gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Extensible, Tough, and Elastomeric Nanocomposite Hydrogels from Poly(ethylene glycol) and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (2011)

Unique combinations of hard and soft components found in biological tissues have inspired researchers to design and develop synthetic nanocomposite gels and hydrogels with elastomeric properties. These elastic materials can potentially be used as synthetic mimics for diverse tissue engineering applications. Here we present a set of elastomeric nanocomposite hydrogels made from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAp). The aqueous nanocomposite PEG-nHAp precursor solutions can be injected and then covalently cross-linked via photopolymerization. The resulting PEG-nHAp hydrogels have interconnected pore sizes ranging from 100 to 300 nm. They have higher extensibilities, fracture stresses, compressive strengths, and toughness when compared with conventional PEO hydrogels. The enhanced mechanical properties are a result of polymer nanoparticle interactions that interfere with the permanent cross-linking of PEG during photopolymerization. The effect of nHAp concentration and temperature on hydrogel swelling kinetics was evaluated under physiological conditions. An increase in nHAp concentration decreased the hydrogel saturated swelling degree. The combination of PEG and nHAp nanoparticles significantly improved the physical and chemical hydrogel properties as well as some biological characteristics such as osteoblast cell adhesion. Further development of these elastomeric materials can potentially lead to use as a matrix for drug delivery and tissue repair especially for orthopedic applications.
Medulloblastomas of the desmoplastic variant carry mutations of the human homologue of Drosophila patched. (1997)

Inactivating mutations in the PTCH gene, a human homologue of the Drosophila segment polarity gene patched, have been identified recently in patients with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. These patients are predisposed to various neoplasias including basal cell carcinomas and medulloblastomas (MBs). To determine the involvement of PTCH in sporadic MBs, which represent the most frequent malignant brain tumors in children, we screened for PTCH alterations in an unselected panel of 64 biopsy samples from 62 patients and four continuous MB cell lines, all derived from patients with sporadic MBs. Using single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis, we screened exons 2-22 and detected nonconservative PTCH mutations in 3 of 11 samples from sporadic cases of the desmoplastic variant of MB but none in 57 MBs with classical (nondesmoplastic) histology. In two of the tumors with mutations and in two additional desmoplastic cases, loss of heterozygosity was found at 9q22. These findings suggest that PTCH represents a tumor suppressor gene involved in the development of the desmoplastic variant of MB.
Unusual stereoselectivity in sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed aldol condensations: synthesis of both enantiomers of high-carbon monosaccharides (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUnusual stereoselectivity in sialic acid aldolase-catalyzed aldol condensations: synthesis of both enantiomers of high-carbon monosaccharidesChun Hung Lin, Takeshi Sugai, Randall L. Halcomb, Yoshitaka Ichikawa, and Chi Huey WongCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 26, 10138–10145Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00052a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00052a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1119Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Activity recognition in the home setting using simple and ubiquitous sensors (2003)

In this work, a system for recognizing activities in the home setting that uses a set of small and simple state-change sensors, machine learning algorithms, and electronic experience sampling is introduced. The sensors are designed to be “tape on and forget” devices that can be quickly and ubiquitously installed in home environments. The proposed sensing system presents an alternative to sensors that are sometimes perceived as invasive, such as cameras and microphones. Since temporal information is an important component of activities, a new algorithm for recognizing activities that extends the naive Bayes classifier to incorporate low-order temporal relationships was created. Unlike prior work, the system was deployed in multiple residential environments with non-researcher occupants. Preliminary results show that it is possible to recognize activities of interest to medical professionals such as toileting, bathing, and grooming with detection accuracies ranging from 25% to 89% depending on the evaluation criteria used. Although these preliminary results were based on small datasets collected over a two-week period of time, techniques have been developed that could be applied in future studies and at special facilities to study human behavior such as the MIT Placelab. The system can be easily retrofitted in existing home environments with no major modifications or damage and can be used to enable IT and health researchers to study behavior in the home. Activity recognition is increasingly applied not only in home-based proactive and preventive healthcare applications, but also in learning environments, security systems, and a variety of human-computer interfaces.
Insulating behavior of an amorphous graphene membrane (2012)

We investigate the charge transport properties of planar amorphous graphene that is fully topologically disordered, in the form of $s{p}^{2}$ threefold coordinated networks consisting of hexagonal rings but also including many pentagons and heptagons distributed in a random fashion. Using the Kubo transport methodology and the Lanczos method, the density of states, mean free paths, and semiclassical conductivities of such amorphous graphene membranes are computed. Despite a large increase in the density of states close to the charge neutrality point, all electronic properties are dramatically degraded, evidencing an Anderson insulating state caused by topological disorder alone. These results are supported by Landauer-B\"uttiker conductance calculations, which show a localization length as short as 5 nm.
Analysis of intraocular lens power calculation in post-radial keratotomy eyes (2003)

