gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tissue Heating During Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation: A Thermodynamic Model and Observations in Isolated Perfused and Superfused Canine Right Ventricular Free Wall (1989)

The characteristics of radiofrequency catheter ablation induced injury in the heart are not well characterized. Since the mechanism of injury by radiofrequency energy is thermal, this study was performed to determine the temperature gradient in myocardial tissue during radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation, and to validate a thermodynamic model derived to describe these observations. Lesions were created by RF heating in an experimental model of isolated perfused and superfused canine right ventricular (RV) free wall. RF power output was adjusted to maintain electrode tip temperature at 80 degrees C for 120 seconds in 151 serial lesions and radial temperature gradients were measured. With increasing distance from the electrode, the temperature of the myocardium decreased in a hyperbolic form that was closely predicted by a derived thermodynamic model (P = 0.0001, r = 0.98). This gradient and resultant lesion sizes were unaffected by the rate of coronary perfusion. The utility of tip temperature monitoring as a predictor of lesion size was tested in 104 serial lesions with tip temperatures that were varied between 50 and 85 degrees C. The tip temperature correlated closely with lesion depth (P = 0.0001, r = 0.92) and width (P = 0.0001, r = 0.88), and was a better predictor of lesion size than measurements of power, current or energy. The temperature at the margin between viable and nonviable tissue was estimated to be 47.9 degrees C. These data demonstrate that during radiofrequency catheter ablation, the radial temperature gradient is predictably hyperbolic and appears to be independent of intramyocardial perfusion if constant electrode temperature is maintained. The use of tip temperature monitoring can accurately predict the ultimate size of radiofrequency-induced lesions.
The Unexpected Impact of a Chlamydia trachomatis Infection Control Program on Susceptibility to Reinfection (2005)

BackgroundAfter the introduction of a program to control Chlamydia trachomatis infection in British Columbia, Canada, case rates fell from 216 cases/100,000 population in 1991 to 104 cases/100,000 population in 1997. Since 1998, rates have increased, and case counts now exceed those recorded before the intervention MethodsWe used Cox proportional-hazards survival analysis and developed a compartmental mathematical model to investigate the cause of resurgence in chlamydia cases ResultsCox proportional-hazards survival analysis showed that the relative risk of C. trachomatis reinfection has increased 4.6% per year since 1989, with the increased risk greatest among the young and greater among women than men. A compartmental mathematical model of C. trachomatis transmission showed that a control strategy based on shortening the average duration of infection results in an early reduction in prevalence followed by a rebound in prevalence, reproducing the observed trends ConclusionsWe speculate that a C. trachomatis infection control program based on early case identification and treatment interferes with the effects of immunity on population susceptibility to infection and that, in the absence of strategies to alter sexual networks, a vaccine will be needed to halt the spread of infection at the population level
Frequency-modulation spectroscopy for trace species detection: theory and comparison among experimental methods (1992)

A variety of frequency-modulation methods for high-sensitivity absorption detection of gas-phase species has evolved in recent years. The distinctions among these methods are mostly semantic. The mathematical derivations for wavelength-modulation spectroscopy and one- and two-tone frequency-modulation spectroscopies are presented; a common terminology is used to permit a comprehensive comparison of predicted detection sensitivities. Applying this formalism, I compare the optimum detection sensitivities of these different methods for a typical laser system, using the same parameters. As long as residual amplitude modulation is minimized by proper adjustment of the detection phase angle, high-frequency wavelength modulation and one- and two-tone frequency-modulation methods all achieve approximately the same sensitivities. The choice among techniques is most strongly driven by the individual laser tuning characteristics, the absorption linewidth, and the detection bandwidth. It is shown that excess laser noise cannot always be excluded from consideration, even at megahertz detection frequencies. Also, detection at harmonics of the modulation or beat frequency may present certain advantages in minimizing residual amplitude-modulation noise.
Workstation-based multimedia conferencing: experiences from the MICE project (1994)

