gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object-oriented technology (1996)

These days, everyone in the Information Systems (IS) world is talking about object-oriented technology --- known as "OO" to its aficionados. The enthusiasm about OO has even reached the mainstream press (Hammonds, 1991) and executives are hearing success stories about dramatic productivity gains and "programming with lego blocks" (Hammonds, 1991). Within IS, some people are talking about an OO "revolution" that will dramatically change how IS does its work and which has the potential to eliminate or significantly reduce IS staffs.All this hype is putting IS managers under pressure to get on the OO bandwagon. Once again, managers are being asked to make critical decisions about an unproven technology. On the one hand, IS is actively looking for new ways of improving its quality and productivity. On the other hand, managers know from bitter experience the problems and costs of introducing a new technology. This paper attempts to look critically, beyond the hype, at the current state of OO technology to identify the issues managers must face in making decisions about using it in their organizations.In order to explore and assess what IS organizations are doing with OO technology, the authors convened a focus group of senior IS managers from ten leading Canadian firms representing five industry sectors: retailing, manufacturing, banking, communications, and insurance. Group members were asked to speak about their current encounters with OO, the benefits and problems they have experienced to date, and other issues they are dealing with surrounding the introduction of OO technology in their organizations. This paper first gives a brief overview of OO technology and its relationship to other IS technologies. It then evaluates the key benefits and problems organizations can expect in introducing and using OO. Finally, it attempts to answer some key questions about how and when to introduce OO in an organization.
The unique hetero-oligomeric nature of the subunits in the catalytic cooperativity of the yeast Cct chaperonin complex (1997)

The structural and functional organization of the Cct complex was addressed by genetic analyses of subunit interactions and catalytic cooperativity among five of the eight different essential subunits, Cct1p-Cct8p, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cct1-1, cct2-3, and cct3-1 alleles, containing mutations at the conserved putative ATP-binding motif, GDGTT, are cold-sensitive, whereas single and multiple replacements of the corresponding motif in Cct6p are well tolerated by the cell. We demonstrated herein that cct6-3 (L19S), but not the parolog cct1-5 (R26I), specifically suppresses the cct1-1, cct2-3, and cct3-1 alleles, and that this suppression can be modulated by mutations in a putative phosphorylation motif, RXS, and the putative ATP-binding pocket of Cct6p. Our results suggest that the Cct ring is comprised of a single hetero-oligomer containing eight subunits of differential functional hierarchy, in which catalytic cooperativity of ATP-binding/hydrolysis takes place in a sequential manner different from the concerted cooperativity proposed for GroEL.
Determination of Plasma Azathioprine and 6-Mercaptopurine in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Oral Azathioprine (1990)

Two specific high-performance liquid chromatography methods for determining plasma concentrations of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine after oral administration of azathioprine are presented. It was shown that azathioprine is unstable in the blood samples unless immediately cooled in ice water. The 2-amino analog, guaneran, was used as internal standard for azathioprine, which was extracted from plasma with ethylacetate. A Nucleosil C18 column was used for the separation. The detection limit was 6 nM. For quantification of 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine was used as internal standard. Plasma was deproteinized with HClO4 and the sample was purified on mercurial cellulose. A Beckman ODS column was used and the detection limit was 5 nM. Pharmacokinetic data from two patients are presented. Unchanged azathioprine was seen until 6 h after an oral dose of 32 mg/m2.
<title>Excimer laser micromachining based on dielectric masks</title> (1994)

An excimer laser micromachining system based on material ablation by mask imaging is presented. The system comprises beam delivery and mask imaging optics, on-line workpiece inspection, and computer-controlled workpiece positioning. The use of dielectric optical masks offers high power processing capability. Generation of suitable masks can be performed using the system itself. In this case a pinhole instead of a complex mask is imaged onto the blank (high reflection coating on fused silica). The fluence is adjusted to selectively ablate the layer without damaging the substrate. The mask pattern is generated by computer controlled stage moving and laser operation (laser spot writing). Special care has to be taken to avoid accumulation of ablated particles (debris) on the surface which could cause diminished contrast and promote damage. Using commercial Schwarzschild-type reflective objectives (15X or 25X demagnification) mask areas of about 3 mm X 3 mm can be imaged achieving fluences up to 20 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP> on the workpiece. To improve mask illumination a beam homogenizer can be integrated. Micrometer resolution is achieved: Patterns of lines and spaces with periodicities of 2 micrometers (polymers) and 5 micrometers (ceramics) were formed using this system.
Highly electrophilic lanthanide complexes containing fluorinated amido ligands: multiple Ln···F interactions, agostic interactions and η6-arene coordination (1999)

