gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxidation of chloride and thiocyanate by isolated leukocytes. (1986)

Peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of chloride (Cl-) and thiocyanate (SCN-) was studied using neutrophils from human blood and eosinophils and macrophages from rat peritoneal exudates. The aims were to determine whether Cl- or SCN- is preferentially oxidized and whether leukocytes oxidize SCN- to the antimicrobial oxidizing agent hypothiocyanite (OSCN-). Stimulated neutrophils produced H2O2 and secreted myeloperoxidase. Under conditions similar to those in plasma (0.14 M Cl-, 0.02-0.12 mM SCN-), myeloperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of Cl- to hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which reacted with ammonia and amines to yield chloramines. HOCl and chloramines reacted with SCN- to yield products without oxidizing activity, so that high SCN- blocked accumulation of chloramines in the extracellular medium. Under conditions similar to those in saliva and the surface of the oral mucosa (20 mM Cl-, 0.1-3 mM SCN-), myeloperoxidase catalyzed the oxidation of SCN- to OSCN-, which accumulated in the medium to concentrations of up to 40-70 microM. Sulfonamide compounds increased the yield of stable oxidants to 0.2-0.3 mM by reacting with OSCN- to yield derivatives analogous to chloramines. Stimulated eosinophils produced H2O2 and secreted eosinophil peroxidase, which catalyzed the oxidation of SCN- to OSCN- regardless of Cl- concentration. Stimulated macrophages produced H2O2 but had low peroxidase activity. OSCN- was produced when SCN- was 0.1 mM or higher and myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, or lactoperoxidase was added. The results indicate that SCN- rather than Cl- may be the physiologic substrate (electron donor) for eosinophil peroxidase and that OSCN- may contribute to leukocyte antimicrobial activity under conditions that favor oxidation of SCN- rather than Cl-.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUCKLING-INDUCED RELEASE OF OXYTOCIN AND PROLACTIN IN THE URETHANE-ANAESTHETIZED LACTATING RAT (1978)

The effects of changes in the intensity of the suckling stimulus on the reflex release of oxytocin and prolactin were compared in urethane-anaesthetized lactating rats. Mothers which had previously suckled 12 pups (Group 1) showed a graded increase in the amount of oxytocin released during a 3 h suckling test when the number of pups applied to the nipples was increased from six to eight or ten. Mothers which had suckled six pups during their lactation (Group 2) appeared to show a maximum frequency of milk ejection whether six, eight or ten pups were applied to the nipples. The release of prolactin was not elicited from either Group 1 or Group 2 mothers when six pups were applied to their nipples. With eight pups suckling, the Group 1 mothers again showed no evidence of prolactin release. In contrast, the Group 2 mothers showed a significant increase in the level of prolactin in the plasma during the 3 h suckling test. With ten pups suckling the release of prolactin was evident in both groups of mothers, although the response was earlier and more pronounced in Group 2 than Group 1. These results suggest that in the urethane-anaesthetized rat, the threshold for the suckling-induced reflex release of oxytocin is distinct from the threshold for the release of prolactin and that these thresholds are, at least in part, set by the preceding suckling experience of the mothers. In those animals which showed both reflex milk ejection and prolactin release there was a linear relationship between the magnitude of the two endocrine responses.
Abstract 4495: Treatment effects of the novel mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 in prostate cancer cell models (2011)

