gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduction in deformed wing virus infection in larval and adult honey bees ( Apis mellifera L.) by double‐stranded RNA ingestion (2012)

Abstract Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a serious pathogen of the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., vectored by the parasitic mite Varroa destructor . The virus is associated with wing deformity in symptomatic bees, and premature death and reduced colony performance in asymptomatic bees. In the present study we reduced DWV infection by feeding both first instar larvae and adult A. mellifera with a double‐stranded (ds) RNA construct, DWV‐dsRNA, which is specific to DWV in DWV‐inoculated bees, by mixing it with their food. We showed that feeding DWV to larvae causes wing deformity in adult bees in the absence of varroa mites and decreases survival rates of adult bees relative to bees not fed DWV. Feeding larvae with DWV‐dsRNA in advance of inoculation with virus reduced the DWV viral level and reduced wing deformity relative to larvae fed DWV or DWV with green fluorescent protein‐dsRNA (probably a result of RNA silencing), but did not affect survival to the adult stage. Feeding DWV‐dsRNA did not affect larval survival rates, which suggests that dsRNA is non‐toxic to larvae. Feeding adult workers with DWV‐dsRNA in advance of inoculation with virus increased their longevity and reduced DWV concentration relative to controls.
High-transconductance n-type Si/SiGe modulation-doped field-effect transistors (1992)

The authors report on the fabrication and the resultant device characteristics of the first 0.25- mu m gate-length field-effect transistor based on n-type modulation-doped Si/SiGe. Prepared using ultrahigh vacuum/chemical vapor deposition (UHV/CVD), the mobility and electron sheet charge density in the strained Si channel are 1500 (9500) cm/sup 2//V-s and 2.5*10/sup 12/ (1.5*10/sup 12/) cm/sup -2/ at 300 K (77 K). At 77 K, the devices have a current and transconductance of 325 mA/mm and 600 mS/mm, respectively. These values far exceed those found in Si MESFETs and are comparable to the best results achieved in GaAs/AlGaAs modulation-doped transistors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cyclosporin A Suppresses Replication of Hepatitis C Virus Genome in Cultured Hepatocytes (2003)

Persistent infection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver diseases such as chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Searching for a substance with anti-HCV potential, we examined the effects of a variety of compounds on HCV replication using a HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. Consequently, the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) was found to have a suppressive effect on the HCV replicon RNA level and HCV protein expression in these cells. CsA also inhibited multiplication of the HCV genome in a cultured human hepatocyte cell line infected with HCV using HCV-positive plasma. This anti-HCV activity of CsA appeared to be independent of its immunosuppressive function. In conclusion, our results suggest that CsA may represent a new approach for the development of anti-HCV therapy.
Comparison of human cord blood engraftment between immunocompromised mouse strains (2010)

The nonobese diabetic/severe combined immune deficiency (NOD-scid) xenotransplantation model is the "gold standard" for assaying human hematopoietic stem cell activity. Systematic advancements, such as depletion of natural killer cell activity with anti-CD122 antibody, direct intrafemoral injection, and deletion or truncation of IL2Rgamma, have improved human cell engraftment; however, questions remain whether these mouse models are equivalent or, if not, which model is superior for assaying hematopoietic stem cell activity. To address this, we compared overall engraftment and multilineage differentiation of near-limiting doses of lineage-depleted human umbilical cord blood cells by direct intrafemoral injection into NOD/Lt-scid, NOD/Shi-scid, NOD/Lt-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) (NSG), and NOD/Shi-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) mice. Transplantation into NSG mice generated moderately higher human engraftment levels in bone marrow compared with other strains. At limiting doses, NSG mice of both sexes were 3.6-fold more sensitive in detecting SCID-repopulating cells compared with NOD/Lt-scid mice. However, NSG females exhibited higher engraftment at limiting cell doses, resulting in an overall increase in SCID-repopulating cell detection of 9-fold. Both NSG and NOD/Shi-scid/IL2Rgamma(null) support significantly improved engraftment in peripheral tissues compared with NOD/Lt-scid and NOD/Shi-scid mice, whereas NSG mice provide greater human engraftment in bone marrow than all other strains, especially at limiting doses.
A monoclonal antibody against rabbit tissue factor inhibits thrombus formation in stenotic injured rabbit carotid arteries. (1994)

Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane protein that binds factor VII/VIIa, thus activating the extrinsic blood coagulation pathway. Since this pathway appears to be involved in the formation of intravascular thrombi, the anti-rabbit TF monoclonal antibody, AP-1, was produced and tested as an antithrombotic agent in a rabbit model of recurrent intravascular thrombosis. In this model, a plastic constrictor is positioned around the injured rabbit carotid arteries, and flow is monitored with a Doppler flow probe. This produces cyclic flow variation (CFV) in the carotid artery, which is caused by recurrent formation and dislodgment of thrombi at the site of the stenosis. After monitoring CFV pattern for 30 minutes, AP-1 was infused intravenously into nine rabbits at doses of 0.05 to 1.5 mg/kg body weight, and a control monoclonal antibody that does not react with rabbit TF was infused into four additional rabbits. In all rabbits receiving AP-1, CFV was abolished, and a steady normal blood flow was restored, indicating that thrombus formation had been blocked by AP-1. By contrast, in all rabbits that received the control monoclonal antibody, CFV continued unaltered. There was no change in the partial thromboplastin time and ex vivo platelet aggregation to several different agonists after infusion of AP-1, indicating an absence of systemic effects on the coagulation process. We conclude that activation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway has a key role in triggering intravascular thrombosis and that an anti-TF monoclonal antibody is an effective antithrombotic agent that could have therapeutic potential for humans.
VEHICLE DISTANCE INTERVAL CONTROL TECHNOLOGY (1997)

This paper describes a vehicle distance interval control system that supplements the capabilities of conventional cruise control systems by employing active laser radar and passive image processing. The system uses a laser radar system to identify preceding vehicles, processes images from a CCD camera to identify the lane of travel, finds the closest vehicle in the lane and then controls the throttle to establish a safe following distance.
The Role of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System (1994)

(1994). The Role of Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Primary Tumors of the Central Nervous System. Cancer Investigation: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 88-97.
Regulation of CD8+ T Cells Undergoing Primary and Secondary Responses to Infection in the Same Host (2003)

Naive Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells expand, contract, and become memory cells after infection and/or vaccination. Memory CD8(+) T cells provide faster, more effective secondary responses against repeated exposure to the same pathogen. Using an adoptive transfer system with low numbers of trackable nontransgenic memory CD8(+) T cells, we showed that secondary responses can be comprised of both primary (naive) and secondary (memory) CD8(+) T cells after bacterial (Listeria monocytogenes) and/or viral (lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) infections. The level of memory CD8(+) T cells present at the time of infection inversely correlated with the magnitude of primary CD8(+) T cell responses against the same epitope but directly correlated with the level of protection against infection. However, similar numbers of Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells were found 8 days postinfection no matter how many memory cells were present at the time of infection. Rapid contraction of primary CD8(+) T cell responses was not influenced by the presence of memory CD8(+) T cells. However, contraction of secondary CD8(+) T cell responses was markedly prolonged compared with primary responses in the same host mice. This situation occurred in response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus or L. monocytogenes infection and for CD8(+) T cell responses against multiple epitopes. The delayed contraction of secondary CD8(+) T cells was also observed after immunization with peptide-coated dendritic cells. Together, the results show that the level of memory CD8(+) T cells influences protective immunity and activation of naive precursors specific for the same epitope but has little impact on the magnitude or program of the CD8(+) T cell response.
DNA Damage-Induced Activation of p53 by the Checkpoint Kinase Chk2 (2000)

