gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Failure to detect the presence of Chlamydia pneumoniae in sarcoid pathology specimens (1997)

The pathogenesis of sarcoidosis is not yet known. On the basis of seroepidemiological data, an association between Chlamydia pneumoniae infection and sarcoidosis has been suggested, but so far no study has addressed the direct detection of this agent in the affected tissues. The aim of the present study was to detect C. pneumoniae deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) within sarcoid tissue specimens by means of a two-step polymerase chain reaction. Lung biopsy specimens of 33 patients with histologically confirmed pulmonary sarcoidosis and 21 control lung biopsies or pathology specimens of patients with pulmonary carcinoma or emphysema were retrospectively analysed. A nested polymerase chain reaction was applied using two sets of primers designed to detect a fragment of the 16 strand ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene of C. pneumoniae. The results of the study failed to demonstrate the presence of C. pneumoniae in biopsy specimens of sarcoid tissue and in the control lung biopsies or pathology specimens. Our results, therefore, tend to rule out the possibility of a direct involvement of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis.
Inhibition of Chemically Induced Carcinogenesis by 2-n-Heptylfuran and 2-n-Butylthiophene from Roast Beef Aroma (1994)

2-n-Butylthiophene (BT) and 2-n-heptylfuran (HF) are two of the numerous furan and thiophene containing compounds present in roast beef aroma. They have been found to induce increased activity of the detoxifying enzyme, glutathione S-transferase (GST). Since furan containing natural products that induce increased activity of GST are known to inhibit tumorigenesis in laboratory animals, the inhibitory effects of BT and HF were investigated in various target tissues. Benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach tumors and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced lung tumors in A/J mice were reduced by BT and HF. Their relative inhibitory effects on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced aberrant crypts formation and tumorigenesis in the colon of mice indicated that BT reduced both preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions while HF did not. These results suggest furan and thiophene containing compounds may be effective inhibitors of chemical carcinogenesis in selective tissues.
A dual encryption protocol for scalable secure multicasting (2003)

We propose a dual encryption protocol for scalable secure multicasting. Multicasting is a scalable solution for group communication. It however poses several unique security problems. We use hierarchical subgrouping to achieve scalability. Third-party hosts or members of the multicast group are designated as subgroup managers. They are responsible for secret key distribution and group membership management at the subgroup level. Unlike existing secure multicast protocols, our protocol need not trust the subgroup managers with the distribution of data encryption keys. The dual encryption protocol proposed in this paper distributes encrypted data encryption keys via subgroup managers. We also present a classification of the existing secure multicast protocols, compare their relative merits and show the advantages of our protocol.
Regulation of renin gene expression in hypertensive rats. (1988)

A carboxy terminal renin complementary DNA (cDNA) clone from rat kidney was isolated, characterized, and used as a probe for renin messenger RNA (mRNA) quantification in normotensive and hypertensive rats. RNA blotting analysis detected renin mRNA in control kidney and brain. Deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) and high salt (1%) treatment of experimental animals resulted in a greater than 95% decrease in the content of renin mRNA in the kidney, as compared with values in control rats receiving 0.4% NaCl in their diet. In contrast, high salt (1%) treatment alone caused only a twofold decrease in kidney renin mRNA content, as compared with values in controls. DOCA and low salt (0.04%) or low salt (0.04%) treatment alone caused a 1.5-fold increase in the kidney renin mRNA content, as compared with values in control rats. These results indicate that DOCA and salt have a synergistic effect in depressing renin mRNA levels in kidney. Clipping of the left renal artery caused a threefold increase in the steady state level of renin mRNA in the ischemic kidney and a 0.5-fold decrease in the hypertrophied kidney. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that blood pressure and other stimuli regulate the expression of the renin gene in vivo.
Monoclonal antibody identification of a 100-kDa membrane protein in HeLa cells and human spinal cord involved in poliovirus attachment. (1988)