The goal of MICE (Piloting of multimedia Integrated Services for European Researchers) project is to enable multimedia conferencing between conference rooms and workstation based facilities, hardware and software codecs, packet switched networks and ISDN, using both uni- and multicast technologies. Multimedia conferencing implies that voice, video and computer data are to be shared amongst geographically distributed groups. The paper discusses experiences and information gathered during the use of workstation based facilities in the MICE projects.
Automated genome mining for natural products (2009)

Using this approach we have predicted the structures of natural products from a diverse range of bacteria based on a limited number of signature sequences. In accelerating direct DNA to metabolomic analysis, this method bridges the interface between chemists and biologists and enables rapid scanning for compounds with potential therapeutic value.
Beam steering optical switches using LCOS: the ‘ROSES’ demonstrator (2000)

The design, assembly and performance of a prototype 1/spl times/8 reconfigurable holographic free-space switch is described. Central to the switch fabric is a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) on silicon spatial light modulator (SLM) deposited with a 540/spl times/1 array of planar mirror strips. The input and output ports to the switch are fabricated as a linear array of silica planar waveguides connected to single-mode fibres. The waveguide array and the single Fourier transform lens for the holographic replay system are housed in an optomechanical mount to provide stability. The switch operates at 1.55 /spl mu/m wavelength and has a designed optical bandwidth of >60 nm. The primary aim of the ROSES project was to develop the technology required to implement a large scale N/spl times/N holographic routing switch. As a first step towards this goal, a prototype polarisation independent linear 1/spl times/8 fibre optic routing switch was developed. The switch was designed to take a signal beam from a single mode fibre, and dynamically route it to one of eight single-mode output fibres. The switch consists of four main components: a waveguide array providing spatial fan-in to and from the input and output fibres, a Fourier lens, a reflective binary-phase FLC silicon backplane SLM that acts as a beam steering element, and a custom interface board.
Anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat (1994)

We investigated the effect of an anti-CD11b monoclonal antibody (1B6c) on ischemic cell damage after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. We divided animals into three groups: MAb 1 group (n = 5)--rats were subjected to 2 hours of transient occlusion and 1B6c (1 mg/kg) was administered intravenously at 0 and 22 hours of reperfusion; MAb 2 group (n = 5)--same experimental protocol as MAb 1 group, except that the initial dose of 1B6c was increased to 2 mg/kg; and control group (n = 5)--same experimental protocol as MAb 2 group, except that an isotype-matched control antibody was administered. Animals were weighed and tested for neurological function before and after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Forty-six hours after reperfusion, brain sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histology evaluation. We observed a significant reduction of weight loss and improvement in neurological function after ischemia in the MAb 2 animals compared to MAb 1 and vehicle-treated animals (p < 0.05). The lesion volume was significantly smaller in the MAb 2 group (19.5 +/- 1.9%) compared to MAb 1 (29.9 +/- 2.6%) and vehicle-treated (34.2 +/- 5.4%) groups (p < 0.01). Tissue polymorphonuclear cell numbers were reduced in both 1B6c-administered groups. Our data demonstrate that administration of anti-CD11b antibody results in a dose-dependent, significant functional improvement and reduction of ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in the rat.
Evaluation of some electrical methods for objective assessment of oral mucosal dryness (1990)

The aim of this study was to evaluate different electrical methods (resistance, capacitance and polarization resistance) for clinical and objective registration of dryness of the oral mucosa. Measurements were performed in the buccal and in the lip mucosa before and every 30 min after injection of 1.0 ml methylscopolamine nitrate submucosally in the labial sulcus in 10 healthy subjects. For comparison, a dental mirror sliding test was used. About 1 h after injection, all three methods showed statistically significant decreases of values in the buccal as well as the lip mucosa except for polarization resistance, which showed such a difference only in the buccal mucosa. The deviations from initial values in the individual subject showed no agreement between measurements with the electrical instruments and oral mucosal dryness assessed with the mirror test. Neither was there any agreement between values registered with the three electrical methods. It seems that these electrical methods are not suitable for registration of individual variations in oral mucosal dryness.
Activating point mutations in the common beta subunit of the human GM-CSF, IL-3 and IL-5 receptors suggest the involvement of beta subunit dimerization and cell type-specific molecules in signalling. (1995)

