gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The B cell surface molecule B1 is functionally linked with B cell activation and differentiation. (1985)

The B1 molecule is a 32,000 m.w. phosphorylated cell surface protein expressed exclusively by B cells from the mid pre-B until the plasma cell stage of differentiation. Two monoclonal antibodies (gamma 2a and mu) reactive with this molecule were used to assess the role of B1 in B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation. The anti-B1 antibodies at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 micrograms/ml significantly inhibited B cell proliferation induced by anti-mu antibodies, Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1, activated T cells, and Epstein Barr virus. Although capable of inhibiting proliferation, anti-B1 antibody in soluble form or coupled to beads did not activate B cells or induce proliferation. Antibodies of comparable isotypes or against other B cell-restricted antigens, including B2, B4, B5, and HB-5, did not inhibit activation. Pretreatment of B cells with anti-B1 antibody did not inhibit activation, indicating that B cells had to be cultured with anti-B1 antibody for anti-B1-mediated inhibition to occur. Maximum inhibition was obtained when anti-B1 antibody was added at the initiation of culture. In agreement with this, growth factor-dependent proliferation of preactivated B cells was not inhibited by anti-B1 antibodies. Comparable inhibition of B cell activation was noted with antibodies reactive with class II antigens of the major histocompatibility complex with the exception that anti-B1 antibody inhibited immunoglobulin secretion in pokeweed mitogen assays, whereas anti-DR antibody did not. These results suggest that the B1 molecule may serve a central role in the regulation of B cell activation and differentiation.
Viscoelastic Properties of Silicone, Polysulfide, and Polyether Impression Materials (1974)

The viscoelastic properties of nine silicone-, polysulfide-, and polyether-based impression materials were determined using creep tests. During deformation the materials demonstrated linear viscoelastic behavior. The creep compliance curves, recovery, and percent set were calculated. Permanent deformation in these materials is a result of lack of recovery of elastic deformation as well as viscous flow.
Treatment of mild hyperhomocysteinemia in vascular disease patients. (1994)

Mild hyperhomocysteinemia is recognized as a risk factor for premature arteriosclerotic disease. A few vitamins and other substances have been reported to reduce blood homocysteine levels, but normalization of elevated blood homocysteine concentrations with any of these substances has not been reported. Therefore, we screened 421 patients suffering from premature peripheral or cerebral occlusive arterial disease by oral methionine loading tests for the presence of mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Thirty-three percent of patients with peripheral and 20% of patients with cerebral occlusive arterial disease were identified with mild hyperhomocysteinemia (14% of the men, 34% of the premenopausal women, and 26% of the postmenopausal women). Mildly hyperhomocysteinemic patients were administered vitamin B6 250 mg daily. After 6 weeks methionine loading tests were again assessed to evaluate the effect of treatment. Patients with nonnormalized homocysteine concentrations were further treated with vitamin B6 250 mg daily and/or folic acid 5 mg daily and/or betaine 6 g daily, solely or in any combination. Vitamin B6 treatment normalized the afterload homocysteine concentration in 56% of the treated patients (71% of the men, 45% of the premenopausal women, and 88% of the postmenopausal women). Further treatment resulted in a normalization of homocysteine levels in 95% of the remaining cases. Thus, mild hyperhomocysteinemia, which is frequently encountered in patients with premature arteriosclerotic disease, can be reduced to normal in virtually all cases by safe and simple treatment with vitamin B6, folic acid, and betaine, each of which is involved in methionine metabolism.
Query-by-pictorial-example (2005)

Query-by-Pictoriat-Exampe is a relational query language introduced for manipulating queries regarding pictorial relations as well as conventional relations. In addition to the manipulating capabilities of the conventional query languages, queries can also be expressed in terms of pictorial examples through a display terminal. Example queries are used to illuustrate the language facilities.
cDNA cloning of the complete genome of tobacco mosaic virus and production of infectious transcripts (1986)

