gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Method for Lane Detection Based on Color Clustering (2010)

Concerning the problem of lane detection in the Lane Departure Warning (LDW) system, this paper presents one method to detect the region of lane marking based on the CIELab color features clustering. Color space can provide us more precious information than gray scale. This algorithm proves that it is feasible to recognize lane marking by using color clustering. According to the geometry feature of road, quadratic curve is adopted to match the lane. And also, least square method is proposed to depict the parameters of quadratic curve.
Dissolving variables in connectionist combinatory logic (1990)

Variable binding arises because the production rules, etc. deployed in traditional artificial intelligence computations generally have variables as crucial components. The technique of recasting such computations in terms of special functions called combinators avoids the use of explicit variables and can therefore be a useful approach for connectionism. In the important case of the connectionist system that interprets rules rather than having them wired in, the system would merely process complex, but variable-free, combinator expressions in certain simple ways. Although a connectionist system of the type investigated still has to manipulate complex data structures, those structures and their manipulations are rendered more uniform, thereby dissolving an important part of the variable binding problem. A connectionist combinator reduction machine which mimics the graph reduction machine described by D.A. Turner (1979) has been implemented
Augmentation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Neutralizing Antibody by Priming with gp160 Recombinant Vaccinia and Boosting with gp160 in Vaccinia-Naive Adults (1993)

Twelve vaccinia-naive volunteers were inoculated with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strain IIIB (HIV-1IIIB) envelope glycoprotein gp160 and subsequently immunized with 640 micrograms of recombinant (r) gp160 protein produced in baculovirus. After booster immunization with rgp160, the sera of all vaccinees showed strong antibody responses detected by Western blot and ELISA; 8 had neutralizing activity and 5 had fusion inhibition activity against the homologous strain; 5 blocked binding of CD4 cells to gp120. Cross-reactive neutralization of HIV-1MN was detected in 3 of 8 sera that neutralized HIV-1IIIB. The combination of live recombinant vaccinia followed by subunit booster immunization was more immunogenic than either product alone and represents a promising approach for HIV-1 immunoprophylaxis. Further definition of recombinant vaccinia safety and augmentation of immune responses to geographically prevalent HIV-1 strains will be necessary before expanding clinical trials to high-risk groups.
Uptake and catabolism of D-xylose in Salmonella typhimurium LT2 (1979)

Salmonella typhimurium LT2 grows on D-xylose as sole carbon source with a generation time of 105 to 110 min. The following activities are induced at the indicated time after the addition of the inducer, D-xylose: D-xylulokinase (5 min), D-xylose isomerase (7 to 8 min), and D-xylose transport (10 min). All other pentoses and pentitols tested failed to induce isomerase or kinase. Synthesis of D-xylose isomerase was subject to catabolite repression, which was reversed by the addition of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Most of the radioactive counts from D-[14C]xylose were initially accumulated in the cell in the form of D-xylose or D-xylulose. D-Xylose uptake in a mutant which was deficient in D-xylose isomerase was equal to that of the wild type. The apparent Km for D-xylose uptake was 0.41 mM. Some L-arabinose was accumulated in D-xylose-induced cells, and some D-xylose was accumulated in L-arabinose-induced cells. D-Xylitol and L-arabinose competed against C-xylose uptake, but D-arabinose, D-lyxose, and L-lyxose did not. Osmotic shock reduced the uptake of D-xylose by about 50%; by equilibrium dialysis, a D-xylose-binding protein was detected in the supernatant fluid after spheroplasts were formed from D-xylose-induced cells.
Vagus Nerve Stimulation (1998)

Summary: Left vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is a promising new treatment for epilepsy. In 1997, VNS was approved in the United States as an adjunctive treatment for medically refractory partial‐onset seizures in adults and adolescents. For some patients with partial‐onset seizures, the adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are intolerable; for others, no single AED or combination of anticonvulsant agents is effective. Cerebral resective surgery is an option to pharmacotherapy in some cases, but many patients with partial‐onset seizures are not optimal candidates for intracranial surgery. VNS entails implantation of a programmable signal generator—the Neurocybernetic Prosthesis (NCP)—in the chest cavity. The stimulating electrodes of the NCP carry electrical signals from the generator to the left vagus nerve. Although the mechanism of action of VNS is not known, controlled studies have shown that it is safe and well‐tolerated by patients with long‐standing partial‐onset epilepsy. Side effects, which are generally of mild to moderate severity, almost always disappear after the stimulation settings are adjusted. Encouraging results have also been reported in pediatric patients.
Spatial and motor neglect in children (2003)