Unintentional hyperopia can be significantly decreased but not eliminated as a complication of post-RK cataract surgery. The accuracy of the IOL power determination can be improved if myopia is targeted as the postcataract surgery refractive error and the flatter calculated K is used in the IOL determination.
Learning Deep Architectures for AI (2009)

Can machine learning deliver AI? Theoretical results, inspiration from the brain and cognition, as well as machine learning experiments suggest that in order to learn the kind of complicated functions that can represent high-level abstractions (e.g. in vision, language, and other AI-level tasks), one would need deep architectures. Deep architectures are composed of multiple levels of non-linear operations, such as in neural nets with many hidden layers, graphical models with many levels of latent variables, or in complicated propositional formulae re-using many sub-formulae. Each level of the architecture represents features at a different level of abstraction, defined as a composition of lower-level features. Searching the parameter space of deep architectures is a difficult task, but new algorithms have been discovered and a new sub-area has emerged in the machine learning community since 2006, following these discoveries. Learning algorithms such as those for Deep Belief Networks and other related unsupervised learning algorithms have recently been proposed to train deep architectures, yielding exciting results and beating the state-of-the-art in certain areas. Learning Deep Architectures for AI discusses the motivations for and principles of learning algorithms for deep architectures. By analyzing and comparing recent results with different learning algorithms for deep architectures, explanations for their success are proposed and discussed, highlighting challenges and suggesting avenues for future explorations in this area.
Reagentless Bioluminescent Sensor for NADH (1994)

Abstract A reagentless fiber optic biosensor specific for NADH, associated with flow injection analysis and based on bacterial bioluminescence is described. Only a buffer solution as flowing stream is required for the probe which works without supply of its coreactants (FMN and N-decyl-aldehyde). These are coentrapped in a poly(vinyl)alcohol (PVA) matrix which allows their internal release in the vicinity of the immobilized enzymes. Two PVA matrices differing by the reticulation process have been tested : first, by polymerization with glutaraldehyde and secondly, by a cyclic freezing-thawing process. The self-containment working time was estimated at 1 and 1.5 h of continuous measurements, respectively. NADH was determined using flow injection analysis. The sensor gave excellent reproducibility (RSD ≤ 3%) in the linear dynamic range 5 — 500 pmol with an average cycle-time of 2.5 min.
Blockade of interferon‐γ‐inducible protein‐10 attenuates chronic experimental colitis by blocking cellular trafficking and protecting intestinal epithelial cells (2007)

The role of chemokines, especially CXCL10/interferon-gamma-inducible protein 10 kDa (IP-10), a chemokine to attract CXCR3(+) T-helper 1-type CD4(+) T cells, is largely unknown in the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease; ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The authors have earlier shown that IP-10 neutralization protected mice from acute colitis by protecting crypt epithelial cells of the colon. To investigate the therapeutic effect of neutralization of IP-10 on chronic colitis, an anti-IP-10 antibody was injected into mice with newly established murine AIDS (MAIDS) colitis. Anti-IP-10 antibody treatment reduced the number of colon infiltrating cells when compared to those mice given a control antibody. The treatment made the length of the crypt of the colon greater than control antibody. The number of Ki67(+) proliferating epithelial cells was increased by the anti-IP-10 antibody treatment. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)(+) apoptotic cells were observed in the epithelial cells of the luminal tops of crypts in control MAIDS colitis, whereas TUNEL(+) apoptotic epithelial cells were rarely observed with anti-IP-10 antibody treatment. In conclusion, blockade of IP-10 attenuated MAIDS colitis through blocking cellular trafficking and protecting intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting that IP-10 plays a key role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease as well as in chronic experimental colitis.
T Cell Glycolipid-Enriched Membrane Domains Are Constitutively Assembled as Membrane Patches That Translocate to Immune Synapses (2003)

