gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronically tuned imaging spectrometer using acousto-optic tunable filter (1992)

This paper reviews the operating principle of the acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and describes some of the recent progress. A ray tracing algorithm was derived that was used to determine the image aberration due to the AOTF. The calculated result is compared with the experimental result of the AOTF configured as an electronically tuned imaging spectrometer. Due to the recent progress of AOTF technology, a wideband (10 nm) visible AOTF with a one inch aperture is now realizable.
Renin-Angiotensin System and Sympathetic Neurotransmitter Release in the Central Nervous System of Hypertension (2012)

Many Studies suggest that changes in sympathetic nerve activity in the central nervous system might have a crucial role in blood pressure control. The present paper discusses evidence in support of the concept that the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) might be linked to sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. The amount of neurotransmitter release from sympathetic nerve endings can be regulated by presynaptic receptors located on nerve terminals. It has been proposed that alterations in sympathetic nervous activity in the central nervous system of hypertension might be partially due to abnormalities in presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitter release. Recent evidence indicates that all components of the RAS have been identified in the brain. It has been proposed that the brain RAS may actively participate in the modulation of neurotransmitter release and influence the central sympathetic outflow to the periphery. This paper summarizes the results of studies to evaluate the possible relationship between the brain RAS and sympathetic neurotransmitter release in the central nervous system of hypertension.
Mechanism of Amide Formation by Carbodiimide for Bioconjugation in Aqueous Media (1995)

To study the mechanism of amide formation between carboxylic acid and amine in aqueous media using 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), hydrogels with two different types of carboxyl group locations were employed as substrates containing the carboxylic acid, while ethylenediamine and benzylamine were used as amine. In parallel, a study was undertaken with cyclizable carboxylic acids (maleic acid and poly(acrylic acid) and noncyclizable carboxylic acids (fumaric acid and poly(ethylene glycol) with the terminal carboxyl groups) to assess the reaction products by 13C-NMR and IR. EDC rapidly lost its activity in aqueous media of low pH, producing the corresponding urea derivative, but was very stable at neutral and higher pH regions. EDC could react with carboxyl groups at a relatively narrow low pH range such as 3.5-4.5. If carboxyl groups were cyclizable, they would react quickly with EDC producing carboxylic anhydrides, which formed the corresponding amides when amine compounds were present. On the other hand, a trace of amide was formed in the case of noncyclizable carboxylic acids. In addition, an excess of EDC caused an undesired side reaction to form stable N-acylurea, regardless of the special location of carboxylic acids.
Geometric resistance to blood flow in solid tumors perfused ex vivo: effects of tumor size and perfusion pressure. (1989)

In a vascular network blood flow rate is proportional to the arteriovenous pressure difference and inversely proportional to the viscous and geometric resistances. The geometric resistance to tumor blood flow was determined by perfusing tissue-isolated mammary adenocarcinoma (R3230AC; N = 40; tumor weight, 1.8 +/- 1.2 (SD) g; range, 0.5-6.6 g) ex vivo with an acellular Krebs-Henseleit medium (viscosity, 0.9 g/m/s) at rates of 0.1 to 60 ml/h and arteriovenous pressure differences of 0 to 120 mm Hg. Below perfusion pressures of 40 mm Hg, pressure-flow behavior was always nonlinear, indicating elevated geometric resistance and a reduction in vascular cross-sectional area with decreasing microvessel pressure. However, above 40 mm Hg, pressure-flow behavior was linear demonstrating a constant geometric resistance, z0 and a constant vascular cross-sectional area for flow. z0 increased linearly from 1.6 to 17.3 X 10(8) g/cm3 as tumor weight increased from 0.5 to 6.6 g. This dependence of z0 upon tumor size is in agreement with the decrease in tumor perfusion rates with tumor growth observed in vivo. Comparison with previous studies of normal organs and tissues shows that z0 in tumors can be as much as 1-2 orders of magnitude higher, depending upon tumor weight. This dependence of geometric resistance on perfusion pressure and tumor size offers novel insights into the dynamics of tumor microcirculation and has significant clinical implications.
Epitope-Specific Antibody Response to IgE by Mimotope Immunization (1998)

