gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser-Induced Breakdown Plasma Observed using a Streak Camera (2008)

To study laser-induced breakdown plasma, time-resolved emission spectra from the plasma in air at atmospheric pressure were measured in the perpendicular direction to the laser axis using a streak camera and Cassegrain optics. In the time-resolved spectra, the continuous spectra were observed twice during a single breakdown in a weak-emission area. In addition, the temporal delay of the second continuous spectra increased as the measurement position in the plasma moved away from the center. We concluded that the second continuous spectra originated from the reheating of the plasma by the propagation of the shockwave that was generated in the laser-induced breakdown plasma. Our result shows that the ultrafast interaction between laser-induced plasmas and shockwaves can be investigated using this experimental setup.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICALLY DEMONSTRABLE PP60(C-SRC) IN HUMAN BREAST-CANCER (1994)

Both elevated protein-tyrosine kinase activity of pp60(c-src) and the association of its high activity with a short disease-free period have been reported in patients with human breast cancer. In another human malignancy, colon cancer, tyrosine kinase activity and a protein level of pp60(c-src) have been observed to be correlated directly with the malignancy grade of tumors. In the present work, pp60(c-src) was demonstrated immunohistochemically in 48 human breast cancers, and the level demonstrated in this way was compared with prognostic histopathological factors. A weakly positive granular reaction product was detected in the plasma membrane of normal ductal epithelial cells and of cancer cells in 40% of cases of infiltrating breast cancer. In 60% of breast cancers, the pp60(c-src) level was increased, the reaction intensity was elevated, and a positive reaction was seen in cytoplasma and in the nuclear area. When the cancers with a low level of pp60(c-src) were compared with those showing an increased level with respect to prognostic factors (tumor size, axillary metastases and histopathological maligancy grade), no statistically significant differences were found. It seems that although pp60(c-src) is not primarily associated with the malignant growth of all human breast cancers, it may contribute to malignant cell proliferation in many of them.
Enhanced PCR amplification of VNTR locus D1S80 using peptide nucleic acid (PNA) (1995)

Use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify variable numbers of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci has become widely used in genetic typing. Unfortunately, preferential amplification of small allelic products relative to large allelic products may result in incorrect or ambiguous typing in a heterozygous sample. The mechanism for preferential amplification has not been elucidated. Recently, PNA oligomers (peptide nucleic acids) have been used to detect single base mutations through PCR clamping. PNA is a DNA mimic that exhibits several unique hybridization characteristics. In this report we present a new application of PNA which exploits its unique properties to provide enhanced amplification. Rather than clamping the PCR, PNA is used to block the template making it unavailable for interstrand and intrastrand interactions while allowing polymerase to displace the PNA molecules and extend the primer to completion. Preferential amplification is reduced and overall efficiency is enhanced.
Life at low Reynolds number (1977)

E d i t o r’s note: This is a reprint (slightly edited) of a paper of the same title that appeared in the book Physics and Our World: A Symposium in Honor of Victor F. Weisskopf, published by the American Institute of Physics (1976). The personal tone of the original talk has been preserved in the paper, which was itself a slightly edited transcript of a tape. The figures reproduce transparencies used in the talk. The demonstration involved a tall rectangular transparent vessel of corn syrup, projected by an overhead projector turned on its side. Some essential hand waving could not be reproduced.
Transformation of mycosis fungoides: clinicopathological and prognostic features of 45 cases. French Study Group of Cutaneious Lymphomas. (2000)