Abstract The mTOR pathway is frequently hyperactivated in prostate cancer due to PTEN loss of function, hence rendering prostate cancer cells sensitive to mTOR inhibitors. Although the classic allosteric mTOR inhibitor rapamycin has shown considerable preclinical efficacy, clinical results suggest that rapamycin alone is insufficient to inhibit tumor growth in prostate cancer patients. AZD8055 is an ATP-competitive mTOR kinase inhibitor that efficiently blocks activation of both mTOR complex (mTORC) 1 and 2. In this study we evaluated the effects of AZD8055 in prostate cancer cell models. Cell proliferation after drug treatment was determined by MTT assay and cell cycle was analyzed using propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry. Protein expression was detected by Western blot. In both PC-3 (PTEN null) and DU145 (PTEN wildtype) cells, AZD8055 suppressed cell proliferation at the nanomolar level in a dose dependent manner. At the same concentration (100 nM), AZD8055 induced greater G1 phase arrest than rapamycin and the expression of proteins related to G1 progression (cyclin D1, c-Myc) was significantly decreased by AZD8055 while only slightly reduced by rapamycin. Mechanistically, although both drugs blocked phosphorylation of mTORC1 downstream targets S6K and S6, only AZD8055 inhibited phosphorylation of 4E-BP1, another mTORC1 downstream molecule, and Akt, a typical target of mTORC2. Importantly, cells that were able to survive and proliferate under rapamycin (100 nM) selective pressure remained responsive to AZD8055, even at the lowest dose (10 nM). Furthermore in a PC-3 cell line established to be highly resistant to rapamycin (PC-3RR), AZD8055 could still potently decrease cell proliferation, with an IC50 of 0.5 nM. Taken together, these findings indicate that a) AZD8055 is superior to rapamycin in growth inhibition of prostate cancer cells irrespective of PTEN status, b) AZD8055 is able to deactivate rapamycin-insensitive complexes involved in the mTOR signaling, and c) AZD8055 treatment can overcome rapamycin treatment-associated resistance. In summary, the novel mTOR kinase inhibitor AZD8055 may have significant therapeutic potential in prostate cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4495. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4495
Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Papillary Thyroid Cancers (2009)

We confirmed 2 DEGs in PTCs as DC-STAMP and type I collagen A1 by using Genefishing technique. Although the detailed functions of those 2 genes and their products remain to be determined, the genes will provide insights into mechanisms of carcinogenesis or tumor progression in PTCs.
A novel virus binding assay using confocal microscopy: demonstration that the intracellular and extracellular vaccinia virions bind to different cellular receptors (1997)

Vaccinia virus (VV) produces two antigenically and structurally distinct infectious virions, intracellular mature virus (IMV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV), which bind to unidentified and possibly different cellular receptors. Studies of VV binding have been hampered by having two infectious virions and by the rupture of the EEV outer membrane in the majority of EEV virions during purification. To overcome these problems, we have developed a novel approach to study VV binding that is based on confocal microscopy and does not require EEV purification. In this assay, individual virus particles adsorbed to the cell are simultaneously distinguished and quantified by double immunofluorescence labelling with antibody markers for EEV and IMV. By this method, we show unequivocally that IMV and EEV bind to different cellular receptors. Three independent observations allow this conclusion. First, the efficiencies with which IMV and EEV bind to different cell lines are unrelated; second, cell surface digestion with some enzymes affects IMV and EEV binding differently; and third, the binding of a monoclonal antibody to cells prevents IMV binding but not EEV binding. This technique may be widely applicable for studying the binding of different viruses.
Liquid-crystalline ionic liquids (1996)

Low-melting point salts, the basis of industrially relevant ionic liquids, exhibit smectic A mesophases over extended temperature ranges.
Testosterone Gel Replacement Improves Sexual Function in Depressed Men Taking Serotonergic Antidepressants: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial (2011)

