gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Loop-filtering and post-filtering for low bit-rates moving picture coding (2003)

The decompressed images from highly compressed data have noticeable image degradations such as blocking artifacts, corner outliers, and ringing noise, because most image coding standards quantize the DCT coefficients of 8/spl times/8-pixel blocks independently. A loop-filtering algorithm and a post-filtering algorithm, which can reduce the quantization effects, are described, and the performance of both algorithms is compared with respect to the image quality, the computational complexity, and the compressed bit rates. Both the loop-filtering algorithm and the post-filtering algorithm reduce the quantization effects adaptively by using both DCT domain analysis and temporal information.
Confectionery Composition and Rat Caries (1987)

Sucrose, milk chocolate, caramel or fudge were fed to rats infected with streptomycin-resistant Streptococcus mutans and receiving essential nutrients by gavage. The frequency of eating and drinking by the animals was monitored using a time-lapse video recorder. After 35 days, saliva was collected from the animals and caries was assessed. There was no significant difference between the caries experience of animals consuming fudge or sucrose. However, the caries experience of the animals consuming milk chocolate and caramel was significantly lower than that of the animals eating sucrose. The difference in caries activity was not attributed to a difference in salivary function as salivary protein, calcium and phosphate levels of all animals were normal. A significant difference in the frequency of eating and drinking periods of the animals from the four groups could not be demonstrated, indicating that the lower caries experience was not due to a less frequent sugar challenge. The caries reduction was attributed to a topical effect that was related to the difference in the composition of the confectionery. The levels of protein (casein) and fat of the test diets were inversely correlated with the animals’ caries experience suggesting that one, or both of these components were responsible for the caries reduction.
Sex Difference in the Effect of Aspirin on Rat Platelet Aggregation and Arachidonic Acid Metabolism (1985)

The rat platelet aggregation induced by collagen was stronger in males than in females. The platelet malondialdehyde (MDA) production was more in males than in females, and the platelet cyclooxygenase activity was higher in males than in females. Aspirin at a dose of 10 mg/kg inhibited the collagen-induced aggregation in males, but not in females. Aspirin at a dose of 5 mg/kg blocked the MDA production only in males, but aspirin at a dose of 10 mg/kg inhibited the MDA production in both sexes. The effect of aspirin on the cyclooxygenase activity was only in males, but aspirin at a dose of 10 mg/kg inhibited the MDA production in both sexes. The effect of aspirin on the cyclooxygenase activity was similar to that on the MDA production. In gonadectomized rats, the MDA production and the cyclooxygenase activity were decreased by castration, and they were increased by ovariectomy. Aspirin at a dose of 5 mg/kg failed to inhibit them in castrated rats. Besides, in in vitro experiments, aspirin also inhibited the MDA production and the aggregation. Nevertheless, there was no sex difference in the content of arachidonic acid, a substrate of platelet cyclooxygenase. It is suggested that there is a sex difference in rat platelet cyclooxygenase activity, and it is closely related to the sex difference in the antiplatelet effect of aspirin.
BTLA mediates inhibition of human tumor-specific CD8+ T cells that can be partially reversed by vaccination (2010)

The function of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, which may protect against both infectious and malignant diseases, can be impaired by ligation of their inhibitory receptors, which include CTL-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1). Recently, B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) was identified as a novel inhibitory receptor with structural and functional similarities to CTLA-4 and PD-1. BTLA triggering leads to decreased antimicrobial and autoimmune T cell responses in mice, but its functions in humans are largely unknown. Here we have demonstrated that as human viral antigen-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated from naive to effector cells, their surface expression of BTLA was gradually downregulated. In marked contrast, human melanoma tumor antigen-specific effector CD8+ T cells persistently expressed high levels of BTLA in vivo and remained susceptible to functional inhibition by its ligand herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM). Such persistence of BTLA expression was also found in tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells from melanoma patients with spontaneous antitumor immune responses and after conventional peptide vaccination. Remarkably, addition of CpG oligodeoxynucleotides to the vaccine formulation led to progressive downregulation of BTLA in vivo and consequent resistance to BTLA-HVEM-mediated inhibition. Thus, BTLA activation inhibits the function of human CD8+ cancer-specific T cells, and appropriate immunotherapy may partially overcome this inhibition.
In Vivo Effect of TGF-β1 (1995)

