gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sperm extract injection into ascidian eggs signals Ca2+ release by the same pathway as fertilization (2000)

Injection of eggs of various species with an extract of sperm cytoplasm stimulates intracellular Ca(2+) release that is spatially and temporally like that occurring at fertilization, suggesting that Ca(2+) release at fertilization may be initiated by a soluble factor from the sperm. Here we investigate whether the signalling pathway that leads to Ca(2+) release in response to sperm extract injection requires the same signal transduction molecules as are required at fertilization. Eggs of the ascidian Ciona intestinalis were injected with the Src-homology 2 domains of phospholipase C gamma or of the Src family kinase Fyn (which act as specific dominant negative inhibitors of the activation of these enzymes), and the effects on Ca(2+) release at fertilization or in response to injection of a sperm extract were compared. Our findings indicate that both fertilization and sperm extract injection initiate Ca(2+) release by a pathway requiring phospholipase C gamma and a Src family kinase. These results support the hypothesis that, in ascidians, a soluble factor from the sperm cytoplasm initiates Ca(2+) release at fertilization, and indicate that the activating factor from the sperm may be a regulator, directly or indirectly, of a Src family kinase in the egg.
Nanoparticulates as Drug Carriers (2006)

Nanoparticle Flow: Implications for Drug Delivery (A T Florence) Polymer Micelles as Drug Carriers (E V Batrakova et al.) Lipoproteins as Pharmaceutical Carriers (S Liu et al.) Dendrimers as Nanoparticular Drug Carriers (S Svenson & D A Tomalia) Cells and Cell Ghosts as Drug Carriers (J M Lanao & M L Sayalero) Magnetic Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers (U O Hafeli & M Chastellain) Liposomal Drug Carriers in Cancer Therapy (A A Gabizon) Delivery of Nanoparticles to the Cardiovascular System (B-A Khaw) Nanoparticles for Targeting Lymphatics (W Phillips) Nanoparticular Carriers for Ocular Drug Delivery (A Sanchez & M J Alonso) and other papers.
The central distribution of a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-binding protein predicts multiple sites and modes of interaction with CRF. (1992)

In recent studies to clone and characterize genes coding for the corticotropin-releasing factor-binding protein (CRF-BP), analysis of the tissue distribution of the CRF-BP gene indicated a high level of expression in the rat brain. We have now characterized by immunohistochemical and hybridization histochemical means the cellular localization of CRF-BP protein and mRNA expression, respectively. Results from both approaches converged to indicate that CRF-BP is expressed predominantly in the cerebral cortex, including all major archi-, paleo-, and neocortical fields. Other prominent sites of mRNA and protein expression include subcortical limbic system structures (amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis), sensory relays associated with the auditory, olfactory, vestibular, and trigeminal systems, severe raphe nuclei, and a number of cell groups in the brainstem reticular core. Expression in the hypothalamus appears largely limited to the ventral premammillary and dorsomedial nuclei; only isolated CRF-BP-stained cells are apparent in neurosecretory cell groups. Dual immunostaining for CRF and CRF-BP revealed a partial colocalization in some of these regions. In addition, prominent CRF-BP-stained terminal fields have been identified in association with CRF-expressing cell groups in circumscribed hypothalamic and limbic structures. In the anterior pituitary, CRF-BP mRNA and immunoreactivity were colocalized with corticotropin-immunoreactivity in a majority of corticotropes. Thus, CRF-BP could serve to modify the actions of CRF by intra- and intercellular mechanisms, in CRF-related pathways in the central nervous system and pituitary.
A New Class of Bifunctional Major Histocompatibility Class I Antibody Fusion Molecules to Redirect CD8 T Cells (2016)