We have previously described a mouse monoclonal anti-human IgE antibody (BSW17) capable of recognizing receptor-bound IgE without inducing mediator release from human basophils or mast cells. Moreover, immune complexes of IgE and BSW17 are not able to bind to the IgE receptor. An initial attempt to map the precise epitope recognized by this mAb by using Fc epsilon-derived peptides of variable length was unsuccessful. However, by screening random peptide phage display libraries we isolated circular nona- and octapeptides specifically recognized by BSW17. These constrained peptides mimic at least a part of a conformational epitope and are thus called mimotopes. These mimotopes, either phage displayed or synthetically synthesized, did not react with any other anti-human IgE antibody tested, but efficiently inhibited the binding of human IgE to BSW17 only. The use of Rhodol-Green-labeled free cyclic peptide proved that these interactions were not carrier dependent. Immunization of rabbits with phage clones displaying the specific peptides on the surface induced an anti-human IgE response specific for the epitope of BSW17. Therefore, we conclude that such mimotopes or mimotope-derived peptides might be used for vaccination to induce in vivo a beneficial anti-IgE response as a novel immunotherapy.
Protection of Macaques against Pathogenic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus 89.6PD by Passive Transfer of Neutralizing Antibodies (1999)

The role of antibody in protection against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has been difficult to study in animal models because most primary HIV-1 strains do not infect nonhuman primates. Using a chimeric simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) based on the envelope of a primary isolate (HIV-89.6), we performed passive-transfer experiments in rhesus macaques to study the role of anti-envelope antibodies in protection. Based on prior in vitro data showing neutralization synergy by antibody combinations, we evaluated HIV immune globulin (HIVIG), and human monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 2F5 and 2G12 given alone, compared with the double combination 2F5/2G12 and the triple combination HIVIG/2F5/2G12. Antibodies were administered 24 h prior to intravenous challenge with the pathogenic SHIV-89.6PD. Six control monkeys displayed high plasma viremia, rapid CD4(+)-cell decline, and clinical AIDS within 14 weeks. Of six animals given HIVIG/2F5/2G12, three were completely protected; the remaining three animals became SHIV infected but displayed reduced plasma viremia and near normal CD4(+)-cell counts. One of three monkeys given 2F5/2G12 exhibited only transient evidence of infection; the other two had marked reductions in viral load. All monkeys that received HIVIG, 2F5, or 2G12 alone became infected and developed high-level plasma viremia. However, compared to controls, monkeys that received HIVIG or MAb 2G12 displayed a less profound drop in CD4(+) T cells and a more benign clinical course. These data indicate a general correlation between in vitro neutralization and protection and suggest that a vaccine that elicits neutralizing antibody should have a protective effect against HIV-1 infection or disease.
Carcinogen-specific induction of genetic instability (2001)

It has been proposed recently that the type of genetic instability in cancer cells reflects the selection pressures exerted by specific carcinogens. We have tested this hypothesis by treating immortal, genetically stable human cells with representative carcinogens. We found that cells resistant to the bulky-adduct-forming agent 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) exhibited a chromosomal instability (CIN), whereas cells resistant to the methylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) exhibited a microsatellite instability (MIN) associated with mismatch repair defects. Conversely, we found that cells purposely made into CIN cells are resistant to PhIP, whereas MIN cells are resistant to MNNG. These data demonstrate that exposure to specific carcinogens can indeed select for tumor cells with distinct forms of genetic instability and vice versa.
Evolution of a Gram-Scale Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide (2000)