Testosterone replacement is the most effective treatment for sexual dysfunction in hypogonadal men. Comorbid depression and antidepressant side effects may reduce its influence. The authors conducted a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of testosterone gel versus placebo gel in men with major depressive disorder who were currently taking a serotonergic antidepressant and exhibited low or low-normal testosterone level. A total of 100 men were enrolled at 2 study sites (Boston, Massachusetts, USA, and Tel Aviv, Israel). The effects of testosterone augmentation on sexual functioning were determined using domain scores on the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF). Complete pre- and posttrial IIEF data were available for 63 subjects. Men randomized to testosterone (n = 31) and placebo (n = 32) were similar in age, baseline testosterone levels, and baseline IIEF scores. At study termination, men randomized to placebo showed virtually no change from baseline in mean (95% CI) IIEF score (-0.7 [-6.5, 5.2]), whereas those receiving testosterone exhibited a substantial increase (15.8 [8.5, 23.1]). The estimated mean difference between groups was 16.8 [7.5, 26.1]; p = .001 by linear regression with adjustment for age and study site. There were also significant between-group differences in each of the 5 IIEF subscales, as well as on the single question involving ejaculatory ability (p ≤ .03 in all cases). Effect sizes in these comparisons remained little changed, and generally remained statistically significant, when we further adjusted for change in depression scores on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale. It is notable that the subgroup of men with the highest baseline testosterone levels showed virtually the same improvement as those with lower levels, suggesting that the observed improvement was unlikely to be due simply to correction of hypogonadism alone. In depressed men with low or low-normal testosterone levels who continued to take serotonergic antidepressants, treatment with exogenous testosterone was associated with a significant improvement in sexual function, particularly including ejaculatory ability.
Modulation of the chaperone-like activity of bovine α-crystallin (1996)

The effects of pantethine, glutathione, and selected chemical reagents on the anti-aggregation activity of alpha-crystallin was evaluated. Protein aggregation was monitored by light scattering of solutions of denatured beta L-crystallin or alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). The ratios of beta L-crystallin/alpha-crystallin and ADH/alpha-crystallin were adjusted so that partial inhibition of protein aggregation at 60 degrees C or 37 degrees C, respectively, was observed and modulation of the chaperone action of alpha-crystallin could be evaluated easily with selected endogenous metabolites. Enhancement of the anti-aggregation activity in the beta L-crystallin assay was strongest with pantethine, which appeared to interact with alpha-crystallin. Enhancement of the anti-aggregation activity in the ADH assay was strongest with glutathione which appeared to interact with ADH. The results indicated that the products of common metabolic pathways can modulate the chaperone-like effects of alpha-crystallin on protein aggregation.
Microscopic Distribution of Wetting and Nonwetting Phases in Sandstones During Immiscible Displacements (1987)

Summary A novel technique has been developed and used to study the microscopic distribution of wetting and nonwetting phases in reservoir rocks during immiscible displacements. The underlying principle is the use of appropriate fluids, serving as the wetting and the nonwetting phases, that can be solidified in situ, one at a time, without altering to any significant extent the position and orientation of the phases acquired at capillary equilibrium conditions. After both phases are solidified, the rock matrix is etched and replaced by a resin to enhance the quality of polishing. Polished sections are then serially made at each 5- to 10-μm depth and photomicrographed, wherein the three phases are distinguishable from each other. Experimental results have been obtained with Berea sandstone and the phase distribution is being analyzed. Relative permeabilities measured with the other phase solidified compare very well with conventional results obtained by the Penn State steady-state method, using Soltrol™ and brine. Wettabilities of the fluid pairs were also visualized directly by this new technique.
THE CHITIN SYSTEM (1973)

SUMMARY The view is supported that chitin is not found in Deuterostomia because of the absence of chitin synthetase, and is not found in higher plants because of the absence of glucosamine. In Fungi, control mechanisms are present affecting the synthesis of glucosamine; chitin is often present, but when it is absent this probably results from a failure to synthesize glucosamine. A review of conformation maps for cellulose and chitin indicates the possibility of a slightly right‐handed twist in small groups of chitin chains. The occurrence of α, β and γ‐forms of chitin in the peritrophic membranes of various insects is described. Gamma chitin seems to be the commonest form. In several beetles, optical and electron‐microscope studies trace the formation of chitinous cocoon fibres from larval peritrophic membrane and define the discrete ribbon‐like nature of the, β chitin produced in the mid‐gut. By studying apodemes it is found that orthopteroid insects are most varied, different molecular structures being present in levator, depressor and pretarsal tendons. By contrast, Hymenoptera and Coleoptera show very similar structures in all three apodemes as well as in other parts of the cuticle. Apodemes are regarded as sampling the cuticle at their varying points of origin; they provide especially favour able material for diffraction studies. In arthropod cuticles there is evidence for the widespread occurrence of α chitin micelles which are three chains thick in the direction of the c axis. This is compared with the structure of γ chitin where the chains repeat in groups of three along the c axis. Changes in the diffraction pattern are related to the series of proteins defined by Hackman. The chitin‐protein complex is not affected by water or neutral salt extrac tion, but is disrupted by treatment in urea. Electron microscopy defines the unit of structure as a composite microfibril: a core of chitin surrounded by adsorbed proteins. This consists of ‘primary’ protein (often repeating as regular units along the fibrils) and a quantity of ‘satellite’ protein which obscures the imaging of the regularly arranged ‘primary’ protein. There are apparent ‘bridges' between the microfibrils. New diffraction data give information about the size and arrangement of micro‐fibrils. These fibrils may be arranged in layers of ‘rods’, or as an hexagonal arrange ment of ‘rods’.
Myosin dynamics in live Dictyostelium cells. (1996)