The entire genome of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was copied into a series of subgenomic cDNA clones. cDNA sequences of the 5' and 3' ends of TMV were cloned separately. A synthetic oligonucleotide primer was used to generate a Pst I site at the 5' terminus, whereas a different primer was used to generate an Nde I site at the 3' terminus. This strategy permitted removal of non-TMV sequences from cloned cDNA inserts by treatment with exonuclease VII following restriction endonuclease cleavage. Pst I linkers were added to TMV 3' terminal cDNAs. Subgenomic cDNA fragments were ligated together into several independent full-genomic constructions from which TMV cDNA sequences could be cleanly excised as a single fragment by Pst I digestion. Full-genomic TMV cDNA was ligated immediately downstream from the lambda phage promoter from pPM1 and transcribed in vitro with Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. RNA transcripts from three of four full-genomic cDNA constructions were infectious, even though they contained 6 non-TMV nucleotides at the 3' end. Transcripts from a construction with 6 extra nucleotides at the 5' end also were infectious. Progeny virus from plants infected with cDNA transcripts appeared identical to the parental virus. Restriction maps of independent cDNA clones of the same regions of the genome were identical to each other and as predicted from the reported nucleotide sequence of TMV. Also, sequences of the 200 nucleotides proximal to the 5' termini of four independent cDNA clones were identical to each other and to published sequences, suggesting that independent isolates of TMV may have remarkably similar sequences.
A pre-existing population of ZEB2+ quiescent cells with stemness and mesenchymal features dictate chemoresistance in colorectal cancer (2020)

These results show that chemotherapy-naive tumors contain a cell population characterized by a coordinated program of chemoresistance, quiescence, stemness and EMT. Such population becomes prevalent upon drug treatment and is responsible for chemotherapy resistance, thus representing a key target for more effective therapeutic approaches.
The Effects of Parathyroid Hormone and Alendronate Alone or in Combination in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (2003)

There was no evidence of synergy between parathyroid hormone and alendronate. Changes in the volumetric density of trabecular bone, the cortical volume at the hip, and levels of markers of bone turnover suggest that the concurrent use of alendronate may reduce the anabolic effects of parathyroid hormone. Longer-term studies of fractures are needed to determine whether and how antiresorptive drugs can be optimally used in conjunction with parathyroid hormone therapy.
Presymptomatic detection of Parkinson's disease. (1993)

Presymptomatic detection of Parkinson's disease is necessary if neuroprotective therapies are to be utilized in its treatment. Various methods (PET, electrophysiology, enzyme assays, olfactory function) may be applicable but none has been rigorously evaluated. Other possible approaches are now considered. Plasma HVA levels (pHVA) in the presence of debrisoquine may reflect cerebral dopamine function. However, there are no detectable differences in pHVA between newly diagnosed and untreated parkinsonian patients and control subjects. Compensatory increases in dopamine turnover may mask a decrease in pHVA in the early stages of the disease. So, at present this technique could not be used as a diagnostic tool. Post-mortem studies of brain in Parkinson's disease may provide clues to biochemical markers indicative of nigral pathology. Mitochondrial complex I activity is reduced in substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and it was reported also to be markedly reduced in blood platelets. However, subsequent studies suggest that the difference in platelet complex I activity is too small to be diagnostic of Parkinson's disease. There are also selective reductions in brain glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease restricted to substantia nigra, which do not occur in other neurodegenerative disorders and are not due to drug treatment. Importantly, in incidental Lewy body disease (preclinical Parkinson's disease) nigral glutathione levels are reduced to the same degree as in advanced Parkinson's disease. So, some peripheral index of altered glutathione function may be valuable in the early detection of the disease process.
RNA aptamers to the adenosine moiety of S-adenosyl methionine: structural inferences from variations on a theme and the reproducibility of SELEX (1997)