An efficient, highly convergent, stereocontrolled total synthesis of the potent antimitotic agent (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved on gram scale. Key elements of the successful strategy include (1) elaboration of three advanced fragments from a common precursor (CP) which embodies the repeating stereochemical triad of the discodermolide backbone, (2) σ-bond installation of the Z trisubstituted olefin, exploiting a modified Negishi cross-coupling reaction, (3) synthesis of a late-stage phosphonium salt utilizing high pressure, and (4) Wittig installation of the Z disubstituted olefin and the terminal (Z)-diene.
Growth Optimization with Downside Protection: A New Paradigm for Portfolio Selection (2006)

This study introduces growth optimization with downside protection as a portfolio selection technique based on power-log utility functions that combine long-term portfolio growth maximization with the behavioral tenets of prospect theory. This simple but powerful technique can be used with all types of assets, including those with highly skewed and fat-tailed return distributions. We use three assets with very different types of return distributions to show how effective this technique is in constructing portfolios with positively skewed returns that combine high upside potential with downside protection.
Correlation between physical properties and hydrogen concentration in magnetron-sputtered amorphous silicon (1986)

A study of the physical properties of \ensuremath{\alpha}-Si:H films deposited by magnetron sputtering at two different substrate temperatures and different hydrogen content is presented. Quantitative depth profiles for hydrogen contents were determined by the use of the resonant nuclear reaction $^{1}\mathrm{H}$${(}^{15}$N,\ensuremath{\alpha}\ensuremath{\gamma}${)\mathrm{}}^{12}$C. The hydrogen concentration obtained by nuclear reaction is compared with the integrated intensities of the bond wagging, stretching, and bending bands. Information on the composition of the films (homogeneity of Si, concentrations of Ar and other impurities) was obtained by Rutherford backscattering analysis. The index of refraction, the extinction coefficient, and the band gap are extracted. Dark conductivities were also measured and are reported together with the obtained values of the activation energy. Information about the single oscillator energy, the dispersion energy, and the characteristic volume band energy is given.
Detection of Conformational Changes in an Immobilized Protein Using Surface Plasmon Resonance (1998)

Utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR), we have developed novel methodology for the detection of conformational change(s) in immobilized proteins. A genetically altered E. coli dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR-ASC) was attached to a carboxymethyldextran matrix layer covering the sensor surface of an SPR biosensor through a disulfide linkage at the engineered protein's C-terminus. The DHFR-ASC-immobilized surface exhibited a larger response to acid treatment than reference surfaces lacking immobilized proteins. The SPR signal of the tethered protein and the molar ellipticity of DHFR-ASC in solution responded similarly to pH changes, consistent with the interpretation that changes in the SPR signal reflect conformational changes occurring during acid denaturation. A pH shift observed between the SPR signal and ellipticity changes may reflect a difference between surface and bulk pH. The tethered protein sensor surface was stable to repeated acid treatment using solutions in the pH range of 0.12-7.80 and yielded reproducible measurements. This is the first demonstration of detection of conformational changes in an immobilized protein using an SPR biosensor. This technique has potential for developing novel sensors and/or switching devices in response to protein conformational changes.
Protective efficacy against serotype 1 rotavirus diarrhea by live oral rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines with human rotavirus VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity (1992)

Rhesus-human rotavirus (RV) reassortant vaccine strains D x RRV or DS 1 x RRV with VP7 serotype 1 or 2 specificity were evaluated for safety, immunogenicity and protective efficacy in a double blind placebo-controlled three cell trial involving 359 infants ages 2 to 5 months. The titer of the D x RRV vaccine was 10(4) and that of the DS 1 x RRV vaccine was 10(5) plaque-forming units/1-ml dose. The vaccines were acceptably reactogenic, each inducing a transient febrile response in fewer than one-third of the vaccinees. Seroconversion by RV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay IgA antibody was detected in 61 and 75% of the vaccinees receiving a single dose of the serotype 1 or 2 reassortant vaccine, respectively. Efficacy against RV diarrhea was evaluated in two successive epidemic seasons; RV serotype 1 was prevalent in both. Clinical efficacy was observed with both vaccines and was associated with seroconversion after vaccination; considering only such vaccinees both vaccines showed equal efficacy. The overall rates of protection for the two vaccines combined against clinical RV disease in children with seroconversion after vaccination were 92 and 59% in the first and second RV epidemic seasons, respectively. Protection against asymptomatic RV infection, as measured by serologic responses, was 59% in the first season and nil in the second season. It is concluded that each of the reassortant RV vaccines was effective in inducing protection against symptomatic RV disease associated with RV serotype 1.
Clonal dominance among T-lymphocyte infiltrates in arthritis. (1988)