Unilateral spatial and motor neglect occurs even in very young children. Right spatial neglect described in very young children may be related to the development of hemispheric specialization.
Human granulocytes express a 55-kDa lipopolysaccharide-binding protein on the cell surface that is identical to the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (1993)

Several LPS-binding proteins have been identified on the surface of human granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN)). We describe a plasma-membrane associated ca. 55-kDa LPS-binding protein of human PMN that is indistinguishable from the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). To detect LPS-binding proteins on the cell surface, PMN were biotinylated before detergent solubilization and incubation with LPS-coated beads. Several biotinylated proteins bound to LPS-coated beads but not to uncoated beads and were characterized after elution with detergent by SDS-PAGE and western blotting using streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase. The spectrum of biotinylated proteins binding to and eluting from LPS-coated beads increased as the number of beads incubated with PMN lysate increased. However, at all concentrations of beads a 55-kDa protein was a dominant component of the eluate. Binding of the 55-kDa protein to LPS-coated beads was inhibited by lipid A, and both homologous and heterologous LPS, but not by peptidoglycan. Similar amounts of biotinylated 55-kDa LPS-binding protein were detected on PMN from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria who lacked membrane bound CD14, a known ca. 55-kDa plasma membrane-associated LPS-binding protein, indicating that the recovered biotinylated protein is not CD14. Several pieces of evidence, however, do indicate that the 55-kDa surface protein is BPI: 1) flow cytometry of PMN after labeling with rabbit anti-BPI serum and FITC-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG revealed immunoreactive surface molecules on resting PMN and, in increased amounts, on PMN stimulated with FMLP or TNF; 2) This antiserum specifically and quantitatively inhibited binding of the biotinylated 55-kDa species to LPS-coated beads; 3) both BPI and the 55-kDa protein migrated as a doublet during SDS-PAGE and were both converted to single migrated species after N-glycosidase F treatment; 4) chemical cleavage of the biotinylated protein and native BPI with N-chlorosuccinimide yielded the same fragments. Thus, we have positively identified BPI as a LPS-binding protein on the surface of PMN. The role of this potent antibacterial, endotoxin neutralizing protein on the surface of PMN remains to be established.
A distributed visualization system for crowd simulations1 (2011)

The visualization system of large-scale crowd simulations should scale up with both the number of visuals (views of the virtual world) and the number of agents displayed in each visual. Otherwise, we could have large scale crowd simulations where onl
Accumulation of Interferon Gamma‐Producing TH1 Helper T Cells in Nasal Polyps (1994)

We investigated the mechanisms involved in the formation of nasal polyps by examining T-cell clones and their production of soluble mediators in nasal polyps. Recently, the allergic origin of nasal polyps has been challenged. To study this question we characterized T cells from polyp tissue of allergic individuals in terms of their cytokine pattern. Nasal polyp T cells were cloned from allergic individuals undergoing polypectomy. Polyp tissue was dispersed enzymatically, and T cells were stimulated with mitogen and interleukin-2. Control T cells were obtained from peripheral blood of nonallergic donors. Cytokine production of interleukin-4 and interferon was then determined by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. Polyp T-cell clones were found to produce high interferon but low interleukin-4 levels that were not significantly different from control peripheral blood T-cell clones. In addition, immunoglobulin production by dispersed polyp tissue was investigated. Immunoglobulin levels were higher in polyp tissues than in serum with immunoglobulin A predominating. These results suggest that the inflammatory reaction in nasal polyps is different than that seen in a typical type I hypersensitivity response.
Rho GTPases in cancer cell biology (2008)