We used in vitro selection (SELEX) to isolate RNA 'aptamers' to S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Individual aptamer sequences conform to the structural element noted previously for adenosine binding in selections for aptamers to ATP and NAD+. When we compare the patterns of sequence conservation among 65 adenosine-binding sequences to the published structure of the adenosine aptamer, we find that the most highly conserved nucleotides contact the bound adenosine directly, and that one conserved nucleotide outside the binding pocket is in position to stabilize nucleotides within the binding pocket. The aptamer's ability to bind diverse adenosine-containing cofactors is easily understood in terms of its mode of binding, which leaves the 5'position exposed to solvent. We propose that aptamers that bind their targets away from the reactive moiety may be particularly well suited for catalysis. Finally, we estimate that one sequence in 10(11) may be able to form this structural motif, and that there may be many other adenosine-binding motifs that have escaped detection because of their lower representation in the starting random pools.
WNT/PCP signaling pathway and human cancer (Review) (2005)

WNT/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway controls tissue polarity and cell movement through the activation of RHOA, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and nemo-like kinase (NLK) signaling cascades. PCP is induced in Drosophila by the asymmetrical localization of Frizzled-Dishevelled-Diego-Starry night (Flamingo) complex and Van Gogh (Strabismus)-Prickle complex. Here, WNT/PCP signaling pathway implicated in human carcinogenesis is reviewed. Human WNT5A, WNT5B, and WNT11 are representative non-canonical WNTs transducing PCP signals through FZD3 or FZD6 receptors, and ROR1, ROR2 or PTK7 co-receptors. Human VANGL1, VANGL2 (Van Gogh homologs), CELSR1, CELSR2, CELSR3 (Starry night homologs), DVL1, DVL2, DVL3 (Dishevelled homologs), PRICKLE1, PRICKLE2 (Prickle homologs), and ANKRD6 (Diego homolog) are core PCP signaling molecules. MAGI3 assembles FZD, VANGL, PTEN, and adhesion molecules. Dishevelled-dependent WNT/PCP signals are transduced to the RHOA signaling cascade through Formin homology proteins DAAM1 and DAAM2, and to the JNK signaling cascade through MAPKKKs and MAPKK4/7. Dishevelled-independent WNT/ PCP signals are transduced to the NLK signaling cascade through MAP3K7 (TAK1). ANKRD6, NKD1 and NKD2 induce class switch from the WNT/GSK3beta signaling pathway to the WNT/PCP signaling pathway. WNT5A is up-regulated in various types of human cancer, such as gastric cancer, lung cancer, and melanoma. FZD3/FZD6 receptor and ROR2 co-receptor transduce WNT5A signal in gastric cancer. Aberrant activation of WNT/PCP signaling pathway in human cancer leads to more malignant phenotypes, such as abnormal tissue polarity, invasion, and metastasis. cDNA-PCR, microarray or ELISA reflecting aberrant activation of WNT/PCP signaling pathway could be developed as novel cancer prognostics. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and copy number polymorphism (CNP) of WNT/PCP signaling molecules mentioned above are suitable for use in screening of cancer predisposition, especially for gastric cancer. Antibody, RNAi, or small molecule compounds to regulate the function of WNT/PCP signaling molecules mentioned above are good candidates for development as novel cancer therapeutics.
Teosinte glume architecture 1 : A Genetic Locus Controlling a Key Step in Maize Evolution (1993)

Teosinte, the probable progenitor of maize, has kernels that are encased in hardened fruitcases, which interfere with the use of the kernels as food. Although the components of the fruitcase are present in maize, their development is disrupted so that the kernels are not encased as in teosinte but exposed on the ear. The change from encased to exposed kernels represents a key step in maize evolution. The locus that largely controls this morphological difference between maize and teosinte, teosinte glume architecture 1, is described and genetically mapped.
Antimicrobial Peptides from Human Platelets (2002)

