gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic ultrasound activation of contrast agent gas bodies induces capillary rupture in mice (2000)

Interaction of diagnostic ultrasound with gas bodies produces a useful contrast effect in medical images, but the same interaction also represents a mechanism for bioeffects. Anesthetized hairless mice were scanned by using a 2.5-MHz transducer (610-ns pulses with 3.6-kHz repetition frequency and 61-Hz frame rate) after injection of Optison and Evans blue dye. Petechial hemorrhages (PHs) in intestine and abdominal muscle were counted 15 min after exposure to characterize capillary rupture, and Evans blue extravasation was evaluated in samples of muscle tissue. For 5 ml⋅kg -1 contrast agent and exposure to 10 alternating 10-s on and off periods, PH counts in muscle were approximately proportional to the square of peak negative pressure amplitude and were statistically significant above 0.64 MPa. PH counts in intestine and Evans blue extravasation into muscle tissue were significant above 1.0 MPa. The PH effect in muscle was proportional to contrast dose and was statistically significant for the lowest dose of 0.05 ml⋅kg -1 . The effects decreased nearly to sham levels if the exposure was delayed 5 min. The PH effect in abdominal muscle was significant and statistically indistinguishable for uninterrupted 100-s exposure, 10-s exposure, 100 scans repeated at 1 Hz, and even for a single scan. The results confirms a previous report of PH induction by diagnostic ultrasound with contrast agent in mammalian skeletal muscle [Skyba, D. M., Price, R. J., Linka, A. Z., Skalak, T. C. &amp; Kaul, S. (1998) Circulation 98, 290–293].
Hashing-Based Traffic Splitting Algorithms for Internet Load Balancing (1999)

Replication of resources is a key technique for improving Internet&#13;\nperformance. Effective use of replicated resources requires good load &#13;\ndistribution schemes. We study the performance of several hashing schemes&#13;\nfor distributing traffic while preserving the order of packets within a&#13;\nflow. Traffic distribution with per-flow ordering has applications that&#13;\ninclude balancing traffic across multiple Internet access links and&#13;\nbalancing HTTP request load in a web server farm. While hashing schemes for&#13;\nload balancing have been proposed in the past, this is the first&#13;\ncomprehensive study of performance using real traffic traces.&#13;\n&#13;\nWe evaluate five direct hashing methods and one table-based hashing method. &#13;\nWe find that hashing using a 16-bit CRC over the TCP five-tuple gives&#13;\nexcellent load balancing performance. Further, load-adaptive table-based&#13;\nhashing using the exclusive OR of the source and destination IP addresses&#13;\nachieves comparable performance to the 16-bit CRC. Table-based hashing can&#13;\nalso distribute load according to unequal weights. We also report on four&#13;\nother schemes with poor to moderate performance.
Anti-VEGF receptor antagonist (VGA1155) reduces infarction in rat permanent focal brain ischemia. (2008)

VGA1155 was found to protect against secondary ischemic brain damage after permanent focal cerebral ischemia, although it did not reduce vasogenic edema at 24 hours. Changes in endogenous VEGF may be related to the therapeutic effect of VGA1155.
Identification and Functional Characterization of Three Chicken Cathelicidins with Potent Antimicrobial Activity (2005)

Cathelicidins comprise a family of antimicrobial peptides sharing a highly conserved cathelin domain. Here we report that the entire chicken genome encodes three cathelicidins, namely fowlicidin-1 to -3, which are densely clustered within a 7.5-kb distance at the proximal end of chromosome 2p. Each fowlicidin gene adopts a fourexon, three-intron structure, typical for a mammalian cathelicidin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that fowlicidins and a group of distantly related mammalian cathelicidins known as neutrophilic granule proteins are likely to originate from a common ancestral gene prior to the separation of birds from mammals, whereas other classic mammalian cathelicidins may have been duplicated from the primordial gene for neutrophilic granule proteins after mammals and birds are diverged. Similar to ovine cathelicidin SMAP-29, putatively mature fowlicidins displayed potent and salt-independent activities against a range of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains, with minimum inhibitory concentrations in the range of 0.4-2.0 microm for most strains. Fowlicidin-1 and -2 also showed cytotoxicity, with 50% killing of mammalian erythrocytes or epithelial cells in the range of 6-40 microm. In addition, two fowlicidins demonstrated a strong positive cooperativity in binding lipopolysaccharide (LPS), resulting in nearly complete blockage of LPS-mediated proinflammatory gene expression in RAW264.7 cells. Taken together, fowlicidin-1 and -2 are clearly among the most potent cathelicidins that have been reported. Their broad spectrum and salt-insensitive antibacterial activities, coupled with their potent LPS-neutralizing activity, make fowlicidins excellent candidates for novel antimicrobial and anti-sepsis agents.
Elevated expression of the centromere protein‐A(CENP‐A)‐encoding gene as a prognostic and predictive biomarker in human cancers (2016)

