gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
La innovación como causa del éxito exportador vinícola del Nuevo Mundo Anglosajón (2014)

"Los países del nuevo mu ndo anglosajón, principalmente A ustralia y Estados U nidos, son hoy importantes competidores en el mercado mundial del vino para los países productor es -exportadores tradicionales. A ustralia y estados unidos han sido los artífices en el último tiempo de un cambio de paradigma en la compres ión de la producción, el consumo y la comerci alización de vino en el mundo. E l presente trabajo sucintamente describe y determina la causalidad del aumento explosivo de las exportaciones vinícolas por parte de esos países, tal vez el elemento clave del nue vo paradigm a vitivinícola que representan la comprensión de las causas de ese aumento explosivo de sus exportaciones vinícolas es trascendente a efectos de dilucidar cómo estos productores anglosajones lograron unas posiciones relativas muy importantes en la comercialización global del vino en el último tiempo."
Getting intimate with trypsin, the leading protease in proteomics (2013)

Nowadays, mass spectrometry-based proteomics is carried out primarily in a bottom-up fashion, with peptides obtained after proteolytic digest of a whole proteome lysate as the primary analytes instead of the proteins themselves. This experimental setup crucially relies on a protease to digest an abundant and complex protein mixture into a far more complex peptide mixture. Full knowledge of the working mechanism and specificity of the used proteases is therefore crucial, both for the digestion step itself as well as for the downstream identification and quantification of the (fragmentation) mass spectra acquired for the peptides in the mixture. Targeted protein analysis through selected reaction monitoring, a relative newcomer in the specific field of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, even requires a priori understanding of protease behavior for the proteins of interest. Because of the rapidly increasing popularity of proteomics as an analytical tool in the life sciences, there is now a renewed demand for detailed knowledge on trypsin, the workhorse protease in proteomics. This review addresses this need and provides an overview on the structure and working mechanism of trypsin, followed by a critical analysis of its cleavage behavior, typically simply accepted to occur exclusively yet consistently after Arg and Lys, unless they are followed by a Pro. In this context, shortcomings in our ability to understand and predict the behavior of trypsin will be highlighted, along with the downstream implications. Furthermore, an analysis is carried out on the inherent shortcomings of trypsin with regard to whole proteome analysis, and alternative approaches will be presented that can alleviate these issues. Finally, some reflections on the future of trypsin as the workhorse protease in mass spectrometry-based proteomics will be provided.
Extracellular superoxide enhances 5-HT-induced murine pulmonary artery vasoconstriction (2004)

Accumulating evidence suggests that changes in both 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) receptor activity and in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating pulmonary artery (PA) vascular responsiveness, particularly in the setting of pulmonary hypertension. Therefore, we hypothesized that increased levels of superoxide enhance 5-HT-induced PA constriction. With the use of a small-vessel bioassay, 5-HT (0.01-10 microM) induced a concentration-dependent vasoconstriction in isolated wild-type murine intrapulmonary arteries (100-150 microm diameter) that was enhanced by both removal of the endothelium and by treatment with either N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (30 microM) or xanthine (10 microM) + xanthine oxidase (0.005 U/ml). PA isolated from extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) knockout mice also showed enhanced constriction. On the other hand, PA constriction to 5-HT was attenuated by either the addition of GR-127935 (0.1 microM, a selective inhibitor of 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor) or copper/zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD, 150 U/ml) and in PA isolated from transgenic mice overexpressing human EC-SOD. With the use of both oxidative fluorescent confocal microscopy and lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, superoxide levels were increased significantly after 5-HT-induced PA vasoconstriction. This increase in superoxide levels could be blocked by the exogenous addition of Cu/Zn SOD (150 U/ml) or by apocynin (30 microM, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase) but was not affected by gp91(phox) knockout mice. Overall, our results are consistent with 5-HT increasing vascular smooth muscle superoxide production via an NADPH oxidase pathway that is independent of gp91(phox), which leads to increases in extracellular superoxide levels, which in turn enhances 5-HT-induced murine pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Computerized Evaluation of Psychic Effects of Ketamine (1971)

Department of Anesthesiology, University of Alabama School of Medicine and the Department of Psychology, University of Alabama College of General Studies, Birmingham, Alabama 35233.
CD154-CD40 T-cell co-stimulation pathway is a key mechanism in kidney ischemia-reperfusion injury (2015)

