gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrity constraints in the information source tracking method (1995)

We study the issue of integrity constraints in the Information Source Tracking (IST) method. The IST method is an approach to the management of uncertain data in database systems. The main idea behind IST is that database information is supplied, or confirmed, by information sources. The accuracy of data is modeled by the reliability of the contributing information sources. In practice, information sources that are generally quite reliable may supply conflicting data at times. A database system based on IST must accept such data, and be capable of functioning correctly despite the inconsistency. We concentrate on cases where conflicting data is in violation of "key constraints", a special form of functional dependencies resulting from the imposition of a key for each relation in the database. We present an approach, based on the adjustment of conflicting information source reliabilities, to handle data in violation of key constraints.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
1-Million droplet array with wide-field fluorescence imaging for digital PCR (2011)

Digital droplet reactors are useful as chemical and biological containers to discretize reagents into picolitre or nanolitre volumes for analysis of single cells, organisms, or molecules. However, most DNA based assays require processing of samples on the order of tens of microlitres and contain as few as one to as many as millions of fragments to be detected. Presented in this work is a droplet microfluidic platform and fluorescence imaging setup designed to better meet the needs of the high-throughput and high-dynamic-range by integrating multiple high-throughput droplet processing schemes on the chip. The design is capable of generating over 1-million, monodisperse, 50 picolitre droplets in 2-7 minutes that then self-assemble into high density 3-dimensional sphere packing configurations in a large viewing chamber for visualization and analysis. This device then undergoes on-chip polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification and fluorescence detection to digitally quantify the sample's nucleic acid contents. Wide-field fluorescence images are captured using a low cost 21-megapixel digital camera and macro-lens with an 8-12 cm(2) field-of-view at 1× to 0.85× magnification, respectively. We demonstrate both end-point and real-time imaging ability to perform on-chip quantitative digital PCR analysis of the entire droplet array. Compared to previous work, this highly integrated design yields a 100-fold increase in the number of on-chip digitized reactors with simultaneous fluorescence imaging for digital PCR based assays.
Synthetic metabolic engineering-a novel, simple technology for designing a chimeric metabolic pathway (2012)

In this study, a novel and simple technology for flexible design of a bespoke metabolic pathway was developed. The concept has been testified via a non-ATP-forming chimeric EM pathway. We designated this technology as "synthetic metabolic engineering". Our technology is, in principle, applicable to all thermophilic enzymes as long as they can be functionally expressed in the host, and thus would be potentially applicable to the biocatalytic manufacture of any chemicals or materials on demand.
Molecular structure of serum transferrin at 3.3-.ANG. resolution (1988)

Serum transferrin is a metal-binding glycoprotein, molecular weight ca. 80,000, whose primary function is the transport of iron in the plasma of vertebrates. The X-ray crystallographic structure of diferric rabbit serum transferrin has been determined to a resolution of 3.3 A. The molecule has a beta alpha structure of similar topology to human lactoferrin and is composed of two homologous lobes that each bind a single ferric ion. Each lobe is further divided into two dissimilar domains, and the iron-binding site is located within the interdomain cleft. The iron is bound by two tyrosines, a histidine, and an aspartic acid residue. The location of the 19 disulfide bridges is described, and their possible structural roles are discussed in relation to the transferrin family of proteins. Mapping of the intron/exon splice junctions onto the molecule provides some topological evidence in support of the putative secondary role for transferrin in stimulating cell proliferation.
Synthesis of porcine motilin and its D-Phe1-analog by the use of methanesulfonic acid. (1978)

Motilin and [D-Phe1]-motilin were synthesized via the corresponding sulfoxide (Met13). The protected Met (O)13-motilin and [D-Phe1, Met (O)13]-motilin, in which Met residue was substituted by Met (O) residue, were constructed from three suitable subunits, respectively. The protected peptides were deblocked by methanesulfonic acid in the presence of anisole to obtain Met (O)13-motilin and its D-Phe1-derivative, and the resulting Met (O)-peptides were finally reduced by thiol to give the desired docosapeptides, motilin and D-Phe1-motilin.
Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia (2009)