The course of mycosis fungoides (MF) is indolent except when transformation to a large T-cell lymphoma occurs. The diagnosis of transformed MF (T-MF) relies on the presence of more than 25% of large cells on biopsy of an MF lesion. We analyzed 45 patients with T-MF recorded by the French Study Group on Cutaneous Lymphomas to better determine clinicopathological features of MF transformation and to analyze their impact on prognosis. Median time from diagnosis of MF to transformation was 6.5 years. Extracutaneous progression was present in 20 patients. Mean survival from transformation to death was 22 months. In univariate analysis, only an extracutaneous progression was associated with a worse prognosis (5-year actuarial survival: 7.8% versus 32%). Neither sex, age, clinical and skin disease stage at transformation, transformation speed, nor percentage of large cells or CD30 expression (14 of 45) had a prognostic value. When performing multivariate analysis, age (at least 60 years), and extracutaneous spreading were found to be associated with a poor prognosis. There was no difference between survival curves of patients with T-MF and with pleomorphic large T-cell CD30- lymphomas. The main diagnostic pitfall was "histiocytic-rich" MF, requiring CD68 staining for the diagnosis of T-MF. Out of 45 patients, 6 presented an histologic transformation before clinical progression, suggesting that an early histopathological diagnosis may be performed by histological follow-up. The prognostic value of such early histopathological diagnosis must be confirmed by prospective studies.
The Effect of Reduced Evaporator Air Flow on the Performance of a Residential Central Air Conditioner (1992)

This paper discusses the measured degradation in performance of a residential air conditioning system operating under reduced evaporator air flow. Experiments were conducted using a R-22 three-ton split-type cooling system with a short-tube orifice expansion device. Results are presented here for a series of tests in which the evaporator air flow was reduced from 25 to 90% below what is normally recommended for this air conditioner.&#13;\nAt present, very little information is available which quantifies the performance of a residential cooling system operating under degraded conditions such as reduced evaporator air flow. Degraded performance measurements can provide information which could help electric utilities evaluate the potential impact of system-wide maintenance programs.
Engraftment of T-Cell-Depleted Rabbit Bone Marrow (1987)

T cell depletion of donor bone marrow prevents graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) but increases the risk of rejection. Rabbit bone marrow was T-cell-depleted using the properties of rabbit T cells to form spontaneous rosettes in the cold and by incubation in methylprednisolone (1 mg/ml, 10(6) cells/ml). New Zealand white rabbits were transplanted with Red Burgundy rabbit bone marrow from the opposite sex after conditioning with 12 Gy total body irradiation. Untreated animals die of GvHD at day 23. Three groups were studied: T cell depletion plus ciclosporin (A), T-cell-depleted bone marrow plus irradiated autologous bone marrow plus irradiated donor buffy coat (B), and T-cell-depleted bone marrow plus irradiated autologous bone marrow plus irradiated donor buffy coat plus ciclosporin (C). Buffy coat cells irradiated with 15 Gy were given for 5 days. Such cells do not form colonies in culture; however, they are able to release interleukin-2. In group A, 9 of 15 animals rejected, 6 survived for 45 days (median, range 16-249 days). In group B, all 5 of 5 animals died of rejection (median survival time 14 days, range 13-20 days). In group C, 8 of 10 animals did engraft, 4 died of GvHD (median survival 48 days, range 26-58 days), and 4 are long-term survivors (greater than 6 months to greater than 1 year), 3 as complete chimeras. We conclude that the combination of irradiated donor buffy coat cells, irradiated autologous bone marrow and ciclosporin restores engraftment of T-cell-depleted mismatched bone marrow without losing the benefit of reduced GvHD.
Introduction of antisense oligonucleotides into cells by permeabilization with streptolysin O. (1993)

Cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides is critical to their ability to inhibit gene expression. In the present study, phosphodiester oligodeoxynucleotides were introduced into cells during brief permeabilization with the pore-forming agent streptolysin O. The extent of antisense inhibition was dependent on the concentration of oligonucleotide present during permeabilization. In addition, the level of antisense inhibition was time-dependent; it reached a maximum at 18 h and subsequently diminished to control levels over the next 48 h. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of streptolysin O permeabilization as a means for simple and rapid introduction of oligonucleotides into eukaryotic cells.
Inhibition of 11 -hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 lowers intraocular pressure in patients with ocular hypertension (2003)