Ischemia-reperfusion occurs in a great many clinical settings and contributes to organ failure or dysfunction. CD154-CD40 signaling in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions or T-cell activation facilitates tissue inflammation and injury. Here we tested a siRNA anti-CD40 in rodent warm and cold ischemia models to check the therapeutic efficacy and anti-inflammatory outcome of in vivo gene silencing. In the warm ischemia model different doses were used, resulting in clear renal function improvement and a structural renoprotective effect. Renal ischemia activated the CD40 gene and protein expression, which was inhibited by intravenous siRNA administration. CD40 gene silencing improved renal inflammatory status, as seen by the reduction of CD68 and CD3 T-cell infiltrates, attenuated pro-inflammatory, and enhanced anti-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, siRNA administration decreased a spleen pro-inflammatory monocyte subset and reduced TNFα secretion by splenic T cells. In the cold ischemia model with syngeneic and allogeneic renal transplantation, the most effective dose induced similar functional and structural renoprotective effects. Our data show the efficacy of our siRNA in modulating both the local and the systemic inflammatory milieu after an ischemic insult. Thus, CD40 silencing could emerge as a novel therapeutic strategy in solid organ transplantation.
Magnetic Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

The magnetic properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) grown by microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) were studied by electron paramagnetic resonance and magnetization measurements. The ferromagnetic characters of virgin grown MWCNTs are mainly attributed to the catalyst nanoparticles embedded on the tips. After acid etching for purification, the trace of magnetic resonance prominently distributed from the remnant of catalyst nanoparticles within the lower sectional parts of the tubes and partially might come from the unpaired spins of CNTs. The free radicals from the unbounded carbons and the itinerant conduction electrons of metallic CNTs also contribute to the electron spin resonance. Magnetization measured by a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) reveals fairly a small hysteretic loop with small coercive field for both virgin and purified MWCNTs.
Epidemiologic Background of Hand Hygiene and Evaluation of the Most Important Agents for Scrubs and Rubs (2004)

The etiology of nosocomial infections, the frequency of contaminated hands with the different nosocomial pathogens, and the role of health care workers' hands during outbreaks suggest that a hand hygiene preparation should at least have activity against bacteria, yeasts, and coated viruses. The importance of efficacy in choosing the right hand hygiene product is reflected in the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline on hand hygiene (J. M. Boyce and D. Pittet, Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 51:1-45, 2002). The best antimicrobial efficacy can be achieved with ethanol (60 to 85%), isopropanol (60 to 80%), and n-propanol (60 to 80%). The activity is broad and immediate. Ethanol at high concentrations (e.g., 95%) is the most effective treatment against naked viruses, whereas n-propanol seems to be more effective against the resident bacterial flora. The combination of alcohols may have a synergistic effect. The antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine (2 to 4%) and triclosan (1 to 2%) is both lower and slower. Additionally, both agents have a risk of bacterial resistance, which is higher for chlorhexidine than triclosan. Their activity is often supported by the mechanical removal of pathogens during hand washing. Taking the antimicrobial efficacy and the mechanical removal together, they are still less effective than the alcohols. Plain soap and water has the lowest efficacy of all. In the new Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guideline, promotion of alcohol-based hand rubs containing various emollients instead of irritating soaps and detergents is one strategy to reduce skin damage, dryness, and irritation. Irritant contact dermatitis is highest with preparations containing 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, less frequent with nonantimicrobial soaps and preparations containing lower concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate, and lowest with well-formulated alcohol-based hand rubs containing emollients and other skin conditioners. Too few published data from comparative trials are available to reliably rank triclosan. Personnel should be reminded that it is neither necessary nor recommended to routinely wash hands after each application of an alcohol-based hand rub. Long-lasting improvement of compliance with hand hygiene protocols can be successful if an effective and accessible alcohol-based hand rub with a proven dermal tolerance and an excellent user acceptability is supplied, accompanied by education of health care workers and promotion of the use of the product.
Sensitivity analysis of single hidden-layer neural networks with threshold functions (1995)

An important consideration when applying neural networks to pattern recognition is the sensitivity to weight perturbation or to input errors. In this paper, we analyze the sensitivity of single hidden-layer networks with threshold functions. In a case of weight perturbation or input errors, the probability of inversion error for an output neuron is derived as a function of the trained weights, the input pattern, and the variance of weight perturbation or the bit error probability of the input pattern. The derived results are verified with a simulation of the Madaline recognizing handwritten digits. The result shows that the sensitivity of trained networks is far different from that of networks with random weights.
Complete loss of HLA class I antigen expression on melanoma cells: A result of successive mutational events (2002)

