gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Low-energy high-flux reactive ion-assisted deposition of oxide optical coatings: performance, durability, stability, and scalability</title> (1994)

Advanced deposition technologies produce optical coatings with state-of- art-optical performance, improved durability, stability and lifetime and sometimes improved scalability to large optics and small-optics volume coating. This paper examines a low-energy, high-flux reactive ion assist process developed at Itek during the past four years from this perspective. The process is introduced at the fundamental level of ion and atom energetics and arrival ratios, with both inert and reactive gases. Earlier high-voltage, low-current approaches are contrasted. The manifold benefits of coating densification, improved stoichiometry, low-temperature processing and in situ substrate cleaning are described. Process implementation in mid-sized and large coating chambers is pictorially illustrated. Inexpensive retrofit is realized. Very low absorption, enhanced durability and precision mechanical stress control are demonstrated with selected highlights of recent Itek optical coating experiences. Examples of especially-interesting optics recently coated are shown. Competing coating technologies are compared.
Icosahedral Virus Particles as Addressable Nanoscale Building Blocks (2002)

Grow your nanochemical dendrimers! Cowpea mosaic virus (see relief image derived from the X-ray structure) can be isolated from its host plant in gram quantities and participates in selective chemical reactions at specific sites of the icosahedrally-arrayed coat protein. Mutant structures can be easily engineered, propagated, and isolated to provide particles with tailored reactivities. Applications for these particles in areas from catalysis to materials science can be conceived.
The 3′-Terminal Nucleotide Sequences of Bacteriophage λ DNA (1973)

Analyses of radioactive oligonucleotides in endonuclease digests of 3'-terminally labeled lambda DNA revealed the 3' terminal sequence -GTTACG for the l strand and -ACCCGCG for the r strand. These sequences, together with those previously known for the 5' cohesive ends, provide a total of 25 known base-pairs in the vicinity of the termini. When the cohesive ends are paired, the sequence between the nicks can be bisected by a 2-fold rotational axis of symmetry. Five of the first eight base-pairs, on either side of the axis, are rotationally symmetric. This symmetry may be involved in the recognition of the site by an enzyme responsible for formation of the cohesive ends.
An evaluation of cervical orthoses in limiting hyperextension and lateral flexion in football (1994)

Three cervical orthoses often used in football to prophylactically limit motion and prevent the nerve injury known as "burners" were evaluated to determine their performance in limiting both hyperextension and lateral bending of the cervical spine. These orthoses have been used almost entirely on an empiric basis with little objective data to evaluate performance. A rope and pulley mechanism was used to pull the neck into hyperextension and lateral motion, with the only restraint being the various products tested. These trials were videotaped and the restriction provided by the collars was calculated from goniometric analysis of the projected images. These tests were performed to determine which products limit the mechanisms of the "burner" injury and thereby assess which braces might reduce or prevent the occurrence of these injuries. The results of the investigation indicate that all braces studied provided some degree of limitation in one of the mechanisms of injury, hyperextension. One brace performed superiorly in this respect. However, the other mechanism of injury, lateral bending, is inconsistently limited.
The photonic lantern (2015)

Photonic lanterns are made by adiabatically merging several single-mode cores into one multimode core. They provide low-loss interfaces between single-mode and multimode systems, where the precise optical mapping between cores and individual modes is unimportant.
A model for hepatic fibrosis: the competing effects of cell loss and iron on shortened modified Look-Locker inversion recoveryT1(shMOLLI-T1) in the liver (2016)

1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:450-462.
Microtubule‐associated protein function: Lessons from expression in spodoptera frugiperda cells (1994)

The phenotypes induced by the expression of neuronal microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in Sf9 cells have provided data on the in situ function of these proteins. Both MAP2 and tau can induce long processes in Sf9 cells, and the processes contain bundles of microtubules. In both cases the microtubules are aligned with their plus ends distal. Tau expression usually induces a single process that is unbranched and of uniform caliber. Processes can form even when the cells are grown in suspension. Microtubules do not extend all the way to the tip; instead the terminal region contains an actin-rich meshwork. Taxol treatment of Sf9 cells also induces the assembly of microtubules into bundles but does not induce process formation in Sf9 cells. Therefore the in vitro properties of tau as a molecule capable of assembling, stabilizing, and bundling microtubules do not fully account for the in vivo ability of tau alone to transduce microtubule assembly into a change in cell shape. The morphological features of the processes induced by MAP2 differ in highly informative ways.
Hierarchy in the expression of the locus of enterocyte effacement genes of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (1999)

