gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alcohol oxidase of Aspergillus flavipes grown on hexadecanol (1991)

The activity of alcohol oxidase in Aspergillus flavipes was induced by growth on hexadecanol, though highest activities were obtained using a mixture of hexadecanol and olive oil. The enzyme showed a wide range of substrate specificity towards aliphatic primary alcohols from C8 to C18. The preferred substrate was decanol. The enzyme had an optimum pH of 9.5. It also used cis-unsaturated alcohols better than the trans-isomers. ω-Hydroxy fatty acids and α,ω-diols were not attacked.
Western blot analysis of the human antibody response to Campylobacter jejuni cellular antigens during gastrointestinal infection (1985)

Western blot analysis was used to identify antigenic components of Campylobacter jejuni whole cells and outer membranes that elicit antibody responses in patients with campylobacter enteritis. Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from eight patients were analyzed for antibody activity against their homologous infecting strains and heterologous clinical isolates. Whole-cell and Sarkosyl-insoluble membrane components were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and transferred electrophoretically to nitrocellulose paper for immunoblotting experiments. After the separated components were probed with patient sera, antibody binding was detected by autoradiography with 125I-protein A. Using this method, we detected several immunogenic components in whole cells and outer membranes. In the acute-phase response of some patients to infection, two to three components with approximate molecular weights of 66,000 (p66), 43,000 to 46,000 (major outer membrane protein), and 12,000 (p12) were detected in immunoblots. Convalescent-phase sera showed a more broad array of antibody binding to cell components. p66, shown to be campylobacter flagellin, was the major immunodominant component in almost all sera tested, however, p66 was not a major protein in Coomassie blue-stained gels. The major outer-membrane protein also bound to antibody, but with less intensity than p66. In general, the antibody specificity of patient sera was not limited to the homologous infecting strain, and antibodies cross-reacted with most components in heterologous strains. A low-molecular-weight component, identified as lipopolysaccharide with a modified silver stain, showed serological specificity for some patient sera. The results of this study showed that the antibody response of patients with campylobacter enteritis to C. jejuni antigens is variable. Flagellin appeared to be the major immunodominant component during infection.
Research on Implementation Model of Experience Marketing (2008)

By reviewing the studies on experience marketing, this paper, which is based on B.H. Schmitt's theory of experience marketing theatre, firstly discussed the normal implementation methods and successful factors of experience marketing in details, then constructed a 9S model of how to implement experience marketing. In the end, we put forward the principles of how to Implement Experience marketing and expose the extended thoughts of it.
Mice devoid of all known thyroid hormone receptors are viable but exhibit disorders of the pituitary-thyroid axis, growth, and bone maturation (1999)

Thyroid hormone (T3) has widespread functions in development and homeostasis, although the receptor pathways by which this diversity arises are unclear. Deletion of the T3 receptors TRalpha1 or TRbeta individually reveals only a small proportion of the phenotypes that arise in hypothyroidism, implying that additional pathways must exist. Here, we demonstrate that mice lacking both TRalpha1 and TRbeta (TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/-) display a novel array of phenotypes not found in single receptor-deficient mice, including an extremely hyperactive pituitary-thyroid axis, poor female fertility and retarded growth and bone maturation. These results establish that major T3 actions are mediated by common pathways in which TRalpha1 and TRbeta cooperate with or substitute for each other. Thus, varying the balance of use of TRalpha1 and TRbeta individually or in combination facilitates control of an extended spectrum of T3 actions. There was no evidence for any previously unidentified T3 receptors in TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/- mouse tissues. Compared to the debilitating symptoms of severe hypothyroidism, the milder overall phenotype of TRalpha1(-/-)beta-/- mice, lacking all known T3 receptors, indicates divergent consequences for hormone versus receptor deficiency. These distinctions suggest that T3-independent actions of T3 receptors, demonstrated previously in vitro, may be a significant function in vivo.
Practical Synthesis of Prostratin, DPP, and Their Analogs, Adjuvant Leads Against Latent HIV (2008)