We have combined retroviral expression cloning with random mutagenesis to identify two activating point mutations in the common signal-transducing subunit (h beta c) of the receptors for human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3 and IL-5 by virtue of their ability to confer factor independence on the haemopoietic cell line, FDC-P1. One mutation (V449E) is located within the transmembrane domain and, by analogy with a similar mutation in the neu oncogene, may act by inducing dimerization of h beta c. The other mutation (I374N) lies in the extracellular, membrane-proximal portion of h beta c. Neither of these mutants, nor a previously described mutant of h beta c (FI delta, which has a small duplication in the extracellular region), was capable of inducing factor independence in CTLL-2 cells, while only V449E could induce factor independence in BAF-B03 cells. These results imply that the extracellular and transmembrane mutations act by different mechanisms. Furthermore, they imply that the mutants, and hence also wild-type h beta c, interact with cell type-specific signalling molecules. Models are presented which illustrate how these mutations may act and predict some of the characteristics of the putative receptor-associated signalling molecules.
Endothelin‐1 enhances oxidative stress, cell proliferation and reduces apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: role of ETB receptor, NADPH oxidase and caveolin‐1 (2005)

1 Endothelin-1 (ET-1), an endothelium-derived vasoactive peptide, participates in the regulation of endothelial function through mechanisms that are not fully elucidated. This study examined the impact of ET-1 on oxidative stress, apoptosis and cell proliferation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). HUVECs were challenged for 24 h with ET-1 (10 pM-10 nM) in the absence or presence of the ET(B) receptor antagonist BQ788 (1 microM) or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (1 microM). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected using chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. Apoptosis was evaluated with 4',6'-diamidino-2'-phenylindoladihydrochloride staining and by the caspase-3 assay. Cell proliferation was measured by a colorimetric assay. Expression of NADPH oxidase, Akt, pAkt, Bcl-2, Bax, IkappaB, caveolin-1 and eNOS was evaluated by Western blot analysis. 2 ET-1 significantly enhanced ROS generation and cell proliferation following 24-h incubation, both of which were prevented by BQ788 or apocynin, consistent with the ability of ET-1 to directly upregulate NADPH oxidase. ET-1 itself did not affect apoptosis but attenuated homocysteine-induced apoptosis through an ET(B) receptor-mediated mechanism. Western blot analysis indicated that ET-1 alleviated homocysteine (Hcy)-induced apoptosis, likely acting by antagonizing the Hcy-induced decreases in Akt, pAkt, pAkt-to-Akt, Bcl-2-to-Bax ratios and increases in Bax and caveolin-1 expression. Furthermore, ET-1 downregulated expression of caveolin-1 and eNOS, which was attenuated by BQ788 or apocynin. 3 In summary, our results suggest that ET-1 affects oxidative stress, proliferation and apoptosis possibly through ET(B), NADPH oxidase, Akt, Bax and caveolin-1-mediated mechanisms.
Structural Analysis of Apolipoprotein A-I:  Limited Proteolysis of Methionine-Reduced and -Oxidized Lipid-Free and Lipid-Bound Human Apo A-I (1997)