Unique receptor sites for poliovirus are considered to be the primary determinant of the virus' cell and tissue-type specificity. To study the poliovirus-cell interaction, eight monoclonal antibodies that specifically block the cytopathic effects of poliovirus were generated by using HeLa cell preparations as immunogen and a newly developed colorimetric screening assay. Plaque-inhibition assays confirmed the viral specificity of the antibodies, and when one antibody, AF3, was used as a probe in immunoblots of cell membrane preparations, it detected a 100-kDa band in only those cell lines and tissues permissive for poliovirus infection. AF3 also specifically inhibited radiolabeled poliovirus binding to cells. In terms of tissue specificity, AF3 detected the 100-kDa band in membrane preparations from human spinal cord but not in organ homogenates of human kidney or in murine tissue, including the central nervous system. Furthermore, AF3 detected the band in a human-mouse hybrid cell line containing human chromosome 19, which confers permissivity for poliovirus infection, but the antibody did not detect the band in a human chromosome 19-deficient subclone. In an immunohistochemical study of the human brainstem, AF3 stained neurons in the reticular formation and clusters of brainstem neurons, consistent with the known pattern of damage caused by poliovirus infection in the brainstem. Furthermore, AF3 reacted with human peripheral mononuclear cells, consistent with the known replication of poliovirus in Peyer's patches and tonsils. These results strongly suggest that the 100-kDa band detected by antibody AF3 is, or is closely associated with, the poliovirus receptor site.
Batch Microreactor Studies of Lignin Depolymerization by Bases. 1. Alcohol Solvents (2002)

Biomass feedstocks contain roughly 10-30% lignin, a substance that can not be converted to fermentable sugars. Hence, most schemes for producing biofuels (ethanol) assume that the lignin coproduct will be utilized as boiler fuel to provide heat and power to the process. However, the chemical structure of lignin suggests that it will make an excellent high value fuel additive, if it can be broken down into smaller molecular units. From fiscal year 1997 through fiscal year 2001, Sandia National Laboratories was a participant in a cooperative effort with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the University of Utah to develop and scale a base catalyzed depolymerization (BCD) process for lignin conversion. SNL's primary role in the effort was to utilize rapidly heated batch microreactors to perform kinetic studies, examine the reaction chemistry, and to develop alternate catalyst systems for the BCD process. This report summarizes the work performed at Sandia during FY97 and FY98 with alcohol based systems. More recent work with aqueous based systems will be summarized in a second report.
Differential functional role of purinergic and nitrergic inhibitory cotransmitters in human colonic relaxation (2014)

Abstract Aim ATP and nitric oxide ( NO ) are released from enteric inhibitory motor neurones and are responsible for colonic smooth muscle relaxation. However, how frequency of neural stimulation affects this cotransmission process and the post‐junctional responses has not been systematically characterized in the human colon. Methods The dynamics of inhibitory cotransmission were studied using different protocols of electrical field stimulation ( EFS ) to characterize the inhibitory junction potentials ( IJP ) and the corresponding relaxation in colonic strips obtained from 36 patients. Results Single pulses elicited a fast IJP (IJPf MAX = −27.6 ± 1.6 mV), sensitive to the P2Y 1 antagonist MRS2500 1 μ m , that ran down with frequency increase leaving a residual hyperpolarization at high frequencies (IJPf ∞ = −3.7 ± 0.6 mV). Accordingly, low frequencies of EFS caused purinergic transient relaxations that cannot be maintained at high frequencies. Addition of the P2Y 1 agonist MRS2365 10 μ m during the purinergic rundown did not cause any hyperpolarization. Protein kinase C (PKC), a putative P2Y 1 desensitizator, was able to reduce the amplitude of the IJPf when activated, but the rundown was not modified by PKC inhibitors. Frequencies higher than 0.60 ± 0.15 Hz were needed to evoke a sustained nitrergic hyperpolarization that progressively increased reaching IJPs ∞ = −13 ± 0.4 mV at high frequencies and leading to a sustained inhibition of spontaneous motility. Conclusion Changes in frequency of stimulation possibly mimicking neuronal firing will post‐junctionally determine purinergic vs. nitrergic responses underlying different functional roles. NO will be responsible for sustained relaxations needed in physiological processes such as storage, while purinergic neurotransmission evoking sharp transient relaxations will be dominant in processes such as propulsion.
Plant nematode control (1998)

