gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical aspects of the generation of ramified metallic electrodeposits (1990)

The growth of ramified metallic deposits by electrodeposition from dilute salt solutions and in a high electric field has been considered in the geometry of a thin rectangular cell. The equations governing ion motion in the case of a dilute electrolyte have been solved numerically and analytically in a one-dimensional (1D) and a 2D approximation. It is found that ramified growth is a direct consequence of the creation of a space charge upon anion depletion in the vicinity of the cathode. The front of the ramified deposit is predicted to advance at a speed just equal to the velocity of the anions in the applied electric field. The presence of this space charge ahead of the growing front is associated with a potential drop \ensuremath{\delta}V. Resolution of the equations in the 2D case shows that the dense-parallel morphology of the deposit also results quite naturally from the existence of a space charge in the vicinity of the filament tips. The average filament spacing and sidebranch tilting angle can be directly related to the values of \ensuremath{\delta}V and of the applied electric field. The mechanism giving rise to the space charge will apply as well to any physical system involving electric conduction with two types of carriers, if one of them exhibits blocking-contact characteristics.
Improved protamine-sensitive membrane electrode for monitoring heparin concentrations in whole blood via protamine titration§ (1998)

An improved protamine-sensitive electrode based on a polymeric membrane doped with the charged ion exchanger dinonylnaphthalenesulfonate (DNNS) is used for monitoring heparin concentrations in whole blood. The electrode exhibits significant nonequilibrium potentiometric response to polycationic protamine over the concentration range of 0.5-20 mg/L in undiluted whole-blood samples. The sensor can serve as a simple end point detector for the determination of heparin via potentiometric titrations with protamine. Whole-blood heparin concentrations determined by the electrode method (n > or = 157) correlate well with other protamine titration-based methods, including the commercial Hepcon HMS assay (r = 0.934) and a previously reported potentiometric heparin sensor-based method (r = 0.973). Reasonable correlation was also found with a commercial chromogenic anti-Xa heparin assay (r = 0.891) with corresponding plasma samples and appropriate correction for whole-blood hematocrit levels. Whereas a significant positive bias (0.62 kU/L; P < 0.001) is observed between the anti-Xa assay and the protamine sensor methods, insignificant bias is observed between the protamine sensor and the Hepcon HMS tests (0.08 kU/L; P = 0.02). The possibility of fully automating these titrations offers a potentially simple, inexpensive, and accurate method for monitoring heparin concentrations in whole blood.
Internet-scale collection of human-reviewed data (2007)

Enterprise and web data processing and content aggregation systems often require extensive use of human-reviewed data (e.g. for training and monitoring machine learning-based applications). Today these needs are often met by in-house efforts or out-sourced offshore contracting. Emerging applications attempt to provide automated collection of human-reviewed data at Internet-scale. We conduct extensive experiments to study the effectiveness of one such application. We also study the feasibility of using Yahoo! Answers, a general question-answering forum, for human-reviewed data collection.
Potentiation of TRPM7 Inward Currents by Protons (2005)

TRPM7 is unique in being both an ion channel and a protein kinase. It conducts a large outward current at +100 mV but a small inward current at voltages ranging from -100 to -40 mV under physiological ionic conditions. Here we show that the small inward current of TRPM7 was dramatically enhanced by a decrease in extracellular pH, with an approximately 10-fold increase at pH 4.0 and 1-2-fold increase at pH 6.0. Several lines of evidence suggest that protons enhance TRPM7 inward currents by competing with Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) for binding sites, thereby releasing blockade of divalent cations on inward monovalent currents. First, extracellular protons significantly increased monovalent cation permeability. Second, higher proton concentrations were required to induce 50% of maximal increase in TRPM7 currents when the external Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) concentrations were increased. Third, the apparent affinity for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) was significantly diminished at elevated external H(+) concentrations. Fourth, the anomalous-mole fraction behavior of H(+) permeation further suggests that protons compete with divalent cations for binding sites in the TRPM7 pore. Taken together, it appears that at physiological pH (7.4), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) bind to TRPM7 and inhibit the monovalent cationic currents; whereas at high H(+) concentrations, the affinity of TRPM7 for Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) is decreased, thereby allowing monovalent cations to pass through TRPM7. Furthermore, we showed that the endogenous TRPM7-like current, which is known as Mg(2+)-inhibitable cation current (MIC) or Mg nucleotide-regulated metal ion current (MagNuM) in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells was also significantly potentiated by acidic pH, suggesting that MIC/MagNuM is encoded by TRPM7. The pH sensitivity represents a novel feature of TRPM7 and implies that TRPM7 may play a role under acidic pathological conditions.
Targeting of antigens to B cells augments antigen-specific T-cell responses and breaks immune tolerance to tumor-associated antigen MUC1 (2008)