Conventional myosin plays a key role in the cytoskeletal reorganization necessary for cytokinesis, migration, and morphological changes associated with development in nonmuscle cells. We have made a fusion between the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the Dictyostelium discoideum myosin heavy chain (GFP-myosin). The unique Dictyostelium system allows us to test the GFP-tagged myosin for activity both in vivo and in vitro. Expression of GFP-myosin rescues all myosin null cell defects. Additionally, GFP-myosin purified from these cells exhibits the same ATPase activities and in vitro motility as wild-type myosin. GFP-myosin is concentrated in the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis and in the posterior cortex of migrating cells. Surprisingly, GFP-myosin concentration increases transiently in the tips of retracting pseudopods. Contrary to previous thinking, this suggests that conventional myosin may play an important role in the dynamics of pseudopods as well as filopodia, lamellipodia, and other cellular protrusions.
Cloning and nucleotide sequencing of a 15 kb region of the Bacillus subtilis genome containing the iol operon (1994)

Within the framework of an international project on the sequencing of the whole Bacillus subtilis genome, a 15 kb chromosome segment, which contains the iol operon involved in inositol utilization, has been cloned and sequenced. This region (14,974 bp) contains 12 complete open reading frames (ORFs; genes) and two partial ones; the seventh gene (E83G) is the idh gene encoding inositol dehydrogenase. All the genes identified are transcribed in the same direction as that of the movement of the replication fork. A homology search for their products deduced from the 12 complete ORFs revealed that eight of them exhibit significant homology to known proteins such as fructokinase, acetolactate synthase, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (B. subtilis), and PhoB and FtsE proteins (Escherichia coli). It also implied that two genes (B65D and B65E) might encode a set of two-component regulatory proteins and that the B65F gene might encode a protein belonging to the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family. Based on the features of the nucleotide sequence determined and the results of the homology search, the primary structure of the iol operon is predicted.
Secret Agent Women (2005)

The role of the literary agent is uncertain and hence Jacinta di Mase, who runs Melbourne's new literary agency, describes her experiences as a literary agent herself. She states that although the role of the agent might seem similar as that of editor or publisher, it is changing with the publishing process shifting into a new phase.
Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov., a betaproteobacterium toxic to Colorado potato beetle and other insect pests (2007)

Strain PRAA4-1(T), a motile, Gram-negative, violet-pigmented bacterium, was isolated from Maryland forest soil and found to be orally toxic to Colorado potato beetle larvae and other insects. Morphological, biological, biochemical and molecular characterization revealed that this strain was most similar to Chromobacterium violaceum, the type species and only currently recognized member of the genus Chromobacterium. DNA-DNA hybridization with C. violaceum ATCC 12472(T) was 27 %. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain PRAA4-1(T) and Chromobacterium violaceum form a monophyletic clade, with the closest ancestral taxon Vogesella indigofera within the Betaproteobacteria. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain PRAA4-1(T) (=NRRL B-30655(T)=DSM 17043(T)) is proposed as the type strain of a novel species of the genus Chromobacterium, Chromobacterium subtsugae sp. nov.
Network Topology and Communication-Computation Tradeoffs in Decentralized Optimization (2018)

