gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Putative mechanisms of action of antidepressant drugs in affective and anxiety disorders and pain. (2001)

An enhancement of neurotransmission of serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, or both, underlies the antidepressant response associated with most agents presently available to treat major depression. With respect to the 5-HT system, antidepressant drugs exert immediate effects on some neuronal elements controlling overall transmission, but it is the gradual changes in neuronal responses to such treatments that are ultimately responsible for producing their therapeutic benefits. In major depression, an increase in 5-HT1A transmission is thought to be a crucial determinant of the antidepressant response, whereas an enhancement of 5-HT2 transmission in the orbitofrontal cortex may mediate the therapeutic effect of 5-HT reuptake inhibitors in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The doses of medication and the durations of treatment necessary to obtain these alterations in 5-HT transmission in various brain structures of laboratory animals are fully consistent with the conditions in the clinic necessary to attenuate symptoms in depression and OCD. It is also possible that the relief of chronic pain produced by some antidepressants may be mediated, in part, by the blockade of peripheral 5-HT2A receptors. These observations emphasize the notion that the 5-HT system is endowed with different adaptive properties in various parts of the body, which, in addition to the multiplicity of 5-HT receptors, makes this chemospecific network important in many disorders.
Effects of ELF Fields on Calcium-Ion Efflux from Brain Tissue in Vitro (1982)

Carl F. Blackman, Shawnee G. Benane, Linda S. Kinney, William T. Joines, Dennis E. House, Effects of ELF Fields on Calcium-Ion Efflux from Brain Tissue in Vitro, Radiation Research, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Dec., 1982), pp. 510-520
Cancer models, genomic instability and somatic cellular Darwinian evolution (2010)

The biology of cancer is critically reviewed and evidence adduced that its development can be modelled as a somatic cellular Darwinian evolutionary process. The evidence for involvement of genomic instability (GI) is also reviewed. A variety of quasi-mechanistic models of carcinogenesis are reviewed, all based on this somatic Darwinian evolutionary hypothesis; in particular, the multi-stage model of Armitage and Doll (Br. J. Cancer 1954:8;1-12), the two-mutation model of Moolgavkar, Venzon, and Knudson (MVK) (Math. Biosci. 1979:47;55-77), the generalized MVK model of Little (Biometrics 1995:51;1278-1291) and various generalizations of these incorporating effects of GI (Little and Wright Math. Biosci. 2003:183;111-134; Little et al. J. Theoret. Biol. 2008:254;229-238).
Structure–property relationships in metallosurfactants (2010)

The morphology of micelles formed by three sub-classes of metallosurfactants—those with macrocyclic, linear and gemini head groups—has been studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) for a series of metal- and counter-ions. All the data may be described by a model that invokes a globular micelle morphology in which the dimensions of the micelle are consistent with the known chemical structure of the constituent groups within the metallosurfactant. For two macrocyclic head group metallosurfactants, viz. 1-(2-hydroxy-tetradecyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclonane that forms predominantly spherical micelles and 1-(2-hydroxy-tetradecyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclononane that forms disc-like micelles, the metal ion and its counter-ion have a negligible effect on the morphology of the micelle. Binary mixtures of surfactants with these two macrocyclic head groups (with homo- or hetero-metal ions/counter-ions) form mixed micelles whose morphology is an average of the two single component micelles. Further, as found for the single surfactant solutions, the metal and counter-ion had no effect on the morphology of the mixed surfactant micelle. Lastly, the micelle morphology of two gemini surfactants was also shown to be insensitive to the number and nature of the metal and counter-ions present, but sensitive to the structure of the head group. These observations considerably extend our understanding of the relationship between chemical structure and micelle morphology for these interesting molecules.
Reactions of aqueous glucose solutions over solid-acid Y-zeolite catalyst at 110-160 .degree.C (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of aqueous glucose solutions over solid-acid Y-zeolite catalyst at 110-160 .degree.CKhavinet Lourvanij and Gregory L. RorrerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1993, 32, 1, 11–19Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00013a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1476Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
[Synthesis of potential CCK antagonist quinazolone derivatives]. (1995)

An original route has been found for the synthesis of [1,4]diazepino-quinazolones, a new ring system of heterocondensed quinazolones. These anthranilicacid-alanin-beta-alanin cyclopeptide derivatives constitute a structural moiety of asperlicin, the first natural cholecystokinin antagonist alkaloid. These compounds are therefore potential CCK antagonists. The new compounds were prepared via condensation of 2-amino-alkyl-quinazolones, obtained from 2-alkyl-quinazolones by side-chain substitution, with 1,3-bifunctional-reagents. We studied the cyclisation process under basic, acidic and phase-transfer catalyzed conditions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, UV and NMR spectroscopy.
A Model for CD8+ CTL Tumor Immunosurveillance and Regulation of Tumor Escape by CD4 T Cells Through an Effect on Quality of CTL (1999)

