gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical utility of the soluble transferrin receptor and comparison with serum ferritin in several populations (1998)

Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) and ferritin concentrations were measured in a variety of clinical settings to compare the ability of these two tests to identify iron deficiency. Among 62 anemic patients who either had a bone marrow aspirate performed or had a documented response to iron therapy, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of sTfR (at a diagnostic cutoff of > 2.8 mg/L) were 92% and 84%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 42% in this population. Ferritin (< or = 12 microg/L) had a sensitivity of 25% and a specificity of 98%. However, the sensitivity and specificity of ferritin could be improved to 92% and 98%, respectively, by using a diagnostic cutoff value of < or = 30 microg/L, resulting in a positive predictive value of 92%. Ferritin and sTfR were also measured in 267 outpatient samples and 112 medical students. In the outpatient group, the two tests agreed in 73% of the samples; however, 25% of the samples had ferritin values > 12 microg/L and increased sTfR. Among the medical students, there was 91% agreement between the two tests, but 7% of the samples had ferritin < or = 12 microg/L and normal sTfR. Together, these data suggest that measurement of sTfR does not provide sufficient additional information to ferritin to warrant routine use. However, sTfR may be useful as an adjunct in the evaluation of anemic patients, whose ferritin values may be increased as the result of an acute-phase reaction.
Parathyroid Hormone Reversibly Suppresses the Differentiation of Osteoprogenitor Cells into Functional Osteoblasts* (1990)

The effects of PTH on osteoprogenitor cell differentiation have been analyzed by quantifying its effects on bone nodule formation in an in vitro assay. Fetal rat calvaria cells were plated at 3 x 10(4) cells/35-mm dish, and cultures were maintained for 17-23 days in alpha-Minimal Essential Medium containing ascorbic acid, Na beta-glycerophosphate, and 10% fetal bovine serum. Continuous exposure to PTH at concentrations from 1 pM to 1 nM (2 x 10(-5) to 2 x 10(-2) IU/ml) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of bone nodule formation. Half-maximal inhibition occurred at 0.05 nM, and total inhibition at 1 nM, concentrations much lower than those required to elicit a significant cAMP response in rat calvaria cells. PTH at the concentrations used did not affect cell growth or saturation density. While continuous exposure to 1 nM PTH eliminated bone nodule formation, a single 48-h pulse administered at any time during the 17-day culture period had no effect. When 1 nM PTH was added on day 1 and removed at different times during the culture period, a time-related release from inhibition was observed. Cultures exposed to 1 nM PTH until nodules had developed in the corresponding control cultures and then switched to medium without added PTH rapidly formed clusters of differentiated osteoblasts and nodules within 3 days. PTH added at different times during the culture period and present continuously there-after suppressed formation of new nodules, the magnitude of the effect being a function of the duration of exposure. The results show that PTH at physiological concentrations is a potent suppressor of osteoblast differentiation and that its effect occurs at a late stage in the differentiation of osteoprogenitor cells, probably preventing differentiation of preosteoblasts into osteoblasts.
Effect of Fuel and Lubricant Additives on Exhaust Emissions (1971)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The effect on exhaust emissions of additives: in engine oil, in gasoline, and injected directly into the exhaust gas was studied. Substantial reduction of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions was obtained only when peroxides were injected in the presence of secondary air into the exhaust gas at the exhaust port. Fuel additives were evaluated for favorably modifying combustion kinetics, and for reducing hydrocarbon emissions related to combustion chamber deposits and quench volume. No substantial effects were found. Engine oil additive type and concentration also had no substantial effect on hydrocarbon emissions caused by combustion chamber deposits.&lt;/div&gt;
DC-Chol liposomemediated gene transfer in rat spinal cord (1997)

We examined the potential of non-viral vector-mediated gene transfection in the rat spinal cord. Reporter gene (beta-gal) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) cDNA containing a pCMV promoter complexed with DC-Chol liposomes was injected into the intact rat spinal cord gray matter. RT-PCR confirmed the increased expression of BDNF mRNA in the injection areas. X-gal staining demonstrated the localized expression of beta-gal reporter genes. No overt tissue damage caused by DC-Chol liposome/DNA complex injections was detected. These results suggest that cationic liposome-mediated delivery can be a practical method for gene transfer in spinal cord.
Quality versus quantity of life: who should decide? (1992)

The issue of who should rightly decide quality versus quantity of life questions in health care contexts continues to receive widespread attention by health care professionals, academics and the laity. Unfortunately it is far from being resolved. Doctors still consider themselves the rightful, dominant decision-makers. There are many cases where patients' lives have been maintained by extraordinary means without their informed consent, sometimes against their explicit will. However as a better informed public begins to assert its rights, the doctor's role as primary decision-maker in health care is being increasingly questioned.
NONVIRAL RETROPOSONS: GENES, PSEUDOGENES, AND TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS GENERATED BY THE REVERSE FLOW OF GENETIC INFORMATION (1986)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Using antisense RNA to study gene function. (1991)