Highly fluorinated amido ligands have been employed as supporting ligands for homoleptic lanthanide complexes; X-ray diffraction studies reveal multiple Ln···F interactions and a rare example of an η6-bound toluene solvent molecule.
Opinion observer (2005)

The Web has become an excellent source for gathering consumer opinions. There are now numerous Web sites containing such opinions, e.g., customer reviews of products, forums, discussion groups, and blogs. This paper focuses on online customer reviews of products. It makes two contributions. First, it proposes a novel framework for analyzing and comparing consumer opinions of competing products. A prototype system called Opinion Observer is also implemented. The system is such that with a single glance of its visualization, the user is able to clearly see the strengths and weaknesses of each product in the minds of consumers in terms of various product features. This comparison is useful to both potential customers and product manufacturers. For a potential customer, he/she can see a visual side-by-side and feature-by-feature comparison of consumer opinions on these products, which helps him/her to decide which product to buy. For a product manufacturer, the comparison enables it to easily gather marketing intelligence and product benchmarking information. Second, a new technique based on language pattern mining is proposed to extract product features from Pros and Cons in a particular type of reviews. Such features form the basis for the above comparison. Experimental results show that the technique is highly effective and outperform existing methods significantly.
The Role of Iontophoresis in Ocular Drug Delivery (1994)

Iontophoresis has been utilized in the field of ophthalmology for many years. Present application of this technique has diminished considerably and few clinicians are currently familiar with its use. This review aims to educate the reader regarding the essential features of this procedure and to discuss the past and future role of iontophoresis in ocular drug delivery.
Effects of Chronic Stress on Structure and Cell Function in Rat Hippocampus and Hypothalamus (2004)

It has become increasingly clear that the increase in corticosteroid levels, e.g. after a brief stressor induce molecular and cellular changes in brain, including the hippocampal formation. These effects eventually result in behavioral adaptation. Prolonged exposure to stress, though, may lead to mal-adaptation and even be a risk factor for diseases like major depression in genetically predisposed individuals. We conducted a series of experiments where changes in brain function were examined after 3 weeks of unpredictable stress. After unpredictable stress, inhibitory input to neurons involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation was suppressed, which may dysregulate the axis and lead to overexposure of the brain to glucocorticoids. Furthermore, glutamate transmission in the dentate gyrus (DG) was enhanced, possibly through transcriptional regulation of receptor subunits. Combined with enhanced calcium channel expression this could increase vulnerability to cell death. Neurogenesis and apoptosis in the dentate were diminished. Synaptic plasticity was suppressed both in the dentate and CA1 area. Collectively, these effects may give rise to deficits in memory formation. Finally, we observed reduced responses to serotonin in the CA1 area, which could contribute to the onset of symptoms of depression in predisposed individuals. All of these endpoints provide potential targets for novel treatment strategies of stress-related brain disorders.
Neovascular age‐related macular degeneration and its relationship to antioxidant intake (2002)

The effect of dietary antioxidants upon macular health warrants preventive studies.
The Calcium/Calmodulin-dependent Phosphodiesterase PDE1C Down-regulates Glucose-induced Insulin Secretion (1999)