The domain structures of lipid-free and lipid-bound apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I) containing reduced and oxidized methionines were analyzed by limited proteolysis. Lipid-free apo A-I is cleaved primarily in the extreme carboxy-terminus and, to a much lesser extent, in the central region of the protein between residues 115 and 136. Oxidation of methionines 112 and 148 to the corresponding sulfoxides in putative amphipathic helices 4 (P99-E120) and 6 (P143-A164), respectively, causes helices 1 (L44-G65), 2 (P66-S87), and 7 (P165-G186) to become susceptible to protease digestion. These results are consistent with a discrete, globular tertiary structure for the lipid-free protein minimally formed from amphipathic helices 1, 2, 4, 6, and 7. In distinct contrast to lipid-free apo A-I, lipid-bound apo A-I is most susceptible to cleavage in the extreme amino-terminus and, to a lesser extent, in both the central and carboxy-terminal regions. The observed cleavage pattern for the reduced lipid-bound protein supports the existence of many of the turns between helices predicted by sequence analysis of the lipid-bound protein. Methionine oxidation of lipid-bound protein results in a decreased protease susceptibility in the extreme amino-terminus and a concomitant increase in protease susceptibility in the central and carboxy-terminal regions. The results from methionine oxidation indicate the oxidation state of the protein is an important determinant in defining the conformation of both lipid-free and lipid-bound apo A-I.
Phase II, Open-Label Study of Pazopanib or Lapatinib Monotherapy Compared With Pazopanib Plus Lapatinib Combination Therapy in Patients With Advanced and Recurrent Cervical Cancer (2010)

This study confirms the activity of antiangiogenesis agents in advanced and recurrent cervical cancer and demonstrates the benefit of pazopanib based on the prolonged PFS and favorable toxicity profile.
Doppelgänger (2015)

Modern processors contain large last level caches (LLCs) that consume substantial energy and area yet are imperative for high performance. Cache designs have improved dramatically by considering reference locality. Data values are also a source of optimization. Compression and deduplication exploit data values to use cache storage more efficiently resulting in smaller caches without sacrificing performance. In multi-megabyte LLCs, many identical or similar values may be cached across multiple blocks simultaneously. This redundancy effectively wastes cache capacity. We observe that a large fraction of cache values exhibit approximate similarity. More specifically, values across cache blocks are not identical but are similar. Coupled with approximate computing which observes that some applications can tolerate error or inexactness, we leverage approximate similarity to design a novel LLC architecture: the Doppelgänger cache. The Doppelgänger cache associates the tags of multiple similar blocks with a single data array entry to reduce the amount of data stored. Our design achieves 1.55×, 2.55× and 1.41× reductions in LLC area, dynamic energy and leakage energy without harming performance nor incurring high application error.
CD14-dependent Lipopolysaccharide-induced β-Defensin-2 Expression in Human Tracheobronchial Epithelium (2000)

The induction of host antimicrobial molecules following binding of pathogen components to pattern recognition receptors such as CD14 and the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) is a key feature of innate immunity. The human airway epithelium is an important environmental interface, but LPS recognition pathways have not been determined. We hypothesized that LPS would trigger beta-defensin (hBD2) mRNA in human tracheobronchial epithelial (hTBE) cells through a CD14-dependent mechanism, ultimately activating NF-kappa B. An average 3-fold increase in hBD2 mRNA occurs 24 h after LPS challenge of hTBE cells. For the first time, we demonstrate the presence of CD14 mRNA and cell surface protein in hTBE cells and show that CD14 neutralization abolishes LPS induction of hBD2 mRNA. Furthermore, we demonstrate TLR mRNA in hTBE cells and NF-kappa B activation following LPS. Thus, LPS induction of hBD2 in hTBE cells requires CD14, which may complex with a TLR to ultimately activate NF-kappa B.
Inhibition of Adenylyl Cyclase by Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Antiviral Agents (1999)

Acyclic derivatives of adenine, known as highly effective nucleotide analogs with broad spectrum antiviral activity, were evaluated for potential cross-reactivity with adenylyl cyclases, a family of membrane-bound enzymes that share putative topologies at their catalytic sites with oligonucleotide polymerases and reverse transcriptases. A series of derivatives of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA) inhibited a preparation of adenylyl cyclase derived from rat brain with IC(50) values that ranged from 66 microM (PMEA) to 175 nM for its diphosphate derivative (PMEApp) and mimics of it. PMEApp mimics included PMEAp(NH)p, PMEAp(CH(2))p, PMEAp(CX(2))p (X = fluorine, chlorine, or bromine), PMEAp(CHX)pp, and PMEAp(C(OH)CH(3)pp. The data suggest that inhibition of adenylyl cyclases may contribute to the therapeutic action of some of these or similar compounds or constitute part of their side effects in therapeutic settings.
Measurement of thin film thermal conductivity using the laser flash method (2015)