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) elicit changes in host cell morphology and cause actin rearrangement, a phenotype that has commonly been referred to as attaching/effacing (AE) lesions. The ability of EPEC to induce AE lesions is dependent upon a type III protein secretion/translocation system that is encoded by genes clustered in a 35.6 kb DNA segment, named the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). We used transcriptional fusions between the green fluorescent protein (gfp) reporter gene and LEE genes rorf2, orf3, orf5, escJ, escV and eae, together with immunoblot analysis with antibodies against Tir, intimin, EspB and EspF, to analyse the genetic regulation of the LEE. The expression of all these LEE genes was strictly dependent upon the presence of a functional integration host factor (IHF). IHF binds specifically upstream from the ler (orf1) promoter and appears to activate expression of ler, orf3, orf5 and rorf2 directly. The ler-encoded Ler protein was involved in activating the expression of escJ, escV, tir, eae, espB and espF. Expression of both IHF and Ler was needed to elicit actin rearrangement associated with AE lesions. In conclusion, IHF directly activates the expression of the ler and rorf2 transcriptional units, and Ler in turn mediates the expression of the other LEE genes.
Characterization of CTLA-4 structure and expression on human T cells. (1993)

CTLA-4 is an adhesion receptor expressed on activated T cells. The amino acid sequence of CTLA-4 is related to CD28, and although the function of CTLA-4 remains unknown, it shares several features with CD28, including a common counter-receptor, B7, that is present on Ag-presenting cells. In a recent study we found that CD28 and CTLA-4 were coexpressed at the mRNA level on activated T cells but that only CD28 was expressed on resting T cells. Here we show that within the T cell population, CTLA-4 expression is restricted to the subset of T cells that also express cell surface CD28. CTLA-4 mRNA expression can be induced on quiescent T cells via phorbol ester-mediated activation of protein kinase C but not with calcium ionophore treatment alone. Phorbol ester-induced expression of CTLA-4 mRNA could be enhanced with calcium ionophore treatment, and treatment of cells in this manner resulted in a reciprocal decrease in expression of CD28 mRNA. Ligation of CD28 with monoclonal antibody also resulted in the specific and rapid induction of CTLA-4 mRNA. To study the expression of CTLA-4 at the protein level, a rabbit antiserum against a recombinant protein derived from CTLA-4 cDNA was generated. When activated T cells were labeled with [35S]methionine, the rabbit antiserum precipitated a 41- to 43-kDa protein from whole cell lysates. Similar results were found when detergent-soluble lysates from 125I surface-labeled resting and activated T cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Surprisingly, under the conditions tested, CTLA-4 migrated primarily as a monomer at the cell surface, and could not be shown to exist as a disulfide-bonded homodimer or as a heterodimer consisting of CTLA-4 and CD28. These results suggest that B7 can bind to T cells via distinct receptor complexes consisting of either CD28 or CTLA-4, and that these complexes may potentially mediate distinct biologic functions. Further, the present results suggest that noncovalent interactions might mediate association of CTLA-4 and/or CD28 at the cell surface.
Role of hydrogen peroxide in neutrophil-mediated destruction of cultured endothelial cells. (1981)

Human neutrophils stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate were able to destroy suspensions or monolayers of cultured human endothelial cells. Neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity was related to phorbol myristate acetate concentration, time of incubation and neutrophil number. Cytolysis was prevented by the addition of catalase, while superoxide dismutase had no effect on cytotoxicity. The addition of the heme-enzyme inhibitors, azide or cyanide, markedly stimulated neutrophil-mediated damage while exogenous myeloperoxidase failed to stimulate cytolysis. Neutrophils isolated from patients with chronic granulomatous disease did not destroy the endothelial cell targets while myeloperoxidase-deficient neutrophils successfully mediated cytotoxicity. Endothelial cell damage mediated by the myeloperoxidase deficient cells was also inhibited by catalase but not superoxide dismutase. The addition of purified myeloperoxidase to the deficient cells did not stimulate cytotoxicity. Glucose-glucose oxidase, an enzyme system capable of generating hydrogen peroxide, could replace the neutrophil as the cytotoxic mediator. The addition of myeloperoxidase at low concentrations of glucose oxidase did not increase cytolysis, but at the higher concentrations of glucose oxidase it stimulated cytotoxicity. The destruction of endothelial cells by the glucose oxidase-myeloperoxidase system was inhibited by the addition of hypochlorous acid scavengers. In contrast, neutrophil-mediated cytolysis was not effectively inhibited by the hypochlorous acid scavengers. Based on these observations, we propose that human neutrophils can destroy cultured human endothelial cells by generating cytotoxic quantities of hydrogen peroxide.
Statistical parametric speech synthesis with joint estimation of acoustic and excitation model parameters (2010)