B cells are antibody (Ab)-secreting cells as well as potent antigen (Ag)-presenting cells that prime T-cell activation, which evokes great interest in their use for vaccine development. Here, we targeted ovalbumin (OVA) to B cells via CD19 and found that a single low dose of anti-CD19-OVA conjugates, but not isotype mAb-OVA, stimulated augmented CD4 and CD8 T-cell proliferation and expansion. Administration of TLR9 agonist CpG could significantly enhance long-term T-cell survival. Similar results were obtained when the tumor-associated Ag MUC1 was delivered to B cells. MUC1 transgenic (Tg) mice were previously found to lack effective T-cell help and produce low-titer of anti-MUC1 Abs after vaccination. Targeting MUC1 to B cells elicited high titer of anti-MUC1 Abs with different isotypes, predominantly IgG2a and IgG2b, in MUC1 Tg mice. The isotype switching of anti-MUC1 Ab was CD4 dependent. In addition, IFN-gamma-producing CD8 T cells and in vivo cytolytic activity were significantly increased in these mice. The mice also showed significant resistance to MUC1(+) lymphoma cell challenge both in the prophylactic and therapeutic settings. We conclude that Ags targeting to B cells stimulate CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses as well as Th-dependent humoral immune responses.
New functions of a long‐known molecule (2000)

Over the past decades, the pyridine nucleotides have been established as important molecules in signaling pathways, besides their well known function in energy transduction. Similarly to another molecule carrying such dual functions, ATP, NAD(P)+ may serve as substrate for covalent protein modification or as precursor of biologically active compounds. Protein modification is catalyzed by ADP-ribosyl transferases that attach the ADP-ribose moiety of NAD+ to specific amino-acid residues of the acceptor proteins. For a number of ADP ribosylation reactions the specific transferases and their target proteins have been identified. As a result of the modification, the biological activity of the acceptor proteins may be severely changed. The cell nucleus contains enzymes catalyzing the transfer of ADP-ribose polymers (polyADP-ribose) onto the acceptor proteins. The best known enzyme of this type is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), which has been implicated in the regulation of several important processes including DNA repair, transcription, apoptosis, neoplastic transformation and others. The second group of reactions leads to the synthesis of an unusual cyclic nucleotide, cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR). Moreover, the enzymes catalyzing this reaction may also replace the nicotinamide of NADP+ by nicotinic acid resulting in the synthesis of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP+). Both cADPR and NAADP+ have been reported to be potent intracellular calcium-mobilizing agents. In concert with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, they participate in cytosolic calcium regulation by releasing calcium from intracellular stores.
Paradoxical Effect of Phentolamine on Aqueous Flow in The Rabbit (2007)