CBX lowers IOP in patients with ocular hypertension. Our data suggest that this is mediated through inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in the ciliary epithelium. Selective and topical inhibitors of 11beta-HSD1 could provide a novel treatment for patients with glaucoma.
Preparation and MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of the acylated insulin with linoleic acid (2005)

Linoleoyl benzotriazole was synthesized from linoleic acid and benzotriazole by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide coupling method and characterized by FT-IR and ~(1)H NMR.Linoleoyl insulin was prepared by chemical modification of insulin with linoleoyl benzotriazole without using any specific protecting group.MALDI-TOF-MS analysis showed that the modification of insulin was successful and the monoacylated insulin was the major product.A little diacylated insulin was observed and no triacylated insulin was detected.
Importance of antibodies to the fusion glycoprotein of paramyxoviruses in the prevention of spread of infection. (1980)

The effects of monospecific antibodies to the viral glycoprotein with hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity (HN) and the viral glycoprotein with membrane-fusing activity (F) of the paramyxovirus simian virus 5 (SV5) on the spread of infection in two cell types have been investigated. In CV-1 cells, infection can spread by either released progeny virus adsorbing to and infecting other cells, or by fusion of an infected cell with an adjacent cell as a result of the cell-fusing activity of the F glycoprotein. In these cells, antibodies specific for the HN glycoprotein prevented the dissemination of infection by released infectious virus, but spread by cell fusion was not inhibited. Antibodies to the F glycoprotein completely prevented the spread of infection in these cells. In Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells, which are relatively resistant to SV5-induced fusion, antibodies to either the HN or F glycoproteins were capable of preventing the dissemination of infection. These results indicate that effective immunological prevention of the spread of paramyxovirus infection requires the presence of antibodies that inactivate the F glycoprotein. This requirement for anti-F antibodies has obvious implications for the design of effective paramyxovirus vaccines and provides an explanation for previous failures of formalin-inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines as well as additional insight into the possible immunopathological mechanisms involved in the atypical and severe infections that have occurred in individuals who received inactivated paramyxovirus vaccines and were subsequently infected by the virus.
Distribution of Felbamate in Brain (1996)

We studied the distribution of felbamate (FBM) in rat brain using a br ain imaging scanner to analyze thaw-mount autoradiographs. After intravenous injection of 14 C FBM in rats, the autoradiograph distribution of isotope labeling patterns in brain was captured on x-ray film. Densitometric differences on the x-ray film were converted into color-code variations representing the different concentrations of FBM in regions of the brain. We demonstrated that relatively uniform concentrations of FBM were detected throughout the brain. In all brain regions examined, there were no specifically high or low concentrations of FBM. We conclude that the FBM distributes uniformly.
Dinámica de inflación y el canal de costos : una aplicación para Chile (2007)

Resumen. Recientemente Ravenna y Walsh (2006) y Chowdhury, Hoffmann y Schabert (2006) integran un canal de costos a un modelo estandar Nuevo Keynesiano, y muestran que la existencia de intermediacion financiera afecta a las empresas en su decision de determinacion de precios. Un aumento en tasas de interes no solo desincentiva la inversion y el consumo, sino que tambien incrementaŕian los costos de las firmas directamente a traves del capital de trabajo. Este ultimo mecanismo de transmision es llamado Canal de Costos y su efecto sobre la inflacion va en sentido inverso al tradicional impacto sobre la demanda agregada. Ambas investigaciones estiman las ecuaciones de curva de Phillips aumentadas, encontrando evidencia emṕirica que afirma su teoŕia. El proposito de este trabajo es estimar la curva de Phillips para el caso chileno, y verificar si el canal de costos afecta la dinamica de la inflacion.
Balancing Water Allocation and Water Quality: The Model State Water Code (1994)