Historically, the term 'keratin' stood for all of the proteins extracted from skin modifications, such as horns, claws and hooves. Subsequently, it was realized that this keratin is actually a mixture of keratins, keratin filament-associated proteins and other proteins, such as enzymes. Keratins were then defined as certain filament-forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and extracted from the cornified layer of the epidermis, whereas those filament-forming proteins that were extracted from the living layers of the epidermis were grouped as 'prekeratins' or 'cytokeratins'. Currently, the term 'keratin' covers all intermediate filament-forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and produced in any vertebrate epithelia. Similarly, the nomenclature of epithelia as cornified, keratinized or non-keratinized is based historically on the notion that only the epidermis of skin modifications such as horns, claws and hooves is cornified, that the non-modified epidermis is a keratinized stratified epithelium, and that all other stratified and non-stratified epithelia are non-keratinized epithelia. At this point in time, the concepts of keratins and of keratinized or cornified epithelia need clarification and revision concerning the structure and function of keratin and keratin filaments in various epithelia of different species, as well as of keratin genes and their modifications, in view of recent research, such as the sequencing of keratin proteins and their genes, cell culture, transfection of epithelial cells, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Recently, new functions of keratins and keratin filaments in cell signaling and intracellular vesicle transport have been discovered. It is currently understood that all stratified epithelia are keratinized and that some of these keratinized stratified epithelia cornify by forming a Stratum corneum. The processes of keratinization and cornification in skin modifications are different especially with respect to the keratins that are produced. Future research in keratins will provide a better understanding of the processes of keratinization and cornification of stratified epithelia, including those of skin modifications, of the adaptability of epithelia in general, of skin diseases, and of the changes in structure and function of epithelia in the course of evolution. This review focuses on keratins and keratin filaments in mammalian tissue but keratins in the tissues of some other vertebrates are also considered.
Implementing network protocols at user level (1993)

Traditionally, network software has been structured in a monolithic fashion with all protocol stacks executing either within the kernel or in a single trusted user-level server. This organization is motivated by performance and security concerns. However, considerations of code maintenance, ease of debugging, customization, and the simultaneous existence of multiple protocols argue for separating the implementations into more manageable user-level libraries of protocols. This paper describes the design and implementation of transport protocols as user-level libraries.We begin by motivating the need for protocol implementations as user-level libraries and placing our approach in the context of previous work. We then describe our alternative to monolithic protocol organization, which has been implemented on Mach workstations connected not only to traditional Ethernet, but also to a more modern network, the DEC SRC ANI. Based on our experience, we discuss the implications for host-network interface design and for overall system structure to support efficient user-level implementations of network protocols.
The Inmates are Running the Asylum (1999)

Are you an inmate? What if we switched the metaphor to, “the building contractors are telling the architects where to put the windows?“Strike a little closer to home? The mechanics of building an application often end up taking precedence over the aims of the project, to the point where nobody—user, designer, programmer or manager—ends up getting what they want. Alan Cooper, the “Father of Visual Basic“and author of About Face: The Essentials of User Interface Design, sees a cure for this craziness in a new way to design interaction. Applications created using his Goal-Directed ® Design process provide users with power and pleasure. His keynote presentation will give you some much-needed perspective on design issues and show a case study of how a leading vendor has adopted Cooper’s approach. He’ll also offer tips on how you can make the business case for effective design to your managers. Alan is a motivating, thought-provoking, and original speaker. Come prepared to toss out some old ideas, hear some new ones and perhaps even escape from the asylum.
General applicability of chicken egg yolk antibodies: the performance of IgY immunoglobulins raised against the hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (1999)