We present a method to measure the in-plane thermal conductivity of thin films by the laser flash technique. The method uses a well-defined structure for the analysis. We have realized the structure by conformal deposition of ZnO films of different thicknesses using atomic layer deposition onto a 20 μm thick ion track etched polycarbonate membrane as substrate. By using this procedure we could determine the thermal conductivity of the deposited thin film from the total thermal diffusivity of the nanocomposite structures. The method has been used to obtain the in-plane thermal conductivity of the deposited ZnO layers within the thickness range of less than 100 nm.
Semantic Video CNNs Through Representation Warping (2017)

In this work, we propose a technique to convert CNN models for semantic segmentation of static images into CNNs for video data. We describe a warping method that can be used to augment existing architectures with very lit- tle extra computational cost. This module is called Net- Warp and we demonstrate its use for a range of network architectures. The main design principle is to use opti- cal flow of adjacent frames for warping internal network representations across time. A key insight of this work is that fast optical flow methods can be combined with many different CNN architectures for improved performance and end-to-end training. Experiments validate that the proposed approach incurs only little extra computational cost, while improving performance, when video streams are available. We achieve new state-of-the-art results on the CamVid and Cityscapes benchmark datasets and show consistent improvements over different baseline networks. Our code and models are available at http://segmentation.is.tue.mpg.de.
Soluble PD‐1 rescues the proliferative response of simian immunodeficiency virus‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells during chronic infection (2008)

Phenotypic and functional studies of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) molecule on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells were performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from uninfected and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. These data demonstrated a rapid upregulation of PD-1 expression on tetramer-positive CD8(+) T cells from MamuA.01(+) SIV-infected macaques upon infection. Upregulation of PD-1 on total CD8(+) T cells was not detectable. In contrast, CD4(+) T-cell PD-1 expression was markedly higher in total CD4(+) T cells during chronic, but not acute, infection and there was a correlation between the level of PD-1 expression on naive and central memory CD4(+) T cells and the levels of viral loads. Such association was emphasized further by a marked decrease of PD-1 expression on tetramer-positive CD8 T cells as well as on CD4(+) T cells on longitudinal samples collected before and after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy and downregulation of viral replication in vivo. Cloning of PD-1 and its two ligands from several non-human primate species demonstrated > 95% conservation for PD-1 and PD-L2 and only about 91% homology for PD-L1. Functional studies using soluble recombinant PD-1 protein or PD-1-immunoglobulin G fusion proteins induced marked increases in the SIV-specific proliferative responses of both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from rhesus macaques. The results of these studies serve as a foundation for future in vivo trials of the use of rMamu-PD-1 to potentially enhance and/or restore antiviral immune responses in vivo.
Optimal second line treatment options for gemcitabine refractory advanced pancreatic cancer patients. Can we establish standard of care with available data? (2008)

Since the birth of fluorouracil (5-FU) 50 years ago, we have made only incremental changes in clinical outcomes in pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine remains to be the only standard of care in advanced pancreatic cancer since mid-1990s [1]. Numerous trials which enrolled thousands of patients failed to improve the outcome significantly beyond gemcitabine. At present time, data set in 2 line setting is grossly limited. One reason is that most advanced pancreatic cancer patients who progress on their 1 line treatment are often poor candidates for clinical trials due to their worsening performance status. Lack of active agents seen in number of trials in 1 line is another limitation in advancing agents in 2 line setting. The change of this rather dark landscape in 1 line setting is suggested by two recent large randomized phase III trials in advanced pancreatic cancer showing that addition of capecitabine or erlotinib to gemcitabine render superiority to single-agent gemcitabine [2, 3]. There is growing evidence supporting benefit of chemotherapy after gemcitabine failure in selected patients with good performance status (Tables 1 and 2) [4]. In order to establish a much needed effective 2 line treatment options for advanced pancreatic cancer, we need cooperative efforts among