Chk2 is a protein kinase that is activated in response to DNA damage and may regulate cell cycle arrest. We generated Chk2-deficient mouse cells by gene targeting. Chk2-/- embryonic stem cells failed to maintain gamma-irradiation-induced arrest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. Chk2-/- thymocytes were resistant to DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Chk2-/- cells were defective for p53 stabilization and for induction of p53-dependent transcripts such as p21 in response to gamma irradiation. Reintroduction of the Chk2 gene restored p53-dependent transcription in response to gamma irradiation. Chk2 directly phosphorylated p53 on serine 20, which is known to interfere with Mdm2 binding. This provides a mechanism for increased stability of p53 by prevention of ubiquitination in response to DNA damage.
The Bacillus subtilis dinR Gene Codes for the Analogue of Escherichia coli LexA (1996)

The Bacillus subtilis dinR gene encodes a 23-kDa protein that shares about 34% homology with the Escherichia coli LexA protein. We have purified the dinR gene product to near homogeneity, and we describe its activities. The purified DinR protein binds specifically to the promoter regions of three B. subtilis SOS genes: dinB, dinC, and recA. Electrophoretic mobility of DinR-promoter complexes in each case is identical to that of promoters bound by the B. subtilis SOS repressor (Lovett, et al., (1993) J. Bacteriol. 175, 6842-6849). Analysis of hydroxyl radical footprints of DinR bound to the dinC promoter indicates that DinR interacts with one side of the DNA providing access to the consensus operator site (5'-GAACN4GTTC-3') within two adjacent major grooves. Consistent with its proposed role as a transcriptional repressor, purified DinR displaces B. subtilis RNA polymerase from the recA promoter and represses transcription of the recA gene in vitro. We also show that purified DinR protein undergoes general base-catalyzed autodigestion as well as RecA-mediated cleavage at the peptide bond between Ala-91 and Gly-92. Corresponding to its cleavage by activated RecA following DNA damage, the level of DinR is significantly reduced in RecA+ B. subtilis cells following exposure to mitomycin C. Thus, the DinR protein is structurally and functionally analogous to the E. coli LexA protein, and accordingly, we propose renaming the protein B. subtilis LexA.
Dexamethasone-dependent inhibition of differentiation of C2 myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible N-ras oncogenes. (1988)

ras proteins are localized to the plasma membrane where they are postulated to interact with growth factor receptors and other proximal elements in intracellular cascades triggered by growth factors. The molecular events associated with terminal differentiation of certain skeletal myoblasts are inhibited by specific polypeptide growth factors and by constitutive expression of transforming ras oncogenes. To determine whether the inhibitory effects of ras on myogenic differentiation were reversible and to investigate whether muscle-specific genes remained susceptible to ras-dependent repression in terminally differentiated myotubes, the murine myoblast cell line, C2, was transfected with a plasmid containing a mutationally activated human N-ras oncogene under transcriptional control of the steroid-sensitive promoter of the mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat. Addition of dexamethasone to myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible ras oncogenes prevented myotube formation and induction of muscle creatine kinase and acetylcholine receptors. Inhibition of differentiation by dexamethasone occurred in a dose-dependent manner and was a titratable function of ras expression. In the presence of dexamethasone, myoblasts bearing steroid-inducible ras genes retained their dependence on exogenous growth factors to divide and exhibited contact inhibition of growth at confluent densities, indicating that the inhibitory effects of ras on differentiation were independent of cell proliferation. Removal of dexamethasone from N-ras-transfected myoblasts led to fusion and induction of muscle-specific gene products in a manner indistinguishable from control C2 cells. Examination of the effects of culture media conditioned by ras-transfected myoblasts on differentiation of normal C2 cells yielded no evidence for inhibition of differentiation via an autocrine mechanism. In contrast to the ability of N-ras to prevent up-regulation of muscle-specific gene products in myoblasts, induction of N-ras in terminally differentiated myotubes failed to extinguish muscle-specific gene expression. Together, these results suggest that oncogenic ras proteins reversibly activate an intracellular cascade that prevents establishment of the differentiated phenotype. The inability of ras to extinguish muscle-specific gene expression in terminally differentiated myotubes also suggests that ras may interfere with an early step in the pathway of myoblasts toward the differentiated state.
The stability of polypurine tetraplexes in the presence of mono- and divalent cations (1990)