Rho GTPases contribute to multiple cellular processes that could affect cancer progression, including cytoskeletal dynamics, cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, cell survival and vesicle trafficking. In vitro several Rho GTPases have oncogenic activity and/or can promote cancer cell invasion, and this correlates with increased expression and activity in a variety of cancers. Conversely, other family members appear to act as tumour suppressors and are deleted, mutated or downregulated in some cancers. Genetic models are starting to provide new information on how Rho GTPases affect cancer development and progression. Here, we discuss how Rho GTPases could contribute to different steps of cancer progression, including proliferation, survival, invasion and metastasis.
Mechanisms underlying responsiveness to tetrahydrobiopterin in mild phenylketonuria mutations (2004)

A subtype of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) deficiency that responds to cofactor (tetrahydrobiopterin, BH4) supplementation has been associated with phenylketonuria (PKU) mutations. The underlying molecular mechanism of this responsiveness is as yet unknown and requires a detailed in vitro expression analysis of the associated mutations. With this aim, we optimized the analysis of the kinetic and cofactor binding properties in recombinant human PAH and in seven mild PKU mutations, i.e., c.194T>C (p.I65T), c.204A>T (p.R68S), c.731C>T (p.P244L), c.782G>A (p.R261Q), c.926C>T (p.A309V), c.1162G>A (p.V388M), and c.1162G>A (p.Y414C) expressed in E. coli. For p.I65T, p.R68S, and p.R261Q, we could in addition study the equilibrium binding of BH4 to the tetrameric forms by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). All the mutations resulted in catalytic defects, and p.I65T, p.R68S, p.P244L, and most probably p.A309V, showed reduced binding affinity for BH4. The possible stabilizing effect of the cofactor was explored using a cell-free in vitro synthesis assay combined with pulse-chase methodology. BH4 prevents the degradation of the proteins of folding variants p.A309V, p.V388M, and p.Y414C, acting as a chemical chaperone. In addition, for wild-type PAH and all mild PKU mutants analyzed in this study, BH4 increases the PAH activity of the synthesized protein and protects from the rapid inactivation observed in vitro. Catalase and superoxide dismutase partially mimic this protection. All together, our results indicate that the response to BH4 substitution therapy by PKU mutations may have a multifactorial basis. Both effects of BH4 on PAH, i.e., the chemical chaperone effect preventing protein misfolding and the protection from inactivation, may be relevant mechanisms of the responsive phenotype.
CD36 level and trafficking are determinants of lipolysis in adipocytes (2012)

CD36 has been linked to the etiology of insulin resistance and inflammation. We explored its function in regulating adipose tissue lipolysis, which influences fat accumulation by liver and muscle and overall metabolism. Knockdown of CD36 in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes decreased lipolysis in response to 10 μM of the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (by 42%), 10 μM of the adenyl cyclase activator forskolin (by 32%), and 500 μM of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor isobutylmethylxanthine (by 33%). All three treatments in the knockdown adipocytes were associated with significant decreases of cAMP levels and of the hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and perilipin phosphorylation. An important role for PDE was supported by the lack of inhibition of the lipolysis induced by the poorly hydrolyzable dibutyryl cAMP analog. An additional contributory mechanism was diminished activation of the Src-ERK1/2 pathway. Regulation of lipolysis and lipolytic signaling by CD36 was reproduced with adipose tissue from CD36(-/-) mice. The importance of surface CD36 in this regulation was suggested by the finding that the plasma membrane-impermeable CD36 inhibitor sulfo-N-succinimidyl oleate (20 μM) decreased lipolysis. Interestingly, isoproterenol induced CD36 internalization, and this process was blocked by HSL inhibition, suggesting feedback regulation of adipocyte lipolysis via CD36 trafficking.
Different Ways to Balance the Spine (2009)

Discrete combinations of muscle activity supported the 3 different sagittal balanced postures in sitting, providing new detail for surgeons, researchers, and therapists to distinguish between different sagittal balanced postures.
Catalytic Double Carbonylation of Epoxides to Succinic Anhydrides:  Catalyst Discovery, Reaction Scope, and Mechanism (2007)

