gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influences of Statins on Glucose Tolerance in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2006)

Atorvastatin is frequently administered for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, a marked deterioration of glycemic control has been reported in some patients treated with atorvastatin. No study has been done to determine whether atorvastatin adversely affects glycemic control. In this study, we retrospectively compared an atorvastatin-treated group (Group A, n = 76) with a pravastatin-treated group (Group P, n = 78) to examine the effects of the 2 statins on glycemic control from the onset of administration to 3 months thereafter. No change occurred in the antidiabetic drug dose in 62 patients of Group A and 68 patients of Group P. In those patients, arbitrary blood glucose levels increased from 147 +/- 50 (mean +/- SD) mg/dL to 177 +/- 70 mg/dL in Group A and from 140 +/- 38 mg/dL to 141 +/- 32 mg/dL in Group P. HbA(1c) increased from 6.8 +/- 0.9% to 7.2 +/- 1.1% in Group A and from 6.9 +/- 0.9% to 6.9 +/- 1.0% in Group P. The increase was significant only in Group A, and the extent of the increase was also significantly greater in Group A. These results suggest a predisposition to a deterioration of glycemic control in type 2 diabetic patients treated with atorvastatin.
Direct and Rapid Cytosolic Delivery Using Cell-Penetrating Peptides Mediated by Pyrenebutyrate (2006)

Intracellular delivery of bioactive molecules using arginine-rich peptides, including oligoarginine and HIV-1 Tat peptides, is a recently developed technology. Here, we report a dramatic change in the methods of internalization for these peptides brought about by the presence of pyrenebutyrate, a counteranion bearing an aromatic hydrophobic moiety. In the absence of pyrenebutyrate, endocytosis plays a major role in cellular uptake. However, the addition of pyrenebutyrate results in direct membrane translocation of the peptides yielding diffuse cytosolic peptide distribution within a few minutes. Using this method, rapid and efficient cytosolic delivery of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was achieved in cells including rat hippocampal primary cultured neurons. Enhancement of bioactivity on the administration of anapoptosis-inducing peptide is also demonstrated. Thus, coupling arginine-rich peptides with this hydrophobic anion dramatically improved their ability to translocate cellular membranes, suggesting the great impact of this approach on exploring and controlling cell function.
Nitrogen Regulation of Root Branching (2005)

It is clear that plants have evolved sophisticated pathways for sensing and responding to changes in different components of the external nitrogen supply as well as their own internal nitrogen status. We speculate on the possibility that the effects elicited by external L-glutamate represent a novel form of foraging response that could potentially enhance a plant's ability to compete with its neighbours and micro-organisms for localized sources of organic nitrogen.
Adjuvant role ofPseudomonasflagellin forAcinetobacter baumanniibiofilm associated protein (2016)

These results demonstrate that P. aeruginosa Flagellin as an adjuvant for Bap A. baumannii could be a useful model to evaluate new vaccine against A. baumannii.
Splatterplots: Overcoming Overdraw in Scatter Plots (2013)

We introduce Splatterplots, a novel presentation of scattered data that enables visualizations that scale beyond standard scatter plots. Traditional scatter plots suffer from overdraw (overlapping glyphs) as the number of points per unit area increases. Overdraw obscures outliers, hides data distributions, and makes the relationship among subgroups of the data difficult to discern. To address these issues, Splatterplots abstract away information such that the density of data shown in any unit of screen space is bounded, while allowing continuous zoom to reveal abstracted details. Abstraction automatically groups dense data points into contours and samples remaining points. We combine techniques for abstraction with perceptually based color blending to reveal the relationship between data subgroups. The resulting visualizations represent the dense regions of each subgroup of the data set as smooth closed shapes and show representative outliers explicitly. We present techniques that leverage the GPU for Splatterplot computation and rendering, enabling interaction with massive data sets. We show how Splatterplots can be an effective alternative to traditional methods of displaying scatter data communicating data trends, outliers, and data set relationships much like traditional scatter plots, but scaling to data sets of higher density and up to millions of points on the screen.
Studies of cations in zeolites: adsorption of carbon monoxide; formation of Ni ions and Na 3+ 4 centres (1966)