As with other guanine-rich sequences, poly[d(GGA)], poly[d(GA)] and poly[d(GAA)] probably form four-stranded or tetraplex structures. Thermal denaturation profiles were measured for these polymers at pH8 in the presence of Na+, NH4+, K+, Cs+, Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+. For poly[d(GA)], Na+, NH4+, K+ stabilize the tetraplex to similar extents and the Tm increases with increasing ionic strength. In contrast the Tms with Mg2+, Ca2+ and Ba2+ are significantly different and reach maxima at about 5mM of cation. The tetraplex from poly [d(GAA)] behaves in a similar manner. Thermal denaturation profiles for poly[d(GGA)] yield transitions whose hyperchromicity depends both on the concentration and nature of the ion. A reversible cooperative transition is not observed at concentrations greater than 0.15M K+, 1mM Ca2+ or 0.3 mM Ba2+ and hysteresis is evident at some concentrations. These results are consistent with the idea that K+ and ions of a similar size can form a coordination complex with the 6-Keto group of eight guanines (G8-DNA). Unlike the tetraplex polymer this G8-DNA does not melt cooperatively.
Stereoselective syntheses and evaluation of compounds in the 8-desmethylepothilone A series: Some surprising observations regarding their chemical and biological properties (1997)

The title compounds have been synthesized in a convergent way by recourse to a Weiler type dianion construction.
A Time-Series Approach to Predict Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Episodes (2016)

Sleep apnea is a common respiratory disorder during sleep.It is characterized by pauses in breathing or shallow breathing during sleep for longer than 10 seconds.Except the fact that not having a proper sleep and being rested for the next day, in some cases the apnea period (not breathing interval) may last more than 30 seconds and this situation can even be fatal.14% of men and 5% of women suffer from Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) in United States.Patients may experience apnea for more than 300 times in a single night sleep.Polysomnography (PSG) is a multi-parametric recording of biophysiological changes, containing EEG, ECG, SpO2, Nasal Airflow signals, performed during overnight sleep.In this study, a fully automatic apnea detection algorithm is developed and an early warning system is proposed to predict OSA episodes by extracting time-series features of OSA periods and regular respiration using nasal airflow signal.Extracted features are then reduced to improve the performance of the prediction.Support vector machines (SVM), one of the commonly used classification algorithms in medical applications, is implemented for learning and prediction of the OSA episodes.The results show that OSA episodes are predicted with 87.6% of accuracy and 91.3% of sensitivity, 30 seconds before patient faces apnea.By this approach, apnea related health risks can be minimized by foreknowledge.
Fade countermeasures experiment (1990)

It is important to determine the dynamic nature of fading before attempting fade countermeasures. The rate of change of fading is important, as is the frequency of occurrence. Long term propagation measurement programmes have been run, though there is at present a lack of data at 20/30 GHz. The ESA OPEX propagation measurement program will provide useful data for Olympus paths over the next few years. The findings of the various studies are summarised in the following section. The ATS-6 satellite provided many measurements during 1975/6 at 20/30 GHz at an elevation angle of 23 degrees to the UK, and these have been compiled by ESA. Measurements were made of the duration of fades above a given amplitude, as well as of the statistical distribution of fading. The results interestingly show that shallow fades generally last for ten minutes or less with a majority lasting for less than 60 seconds. For greater attenuations, 10 dB or more, the percentage of fades lasting over one minute was greater, although half of all fades lasted for less than 60 seconds. It was also noted that high altitude ice crystals can cause depolarisation without significant attenuation, this must be considered when designing systems using frequency reuse by orthogonal polarisation. The ESA summarised results combine measurements made at Bradford, Eindhoven, Gometz-Ville, Langley, Leeheim, Martlesham and Winkfield, with radiometric data gathered at Martlesham, Langley and Winkfield to give a total observation time of 8116 hours at 20 GHz and 28829 hours at 30 GHz. The results are reproduced here.
Ultra-Wideband Radar Receivers (2020)

