gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anaphylatoxins: Possible Roles in Disease (1986)

Anaphylatoxins, in particular C3a and C5a, have various biological activities which suggest a role as mediators of inflammatory reactions: they cause contraction of smooth muscle, histamine release, increase in capillary permeability, adhesion of leukocytes to vascular endothelium, leukocyte chemotaxis, and aggregation of platelets and leukocytes. Most of these effects are supported by the cooperation of other mediators, in particular arachidonic acid derivatives which may be produced by anaphylatoxin-stimulated cells, e.g. leukocytes or endothelium. In vivo effects of the complement peptides depend very much on the site of their generation: intravascular release in the general circulation leads to adverse symptoms such as adult respiratory distress syndrome and shock lung, mainly due to leukocyte activation, aggregation and their accumulation in lung vessels. Intravascular release may be induced by certain drugs, and by contact of blood with the surfaces of bypass or dialysis apparatus. Induction of local inflammatory and defense reactions requires release of anaphylatoxins in tissue spaces. Tissue fluid differs quantitatively from blood plasma in its concentration of complement components. This raises some problems of how efficient concentrations of C3a and C5a can be attained at the site of a lesion to generate a chemotactic gradient capable of attracting blood leukocytes.
Quantified security is a weak hypothesis (2009)

This paper critically surveys previous work on quantitative representation and analysis of security. Such quantified security has been presented as a general approach to precisely assess and control security. We classify a significant part of the work between 1981 and 2008 with respect to security perspective, target of quantification, underlying assumptions and type of validation. The result shows how the validity of most methods is still strikingly unclear. Despite applying a number of techniques from fields such as computer science, economics and reliability theory to the problem it is unclear what valid results exist with respect to operational security. Quantified security is thus a weak hypothesis because a lack of validation and comparison between such methods against empirical data. Furthermore, many assumptions in formal treatments are not empirically well-supported in operational security and have been adopted from other fields. A number of risks are present with depending on quantitative methods with limited or no validation.
Polarization as a driving force in accelerated retention measurements on ferroelectric thin films (2002)

There has been an increase in the number of papers and research related to the study of retention measurement and interpretation of results in ferroelectric thin films as applied to non-volatile memory devices. Because it is impractical to measure the retention time directly, temperature is employed to accelerate the failure mechanisms. The magnitude of the polarization vector is the driving force for charge re-distribution in ferroelectric thin films but is itself, temperature dependent. Characterization results suggest that there is an optimum temperature at which maximum polarization compensation occurs. The experimental results introduced in this paper is meant to add to the growing knowledge base of retention characterization.
Oxygenation of Hexadecane in the Biosynthesis of Cyclic Glycolipids inTorulopsis Apicola (1992)

AbstractBiotransformation of [1-13C] labelled hexadecane, hexadecanol and hexadecanoic acid have been investigated using the yeast Torulopsis apicola. The yeast produces a microcrystalline mixture of two glycolipids, the lipophilic moiety of which consists of ω- or (ω-l)-hydroxylated hexadecanoic acid. Biosynthesis of these glycolipids takes place via hydroxylation of hexadecane, oxidation to hexadecanoic acid and ω or (ω-l)-hydroxylation of hexadecanoic acid. Feeding the cell cultures with a mixture of hexadecane and [1-13C] labelled hexadecane derivatives one observes 13C enrichment ratios which indicate that neither of the biohydroxylation or oxidation steps are rate limiting in the formation of the glycolipids, furthermore, two different monooxygenase systems appear to be involved in hydroxylation of hexadecane and hexadecanoic acid.Key Words: Biosynthesis[13C] labelled compoundsglycolipidsyeastTorulopsis (syn. Candida)
The Context of Gene Expression Defines the Immunodominance Hierarchy of Cytomegalovirus Antigens (2013)

Natural immunity to CMV dominates the CD4 and CD8 memory compartments of the CMV-seropositive host. This property has been recently exploited for experimental CMV-based vaccine vector strategies, and it has shown promise in animal models of AIDS and Ebola disease. Although it is generally agreed that CMV-based vaccine vectors may induce highly protective and persistent memory T cells, the influence of the gene expression context on Ag-specific T cell memory responses and immune protection induced by CMV vectors is not known. Using murine CMV (MCMV) recombinants expressing a single CD8 T cell epitope from HSV-1 fused to different MCMV genes, we show that magnitude and kinetics of T cell responses induced by CMV are dependent on the gene expression of CMV Ags. Interestingly, the kinetics of the immune response to the HSV-1 epitope was paralleled by a reciprocal depression of immune responses to endogenous MCMV Ags. Infection with a recombinant MCMV inducing a vigorous initial immune response to the recombinant peptide resulted in a depressed early response to endogenous MCMV Ag. Another recombinant virus, which induced a slowly developing "inflationary" T cell response to the HSV-1 peptide, induced weaker long-term responses to endogenous CMV Ags. Importantly, both mutants were able to protect mice from a challenge with HSV-1, mediating strong sterilizing immunity. Our data suggest that the context of gene expression markedly influences the T cell immunodominance hierarchy of CMV Ags, but the immune protection against HSV-1 does not require inflationary CD8 responses against the recombinant CMV-expressed epitope.
Optical reflectance and transmittance of tissues: principles and applications (1990)

