gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do thylakoids really contain phosphatidylcholine? (1990)

Isolated intact spinach chloroplasts were incubated with phospholipase C (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3) under mild experimental conditions in which only the phosphatidylcholine localized in the cytosolic leaflet of the outer envelope membrane can be hydrolyzed. Thylakoids, which were protected from phospholipase C degradation, were subsequently prepared from the phospholipase C-treated chloroplasts and found to be devoid of phosphatidylcholine. Previously reported occurrences of phosphatidylcholine in thylakoid preparations probably reflect contamination of the thylakoids by envelope membranes. In the present work, contamination of thylakoids by envelope membranes was determined by measuring the 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-galactosyltransferase [monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) synthase; UDPgalactose: 1,2-diacylglycerol 3-beta-D-galactosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.46] in the different chloroplast subfractions. We conclude that phosphatidylcholine is not present in highly purified thylakoids. Phosphatidylcholine is also absent from prokaryotic cyanobacterial membranes, and our results are in agreement with the endosymbiotic origin of higher plant chloroplasts.
Studies on the Mechanism of Estrogen Biosynthesis. VIII. The Development of Inhibitors of the Enzyme System in Human Placenta1 (1973)

Structural features of over 100 steroids and some non—steroids were evaluated systematically as inhibitors of estrogen biosynthesis in human placental microsomes. The microsomes were preincubated with and without potential inhibitors, and then were incubated with [4–14C] androst–4–ene–3,17–dione or [4–14C]3P—hydroxyandrost— S—en—17–one (DHA) and an NADPH generating system. After adding tritiated estrogens as recovery markers, the estrogens were isolated by thin—layer chromatography and were assayed using dual—label scintillation counting to determine percent conversion and inhibition produced. C10 A4–3–keto compounds were better inhibitors than the corresponding ring A reduced (5<x or 5P) compounds or A4–3–keto 19–nor compounds. Further conjugation with the A4—3–keto system was also beneficial so that A1.4'6–3–one, A4–6–3–one and A4– 3,6–dione compounds were effective. The 17–keto was superior to the 17P—hydroxy group in providing inhibitory properties in all cases, while the 17P—acetate and formate groups approached the effectiveness of the ketone in instance. Appropriate kinetic tests on the more effective compounds, androsta–l,4,6–triene–3,17–dione, androst– 4–ene–3,6,17–trione and estr—4–ene–3,17–dione, showed that they inhibited the conversion of androstenedione to estrogen competitively. The reaction product compounds, estrone and estradiol– 17β, were poor inhibitors. Compounds which inhibited steroid 3β–hydroxydehydrogenase were only marginally effective against the aromatase enzyme system as judged by conversion of androstenedione to estrogen. Using such compounds, there was no evidence that DHA was C–19 hydroxylated, indicating that this is not a significant alternative pathway to estrogens in human placenta. (Endocrinology92: 866, 1973)
Handelsübliche polymere als träger in der oligonucleotidsynthese, 1. Synthese eines pentanucleosidtetraphosphats an merckogel or 1000 000® (1975)

Abstract Merckogel OR 1000000®, ein käufliches makroretikulares Polyvinylacetatgel, wurde partiell verseift und durch Reaktion mit 3′‐ O ‐(β‐Benzoylpropionyl)thymidin‐5′‐chlorameisensäureester mit Nucleosid (0,5 mmol/g) beladen. Die Oligonucleotidsynthese an diesem Träger erfolgte in je drei Schritten: 1. der Phosphorylierung der 3′‐OH‐Gruppen mit β‐Cyanoäthylphosphat, 2. der Kondensation mit 3′‐ O ‐(β‐Benzoylpropionyl)thymidin und 3. der Abspaltung der Benzoylpropionylgruppen. Die Schritte 1 und 3 verliefen nahezu quantitativ, Schritt 2 mit ca. 50% Ausbeute. Viermaliges Durchlaufen des Reaktionszyklus ergab das Pentanucleosidtetraphosphat d T (pT) 4 ( 11 ) in 6% Gesamtausbeute. Ein Gerät für die Mikromanipulation von Trägerproben wird beschrieben.
CHOP Chemotherapy plus Rituximab Compared with CHOP Alone in Elderly Patients with Diffuse Large-B-Cell Lymphoma (2002)