This paper describes a novel framework for statistical parametric speech synthesis in which statistical modeling of the speech waveform is performed through the joint estimation of acoustic and excitation model parameters. The proposed method combines extraction of spectral parameters, considered as hidden variables, and excitation signal modeling in a fashion similar to factor analyzed trajectory hidden Markov model. The resulting joint model can be interpreted as a waveform level closed-loop training, where the distance between natural and synthesized speech is minimized. An algorithm based on the maximum likelihood criterion is introduced to train the proposed joint model and some experiments are presented to show its effectiveness.
Calligraphy Beautification Method for Chinese Handwritings (2012)

This paper propose a new calligraphy beautification method for online handwritten Chinese character. Handwriting stroke trajectories are input from a mouse or a touch pad. After the computer recognizes this stroke, we retrieve the most similarity standard stroke from a parametric standard stroke library, and then we render the user stroke by the method of learning the parametric information of the standard stroke. Finally, a corresponding Kai style character template is used for adjusting the overall architecture of the user-input character. The result proves that our beautification method can preserve user's personality as well as render the user's handwritings with the Kai style calligraphic effect well.
Remote control of therapeutic T cells through a small molecule–gated chimeric receptor (2015)

There is growing interest in using engineered cells as therapeutic agents. For example, synthetic chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) can redirect T cells to recognize and eliminate tumor cells expressing specific antigens. Despite promising clinical results, these engineered T cells can exhibit excessive activity that is difficult to control and can cause severe toxicity. We designed "ON-switch" CARs that enable small-molecule control over T cell therapeutic functions while still retaining antigen specificity. In these split receptors, antigen-binding and intracellular signaling components assemble only in the presence of a heterodimerizing small molecule. This titratable pharmacologic regulation could allow physicians to precisely control the timing, location, and dosage of T cell activity, thereby mitigating toxicity. This work illustrates the potential of combining cellular engineering with orthogonal chemical tools to yield safer therapeutic cells that tightly integrate cell-autonomous recognition and user control.
Ataxia-telangiectasia (group A): localization of ATA gene to chromosome 11q22-23 and pathogenetic implications. (1991)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from a single defective gene in each family. Complementation studies suggest that the same syndrome is associated with defects of at least four AT genes (ATA, ATC, ATD and ATE). The syndrome is multifaceted and involves the cerebellum, skin, immunological system, chromosomes, cancer susceptibility, radiosensitivity, premature ageing and serum alphafetoprotein levels. In order to further develop understanding of how these seemingly unrelated physiological systems interact in this disease, we attempted to localize the gene by linkage analysis, using a single large Group A AT family to screen 171 genetic markers and 30 additional AT families to confirm any positive linkages. We found a linkage to AT (Group A) with genetic markers on chromosome 11q22-23. This region of the human genome is syntenic with a large region of the mouse genome on chromosome 9 and includes such "candidate" genes as THY1, NCAM, CD3G-D-3, ets-1, and APOA1-C3-A4. In addition, studies of human chromosomes identify fragile sites in this region as well as breakpoints associated with translocation 4: 11 and 9; 11 in acute non- lymphocytic leukemias. The pathogenetic implications of this localization to 11q22-23 are considered.
Megakaryocyte proplatelet-like process formation in vitro is inhibited by serum prothrombin, a process which is blocked by matrix-bound glycosaminoglycans. (1993)

The process of platelet shedding from megakaryocytes is incompletely understood, due in part to the impossibility of studying this dynamic process in vivo. Megakaryocytes in situ and in in vitro cultures display extended cytoplasmic processes constricted at platelet-sized intervals which presumably are the structural intermediates between megakaryocytes and platelets. This study describes the establishment of a serum-free culture system of purified guinea pig megakaryocytes in which extensive cytoplasmic process formation can be observed on 21 to 29% of the cells. The addition of as little as 0.05% pooled human serum to the cultures will completely but reversibly block process development. The serum inhibitor was identified as residual prothrombin, which upon contact with megakaryocytes is converted to the serine esterase thrombin. Thrombin directly prevents the formation of new processes and also induces retraction of existing processes. When megakaryocytes are cultured on Matrigel, process formation occurs even in an excess of thrombin. This potentiation of process development in the presence of inhibitory factors is mediated by the glycosaminoglycan content of Matrigel. The physiological implications of these observations are discussed.
Reversal of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance by a potent cyclopropyldibenzosuberane modulator, LY335979. (1996)