Introduction to plant parasitic nematodes seed gall and leaf nematodes stem and trunk nematodes ectoparasitic nematodes of roots semi-endoparasitic nematodes of roots migratory endoparasitic nematodes of roots and tubers sedentary endoparasitic nematodes of roots and tubers conclusion and future prospects for nematode control.
Prediction of spectral reflectance factor distribution of color‐shift paint finishes (2007)

Abstract As the exterior paint colors of automobiles change the shade of color and brightness according to viewing angle, the appearance of a paint finish is expressed numerically by the reflection characteristic (i.e. reflectance) of paint surface. We figure out that the reflectance of most automotive paint finishes is best measured at the incident angle of 60° and the five aspecular angles of 10°, 18°, 28°, 40°, and 90° on the incident plane (Color Res Appl 2005;30:275–282). However, in the case of the so‐called color shift paint, which changes its paint finish appearance as a jewel beetle, depending on the light source location, the reflection characteristic can not be expressed accurately by conventional measuring methods. As the directions not included in the incident plane need to be taken into account, we have to measure at 48,139 points, changing all the incident angles and reflected angles. (It would take about 16 days.) We, therefore, tried to reduce the number of combinations of incident and reflected angles by analyzing the experimental data. Consequently, we reduced it to 1485 points (about 4 h). When we numerically compared our result to the result of all measuring points, we found that the color difference is 2.76 and therefore our method is practically usable. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 32, 378–387, 2007
Induction of autoantibodies to syngeneic prostate‐specific membrane antigen by xenogeneic vaccination (2005)

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a prototypical differentiation antigen expressed on normal and neoplastic prostate epithelial cells, and on the neovasculature of many solid tumors. Monoclonal antibodies specific for PSMA are in development as therapeutic agents. Methodologies to actively immunize against PSMA may be limited by immunologic ignorance and/or tolerance that restrict the response to self-antigens. Our studies have previously shown that xenogeneic immunization with DNA vaccines encoding melanosomal differentiation antigens induces immunity in a mouse melanoma model. Here we apply this approach to PSMA to establish proof of principle in a mouse model. Immunization with xenogeneic human PSMA protein or DNA induced antibodies to both human and mouse PSMA in mice. Monoclonal antibodies specific for mouse PSMA were generated to analyze antibody isotypes and specificity for native and denatured PSMA at the clonal level. Most antibodies recognized denatured PSMA, but C57BL/6 mice immunized with xenogeneic PSMA DNA followed by a final boost with xenogeneic PSMA protein yielded autoantibodies that reacted with native folded mouse PSMA. Monoclonal antibodies were used to confirm the expression of PSMA protein in normal mouse kidney. These results establish the basis for clinical trials to test PSMA DNA vaccines in patients with solid tumors that either express PSMA directly or that depend on normal endothelial cells expressing PSMA for their continued growth.
Use of quasi-distributed optical amplification in SONET self-healing inter-exchange networks (1992)

The SONET self-healing ring has recently emerged as a viable means of providing survivable interconnection among telephone central offices.1 In the event of a link or node failure, such a ring electronically reconfigures, generating a loop-back path that preserves ring integrity. In its conventional form, this scheme has the disadvantage of requiring duplicate high-speed electronic multiplexers at each node in its protection path; however, this disadvantage can be mitigated by employing an optical protection path containing lightwave amplifiers in place of the duplicated high-speed electronics.2 Here we demonstrate such an optical protection network comprising six amplifiers spanning &gt;200 km, about the size range of interest for survivable interoffice rings in metropolitan areas.
Inhibition of lactate dehydrogenase A induces oxidative stress and inhibits tumor progression (2010)