Over the past two years, antisense RNA technology has been developed in plants in several experimental systems. Progress reported in the literature will be reviewed. Special emphasis will be placed on experiments in which antisense RNA has been used to generate novel tomato mutants through the downregulation of polygalacturonase (PG), a major cell wall hydrolase. This work has shown that antisense RNA inhibits PG expression specifically without affecting the expression of other genes. The antisense gene and its phenotypic expression are stably inherited. The inhibitory effect of an antisense gene can be enhanced by increasing the copy number of the gene. The interaction of the antisense gene with its target is only seen when the target gene is expressed. Antisense RNA technology has been used to clarify the biochemical function of polygalacturonase and its role in tomato fruit softening. Recently, this approach has also been applied to elucidate the biochemical role of another gene from tomato, pTOM13, whose function was previously unknown. Thus, antisense RNA technology can now be used to generate novel plant mutants that will make possible the definition of the biochemical and biological role of genes whose functions are otherwise unknown.
Spatial alignment of acoustic sources based on spherical harmonics radiation analysis (2010)

The radiation pattern of sound sources such as loudspeakers, musical instruments, the human voice and machines is of importance in a wide range of applications. Recently, radiation analysis has been studied by measuring the sound field around the source using spherical microphone arrays, and computing the spherical harmonics spectrum of the radiated sound field. However, the latter may change with the positioning of the source inside the measurement array, leading to a potential difficulty in determining the acoustic radiation pattern consistently. This paper presents the theoretical analysis of the spherical harmonics spectrum of spatially translated sources, and proposes several measures for the deviation of sources from their acoustic center. These measures can then be used for spatial alignment of sources, overcoming inconsistency due to misalignment.
Efficient Toughening of Epoxy–Anhydride Thermosets with a Biobased Tannic Acid Derivative (2016)

Research into toughening an epoxy resin using biobased modifiers without trade-offs in its modulus, mechanical strength, and other properties still remains a challenge. In this article, an approach to toughen epoxy resin with tannic acid, a common polyphenolic compound extracted from plants and microorganisms, is presented. First, dodecane functionalized tannic acid (TA-DD) is prepared and subsequently incorporated into epoxy/anhydride curing system. Owing to the modification of long aliphatic chain, TA-DD can induce epoxy matrix yielding phase separation, forming microscaled separated phases. In the meantime, the terminal hydroxyl groups of TA-DD can participate in the curing process, which offers a good interfacial interaction between TA-DD and epoxy matrix. With such a mechanism, the results show that TA-DD can significantly toughen the epoxy resin without trade-offs in its strength, modulus, and Tg. The thermoset with only 0.5 wt % TA-DD reaches highest impact strength, which is 196% increase of that of neat epoxy. This article opens up the possibility of utilizing the renewable tannic acid as an effective modifier for epoxy resin with good mechanical and thermal properties.
Completely “Green” Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles (2003)

In the present Communication, a completely "green" synthetic method for producing silver nanoparticles is introduced. The process is simple, environmentally benign, and quite efficient. By gentle heating of an aqueous starch solution containing silver nitrate and glucose, we produce relatively monodisperse, starched silver nanoparticles. beta-d-Glucose serves as the green reducing agent, while starch serves as the stabilization agent.
Altered thymic positive selection and intracellular signals in Cbl-deficient mice (1998)

Cbl is the product of the protooncogene c-cbl and is involved in T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated signaling. To understand the role of Cbl for immune system development and function, we generated a Cbl-deficient mouse strain. In Cbl-deficient mice, positive selection of the thymocytes expressing major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted transgenic TCR was significantly enhanced. Two factors may have contributed to the altered thymic selection. First, Cbl deficiency markedly up-regulated the activity of ZAP-70 and mitogen-activated protein kinases. The mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway was shown previously to be involved in thymic positive selection. Second, Cbl-deficient thymocytes expressed CD3 and CD4 molecules at higher levels, which consequently may increase the avidity of TCR/major histocompatibility complex/coreceptor interaction. Thus, Cbl plays a novel role in modulating TCR-mediated multiple signaling pathways and fine-tunes the signaling threshold for thymic selection.
Retinoic Acid Analogues Inhibit Human Herpesvirus 8 Replication (2008)

We show that retinoids inhibit HHV-8 replication and identify new retinoid compounds with a strong antiviral effect. Selective retinoids, particularly those with retinoic acid receptor agonist activity, may be good candidates for the development of antiviral drugs.
Robot Motion: Planning and Control (1983)

