gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triggering of Human Peripheral Blood B Cells: Polyclonal Induction and Modulation of an in Vitro PFC Response (1976)

In the present studies we utilized polyclonal activators to analyze the signals required to induce antibody synthesis by subpopulations of human peripheral blood lymphocytes. The in vitro synthesis of antibody directed against sheep erythrocytes was measured by a modification of the Jerne plaque assay. The plaques observed contained central lymphoid cells, could be inhibited by anti-human immunoglobulin, and were strictly dependent on both the addition of complement and viable B lymphocytes actively synthesizing protein. Kinetic analysis showed that the PFC response developed over time during cell culture with peak activity occurring between days 6 and 7. It was found that human peripheral blood B lymphocytes, isolated by Sephadex G-200 anti-Fab column chromatography, were nonspecifically induced by either PWM or soluble products of antigen-activated human T cells to differentiate into PFC. In contrast, unfractionated peripheral blood lymphocytes. Ig- cells isolated from immunoabsorbant columns, and B cells enriched by nylon wool adherence were not triggered to antibody synthesis even in the presence of polyclonal activators. B cells isolated by nylon wool adherence and further fractionated by binding and elution from anti-Fab columns were then readily triggered by PWM to differentiate into PFC. These results suggest that the interaction of human B cells with anti-Fab columns, presumably at the Ig receptor, serves as a signal important in the differentiation events leading to PFC activity. The anti-Fab interaction alone, although critical, was not sufficient to induce the differentiation of precursor cells into PFC since subsequent triggering by antigen-activated T cell supernatants or PWM was required for the development of an optimal PFC response. Additional experimental data demonstrated that the PFC response could be regulated by autologous peripheral Ig- lymphoid cells in vitro. At low concentrations of PWM, Ig- cells consistently augmented the B cell PFC response whereas at high concentrations of PWM, suppression was observed. Depletion of E rosetting cells from the Ig- population eliminated the subset responsible for augmentation but did not eliminate the suppressor cell activity.
Physical Characterization of the “Immunosignaturing Effect” (2012)

Identifying new, effective biomarkers for diseases is proving to be a challenging problem. We have proposed that antibodies may offer a solution to this problem. The physical features and abundance of antibodies make them ideal biomarkers. Additionally, antibodies are often elicited early in the ontogeny of different chronic and infectious diseases. We previously reported that antibodies from patients with infectious disease and separately those with Alzheimer's disease display a characteristic and reproducible "immunosignature" on a microarray of 10,000 random sequence peptides. Here we investigate the physical and chemical parameters underlying how immunosignaturing works. We first show that a variety of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against different classes of antigens produce distinct profiles on this microarray and the relative affinities are determined. A proposal for how antibodies bind the random sequences is tested. Sera from vaccinated mice and people suffering from a fugal infection are individually assayed to determine the complexity of signals that can be distinguished. Based on these results, we propose that this simple, general and inexpensive system could be optimized to generate a new class of antibody biomarkers for a wide variety of diseases.
Note—A Multiple-Item Inventory Model with a Job Completion Criterion (1982)

Most office equipment is maintained by service organizations consisting of teams of service representatives. An important problem for the service organizations is the determination of the spare parts inventory to be carried by each service representative. This note presents a model for finding the spare parts kit that has the minimum inventory investment for a specified job completion criterion. The model is shown to be equivalent to a binary knapsack problem. The model is contrasted with the model developed by Smith, Chambers and Shlifer for a similar problem.
Electron Microscopy of the Major Outer Membrane Protein of Campylobacter jejuni (1996)

