher levels of expression were observed as compared to the same fragments introduced into HepG2 cells or LAN-1 cells. In contrast to the rat gene, analogous fragments of the human 5' promoter failed to confer cell-type specific expression. However, when plasmids containing a truncated thymidine kinase promoter and either orientation of a 760 by 3' human TH gene fragment were introduced into PC12 and LAN-1 cells, we observed a six- and 3.5-fold increase, respectively, over that observed for HepG2 cells. Subsequent deletion of this fragment led to significant activation of transcription in PC12 and HepG2 cell lines. These data indicate the presence of multiple elements contributing to the cell-type specific expression of tyrosine hydroxylase genes.
Cyclin E and Survival in Patients with Breast Cancer (2002)

Levels of total cyclin E and low-molecular-weight cyclin E in tumor tissue, as measured by Western blot assay, correlate strongly with survival in patients with breast cancer.
Mechanism of reaction of fatty acid hydroperoxides with soybean peroxygenase. (1993)

13(S)-Hydroperoxyoctadeca-9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-trienoic acid (13-HPOT) was used to probe the mechanism of the hydroperoxide O-O bond cleavage catalyzed by solubilized and partially purified soybean peroxygenase. When reacted with this ferrihemoprotein, it was converted to 13(S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9(Z),11(E), 15(Z)-trienoic acid (13-HOT) and a single epoxide regio-isomer, i.e. 15,16-cis-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9(Z),11(E)-dienoic acid (15,16-EHOD). In the absence of co-oxidizable substrates, such as oleic acid or thiobenzamide, this latter compound accounted for about two-thirds of the reaction products. 13-HOT and 15,16-EHOD are products of heterolytic scission of the O-O bond of 13-HPOT; no products arising by homolytic scission could be detected. Therefore, soybean peroxygenase catalyzes hydroperoxide reduction exclusively by a heterolytic mechanism leading to a ferryl-oxo complex analogous to peroxidase compound I. In similar experiments, 13(S)-hydroperoxyoctadeca-9(Z),11(E)-dienoic acid gave 13(S)-hydroxyoctadeca-9(Z),11(E)-dienoic acid and 9,10 epoxy-13(S)-hydroxyoctadec-11(E)-enoic acid. Experiments with 18O-labeled 13-HPOT indicated that about 83% of the oxygen atom incorporated into the epoxide group of 15,16-EHOD, originated from the hydroperoxide group. Moreover, using mixtures of unlabeled and 18O-labeled 13-HPOT, it was established that this transfer takes place predominantly (about 3:1) by an intramolecular process. In the intermolecular reaction 13-HOT, formed after reduction of the hydroperoxide, diffuses from the active site and, after reassociation, is epoxidized at the 15,16-double bond. A unifying mechanistic scheme, which takes into account all of the reactions catalyzed by the peroxygenase, is proposed.