In T cells, glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) domains, or lipid rafts, are assembled into immune synapses in response to Ag presentation. However, the properties of T cell GEM domains in the absence of stimulatory signals, such as their size and distribution in the plasma membrane, are less clear. To address this question, we used confocal microscopy to measure GEM domains in unstimulated T cells expressing a GEM-targeted green fluorescent protein molecule. Our experiments showed that the GEM domains were assembled into membrane patches that were micrometers in size, as evidenced by a specific enrichment of GEM-associated molecules and resistance of the patches to extraction by Triton X-100. However, treatment of cells with latrunculin B disrupted the patching of the GEM domains and their resistance to Triton X-100. Similarly, the patches were coenriched with F-actin, and actin occurred in the detergent-resistant GEM fraction of T cells. Live-cell imaging showed that the patches were mobile and underwent translocation in the plasma membrane to immune synapses in stimulated T cells. Targeting of GEM domains to immune synapses was found to be actin-dependent, and required phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and myosin motor proteins. We conclude from our results that T cell GEM domains are constitutively assembled by the actin cytoskeleton into micrometer-sized membrane patches, and that GEM domains and the GEM-enriched patches can function as a vehicle for targeting molecules to immune synapses.
A pilot study of transcutaneous sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence (2013)

Transcutaneous SNS appears to be an effective and safe treatment for FI. Larger controlled studies are needed to explore this further.
Explicit word error minimization in n-best list rescoring (1997)

We show that the standard hypothesis scoring paradigm used in maximum-likelihood-based speech recognition systems is not optimal with regard to minimizing the word error rate, the commonly used performance metric in speech recognition. This can lead to sub-optimal performance, especially in high-error-rate environments where word error and sentence error are not necessarily monotonically related. To address this discrepancy, we developed a new algorithm that explicitly minimizes expected word error for recognition hypotheses. First, we approximate the posterior hypothesis probabilities using N-best lists. We then compute the expected word error for each hypothesis with respect to the posterior distribution, and choose the hypothesis with the lowest error. Experiments show improved recognition rates on two spontaneous speech corpora.
PC cell-derived growth factor (granulin precursor) expression and action in human multiple myeloma. (2003)

These data suggest that PCDGF is an autocrine growth factor in the cell growth and survival of human MM cells, and may be a potential candidate as a biomarker of MM cells.
Preparation of Aluminum Foam Sandwich and Foam Cell (2006)

A new way to compact powder is proposed for preparation of aluminum foam sandwich, i.e., two metal plates are stacked and rolled together with Al-Si-Ca powder containing 1wt% TiH_2 foaming agent between them, which is then foamed in heating furnace. The new way not only gets rid of the disadvantage of adhesive bonding, so as to enable the metallurgical bonding to come true but also shortens the technological process and saves the energy. The morphology of the foam cell is investigated to analyze the enrichment of titanium and furrows on cell wall. The results show that rolling the powder together with steel plates can successfully form the structure of aluminum foam sandwich (AFS). The consolidation of pores and formation of the micro-pores are the main influencing factor on cell structure. The enriched titanium grains attaching to the cell wall serve a stabilization function for foam cell in foaming process, and the curved and/or furrowed cell walls are found in solidification process. So it is very important to control the solidification process.
High-energy femtosecond pulse compression in chirped fiber gratings (1996)

Summary form only given. Recent advances in fabrication of chirped fiber gratings made possible the development of compact and robust femtosecond chirped pulse amplification (CPA) systems, based on all-fiber design. The group-velocity dispersion of chirped wide-bandwidth fiber gratings is /spl sim/10/sup 5/ times larger than that of standard fibers and allows to reach large stretching/compression ratios within a short length (1-10 cm) of a fiber. Due to the reduced propagation distance, nonlinear distortions of compressed pulses are expected at significantly high energies. The objective of this paper is to investigate, both experimentally and theoretically, these pulse energy and duration limits for fiber-grating compressors and to determine conditions for their optimized performance in conjunction with an all-fiber CPA circuit.
Self-encoded marker for optical prospective head motion correction in MRI. (2010)

Abstract. The tracking and compensation of patient motion during a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) acqusition is an unsolved problem. For brain MRI, a promising approach recently suggested is to track the patient using an in-bore camera and a checkerboard marker attached to the patient’s forehead. However, the possible tracking range of the head pose is limited by the locally attached marker that must be entirely visible inside the camera’s narrow field of view (FOV). To overcome this shortcoming, we developed a novel self-encoded marker where each feature on the pattern is augmented with a 2-D barcode. Hence, the marker can be tracked even if it is not completely visible in the camera image. Furthermore, it offers considerable advantages over the checkerboard marker in terms of processing speed, since it makes the correspondence search of feature points and marker-model coordinates, which are required for the pose estimation, redundant. The motion correction with the novel self-encoded marker recovered a rotation of 18 ◦ around the principal axis of the cylindrical phantom in-between two scans. After rigid registration of the resulting volumes, we measured a maximal error of 0.39 mm and 0.15 ◦ in translation and rotation, respectively. In in-vivo experiments, the motion compensated images in scans with large motion during data acquisition indicate a correlation of 0.982 compared to a corresponding motion-free reference. 1
Controlling Self‐Assembly (1997)