The in vivo effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) was studied in a model system in which arterial intimal thickening was induced by injury of rabbit arteries with a balloon catheter (BCI). Intimal area and its ratio to medial area in carotid arteries after BCI were significantly higher in rabbits treated with 10 micrograms/kg TGF-beta 1 and 10 mg/kg aspirin i.v. QD (TGF-beta 1 group) than in those treated with 10 mg/kg aspirin i.v. QD only (control group). Intimal cell numbers in the TGF-beta 1 and control groups were not significantly different from each other, but matrix volume in the intimal layer was significantly higher in the TGF-beta 1 group. By immunohistochemical and Northern blot analyses, the fibronectin content in carotid intimal and medial layers was greater in the TGF-beta 1 group compared with that in the control group. Thus, in intimal thickenings induced by BCI. TGF-beta 1 mainly enhanced the formation of matrix containing fibronectin. Moreover, the mRNAs of TGF-beta 1 and type II receptors were detected in carotid arteries 7 and 14 days after, but not before, BCI. Thus, TGF-beta 1 influences the process of intimal thickening induced by BCI through a receptor-mediated mechanism in vivo. The significance of this fact is discussed in relation to the development of atherosclerosis.
First-row transition metal catalyzed reduction of carbonyl functionalities: a mechanistic perspective (2010)

The use of first-row transition metals for the catalytic reduction of carbonyl functionalities has become increasingly important in homogeneous catalysis. This Perspective examines the mechanistic aspects of these reduction reactions, with a focus on various interactions between metal complexes and substrates. Four different types of catalytic pathways, namely catalysis with dihydride (or dihydrogen) complexes, catalysis with monohydride complexes, metal-ligand bifunctional catalysis, and catalysis involving ionic mechanisms, are discussed with recent examples highlighted.
Semistructured messages are surprisingly useful for computer-supported coordination (1987)

This paper argues that using a set of semistructured message templates is surprisingly helpful in designing a variety of computer-based communication and coordination systems. Semistructured messages can help provide automatic aids for (1) composing messages to be sent, (2) selecting, sorting, and prioritizing messages that are received, (3) responding automatically to some messages, and (4) suggesting likely responses to other messages. The use of these capabilities is illustrated in a range of applications including electronic mail, computer conferencing, calendar management, and task tracking. The applications show how ideas from artificial intelligence (such as inheritance and production rules) and ideas from user interface design (such as interactive graphical editors) can be combined in novel ways for dealing with semistructured messages. The final part of the paper discusses how communities can evolve a useful set of message type definitions.
Meta-Prod2Vec - Product Embeddings Using Side-Information for Recommendation (2016)

We propose Meta-Prod2vec, a novel method to compute item similarities for recommendation that leverages existing item metadata. Such scenarios are frequently encountered in applications such as content recommendation, ad targeting and web search. Our method leverages past user interactions with items and their attributes to compute low-dimensional embeddings of items. Specifically, the item metadata is in- jected into the model as side information to regularize the item embeddings. We show that the new item representa- tions lead to better performance on recommendation tasks on an open music dataset.
Will Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry Become an Integral Technology in the Operating Room of the Future? (2016)

Cancer surgeons face on a daily basis the difficult task of determining the delicate boundary between cancerous and normal tissue. Additionally, they must decide how much noncancerous margin of normal tissue to resect along with the tumor. Among the factors considered when deciding the extent of tissue resection are tumor type, location next to vital structures, morbidity of aggressive resection, tumor aggressiveness, adjunct chemotherapies available, survival rates and the patients' medical background. In the majority of cancer surgeries, the resected tissue samples are sent to a nearby room, often called the “frozen room,” for tissue processing and evaluation. The tissue is quickly frozen, sectioned, stained and interrogated using light microscopy by an expert pathologist who carefully evaluates if the surgical margins contain cancer cells (positive margin) or not (negative margin). This process of intraoperative surgical margin evaluation has been performed in clinical practice for decades, although it has many challenges. Freezing artifacts occur during tissue processing and interfere with tissue structure and cell morphology, thus complicating pathologic interpretation. Moreover, certain tumor cells are very difficult to recognize due to their atypical pattern of growth and shape. Often more than one pathologist is involved to make a final and difficult decision on margin status. Logistically, in most hospitals in the US, the frozen room serves several operating rooms (ORs),4 and depending on the workload, a surgeon may need to wait an undesirable amount of time (over 30 min) for a final reading before deciding whether to conclude or continue a surgery. This process results in prolonged length of surgery and associated increase in anesthesia time, increasing the risk of surgical site infection and physiologic stress to the patient.