A subpressor dose of phentolamine has complex effects on ocular hydrodynamics. The initial IOP decrease is too fast to be explained by aqueous dynamics or ocular rigidity, and so is most likely a result of the disgorgement of choroidal blood volume caused by decreased venous pressure outside the eye. The more prolonged ocular hypotensive effect is explained by the decrease in AqFlow, and perhaps a decrease in episcleral venous pressure or increase in uveoscleral outflow. However, the inhibition of aqueous production is odd, as lost prejunctional inhibition of norepinephrine release and unopposed beta-receptor activation should have increased aqueous production.
Increased CCN2 Transcription in Keloid Fibroblasts Requires Cooperativity Between AP-1 and SMAD Binding Sites (2007)

We suggest that altered responsiveness to cellular stress, based upon current data using serum stimulation and past data on response to mechanical strain, is a key defect leading to keloid formation.
Analysis of candidate genes for age-related macular degeneration subtypes in the Japanese population. (2011)

Our results indicate that SNPs of the ARMS2 gene may serve as strong genetic markers of RAP, and that SNPs of the ELN and MTHFR genes are potential genetic markers for nAMD.
Development of Mitochondria‐targeted Aromatic‐cationic Peptides for Neurodegenerative Diseases (2008)

Mitochondrial impairment and oxidative damage are intimately involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Which is the initiating event is probably irrelevant because each can set into motion a self-sustaining and amplifying feed-forward cycle between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and mitochondrial impairment. Recent approaches to the development of neuroprotective agents have therefore targeted mitochondria protection and/or reduction of oxidative stress. There are several hurdles in the quest for neuroprotective drugs. The difficulties include penetration of the blood-brain barrier and delivery of drugs to mitochondria. Here we describe a novel class of mitochondria-targeted peptides that can promote mitochondrial function, reduce mitochondrial ROS generation, inhibit mitochondrial permeability transition, and prevent apoptosis and necrosis. These peptides can readily penetrate the blood-brain barrier and have demonstrated efficacy in animal models of Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Unrelatedness of factor VIII‐derived non‐A/non‐B hepatitis and hepatitis B virus (1983)

A DNA hybridization assay was used to detect hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific DNA sequences in extracted sera obtained from chimpanzees infected with HBV, hepatitis A virus (HAV), and a factor VIII-derived non-A/non-B (NANB) agent. The results did not reveal any HBV-DNA homology with sera obtained from animals infected with HAV or factor VIII-derived NANB. Sera obtained from two HBV-infected chimpanzees demonstrated that HBV-specific DNA could be detected during the acute phase of the disease. In addition, an HBV-specific DNA-dependent DNA polymerase assay did not demonstrate any statistically significant activity in 12 of 12 NANB acute-phase specimens or in 6 of 6 NANB chronic-phase specimens. These results suggest that the factor VIII-derived NANB agent is unrelated to HBV.
Top tech 2012 (2012)

predict the next century and you can fantasize; predict the coming decade and you can wax enthusiastic. But if you’re looking at just the next 12 months, you’d better keep your feet on the ground. That’s what we’ve done in this year’s tech survey: In choosing our subjects, we considered mainly the likelihood of their figuring prominently in the coming year’s tech headlines, not whether we thought’or hoped-the technologies themselves would succeed. A case in point is extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography: It has been promoted for more than 15 years as the best way to sustain Moore’s Law, and this is the year it’s expected to reach the make-or-break point. We can’t tell you whether it will win or lose, but in either case, the result will be big news in Silicon Valley-and beyond.
1,3-Diaza-2-azoniaallene Salts, Novel N3-Building Blocks: Preparation and Cycloadditions to Olefins (1997)

Introduced are 1,3-diaza-2-azoniaallene salts R1 - N = N+ = N - R2 X- (6) representing a new functional group. The reactive intermediates 6 are prepared by reaction of N-chlorotriazenes R1 - N = N - NCl - R2 (8) with Lewis acids. The salt 6a is stable below -50°C. It shows a strong IR band at 2018 cm-1, equivalent aryl groups in the 1H and 13C NMR spectra, and gives a correct elemental analysis. The allenes 6 undergo [4π- + 2π] cycloadditions to both electron-rich and electron-deficient olefins affording 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3-triazolium salts 11 ("1,3-dipolar cycloadditions with inverse electron demand"). The cycloadditions proceed with complete conversation of the stereochemistry of the olefins. Cycloadducts 11w, 11ai of dibutyl maleate rearrange in solution into the respective more stable trans-isomers 11v, 11ah. The structure of 11m was determined by X-ray structural analysis.
Identification of the Impedance Model of an Implanted Cochlear Prosthesis From Intracochlear Potential Measurements (2004)