The surfaces of the disrupted-cell surfaces of the Campylobacter jejuni strains FUM158432 and M1 were examined using the negative-staining technique and electron microscopy. The surfaces of the whole cells and the outer membranes were covered with small dark dots which, in some areas, were arranged in hexagonal patterns. The hexagonal arrangement was more clearly seen in extracted outer membrane. The size of each structure was measured based on a center-to-center distance with the adjacent structure, and was determined to be 9.9 +/- 0.9 nm. A profile of the proteins in the outer membrane by SDS-PAGE, performed in 0.1% SDS and at 100 C, showed 42 kDa proteins to comprise the major outer membrane protein of this bacterium. Digestion of the outer membrane materials with proteinase reduced this protein band in the SDS-PAGE, and the amount of dark dots on the electron micrograph indicated the structure to be the major outer membrane protein (porin) of this bacterium. The power spectrogram of a computer-assisted Fourier transformation of the hexagonally arranged porin proteins suggests that the porin has a trimeric structure rather than a monomeric one.
Role of HER2 gene overexpression in breast carcinoma (2000)

The HER2 proto-oncogene encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein of 185 kDa (p185(HER2)) with intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity. Amplification of the HER2 gene and overexpression of its product induce cell transformation. Numerous studies have demonstrated the prognostic relevance of p185(HER2), which is overexpressed in 10% to 40% of human breast tumors. Recent data suggest that p185(HER2) is a ligand orphan receptor that amplifies the signal provided by other receptors of the HER family by heterodimerizing with them. Ligand-dependent activation of HER1, HER3, and HER4 by EGF or heregulin results in heterodimerization and, thereby, HER2 activation. HER2 overexpression is associated with breast cancer patient responsiveness to doxorubicin, to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil (CMF), and to paclitaxel, whereas tamoxifen was found to be ineffective and even detrimental in patients with HER2-positive tumors. In vitro analyses have shown that the role of HER2 overexpression in determining the sensitivity of cancer cells to drugs is complex, and molecules involved in its signaling pathway are probably the actual protagonists of the sensitivity to drugs. The association of HER2 overexpression with human tumors, its extracellular accessibility, as well as its involvement in tumor aggressiveness are all factors that make this receptor an appropriate target for tumor-specific therapies. A number of approaches are being investigated as possible therapeutic strategies that target HER2: (1) growth inhibitory antibodies, which can be used alone or in combination with standard chemotherapeutics; (2) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), which have been developed in an effort to block receptor activity because phosphorylation is the key event leading to activation and initiation of the signaling pathway; and (3) active immunotherapy, because the HER2 oncoprotein is immunogenic in some breast carcinoma patients.
Improvements In The Relative Accuracy Of Reliability Assessment Based On The Use Of Field Data (2001)

Two major factors in reliability prediction are the relevance (and thus the repeatability) of the failure rate data used and the correctness of the applied reliability model. The closer the application and environment from which the data are derived is to that of the target prediction then the more accurate will be the assessment. Reliability models are often dominated by common cause failures which defeat the redundant elements. Therefore this paper makes use of field failure rate data firstly to establish a relationship between predicted and achieved reliability and secondly to enhance the existing partial BETA approach to common cause failure modelling.
Microemulsion Reduces Adsorption and Emulsion Tendencies in Bradford and Speechley Sandstone Formations (2005)

Abstract The primary purpose of nonionic surfactants used in well stimulation is to reduce surface tension, contact angle and emulsion tendencies. However, many of these chemicals adsorb rapidly into the surface of the sandstone formation, reducing their effectiveness in reservoir treatments. This study describes the laboratory and field case studies of various surfactants used in the oilfield. Several different surfactants including ethoxylated linear alcohol, nonyl phenol ethoxylate and a microemulsion system were investigated to determine their adsorption properties when injected into a laboratory sand packed column. A laboratory simulated comparison study of an ethoxylated alcohol and microemulsion was used to determine their water recovery properties from gas wells. Field data collected from Bradford and Speechley sandstone formations confirms experimental sand packed column and core flow investigations. Reservoirs treated with microemulsion fluids demonstrate exceptional water recoveries when compared with conventional non-emulsifying surfactant treatments. These investigations and presented field data may be used to optimize chemical treatments. The primary objectives of this study are focused to include: Comparison studies of the microemulsion system with conventional ethoxylated surfactants commonly used in the oilfield to determine their adsorption properties into the proppant pack, surface tension and water recovery.Experimental data comparing effectiveness of conventional surfactants and microemulsion in non-emulsification and regain permeability tests.Present case studies where microemulsion treatments have improved water recoveries in treated gas wells. This paper describes laboratory methods and case histories supporting this investigation. Furthermore, field data collected from several gas wells stimulated in the Bradford and Speechley formations illustrates the microemulsion fluid exhibiting an advantage over the conventional surfactant treatments when water recovery and increased well productivity are of concern to the operator.
Multimodality Tumor Imaging Targeting Integrin α v β 3 (2005)