As the result of genetic alterations and tumor hypoxia, many cancer cells avidly take up glucose and generate lactate through lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), which is encoded by a target gene of c-Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1). Previous studies with reduction of LDHA expression indicate that LDHA is involved in tumor initiation, but its role in tumor maintenance and progression has not been established. Furthermore, how reduction of LDHA expression by interference or antisense RNA inhibits tumorigenesis is not well understood. Here, we report that reduction of LDHA by siRNA or its inhibition by a small-molecule inhibitor (FX11 [3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-7-(phenylmethyl)-4-propylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid]) reduced ATP levels and induced significant oxidative stress and cell death that could be partially reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, we document that FX11 inhibited the progression of sizable human lymphoma and pancreatic cancer xenografts. When used in combination with the NAD(+) synthesis inhibitor FK866, FX11 induced lymphoma regression. Hence, inhibition of LDHA with FX11 is an achievable and tolerable treatment for LDHA-dependent tumors. Our studies document a therapeutical approach to the Warburg effect and demonstrate that oxidative stress and metabolic phenotyping of cancers are critical aspects of cancer biology to consider for the therapeutical targeting of cancer energy metabolism.
Safety and efficacy of a thymidine kinase negative equine herpesvirus-1 vaccine in young horses. (1990)

A drug induced equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) mutant lacking thymidine kinase inducing activity was developed and evaluated as a vaccine. The safety and effectiveness of the vaccine to protect against experimentally induced EHV-1 respiratory disease were evaluated in weanling horses free of EHV-1 neutralizing antibody. The vaccine was safe when administered either intramuscularly or intravenously, and EHV-1 was not shed intranasally during the 12 days following administration. Intranasal challenge with virulent EHV-1 was used to evaluate vaccine efficacy. Following challenge, there was a significantly (p less than 0.05) greater increase in peak body temperatures and duration of nasal virus shedding in the nonvaccinates, and a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in serum neutralizing antibody titers in the vaccinates.
Transfection and physical properties of various saccharide, poly(ethylene glycol), and antibody-derivatized polyethylenimines (PEI) (1999)

These results show that conjugation of large and flexible hydrophilic residues to PEI, while protecting the complexes from parasitic interactions also interfere with DNA condensation. PEG conjugation after PEI/DNA complex formation may avoid this problem, provided intracomplex reorganization is slow. Finally an anti-GD2 antibody (mAb) grafted with PEI was synthesized. The corresponding protein-coated DNA complexes were compact and small (50-60 nm), yet did not enhance transfection of GD2 ganglioside-expressing cells.
Hyaluronan-CD44v3 Interaction with Oct4-Sox2-Nanog Promotes miR-302 Expression Leading to Self-renewal, Clonal Formation, and Cisplatin Resistance in Cancer Stem Cells from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2012)

Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a highly malignant cancer associated with major morbidity and mortality. In this study, we determined that human HNSCC-derived HSC-3 cells contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) characterized by high levels of CD44v3 and aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 (ALDH1) expression. These tumor cells also express several stem cell markers (the transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog) and display the hallmark CSC properties of self-renewal/clonal formation and the ability to generate heterogeneous cell populations. Importantly, hyaluronan (HA) stimulates the CD44v3 (an HA receptor) interaction with Oct4-Sox2-Nanog leading to both a complex formation and the nuclear translocation of three CSC transcription factors. Further analysis reveals that microRNA-302 (miR-302) is controlled by an upstream promoter containing Oct4-Sox2-Nanog-binding sites, whereas chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays demonstrate that stimulation of miR-302 expression by HA-CD44 is Oct4-Sox2-Nanog-dependent in HNSCC-specific CSCs. This process results in suppression of several epigenetic regulators (AOF1/AOF2 and DNMT1) and the up-regulation of several survival proteins (cIAP-1, cIAP-2, and XIAP) leading to self-renewal, clonal formation, and cisplatin resistance. These CSCs were transfected with a specific anti-miR-302 inhibitor to silence miR-302 expression and block its target functions. Our results demonstrate that the anti-miR-302 inhibitor not only enhances the expression of AOF1/AOF2 and DNMT1 but also abrogates the production of cIAP-1, cIAP-2, and XIAP and HA-CD44v3-mediated cancer stem cell functions. Taken together, these findings strongly support the contention that the HA-induced CD44v3 interaction with Oct4-Sox2-Nanog signaling plays a pivotal role in miR-302 production leading to AOF1/AOF2/DNMT1 down-regulation and survival of protein activation. All of these events are critically important for the acquisition of cancer stem cell properties, including self-renewal, clonal formation, and chemotherapy resistance in HA-CD44v3-activated head and neck cancer.
‘Molten‐globule“ state accumulates in carbonic anhydrase folding (1984)