Those suffering from a severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss can obtain substantial benefit from a cochlear implant prosthesis. An electrode array implanted in the inner ear stimulates auditory nerve fibers by direct injection of electrical current. A major limitation of today's technology is the imprecise control of intracochlear current flow, particularly the relatively wide spread of neural excitation. A better understanding of the intracochlear electrical fields is, therefore, required. This paper analyzes the structure of intracochlear potential measurements in relation to both the subject's anatomy and to the properties of the electrode array. An electrically equivalent network is proposed, composed of small lumped circuits for the interface impedance and for the cochlear tissues. The numerical methods required to estimate the model parameters from high-quality electrical potential recordings are developed. Finally, some models are presented for subjects wearing a Clarion CII device with a HiFocus electrode and discussed in terms of model reliability.
Translucent patches---dissolving windows (1994)

This paper presents motivation, design, and algorithms for using and implementing translucent, non-rectangular patches as a substitute for rectangular opaque windows. The underlying metaphor is closer to a mix between the architects yellow paper and the usage of white boards, than to rectangular opaque paper in piles and folders on a desktop.
A machine learning approach for detecting cell phone usage (2015)

Cell phone usage while driving is common, but widely considered dangerous due to distraction to the driver. Because of the high number of accidents related to cell phone usage while driving, several states have enacted regulations that prohibit driver cell phone usage while driving. However, to enforce the regulation, current practice requires dispatching law enforcement officers at road side to visually examine incoming cars or having human operators manually examine image/video records to identify violators. Both of these practices are expensive, difficult, and ultimately ineffective. Therefore, there is a need for a semi-automatic or automatic solution to detect driver cell phone usage. In this paper, we propose a machine-learning-based method for detecting driver cell phone usage using a camera system directed at the vehicle’s front windshield. The developed method consists of two stages: first, the frontal windshield region localization using the deformable part model (DPM), next, we utilize Fisher vectors (FV) representation to classify the driver’s side of the windshield into cell phone usage violation and non-violation classes. The proposed method achieved about 95% accuracy with a data set of more than 100 images with drivers in a variety of challenging poses with or without cell phones.
Identification of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies from Italian Covid-19 convalescent patients (2020)

ABSTRACT In the absence of approved drugs or vaccines, there is a pressing need to develop tools for therapy and prevention of Covid-19. Human monoclonal antibodies have very good probability of being safe and effective tools for therapy and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease. Here we describe the screening of PBMCs from seven people who survived Covid-19 infection to isolate human monoclonal antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Over 1,100 memory B cells were single-cell sorted using the stabilized prefusion form of the spike protein and incubated for two weeks to allow natural production of antibodies. Supernatants from each cell were tested by ELISA for spike protein binding, and positive antibodies were further tested for neutralization of spike binding to receptor(s) on Vero E6 cells and for virus neutralization in vitro. From the 1,167 memory B specific for SARS-CoV-2, we recovered 318 B lymphocytes expressing human monoclonals recognizing the spike protein and 74 of these were able to inhibit the binding of the spike protein to the receptor. Finally, 17 mAbs were able to neutralize the virus when assessed for neutralization in vitro . Lead candidates to progress into the drug development pipeline will be selected from the panel of neutralizing antibodies identified with the procedure described in this study. One Sentence Summary Neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies isolated from Covid-19 convalescent patients for therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.
Induction of calcium-independent nitric oxide synthase activity in primary rat glial cultures. (1992)