The addition of rituximab to the CHOP regimen increases the complete-response rate and prolongs event-free and overall survival in elderly patients with diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma, without a clinically significant increase in toxicity.
Ketone Synthesis under Neutral Conditions. Cu(I) Diphenylphosphinate-Mediated, Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of Thiol Esters and Organostannanes (2003)

[reaction: see text] A versatile approach to ketone synthesis is described. The reaction relies on the palladium-catalyzed, copper diphenylphosphinate-mediated coupling of thiol esters with organostannanes under neutral reaction conditions. This reaction complements the previously described coupling of thiol esters with boronic acids that used dual thiophilic-borophilic activation methodology.
Manufacturing Strategy – Bridging the Gap (1991)

If companies are to be successful they must have a competitive strategy. A composite, formed of successful manufacturing company strategies, is outlined in order to resolve manufacturing industry′s perceived conflict of financial product and manufacturing objectives. The proposed solution, cash sensitive restructuring, is described as a method of enabling companies to raise their performance by using resources hidden within the business in four major areas: fixed assets, inventory, overheads and manufacturing policy. Cash sensitive restructuring is shown to provide a bridge between the theory and practice of manufacturing strategy.
Bidirectional Transmission to Reduce Fiber FWM Penalty in WDM Lightwave Systems (1995)

Wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) transmission in lightwave systems allows increasing fiber capacity by the simultaneous transmission of multiple channels through a single optical fiber. An example is the recent demonstration of 340 Gb/s transmission over 150 km by wavelength-division multiplexing seventeen 20 Gb/s channels [1]. WDM also enables better network topologies, eases capacity growth, reduces the demands on high-speed electronics, and improves system reliability and robustness.
Inhibition and flare patterns of metabolic response to the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) inhibitor IPI-504 visualized by FDG-PET in patients (pts) with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) resistant to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy (2007)

3530 Background: We have previously demonstrated the inhibition and rebound of GIST glycolytic metabolism with FDG-PET while pts were on or off TKI in prior trials of imatinib and sunitinib. We tested the same principle in a phase I trial of IPI-504, a novel potent inhibitor of Hsp90 (a chaperone for protein homeostasis) that results in selective destruction of the mutated KIT kinase in human GIST cell lines regardless of TKI-resistance mutations. Methods: Twenty-one patients with metatastic and/or unresectable GIST following failure of prior therapy with TKI were treated with IPI-504. Serial FDG-PET imaging was performed at baseline, during the 1st cycle after at least 2 doses (C1, days 4–11, “ON”, n = 18), and at the end of the 10-day off-treatment period prior to the start of the 2nd cycle (C1, “OFF”, n = 20). A subset of 5 pts also had FDG-PET at the end of the 3rd cycle (C3, day 11, “ON”). Maximum standardized uptake values (SUVmax) were measured in up to 3 lesions/pt with the greatest FDG uptake, and the SUVmax of all lesions was summed at each time point. Percent change in the summed mean SUVmax was calculated at each time point relative to the previous scan. Temporal changes were evaluated in those pts showing more than a 10% decrease in SUVmax during C1 “ON” compared to baseline. Results: We observed a &gt;10% reduction in SUVmax (mean = - 28%) during the 1st cycle (C1, “ON”) in 8/18 pts. All these pts showed an increase in SUVmax (mean = +29%) when off therapy (C1, “OFF”). Three of these 8 pts had a scan during cycle 3. All demonstrated a decrease in SUVmax (mean = -30%) while on the drug (C3, “ON”). Conclusion: These preliminary findings suggest that: (1) tumor metabolic response as measured with FDG-PET parallels the intermittent pattern of IPI-504 administration in this study as early as after the 2nd dose administration; and, (2) IPI-504 has a rapid downstream effect on glucose metabolism similar to that observed with TKIs despite the very different mechanism of action of IPI-504. The pattern of response to Hsp90 inhibition seen in this heavily pretreated population strongly supports further clinical investigation. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Comparative in situ hybridization analysis of PAX2, PAX8, and WT1 gene transcription in human fetal kidney and Wilms' tumors. (1995)