Synovial membranes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as other types of chronic destructive inflammatory arthritis contain infiltrates of activated T lymphocytes that probably contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. In an effort to elucidate the nature of these infiltrates, interleukin 2 (IL-2)-responsive T lymphocytes were grown out of synovial fragments from 14 patients undergoing surgery for advanced destructive inflammatory joint disease. Eleven of the samples examined were from patients with classical rheumatoid arthritis, while three others were obtained from individuals with clinical osteoarthritis. Southern blot analysis of T-cell receptor (TCR) beta-chain genes in 13 of 14 cultures showed distinct rearrangements, indicating that each culture was characterized by the predominance of a limited number of clones. T-cell populations from peripheral blood stimulated with a variety of activators and expanded with IL-2 did not demonstrate evidence of similar clonality in long-term culture. These results suggest that a limited number of activated T-cell clones predominate at the site of tissue injury in rheumatoid synovial membranes as well as in other types of destructive inflammatory joint disease. Further characterization of these T-cell clones may aid our understanding of the pathogenesis of these rheumatic disorders.
A limited‐angle intrafraction verification (LIVE) system for radiation therapy (2014)

The LIVE system has the potential to substantially improve intrafraction target localization accuracy by providing volumetric verification of tumor position simultaneously during arc treatment delivery or in-between static treatment beams. With this improvement, LIVE opens up a new avenue for margin reduction and dose escalation in both fractionated treatments and SRS and SBRT treatments.
Suppression of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Production by Coexpression of Catalytic-Region-Deleted N-Myristoyltransferase Mutants (2010)

N-Myristoyltransferase (NMT) isozymes, i.e., NMT1 and NMT2, are essential host factors for the AIDS-causing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1), by which the viral proteins Pr55(gag) and Nef are N-myristoylated. N-Myristoylation is important for the membrane targeting of modified proteins. Since it is predicted that approximately 0.5% of all proteins in the human genome are N-myristoylated, selective inhibition of closely HIV-1-associated NMT isozymes is thought to be important for the improvement of specificity in the anti-HIV-1 strategy with the inhibition of NMT function. NMT isozymes contain two characteristic structures, the N-terminal region and the catalytic region. Here, it was shown that the N-terminal region of each NMT isozyme is required for isozyme-specific binding to the ribosome. The specific binding of each isozyme to the ribosome was associated with HIV-1 production, in which NMT1 and NMT2 in the ribosome were suggested to be mainly related to Pr55(gag) and Nef, respectively. These results indicate that the N-terminal region that mediates binding to the ribosome can become a target for NMT-isozyme-specific inhibition, which could block HIV-1 production.
Electrooptic modulation of silicon-on-insulator submicrometer-size waveguide devices (2003)

We propose and analyze an electrically modulated silicon-on-insulator (SOI) submicrometer-size high-index-contrast waveguide. The geometry of the waveguide provides high lateral optical confinement and defines a lateral p-i-n diode. The electrooptic structure is electrically and optically modeled. The effect of the waveguide geometry on the device performance is studied. Our calculations indicate that this scheme can be used to implement submicrometer high-index-contrast waveguide active devices on SOI. As an example of application, a one-dimensional microcavity intensity modulator is predicted to exhibit a modulation depth as high as 80% by employing a dc power consumption as low as 14 μW.
Protective Effects of Silymarin Against Photocarcinogenesis in a Mouse Skin Model (1997)