Platelets share structural and functional similarities with granulocytes known to participate in antimicrobial host defense. To evaluate the potential antimicrobial activities of platelet proteins, normal human platelets were stimulated with human thrombin in vitro. Components of the stimulated-platelet supernatants were purified to homogeneity by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Purified peptides with inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli ML35 in an agar diffusion antimicrobial assay were characterized by mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis, and sequence determination. These analyses enabled the identification of seven thrombin-releasable antimicrobial peptides from human platelets: platelet factor 4 (PF-4), RANTES, connective tissue activating peptide 3 (CTAP-3), platelet basic protein, thymosin beta-4 (Tbeta-4), fibrinopeptide B (FP-B), and fibrinopeptide A (FP-A). With the exception of FP-A and FP-B, all peptides were also purified from acid extracts of nonstimulated platelets. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of the seven released peptides were further tested against bacteria (E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans). Each peptide exerted activity against at least two organisms. Generally, the peptides were more potent against bacteria than fungi, activity was greater at acidic pHs, and antimicrobial activities were dose dependent. Exceptions to these observations were observed with PF-4, which displayed a bimodal dose-response relationship in microbicidal assays, and Tbeta-4, which had greater activity at alkaline pHs. At concentrations at which they were individually sublethal, PF-4 and CTAP-3 exerted synergistic microbicidal activity against E. coli. Collectively, these findings suggest a direct antimicrobial role for platelets as they are activated to release peptides in response to trauma or mediators of inflammation.
Fibrillin-2, tenascin-C, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 are strongly expressed in the epithelium of human granular and lattice type I corneal dystrophies. (2012)

Fibrillin-2, tenascin-C, matrilin-2, and matrilin-4 may be markers of the pathogenesis of either granular or lattice type I corneal dystrophy, as revealed by immunohistochemical analysis. Each molecule seems to be involved in the regeneration and reorganization of the corneal matrix in granular and lattice type I dystrophies.
M2A™ Capsule Endoscopy (2002)

It is estimated that 19 million people in the United States may suffer from diseases related to the small intestine, including obscure bleeding, irritable bowel syndrome, Crohns disease, chronic diarrhea, and cancer. Current diagnostic methods, including push enteroscopy and radiology, produce historically low diagnostic yield. Early studies show that the M2A Capsule Endoscope effectively visualizes the entire small bowel and demonstrates a 71% superior diagnostic yield when compared to push enteroscopy according to clinical trials reviewed by the FDA. In addition to potentially higher diagnostic yields, it provides a noninvasive diagnostic alternative where none previously existed. The M2A Capsule Endoscope received FDA clearance in August 2001 and is currently in use at major medical centers throughout the United States and Europe.
In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry of α1‐adrenoceptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (2000)

1 alpha1-Adrenoceptor subtypes were investigated in cytospin centrifuged preparations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. 2 In situ hybridization cytochemistry revealed alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-receptor mRNA in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Lymphocytes hybridized for alpha1A receptor subtype represented approximately 30% of total lymphocytes, those hybridized for alpha1Beta- and alpha1D-receptor subtypes averaged 42 and 25% of total lymphocytes, respectively. 3 Cytospin centrifuged lymphocytes exposed to anti-alpha1A-, alpha1Beta- or alpha1D-receptor protein antibodies, developed specific immunostaining. Approximately 27% of total lymphocytes were immunoreactive for alpha1A-receptor protein, 40% displayed alpha1B-receptor protein immunoreactivity and 22% alpha1D-receptor protein immunoreactivity. Analysis of percentages as well as of lymphocyte morphology of in situ hybridized and immunolabelled lymphocytes suggests the co-expression of mRNA receptor signal and protein receptor immunostaining in the same lymphocyte. 4 The demonstration of both alpha1-adrenoceptor mRNA and receptor protein subtypes suggests that alpha1-adrenoceptors may have a role in regulating lymphocyte function. 5 The possibility of demonstrating receptor protein immunoreactivity in a small amount of blood, such as that required for preparing cytospin-centrifuged lymphocytes, may stimulate research to evaluate the role of these receptors in lymphocytes and to establish if assessment of lymphocyte alpha1-adrenoceptors may represent a marker of their status in health and disease.
Using QIIME to Analyze 16S rRNA Gene Sequences from Microbial Communities (2011)