Overexpression of P-glycoprotein (Pgp) by tumors results in multidrug resistance (MDR) to structurally unrelated oncolytics. MDR cells may be sensitized to these oncolytics when treated with a Pgp modulator. The present study evaluates LY335979 as a modulator both in vitro and in vivo. LY335979 (0.1 microM) fully restored sensitivity to vinblastine, doxorubicin (Dox), etoposide, and Taxol in CEM/VLB100 cells. LY335979 modulated Dox cytotoxicity even when LY335979 (0.5 microM) was removed 24 h prior to the cytotoxicity assay. LY335979 blocked [3H]azidopine photoaffinity labeling of the M(r) approximately 170,000 Pgp in CEM/VLB100 plasma membranes and competitively inhibited equilibrium binding of [3H]vinblastine to Pgp (Ki of approximately 0.06 microM). Treatment of mice bearing P388/ADR murine leukemia cells with LY335979 in combination with Dox or etoposide gave a significant increase in life span with no apparent alteration of pharmacokinetics. LY335979 also enhanced the antitumor activity of Taxol in a MDR human non-small cell lung carcinoma nude mouse xenograft model. Thus, LY335979 is an extremely potent, efficacious modulator that apparently lacks pharmacokinetic interactions with coadministered anticancer drugs and is, therefore, an exciting new agent for clinical evaluation for reversal of Pgp-associated MDR.
Cytokines and cell growth control. (1991)

Cellular proliferation in eukaryotic cells is associated with a highly organized sequence of events involving expression of growth-related genes. The growth regulatory cytokines such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) are thought to be responsible for initiating proliferation of fibroblasts and other connective tissue cells. The immunomodulatory cytokines, including interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), are also known to modulate the growth response in nonimmune cells and regulate cellular metabolism by inducing expression of genes encoding biologically active molecules. While TGF-beta can induce anchorage-independent growth of nonneoplastic cells, it inhibits the proliferation of most normal cell types. Several of the cytokines that stimulate fibroblast proliferation may inhibit the growth of other cell types. Recent studies have also begun to assign specific roles to different cytokines in embryonic development and cellular differentiation. The growth response to some cytokines may be dependent upon the induction of other cytokines that then directly stimulate proliferation. Some cytokines may also modulate the responses induced by other cytokines by regulating receptor expression and other cellular events. Binding of cytokines to their specific membrane-associated receptors results in activation of signal transduction pathways, many of which involve phosphorylation of specific intercellular proteins. The final biological response is dependent ultimately on the induction and activation of trans-acting factors that regulate transcription by interacting with cis-acting DNA sequences in the target genes. Since many of these signaling and transcriptional events are common to distinct cytokines, many of which have different effects on proliferation in the same cell types, it is not clear how specificity is achieved in regulating the different biological responses.
Stereopopulation control. II. Rate enhancement of intramolecular nucleophilic displacement (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereopopulation control. II. Rate enhancement of intramolecular nucleophilic displacementRonald T. Borchardt and Louis A. CohenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 26, 9166–9174Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00781a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00781a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views439Altmetric-Citations72LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Comparison of the early stages of forced unfolding for fibronectin type III modules (2001)

The structural changes accompanying stretch-induced early unfolding events were investigated for the four type III fibronectin (FN-III) modules, FN-III(7), FN-III(8), FN-III(9), and FN-III(10) by using steered molecular dynamics. Simulations revealed that two main energy barriers, I and II, have to be overcome to initiate unraveling of FN-III's tertiary structure. In crossing the first barrier, the two opposing beta-sheets of FN-III are rotated against each other such that the beta-strands of both beta-sheets align parallel to the force vector (aligned state). All further events in the unfolding pathway proceed from this intermediate state. A second energy barrier has to be overcome to break the first major cluster of hydrogen bonds between adjacent beta-strands. Simulations revealed that the height of barrier I varied significantly among the four modules studied, being largest for FN-III(7) and lowest for FN-III(10), whereas the height of barrier II showed little variation. Key residues affecting the mechanical stability of FN-III modules were identified. These results suggest that FN-III modules can be prestretched into an intermediate state with only minor changes to their tertiary structures. FN-III(10), for example, extends 12 A from the native "twisted" to the intermediate aligned state, and an additional 10 A from the aligned state to further unfolding where the first beta-strand is peeled away. The implications of the existence of intermediate states regarding the elasticity of fibrillar fibers and the stretch-induced exposure of cryptic sites are discussed.
Robot-assisted placement of craniofacial implants. (2003)

From this experience it can be concluded that the robot system and the new manufacturing concept for anaplastology can be applied advantageously in other areas of the head as well.