Bifunctional antibody fusion proteins engaging effector T cells for targeted elimination of tumor cells via CD3 binding have shown efficacy in both preclinical and clinical studies. Different from such a polyclonal T-cell recruitment, an alternative concept is to engage only antigen-specific T-cell subsets. Recruitment of specific subsets of T cells may be as potent but potentially lead to fewer side effects. Tumor-targeted peptide-MHC class I complexes (pMHCI-IgGs) bearing known antigenic peptides complexed with MHC class I molecules mark tumor cells as antigenic and utilize the physiologic way to interact with and activate T-cell receptors. If, for example, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells are addressed, the associated strong antigenicity and tight immune surveillance of the effector cells could lead to efficacious antitumor treatment in various tissues. However, peptide-MHC class I fusions are difficult to express recombinantly, especially when fused to entire antibody molecules. Consequently, current formats are largely limited to small antibody fragment fusions expressed in bacteria followed by refolding or chemical conjugation. Here, we describe a new molecular format bearing a single pMHCI complex per IgG fusion molecule characterized by enhanced stability and expression yields. This molecular format can be expressed in a full immunoglobulin format and can be designed as mono- or bivalent antibody binders. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(9); 2130-42. ©2016 AACR.
FWD Backcalculated Moduli Compared with Pavement Pressuremeter Moduli and Cyclic Triaxial Moduli (1989)

A relatively new in situ testing device, the pavement pressuremeter (PPMT), was used on three airport pavement subgrades in order to evaluate its usefulness in pavement design and evaluation. Four models which predict the modulus for various stress levels, various strain levels, various loading rates or creep, and repetitive loading were chosen since these loads are all encountered on airport pavements. An airport PPMT test was developed which enabled all four models to be evaluated. The PPMT moduli from the four models were compared with moduli from cyclic triaxial (CT) tests and moduli backcalculated from falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests. The moduli comparison indicated that the pavement pressuremeter was capable of yielding moduli similar to both the cyclic triaxial and falling weight deflectometer tests. FWD deflections were compared with deflections predicted by inputting PPMT moduli and CT moduli into the finite-element program ILLI-PAVE. The PPMT-predicted deflections compared well with FWD deflections when the model 1/E = α + bϵ was used for clays and the model E = K1(ϴ/pa)K2 was used for sands.
Lipopolysaccharide-induced suppression of erythrocyte binding and phagocytosis via FCγRI, FCγRII, FCγRIII, and CR3 receptors in murine macrophages (1993)

In this study we have investigated the ability of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to suppress binding and phagocytosis of erythrocytes via various receptors on mouse macrophages. Thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages were treated in vitro with LPS and the ability to bind and phagocytose radiolabeled sheep red blood cells was determined. We show that LPS can directly suppress phagocytosis of immunoglobulin G-opsonized and nonopsonized sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) by inflammatory macrophages. Suppression was dose dependent and was observed after 4 h of exposure. This effect lasted for at least 24 h following the removal of LPS. LPS suppressed the binding, rate, and absolute level of phagocytosis via Fc receptors. Phagocytosis via all Fc receptors (Fc gamma RI, Fc gamma RII, and Fc gamma RIII) was suppressed by LPS. Furthermore, suppression was not limited to Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis because binding and uptake of C3bi-opsonized SRBCs to CR3 receptors was also decreased following LPS treatment. LPS did not exert its effects via the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or interferon alpha/beta, because antibodies to these cytokines did not abrogate the effect. The ability of LPS to suppress binding and phagocytosis of microorganisms may contribute to the toxic effects of LPS during gram-negative sepsis by preventing or delaying elimination of bacteria by host macrophages.
Wound healing following mastectomy (1985)

Local complications following mastectomy are of considerable importance if peri-operative chemotherapy is to be used. A retrospective survey of 100 patients following Patey mastectomy was therefore undertaken to investigate problems associated with wound healing in the absence of such therapy. The survey showed that 18% of patients developed postoperative wound infection, this being severe in 50% of cases. Varying degrees of total wound breakdown occurred in 9% of patients while delayed healing occurred in a further 5%. The incidence of seroma was 25%, and the majority of these patients required further drainage. There was a significant association between seroma formation and wound infection (P less than 0.05). The mean length of hospital stay in patients without wound infection was 11.7 days, but was increased to 27.3 days when infection occurred (P less than 0.001).
Different subsets of natural killer T cells may vary in their roles in health and disease (2014)