Silymarin can provide substantial protection against different stages of UVB-induced carcinogenesis, possibly via its strong antioxidant properties. Clinical testing of its usefulness is warranted.
Resistance to the Soybean Aphid in Soybean Germplasm (2004)

With an efficient greenhouse screening method, the first resistance to the soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) was found in cultivated soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] germplasm. No resistance was found in 1425 current North American soybean cultivars, 106 Maturity Group (MG) 000 through VII Asian cultivars, and in a set of 11 ‘Clark’ isolines possessing different pubescence traits. Dense pubescence did not provide protection against the soybean aphid. Resistance was discovered and established in three ancestors of North American genotypes: ‘Dowling’, ‘Jackson’, and PI 71506. Expression of resistance in those genotypes was characterized in choice and nonchoice tests. In choice tests, significantly fewer aphids occurred on Dowling, Jackson, and PI 71506 plants compared with susceptible cultivars (P = 0.05). Aphid populations did not develop on Dowling and Jackson in nonchoice tests, indicating that there was a negative impact on aphid fecundity on those cultivars. That evidence combined with observations of aphid mortality on those cultivars suggested that antibiosis-type resistance contributed to the expression of resistance. Possible donors of resistance to Dowling and Jackson were identified. In nonchoice tests, population development on PI 71506 was not significantly different from development on susceptible cultivars, indicating that antixenosis was more important in that genotype. Resistance was expressed in all plant stages. Dowling provided season-long protection against aphids equal to the use of the systemic insecticide imidacloprid {1-[(6-Chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine} in a field test. Four other germplasm accessions, ‘Sugao Zarai’, ‘Sato’, ‘T260H’, and PI 230977, had levels of resistance not significantly different from Dowling, Jackson, and PI 71506 in a choice test (P = 0.05).
11.2: &#x201C;Digital&#x201D; vacuum microelectronics: Carbon nanotube-based Inverse Majority Gates for high temperature applications (2010)

Inverse Majority Gate using carbon nanotube cathodes and silicon micromachined vacuum cavities is developed for high temperature applications. We have achieved switching operation of this unique device at temperatures up to 700° C. The concept, the initial design and operation, the potential performance in an improved design are presented in this paper.
Fluorescent guanine nucleotide analogs and G protein activation. (1994)

The N-methyl-3'-O-anthranoyl (MANT) guanine nucleotide analogs are useful environmentally sensitive fluorescent probes for studying G protein mechanisms. Both MANT-GTP gamma S (mGTP gamma S) and MANT-GTP (mGTP) displayed a magnesium-dependent increase in fluorescence upon binding to bovine brain G(o). A much greater increase in MANT-guanine nucleotide fluorescence was observed with excitation at 280 nm compared with 350 nm, due to energy transfer from tryptophan in G(o). G(o)-bound mGTP gamma S displays a blue-shift in its emission spectrum indicating a nonpolar environment for the G(o)-bound MANT. For the hydrolyzable analog, mGTP, the increase in fluorescence is followed by a decrease as it is hydrolyzed to mGDP. Unexpectedly, dissociation of mGDP was fast (t1/2 1.7 s) by comparison with GDP itself (t1/2 120 s). Binding of mGTP gamma S to G(o) was slow, but mastoparan increased the rate approximately 4-fold. For mGTP, mastoparan increased both the rate of binding and the peak fluorescence, even at saturating mGTP concentrations. Modeling the mGTP fluorescence kinetics in the presence and absence of mastoparan results in two novel conclusions. First, mGTP does not fully activate the G protein, even when bound. Second, mastoparan appears to increase the rate of the G protein conformational activation step, in addition to its known effect on GDP release.