Zeolite cations lying on the intracrystalline pore surface of the Linde X and Y molecular sieves are linked to only three oxide ions and consequently are not well shielded electrically. They therefore create very large electrostatic fields, extending into the main zeolitic cavities, causing carboniogenic catalytic activity. This activity follows in magnitude the changes in the field, and is independent of the presence of OH groups; no change in activity is observed even after 99 % of OH protons present after ordinary activation in vacuum at 500°C are removed. Bivalent cations exposed on the surface of the main intracrystalline cavities adsorb carbon monoxide with infra-red frequencies specific to cation; the adsorption follows Langmuir isotherms, suggesting that a single carbon monoxide molecule can be independently attached to every surface cation. Certain transition-metal zeolites adsorb carbon monoxide much more tenaciously than alkaline earth cations, indicating a highly significant difference in their ability to form co-ordination bonds.Univalent nickel ions can be prepared both on the intracrystalline surface and at fully co-ordinated positions by heating NiIIY with alkali metal vapour. The surface NiI ions are chemically very reactive but thermally unstable; those at fully co-ordinated positions are thermally stable even at 400°C, and are inert to H2, NH3, and CO although they react with oxygen to form O–2.The alkali-metal X and Y zeolites react with alkali metal vapour to form coloured products of non-stoichiometric compositions containing the paramagnetic centres Na5 +6 and Na3 +4. The Na3 +4 centres are stable up to 500°C and they react reversibly with gases; with oxygen they form O–2 radicals.
Gravitational attraction of a rectangular prism with depth-dependent density (1992)

Abstract The gravity effect produced by two and three-dimensional bodies with nonuniform density contrast has been treated by several authors. One of the first attempts in this direction made by Cordell (1973), who developed a method to compute the gravity effect due to a two-dimensional prism whose density decreases exponentially with depth. A different approach was proposed by Murthy and Rao (1979). They extended the line-integral method to obtain the gravity effect for bodies of arbitrary cross-sections, with density contrast varying linearly with depth. Chai and Hinze (1988) have derived a wavenumber-domain approach to compute the gravity effect due to a vertical prism whose density contrast varies exponentially with depth. Recently, Rao (1990) has developed a closed expression of the gravity field produced by an asymmetrical trapezoidal body whose density varies with depth following a quadratic polynomial.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Lavendamycin Analogues. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Case for Intelligent RAM: IRAM (1997)

: Two trends call into question the current practice of microprocessors and DRAMs being fabricated as different chips on different fab lines: 1) the gap between processor and DRAM speed is growing at 50% per year; and 2) the size and organization of memory on a single DRAM chip is becoming awkward to use in a system, yet size is growing at 60% per year. Intelligent RAM, or IRAM, merges processing and memory into a single chip to lower memory latency, increase memory bandwidth, and improve energy efficiency as well as to allow more flexible selection of memory size and organization. In addition, IRAM promises savings in power and board area. This paper reviews the state of microprocessors and DRAMs today, explores some of the opportunities and challenges for IRAMs, and finally estimates performance and energy efficiency of three IRAM designs. 1. Introduction and Why there is a Problem The division of the semiconductor industry into microprocessor and memory camps provides many advantag...
Biological activities of oligonucleotides spanning the F9 point mutation within the enhancer region of polyomavirus DNA (1988)

A mutant of polyomavirus, F441, selected to grow in undifferentiated mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, carries a single-base change in the enhancer region at nucleotide (nt) 5233 of the viral genome. Enhancers of most of the F9 mutants have a duplicated segment of viral DNA encompassing nt 5233. The minimum duplicated segment of all the known F9 mutants is from nt 5218 to nt 5239. We prepared oligonucleotides spanning the sequence from nt 5218 through nt 5239 of the genome of the wild type and F441 and examined the biological activities of the oligonucleotides by a transient assay of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene expression in F9 cells. The oligonucleotide harboring the F441 mutation was shown to increase cat gene expression in F9 cells when linked at an upstream position in both orientations. When dimerized at an upstream position, the F441 oligonucleotide showed even higher cat gene expression enhancing activity. In contrast, no such effects were observed with the oligonucleotide of the wild-type sequence. In addition, the F441 oligonucleotide, but not the wild-type sequence, could inhibit the activity of whole enhancer fragment of F441 when cotransfected into F9 cells in excess amounts. On the basis of the results obtained, we suggest that the segment of F441 enhancer encompassing the point mutation contains a target for a cellular factor(s) which acts in a positive manner to increase the transcription of a gene in undifferentiated mouse F9 cells.
Glucocorticoid treatment alleviates dystrophic myofiber pathology by activation of the calcineurin/NF‐AT pathway (2004)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive and ultimately fatal skeletal muscle disease. Currently, the most effective therapy is the administration of a subclass of glucocorticoids, most notably deflazacort. Although deflazacort treatment can attenuate DMD progression, extend ambulation, and maintain muscle strength, the mechanism of its action remains unknown. Prior observations have shown that activation of a JNK1-mediated signal transduction cascade contributes to the progression of the DMD phenotype, in part by phosphorylation and inhibition of a calcineurin sensitive NF-ATc1 transcription factor. Here, we observed that deflazacort treatment restored myocyte viability in muscle cells with constitutive activation of JNK1 and in dystrophic mdx mice. However, deflazacort treatment did not alter JNK1 activity itself, but rather led to an increase in the activity of the calcineurin phosphatase and an up-regulation of NF-ATc1-dependent gene expression. The prophylactic effect of deflazacort treatment was associated with increased expression of NF-ATc1 target genes such as the dystrophin homologue utrophin. Moreover, the muscle sparing effects of deflazacort were completely abolished when used in conjunction with the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine. Collectively, these results show that deflazacort attenuates loss of dystrophic myofiber integrity by up-regulating the activity of the phosphatase calcineurin, which in turn negates JNK1 inhibition of NF-ATc1-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of NF-ATc1.
High‐efficiency GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs solar cells grown by combined MBE‐MOCVD technique (2016)