Centromere protein-A (CENP-A), a histone-H3 variant, plays an essential role in cell division by ensuring proper formation and function of centromeres and kinetochores. Elevated CENP-A expression has been associated with cancer development. This study aimed to establish whether elevated CENP-A expression can be used as a prognostic and predictive cancer biomarker. Molecular profiling of CENP-A in human cancers was investigated using genomic, transcriptomic and patient information from databases, including COSMIC, Oncomine, Kaplan-Meier plotter and cBioPortal. A network of CENP-A co-expressed genes was derived from cBioPortal and analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) and Oncomine protocols to explore the function of CENP-A and its predictive potential. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of CENP-A expression was analyzed in silico. It was found that CENP-A expression was elevated in 20 types of solid cancer compared with normal counterparts. Elevated CENP-A expression highly correlated with cancer progression and poor patient outcome. Genomic analysis indicated that the elevated CENP-A expression was not due to alterations in the sequence or copy number of the CENP-A gene. Furthermore, CENP-A can be regulated by key oncogenic proteins and tumor-suppressive microRNAs. CENP-A co-expression network analysis indicated that CENP-A function is associated with cell cycle progression. Oncomine analysis showed a strong correlation between elevated CENP-A expression and oncolytic response of breast cancer patients to taxane-based chemotherapy. In conclusion, elevated CENP-A expression is coupled to malignant progression of numerous types of cancer. It may be useful as a biomarker of poor patient prognosis and as a predictive biomarker for taxane-based chemotherapy.
Degradation of Phenylcarbamates in Soil by Mixed Suspension of IPC‐Adapted Microorganisms (1972)

Abstract A mixed suspension of microorganisms containing at least 7 tentatively identified genera was derived from a liquid mixture of soil and IPC. This suspension, when applied to nonsterile greenhouse soil flats, markedly reduced or eliminated the toxicity of the phenylcarbamates IPC, CIPC, and Swep to several test plant species. The suspension of microorganisms was effective in the soil for between 2 and 3 months. These findings have implications for the degradation of chemicals resistent to the native soil population.
Development of a Receptor Peptide Antagonist to Human γ-Interferon and Characterization of Its Ligand-bound Conformation Using Transferred Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy (1995)

Polyclonal anti-idiotypic antibody raised to a synthetic discontinuous peptide derived from the human gamma-interferon (huIFN-gamma) sequence recognizes soluble human gamma-interferon receptor (Seelig, G. F., Prosise, W. W., and Taremi, S. S. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 358-363). We sought to use this reagent to identify a ligand-binding domain within IFN-gamma-receptor. To do this, the neutralizing anti-idiotypic antibody was used to probe overlapping linear peptide octamers of the extracellular domain of the huIFN-gamma receptor. A 22-amino-acid residue receptor segment 120-141 identified by the antibody was synthesized. CD and NMR analysis indicates that peptide 120-141 has no apparent secondary structure in water or in water containing 50% trifluoroethanol. The synthetic receptor peptide inhibited huIFN-gamma induced expression of HLA/DR antigen on Colo 205 cells with an approximate IC50 of 35 microM. Immobilized peptide specifically bound recombinant huIFN-gamma but did not bind human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on a microtiter plate in a direct binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The binding results are supported by two-dimensional transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (TRNOE) NMR data obtained on the peptide in the presence of recombinant huIFN-gamma. Characterization of the conformation of the bound peptide by TRNOE suggests that this peptide assumes a distinct conformation. Intramolecular interactions within the bound peptide were detected at two non-contiguous regions and at a third region comprising a beta-turn formed by the sequence DIRK. We believe that this represents the structure of the receptor within the ligand-binding domain.
Intestinal bacteria antagonistic to Clostridium difficile in mice (1987)