Understanding immune mechanisms influencing cancer regression, recurrence, and metastasis may be critical to developing effective immunotherapy. Using a tumor expressing HIV gp160 as a model viral tumor Ag, we found a growth-regression-recurrence pattern, and used this to investigate mechanisms of immunosurveillance. Regression was dependent on CD8 T cells, and recurrent tumors were resistant to CTL, had substantially reduced expression of epitope mRNA, but retained the gp160 gene, MHC, and processing apparatus. Increasing CTL numbers by advance priming with vaccinia virus expressing gp160 prevented only the initial tumor growth but not the later appearance of escape variants. Unexpectedly, CD4 cell depletion protected mice from tumor recurrence, whereas IL-4 knockout mice, deficient in Th2 cells, did not show this protection, and IFN-gamma knockout mice were more susceptible. Purified CD8 T cells from CD4-depleted mice following tumor regression had more IFN-gamma mRNA and lysed tumor cells without stimulation ex vivo, in contrast to CD4-intact mice. Thus, the quality as well as quantity of CD8+ CTL determines the completeness of immunosurveillance and is controlled by CD4 T cells but not solely Th2 cytokines. This model of immunosurveillance may indicate ways to enhance the efficacy of surveillance and improve immunotherapy.
Pyrene excimer fluorescence as a proximity probe for investigation of residual structure in the unfolded state of human carbonic anhydrase II (1997)

The excimer fluorescence from two pyrenyl moieties attached to cysteines in human carbonic anhydrase II has been monitored to characterize residual structure retained under strong denaturing conditions. A position in beta-strand 3, N67C, together with the single naturally occurring cysteine 206 in beta-strand 7, were used as attachment sites. The eximer formation by the pyrenyls, requiring proximity of the probes, revealed an unfolding transition at a GuHCl concentration significantly higher than that required to induce unfolding of the molten globule state as monitored by CD. These results indicate that the excimer transition monitors the unfolding of a residual compact structure that spans beta-strands 3-7. This region constitutes the central and the most hydrophobic part of the molecule, emphasizing the importance of hydrophobic interaction in maintaining residual structure under strong unfolding conditions.
Safe Drilling in Chemically Active and Naturally Fractured Source Rocks: Analytical Solution and Case Study (2018)

Abstract The recently formulated theory of dual-porosity dual-permeability porochemoelectroelasticity is applied to derive the analytical solutions for an inclined wellbore drilled through a shale formation, accounting for the effects of natural fractures and shale chemical activity (Liu et al. 2018). With the fully coupling of water, anions, cations flow, stresses, and pore pressure in between shale matrix and fractures, the newly-derived solutions are able to evaluate the relevant stresses and pore pressure around the wellbore. The analytical solution is applied to study two field cases. The Hoek-Brown failure criterion is employed to evaluate wellbore collapse and mud densities. The two case studies indicate that the analytical solution explains the wellbore failure and is capable of predicting the used safe drilling mudweight. Back analysis on the field data with a sensitivity study is able to estimate the range of the fracture permeability once the matrix permeability is defined.
InGaN nanorings and nanodots by selective area epitaxy (2005)

An integrated process to fabricate controllable arrays of semiconductor nanorings and nanodots on patterned surfaces is presented. This approach is based on pattern transfer of nanopores to a SiO2 layer, followed by selective epitaxial growth of InGaN onto an underlying GaN substrate using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Using this approach, crystalline InGaN nanorings and nanodots ∼80nm in diameter have been grown on GaN surfaces. The formation mechanism of the nanorings and nanodots is described based on the initial stage of selective growth and restricted atom migration in a confined hole. Strong photoluminescence obtained at room temperature from the noncapped nanorings indicates strong confinement of the excitons in the nanostructures. This approach enables fabrication of dense, uniform arrays of epitaxial nanostructures and is potentially applicable to a variety of materials systems.
Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects (1997)