Natural killer T cells (NKT) can regulate innate and adaptive immune responses. Type I and type II NKT cell subsets recognize different lipid antigens presented by CD1d, an MHC class-I-like molecule. Most type I NKT cells express a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR), but a major subset of type II NKT cells reactive to a self antigen sulphatide use an oligoclonal TCR. Whereas TCR-α dominates CD1d-lipid recognition by type I NKT cells, TCR-α and TCR-β contribute equally to CD1d-lipid recognition by type II NKT cells. These variable modes of NKT cell recognition of lipid-CD1d complexes activate a host of cytokine-dependent responses that can either exacerbate or protect from disease. Recent studies of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases have led to a hypothesis that: (i) although type I NKT cells can promote pathogenic and regulatory responses, they are more frequently pathogenic, and (ii) type II NKT cells are predominantly inhibitory and protective from such responses and diseases. This review focuses on a further test of this hypothesis by the use of recently developed techniques, intravital imaging and mass cytometry, to analyse the molecular and cellular dynamics of type I and type II NKT cell antigen-presenting cell motility, interaction, activation and immunoregulation that promote immune responses leading to health versus disease outcomes.
Is Image-Enhanced Endoscopy Useful for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumor? (2013)

Since the introduction of endoscopic submucosal dissection method for the treatment of early gastric cancer, endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer has increased exponentially. Accordingly, early diagnosis of cancerous or precancerous lesion has become one of the most important missions for endoscopists. The desire to improve diagnostic capability of white light endoscopy led to the development of new imaging techniques called "image enhanced endoscopy." The usefulness of these image enhanced endoscopy has not been proven yet, although there are several studies reporting diagnostic superiority of these new imaging methods over white light endoscopy. Among these new imaging modalities, narrow band image (NBI) with magnification endoscopy has been most widely used and studied. This manuscript will be focused on the NBI with magnification endoscopy.
Total Recall: Automatic Query Expansion with a Generative Feature Model for Object Retrieval (2007)

Given a query image of an object, our objective is to retrieve all instances of that object in a large (1M+) image database. We adopt the bag-of-visual-words architecture which has proven successful in achieving high precision at low recall. Unfortunately, feature detection and quantization are noisy processes and this can result in variation in the particular visual words that appear in different images of the same object, leading to missed results. In the text retrieval literature a standard method for improving performance is query expansion. A number of the highly ranked documents from the original query are reissued as a new query. In this way, additional relevant terms can be added to the query. This is a form of blind relevance feedback and it can fail if `outlier' (false positive) documents are included in the reissued query. In this paper we bring query expansion into the visual domain via two novel contributions. Firstly, strong spatial constraints between the query image and each result allow us to accurately verify each return, suppressing the false positives which typically ruin text-based query expansion. Secondly, the verified images can be used to learn a latent feature model to enable the controlled construction of expanded queries. We illustrate these ideas on the 5000 annotated image Oxford building database together with more than 1M Flickr images. We show that the precision is substantially boosted, achieving total recall in many cases.
The effect of dietary calcium source, concentration and particle size on calcium retention, eggshell quality and overall calcium requirement in laying hens (2007)