From the Publisher:
The present surge of interest in robotics can be expected to continue through the 1980s. Major research efforts are springing up throughout industry and in the universities. Senior and graduate level courses are being developed or planned in many places to prepare students to contribute to the development of the field and its industrial applications. Robot Motion will serve this emerging audience as a single source of information on current research in the field. 
The book brings together nineteen papers of fundamental importance to the development of a science of robotics. These are grouped in five sections: Dynamics; Trajectory Planning; Compliance and Force Control; Feedback Control; and Spatial Planning. Each section is introduced by a substantial analytical survey that lays out the problems that arise in that area of robotics and the approaches and solutions that have been tried, with an evaluation of their strengths and shortcomings. In addition, there is an overall introduction that relates robotics research to general trends in the development of artificial intelligence. 
Individual papers are the work of H. Hanafusa, H. Asada, N. Hogan, M. T. Mason, R. Paul, B. Shimano, M. H. Raibert, J. J. Craig, R. H. Taylor, D. E. Whitney, J. M. Hollerbach, J. Luh, M. Walker, R. J. Popplestone, A. P. Ambler, I. M. Bellos, T. LozanoPerez, E. Freund, D. F. Golla, S. C. Garg, P. C. Hughes, and K. D. Young. 
The editors are all research scientists at MIT's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and in addition, Michael Brady is coeditor with Richard Paul of The International Journal of Robotics Research. Robot Motion is included in the MIT Press ArtificialIntelligence Series.
Quantification of Different Eubacterium spp. in Human Fecal Samples with Species-Specific 16S rRNA-Targeted Oligonucleotide Probes (2000)

ABSTRACT Species-specific 16S rRNA-targeted, Cy3 (indocarbocyanine)-labeled oligonucleotide probes were designed and validated to quantify different Eubacterium species in human fecal samples. Probes were directed at Eubacterium barkeri , E. biforme , E. contortum , E. cylindroides (two probes), E. dolichum , E. hadrum , E. lentum , E. limosum , E. moniliforme , and E. ventriosum . The specificity of the probes was tested with the type strains and a range of common intestinal bacteria. With one exception, none of the probes showed cross-hybridization under stringent conditions. The species-specific probes were applied to fecal samples obtained from 12 healthy volunteers. E. biforme , E. cylindroides , E. hadrum , E. lentum , and E. ventriosum could be determined. All other Eubacterium species for which probes had been designed were under the detection limit of 10 7 cells g (dry weight) of feces −1 . The cell counts obtained are essentially in accordance with the literature data, which are based on colony counts. This shows that whole-cell in situ hybridization with species-specific probes is a valuable tool for the enumeration of Eubacterium species in feces.
Role of Molecular Size in Ratchet Fractionation (2002)

We show the importance of finite particle size in microfluidic asymmetric continuous-flow diffusion arrays, specifically the critical nature of the particle size with respect to the barrier gaps. We show that particles much smaller than the barrier gap follow individual field lines through narrow gaps and are poorly fractionated. In contrast, particles comparable to the gap size lose memory of their incoming field line and can be fractionated with high resolution. We demonstrate this effect using a new technological approach to create very straight and narrow injection bands in such arrays, and completely resolve bands of DNA of lengths 48,500 and 16,7000 base pairs.
<title>Modular WDM add/drop multiplexers</title> (1998)

Ann add/drop multiplexer/demultiplexer using volumetric holographic crystal Bragg gratings and without use of circulators has been demonstrated. Multiplexed gratings with angle multiplexed reflection filters provide wavelength- selective reflection of one or more channels into or out of the fiber without disturbing the through channels. Overall channel add/drop losses of less than 3 dB and through channel losses of less than 0.5 dB have been demonstrated. Fabrication of holographic filters with the desired passband characteristics has also been demonstrated.
Designing and engineering evolutionary robust genetic circuits (2010)

A wide variety of loss-of-function mutations are observed in BioBrick-assembled genetic circuits including point mutations, small insertions and deletions, large deletions, and insertion sequence (IS) element insertions that often occur in the scar sequence between parts. Promoter mutations are selected for more than any other biological part. Genetic circuits can be re-engineered to be more evolutionary robust with a few simple design principles: high expression of genetic circuits comes with the cost of low evolutionary stability, avoid repeated sequences, and the use of inducible promoters increases stability. Inclusion of an antibiotic resistance gene within the circuit does not ensure evolutionary stability.
[Identification of hemoglobin D Punjab (beta 121 glu replaced by gln) in an Austrian family. Sequence analysis of the abnormal tryptic peptide beta XTp13]. (1983)