The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir were investigated in four groups of human immunodeficiency virus-positive male subjects (with 16 subjects per group) under nonfasting conditions; a 3:1 ritonavir:placebo ratio was used. Ritonavir was given at 200 (group I), 300 (group II), 400 (group III), or 500 (group IV) mg every 12 h for 2 weeks. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of ritonavir were moderately dose dependent, with the clearance for group IV (6.8 +/- 2.7 liters/h) being an average of 32% lower than that for group I (10.0 +/- 3.2 liters/h). First-pass metabolism should be minimal for ritonavir. The functional half-life, estimated from peak and trough concentrations, were similar among the dosage groups, averaging 3.1 and 5.7 h after the morning and evening doses, respectively. The area under the concentration-time curve at 24 h (AUC24) and apparent terminal-phase elimination rate constant remained relatively time invariant, but predose concentrations decreased 30 to 70% over time. Concentration-dependent autoinduction is the most likely mechanism for the time-dependent pharmacokinetics. The Km and initial maximum rate of metabolism (Vmax) values estimated from population pharmacokinetic modeling (nonlinear mixed-effects models) were 3.43 microg/ml and 46.9 mg/h, respectively. The group IV Vmax increased to 68 mg/h after 2 weeks. The maximum concentration of ritonavir in serum (Cmax) and AUC after the evening doses were an average of 30 to 40% lower than the values after the morning doses, while the concentration at 12 h was an average of 32% lower than the predose concentration, probably due to protracted absorption. Less than 2% of the dose was eliminated unchanged in the urine. Triglyceride levels increased from the levels at the baseline, and the levels were correlated with baseline triglyceride levels and AUC, Cmax, or predose concentrations.
The Human Hematopoietic Colony-Stimulating Factors (1987)

The complementary DNAs and genes encoding the four major human myeloid growth factors--granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-3--have all been molecularly cloned. These DNA clones have proved valuable for studying the molecular biology of these important regulatory molecules as well as for the large-scale production of the recombinant growth factor proteins. These advances have led to a much better understanding of the role of the myeloid growth factors in regulating hematopoiesis in vivo that should soon find practical application in clinical medicine.
Tumor-Induced Immune Dysfunctions Caused by Myeloid Suppressor Cells (2001)

In the late 1970s, several findings suggested that accessory cells distinct from lymphocytes might suppress immune reactivity in tumor-bearing hosts. Studies in animal models and patients later confirmed that cells driven to act as dominant immune suppressors by growing cancers could subvert the immune system. These cells have also been termed natural suppressors, a functional definition connoting their ability to hamper various T- and B-lymphocyte responses without prior activation and independently from antigen and MHC restriction. These properties were attributed to distinct cell populations. The phenotypic discrepancies, together with the lack of antigen specificity, have generated serious restraints to research on tumor-induced suppression. Recent evidence indicates that suppressor cells are closely related to immature myeloid precursors and can be found in several situations that can exert adverse effects on the immunotherapy of cancer. The present review is an attempt to address the nature and properties of immature myeloid suppressors and their relationship to dendritic cells and macrophages, with the aim of clarifying the complex network of tumor-induced, negative regulators of the immune system.
Transient overexpression of DNA adenine methylase enables efficient and mobile genome engineering with reduced off-target effects (2015)

Homologous recombination of single-stranded oligonucleotides is a highly efficient process for introducing precise mutations into the genome of E. coli and other organisms when mismatch repair (MMR) is disabled. This can result in the rapid accumulation of off-target mutations that can mask desired phenotypes, especially when selections need to be employed following the generation of combinatorial libraries. While the use of inducible mutator phenotypes or other MMR evasion tactics have proven useful, reported methods either require non-mobile genetic modifications or costly oligonucleotides that also result in reduced efficiencies of replacement. Therefore a new system was developed, Transient Mutator Multiplex Automated Genome Engineering (TM-MAGE), that solves problems encountered in other methods for oligonucleotide-mediated recombination. TM-MAGE enables nearly equivalent efficiencies of allelic replacement to the use of strains with fully disabled MMR and with an approximately 12- to 33-fold lower off-target mutation rate. Furthermore, growth temperatures are not restricted and a version of the plasmid can be readily removed by sucrose counterselection. TM-MAGE was used to combinatorially reconstruct mutations found in evolved salt-tolerant strains, enabling the identification of causative mutations and isolation of strains with up to 75% increases in growth rate and greatly reduced lag times in 0.6 M NaCl.
AMP-activated Protein Kinase and the Regulation of Autophagic Proteolysis (2006)

Interruption of mTOR-dependent signaling by rapamycin is known to stimulate autophagy, both in mammalian cells and in yeast. Because activation of AMPK also inhibits mTOR-dependent signaling one would expect stimulation of autophagy by AMPK activation. According to the literature, this is true for yeast but, unexpectedly, not for mammalian cells on the basis of the use of AICAR, a pharmacological activator of AMPK. In the present study, carried out with hepatocytes, HT-29 cells, and HeLa cells, we have reexamined the possible role of AMPK in the control of mammalian autophagy. Inhibition of AMPK activity by compound C or by transfection with a dominant negative form of AMPK almost completely inhibited autophagy. These results suggest that the inhibition of autophagy by AICAR is not related to its ability to activate AMPK. We conclude that in mammalian cells, as in yeast, AMPK is required for autophagy.
Handbook of Neoliberalism (2016)