Although antiretroviral therapies have been effective in decreasing active viral loads in AIDS patients, the persistence of latent viral reservoirs prevents eradication of the virus. Prostratin and DPP (12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate) activate the latent virus and thus represent promising adjuvants for antiviral therapy. Their limited supply and the challenges of accessing related structures have, however, impeded therapeutic development and the search for clinically superior analogs. Here we report a practical synthesis of prostratin and DPP starting from phorbol or crotophorbolone, agents readily available from renewable sources, including a biodiesel candidate. This synthesis reliably supplies gram quantities of the therapeutically promising natural products, hitherto available only in low and variable amounts from natural sources, and opens access to a variety of new analogs.
APPLICATION OF MORPHOLOGICAL IMAGE PROCESSING IN AGRICULTURE (1990)

ABSTRACT Morphological image processing is a powerful and intuitive means of examining shape in visual scenes. Its power lies in its ability to transform the structure of objects into simpler forms that enhances their interpretation. From a practical standpoint, the tools of morphological image processing are easily implemented, highly parallel, and very robust. Using a smdl set of fundamental operators, many diverse applications can be addressed, including shape recognition and textural analysis. Because of this flexibility, morphological image processing has great potential in the field of agriculture. This article provides a brief introduction to the basic methods of morphologic image processing, including definitions of the fundamental image operations and illustration of their effects. In addition, the utility of the method is demonstrated with three example applications involving corn kernel size discrimination, plant leaf identification, and texture analysis of marbling in beef longissimus dorsi muscle.
Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma by transplantation of ex‐vivo immune‐modulated NKT lymphocytes (2005)

NKT cells are a regulatory subset of T lymphocytes with immune modulatory effects and an important role in anti-tumor immunity. The feasibility of "ex-vivo education" of NKT cells has recently been demonstrated. To evaluate the anti-tumor effect of ex-vivo immune-modulated NKT lymphocytes in a murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Athymic Balb/C mice were sublethally irradiated and transplanted with human Hep3B HCC. NKT cells prepared from immunocompetent Balb/C mice were pulsed ex vivo with HCC-derived antigens (Group A), Hep3B cells (group B) or BSA (group C), and adoptively transferred into HCC harboring mice (1 x 0(6) NKT cells per mouse). Group D mice did not undergo NKT cell transplantation. Group E mice were transplanted with 1 x 10(6) NKT cells from HBV-immunized donors. Mice were followed for tumor size and weight. To determine the mechanism of the anti-tumor effect, intrasplenic lymphocyte populations were analyzed by FACS for NKT, CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte subpopulations; STAT 1, 4 and 6 expression in splenocytes was assessed by Western blot, and serum cytokine levels were measured by ELISA. Adoptive transfer of NKT cells pulsed with HCC-derived antigens (group A) and NKT cells from immunized donors (group E) resulted in complete disappearance of tumors within 4 weeks and attenuated weight loss (6.5% and 7% in groups A and E, respectively). In contrast, mice in groups B, C, and D developed large, necrotic tumors and severe weight loss (21%, 17% and 23% weight loss in groups B, C, and D, respectively). NKT/CD4 and CD8/CD4 ratios were significantly increased in groups A and E (12.3 and 17.6 in groups A and D, respectively, compared to 6.4, 4.8 and 5.6 in groups B, C and D, respectively, for the NKT/CD4 ratio; 41 and 19.8 in groups A and E, respectively, compared to 6.5, 11.8 and 3.2 in groups B, C, and D, respectively, for the CD8/CD4 ratio). Expression of the transcription factor STAT4 was evident in group A, but not in groups B-D. Serum IFNgamma, IL12 and IL4 levels were increased in groups A and E. Adoptive transfer of NKT lymphocytes exposed ex vivo by HCC-derived antigens loaded on dendritic cells and NKT cells from immunized donors led to suppression of HCC in mice. NKT-mediated anti-tumor activity was associated increased NKT and CD8+ T lymphocyte numbers, increased expression of STAT4, a marker for IL-12 activity and elevated serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IFNgamma and IL12, and of IL4. Ex-vivo modulation of NKT lymphocytes holds promise as a novel mode of immune therapy for HCC.
Ecological Modeling from Time-Series Inference: Insight into Dynamics and Stability of Intestinal Microbiota (2013)