Exposure of primary cultures of neonatal rat cortical astrocytes to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in the appearance of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. The induction of NOS, which is blocked by actinomycin D, is directly related to the duration of exposure and dose of LPS, and a 2-hr pulse can induce enzyme activity. Cytosol from LPS-treated astrocyte cultures, but not from control cultures, produces a Ca(2+)-independent conversion of L-arginine to L-citrulline that can be completely blocked by the specific NOS inhibitor NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. The induced NOS activity exhibits an apparent Km of 16.5 microM for L-arginine and is dependent on NADPH, FAD, and tetrahydrobiopterin. LPS also induces NOS in C6 glioma cells and microglial cultures but not in cultured cortical neurons. The expression of NOS in astrocytes and microglial cells has been confirmed by immunocytochemical staining using an antibody to the inducible NOS of mouse macrophages and by histochemical staining for NADPH diaphorase activity. We conclude that glial cells of the central nervous system can express an inducible form of NOS similar to the inducible NOS of macrophages. Inducible NOS in glia may, by generating nitric oxide, contribute to the neuronal damage associated with cerebral ischemia and/or demyelinating diseases.
Superior expression of juvenile hormone esterase and beta-galactosidase from the basic protein promoter of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus compared to the p10 protein and polyhedrin promoters (1994)

The expression characteristics of the p10, polyhedrin and basic protein promoters of Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus were compared using two reporter enzymes, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) and beta-galactosidase. In these systems, JHE is exported from the cell and beta-galactosidase is localized to the cytosol. Expression of JHE from the basic, p10 and polyhedrin promoters was first detected in the medium at 13, 19 and 27 h post-infection respectively. The basic protein promoter yielded the highest expression of the three promoters tested for both enzymes, as determined by protein and enzyme activity assays. In addition, yields of beta-galactosidase and JHE under control of the p10 promoter are higher relative to expression under control of the polyhedrin promoter. These data highlight the importance of investigation of viral promoters other than the polyhedrin promoter for high yield protein expression in vitro, and for insecticidal use of recombinant baculoviruses requiring high levels of expression. The results support revision of the current concept that very late viral promoters are always optimal for high yield recombinant protein expression.
Fuzzy methods in e-commerce (2003)

We discuss how fuzzy set based intelligent agents can be used in e-commerce as a means adding-in targeted marketing. We describe a paradigm for advertising on the Internet which makes use of intelligent agents. Of particular significance in the model described is the ability of processing information online in real time and using very specific information about potential customers, rather than general demographic information, in deciding wether a visitor is a good potential customer and if so, which particular product or class of products is must suitable to bring to their attention. The technology of fuzzy modeling plays a central role in this development.
Numerical Simulation of Flow Past a Low-Rise Building Using the Modified DES model – The TL/LES Model (2006)

The hybrid Two-Layer/Large Eddy Simulation (TL/LES) turbulence is proposed to simulate flow past low-rise buildings. The TL/LES model is based on the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation in the near wall region and on the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in the outer region. In the near-wall region, a two-layer model was adopted to allow for a reduction in the number of computational grid points (in the direction normal to the wall) without scarifying the accuracy of the computational results. One-equation model was used to solve for the turbulent kinetic energy. The results obtained from the unsteady-state numerical calculations are compared with the experimental data obtained for a 1:50 geometrical scale model of the Texas Tech University test building. The compared results include the mean and standard deviation of pressure coefficients. Application of the TL/LES model in wind engineering ana;yses is suggested.
Transforming Growth Factor β3 Promotes Fascial Wound Healing in a New Animal Model (2000)

Transforming growth factor beta(3) promotes fascial wound healing. In this new animal model of fascial wound healing, TGF-beta(3) increased fascia breaking strength, collagen deposition, and cellular proliferation. These results are similar to findings in cutaneous wound models and demonstrate, for the first time, a pharmacologic agent to accelerate fascial healing.