Wilms' tumor (WT) is a childhood renal neoplasm with histological features resembling fetal kidney development. Two members of the paired box family of genes, PAX2 and PAX8, are expressed in WT and are potentially involved in its induction. A zinc finger gene, WT1, which is involved in WT induction, encodes a DNA binding protein, and like PAX2 and PAX8 proteins is a transcription factor with an important role in kidney development. We have compared the expression patterns of PAX2, PAX8, and WT1 in fetal kidney and WTs by in situ hybridization. The PAX2, PAX8, and WT1 genes were transcribed in the condensed mesenchyme and early stages of epithelial differentiation in fetal kidney. WT1 gene transcription was observed in the glomeruli of fetal kidney until a later stage in development than PAX genes. In WTs all three genes were expressed in the condensed blastema, but WT1 expression was not detectable in the epithelial structures in two WTs. No evidence of attenuation of PAX gene expression was found in WT. These results suggest that in some WTs the expression of WT1 is attenuated in structures that continued to express PAX genes. It is unlikely that both PAX2 and PAX8 genes would be mutated in WT. However, failure of PAX gene expression to attenuate in WTs may result from mutations involved in the onset of the tumor.
Backbone-extended pyrrolidine peptide nucleic acids (bepPNA): design, synthesis and DNA/RNA binding studies (2004)

One-carbon extended conformationally constrained pyrrolidine PNA monomer (bepPNA) has been synthesized, incorporated into PNA sequences at predefined positions, and showed selective RNA binding properties.
Cytokines and hemostasis. (2000)

Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 and TNF) play a key role in tissue factor expression on monocytes and on endothelial cells and contribute significantly to regulation of hemostatic balance in physiologic and pathologic conditions. This effect is of great interest from both speculative and practical viewpoints.
Regulation of Polycomb group complexes by the sequence-specific DNA binding proteins Zeste and GAGA (2003)

Repression and activation of the expression of homeotic genes are maintained by proteins encoded by the Polycomb group (PcG) and trithorax group (trxG) genes. Complexes formed by these proteins are targeted by PcG or trxG response elements (PREs/TREs), which share binding sites for several of the same factors. GAGA factor and Zeste bind specifically to PREs/TREs and have been shown to act as both activators and repressors. We have used purified proteins and complexes reconstituted from recombinant subunits to characterize the effects of GAGA and Zeste proteins on PcG function using a defined in vitro system. Zeste directly associates with the PRC1 core complex (PCC) and enhances the inhibitory activity of this complex on all templates, with a preference for templates with Zeste binding sites. GAGA does not stably associate with PCC, but nucleosomal templates bound by GAGA are more efficiently bound and more efficiently inhibited by PCC. Thus Zeste and GAGA factor use distinct means to increase repression mediated by PRC1.
CD28 activation pathway regulates the production of multiple T-cell-derived lymphokines/cytokines. (1989)

CD28 is a 44-kDa glycoprotein expressed as a homodimer on the surface of a major subset of human T cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that the binding of monoclonal antibodies to the CD28 surface antigen can augment the proliferation of purified human T cells stimulated with suboptimal doses of mitogens or anti-T-cell receptor/CD3 complex antibodies. In this report, we show that CD28 stimulation augments T-cell immune responses by specifically inducing a 5- to 50-fold enhancement in the expression and secretion of interleukin 2, tumor necrosis factor type alpha, lymphotoxin, interferon gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in normal human T cells stimulated to proliferate by crosslinking of the T-cell receptor/CD3 complex. This CD28-mediated induction of lymphokine/cytokine gene expression occurred even in T cells stimulated with optimal concentrations of mitogens or anti-T-cell receptor/CD3 antibodies, although under these conditions CD28 activation failed to enhance the proliferative response. The activation pathway induced by stimulation of CD28 is distinct from other biochemical pathways that induce lymphokines/cytokines because CD28 stimulation can induce lymphokine/cytokine gene expression in the presence of the immunosuppressant cyclosporine. Together these data suggest that the CD28 cell surface molecule is part of a distinct activation pathway that specifically modulates the expression of multiple lymphokine/cytokine genes.
Titanium‐Catalyzed Hydroaminoalkylation of Alkenes by CH Bond Activation at sp3 Centers in the α‐Position to a Nitrogen Atom (2008)