Abstract Triple‐junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs solar cells with conversion efficiency of ~29% at AM0 are demonstrated using a combination of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) processes. The bottom junction made of GaInNAs was first grown on a GaAs substrate by MBE and then transferred to an MOCVD system for subsequent overgrowth of the two top junctions. The process produced repeatable cell characteristics and uniform efficiency pattern over 4‐inch wafers. Combining the advantages offered by MBE and MOCVD opens a new perspective for fabrication of high‐efficiency tandem solar cells with three or more junctions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Nucleotide sequence and functional properties of a sodium-dependent citrate transport system from Klebsiella pneumoniae. (1992)

The gene of the sodium-dependent citrate transport system from Klebsiella pneumoniae (citS) is located on plasmid pES3 (Schwarz, E., and Oesterhelt, D. (1985) EMBO J. 4, 1599-1603) and encodes a 446-amino acid protein. Transport of citrate via this citrate transport protein (CitS) is dependent on the presence of sodium ions and is inhibited by magnesium ions. The delta pH (pH gradient across the membrane) is the major driving force for uptake. It is postulated that, in analogy with the proton-dependent citrate carrier (CitH) of K. pneumoniae (van der Rest, M. E., Abee, T., Molenaar, D., and Konings, W. N. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 195, 71-77), only one of the protonated species of citrate is recognized by CitS and that citrate is translocated across the membrane in symport with protons and sodium ions. The hydrophobicity profile of CitS suggests that the protein is very hydrophobic and contains 12 membrane-spanning segments. These segments are not centered around a hydrophilic core as has been suggested for other transport proteins, but the protein is asymmetrical with seven transmembrane segments in front of a large hydrophilic loop and five after this loop. The amino acid sequence is highly similar to a citrate transport system of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis var. diacetylactis (CitP) (David, S., van der Rest, M. E., Driessen, A. J. M., Simons, G., and de Vos, W. M. (1990) J. Bacteriol. 172, 5789-5794) and less similar to CitH of K. pneumoniae. We conclude that the citS gene of K. pneumoniae encodes a sodium-dependent citrate transport system that belongs to a novel subclass of transport proteins.
Reversible intercalation of graphite by fluorine: a new bifluoride, C12HF2, and graphite fluorides, C x F (5 > x > 2) (1983)

A blue-black first-stage graphite fluoride, CxF (5 > x > 2), in which the planar carbon-atom sheets of graphite are preserved, is made by intercalation of graphite with fluorine in the presence of liquid hydrogen fluoride, at ca. 20 °C, the oxidation (which is electrochemically reversible for x > 2.6) proceeding via a highly conductive second stage salt: C12+HF2–.
Direct Wiring of Cytochrome c's Heme Unit to an Electrode:  Electrochemical Studies (2002)

A novel strategy for the immobilization of cytochrome c on the surface of chemically modified electrodes is demonstrated and used to investigate the protein's electron-transfer kinetics. Mixed monolayer films of alkanethiols and omega-terminated alkanethiols (terminated with pyridine, imidazole, or nitrile groups that are able to ligate with the heme) are used to adsorb cytochrome c to the surface of gold electrodes. The use of mixed films, as opposed to pure films, allows the concentration of adsorbed cytochrome to remain dilute and ensures a higher degree of homogeneity in their environment. The adsorbed protein is studied using electrochemical methods and scanning tunneling microscopy.
Derivation of Clones Close to met by Preparative Field Inversion Gel Electrophoresis (1987)

The molecular analysis of genes identified by mutations is a major problem in mammalian genetics. As a step toward this goal, preparative field inversion gel electrophoresis (FIGE) was used to selectively isolate clones from the environment of genetically linked markers, and to select a subset of these clones containing sequences next to specific restriction sites rare in mammalian DNA. This approach has been used to generate a library highly enriched in sequences closely linked to the cystic fibrosis marker met. One clone derived from the end of a Not I restriction fragment containing the met sequence was analyzed in detail and localized within a long range map to a position 300 kilobase pairs 5' of the metD sequence.
Can we translate letters? (2007)