The cell adhesion molecule integrin alphavbeta3 is an important player in the process of tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Antibodies, peptides, peptidomimetics, and small molecule antagonists against integrin alphavbeta3 have been shown to induce endothelial apoptosis, to inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and to increase endothelial permeability. The ability to quantitatively image integrin alphavbeta3 expression in vivo in a noninvasive manner may shed new light into the mechanism of angiogenesis and antiangiogenic treatment efficacy based on integrin antagonism. Tumor integrin expression imaging will also aid in lesion detection, patient stratification, new anti-integrin drug development/validation, as well as treatment monitoring and optimization. This review summarizes the recent advances in multimodality imaging of tumor integrin alphavbeta3 expression using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and positron emission tomography (PET).
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection (2011)

With the increasing prevalence of recurrent/refractory Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), alternative treatments to the standard antibiotic therapies are being sought. One of the more controversial of such alternative treatments is fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Although the notion of FMT is foreign-even startling-and not esthetic to most people, the concept has been around for many decades. Its benefit and efficacy dates back >50 years to its use for staphylococcal pseudomembranous colitis, and now FMT is showing a great promise as an inexpensive, safe, and highly efficient treatment for recurrent and refractory CDI. Moreover, with a better understanding of the intricacies of the colonic microbiome and its role in colonic pathophysiology, FMT has the potential to become the standard of care for CDI treatment, and a potential answer to other intestinal disorders in years to come.
GLYCOPROTEINS ENCODED BY VARICELLA-ZOSTER VIRUS: Biosynthesis, Phosphorylation, and Intracellular Trafficking (1990)

This article reviews major developments concerning the VZV glycoproteins. Very little was published about these viral products prior to the early 1980s. VZV is now known to encode five glycoproteins that have been designated gpI through gpV. The viral glycoproteins are present within the envelope of the complete virion; in addition, they are inserted in the plasma membrane of the infected cell. Studies of the assembly and processing of three of the VZV glycoproteins have demonstrated that they may contain both N-linked and O-linked glycans, some of which are also sulfated and sialated. A heretofore unappreciated modification of VZV gpI is phosphorylation. The glycoprotein is modified on its serine and threonine residues by at least two cellular protein kinases--casein kinases I and II. Finally, aspects of viral glycoprotein trafficking have been analyzed in VZV-infected cells. The pathway progresses from the trans-Golgi region via cytoplasmic vacuoles to the outer cellular membrane. The virus may acquire part of its glycoprotein-laden envelope from the cytoplasmic vacuoles.
PINT: Protein-protein Interactions Thermodynamic Database (2005)

The first release of Protein-protein Interactions Thermodynamic Database (PINT) contains >1500 data of several thermodynamic parameters along with sequence and structural information, experimental conditions and literature information. Each entry contains numerical data for the free energy change, dissociation constant, association constant, enthalpy change, heat capacity change and so on of the interacting proteins upon binding, which are important for understanding the mechanism of protein-protein interactions. PINT also includes the name and source of the proteins involved in binding, their Protein Information Resource, SWISS-PROT and Protein Data Bank (PDB) codes, secondary structure and solvent accessibility of residues at mutant positions, measuring methods, experimental conditions, such as buffers, ions and additives, and literature information. A WWW interface facilitates users to search data based on various conditions, feasibility to select the terms for output and different sorting options. Further, PINT is cross-linked with other related databases, PIR, SWISS-PROT, PDB and NCBI PUBMED literature database. The database is freely available at http://www.bioinfodatabase.com/pint/index.html.
The Ageing Lens (2000)