Good for primary and secondary amines: Hydroaminoalkylations of alkenes, which take place by CH bond activation in the α-position to nitrogen atoms, are catalyzed by various neutral titanium complexes (see scheme). Primary as well as secondary amines can be used as substrates, and the reactions can be achieved intra- and intermolecularly. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Promoter polymorphisms and allelic imbalance in ABCB1 expression (2007)

The study outlines a general experimental approach for fine mapping gene variants that influence mRNA expression by using cultured cell lines.
Parallel search on video cards (2009)

Recent approaches exploiting the massively parallel architecture of graphics processors (GPUs) to accelerate database operations have achieved intriguing results. While parallel sorting received significant attention, parallel search has not been explored. With p-ary search we present a novel parallel search algorithm for large-scale database index operations that scales with the number of processors and outperforms traditional thread-level parallel GPU and CPU implementations. With parallel architectures becoming omnipresent, and with searching being a fundamental functionality for many applications, we expect it to be applicable beyond the database domain. While GPUs do not appear to be ready to be adopted for general-purpose database applications yet, given their rapid development, we expect this to change in the near future. The trend towards massively parallel architectures, combining CPU and GPU processing, encourages development of parallel techniques on both architectures. 1
Lipoproteins, cholesterol homeostasis and cardiac health (2009)

Cholesterol is an essential substance involved in many functions, such as maintaining cell membranes, manufacturing vitamin D on surface of the skin, producing hormones, and possibly helping cell connections in the brain. When cholesterol levels rise in the blood, they can, however, have dangerous consequences. In particular, cholesterol has generated considerable notoriety for its causative role in atherosclerosis, the leading cause of death in developed countries around the world. Homeostasis of cholesterol is centered on the metabolism of lipoproteins, which mediate transport of the lipid to and from tissues. As a synopsis of the major events and proteins that manage lipoprotein homeostasis, this review contributes to the substantial attention that has recently been directed to this area. Despite intense scrutiny, the majority of phenotypic variation in total cholesterol and related traits eludes explanation by current genetic knowledge. This is somewhat disappointing considering heritability estimates have established these traits as highly genetic. Thus, the continued search for candidate genes, mutations, and mechanisms is vital to our understanding of heart disease at the molecular level. Furthermore, as marker development continues to predict risk of vascular illness, this knowledge has the potential to revolutionize treatment of this leading human disease.
Routing to Multiple Destinations in Computer Networks (1983)

Algorithms for effectively routing messages from a source to multiple destination nodes in a store-and-forward computer network are studied. The focus is on minimizing the network cost (NC), which is the sum of weights of the links in the routing path. Several heuristic algorithms are studied for finding the NC minimum path (which is an NP-complete problem). Among them are variations of a minimum spanning tree (MST) heuristic and heuristics for the traveling salesman problem, both of which use global network information. Another set of heuristics examined are based on using only the shortest paths to the destinations. While the MST algorithm has the best worst case performance among all algorithms, a detailed, empirical study of the "average" performance of the algorithms on typical, randomly chosen networks reveals that simpler heuristics are almost as effective. The NC cost measure is also compared to the destination cost (DC), which is the sum of weights of the shortest path distances to all destinations. A scheme of algorithms is given which trades off between NC and DC.
Studies of potential cerebrospinal fluid molecular markers for Alzheimer's disease (2002)