In the course of a screening programme for gestational diabetes an abnormal haemoglobin fraction was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), used for Hb A1c-quantification. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis revealed a heterozygote haemoglobinopathy with approximately equal amounts of Hb A1 and of an abnormal haemoglobin which migrated in the position of Hb S under the conditions used. Preparative separation of these haemoglobin components was performed by use of a DEAE-cellulose column and standard conditions. alpha- and beta-chains were isolated with CM-sepharose and buffer containing 8M urea. The abnormal component of the aberrant haemoglobin was found to be the beta-chains in reconstitution experiments with globin-chains and haemin. A tryptic hydrolysate of the isolated abnormal beta-chains was analysed by means of HPLC and a C2 reverse phase (RP2). Rechromatography of the abnormal fractions on a C18 reverse phase (ODS) led to a pure preparation of peptide beta XTp13. The amino acid sequence analysis of this peptide showed an exchange of glutamic acid to glutamine in position beta 121 (beta 121 Glu----Gln). By these means evidence was obtained for the existence of a heterozygote Hb D Punjab state in the observed patient.
Bax-Deficient Mice with Lymphoid Hyperplasia and Male Germ Cell Death (1995)

BAX, a heterodimeric partner of BCL2, counters BCL2 and promotes apoptosis in gain-of-function experiments. A Bax knockout mouse was generated that proved viable but displayed lineage-specific aberrations in cell death. Thymocytes and B cells in this mouse displayed hyperplasia, and Bax-deficient ovaries contained unusual atretic follicles with excess granulosa cells. In contrast, Bax-deficient males were infertile as a result of disordered seminiferous tubules with an accumulation of atypical premeiotic germ cells, but no mature haploid sperm. Multinucleated giant cells and dysplastic cells accompanied massive cell death. Thus, the loss of Bax results in hyperplasia or hypoplasia, depending on the cellular context.
Expansion of dendritic cells derived from human CD34+ cells in static and continuous perfusion cultures (1998)

We examined the effects of different cytokine combinations and culture conditions on the expansion and modulation of cell surface antigens of CD34+ derived dendritic cells (DCs), the most efficient antigen-presenting cells capable of stimulating resting T cells in the primary immune response. Cells with a dendritic morphology and expressing HLA-DR, CD1a, S100 and CD83 were maximally expanded under serum-free conditions with the addition of SCF, GM-CSF, TNF-alpha, TGF-beta and Flt-3 ligand (fold increase of CD1a+ cells = 102 +/- 32 after 2 weeks of culture). CD34+ cells were also grown under continuous flow conditions in an artificial capillary system: after 14d of culture, the expansion in the total cell number was lower than that of the static cultures (3.3 +/- 2 v 18.9 +/- 4) but the percentage of CD1a+/CD83+/ CD80+ cells was considerably higher, whereas the CD14+ cells were significantly reduced (8.9 +/- 2 v 26 +/- 13). In continuous perfusion cultures, low levels of DC precursors and of LTC-IC were still present up to day 14. The DCs generated under flow conditions stimulated the mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR) more than the cells grown in static cultures. By electron microscopy, cells grown in the continuous flow system showed an increased number of large cells with numerous dendritic processes and abundant multilamellar complexes. The cells expanded under these conditions were sorted on the basis of their light-scatter properties into two fractions: one containing a predominance of CD1a+/S100+/ CD8 3+/CD80+/CD14- 'large cells' with great internal complexity (mature DCs); the second including 'small cells' either CD33+/CD14+, CD33+/CD15+ or CD33+/CD13-/CD14. The DCs generated and selected with this method are therefore particularly well suited for immunotherapeutic protocols.
Direct interferometric techniques for characterizing ultrashort optical pulses (1998)

The two-time nonstationary correlation function is defined and applied to the problem of characterizing pulses whose amplitude and phase vary randomly from pulse to pulse. Using a linear-systems approach developed in earlier work, four simple interferometric techniques for measuring this quantity are described and analyzed. We show that these four methods offer simple and direct algorithms for reconstructing the correlation function and, in the case of a single pulse or a coherent ensemble of pulses, return the electric field amplitude and phase.
Excimer laser micromachining (1993)

Abstract The machining of several materials such as polymers, metals and ceramics using excimer lasers (193, 248 and 308 nm) was investigated. By photoablation, micrometer resolution can be achieved for polymers if the wavelength and fluence are chosen properly. High‐definition processing of metals is complicated by the occurrence of surface melting. An interaction between the ablation plume and the walls of the laser‐drilled holes leads to hole widening in the case of polymers at high fluences. For small structures (&lt;100 μm) all materials investigated show a size‐dependent ablation rate. This effect has to be taken into account if a precise ablation depth is required for a pattern with structures of different sizes.