The Model State Water Code (hereafter called the 'Code') currently being developed by an ASCE task committee is intended to provide a source of legal norms of water allocation for use by legislators and their staffs. The Code will be available for use to improve select portions of existing State water allocation codes or to form the basis for more complete revisions of codes. Considerable effort was expended in developing the commentaries for each provision to provide legislative staffs with a valuable resource in understanding and implementing portions of the Code. Many difficult legal, public involvement, technical, and regional issues have been (and continue to be) addressed in developing the Code. However, the most difficult, contentious, and regionally divisive issue addressed involves the balancing of water allocations with water quality concerns.
Structure of the streptococcal cell wall C5a peptidase (2005)

The structure of a cell surface enzyme from a gram-positive pathogen has been determined to 2-A resolution. Gram-positive pathogens have a thick cell wall to which proteins and carbohydrate are covalently attached. Streptococcal C5a peptidase (SCP), is a highly specific protease and adhesin/invasin. Structural analysis of a 949-residue fragment of the [D130A,S512A] mutant of SCP from group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae, SCPB) revealed SCPB is composed of five distinct domains. The N-terminal subtilisin-like protease domain has a 134-residue protease-associated domain inserted into a loop between two beta-strands. This domain also contains one of two Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequences found in SCPB. At the C terminus are three fibronectin type III (Fn) domains. The second RGD sequence is located between Fn1 and Fn2. Our analysis suggests that SCP binding to integrins by the RGD motifs may stabilize conformational changes required for substrate binding.
Editorial echoes (2018)

To our faithful readers, we have welcomed in the Year 2018, and we hope that is a wonderful one. The team at JCD has been faithfully working on bringing you articles with the most scientific content. We would like to take this time to thank those who have submitted articles to JCD. We also encourage those of you that have not submitted to do so. We are always seeking intriguing articles to publish. We would like to thank our Associate Editors and Reviewers for spending their time reading, critiquing, and offering sound commentary on the articles that we have received. This task will not be forgotten amongst us, and we sincerely appreciate their efforts. The JCD is proud to announce that we are expanding our journal to 6 issues a year from the current 4 that we have produced for the past 10 years or so. Included in these 6 issues will be Special Issues, articles that focus on 1 specific topic and showcase the writings of our esteemed authors. Look for a Special Issue on Injectables later this year. We hope that you enjoy this current issue of JCD and the articles it contains. We start with some amazing review articles including our lead article by our amazing former Editor in Chief, Dr. Zoe Draelos, whose article on The Science Behind Skin Care: Cleansers is an incredible journey and history lesson on what is the science of skin cleansing. It is one of the finest review articles on this subject ever written, so enjoy the lesson. We follow with an article by Joseph DiNardo with another amazing review on Sunscreens—not to be missed. Then Mirma Sanchez discusses Collagen, another not-to-be missed article. We thank these amazing authors for their contribution to JCD. In this issue of JCD, there is something for everyone interested in dermatology and cosmetic concerns. We all hope that you enjoy the February 2018 issue of JCD.
S-phase–specific interaction of the Fanconi anemia protein, FANCD2, with BRCA1 and RAD51 (2002)

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a human autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility disorder characterized by cellular sensitivity to mitomycin C and defective cell-cycle progression. Six FA genes (corresponding to subtypes A, C, D2, E, F, and G) have been cloned, and the encoded FA proteins interact in a common pathway. DNA damage activates this pathway, leading to monoubiquitination of the downstream FANCD2 protein and targeting to nuclear foci containing BRCA1. In the current study, we demonstrate that FANCD2 also undergoes monoubiquitination during S phase of the cell cycle. Monoubiquitinated FANCD2 colocalizes with BRCA1 and RAD51 in S-phase-specific nuclear foci. Monoubiquitination of FANCD2 is required for normal cell-cycle progression following cellular exposure to mitomycin C. Our data indicate that the monoubiquitination of FANCD2 is highly regulated, and they suggest that FANCD2/BRCA1 complexes and FANCD2/RAD51 complexes participate in an S-phase-specific cellular process, such as DNA repair by homologous recombination.
Effect of prostaglandin A1 on proliferation and telomerase activity of human melanoma cells in vitro (1998)

