gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Archaeal RNA ligase is a homodimeric protein that catalyzes intramolecular ligation of single-stranded RNA and DNA (2008)

RNA ligases participate in repair, splicing and editing pathways that either reseal broken RNAs or alter their primary structure. Here, we report the characterization of an RNA ligase from the thermophilic archaeon, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. The 381-amino acid Methanobacterium RNA ligase (MthRnl) catalyzes intramolecular ligation of 5'-PO(4) single-strand RNA to form a covalently closed circular RNA molecule through ligase-adenylylate and RNA-adenylylate (AppRNA) intermediates. At the optimal temperature of 65 degrees C, AppRNA was predominantly ligated to a circular product. In contrast, at 35 degrees C, phosphodiester bond formation was suppressed and the majority of the AppRNA was deadenylylated. Sedimentation analysis indicates that MthRnl is a homodimer in solution. The C-terminal 127-amino acid segment is required for dimerization, is itself capable of oligomeization and acts in trans to inhibit the ligation activity of native MthRnl. MthRnl can also join single-stranded DNA to form a circular molecule. The lack of specificity for RNA and DNA by MthRnl may exemplify an undifferentiated ancestral stage in the evolution of ATP-dependent ligases.
Relationship of z-tensile strength with in-plane strength properties of paper (2007)

Several methods are available for the measurement of strength of paper in the thickness direction. However, the values obtained from these methods are highly correlated with each other and also with the in-plane strength measurements. The relationship between z-direction tensile strength and in-plane tensile index of handsheets made at varying extents of pulp beating, types of strength aids and doses of strength aids has been studied. It has been noticed that the z-direction tensile strength of paper can be expressed in terms of in-plane tensile index by a single relationship whether the tensile index is changed by refining, or by adding strength aids, or by increasing the dose of the strength aid. In practice, an appropriate value of tensile index may be specified to ensure adequate performance of the paper even when it is subjected to stresses in z-direction.
Luteolin inhibits insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor signaling in prostate cancer cells (2006)

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) activation is required for prostate cell proliferation. Prostate cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors in Western countries. Overexpression of IGF-1R in prostate cancer is associated with tumor growth. These suggest that IGF-1R inhibitory agents may be of preventive and/or therapeutic value. With evidence accumulating for a chemopreventive role of flavonoids, the effects of luteolin, a bioactive flavonoid, on IGF-1R signaling in prostate cancer cells were examined. Luteolin inhibited insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) induced activation of IGF-1R and AKT in prostate cancer PC-3 and DU145 cells. Inhibition of AKT by luteolin resulted in decreased phosphorylation of its downstream targets, including p70S6K1, GSK-3beta and FKHR/FKHRL1. Luteolin also inhibited the IGF-1-induced activation of EGFR and MAPK/ERK signaling. Luteolin inhibited expression of cyclin D1 and increased expression of p21. As a result, luteolin suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis of prostate cancer cells. Knockdown of IGF-1R by siRNA led to inhibition of proliferation of prostate cancer cells. Results of in vivo tumor growth assay indicated that luteolin inhibited PC-3 tumor growth. Immunoblotting of the extracts of tumor tissues showed that luteolin inhibited IGF-1R/AKT signaling. Our results provide a new insight into the mechanisms that luteolin is against cancer cells.
Fan filters, the 3-D Radon transform, and image sequence analysis (1994)

This paper develops a theory for the application of fan filters to moving objects. In contrast to previous treatments of the subject based on the 3-D Fourier transform, simplicity and insight are achieved by using the 3-D Radon transform. With this point of view, the Radon transform decomposes the image sequence into a set of plane waves that are parameterized by a two-component slowness vector. Fan filtering is equivalent to a multiplication in the Radon transform domain by a slowness response function, followed by an inverse Radon transform. The plane wave representation of a moving object involves only a restricted set of slownesses such that the inner product of the plane wave slowness vector and the moving object velocity vector is equal to one. All of the complexity in the application of fan filters to image sequences results from the velocity-slowness mapping not being one-to-one; therefore, the filter response cannot be independently specified at all velocities. A key contribution of this paper is to elucidate both the power and the limitations of fan filtering in this new application. A potential application of 3-D fan filters is in the detection of moving targets in clutter and noise. For example, an appropriately designed fan filter can reject perfectly all moving objects whose speed, irrespective of heading, is less than a specified cut-off speed, with only minor attenuation of significantly faster objects. A simple geometric construction determines the response of the filter for speeds greater than the cut-off speed.
Cross-Talk between Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells and Macrophages Subverts Tumor Immunity toward a Type 2 Response (2007)