In brain cancer surgery, surgical margin evaluation is critical because sparing normal marginal tissue may significantly impact postoperative quality of life. New …
Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal Phosphates (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTADDITION / CORRECTIONThis article has been corrected. View the notice.Complete Field Guide to Asymmetric BINOL-Phosphate Derived Brønsted Acid and Metal Catalysis: History and Classification by Mode of Activation; Brønsted Acidity, Hydrogen Bonding, Ion Pairing, and Metal PhosphatesDixit Parmar, Erli Sugiono, Sadiya Raja, and Magnus Rueping*View Author Information Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 18, 9047–9153Publication Date (Web):September 9, 2014Publication History Received14 March 2014Published online9 September 2014Published inissue 24 September 2014https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5001496Copyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSACS AuthorChoiceArticle Views54576Altmetric-Citations1470LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (16 MB) Get e-AlertsSUBJECTS:Catalysts,Chemical reactions,Phosphates,Selectivity,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Duplication of CaMV 35 S Promoter Sequences Creates a Strong Enhancer for Plant Genes (1987)

A variant of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter with transcriptional activity approximately tenfold higher than that of the natural promoter was constructed by tandem duplication of 250 base pairs of upstream sequences. The duplicated region also acted as a strong enhancer of heterologous promoters, increasing the activity of an adjacent and divergently transcribed transferred DNA gene several hundredfold, and to a lesser extent, that of another transferred DNA gene from a remote downstream position. This optimized enhancer element should be very useful for obtaining high levels of expression of foreign genes in transgenic plants.
Culture of Cells for Tissue Engineering (2006)

Preface. List of Abbreviations. PART I: CELL CULTURE. 1. Basic Principles of Cell Culture (R. Freshney). 2. Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering (D. Lennon & A. Caplan). 3. Human Embryonic Stem cell Culture for Tissue Engineering (S. Levenberg, et al.). 4. Cell Sources for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (B. Johnstone, et al.). 5. Lipid-Mediated Gene Transfer for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (H. Madry). PART II: TISSUE ENGINEERING. 6. Tissue Engineering: Basic Considerations (G. Vunjak-Novakovic). 7. Tissue Engineering of Articular Cartilage (K. Masuda & R. Sah). 8. Ligament Tissue Engineering (J. Chen, et al.). 9. Cellular Photoencapsulation in Hydrogels (J. Elisseeff, et al.). 10. Tissue Engineering Human Skeletal Muscle for Clinical Applications (J. Shansky, et al.). 11. Engineered Heart Tissue (T. Eschenhagen & W. Zimmermann). 12. Tissue-Engineered Blood Vessels (R. Klinger & L. Niklason). 13. Tissue Engineering of Bone (S. Hofmann, et al.). 14. Culture of Neuroendocrine and Neuronal Cells for Tissue Engineering (P. Lelkes, et al.). 15. Tissue Engineering of the Liver (G. Underhill, et al.). Suppliers List. Glossary. Index.
Inkjet printing of proteins (2009)

This article presents a review of the current status of the use of inkjet technology with protein-related applications. It includes a brief history of inkjet printing, discusses the advantages of employing the technology with proteins, using a number of selected applications as illustration, and concludes with a view of future research directions.
Peripheral Tolerance Induction Using Ethylenecarbodiimide-Fixed APCs Uses both Direct and Indirect Mechanisms of Antigen Presentation for Prevention of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2007)

MHC class II (MHC II)-restricted T cell responses are a common driving force of autoimmune disease. Accordingly, numerous therapeutic strategies target CD4(+) T cells with the hope of attenuating autoimmune responses and restoring self-tolerance. We have previously reported that i.v. treatment with Ag-pulsed, ethylenecarbodiimide (ECDI)-fixed splenocytes (Ag-SPs) is an efficient protocol to induce Ag-specific tolerance for prevention and treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ag-SPs coupled with peptide can directly present peptide:MHC II complexes to target CD4(+) T cells in the absence of costimulation to induce anergy. However, Ag-SPs coupled with whole protein also efficiently attenuates Ag-specific T cell responses suggesting the potential contribution of alternative indirect mechanisms/interactions between the Ag-SPs and target CD4(+) T cells. Thus, we investigated whether MHC II compatibility was essential to the underlying mechanisms by which Ag-SP induces tolerance during autoimmune disease. Using MHC-deficient, allogeneic, and/or syngeneic donor Ag-SPs, we show that MHC compatibility between the Ag-SP donor and the host is not required for tolerance induction. Interestingly, we found that ECDI treatment induces apoptosis of the donor cell population which promotes uptake and reprocessing of donor cell peptides by host APCs resulting in the apparent MHC II-independent induction of tolerance. However, syngeneic donor cells are more efficient at inducing tolerance, suggesting that Ag-SPs induce functional Ag-SP tolerance via both direct and indirect (cross-tolerance) mechanisms leading to prevention and effective treatment of autoimmune disease.
MyoD1: A Nuclear Phosphoprotein Requiring a Myc Homology Region to Convert Fibroblasts to Myoblasts (1988)