A discussion is presented of diagnostic and dosimetric optical measurements in medicine and biology. Topics covered include: tissue optical properties, tissue boundary conditions, and invasive versus noninvasive measurements. Clinical applications of therapeutic dosimetry and diagnostic spectroscopy are discussed. The principles of diffuse reflectance and transmittance measurements are presented. Experimental studies illustrate reflectance spectroscopy and steady-state versus time-resolved measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
RHETORICAL STRUCTURE THEORY: A THEORY OF TEXT ORGANIZATION (1987)

Abstract : Rhetorical Structure Theory is a descriptive theory of a major aspect of the organization of natural text. It is a linguistically useful method for describing natural texts, characterizing their structure primarily in terms of relations that hold between parts of the text. This paper establishes a new definitional foundation for RST. Definitions are made more systematic and explicit, they introduce a new functional element, and incidentally reflect more experience in text analysis. Along with the definitions, the paper examines three claims and findings of RST: the predominance of nucleus/satellite structural patterns, the functional basis of hierarchy, and the communicative role of text structure. (Author) Keywords: Artificial intelligence; Coherence; Computational linguistics; Discourse; Grammar; Knowledge delivery; Natural language processing; Pragmatics.
Ca2+-mediated association of human serum amyloid P component with heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. (1987)

The serum amyloid P component (SAP) is a precursor glycoprotein of amyloid P component found in all types of amyloid deposits. The binding of human SAP to heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate was studied using Sepharose-immobilized SAP. The apparent dissociation constants of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate for immobilized-SAP were estimated to be approximately 2 X 10(-7) M in the presence of 2 mM CaCl2 at neutral pH and physiological ionic strength. Both the binding affinity of SAP for these glycosaminoglycans and the numbers of binding sites of SAP depended on calcium concentration. Cadmium partially substituted for calcium as an activator of glycosaminoglycan binding to SAP. No binding occurs in the absence of added metal, or in the presence of barium, copper, magnesium, manganese, and strontium. The calcium-dependent binding of [3H]heparan sulfate and [3H]dermatan sulfate to SAP was strongly inhibited by heparan sulfate, heparin, and dermatan sulfate. Chondroitin 6-sulfate was a moderate inhibitor, whereas hyaluronic acid, chondroitin 4-sulfate, and keratan sulfate were not potent inhibitors. The calcium-dependent binding of amyloid P component to heparan sulfate and/or dermatan sulfate may be a cause of the coexistence of the particular glycoprotein and these glycosaminoglycans in amyloid tissues.
Disorders of Gastric Emptying in Humans and the Use of Radionuclide Techniques (1985)

Associated with the development of methods to quantify gastric emptying, there has been an increased understanding of the physiology of gastric emptying in normal subjects and the pathophysiology and pharmacological treatment of gastric emptying disorders. The measurement of gastric emptying, using radionuclide-labeled food markers and a scintillation camera, has widespread clinical and research applications.
The Mpact media processor redefines the multimedia PC (2002)

By implementing all seven key multimedia functions (MPEG video, 2D graphics, 3D graphics, audio, fax/modem, telephony, and videophone) using a single media processor, Chromatic Research has redefined the multimedia PC. Utilizing a high bandwidth RAMBUS RDRAM for media memory and a VLIW SIMD internal architecture, the Mpact M1 media processor is able to deliver 2 BOPS of sustained integer performance at a price point significantly below alternative discrete hardware implementations. By cooperatively solving multimedia tasks with the host processor, by supporting Win '95 APIs, and by supporting PC legacy needs such as VGA graphics and FM audio, the M1 raises the bar on base PC multimedia functionality.
<title>Scanned optical fiber confocal microscope</title> (1994)