Avian embryos and neonates acquire passive immunity by transferring maternal immunoglobulins from serum to egg yolk. Despite being a convenient source of antibodies, egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgY) from immunized hens have so far received scant attention in research. Here we report the generation and rapid isolation of IgY from the egg yolk of hens immunized against the alpha subunit of the human hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1alpha). Anti-HIF-1alpha IgY antibodies were affinity purified and tested for their performance in various applications. Abundant HIF-1alpha protein was detected by Western blot analysis in nuclear extracts derived from hypoxic cells of human, mouse, monkey, swine, and dog origin whereas in hypoxic quail and frog cells, the HIF-1alpha signal was weak or absent, respectively. In electrophoretic mobility shift assays, affinity-purified IgY antibody was shown to recognize the native HIF-1 (but not the related HIF-2) complex that specifically binds an oligonucleotide containing the HIF-1 DNA binding site. Furthermore, IgY antibody immunoprecipitated HIF-1alpha from hypoxic cell extracts. Immunofluorescence experiments using IgY antibody allowed the detection of HIF-1alpha in the nucleus of hypoxic COS-7 cells. For comparison, the application of a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against the identical HIF-1alpha fragment was more restricted. Because chicken housing is inexpensive, egg collection is noninvasive, isolation and affinity purification of IgY antibodies are fast and simple, and the applicability of IgY is widespread, immunization of hens represents an excellent alternative for the generation of polyclonal antibodies.
Rapid diagnosis of early ectopic pregnancy in an emergency gynaecology service—are measurements of progesterone, intact and free β human chorionic gonadotrophin helpful? (1994)

The clinical usefulness of measuring serum concentrations of progesterone, human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) and the free beta-subunit of HCG in distinguishing between early viable and non-viable pregnancy, before an accurate ultrasound diagnosis is possible, was evaluated in a prospective study of patients presenting to our emergency gynaecology service with a clinical suspicion of ectopic pregnancy. Patients were selected on the basis of initial HCG concentrations; samples with HCG 25-10,000 IU/l were later analysed for progesterone and free beta HCG. Of the 181 patients studied, 38 (21%) had an ectopic pregnancy, 108 (60%) had a spontaneous abortion and 35 (19%) had a viable intra-uterine pregnancy. Concentrations of HCG and free beta HCG in the group with viable pregnancies were significantly higher than in the group with ectopic pregnancy (P < 0.001) and than those destined to miscarry (P < 0.01). Progesterone concentrations were also significantly higher in the viable versus the ectopic and the spontaneous abortion groups (P < 0.001 in each case). Despite these highly significant differences there was a degree of overlap such that it was impossible to devise a cut-off level for any hormone analysed, either singly or in combination, which would offer a clinically useful predictor of outcome.
Mononuclear non-heme iron(iii) peroxide complexes: syntheses, characterisation, mass spectrometric and kinetic studies (2002)