QIIME (canonically pronounced "chime") is a software application that performs microbial community analysis. It is an acronym for Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology, and has been used to analyze and interpret nucleic acid sequence data from fungal, viral, bacterial, and archaeal communities. The following protocols describe how to install QIIME on a single computer and use it to analyze microbial 16S sequence data from nine distinct microbial communities.
Identifying the energy gap in the German population using results from representative national health surveys (1985–2002) (2010)

Abstract Objective The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing in most countries, including Germany. The idea of estimating the population-wide energy gap that is likely responsible for the epidemic has recently been introduced and discussed. Design Using published estimates of body weight from population-based data of national health surveys (1985–2002), the energy gap was calculated by estimating the distribution of the rate of weight gain within the German population (25–69 years of age) and the amount of excess energy storage that is responsible for this population-wide pattern of weight gain. Setting Germany. Subjects A representative sample of 26 614 participants (12 984 men, 13 630 women). Results The average annual weight gain was 0·22 kg for men and 0·32 kg for women over the 17-year period. An estimated 90 % of the population gained &lt; 0·54 kg/year. Assuming that each kilogram of weight gained represents 32238 kJ (7700 kcal), the estimated energy accumulation was 19 kJ (4·64 kcal)/d in men and 28 kJ (6·75 kcal)/d in women aged 25–69 years. The distribution of estimated energy accumulation for 90 % of the German population was &lt; 50 kJ (12 kcal)/d. Conclusions With an assumed energy efficiency of 50 %, the findings suggest that weight gain could be prevented in 90 % of the German population with &lt; 100 kJ (24 kcal) reduction in energy intake or increase in energy expenditure per day. Theoretically, further weight gain might be prevented using a small-changes approach that emphasizes the importance of making small changes in physical activity and food intake.
Association of Mortalin (HSPA9) with Liver Cancer Metastasis and Prediction for Early Tumor Recurrence (2007)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well known for poor prognosis and short survival because of high recurrence rate even after curative surgery. Today there is no available biomarker or biochemical test to indicate HCC recurrence, and this study aims to identify protein markers that can discriminate postoperative patients with early recurrence (ER), i.e. disease relapsed within the first year. In this study, 103 hepatitis B-related HCC patients were recruited, and 68 of them were used for ER-related biomarker discovery study. Proteomic expression patterns of matched tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissues from these patients plus 16 normal liver tissues were delineated by the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis differential profiling method. Significant protein spots were evaluated by hierarchical clustering analysis. SSP4612 that yielded the highest receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve value for the ER subgroup of HCC was subsequently identified by tandem mass spectrometry, and the corresponding expression patterns were further confirmed by quantitative PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Correlation analysis with clinicopathological data was also examined. Proteomic profiling analysis revealed overexpression of mortalin (gene HSPA9) in HCC when compared with the non-tumor and normal liver tissues (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.821). Furthermore, elevated mortalin level was also detected in the ER subgroup of HCC versus the recurrence-free state (where no cancer recurs for >1 year) (AUC = 0.833, sensitivity = 90.9%, specificity = 71.4%). Metastatic HCC cell lines also exhibited higher levels of mortalin and HSPA9 mRNA. Clinically, mortalin overexpression in HCC was closely associated with advanced tumor stages and venous infiltration, having implications for increased malignancy and aggressive behavior. Mortalin (HSPA9) is associated with HCC metastasis and thus suggested as a tumor marker for predicting early recurrence, which may have immediate clinical applications for cancer surveillance after curative surgery.
Polarization switch using thick holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal grating (2004)

Theoretical study of the optical diffraction properties of holographic polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (HPDLC)-based thick volume grating was presented. It is found that the HPDLC grating can selectively diffract the s-polarized light only, p-polarized light only, or both s and p beams by selecting suitable grating parameters. When an electric field is applied, the s- and p-polarized lights exhibit different diffraction behaviors and, thus, the tunable dual-state or three-state polarization switching could be realized.