Abstract As a result of cooperative noncovalent bonding interactions (namely, π–π stacking, [CH…︁O] hydrogen bonding, and [CH…︁π] interactions) supramolecular complexes and mechanically interlocked molecular compounds —in particular pseudorotaxanes (precatenanes) and catenanes—self‐assemble spontaneously from appropriate complementary components under thermodynamic and kinetic control, respectively. The stereoelectronic information imprinted in the components is crucial in controlling the extent of the formation of the complexes and compounds in the first place; moreover, it has a very significant influence on the relative orientations and motions of the components. In other words, the noncovalent bonding interactions—that is, the driving forces responsible for the self‐assembly processes—live on inside the final superstructures and structures, governing both their thermodynamic and kinetic behavior in solution. In an unsymmetrical [2]catenane, for example, changing the constitutions of the aromatic rings or altering the nature of substituents attached to them can drive an equilibrium associated with translational isomerism in the direction of one of two or more possible isomers both in solution and in the solid state. Generally speaking, the slower the components in mechanically interlocked compounds like catenanes and rotaxanes move with respect to each other, the easier it is for them to self‐assemble.
Hole filling method using depth based in-painting for view synthesis in free viewpoint television and 3-D video (2009)

Depth image-based rendering (DIBR) is generally used to synthesize virtual view images in free viewpoint television (FTV) and three-dimensional (3-D) video. One of the main problems in DIBR is how to fill the holes caused by disocclusion regions and inaccurate depth values. In this paper, we propose a new hole filling method using a depth based in-painting technique. Experimental results show that the proposed hole filling method provides improved rendering quality both objectively and subjectively.
Vaginal Immunization Against Induced Cystitis in Monkeys (1987)

Cynomolgus monkeys received either vaginal immunization with formalin-killed E. coli or vaginal instillation of excipient without the bacteria. At 2, 7, 14 and 21 days after induction of a urinary tract infection with live E. coli, immunized monkeys showed enhanced clearance of bacteriuria compared to non-immunized controls. Immunized monkeys also showed increased levels of urinary anti-E. coli IgA and IgG after the immunizing and infecting procedures. Induction of heightened local immunity by vaginal immunization may lessen host susceptibility to urinary tract infections.
Malignant Transformation of Ovarian Epithelium (1992)

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer deaths in the United States. In contrast to cervical cancer, where etiologic agents and early neoplastic lesions have been clearly defined, the pathogenesis and natural history of ovarian cancer remain obscure. More than 90% of ovarian cancers in adults are thought to arise from a single layer of epithelial cells that cover the ovarian surface or line inclusion cysts. Following ovulation, the ovarian surface epithelium proliferates to repair the defects produced by rupture of mature follicles. Epidemiologic data suggest that the interruption of ovulation by pregnancy, lactation, or oral contraceptive medications substantially reduces the risk of developing ovarian cancer. Suppression of ovulation may decrease opportunities for tumor progression that are more likely to occur in dividing cells. Conversely, growth of ovarian surface epithelial cells ex vivo, freed from the constraints on proliferation in situ, might lead to malignant transformation. In this issue of the Journal (/), Godwin and colleagues present convincing evidence that repeated passage of rat ovarian surface epithelial cells in culture results in a loss of contact inhibition, as well as in the acquisition of anchorage-ind ependent growth and the ability to form tumors in vivo after injection into athymic mice. Cytogenetic abnormalities have been observed in some cell lines both before and after transformation. Although the correlation between the chromosomal abnormalities described by Godwin et al. and the acquisition of a malignant phenotype is not precise, the potential for this type of analysis is clear. Spontaneous transformation in culture is thought to occur less frequently in cells taken from rats than in those taken from mice (/). Transformation in the absence of apparent carcinogens is not limited, however, to the ovarian epithelium, in that spontaneous transformation has also been observed with repeated passage of rat hepatocytes, fibroblasts, and tracheal epithelial cells (2-4). Whether spontaneous transformation in culture occurs with human ovarian surface epithelial cells remains to be determined. Investigators (5) have defined conditions that facilitate growth of apparently normal human ovarian epithelial cells and that should permit definitive studies with human tissues. Recent reports have begun to compare growth regulation in normal and malignant human ovarian epithelial cells. Preliminary data suggest that a majority of ovarian cancers are derived from single clones of cells. Consistent with studies in other malignancies, multiple genetic changes are likely to be required for malignant transformation of a normal epithelial clone. Different combinations of these changes might produce the same transformed phenotype. Certain changes might be observed more or less frequently in ovarian cancer than in tumors that