A series of transient interconvertible protonated and deprotonated mononuclear Fe(III) peroxo species are derived from the pH dependent reaction of dihydrogen peroxide with mononuclear iron(II) or iron(III) complexes of general formulation [Fe(Rtpen)X](A)n, n = 1, 2; X = Cl, Br; Rtpen = N-alkyl-N,N′,N′-tris(2-pyridylmethyl)ethane-1,2-diamine, alkyl = R = CH3CH2, CH3CH2CH2, HOCH2CH2, (CH3)2CH, C6H5, and C6H5CH2; A = ClO4, PF6. The low-spin iron(III) hydroperoxide complex ions [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OOH)]2+ are purple chromophores and the high-spin iron(III) peroxide complexes, [Fe(Rtpen)(η2-OO)]+ are blue chromophores. The spectroscopic observation (ESR, UV-vis, ESI MS) of a low-spin iron(III) precursor species [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OCH3)]2+ and kinetic studies show that formation of [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OOH)]2+ from iron(II) solution species is a two step process. The first step, the oxidation of the iron(II) complex to [Fe(Rtpen)(OCH3)]2+, is faster than the subsequent ligand substitution during which [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OOH)]2+ is formed. The kinetic data are consistent with an interchange associative mechanism for the ligand substitution, and a role for the proton bound to the uncoordinated hydroperoxide oxygen atom is suggested. The stability of [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OOH)]2+ R = HOCH2CH2, is significantly lower than for the peroxide complexes generated from the other alkyl substituted ligands (t1/2ca. 10 min vs. several hours). Tandem MS/MS experiments with the [Fe(Rtpen)(η1-OOH)]2+ ions show fragmentation via O–O cleavage to give the novel ferryl species [Fe(Rtpen)(O)]2+. By contrast the [Fe(Rtpen)(η2-OO)]+ ions are stable under the same gas phase conditions. This indicates a weaker O–O bond in the Fe(III) hydroperoxide complex ions, and that [FeIIIOOH]2+ rather than [FeIIIOO]+ species are the precursors to, at least, the ferryl FeIVO species. Crystal structures of four starting iron(II) compounds, [Fe(Rtpen)Cl]PF6, R = HOCH2CH2, CH3CH2CH2, C6H5CH2, and [Fe(bztpen)Br]PF6 show the iron atoms in distorted octahedral geometries with pentadentate Rtpen coordination with the halide ion as the sixth ligand. The structure of [Fe(etOHtpen)Cl]PF6 shows an intermolecular H-bonding interaction between the dangling hydroxyethyl group and the chloride of a neighbouring molecule with O–H⋯Cl, 3.219(2) Å.
One-Step Derivation of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC)-Like Cells from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells on a Fibrillar Collagen Coating (2012)

Controlled differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cells that resemble adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is an attractive approach to obtain a readily available source of progenitor cells for tissue engineering. The present study reports a new method to rapidly derive MSC-like cells from hESCs and hiPSCs, in one step, based on culturing the cells on thin, fibrillar, type I collagen coatings that mimic the structure of physiological collagen. Human H9 ESCs and HDFa-YK26 iPSCs were singly dissociated in the presence of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, plated onto fibrillar collagen coated plates and cultured in alpha minimum essential medium (alpha-MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50 uM magnesium L-ascorbic acid phosphate and 100 nM dexamethasone. While fewer cells attached on the collagen surface initially than standard tissue culture plastic, after culturing for 10 days, resilient colonies of homogenous spindle-shaped cells were obtained. Flow cytometric analysis showed that a high percentage of the derived cells expressed typical MSC surface markers including CD73, CD90, CD105, CD146 and CD166 and were negative as expected for hematopoietic markers CD34 and CD45. The MSC-like cells derived from pluripotent cells were successfully differentiated in vitro into three different lineages: osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic. Both H9 hES and YK26 iPS cells displayed similar morphological changes during the derivation process and yielded MSC-like cells with similar properties. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that bioimimetic, fibrillar, type I collagen coatings applied to cell culture plates can be used to guide a rapid, efficient derivation of MSC-like cells from both human ES and iPS cells.
Silicon carbide thyristors for power applications (2002)

Silicon carbide has the potential to make high-performance power devices. Its high thermal conductivity, wide bandgap, high breakdown field and high saturated electron drift velocity imply a clear superiority over Si and GaAs. This work reports the fabrication and testing of three-terminal 6H-SiC thyristors. The silicon carbide thyristors show higher current density and higher temperature operation than is possible with silicon devices. Switching measurements at room temperature and at elevated temperatures are reported. SiC thyristors have demonstrated 650 V forward blocking voltage, 5200 A/cm/sup 2/ current density, 43 ns switching speed, and reliable 300 C operation. The device structures used in this work consist of a pnpn structure made from epitaxial layers grown on n-type 6H-SiC substrates. To improve electrical gating, the low-doped n-type gate region is N ion-implanted. Ohmic contact to the gate is then made using Ni metallization. Ohmic contacts to the p-type anode material and the n-type cathode material are made using Al and Ni (respectively). An electron cyclotron resonant plasma etching technique is used for gate recess and device isolation etching. Although these are small area devices, their performance demonstrates that power devices with high temperature capability can be made when material quality is sufficiently improved to allow fabrication of larger area devices. Mature devices are expected to find applications in military systems, utilities, and wherever compact thermal management systems or high temperature, high voltage, or high current operation is required.
A hybrid neural network architecture for automatic object recognition (2002)