Narrowband receiver technology and performance prediction analysis is well established and quantified, and ultrawideband (UWB) receiver theory and performance prediction will be an extension of known receiver concepts. The UWB radar’s potential to pick up target information as well as presence may add a system function of detecting and evaluating target return information. The UWB radar receiver designer’s challenge will be to extend the traditional narrowband analytical tools with new information about the frequency statistics of both noise and signal and detection criteria. Narrowband radar signal reception and detection is a mature, well-understood, and quantified process. The energy in a 1- or 10-ns UWB radar pulse represents a transient of duration between 1/100th or 1/1000th of the filter’s response time. Diffraction effects on radar and communications signals are well documented. Diffraction is a frequency-dependent phenomena; however, it has little effect at microwave frequencies and is generally ignored in microwave radar designs.
Increased MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Allergic Asthmatic Patients (1996)

Chemokines are cytokines that induce chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. We studied the presence of chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from nine allergic asthmatic patients and six nonsmoking normal individuals. The cells were pelleted, and ribonucleic acid (RNA) was extracted by using RNAzol B. BALF was assayed for monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), regulated upon activation in normal T cells, expressed, probably secreted (RANTES), macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The levels of MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha were significantly higher in the asthma patients than in the control subjects (p<0.04). The concentrations of RANTES and MCP-1 correlated with the lymphocyte count in the BAL specimens (r = 0.61 and 0.68, respectively). BALF showed eosinophil chemotactic activity in vitro that was blocked by anti-RANTES and anti-MCP-3 antibodies. The total cellular RNA was reverse-transcribed and the complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) was amplified with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MCP-1, MCP-3, RANTES, MIP-1alpha, IL-8, and beta-actin. We found that messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) for MCP-1, MCP-3, RANTES, MIP-1alpha, and IL-8 were produced by BAL cells from most asthmatic and normal subjects. We conclude that chemokines are produced in the airways, and that an increased recovery of MCP-1, RANTES, and MIP-1alpha is observed in allergic asthmatic patients.
Targeting IRAK4 for Degradation with PROTACs (2019)

Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4) is a key mediator of innate immunity. IRAK4 overactivation is linked with several autoimmune diseases. To date, many IRAK4 inhibitors have been developed to block the protein's kinase activity with the most advanced reaching Phase II clinical trials. Nevertheless, several reports suggest kinase activity is not disease-relevant in certain cell types, so removing scaffolding signaling in addition to IRAK4 kinase activity may offer a better therapeutic outcome. Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of an IRAK4 Proteolysis Targeted Chimera (PROTAC). We show that IRAK4 degradation induced by compound <b>9</b> leads to the inhibition of multiple cytokines in PBMCs. However, in IL-1β stimulated human dermal fibroblasts, inhibition of IL-6 and TNF-α release was not observed despite IRAK4 degradation. Nonetheless, the possibility of targeting both IRAK4 kinase and scaffolding function could potentially lead to new therapeutic opportunities to treat autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncological diseases.
Downregulation of GAUT12 in Populus deltoides by RNA silencing results in reduced recalcitrance, increased growth and reduced xylan and pectin in a woody biofuel feedstock (2015)

The results show that downregulation of GAUT12.1 leads to a reduction in a population of xylan and pectin during wood formation and to reduced recalcitrance, more easily extractable cell walls, and increased growth in Populus.