Overgrowth by Clostridium difficile has been reported in conventional mice injected intraperitoneally with ampicillin. In this study, we aimed to determine which types of indigenous intestinal bacteria were eliminated by ampicillin to allow overgrowth by C. difficile. C. difficile overgrowth was associated with a decrease in the numbers of lactobacilli, an increase in bacteroidaceae and a slight decrease in the frequency of isolation of fusiform-shaped bacteria (clostridia). C. difficile cytotoxin was detected in caeca from mice in which the numbers of C. difficile were greater than 10(5) per gram of faeces. Gnotobiotic mice were inoculated with various groups of intestinal anaerobes to determine which members of the indigenous flora would antagonize C. difficile. Gnotobiotic mice inoculated with three strains of lactobacilli, 37 strains of bacteroides or 46 strains of clostridia isolated from limited-flora mice were unable to eliminate C. difficile. C. difficile was eliminated, however, from the gastrointestinal tracts of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with whole faeces or chloroform-treated faeces from conventional mice or whole faeces from limited-flora mice containing only clostridia.
Selective and Efficient Gene Delivery of CD40-Ligand by a Fiber-Modified Adenovirus Vector with Specific Antibody to Human Leukemia and Myeloma. (2004)

Abstract The use of adenovirus vector for cancer gene therapy is limited by their low transduction efficiency for lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma. We previously reported that highly efficient gene delivery of CD40-ligand by a modified adenovirus vector with the integrin-binding motif, RGD, in the H1 loop of the fiber knob (AxCAhCD40L-F/RGD) could induce phenotypic alteration followed by T cell immune response to autologous leukemia cells. But the utility of adenovirus with RGD-motif is still limited by their lack of specificity on tumor cells. Recent studies revealed a novel strategy of targeting adenovirus using a bispecific single-chain antibody (scFv) specific for adenovirus and target molecules on tumor cell surface. However, this approach should permit the production of high quantities of active bispecific scFv for in vivo use. To target adenovirus to hematopoietic tumor cells efficiently, we herein constructed a modified adenovirus vector that contained a synthetic immunoglobulin G-binding domain (termed Z33) in H1 loop of the fiber knob. A recombinant adenovirus encoding EGFP, lacZ (as reporter gene; Ax3CAZ3-F/Z33 or Ax3EGFP-F/Z33) or CD40L (as a therapeutic gene; Ax3CD40L-F/Z33) with Z33-modified fiber were tested for gene transfer efficiency into human tumors such as lymphoma, leukemia and myeloma cells. By the treatment with various antibodies specific for CD20 (Rituximab), CD40, CD38, CCR2 or CXCR4 that are expressed on leukemic cells, we achieved 3 to 10-fold enhancement of gene expression in lymphoma/leukemia (Ramos, Daudi or THP-1) and myeloma cells (MM1S, IM-9 or KMS5) compared with control IgG-treated tumors. We also examined specific gene delivery to freshly isolated leukemia B cells from patients that also contains normal lymphocytes. By using antibody to CD20 or CD40, we could selectively deliver CD40L gene with Ax3CD40L-F/Z33 into leukemia B cells (&amp;gt;50% at 300 pu/cell), but not in T and monocytes, followed by the induction of immune costimulatory molecules that are important in anti-leukemia immune response. Overall, our results indicated that combination of Z33-modified adenovirus vector and tumor specific antibody can be used as a modality for the gene therapy of leukemia and myeloma.
Morphology of Etch Pits on Germanium Studied by Optical and Scanning Electron Microscopy (1970)

A comparison is made between optical and scanning electron microscopy techniques on germanium surfaces that have been etched in several common chemical etchants. The morphology of the etch pits due to dislocations and different types of surface preparation are discussed. The high resolution and depth of field of the scanning electron microscope allowed resolution of the fine structure of the etch figures. Due to the manner in which the image is formed on the scanning electron microscope, the limit of resolution is much higher and light interference encountered using standard metallurgical microscopes is eliminated.
Diagnostic and biological implications of mel-CAM expression in mesenchymal neoplasms. (1996)