Kinetics of folding and unfolding of bovine carbonic anhydrase B were monitored by circular dichroism, viscometry and esterase activity. It was shown that kinetic intermediate states accumulating in folding process reveal a native-like compactness and secondary structure but have a symmetrized average environment of aromatic side groups and no esterase activity. These properties allow one to consider these intermediate states as the 'molten-globule' state of a protein molecule previously described by us for several equilibrium forms of bovine and human alpha-lactalbumins and bovine carbonic anhydrase B.
Speckle-reduced three-dimensional volume holographic display by use of integral imaging (2002)

We propose a method to implement a speckle-reduced coherent three-dimensional (3D) display system by a combination of integral imaging and photorefractive volume holographic storage. The 3D real object is imaged through the microlens array and stored in the photorefractive crystal. During the reconstruction process a phase conjugate reading beam is used to minimize aberration, and a rotating diffuser located on the imaging plane of the lens array is employed to reduce the speckle noise. The speckle-reduced 3D image with a wide viewing angle can be reconstructed by use of the proposed system. Experimental results are presented and optical parameters of the proposed system are discussed in detail.
Recent advances in shell cross-linked micelles (2007)

The field of shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles is briefly reviewed. Important advances over the last two years are emphasized, potential application areas are discussed and current technical problems with these fascinating nanoparticles are highlighted. Particular attention is paid to (i) the development of new cross-linking chemistries and (ii) the adsorption of SCL micelles at interfaces.
Role of the main immunogenic region of acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis. An Fab monoclonal antibody protects against antigenic modulation by human sera. (1985)

Antigenic modulation of acetylcholine receptor (AChR), i.e., acceleration of its internalization and degradation rate by antibody-cross-linking, is considered to be one of the two main causes of AChR loss in myasthenia gravis (MG). The majority of the antibodies to AChR are directed to the main immunogenic region (MIR) on the alpha-subunit of the receptor. We here examine the relative contribution of the anti-MIR antibody fraction (as well as of another fraction) to the antigenic modulation caused by MG patients' sera. Fab fragments of an anti-MIR monoclonal antibody (mAb) or a mAb to the beta-subunit (neither of which causes antigenic modulation) were allowed to shield their corresponding regions on the AChR on the mouse muscle cell line BC3H1. The 27 MG sera subsequently added thus bound to all other regions except to the protected one, and the resulting antigenic modulation was measured. The anti-MIR mAb protected the AChR by 68 +/- 16%. This is interpreted as the contribution to antigenic modulation of the anti-MIR antibody fraction in the human sera. This percentage correlated very well with the occurrence of the anti-MIR antibodies in the same sera. The anti-beta mAb gave only small protection of the AChR. No significant pattern differences were observed between sexes, early and recent onset of the disease, or high and low antibody titers. It is concluded that as far as it concerns the one of the pathogenic mechanisms in MG, i.e., the antigenic modulation, the MIR seems to be the main pathogenic region. The observation that a single mAb can efficiently protect the AChR in this system may prove to be of therapeutic interest.