Although the immune system has the potential to protect against malignancies, many individuals with cancer are immunosuppressed. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are elevated in many patients and animals with tumors, and contribute to immune suppression by blocking CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell activation. Using the spontaneously metastatic 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma, we now demonstrate that cross-talk between MDSC and macrophages further subverts tumor immunity by increasing MDSC production of IL-10, and by decreasing macrophage production of IL-12. Cross-talk between MDSC and macrophages requires cell-cell contact, and the IL-12 decrease is dependent on MDSC production of IL-10. Treatment with the chemotherapeutic drug gemcitabine, which reduces MDSC, promotes rejection of established metastatic disease in IL-4Ralpha(-/-) mice that produce M1 macrophages by allowing T cell activation, by maintaining macrophage production of IL-12, and by preventing increased production of IL-10. Therefore, MDSC impair tumor immunity by suppressing T cell activation and by interacting with macrophages to increase IL-10 and decrease IL-12 production, thereby promoting a tumor-promoting type 2 response, a process that can be partially reversed by gemcitabine.
Question-answering systems: Development and prospects (2012)

A number of problems that are involved in creating question-answering systems are discussed. A review is provided of the systems of this type that are most popular. The typical architecture of a question-answering system includes a question classification module. Different methods for creating this module are examined in the paper.
Protein toxin inhibitors of protein synthesis. (1992)

Two classes of extremely toxic proteins kill eukaryotic cells by covalently modifying unique structural features of components that are essential for protein synthesis. Intoxication by these proteins results from the entry of a catalytic fragment into the cytoplasm. One class is typified by diphtheria toxin and Pseudomonas exotoxin A. The catalytic component of these toxins ADP-ribosylates and inactivates elongation factor 2 which is an essential participant in protein synthesis. This modification occurs at a unique post-translational histidine derivative, diphthamide, that is present in the ribosomal binding site of the elongation factor. The two toxins differ in their molecular organization but appear to possess identical reaction mechanisms and very similar active sites. The other class contains two types of toxins typified, respectively, by alpha-sarcin, a member of a family of fungal toxins, and ricin, a member of a group of closely related plant proteins collectively termed ribosome-inactivating proteins. The catalytic components of the two types of toxins in this second class inactivate the large ribosomal subunit through two different hydrolytic alterations of 23-28S RNA. alpha-Sarcin and its congeners act as a specific endonuclease whereas ricin and its congeners act as a specific N-glycosidase. These hydrolytic cleavages occur at a pair of adjacent nucleotides within a highly conserved sequence near the 3' terminus of 23-28S RNA. The covalent integrity of this region of RNA is essential to elongation factor-dependent ribosomal functions and is located within the ribosomal binding domain of these factors. Both of these classes of toxins are being employed as 'magic bullets' to eliminate pathological cells. By combining the catalytic component of these toxins with various cell targeting components, useful and specific anticancer and immunomodulatory agents have been created.
Peptide Epitopes from the Wilms' Tumor 1 Oncoprotein Stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells That Recognize and Kill Human Malignant Mesothelioma Tumor Cells (2007)

These studies provide the rationale for using the WT1 CD4(+) peptides in conjunction with CD8(+) peptide epitopes to vaccinate patients with WT1-expressing cancers.
Multiple energy proton implantation induced quantum well intermixing in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum-well infrared photodetectors (2003)

Quantum-well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs) have been widely investigated both theoretically and experimentally because of their practical applications. Recently, a post growth technique of quantum well intermixing (QWI), ion implantation induced intermixing, has been used to tune the detection wavelength of QWIPs. Ion implantation is considered to be a very promising method of QWI due to its ability to selectively fine tune the band gap energies of photonic devices without any further processing and regrowth. In this work, multiple energy proton implants were performed to provide a homogeneous QWI across the whole quantum well region of QWIP so as to prevent the broadening of the IR spectral response. A 1.1 /spl mu/m wavelength shift was obtained with a small decrease of spectral full width half maximum (FWHM).
Treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis with flunisolide and terfenadine. (1986)

A study of ninety-nine hay fever sufferers was conducted to compare the effect of treatment with flunisolide nasal spray plus terfenadine tablets with that of terfenadine alone. The study was carried out over an 11-week period, which covered the pollen season between May and August. All patients received 60 mg terfenadine twice daily and one group, of forty-nine patients, also received 50 mcg flunisolide to each nostril twice daily. Clinical assessments of nasal and ocular symptoms were made at admission and following 3, 7 and 11 weeks' treatment. An over-all evaluation of treatment effect was performed at each follow-up visit and nasal examination was carried out. Patients also completed diary cards daily. Both treatments were effective in reducing symptom severity, in comparison with previous seasons, but the combination treatment gave consistently better symptom relief. Statistically significant differences were detected in favour of the combined treatments group for nasal symptoms. Eye symptoms were found to be relieved to a comparable degree by both treatments. Results from daily patient self-assessments were consistent with these findings. The over-all evaluations by both patients and doctors were significantly in favour of flunisolide plus terfenadine. In conclusion, treatment of hay fever with flunisolide in addition to terfenadine was significantly more effective than treatment with the antihistamine alone.
Host-guest complexation. 29. Expanded hemispherands (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHost-guest complexation. 29. Expanded hemispherandsDonald J. Cram, Mark DeGrandpre, Carolyn B. Knobler, and Kenneth N. TruebloodCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 11, 3286–3292Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00323a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00323a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views473Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cadaveric Analysis of the Kambin's Triangle (2016)