To understand the role cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) play in the regulation of insulin secretion, we analyzed cyclic nucleotide PDEs of a pancreatic beta-cell line and used family and isozyme-specific PDE inhibitors to identify the PDEs that counteract glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. We demonstrate the presence of soluble PDE1C, PDE4A and 4D, a cGMP-specific PDE, and of particulate PDE3, activities in betaTC3 insulinoma cells. Selective inhibition of PDE1C, but not of PDE4, augmented glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in a dose-dependent fashion thus demonstrating that PDE1C is the major PDE counteracting glucose-dependent insulin secretion from betaTC3 cells. In pancreatic islets, inhibition of both PDE1C and PDE3 augmented glucose-dependent insulin secretion. The PDE1C of betaTC3 cells is a novel isozyme possessing a K(m) of 0.47 microM for cAMP and 0.25 microM for cGMP. The PDE1C isozyme of betaTC3 cells is sensitive to 8-methoxymethyl isobutylmethylxanthine and zaprinast (IC(50) = 7.5 and 4.5 microM, respectively) and resistant to vinpocetine (IC(50) > 100 microM). Increased responsiveness of PDE1C activity to calcium/calmodulin is evident upon exposure of cells to glucose. Enhanced cAMP degradation by PDE1C, due to increases in its responsiveness to calcium/calmodulin and in intracellular calcium, constitutes a glucose-dependent feedback mechanism for the control of insulin secretion.
The Ubiquitin-Proteasome System Facilitates the Transfer of Murine Coronavirus from Endosome to Cytoplasm during Virus Entry (2004)

The ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in cellular endocytosis and maturation of some viruses. In this study, we found that proteasome inhibitors blocked mouse hepatitis virus replication at an early step in the viral life cycle. In the presence of MG132, the entering viruses accumulated in both the endosome and denser lysosome, suggesting that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is involved in the release of virus from the endosome to the cytosol during the virus entry step.
Improving QoS in the MAC and PHY layers of WiMAX network (2014)

Аннотация.В настоящее время беспроводные сети передачи информации являются одним из основных направлений развития телекоммуникационной индустрии.WiMAXэта технология широкополосной беспроводной связи, дополняющая линии DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) и кабельные технологии в качестве альтернативного решения проблемы "последней мили" на больших расстояниях.Интенсивное развитие беспроводных сетей ставит проблемы увеличения их производительности, необходимость разработки алгоритмов, обеспечивающих своевременную и надежную передачу информации, уменьшающих время на выделение полосы абонентским станциям и позволяющих эффективно распределить мощностью и пропускную способность в уровне PHY и поддержать уровень качества обслуживания (QoS) для различных видов трафика.Сети WiMAX, функционирующие на основе рекомендаций IEEE 802.16, реализуют механизм обеспечения, требуемого для различных видов трафика QoS путём предоставления определённого ресурса -полосы передачи -в соответствии с запросом абонентской станции.Для реализации механизма запроса полосы стандартом предусмотрен конкретный временной интервал в кадре восходящей связи, который может варьироваться по длительности, и величина которого отражается на общей длительности слотов для передачи пользовательских данных.Поэтому целью работы является создание модели управления величиной интервала запроса полосы для повышения эффективности обработки запросов абонентских станций разнообразного профиля использования сетевого ресурса и
Supplementation of Slow‐Release Melatonin Improves Recovery of Ovarian Cyclicity and Conception in Summer Anoestrous Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) (2015)

The role of melatonin as a protective neurohormone against restoring cyclicity in summer anoestrous animals in photoperiod species has gained wider acceptance. This study was designed to uncover the evidence the slow-release melatonin (MLT) has on initiation of ovarian cyclicity and conception rate (CR) in summer anoestrous buffaloes. Thus, buffaloes diagnosed as summer anoestrous (absence of overt signs of oestrus, concurrent rectal examination and radioimmunoassay for serum progesterone at 10 days interval) were grouped as untreated (Group I, sterilized corn oil, n = 8) and treated (Group II, single subcutaneous injection of MLT @18 mg/50 kg bwt in sterilized corn oil, n = 20). Animals treated and detected in oestrus were artificially inseminated (AI) followed by division into Group III (second dose of MLT on 5th day post-AI, n = 8) and Group IV (no melatonin administration, n = 10). Blood samples were collected at 4 days interval for estimation of serum MLT, progesterone and oestrogen using radioimmunoassay kit. Mean oestrous induction rate (OIR), oestrous induction interval (OII), interoestrous interval (IOI) and CR were estimated. Compared to control, concentration of melatonin was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in treated group ranging from 14.34 ± 1.72 to 412.31 ± 14.47 pg/ml whereas other two hormones did not show any concentration difference. Melatonin-administered buffaloes showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher (90%) OIR with OII of 18.06 ± 1.57 days. Results showed improvement in conception rate in buffaloes administered with post-insemination melatonin. It can be concluded from the study that slow-release melatonin supplementation restored cyclicity in summer anoestrous animals resulting in improvement in conception rate in buffaloes.
Deposition of YSZ Thin Films by Liquid Fuel Combustion Chemical Vapor Deposition (2002)