Expression of a complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the mouse MyoD1 protein in a variety of fibroblast and adipoblast cell lines converts them to myogenic cells. Polyclonal antisera to fusion proteins containing the MyoD1 sequence show that MyoD1 is a phosphoprotein present in the nuclei of proliferating myoblasts and differentiated myotubes but not expressed in 10T1/2 fibroblasts or other nonmuscle cell types. Functional domains of the MyoD1 protein were analyzed by site-directed deletional mutagenesis of the MyoD1 cDNA. Deletion of a highly basic region (residues 102 to 135) interferes with both nuclear localization and induction of myogenesis. Deletion of a short region (residues 143 to 162) that is similar to a conserved region in the c-Myc family of proteins eliminates the ability of the MyoD1 protein to initiate myogenesis but does not alter nuclear localization. Deletions of regions spanning the remainder of MyoD1 did not affect nuclear localization and did not inhibit myogenesis. Furthermore, expression of only 68 amino acids of MyoD1, containing the basic and the Myc similarity domains, is sufficient to activate myogenesis in stably transfected 10T1/2 cells. Genetic analysis maps the MyoD1 gene to mouse chromosome 7 and human chromosome 11.
An ergodic theorem for iterated maps (1987)

Abstract Consider a Markov process on a locally compact metric space arising from iteratively applying maps chosen randomly from a finite set of Lipschitz maps which, on the average, contract between any two points (no map need be a global contraction). The distribution of the maps is allowed to depend on current position, with mild restrictions. Such processes have unique stationary initial distribution [ BE ], [ BDEG ]. We show that, starting at any point, time averages along trajectories of the process converge almost surely to a constant independent of the starting point. This has applications to computer graphics.
Mechanism Leading to Irreversible Capacity Loss in Li Ion Rechargeable Batteries (1995)

The irreversible capacity loss that occurs during the first cycle in an Li ion battery was studied using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance, secondary ion mass spectrometer, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and plasma spectrometer. The irreversible capacity loss was related to both the solvent decomposition and the reaction of Li with active sites in the bulk of the carbon electrode. Li remaining in the discharged electrode not only exists on the surface of the carbon but also in its bulk. The Li concentration on the surface of the carbon is higher than that in the bulk. The binding energy of Li remaining in the bulk of the discharged carbon electrode is higher by ∼2.5 eV than that of metallic lithium (52.5 eV) and lower by ∼0.5 eV than that of Li remaining on the surface of the discharged electrode.
The ggpS Gene from Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC 6803 Encoding Glucosyl-Glycerol-Phosphate Synthase Is Involved in Osmolyte Synthesis (1998)

ABSTRACT A salt-sensitive mutant of Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 defective in the synthesis of the compatible solute glucosylglycerol (GG) was used to search for the gene encoding GG-phosphate synthase (GGPS), the key enzyme in GG synthesis. Cloning and sequencing of the mutated region and the corresponding wild-type region revealed that a deletion of about 13 kb occurred in the genome of mutant 11. This deletion affected at least 10 open reading frames, among them regions coding for proteins showing similarities to trehalose ( otsA homolog)- and glycerol-3-phosphate-synthesizing enzymes. After construction and characterization of mutants defective in these genes, it became obvious that an otsA homolog ( sll 1566) (T. Kaneko et al., DNA Res. 3:109–136, 1996) encodes GGPS, since only the mutant affected in sll 1566 showed salt sensitivity combined with a complete absence of GG accumulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of sll 1566 in Escherichia coli led to the appearance of GGPS activity in the heterologous host. The overexpressed protein did not show the salt dependence that is characteristic for the GGPS in crude protein extracts of Synechocystis .
Molecular cloning and chromosomal localization of the human thrombopoietin gene (1994)

The complete gene for human thrombopoietin (TPO) has been cloned by screening a human genomic library using human TPO cDNA as a probe. This gene is 6.2 kb in length and contains six exons and five introns. It is shown that the human genome contains a single copy of the human TPO gene according to Southern blotting analysis. The transcription initiation site was determined by S1 nuclease mapping. The human TPO gene expressed TPO activity when transfected into COS-1 cells. The human TPO gene has been mapped to chromosome 3q27 by in situ hybridization using a biotin-labeled probe.
Molecular and biochemical characterization of dNOS: a Drosophila Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent nitric oxide synthase. (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO) is an intercellular messenger involved with various aspects of mammalian physiology ranging from vasodilation and macrophage cytotoxicity to neuronal transmission. NO is synthesized from L-arginine by NO synthase (NOS). Here, we report the cloning of a Drosophila NOS gene, dNOS, located at cytological position 32B. The dNOS cDNA encodes a protein of 152 kDa, with 43% amino acid sequence identity to rat neuronal NOS. Like mammalian NOSs, DNOS protein contains putative binding sites for calmodulin, FMN, FAD, and NADPH. DNOS activity is Ca2+/calmodulin dependent when expressed in cell culture. An alternative RNA splicing pattern also exists for dNOS, which is identical to that for vertebrate neuronal NOS. These structural and functional observations demonstrate remarkable conservation of NOS between vertebrates and invertebrates.