This paper describes the application of a hybrid neural network architecture for automatic object recognition in inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imagery. The architecture employs a cascaded combination of an unsupervised and a supervised trained neural network. The unsupervised trained self-organizing feature map is used for object segmentation and the supervised trained multilayer perceptron classifies the segmented objects. The classification result is fed back to the feature map segmentor in order to improve segmentation and classification. The functionality of this approach is demonstrated by the use of simulated noisy ISAR images from different objects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cooperative Triple-Helix Formation via a Minor Groove Dimerization Domain (1996)

Cooperative interactions between DNA-binding proteins are critical to the regulation of gene expression. When cooperative interactions occur between two oligonucleotides bound at neighboring sites on double-helical DNA, the specific binding of each oligonucleotide is enhanced. Pyrimidine oligodeoxyribonucleotides 11 bases in length bind cooperatively to abutting sites on double-helical DNA by triple-helix formation. Cooperative interactions up to 2.3 kcal mol^(-1) were obtained by addition of dimerization domains to oligonucleotides such as those capable of forming a short Watson−Crick helix. The designed polyamide ImPyPy binds sequence specifically to the minor groove of DNA at 5‘-(T,A)G(T,A)C(T,A)-3‘ sites as a cooperative side-by-side antiparallel homodimer. We report here that a pyrrole−imidazole polyamide oligonucleotide can bind cooperatively to a double-stranded DNA template via a sequence specific polyamide dimerization domain.
Synthesis and device applications of high-density aligned carbon nanotubes using low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and stacked multiple transfer (2010)

For nanotube-based electronics to become a viable alternative to silicon technology, high-density aligned carbon nanotubes are essential. In this paper, we report the combined use of low-pressure chemical vapor deposition and stacked multiple transfer to achieve high-density aligned nanotubes. By using an optimized nanotube synthesis recipe, we have achieved high-density aligned carbon nanotubes with density as high as 30 tubes/μm. In addition, a facile stacked multiple transfer technique has been developed to further increase the nanotube density to 55 tubes/μm. Furthermore, high-performance submicron carbon nanotube field-effect transistors have been fabricated on the high-density aligned nanotubes. Before removing the metallic nanotubes by electrical breakdown, the devices exhibit on-current density of 92.4 μA/μm and normalized transconductance of 13.3 μS/μm. Moreover, benchmarking with the aligned carbon nanotube transistors in the literature indicates that our devices exhibit the best performance so far, which is attributed to both the increased nanotube density and scaling down of channel length. This study shows the great potential of using such high-density aligned nanotubes for high performance nanoelectronics and analog/RF applications.
Susceptibility and Ripple Studies in Cylindrical Films (1970)

A short section of magnetically coated wire was used as center conductor of a section of coaxial transmission line. The complex reflection coefficient from the section was measured, at 110 MHz, as a function of an axial dc field. By relating the reflection coefficient to the surface impedance of the wire, and the surface impedance to the magnetic state of the film, the rf susceptibility χ could be determined. This technique yields absolute values of χ, so that only limited scaling can be used to obtain a fit to the theoretical curves. Two film types were used: high-dispersion thick films (∼8000 Å) and low-dispersion thin films (∼1000 Å). No fit to the experimental points could be obtained unless a complex susceptibility was assumed. The real and imaginary parts of χ and of the effective field have been calculated during the entire magnetization reversal process.