The intestinal microbiota is a microbial ecosystem of crucial importance to human health. Understanding how the microbiota confers resistance against enteric pathogens and how antibiotics disrupt that resistance is key to the prevention and cure of intestinal infections. We present a novel method to infer microbial community ecology directly from time-resolved metagenomics. This method extends generalized Lotka-Volterra dynamics to account for external perturbations. Data from recent experiments on antibiotic-mediated Clostridium difficile infection is analyzed to quantify microbial interactions, commensal-pathogen interactions, and the effect of the antibiotic on the community. Stability analysis reveals that the microbiota is intrinsically stable, explaining how antibiotic perturbations and C. difficile inoculation can produce catastrophic shifts that persist even after removal of the perturbations. Importantly, the analysis suggests a subnetwork of bacterial groups implicated in protection against C. difficile. Due to its generality, our method can be applied to any high-resolution ecological time-series data to infer community structure and response to external stimuli.
New Insights into the Androgen-Targeted Therapies and Epigenetic Therapies in Prostate Cancer (2011)

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men in the United States, and it is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in American men. The androgen receptor (AR), a receptor of nuclear family and a transcription factor, is the most important target in this disease. While most efforts in the clinic are currently directed at lowering levels of androgens that activate AR, resistance to androgen deprivation eventually develops. Most prostate cancer deaths are attributable to this castration-resistant form of prostate cancer (CRPC). Recent work has shed light on the importance of epigenetic events including facilitation of AR signaling by histone-modifying enzymes, posttranslational modifications of AR such as sumoylation. Herein, we provide an overview of the structure of human AR and its key structural domains that can be used as targets to develop novel antiandrogens. We also summarize recent findings about the antiandrogens and the epigenetic factors that modulate the action of AR.
Realistic Generation and Real Time Animation of Images of the Human Colon (1992)

Abstract A simulator has been built to teach doctors the skill of handling a flexible endoscope for gastrointestinal investigations. Trainees use a dummy endoscope in which the control actions are transduced into voltages and sensed by the computer. The simulator computes the position and viewing direction of the endoscope within an internal model of the human colon. Then a renderer draws the view, reproducing as far as possible what would be seen during a real colonoscopy. Since the system must generate at least ten frames per second for realistic animation, standard rendering techniques, such as ray tracing, could not be used. Consequently a new method was devised, based on identifying coherent regions along each scan line which can be rendered by table lookup. The method allows shaded Lambertian surfaces to be drawn at a frame rate of 15 per second, using modest computing resources. Although several approximations were required in the analysis, the computer images of the internal surfaces of the human colon present a high degree of visual realism.
Intravenous methylnaltrexone attenuates intrathecal morphine induced delayed gastric emptying in rats (2001)

s and Programme: European Society of Anaesthesiologists; 9th Annual Meeting with the Swedish Society of Anaesthesiology; Gothenburg, Sweden, 7-10 April 2001: Pharmacology
A new parallel signature file method for efficient information retrieval (1995)

The signature file method has been widely advocated as an efficient index scheme to handle new abdications demand-. .
Common epitope in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) I-GP41 and HLA class II elicits immunosuppressive autoantibodies capable of contributing to immune dysfunction in HIV I-infected individuals. (1989)

We previously reported the identification of highly conserved homologous regions located in the carboxy terminus of the HIV I gp4l-envelope (aa 837-844), and the amino-terminal of the beta chain of all human HLA class II antigens (aa 19-25). Murine monoclonal antibodies, raised against synthetic pep- tides from these homologous regions, bound not only to the isolated peptides, but also to the native gpl60 and class II molecules. In this study one-third of sera from HIV I-infected individuals, at different disease stages, were found to react with both the gp4l and class II-derived peptides. These sera also reacted with "native" HLA class II molecules. The potential affects of such autoantibodies on normal immune functions were examined. It was found that in the presence of class II- cross-reactive (but not control) sera, the proliferative re- sponses of normal CD4' T cells to tetanus toxoid and alloge- neic stimuli were markedly decreased. In addition, these sera could eliminate class II-bearing cells by antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Similar affects were seen with affinitypurified IgG antibodies from patients' sera.
Total Syntheses of Epothilones B and D (2000)