In decentralized optimization, nodes cooperate to minimize an overall objective function that is the sum (or average) of per-node private objective functions. Algorithms interleave local computations with communication among all or a subset of the nodes. Motivated by a variety of applications..decentralized estimation in sensor networks, fitting models to massive data sets, and decentralized control of multirobot systems, to name a few..significant advances have been made toward the development of robust, practical algorithms with theoretical performance guarantees. This paper presents an overview of recent work in this area. In general, rates of convergence depend not only on the number of nodes involved and the desired level of accuracy, but also on the structure and nature of the network over which nodes communicate (e.g., whether links are directed or undirected, static or time varying). We survey the state-of-theart algorithms and their analyses tailored to these different scenarios, highlighting the role of the network topology.
The cercarial glycocalyx of Schistosoma mansoni. (1985)

Cercariae, the freshwater stage of Schistosoma mansoni infectious to man, are covered by a single unit membrane and an immunogenic glycocalyx. When cercariae penetrate the host skin, they transform to schistosomula by shedding tails, secreting mucous and enzymes, and forming microvilli over their surface. Here the loss of the glycocalyx from cercariae transforming in vitro was studied morphologically and biochemically. By scanning electron microscopy, the glycocalyx was a dense mesh composed of 15-30 nm fibrils that obscured spines on the cercarial surface. The glycocalyx was absent on organisms fixed without osmium and was partially lost when parasites aggregated in their own secretions before fixation. By transmission electron microscopy, a 1-2 microns thick mesh of 8-15-nm fibrils was seen on parasites incubated with anti-schistosomal antibodies or fixed in aldehydes containing tannic acid or ruthenium red. Cercariae transformed to schistosomula when tails were removed mechanically and parasites were incubated in saline. Within 5 min of transformation, organisms synchronously formed microvilli which elongated to 3-5 microns by 20 min and then were shed. However, considerable fibrillar material remained adherent to the double unit membrane surface of schistosomula. For biochemical labeling, parasites were treated with eserine sulfate, which blocked cercarial swimming, secretion, infectivity, and transformation to schistosomula. Material labeled by periodate oxidation and NaB3H4 was on the surface as shown by autoradiography and had an apparent molecular weight of greater than 10(6) by chromatography. Periodate-NaB3H4 glycocalyx had an isoelectric point of 5.0 +/- 0.4 and was precipitable with anti-schistosomal antibodies. More than 60% of the radiolabeled glycocalyx was released into the medium by transforming parasites in 3 h and was recovered as high molecular weight material. Parasites labeled with periodate and fluorescein-thiosemicarbazide and then transformed had a corona of fluorescence containing microvilli, much of which was shed onto the slide. Material on cercariae labeled by lodogen-catalyzed iodination was also of high molecular weight and was antigenic. In conclusion, the cercarial glycocalyx appears to be composed of acidic high molecular weight fibrils which are antigenic and incompletely cleared during transformation.
Semi-supervised Hierarchical Models for 3D Human Pose Reconstruction (2007)

Recent research in visual inference from monocular images has shown that discriminatively trained image-based predictors can provide fast, automatic qualitative 3D reconstructions of human body pose or scene structure in real-world environments. However, the stability of existing image representations tends to be perturbed by deformations and misalignments in the training set, which, in turn, degrade the quality of learning and generalization. In this paper we advocate the semi-supervised learning of hierarchical image descriptions in order to better tolerate variability at multiple levels of detail. We combine multilevel encodings with improved stability to geometric transformations, with metric learning and semi-supervised manifold regularization methods in order to further profile them for task-invariance -resistance to background clutter and within the same human pose class differences. We quantitatively analyze the effectiveness of both descriptors and learning methods and show that each one can contribute, sometimes substantially, to more reliable 3D human pose estimates in cluttered images.