Alterations in the surface expression of HLA class I molecules have been described as a strategy of tumors to evade recognition by cytotoxic T cells. We detected complete loss of HLA class I antigen presentation for 2 tumor cell lines from 1 melanoma patient, the first originated from a regional lymph node lesion diagnosed simultaneously with the primary tumor and the second established 8 months later from a metastatic pleural effusion sample. Antigen presentation was not inducible with IFN-gamma but could be restored after transfection of tumor cells with b2m cDNA, indicating a defect in b2m expression. Analysis of the nature of this defect revealed that it originated from at least 2 mutational events affecting both copies of the b2m gene: a microdeletion of 498 bp in one b2m gene, including its entire exon 1, and a macrodeletion involving the entire copy of the second b2m gene. Microsatellite analysis pointed to the macrodeletion by demonstrating LOH for several specific markers on the long arm (q) of chromosome 15. Structural imbalance of 15q was verified by FISH. FISH studies also indicated the coexistence of a structurally abnormal variant of chromosome 15q with 2 apparently entire chromosomes 15q harboring the homozygous b2m microdeletion. Block of b2m expression in tumor cells builds a barrier to immunotherapy of cancer patients, and its early incidence should be of major consideration in the development and design of immunotherapeutic strategies.
Introduction to Composites (2001)

Abstract This article begins with a brief history of composite materials and discusses its characteristics. It presents an introduction to the constituents, product forms, and fabrication processes of composite materials. The article concludes with a discussion on the applications of organic-matrix, metal-matrix, and ceramic-matrix composites.
2,2':5',2"-Terthiophene-5-carboxylic acid and 2,2':5',2"-terthiophene-5,5"-dicarboxylic acid (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2,2':5',2"-Terthiophene-5-carboxylic acid and 2,2':5',2"-terthiophene-5,5"-dicarboxylic acidJacques Kagan, Sudershan K. Arora, and Ayse UstunolCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 22, 4076–4078Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00170a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00170a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views636Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Maturation-Dependent Vulnerability of Perinatal White Matter in Premature Birth (2007)

Survivors of premature birth have a predilection for perinatal brain injury, especially to periventricular cerebral white matter. Periventricular white matter injury (PWMI) is now the most common cause of brain injury in preterm infants and the leading cause of chronic neurological morbidity. The spectrum of chronic PWMI includes focal cystic necrotic lesions (periventricular leukomalacia) and diffuse myelination disturbances. Recent neuroimaging studies support that the incidence of periventricular leukomalacia is declining, whereas focal or diffuse noncystic injury is emerging as the predominant lesion. In a significant number of infants, PWMI appears to be initiated by perturbations in cerebral blood flow that reflect anatomic and physiological immaturity of the vasculature. Ischemic cerebral white matter is susceptible to pronounced free radical-mediated injury that particularly targets immature stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage. Emerging experimental data supports that pronounced ischemia in the periventricular white matter is necessary but not sufficient to generate the initial injury that leads to PWMI. The developmental predilection for PWMI to occur during prematurity appears to be related to both the timing of appearance and regional distribution of susceptible oligodendrocyte progenitors. Injury to oligodendrocyte progenitors may contribute to the pathogenesis of PWMI by disrupting the maturation of myelin-forming oligodendrocytes. There has been substantial recent progress in the understanding of the cellular and molecular pathogenesis of PWMI. The oligodendrocyte progenitor is a key target for preventive strategies to reduce ischemic cerebral white matter injury in premature infants.
Cytometric analyses to distinguish death processes. (1999)

The morphological changes typical of apoptosis, as well as the loss of integrity of the plasma membrane and the breakdown of nuclear DNA provide numerous features that permit recognition of apoptotic cell death by various methods. Flow cytometry (FCM) and laser scanning cytometry (LSC) allow for accurate and rapid measurement of apoptosis in both cultures and clinical samples (e.g. solid tumors, bone marrow aspirates, peripheral blood etc.). Furthermore, both FCM and LSC enable one to correlate the apoptosis with the position of the dying cell in the cell cycle. Discussion includes the cytometric identification and quantitation of apoptotic or necrotic cells, based on the analysis of a particular biochemical or molecular feature that is characteristic for either necrosis or apoptosis.
Role of antithrombin III as a regulator of in vivo coagulation. (1991)

In this review, we describe the biochemistry and physiology of one of these endogenous anticoagulant mechanisms, namely the heparan sulfate-antithrombin III system
Utility of light scatter in the morphological analysis of sperm (1992)

We were able to differentiate the morphologically diverse sperm nuclei of four animal species by using an Ortho flow cytometer to detect the forward light scatter from a red (helium-neon) laser. Cytograms depicting the axial light loss and forward red scatter signals revealed unique, but reproducible, sigmoid distributions that reflected not only interspecies differences in shape and size, but variations in particle refractive index and orientation within the flow cell at the time of analysis. Consequently, we were able to use regional gating of the light scatter cytogram to minimize the influence of orientation on the resolution of the fluorescence signal. We also observed that sperm enlarging as a result of chemically induced decondensation exhibit over time a biphasic shift (increase, then decrease) in light scatter at a species-dependent rate. These results suggest that, without any special adaptations to the flow cytometer, light-scatter parameters can be used to discriminate morphologically different sperm, to enhance the resolution of fluorescence measurements that may otherwise be confounded by variability in radial orientation, and to detect alterations in the rate of a biochemical/biophysical process such as decondensation.
Serum lipoproteins and atherosclerosis in hypertensive broad breasted white turkeys. (1980)

The serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles as well as the degree of atherosclerotic involvement in the aorta were studied in hypertensive strain of male broad-breasted white turkeys (BBWT). Serum phospholipid concentrations were found to be high while those of cholesterol and triglycerides were low. The alpha lipoprotein fraction, separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, represented the major lipoprotein fraction. Despite these facts, severe atherosclerosis was found in the abdominal aortas, suggesting the importance in this model of hypertension, functioning independently of the serum lipoprotein pattern. The cystic necrosis observed in the thoracic aorta represents a degenerative lesion possibly a result of the mechanicl stress of hypertension. Structural differences of the aorta at the two different levels, thoracic and abdominal, may explain the different pathological findings. Neither platelet aggregates nor fibrin deposition were seen in the arterial wall.
The Home Page (2004)

It's taken a while to get this far, but at last you're in a position to start building the "Home" page for the Xrox Car Company site. In this chapter you'll look at how it works, the coding techniques I used, and how ASP.NET server controls make the task so much easier than in ASP 3.0 and earlier. Building on much of the theory and design issues covered in earlier chapters, you'll produce a page that satisfies all the original criteria, and that works well in each of the "test" browsers I described in the previous chapter.KeywordsUser AgentNews ItemServer ControlEvent HandlerPage ContentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Performance of Firefly RPC (1989)

In this paper, we report on the performance of the remote procedure call implementation for the Firefly multiprocessor and analyze the implementation to account precisely for all measured latency. From the analysis and measurements, we estimate how much faster RPC could be if certain improvements were made.
Tremelimumab (CP-675,206): a fully human anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 monoclonal antibody for treatment of patients with advanced cancers (2008)

Tremelimumab, a fully human monoclonal IgG2 antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), is being developed by Pfizer for treatment of patients with advanced cancers. Treatment with an anti-CTLA4 mAb prevents normal downregulation of T cells and prolongs T cell activation, thereby enhancing immune function. In Phase I and II studies, tremelimumab was well tolerated with predictable and manageable side effects. Antitumor activity with monotherapy was observed in patients with advanced melanoma and colorectal cancer (objective response rates of approximately 10 and 2%, respectively), and most objective responses were durable (defined as lasting > 180 days). Additional Phase II and III studies in combination with other agents will assess antitumor activity in multiple tumor types as well as attempt to identify patient populations most likely to respond.
Essential factors for full-interactive VOD server: video file system, disk scheduling, network (2002)

There are many problems to be solved for realizing full-interactive on-demand service. It is essential to increase the number of simultaneously accessible streams, achieve time control of the delivering streams, and be able to deliver requested titles and serve trick plays with a quick response. A method to solve each of these problems is proposed, in terms of the video file system, disk scheduling, and the network. A prototypical VOD system is constructed, which includes an interactive network-interface, application protocols and title management. It is confirmed that these proposals are feasible.
Detailed deletion mapping of chromosome arm 3p in breast cancers: A 2-cM region on 3p14.3-21.1 and a 5-cM region on 3p24.3-25.1 commonly deleted in tumors (1997)

Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on 3p is frequent in human renal cell carcinomas, lung cancers, and breast cancers. To define the region(s) on 3p that harbor presumptive tumor suppressor gene(s) for breast cancer, we examined 196 primary breast tumors for their patterns of LOH at 22 microsatellite marker loci distributed along this chromosome arm. Allelic loss at one or more loci was observed in 101 (52%) of these tumors. Detailed deletion mapping identified two distinct commonly deleted regions; one was localized to a 2-cM interval flanked by D3S1547 and D3S1295 at 3p14.3-21.1, and the other to a 5-cM interval flanked by D3S1286 and D3S1585 at 3p24.3-25.1. The FHIT gene lies in the vicinity of the proximal commonly deleted region. Attempts to correlate LOH on 3p to clinicopathological parameters detected an association with the absence of the progesterone receptor (P = 0.0096). The results suggest that inactivation of unidentified tumor suppressor genes on 3p plays a role in the mechanism whereby hormone dependency is lost in the course of breast carcinogenesis.
Elastin-Based Side-Chain Polymers Synthesized by ATRP (2003)

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