The first catalytic method for the efficient conversion of epoxides to succinic anhydrides via one-pot double carbonylation is reported. This reaction occurs in two stages: first, the epoxide is carbonylated to a beta-lactone, and then the beta-lactone is subsequently carbonylated to a succinic anhydride. This reaction is made possible by the bimetallic catalyst [(ClTPP)Al(THF)2]+[Co(CO)4]- (1; ClTPP = meso-tetra(4-chlorophenyl)porphyrinato; THF = tetrahydrofuran), which is highly active and selective for both epoxide and lactone carbonylation, and by the identification of a solvent that facilitates both stages. The catalysis is compatible with substituted epoxides having aliphatic, aromatic, alkene, ether, ester, alcohol, nitrile, and amide functional groups. Disubstituted and enantiomerically pure anhydrides are synthesized from epoxides with excellent retention of stereochemical purity. The mechanism of epoxide double carbonylation with 1 was investigated by in situ IR spectroscopy, which reveals that the two carbonylation stages are sequential and non-overlapping, such that epoxide carbonylation goes to completion before any of the intermediate beta-lactone is consumed. The rates of both epoxide and lactone carbonylation are independent of carbon monoxide pressure and are first-order in the concentration of 1. The stages differ in that the rate of epoxide carbonylation is independent of substrate concentration and first-order in donor solvent, whereas the rate of lactone carbonylation is first-order in lactone and inversely dependent on the concentration of donor solvent. The opposite solvent effects and substrate order for these two stages are rationalized in terms of different resting states and rate-determining steps for each carbonylation reaction.
Octreotide in the treatment of refractory diarrhoea and intestinal fistulae. (1994)

Persistent, refractory diarrhoea continues to be an important clinical problem. The mechanisms involved are associated with reduced intestinal absorption and increased intestinal secretion. Reduced intestinal absorption can result from small intestinal resection or from disorders in which there is damage to the small intestine. Motility disorders may also impair absorptive function. The rationale for using octreotide in refractory diarrhoea, intestinal motility disorders, and fistulae relates to its ability to promote intestinal absorption and inhibit gastric, pancreatic, and intestinal secretion. Several clinical studies in patients with short bowel syndrome have reported a reduction of intestinal output in patients taking octreotide compared with controls. Additionally, a number of studies have shown that octreotide improves secretory diarrhoea resulting from neuroendocrine tumours, intestinal infections in AIDS patients, and intestinal graft v host disease. Octreotide may be of use in patients suffering from intestinal motility disorders such as those associated with systemic sclerosis. Octreotide may also be of value in promoting closure of gastrointestinal and pancreatic fistulae.
Remodeling of the Airway Epithelium in Asthma (2001)

Several pathologic changes occur in the airway epithelium in asthma, but the relationship between these changes and the initiation and progression of asthma remains poorly understood. One possibility is that changes in the structure and function of the epithelium induced by environmental exposure in genetically susceptible subjects represent primary pivotal events that occur early in the pathogenesis of asthma. Alternatively, these epithelial changes may occur simply as a consequence of pivotal early events in other systems, such as immune deviation in childhood to a helper T cell type 2 (Th2) subtype of CD4(+) cells. Epithelial desquamation in asthma represents a pathologic change that is frequently cited as important for the mechanisms of airway remodeling and airway hyperresponsiveness. Desquamation of the epithelium may not represent true pathology, however, but may instead be an artifact of tissue sampling and handling. Evidence is more firm for other pathologic changes in the epithelium. For example, goblet cell numbers are increased in asthma, leading to increases in stored mucins in the epithelium and in secreted mucins in sputum. The functional consequences of these changes include sputum production and airway narrowing, which lead to asthma exacerbations. Currently available data suggest that an important mechanism for goblet cell hyperplasia in asthma is the action of Th2 cytokines. Improved understanding of epithelial goblet cell abnormalities in asthma will hopefully lead to novel therapies for mucin hypersecretion, which is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
Gene Deletions Resulting in Increased Nitrogen Release by Azotobacter vinelandii: Application of a Novel Nitrogen Biosensor (2015)