Total syntheses of the microtubule stabilizing antitumor drugs epothilone B and D are described, starting from optically pure (S)-malic acid and methyl (R)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate. The synthesis is highly convergent by coupling the three fragments C1-C6 (fragment D), C7-C10 (fragment C), and C11-C21 (fragment B). Key steps are two stereoselective Wittig type olefinations to generate the 12,13- and 16,17-double bonds, an enantioselective Mukaiyama aldol addition to synthesize fragment D, and a sulfone anion allyl iodide alkylation to connect fragments B and C. Finally fragment D was attached to the B + C fragment via aldol addition.
Prognostic value of tumor‐associated macrophage count in human bladder cancer (2000)

Our results suggest that determination of TAM count in bladder cancer tissues is of value to predict the clinical outcome or prognosis and to select appropriate treatment strategies in patients with bladder cancer.
The intrabronchial microbial flora in chronic bronchitis patients: a target for N-acetylcysteine therapy? (1994)

Chronic bronchitis is common among smokers, often together with recurrent infectious exacerbations. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are the pathogens traditionally considered most important. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) treatment has been shown to reduce the number of infectious exacerbations in patients with chronic bronchitis. The mechanism behind this is unknown. We attempted to characterize the intrabronchial bacterial flora in patients with chronic bronchitis in an infection-free interval, and to determine whether pharmacological and immunological factors effected the bacterial occurrence. Twenty two smokers with non-obstructive chronic bronchitis, 19 smokers with chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 14 healthy nonsmokers underwent bronchoscopy. To obtain uncontaminated intrabronchial samples, a protected specimen brush was used. Quantitative bacterial cultures and virus isolations were performed. Significantly positive bacterial cultures (> 1,000 colony-forming units (cfu).ml-1) were found only in the patients. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found in five patients, and only in the patients without NAC treatment. The most common bacterium was alpha-haemolytic streptococcus. Negative cultures were more common in the healthy controls. Of the various factors examined, only NAC medication had an influence on bacterial numbers. Significantly fewer patients with NAC medication had positive cultures (3 out of 16) than in the group of patients without NAC therapy (15 out of 21). Our results confirm that chronic bronchitis in smokers leads to increased intrabronchial bacterial colonization. We could also confirm that 1,000 cfu.ml-1 is an adequate cut-off level for significant bacterial growth when using the protected specimen brush. NAC medication was associated with low bacterial numbers.
The effect of high-dose albumin therapy on local cerebral perfusion after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats (1998)

We have shown that high-concentration albumin therapy is markedly neuroprotective in focal cerebral ischemia. The present study was conducted to ascertain the degree to which hemodynamic alterations are responsible for this therapeutic effect. Normothermic, physiologically regulated male Sprague-Dawley rats received a 2-h period of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) by insertion of an intraluminal suture coated with poly-L-lysine. Albumin (25% human serum albumin solution) or vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride) was administered intravenously at a dose of 1% of body weight immediately after suture withdrawal following 2-h MCAo. Local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) was measured autoradiographically with 14C-iodoantipyrine after 1 h of recirculation. Novel image-processing methods were used to compare average LCBF data sets against previously obtained infarction-frequency data on a pixel-by-pixel basis. Albumin therapy reduced mean hematocrit by 42% but produced no other systemic alterations. Pixel-based histopathological analysis revealed large, consistent cortical and subcortical infarcts in saline-treated rats with MCAo; albumin therapy reduced mean cortical infarct volume by 85%. Within regions showing albumin-associated neuroprotection, numbers of pixels having LCBF in the upper ischemic-core flow range (0.12-0.24 ml g-1 min-1) were reduced by 8.6-fold by albumin therapy when compared to saline-treated rats; and numbers of pixels with LCBF in the lower penumbral flow range (0.24-0.36 ml g-1 min-1) were reduced by 3. 1-fold in albumin-treated rats (p=0.04 by repeated-measures analysis of variance). Analysis of the [albumin-saline] 3-dimensional difference-image data set revealed a circumferential zone of statistically significant albumin-associated LCBF increase within the posterior portion of the ischemic hemisphere, surrounding the core-region of prior ischemia. Thus, high-concentration albumin therapy improves local perfusion to regions of critical LCBF reduction. The spatial extent of this LCBF effect, however, appears too small to account fully for the marked neuroprotective efficacy of this therapy. We suggest that other, non-hemodynamic mechanisms may also be contributory.
Heat Shock Proteins gp96 and hsp70 Activate the Release of Nitric Oxide by APCs (2002)