What is new about neoliberalism? Such a question immediately implies that certain objects and processes can be defined as ‘neoliberal’ and, importantly, that the contents of the ‘neo’ can be explained by reference to a larger phenomenon called liberalism. A veritable galaxy of things are now attached to the term ‘neoliberalism’, if not as some primary identifying marker then at least as one descriptive property among others. This chapter seeks to offer a window through which to problematize and analyse this core, if recalcitrant, question. In keeping with other debates in the social sciences, it proposes that the frame of neoliberalism tries to capture something about developments in capitalism since the 1970s, with commodification, financialization, and general moves towards ‘market-based’ modes of regulation or governmentality being major debates in the literature (Harvey 2005; Brenner et al. 2010; Peck et al. 2012; Springer 2010, 2012). While accepting this temporal frame as a starting point, the chapter seeks to contextualize the history of neoliberalism in two ways. First, the chapter sheds a sharper light on the relationship between capitalism and its mechanisms of legitimation, particularly at the level of everyday experience. Second, within the inevitable space constraints, the argument traces certain threads of meaning that connect the history of the liberal tradition to the present, specifically the themes of individualism, universalism, and meliorism. Thus, the chapter aims to reveal how justifications for neoliberal capitalist practices are the product of a long history of social struggles that are, moreover, often confusing, multifarious, and even contradictory. Ironically, once this perspective is recognized, the task of deciphering contemporary neoliberalism arguably becomes harder, particularly concerning efforts to understand where certain ideas and values tied to neoliberalism acquire their commonsensical power. If neoliberalism is a moving concept then scholarship needs to be equally adept at moving with it.
Methanosarcina mazei LYC, a New Methanogenic Isolate Which Produces a Disaggregating Enzyme (1985)

A methanogenic coccoid organism, Methanosarcina mazei LYC, was isolated from alkaline sediment obtained from an oil exploration drilling site. The isolate resembled M. mazei S-6 by exhibiting different morphophases during its normal growth cycle. It differed from M. mazei S-6 by undergoint a spontaneous shift from large, irregular aggregates of cells to small, individual, irregular, coccoid units. In batch cultures at pH 7.0, M. mazei LYC grew as aggregates during the early growth stage. As the batch culture began exponential growth, the cell aggregates spontaneously dispersed: the culture liquid became turbid, and myriads of tiny (diameter, 1 to 3 mum) coccoid units were observed under phase-contrast microscopy. Disaggregation apparently was accomplished by the production of an enzyme which hydrolyzed the heteropolysaccharide component of the cell wall; the enzyme was active on other Methanosarcina strains as well. Although the enzyme was active when tested at pH 6.0, it apparently was not produced at that pH: when strain LYC was grown at pH 6.0, only cell aggregates were present throughout batch growth. Individual coccoid cells of M. mazei LYC were sensitive to sodium dodecyl sulfate, but the large aggregates of cells were not. Strain LYC rapidly used H(2)-CO(2), in addition to methanol, and mono-, di-, and trimethylamine as methanogenic substrates; acetate was used very slowly. Its optimum growth temperature was 40 degrees C, and its optimum pH was 7.2.
Three‐dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy of pulmonary solitary tumors in transgenic mice (2006)

We attempted to accurately detect pulmonary solitary tumors and other complicated pulmonary disorders in aging inbred transgenic mice by cardiac- and respiratory-gated MR microscopy at 4.7 Tesla. A comparison of in vivo MR images with histological results demonstrated that submillimeter lung tumors and most of the nontumor lesions could be detected by screening with two-dimensional (2D) gradient echo (GRE) imaging. Subsequently performed 2D spin-echo (SE) imaging provided higher image contrast, which distinguished the tumors from the surrounding complications. On the 3D GRE images and the generated maximum intensity projection (MIP) and volume-rendered (VR) images, proper spatial localization of solitary tumors relative to the orientation of the pulmonary vessels was exhibited, and the tumor volume could also be measured. This promising method is noninvasive and has the potential to eventually replace invasive histopathology because it obviates the need to kill groups of animals at multiple time points.
Applying adjustable speed drives (ASDs) to 3 phase induction NEMA frame motors (2002)

This paper addresses why a three-phase induction motor overheats under some conditions in ASD applications. It further addresses how the motor may derate when used on a drive and shows how to determine the amount of derating required.