Thin film of YSZ electrolyte is highly desired to reduce the electrical resistance in SOFCs. YSZ thin Films have been successfully produced using liquid fuel combustion chemical vapor deposition (CCVD) technique. Nucleation of the YSZ particles were investigated based on two processing parameters, i.e., substrate temperature and total-metal-concentration in the liquid fuel. An optimum substrate temperature was found for highest the nucleation density. The nucleation density was increased with the total-metal-concentration. Microstructure evolution of the YSZ particles in the early stage in film growth was also studied. It was found that the particle growth rate was linear with processing time, and the particle orientation was varying with the time in the early stage of the film processing. To enhance the film growth rate, the effect of thermophoresis was studied. By increase the temperature gradient towards substrate, the effect of thermophoresis was enhanced and the film growth is also increased.
Regulation of colon carcinoma cell invasion by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. (2003)

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transactivates genes the products of which mediate tumor angiogenesis and glycolytic metabolism. Overexpression of the HIF-1 alpha subunit, resulting from intratumoral hypoxia and genetic alterations, has been demonstrated in common human cancers and is correlated with tumor angiogenesis and patient mortality. Here we demonstrate that hypoxia or HIF-1 alpha overexpression stimulates Matrigel invasion by HCT116 human colon carcinoma cells, whereas this process is inhibited by a small interfering RNA directed against HIF-1 alpha. We show that HIF-1 regulates the expression of genes encoding cathepsin D; matrix metalloproteinase 2; urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR); fibronectin 1; keratins 14, 18, and 19; vimentin; transforming growth factor alpha; and autocrine motility factor, which are proteins that play established roles in the pathophysiology of invasion. Neutralizing antibodies against uPAR block tumor cell invasion induced by hypoxia or HIF-1 alpha overexpression. These results provide a molecular basis for promotion of the invasive cancer phenotype by hypoxia and/or HIF-1 alpha overexpression.
The Discovery of the 27‐nm Norwalk Virus: An Historic Perspective (2000)

In 1972, a 27-nm virus-like particle was discovered by use of immune electron microscopy (IEM) in an infectious stool filtrate derived from an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an elementary school in Norwalk, Ohio. IEM enabled the direct visualization of antigen-antibody interaction, as the particles were aggregated and coated by specific antibodies. This allowed the recognition and identification of a 27-nm virus-like particle that did not have a distinctive morphology, was low-titered, and was among the smallest viruses known. Serum antibody responses to the 27-nm particle were demonstrated in key individuals infected under natural or experimental conditions; this and other evidence suggested that this virus-like particle was the etiologic agent of the Norwalk gastroenteritis outbreak. The fastidious 27-nm Norwalk virus is now considered to be the prototype strain of a group of noncultivatable viruses that are important etiologic agents of epidemic gastroenteritis in adults and older children.
Inhibition of MALT1 protease activity is selectively toxic for activated B cell–like diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells (2009)