Previous studies have shown that cyclopentenone prostaglandins are endowed with antitumour activity in various murine and human tumour models. In the present investigation four human melanoma cell lines were treated with graded concentrations (4-16microg/ml) of prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) for 24 or 48 h in vitro. At the end of the treatment, cell proliferation (measured in terms of DNA synthesis) and telomerase activity were determined. The results showed that PGA1 induced concentration-dependent inhibition of DNA synthesis at 48 h but not at 24 h in SK-MEL-28 cells. In contrast, marked inhibition of telomerase activity was detected after only 24 h of PGA1 treatment. Moreover, after 48h of treatment with the agent, inhibition of telomerase was more pronounced than inhibition of cell proliferation. Additional studies performed with three freshly generated melanoma cell lines confirmed that PGA1 produced early inhibition of cell growth accompanied by marked impairment of telomerase activity. These results suggest that PGA1 could be of potential value as antitumour agent, on the basis of two distinct mechanisms: direct cytostatic/cytotoxic effects on melanoma cells, and inhibitory activity on a tumour-associated enzymatic function (i.e. telomerase) that is responsible for cancer cell immortality.
The Cost-effectiveness of Screening for Type 2 Diabetes (1998)

Context.—Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a common and serious disease in the United States, but one third of those affected are unaware they have it.Objective.—To estimate the cost-effectiveness of early detection and treatment of type 2 diabetes.Design.—A Monte Carlo computer simulation model was developed to estimate the lifetime costs and benefits of 1-time opportunistic screening (ie, performed during routine contact with the medical care system) for type 2 diabetes and to compare them with current clinical practice. Cost-effectiveness was estimated for all persons aged 25 years or older, for age-specific subgroups, and for African Americans. Data were obtained from clinical trials, epidemiologic studies, and population surveys, and a single-payer perspective was assumed. Costs and benefits are discounted at 3% and costs are expressed in 1995 US dollars.Setting.—Single-payer health care system.Participants.—Hypothetical cohort of 10,000 persons with newly diagnosed diabetes from the general US population.Main Outcome Measures.—Cost per additional life-year gained and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gained.Results.—The incremental cost of opportunistic screening among all persons aged 25 years or older is estimated at $236,449 per life-year gained and $56,649 per QALY gained. Screening is more cost-effective among younger people and among African Americans. The benefits of early detection and treatment accrue more from postponement of complications and the resulting improvement in quality of life than from additional life-years.Conclusions.—Early diagnosis and treatment through opportunistic screening of type 2 diabetes may reduce the lifetime incidence of major microvascular complications and result in gains in both life-years and QALYs. Incremental increases in costs attributable to screening and earlier treatment are incurred but may well be in the range of acceptable cost-effectiveness for US health care systems, especially for younger adults and for some subpopulations (eg, minorities) who are at relatively high risk of developing the major complications of type 2 diabetes. Although current recommendations are that screening begin at age 45 years, these results suggest that screening is more cost-effective at younger ages. The selection of appropriate target populations for screening should consider factors in addition to the prevalence of diabetes.
Features of Patients With Nonfluent/Agrammatic Primary Progressive Aphasia With Underlying Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Pathology or Corticobasal Degeneration (2016)

In patients presenting with nfvPPA, presence of early severe dysarthria, relatively selective white matter atrophy at presentation, and a greater rate of change in the brainstem measured by longitudinal imaging may be useful for differentiating underlying PSP from CBD pathology during life.
Monte Carlo simulation of an amorphous hydrogenated silicon film deposition from a gas jet activated by an electron beam (1998)

A Monte Carlo hybrid model was developed to simulate film deposition from a gas jet activated by an electron beam. This model includes calculation of the interaction of an electron beam with a gas jet and the transport of particles from the activation zone to the substrate. In the first stage, the three-dimensional distribution of monosilane’s dissociation rate in a mixture of Ar with 10% SiH4 was determined. Using this distribution, absolute deposition rates for an amorphous hydrogenated silicon film were calculated and they compared favorably with experimental data.