NO is a cytotoxic and immunomodulatory cytokine produced by macrophages and dendritic cells. We show that stimulation of murine and human macrophages with the heat shock proteins gp96 and hsp70 results in induction of inducible NO synthase and the production of NO. The release of NO by monocytes exposed to hsp60 has been documented previously. Immature, but not mature, dendritic cells respond in the same manner. The activity of heat shock proteins is relatively unaffected by an antagonist of LPS, and is abrogated by heat denaturation. Macrophages have been shown previously to produce NO in response to stimulation with IFN-gamma; stimulation of macrophages with mixtures of IFN-gamma and gp96 or hsp70 leads to a synergistic production of NO. The present observations extend the roles of these heat shock proteins in innate immune responses to another potent and highly conserved function of APC.
CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS DEFICIENCY MAPPING (1984)

Six schemes were used to identify 80 independent recessive lethal deficiencies of linkage group (LG) II following X-ray treatment of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Complementation tests between the deficiencies and ethyl methanesulfonate-induced recessive visible, lethal and sterile mutations and between different deficiencies were used to characterize the extents of the deficiencies. Deficiency endpoints thus helped to order 36 sites within a region representing about half of the loci on LG II and extending over about 5 map units. New mutations occurring in this region can be assigned to particular segments of the map by complementation tests against a small number of deficiencies; this facilitates the assignment of single-site mutations to particular genes, as we illustrate. Five sperm-defective and five oocyte-defective LG II sterile mutants were identified and mapped. Certain deficiency-by-deficiency complementation tests allowed us to suggest that the phenotypes of null mutations at two loci represented by visible alleles are wild type and that null mutations at a third locus confer a visible phenotype. A segment of LG II that is about 12 map units long and largely devoid of identified loci seems to be greatly favored for crossing over.
Role of the intergenic dinucleotide in vesicular stomatitis virus RNA transcription (1997)

To investigate the role played by the intergenic dinucleotide sequence of the conserved vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) gene junction in modulation of polymerase activity, we analyzed the RNA synthesis activities of bicistrionic genomic analogs that contained either the authentic N/P gene junction or gene junctions that had been altered to contain either the 16 possible dinucleotide combinations, single nucleotide intergenic sequences, or no intergenic sequence at all. Quantitative measurements of the amounts of upstream, downstream, and readthrough mRNAs that were transcribed by these mutant templates showed that the behavior of the viral polymerase was profoundly affected by the nucleotide sequence that it encountered as it traversed the gene junction, although the polymerase was able to accommodate a remarkable degree of sequence variation without altogether losing the ability to terminate and reinitiate transcription. Alteration or removal of the intergenic sequence such that the U tract responsible for synthesis of the upstream mRNA poly(A) tail was effectively positioned adjacent to the consensus downstream gene start signal resulted in almost complete abrogation of downstream mRNA synthesis, thus defining the intergenic sequence as an essential sequence element of the gene junction. Many genome analogs with altered intergenic sequences directed abundant synthesis of a readthrough transcript without correspondingly high levels of downstream mRNA, an observation inconsistent with the shunting model of VSV transcription, which suggests that polymerase molecules are prepositioned at gene junctions, awaiting a push from upstream. Instead, the findings of this study support a model of sequential transcription in which initiation of downstream mRNA can occur only following termination of the preceding transcript.