Introduction Kambin's Triangle is a right triangle over the dorsolateral disc. The area of this right triangle currently serves as a strategic site of posterolateral, minimally invasive access to the nerve root for delivery of epidural steroid injections. This posterolateral approach has also been considered a safe area of access to the intervertebral disc space and, thus, an effective approach in reducing complications, such as violation of the thecal sac, the nerve root, or the bony elements of the spine during minimally invasive spinal surgery. No published studies have been performed to characterize the dimensions of the Kambin's Triangle. Our aim is to characterize its dimensions at the lumbar levels and determine its efficacy and safety as a site of access for minimally invasive spinal surgery. Methods Two randomly chosen adult male cadavers were used for this study. The measurements were made bilaterally at their lumbar levels (L1-L5), which equates to 16 total measurements (eight bilateral disc spaces on two cadavers). The disc space was first accessed using a Kirschner wire in a standard oblique approach. With the assistance of fluoroscopy, a Kirschner wire was passed into the disc through the Kambin's Triangle. The procedure was performed on the cadavers bilaterally at four levels, followed by open dissection. The calculations of the area were made by measuring the exiting nerve root, the superior border of the caudal vertebra, and the superior articulating facet-the borders of the Kambin's Triangle. Results The Kambin's Triangle height and width respectively averaged at 12 mm and 10 mm (L1-L2), 13 mm and 11 mm (L2-L3), 17 mm and 11 mm (L3-L4), and 18 mm and 12 mm (L4-L5). Thus, the area at each level was 60 mm(2) (L1-L2), 71.5 mm(2) (L2-L3), 93.5 mm(2) (L3-L4), and 108 mm(2) (L4-L5). All dissected levels demonstrated adequate anchoring of the Kirschner wire into the disc space with no evidence of nerve injury. Following this, a retractor was placed and complete discectomies were performed. All exiting nerves were protected in this safe zone and the thecal sac remained inviolate. Conclusion Understanding the Kambin's Triangle will assist surgeons in the minimally invasive approach to spinal surgeries, with potentially safe placement of interbody cages through this strategic space.
Design and testing of an all-digital readout integrated circuit for infrared focal plane arrays (2005)

The digital focal plane array (DFPA) project demonstrates the enabling technologies necessary to build readout integrated circuits for very large infrared focal plane arrays (IR FPAs). Large and fast FPAs are needed for a new class of spectrally diverse sensors. Because of the requirement for high-resolution (low noise) sampling, and because of the sample rate needed for rapid acquisition of high-resolution spectra, it is highly desirable to perform analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion right at the pixel level. A dedicated A/D converter located under every pixel in a one-million-plus element array, and all-digital readout integrated circuits will enable multi- and hyper-spectral imaging systems with unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution and wide area coverage. DFPAs provide similar benefits to standard IR imaging systems as well. We have addressed the key enabling technologies for realizing the DFPA architecture in this work. Our effort concentrated on demonstrating a 60-micron footprint, 14-bit A/D converter and 2.5 Gbps, 16:1 digital multiplexer, the most basic components of the sensor. The silicon test chip was fabricated in a 0.18-micron CMOS process, and was designed to operate with Hg<sub>x</sub>Cd<sub>1-x</sub>Te detectors at cryogenic temperatures. Two A/D designs, one using static logic and one using dynamic logic, were built and tested for performance and power dissipation. Structures for evaluating the bit-error-rate of the multiplexer on-chip and through a differential output driver were implemented for a complete performance assessment. A unique IC probe card with fixtures to mount into an evacuated, closed-cycle helium dewar were also designed for testing up to 2.5 Gbps at temperatures as low as 50 K.
Monoamine oxidase, an intracellular probe of oxygen pressure in isolated cardiac myocytes. (1984)