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of lymphoma in humans. The aggressive activated B cell-like (ABC) subtype of DLBCL is characterized by constitutive NF-kappaB activity and requires signals from CARD11, BCL10, and the paracaspase MALT1 for survival. CARD11, BCL10, and MALT1 are scaffold proteins that normally associate upon antigen receptor ligation. Signal-induced CARD11-BCL10-MALT1 (CBM) complexes couple upstream events to IkappaB kinase (IKK)/NF-kappaB activation. MALT1 also possesses a recently recognized proteolytic activity that cleaves and inactivates the negative NF-kappaB regulator A20 and BCL10 upon antigen receptor ligation. Yet, the relevance of MALT1 proteolytic activity for malignant cell growth is unknown. Here, we demonstrate preassembled CBM complexes and constitutive proteolysis of the two known MALT1 substrates in ABC-DLBCL, but not in germinal center B cell-like (GCB) DLBCL. ABC-DLBCL cell treatment with a MALT1 protease inhibitor blocks A20 and BCL10 cleavage, reduces NF-kappaB activity, and decreases the expression of NF-kappaB targets genes. Finally, MALT1 paracaspase inhibition results in death and growth retardation selectively in ABC-DLBCL cells. Thus, our results indicate a growth-promoting role for MALT1 paracaspase activity in ABC-DLBCL and suggest that a pharmacological MALT1 protease inhibition could be a promising approach for lymphoma treatment.
Intramolecular bridges formed by photoswitchable click amino acids (2012)

Photoswitchable click amino acids (PSCaa) are amino acids bearing a side chain consisting of a photoswitchable unit elongated with a functional group that allows for a specific click reaction, such as an alkene that can react with the thiol group of a cysteine residue. An intramolecular click reaction results in the formation of a photoswitchable bridge, which can be used for controlling conformational domains in peptides and proteins. The ability to control conformations as well as the efficiency of the intramolecular bridging depends on the length of the PSCaa side chain and the distance to the cysteine residue to be clicked with. On comparing i,i+4 and i,i+7 spacings of PSCaa and cysteine in a model peptide without a preferred conformation, it was seen that the thiol-ene click reaction takes place efficiently in both cases. Upon induction of an α-helical structure by the addition of trifluoroethanol, the thiol click reaction occurs preferentially with the i,i+4 spacing. Even in the presence of glutathione as an additional thiol the click reaction of the PSCaa occurs intramolecularly with the cysteine rather than with the glutathione, indicating that the click reaction may be used even under reducing conditions occurring in living cells.
Phase-Transfer Catalytic Reaction of Ethyl-2-Bromolsobutyrate and Phenol: Effects of Water and Temperature (2006)

The phase-transfer catalytic reaction (PTC) of ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate and phenol for synthesizing ethyl-2-phenoxyisobutyrate was carried out in KOH solution/organic solvent two-phase medium. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was employed as the phase-transfer catalyst. The occurrence of the reaction on the interface between the organic and aqueous phases is discussed. A rational reaction mechanism is proposed here and used to build the kinetic model. Hydrolysis of the bromo-alkyl bond (Br-C bond) and the ester functional group (-COOR) was found to take place in an alkaline aqueous solution. The effects of the amount of water on the conversion of ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate, the fractional yield of hydrolyzing ethyl-2-bromoisobutyrate, the fractional yield of hydrolyzing ethyl-2-phenoxy-isobutyrate, and the fractional yield of ethyl-2-phenoxyisobutyrate (ether-ester product) are investigated in detail.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors as novel therapeutic targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA): inhibitory effects of traditional Chinese medicinal components. (2004)

Chemokines belong to a large family of inflammatory cytokines responsible for migration and accumulation of leukocytes at inflammatory sites. Over the past decade, accumulating evidence indicated a crucial role for chemokines and chemokine receptors in the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the synovial tissue is heavily infiltrated by leukocytes. Chemokines play an important role in the infiltration, localization, retention of infiltrating leukocytes and generation of ectopic germinal centers in the inflamed synovium. Recent evidence also suggests that identification of inhibitors directly targeting chemokines or their receptors may provide a novel therapeutic strategy in RA. Traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) have a long history in the treatment of inflammatory joint disease. The basis for the clinical benefits of TCM remains largely unclear. Our studies have led to the identification of numerous novel chemokine/chemokine receptor inhibitors present in anti-inflammatory TCMs. All of these inhibitors were previously reported by other researchers to have anti-arthritic effect, which may be attributable, at least in part, to their inhibitory effect on chemokine and/or chemokine receptor. Therefore, identification of agents capable of targeting chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions has suggested a mechanism of action for several TCM components and provided a means of identifying additional anti-RA TCM. Thus, this approach may lead to the discovery of new inhibitors of chemokines or chemokine receptors that can be used to treat diseases associated with inappropriately overactive chemokine mediated inflammatory reactions.