The human lens grows by a process of epithelial cell division at its equator and the formation of generations of differentiated fibre cells. Despite the process of continuous remodelling necessary to achieve growth within a closed system, the lens can retain a high level of light transmission throughout the lifetime of the individual, with the ability to form sharp images on the retina. Continuous growth of the lens solves the problem imposed by terminal differentiation within a closed, avascular system, from which cells cannot be shed. The lens fibre tips arch over the equator to meet anteriorly and posteriorly and form branching sutures of increasing complexity. The stages of branching may create the optical zones of discontinuity seen on biomicroscopy. The lens is exposed to the cumulative effects of radiation, oxidation and postranslational modification. These later proteins and other lens molecules in such a way as to impair membrane functions and perturb protein (particularly crystallin) organisation, so that light transmission and image formation may be compromised. Damage is minimised by the presence of powerful scavenger and chaperone molecules. Progressive insolublisation of the crystallins of the lens nucleus in the first five decades of life, and the formation of higher molecular weight aggregates, may account for the decreased deformability of the lens nucleus which characterises presbyopia. Additional factors include: the progressive increase in lens mass with age, changes in the point of insertion of the lens zonules, and a shortening of the radius of curvature of the anterior surface of the lens. Also with age, there is a fall in light transmission by the lens, associated with increased light scatter, increased spectral absorption, particularly at the blue end of the spectrum, and increased lens fluorescence. A major factor responsible for the increased yellowing of the lens is the accumulation of a novel fluorogen, glutathione-3-hydroxy kynurenine glycoside, which makes a major contribution to the increasing fluorescence of the lens nucleus which occurs with age. Since this compound may also cross-link with the lens crystallins, it may contribute to the formation of high-molecular-weight aggregates and the increases in light scattering which occur with age. Focal changes of microscopic size are observed in apparently transparent, aged lenses and may be regarded as precursors of cortical cataract formation.
The third helix of the Antennapedia homeodomain translocates through biological membranes. (1994)

The 60-amino acid long homeodomain of Antennapedia crosses biological membranes by an energy-independent mechanism, a phenomenon abolished by directed mutagenesis within the polypeptide C-terminal region. This finding led us to study the internalization of several chemically synthesized peptides derived from the third helix of the homeodomain. We report here that a polypeptide of 16 amino acids in length corresponding to the third helix of the homeodomain deleted of its N-terminal glutamate is still capable of translocating through the membrane. A longer peptide of 20 amino acids also translocates, whereas shorter peptides (15 amino acids) are not internalized by the cells. As is also the case for the entire homeodomain, the 20- and 16-amino acid long peptides are internalized at 4 degrees C, suggesting an energy-independent mechanism of translocation not involving classical endocytosis. The two translocated peptides can be recovered, intact, within the cells, strongly suggesting that they are not targeted to the lysosomal compartment. Finally, substitution of two tryptophans by two phenylalanines strongly diminishes translocation, raising the possibility that the internalization of the third helix is not solely based on its general hydrophobicity.
Vessel‐depleted neck: Techniques for achieving microvascular reconstruction (2007)

The cephalic vein, transverse cervical, internal mammary, and thoracoacromial vessels represent reliable alternatives in the vessel-depleted neck.
A Case Series of a Luteolin Formulation (Neuroprotek®) in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (2012)