The activity of monamine oxidase, an enzyme located almost exclusively at the outer mitochondrial membrane, toward the substrate phenylethylamine is used to report the oxygen pressure at the outer mitochondrial membrane of intact cardiac myocytes isolated from hearts of adult rats. The rate of substrate oxidation, under the conditions used, follows the Michaelis-Menten relation, and accordingly can be used as a measure of the local chemical activity of dissolved oxygen. The oxygen pressure at the outer mitochondrial membrane of myocytes, at rest and after 2- to 3-fold stimulation of respiratory oxygen consumption, differs from the extracellular oxygen pressure by at most 2 torr. This implies that most of the large, about 20 torr, difference in oxygen pressure between capillary lumen and mitochondria of the working heart must be extracellular. At physiologically relevant concentrations of the substrates phenylethylamine and norepinephrine, monoamine oxidase activity is relatively insensitive to extracellular oxygen pressure in the range 155 to 8 torr, suggesting a limited role for regulation of biogenic amine oxidation by oxygen availability.
Nanomechanical Quantification of Elastic, Plastic, and Fracture Properties of LiCoO2 (2012)

Young's elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness (KIc) of individual grains are reported for polycrystalline LiCoO2, a metal oxide cathode used in lithium-ion batteries, as measured via instrumented nanoindentation (indentations within circled locations; dashed line indicates grain boundary). The wide range of KIc does not correlate strongly with grain orientation.
7‐Deazaguanine DNA: Oligonucleotides with hydrophobic or cationic side chains (1997)

Abstract The phosphoramidites 6b and 9 as well as the phosphonate 6a derived from 7‐(hex‐1‐ynyl)‐ and 7‐[5‐(trifluoroacetamido)pent‐1‐ynyl]‐substituted 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosines 1 and 10 , respectively, were prepared ( Scheme 1 ). They were employed in solid‐phase oligodeoxynucleotide synthesis of the alternating octamers d(hxy 7 c 7 G‐C) 4 ( 12 ), d(C‐hxy 7 c 7 G) 4 ( 13 ), and d(npey 7 c 7 G‐C) 4 ( 15 ) as well as of other oligonucleotides (see 22 – 25 ; Table 2 ; hxy = hex‐1‐ynyl, npey = 5‐aminopent‐1‐ynyl). The T m values and the thermodynamic data of duplex formation were determined and correlated with the major‐groove modification of the DNA fragments. A hexynyl side chain introduced into the 7‐position of a 7‐deazaguanine residue (see 1 ) was found to fit into the major groove without any protrusion. The incorporation of the (5‐aminopent‐1‐ynyl)‐modified 7‐deaza‐2′‐deoxyguanosine 2 into single‐stranded oligomers of the type 24 and 25 did not lead to change in duplex stability compared to the parent oligonucleotides. The self‐complementary oligomer 15 with alternating npey 7 c 7 G d ( 2 ) and dC units did not lead to a cooperative melting, either due to orientational disorder or interaction of the 5‐aminopent‐1‐ynyl moiety with a base or with phosphate residues nearby or on the opposite strand.
Nutritional Treatment for Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus‐Associated Wasting Using β‐Hydroxy β‐Methylbutyrate, Glutamine, and Arginine: A Randomized, Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study (2000)

The data indicate that the HMB/Arg/Gln mixture can markedly alter the course of lean tissue loss in patients with AIDS-associated wasting.
Bony Engineering Using Time-Release Porous Scaffolds to Provide Sustained Growth Factor Delivery (2012)

Microporous scaffolds designed to improve bony repair have had limited success; therefore, we sought to evaluate whether time-released porous scaffolds with or without recombinant bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) could enhance stem cell osteoinduction. Custom-made 15/85 hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds were left empty (E) or filled with rhBMP-2 (E+), calcium sulfate (CS), or CS and rhBMP-2 (CS+). All scaffolds were placed in media and weighed daily. Conditioned supernatant was analyzed for rhBMP-2 and then used to feed human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ASCs). Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell ALP activity, OSTERIX expression, and bone nodule formation were determined. E scaffolds retained 97% (SD, 2%) of the initial weight, whereas CS scaffolds had a near-linear 30% (SD, 3%) decrease over 60 days. E+ scaffolds released 155 (SD, 5) ng of rhBMP-2 (77%) by day 2. In contrast, CS+ scaffolds released only 30 (SD, 2) ng (10%) by day 2, and the remaining rhBMP-2 was released over 20 days. Conditioned media from E+ scaffolds stimulated the highest ALP activity and OSTERIX expression in ACSs on day 2. However, after day 6, media from CS+ scaffolds stimulated the highest ALP activity and OSTERIX expression in ASCs. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells exposed to day 8 CS+-conditioned media produced significantly more bone nodules (10.1 [SD, 1.7] nodules per high-power field) than all other scaffolds. Interestingly, day 8 conditioned media from CS scaffolds simulated significantly more bone nodules than either E or E+ scaffold (P < 0.05 for both). Time-released hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate porosity provides sustained growth factor release, enhances ASC osteoinduction, and may result in better in vivo bone formation.