There is a need for a reliable, molecular-based ante mortem diagnostic test for Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we examined the use of two-dimensional protein electrophoresis for generating molecular barcodes which may be useful for the clinical differentiation of AD patients from normals. We compared cerebrospinal fluid samples taken from AD patients with confirmed post mortem pathology to comparable specimens from normal volunteers. Using canonical correlation analysis, a panel of nine molecular markers were identified which segregated diseased cases from normal controls. Using the scaled volume image analysis variable, a principal factor analysis was also used to distinguish normal from AD spinal fluid, based on molecular markers identified using a heuristic clustering algorithm. The use of panels of molecular markers derived from proteomic analysis may offer the best prospect for developing molecular diagnostic tests for complex neurodegenerative disorders such as AD.
Serum level of TSGF, CA242 and CA19-9 in pancreatic cancer (2004)

The combined use of TSGF, CA242 and CA19-9 expressions can elevate the specificity for pancreatic cancer diagnosis. And it shows that it plays an important role to differentiate positions and tissue typing. It is a forepart diagnosis for the pancreatic cancer by combination checking. There is very important correlation between the three markers and the pancreatic cancer.
Comparison of the Different Effects between Two Epimerides of Anordrin α and β Monomer on Human Prostatic Cancer in Vitro (2009)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the different effects between two epimerides of anordrin(ANO) α and β monomer on human prostatic cancer.METHODS The monomers of α-ANO and β-ANO were purified and separated by alumina column chromatography,and were detected qualitatively by thin-layer chromatography;androgen-dependent and androgen-independent human prostatic cancer cells (androgen-dependent cells L1A,LNCaP,CWR22-RV1 and androgen-independent cells DU145, PC-3) were cultured with different concentrations (8,16,24,32,48 μmol·L~(-1)) of α,β-ANO for 3 and 5 d respectively,SRB staining assay was used to detect cells survival;in androgen-depleted medium,L1A,LNCaP and CWR22-RV1 cells were cultured with different concentrations of α,β-ANO in the presence or absence of R1881 (a kind of androgen stimulant) for 3 and 5 d respectively,and SRB staining assay was used to detect cells survival;contrast phase microscope was used to observe the change of cellular morphology after LNCaP,DU145 cells being exposed to 32 μmol·L~(-1) α,P-ANO respectively.RESULTS The inhibition effect of α-ANO on human prostatic carcinoma cells was stronger than that of β-ANO in time and dose dependent manner;both α-ANO and β-ANO could antagonize the proliferation effect of R1881 and the effect of a-ANO was more stronger than of β-ANO in time and dose dependent manner;observed under contrast phase microscope,cells morphology change more significant after treatment with α-ANO than those treatment with β-ANO.CONCLUSION The suppressive effect of α-ANO on prostatic cancer cells line is stronger than that of β-ANO.
Genome-wide expression profiling of human blood reveals biomarkers for Huntington's disease (2005)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by an expansion of glutamine repeats in ubiquitously distributed huntingtin protein. Recent studies have shown that mutant huntingtin interferes with the function of widely expressed transcription factors, suggesting that gene expression may be altered in a variety of tissues in HD, including peripheral blood. Affymetrix and Amersham Biosciences oligonucleotide microarrays were used to analyze global gene expression in blood samples of HD patients and matched controls. We identified 322 mRNAs that showed significantly altered expression in HD blood samples, compared with controls (P < 0.0005), on two different microarray platforms. A subset of up-regulated mRNAs selected from this group was able to distinguish controls, presymptomatic individuals carrying the HD mutation, and symptomatic HD patients. In addition, early presymptomatic subjects showed gene expression profiles similar to those of controls, whereas late presymptomatic subjects showed altered expression that resembled that of symptomatic HD patients. These elevated mRNAs were significantly reduced in HD patients involved in a dose-finding study of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium phenylbutyrate. Furthermore, expression of the marker genes was significantly up-regulated in postmortem HD caudate, suggesting that alterations in blood mRNAs may reflect disease mechanisms observed in HD brain. In conclusion, we identified changes in blood mRNAs that clearly distinguish HD patients from controls. These alterations in mRNA expression correlate with disease progression and response to experimental treatment. Such markers may provide clues to the state of HD and may be of predictive value in clinical trials.