Current statistical machine translation systems handle the translation process as the transformation of a string of symbols into another string of symbols. Normally the symbols dealt with are the words in different languages, sometimes with some additional information included, like morphological data. In this work we try to push the approach to the limit, working not on the level of words, but treating both the source and target sentences as a string of letters. We try to find out if a nearly unmodified state-of-the-art translation system is able to cope with the problem and whether it is capable to further generalize translation rules, for example at the level of word suffixes and translation of unseen words. Experiments are carried out for the translation of Catalan to Spanish.
The Theory ofp-nJunctions in Semiconductors andp-nJunction Transistors (1949)

In a single crystal of semiconductor the impurity concentration may vary from p-type to n-type producing a mechanically continuous rectifying junction. The theory of potential distribution and rectification for p-n junctions is developed with emphasis on germanium. The currents across the junction are carried by the diffusion of holes in n-type material and electrons in p-type material, resulting in an admittance for a simple case varying as (1 + iωτ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> ) <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> where τ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</inf> is the lifetime of a hole in the n-region. Contact potentials across p-n junctions, carrying no current, may develop when hole or electron injection occurs. The principles and theory of a p-n-p transistor are described.
On the Differentiation of Anthrax Bacilli from Bacillus Cereus (1960)

Journal Article On the Differentiation of Anthrax Bacilli from Bacillus Cereus Get access Kenneth L. Burdon, Kenneth L. Burdon From the Department of Microbiology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Reuben Wende Reuben Wende From the Department of Microbiology, Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 107, Issue 2, September 1960, Pages 224–234, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/107.2.224 Published: 01 September 1960 Article history Received: 01 March 1960 Published: 01 September 1960
Human IL-3 and GM-CSF Act Synergistically in Stimulating Hematopoiesis in Primates (1988)

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a member of a family of growth factors, each of which supports the proliferation and development of hematopoietic precursors in culture. Although the biologic effects of the different hematopoietic growth factors have been well documented in different culture systems, it has only recently become possible to study the activities of these molecules in vivo. In comparison with the later acting hematopoietic growth factors granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL-3 elicited a delayed and relatively modest leukocytosis when continuously infused intravenously in primates. The IL-3 infusion, however, greatly potentiated the responsiveness of the animal to subsequent administration of a low dose of GM-CSF. These results suggest that IL-3 expands an early cell population in vivo that subsequently requires the action of a later acting factor such as GM-CSF to complete its development. Optimal stimulation of hematopoiesis may be achieved with combinations of hematopoietic growth factors.
Epidermal growth factor and its receptor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor beta-1, and interleukin-1 alpha messenger RNA production in human corneal endothelial cells. (1991)

The authors tried to determine whether human corneal endothelial cells in primary culture synthesize messenger RNA (mRNA) coding for epidermal growth factor (EGF), EGF receptor, basic fibroblast growth factor (FGFb), transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFb1), and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha). Oligodeoxythymidine-primed complementary DNA (cDNA) was generated from total cellular RNA extracted from eight independent primary corneal endothelial cell cultures. Four of these cultures, maintained 18-51 days, had obvious increases in cell numbers and mass over the 2 weeks before RNA extraction and were populated primarily with cells that were small, uniform, and mononuclear (proliferative cultures). The morphology of the cells in other four cultures, maintained 47-78 days, was predominantly large, irregular, vacuolated, and occasionally multinucleated. These cells were identical to senescent cells found in previous studies, and the cell number did not increase in these cultures over the 2 weeks preceding RNA extraction (senescent cultures). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the growth factors (EGF, FGFb, TGFb1, and IL-1 alpha), EGF receptor, and beta actin sequences from each of the cDNA samples. The EGF receptor, FGFb, and beta actin mRNAs were present in all eight cDNA samples. The EGF mRNAs were detected by PCR alone in four of the samples from proliferative cultures, TGFb1 mRNAs in three, and IL-1 alpha mRNAs in three. In the samples from senescent cultures, 0, 1, and 0 mRNAs were detected, respectively. Southern blots of the PCR products were probed with oligonucleotides complementary to sequences in each of the amplified products. This technique showed that the appropriately sized amplification products were specific.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A modular cross-linking approach for exploring protein interactions (2002)

A method is described for the elucidation of protein-protein interactions using novel cross-linking reagents and mass spectrometry. The method incorporates (1) a modular solid-phase synthetic strategy for generating the cross-linking reagents, (2) enrichment and digestion of cross-linked proteins using microconcentrators, (3) mass spectrometric analysis of cross-linked peptides, and (4) comprehensive computational analysis of the cross-linking data. This integrated approach has been applied to the study of cross-linking between the components of the heterodimeric protein complex negative cofactor 2.