There has been an impressive, little understood increase in cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The lack of any distinctive pathogenetic mechanism has hampered the development of any effective treatments. Increasing evidence indicates oxidative stress, brain inflammation, gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and allergic symptoms may be present in ASD patients. The flavone luteolin has anti-oxidant, anti-flammatory, anti-allergy and neuroprotective properties. Given these findings, a dietary supplement was developed with a unique mixture of luteolin with the related flavonoids quercetin and rutin in a liposomal formulation of olive kernel oil (OKO), which increases their absorption. Results are presented for children with ASD (n=37, 4-14 years old) who had not obtained any benefit from multiple other regimens and who used this formulation for at least 4 months. GI and allergy symptoms improved in about 75 percent of children, eye contact and attention in 50 percent, social interaction in 25 percent and resumption of speech in about 10 percent. There were no adverse effects. Even though these results represent an uncontrolled open case series, they are encouraging because they suggest good tolerability and potential effectiveness.
Amplified human MYC oncogenes localized to replicating submicroscopic circular DNA molecules. (1988)

Amplification of genes can sometimes be detected by molecular hybridization but not by cytogenetic methods, suggesting that in some cases the units of amplification may be too small to be detected by light microscopy. The experiments reported here investigate whether submicroscopic amplification units are present in early passages of the human tumor cell lines HL-60 and COLO 320. The results show that such cells do contain submicroscopic, extrachromosomal, supercoiled circular molecules harboring MYC genes. The molecules in HL-60 are approximately 250 kilobase pairs (kbp), while those in COLO 320 are 120-160 kbp. The extrachromosomal molecules in HL-60 are shown to replicate semiconservatively and approximately once in one cell cycle. We propose that these submicroscopic elements are precursors of double-minute chromosomes, the usual extrachromosomal manifestation of gene amplification, since both are structurally similar and replicate autonomously.
An Appraisal of the “Vacutainer” System for Blood Collection (1975)

The conventional syringe/needle/container system for the collection and handling of blood samples is compared with the Vacutainer system using evacuated tubes. The relative advantages and disadvantages of both systems are evaluated. The Vacutainer system is quicker and simpler to use, with greater versatility, producing blood specimens of higher quality and at a cost comparable with that by the syringe system. The problems of blood contamination during blood sampling and distribution with both systems are discussed.
C2 Symmetric Chiral NHC Ligand for Asymmetric Quaternary Carbon Constructing Copper-Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Grignard Reagents to 3-Substituted Cyclohexenones (2008)

The asymmetric construction of quaternary carbon centers by conjugate addition of Grignard reagents to 3-methyl- and 3-ethylcyclohexenones was realized in a maximum enantioselectivity of 80% by using a C 2 symmetric chiral N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-copper catalyst, generated from (4 S,5 S)-1,3-bis(2-methoxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1 H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate and copper(II) triflate. The stereostructures of the NHC-Au complexes were analyzed by X-ray crystallography, which rationalized the good stereocontrolling ability of N-aryl NHCs.
Machine learning and its applications: A review (2017)

Nowadays, large amount of data is available everywhere. Therefore, it is very important to analyze this data in order to extract some useful information and to develop an algorithm based on this analysis. This can be achieved through data mining and machine learning. Machine learning is an integral part of artificial intelligence, which is used to design algorithms based on the data trends and historical relationships between data. Machine learning is used in various fields such as bioinformatics, intrusion detection, Information retrieval, game playing, marketing, malware detection, image deconvolution and so on. This paper presents the work done by various authors in the field of machine learning in various application areas.
Distributions of the Conductance and its Parametric Derivatives in Quantum Dots (1998)

Full distributions of conductance through quantum dots with single-mode leads are reported for both broken and unbroken time-reversal symmetry. The distributions are non-Gaussian and agree well with random matrix theory calculations that account for a finite dephasing time, ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{\ensuremath{\phi}}$, once broadening due to a finite temperature $T$ is also included. Full distributions of the derivatives of conductance with respect to gate voltage $P({dg/dV}_{g})$ are also investigated.