The size and weight of conventional optical microscopes often makes them inconvenient for use on the human body or for in-situ examination during materials processing. We describe a new fiber-optic scanning confocal optical microscope which could have a total outside diameter as small as 1 mm, and should lend itself to applications in endoscopy or to optical in vivo histology. The first experimental device utilizes a single-mode optical fiber for illumination and detection. The scanning element is a mechanically resonant fused silica cantilever 1.5 cm long and 0.8 mm across, with a micromachined two-phase zone plate objective mounted at one end. The cantilever is electrostatically scanned near resonance in two dimensions, generating a Lissajous pattern which is scan converted to conventional video for real time display or digitization. The objective lens has N.A. equals 0.25 at (lambda) equals 0.6328 micrometers , with a measured spot size of 1.8 micrometers FWHM.
On the fidelity of DNA polymerase α: the influence of α-thio dNTPs, Mn2+and mismatch repair (1985)

The phi X174am16 revertant system has been used to investigate the influence of alpha-thio-dNTPs and of Mn2+ on the fidelity of the 9S DNA polymerase alpha from calf thymus. Upon substituting dGTP by alpha-thio-dGTP during the in vitro replication, a nearly tenfold decrease in the frequency of G:G and G:T mispairs is observed. The formation of all other mispairs is not changed in the presence of the corresponding alpha-thio-dNTP. Mn2+ at concentrations of 0.5 mM does not influence the frequencies of the mispairs. The expression rate of errors formed during in vitro replication in the (-) strand has been determined for all mispairs detectable in the phi Xam16 system. The (-) strand expression of G:T, T:T and C:T mismatches is about 50%, whereas for A:G, G:G and C:A mismatches it is clearly below 50%. We conclude that the different base-base mismatches are repaired with different efficiencies.
Reducibility of Potassium-Promoted Iron Oxide under Hydrogen Conditions (2003)

There is economic incentive to operate the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation reaction at low steam/ethylbenzene ratios. To develop catalysts capable of performing under these conditions, it is necessary to understand the mechanism whereby the concomitant activity loss occurs. A potentially important mechanism is the reduction of the iron oxide. Thermogravimetric analysis in conjunction with X-ray diffraction is used to characterize the reduction properties resulting from potassium addition to iron oxide. The impacts of potassium addition on the temperature required to initiate reduction with hydrogen and on the apparent activation energy of reduction are determined. Reducibility of the potassium/iron oxide system in the presence of other dehydrogenation catalyst promoters is also presented.
Abstract 4411: Farletuzumab (mAb003), a neutralizing monoclonal antibody to folate receptor alpha, enhances paclitaxel efficacy in an ovarian cancer model (2012)

Abstract Farletuzumab, MORAb-003 is a humanized monoclonal antibody (mAb) that recognizes the folate receptor alpha (FRα) which is over-expressed in various malignancies including ovarian and lung cancers. This presents a unique approach to an unmet medical need in ovarian cancer therapy by targeting this receptor. Farletuzumab is currently in clinical trials in combination with paclitaxel for metastatic ovarian and lung cancer. In this study we evaluated potential benefit that farletuzumab offers when added to a traditional chemotherapy in a pre-clinical murine model. In a human ovarian cancer model, female athymic nude mice were implanted intraperitoneally with IGROV cells which express FRα. One week post tumor establishment, these mice were treated with Paclitaxel, MORAb-003, or the combination of the two, respectively. A group of the tumor-bearing mice received PBS as control. Tumors found in peritoneal cavity were harvested and weighed, then recorded as tumor burden. In animals treated with MORAb-003 at 25mg/kg twice weekly for 4 weeks, tumor growth was reduced near 30%. With treatment of paclitaxel at 0.5 mg/kg weekly for 4 weeks, the tumor burden in these mice was reduced ∼65%. An enhancement of therapeutic effect on tumor burden was clearly observed when MORAb-003 was added to the chemo treatment and resulted in a growth inhibition of greater than 80%. Our results demonstrate the ability of MORAb003, as a mono-agent, in inhibiting the growth of ovarian cancer in a murine model. When added to the chemotherapeutic regimen, it enhances the therapeutic efficacy of traditional chemotherapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4411. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4411
Pre-existing Anti–Adeno-Associated Virus Antibodies as a Challenge in AAV Gene Therapy (2013)

Adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors are promising tools for gene therapeutic applications, in part because AAVs are nonpathogenic viruses, and vectors derived from them can drive long-term transgene expression without integration of the vector DNA into the host genome. AAVs are not strongly immunogenic, but they can, nonetheless, give rise to both a cellular and humoral immune response. As a result, a significant fraction of potential patients for AAV-based gene therapy harbors pre-existing antibodies against AAV. Because even very low levels of antibodies can prevent successful transduction, antecedent anti-AAV antibodies pose a serious obstacle to the universal application of AAV gene therapy. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of the role of anti-AAV antibodies in AAV-based gene therapy with a particular emphasis on approaches to overcome the hurdle that they pose.
A Phase II Trial of Continuous Infusion Cisplatin and 5-Fluorouracil with Oral Calcium Leucovorin in Colorectal Carcinoma (1992)

Twenty previously untreated patients with advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma were entered on a Phase II trial of 3-day continuous infusion cisplatin (25 mg/m2/day) and 5-fluorouracil (800 mg/M2/day) with oral calcium leucovorin (30 mg/dose) every 6 hours. There were four partial responses (20%) and two complete responses (10%) for a total response rate of 30% (95% confidence limits +/- 20%). Patients received a median of 4.5 cycles of therapy (range 2-9 cycles). Three patients experienced neutropenia; one had a life-threatening infection. One developed neuropathy at 375 mg/M2 cumulative dose. Four patients developed mucositis. Treatment was stopped for one patient with stable disease after 5 cycles because of anorexia and nausea and vomiting; treatment was stopped for four patients because of excessive fatigue. The median duration of responses was 4 months (range 3-6 months). Although this regimen is active, the response rate, cumulative nature of the toxicity, and the requirement for hospitalization led us to conclude that this regimen does not warrant Phase III testing but might be a basis for further Phase II therapeutic trials.
Corneal Biomechanical Changes after Collagen Cross-Linking from Porcine Eye Inflation Experiments (2010)

Cross-linking stiffened porcine corneas significantly. Both experimental data and stress-strain analysis are valuable for finite element models to improve understanding of CXL and its predictability. Although differences are expected between human corneas in vivo and porcine corneas ex vivo, the results are consistent with clinical data found in patients. The apparent biomechanical anisotropy of pig corneas must be confirmed in humans.
Solution Structure of a β-Peptide Ligand for hDM2 (2005)

We recently reported a beta-peptide foldamer, beta53-1, that folds into a 14-helix in aqueous solution, binds the oncoprotein hDM2 with submicromolar affinity, and potently inhibits the interaction of hDM2 with a peptide derived from the activation domain of p53 (p53AD). Here, we present the solution structure of beta53-1 in methanol. Details of the structure illustrate fundamental and novel elements of beta-peptide folding and recognition. These elements include the detailed arrangement of a complex, 14-helix-stabilizing salt bridge on one helical face, and a unique "wedge into cleft" packing interaction along a second. The structure also reveals how a subtle distortion in the beta53-1 14-helix geometry alters the presentation of its recognition epitope, rendering it particularly well suited for alpha-helix mimicry. The solution structure of beta53-1 demonstrates that well folded beta-peptide oligomers can effectively present an extended, highly variable surface that could be used as a general platform for targeting critical protein-protein interfaces.
Direct Laser Writing: Versatile Tool for Microfabrication of Lithium Niobate (2012)

We demonstrate versatility of femtosecond direct laser writing (DLW) technique for microstructuring of iron-doped and as-grown lithium niobate crystals. Formation of extended, metastable, and re-writable refractive index modulation structures is achievable via fast local photorefractive modification of refractive index at the focus of the writing laser beam, with a modulation of up to n ~ 10 -3 , without permanent structural damage to the host crystal. Non-destructive photomodification allows total or partial erasure or modification of the previously recorded structures. This capability may enable realization of optically reconfigurable diffractive optical elements in the same volume of lithium niobate crystal. Flexibility of the DLW technique can be exploited for threedimensional microstructuring of periodic and aperiodic patterns with controllable index modulation profiles.
Multiple Routes to Astrocytic Differentiation in the CNS (1998)

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) acts instructively to switch multipotent stem cells of the CNS to an astrocytic fate. Here we show that CNTF causes activation of janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways with differential kinetics in these cells. Inhibition studies indicate that activation of the MAPK pathway is required early in the differentiation process, whereas activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins is required for commitment to an astrocytic fate. Bone morphogenetic proteins have also been shown to cause astrocytic differentiation but do not cause STAT activation or astrocytic differentiation in fibroblast growth factor 2-expanded fetal stem cells used here. These results show that there are two distinct routes to initiate astrocytic commitment in multipotent CNS precursors.
Neurobiology of Photophobia (2019)

The findings provide a neural substrate for understanding the complexity of aversion to light in patients with migraine and neuro-ophthalmologic other disorders.