Mel-CAM (previously MUC18) is an integral membrane glycoprotein involved in heterophilic intercellular adhesions. Mel-CAM is expressed specifically in certain normal mesenchymal tissues, including smooth muscle, endothelium, and Schwann cells. As a member of the immunoglobulin supergene family of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), Mel-CAM may play a pivotal role in the normal differentiation and functional activity of these tissues. To determine the distribution of Mel-CAM in mesenchymal neoplasms and to investigate its potential role as a factor in tumor progression, we evaluated a spectrum of mesenchymal neoplasms by immunohistochemistry using a Mel-CAM-specific polyclonal antibody on formalin-fixed tissues. Mel-CAM positivity was observed in 5 (100%) of 5 leiomyomas, 29 (91%) of 32 leiomyosarcomas, 5 (100%) of 5 hemangiomas, 5 (100%) of 5 angiosarcomas, 3 (100%) of 3 Kaposi's sarcomas, 8 (100%) of 8 schwannomas, 10 (100%) of 10 neurofibromas, 0 (0%) of 8 malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, 2 (15%) of 13 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 0 (0%) of 8 fibrosarcomas, 0 (0%) of 7 synovial sarcomas, and 0 (0%) of 6 liposarcomas. These results show that Mel-CAM is expressed consistently in neoplasms of smooth muscle and vascular origin, and that immunostaining for Mel-CAM may serve as a useful adjunct in differentiating leiomyosarcomas, angiosarcomas, and Kaposi's sarcomas from other spindle cell neoplasms. Furthermore, the observation that Mel-CAM is expressed consistently in schwannomas and neurofibromas but not in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors implicates Mel-CAM as a potential modulator of malignant transformation in peripheral nerve tumors.
Separation of blood in microchannel bends (2004)

Biological applications of micro assay devices require integrated on-chip microfluidics for separation of plasma or serum from blood. This is achieved by a new blood separation technique based on a microchannel bend structure developed within the collaborative Micro-Tele-BioChip (&mu;TBC) project co-funded by the German Ministry For Education and Research (BMBF). Different prototype polymer chips have been manufactured with an UV-LIGA process and hot embossing technology. The separation efficiency of these chips has been determined by experimental measurements using human whole blood. Results show different separation efficiencies for cells and plasma depending on microchannel geometry and blood sample characteristics and suggest an alternative blood separation method as compared to existing micro separation technologies.
Endothelial SOCS3 maintains homeostasis and promotes survival in endotoxemic mice (2021)

SOCS3 is the main inhibitor of the JAK/STAT3 pathway. This pathway is activated by interleukin 6 (IL-6), a major mediator of the cytokine storm during shock. To determine its role in the vascular response to shock, we challenged mice lacking SOCS3 in the adult endothelium (SOCS3iEKO) with a nonlethal dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). SOCS3iEKO mice died 16-24 hours postinjection after severe kidney failure. Loss of SOCS3 led to an LPS-induced type I IFN-like program and high expression of prothrombotic and proadhesive genes. Consistently, we observed intraluminal leukocyte adhesion and neutrophil extracellular trap-osis (NETosis), as well as retinal venular leukoembolization. Notably, heterozygous mice displayed an intermediate phenotype, suggesting a gene dose effect. In vitro studies were performed to study the role of SOCS3 protein levels in the regulation of the inflammatory response. In human umbilical vein endothelial cells, pulse-chase experiments showed that SOCS3 protein had a half-life less than 20 minutes. Inhibition of SOCS3 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation led to protein accumulation and a stronger inhibition of IL-6 signaling and barrier function loss. Together, our data demonstrate that the regulation of SOCS3 protein levels is critical to inhibit IL-6-mediated endotheliopathy during shock and provide a promising therapeutic avenue to prevent multiorgan dysfunction through stabilization of endothelial SOCS3.
Hydroboration of Bis(alkenylcyclopentadienyl)zirconium Dichlorides (1991)

Abstract The reaction of allylcyclopentadienyllithium with 0.5 molar equivalents of MCl 4 (thf) 2 (MZr, Hf) furnished the (η 5 ‐C 5 H 4 CH 2 CHCH 2 MCl 2 complexes 3a (Zr) and 3b (Hf), which cleanly added 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) to form [η 5 ‐C 5 H 4 (CH 2 ) 3 (9‐BBN)] 2 MCl 2 ( 10a, b ). Treatment of 3 with butadiene‐magnesium led to coupling of one Cp‐bonded allyl unit with butadiene to give 5 ; the remaining CpCH 2 CHCH 2 group underwent clean H[B(C 8 H 14 )] addition when exposed to the 9‐BBN hydroboration reagent. (Alkenyl‐Cp) 2 ZrCl 2 complexes ( 9a – d ) were prepared starting from fulvenes by deprotonation with the help of LDA and reaction with ZrCl 4 (thf) 2 . The complexes [η 5 ‐C 5 H 4 CHC(CH 3 )R] 2 ZrCl 2 9b (RCH 3 ) and 9c (RPh) added 9‐BBN to give [η 2 ‐C 5 H 4 CH(9‐BBN)CH(CH 3 )R] 2 ZrCl 2 12 (RCH 3 , rac ;‐/ meso ;‐ ≈︁ 1:1) and 13 (RPh, threo ;‐/ erythro ;‐ ≈︁ 1:1). The mixtures of diastereoisomers were in each case separated by fractional crystallization. The stereochemical assignments of complexes rac ;‐ 12 and meso ;‐ 12 were achieved by means of the stereochemistry of polypropylene formed at the 12 /methylalumoxane‐derived homogeneous Ziegler‐type olefin polymerization catalysts. At – 50°C the catalyst from the achiral meso ;‐ 12 precursor produced isotactic polypropylene only by means of “chain end control” (σ ≈︁ 0.7), whereas the use of rac ;‐ 12 led to a pronounced participation (≈︁ 30%) of effective “enantiomorphic site control” (α=0.95) in the CC‐coupling reaction.
Wnt Signaling in Oncogenesis and Embryogenesis--a Look Outside the Nucleus (2000)