Azotobacter vinelandii is a widely studied model diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) bacterium and also an obligate aerobe, differentiating it from many other diazotrophs that require environments low in oxygen for the function of the nitrogenase. As a free-living bacterium, A. vinelandii has evolved enzymes and transporters to minimize the loss of fixed nitrogen to the surrounding environment. In this study, we pursued efforts to target specific enzymes and further developed screens to identify individual colonies of A. vinelandii producing elevated levels of extracellular nitrogen. Targeted deletions were done to convert urea into a terminal product by disrupting the urease genes that influence the ability of A. vinelandii to recycle the urea nitrogen within the cell. Construction of a nitrogen biosensor strain was done to rapidly screen several thousand colonies disrupted by transposon insertional mutagenesis to identify strains with increased extracellular nitrogen production. Several disruptions were identified in the ammonium transporter gene amtB that resulted in the production of sufficient levels of extracellular nitrogen to support the growth of the biosensor strain. Further studies substituting the biosensor strain with the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana confirmed that levels of nitrogen produced were sufficient to support the growth of this organism when the medium was supplemented with sufficient sucrose to support the growth of the A. vinelandii in coculture. The nature and quantities of nitrogen released by urease and amtB disruptions were further compared to strains reported in previous efforts that altered the nifLA regulatory system to produce elevated levels of ammonium. These results reveal alternative approaches that can be used in various combinations to yield new strains that might have further application in biofertilizer schemes.
Expression of murine interleukin 7 in a murine glioma cell line results in reduced tumorigenicity in vivo. (1992)

We have examined the immunoregulatory effect of local and continuous secretion of interleukin 7 (IL-7) from murine glioma cells (203-glioma) engineered by murine IL-7 gene transfection. Secretion of IL-7 from glioma cells did not result in morphology or growth rate changes but did reduce tumorigenicity in vivo in proportion to the amount of IL-7 produced. This reduction in tumorigenicity could be reversed in a dose-dependent fashion by injection of anti-IL-7 neutralizing monoclonal antibody at the tumor site. Mice immunized with IL-7-producing glioma cells showed a specific immune response to 203-glioma but not to two other syngeneic cell lines (B-16, a melanoma, and YM-12, a fibrosarcoma). IL-7-producing glioma cells were not rejected in mice depleted of CD8+ cells but were rejected in mice depleted of CD4+ or NK1.1+ cells. These results suggest that CD8+ T cells may play an important role in tumor rejection.
A successive cancellation decoder ASIC for a 1024-bit polar code in 180nm CMOS (2012)

This paper presents the first ASIC implementation of a successive cancellation (SC) decoder for polar codes. The implemented ASIC relies on a semi-parallel architecture where processing resources are reused to achieve good hardware efficiency. A speculative decoding technique is employed to increase the throughput by 25% at the cost of very limited added complexity. The resulting architecture is implemented in a 180nm technology. The fabricated chip can be clocked at 150 MHz and uses 183k gates. It was verified using an FPGA testing setup and provides reference for the true silicon complexity of SC decoders for polar codes.
The Effective Ransomware Prevention Technique Using Process Monitoring on Android Platform (2016)

Due to recent indiscriminate attacks of ransomware, damage cases including encryption of users’ important files are constantly increasing. The existing vaccine systems are vulnerable to attacks of new pattern ransomware because they can only detect the ransomware of existing patterns. More effective technique is required to prevent modified ransomware. In this paper, an effective method is proposed to prevent the attacks of modified ransomware on Android platform. The proposed technique specifies and intensively monitors processes and specific file directories using statistical methods based on Processor usage, Memory usage, and I/O rates so that the process with abnormal behaviors can be detected. If the process running a suspicious ransomware is detected, the proposed system will stop the process and take steps to confirm the deletion of programs associated with the process from users. The information of suspected and exceptional processes confirmed by users is stored in a database. The proposed technique can detect ransomware even if you do not save its patterns. Its speed of detection is very fast because it can be implemented in Android source code instead of mobile application. In addition, it can effectively determine modified patterns of ransomware and provide protection with minimum damage.