The Wnt cell-cell signaling pathway plays a critical and evolutionarily conserved role in directing cell fates during embryogenesis. In addition, inappropriate activation of the Wnt signal transduction pathway plays a role in a variety of human cancers. Many recent studies of Wnt signaling have provided mechanistic insight into these dual roles. Here we focus on two areas of rapid advance: (i) the machinery that regulates the stability of the key signal transducer, β-catenin, and (ii) the effect of Wnt signaling on cellular targets outside the nucleus, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons.
Condom effectiveness against non-viral sexually transmitted infections: a prospective study using electronic daily diaries (2012)

The correct as well as the consistent use of condoms greatly reduces the odds of non-viral STI acquisition.
Bone Imaging in Metastatic Breast Cancer (2004)

Bone is the most common site to which breast cancer metastasizes. Imaging-by skeletal scintigraphy, plain radiography, computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging-is an essential part, and positron emission tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography have a potential of evaluating bone metastases, but no consensus exists as to the best modality for diagnosing the lesion and for assessing its response to treatment. Imaging bone metastases is problematic because the lesions can be osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed, and imaging modalities are based on either direct anatomic visualization of the bone or tumor or indirect measurements of bone or tumor metabolism. Although bone metastases can be treated, their response to treatment is considered "unmeasurable" according to existing response criteria. Therefore, the process by which oncologists and radiologists diagnose and monitor the response of bone metastases needs revision, and the current inability to assess the response of bone metastases excludes patients with breast cancer and bone disease from participating in clinical trials of new treatments for breast cancer. In this review of the MEDLINE literature, we discuss the pros and cons of each modality for diagnosing bone metastases and for assessing their response to treatment and we present a practical approach for diagnosis and assessment of bone metastasis.
Reflective color LCDs based on H‐PDLC and PSCT technologies (1997)

Abstract— In this paper we determine the visual parameters required for effective, full‐color reflective displays. We analytically examine a number of contemporary liquid crystal (LC) technologies and associated optical configurations which hold promise for achieving reflective color displays. We conclude that reflective displays based on holographically formed polymer‐dispersed liquid crystals (H‐PDLCs) and polymer‐stabilized cholesteric‐texture liquid crystals (PSCT) are the most viable color‐capable reflective technologies to date.
Wild-type equine infectious anemia virus replicates in vivo predominantly in tissue macrophages, not in peripheral blood monocytes (1992)

In situ hybridization of tissues from two horses infected with the wild-type Wyoming strain of equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) identified the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, kidney, lung, and adrenal gland as the primary host tissue sites for viral transcription during acute infection. Combined immunohistochemistry, with a monoclonal antibody recognizing a cytoplasmic antigen of equine mononuclear phagocytes, and in situ hybridization for viral RNA identified most infected cells as mature tissue macrophages. In contrast, in situ hybridization of adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from horses on various days during the first 2 weeks postinfection with the Wyoming strain of EIAV failed to detect any viral RNA in these cells. For the two horses described here, serum reverse transcriptase activity correlated directly with the degree of replication detected in tissue macrophages on the day of sacrifice. These results suggest that unlike other lentivirus infections in which mature tissue macrophages accumulate cytoplasmic viral RNA to a high level but fail to produce infectious virions, mature tissue macrophages are the likely primary source of the high titer of viremia present during acute infection with EIAV. No significant posttranscriptional block of viral replication in tissue macrophages appears to occur with EIAV.