1. Four different sources of calcium in isonitrogenous and isoenergeric diets were fed to laying hens for 2 weeks when they were 56 and 57 weeks old. The calcium source blends were as follows: 29% fine limestone (LF)+71% large limestone (LG), 32% LF+68% eggshell, 32% LF+68% oyster shell, 50% LF+50% LG. The contents of these blends of calcium in the diets were as follows: 103.3, 93.3, 93.3 and 93.3 g/kg, respectively. 2. The coefficients of calcium retention were significantly higher in 50:50 LF:LG (0.578) and 32:68 LF:eggshell (0.576). The midnight feeding significantly improved the coefficient of calcium retention in all mixtures except 50:50 LF:LG. 3. In the mixtures 29:71 LF:LG and 32:68 LF:oyster shell, there were significantly greater eggshell quality, eggshell weight, eggshell thickness and eggshell strength. Midnight feeding had no significant effect on eggshell quality. 4. In the ration with oyster shells, 96.5% of the retained calcium was deposited in the eggshell, but in rations 32:68 LF:eggshell and 50:50 LF:LG the utilisation was only 73.9 and 78.6%, respectively. 5. To ensure good quality eggshells in the last third of production, the recommendation for calcium is 4.1 g/kg (900 g/kg dry matter, feed intake 110 g/d). As a source of calcium in this stage of production, a feed mixture containing two-thirds large particles should be used (limestone grit or oyster shell).
Activator Generated by Electron Transfer for Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2005)

A novel procedure was developed for activation of an oxidatively stable catalyst complex added to an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate (Sn(EH)2) was used as a reducing agent of various Cu(II) complexes in ATRP of various monomers initiated by alkyl halides. This approach further improves a simultaneous normal and reverse initiation (SR&NI) by eliminating free radical initiators for the activation of the higher oxidation state catalyst complex. As a result, "activator generated by electron transfer" (AGET) ATRP allows the preparation of pure block copolymers. Several combinations of monomer/catalyst complex precursor were studied, including styrene/CuCl2/dNbpy, octadecyl methacrylate/CuCl2/dNbipy, methyl methacrylate/CuCl2/PMDETA, n-butyl acrylate/CuBr2/PMDETA, and methyl acrylate/CuCl2/Me6TREN. Polymerization proceeded in a controlled way for all systems, producing well-defined polymers with controlled degree of polymerization and narrow molecular weight distribution, demonstrating the robust nature of AGET ATRP. Additionally, Sn(EH)2 was used simultaneously as a reducing agent for ATRP of octadecyl methacrylate and a catalyst for ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone, allowing direct synthesis of the corresponding block copolymer.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Functionalized Alkyl Halides and Tosylates with Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Grignard Reagents (2012)

Added value: A copper-based method is highly efficient for the cross-coupling of alkyl electrophiles with secondary and tertiary alkyl Grignard reagents. The method is distinguished by its broad substrate scope and high functional group tolerance.
Integer Operations Pre-test (2008)

A pre-test for work with negative numbers is provided. It is not expected that students will get much right on this pre-test, but the teacher may be surprised. Some students may already have a good understanding of 'negatives as opposites'.
Novel Immunoassay for Quantification of Brain Natriuretic Peptide and Its Precursor in Human Blood (2008)

We have developed this sensitive single-epitope sandwich assay for detecting BNP, proBNP, and their fragments in human blood. This assay appears promising for use in clinical studies to assist in triage, management, and outcomes assessment in heart failure patients.
Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, and in Vivo Antiviral Activity of UC781, a Highly Potent, Orally Bioavailable Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor of HIV Type 1 (1997)

A series of compounds related to oxathiin carboxanilide has been identified as nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1, and structure-activity relationships have been described (Buckheit RW, et al.: Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;39:2718-2727). Three new analogs (UC040, UC82, and UC781) inhibited laboratory and clinical isolates of HIV-1, including isolates representative of the various clades of HIV-1 found worldwide, in both established and fresh human cells. Virus isolates with the amino acid changes L100I, K103N, V106I, and Y181C in the reverse transcriptase were partially resistant to these compounds. However, UC781 inhibited these virus isolates at low nontoxic concentrations, presenting a broad in vitro therapeutic index. As with other NNRTIs, each of the compounds synergistically interacted with AZT to inhibit HIV-1 replication. UC781 possesses a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in mice with a high level of oral bioavailability. Plasma concentrations reached maximum levels within 2 to 4 hr of oral administration and remained in excess of those required for in vitro anti-HIV activity for at least 24 hr after a single oral dose. When evaluated in a murine hollow fiber implant model of HIV infection, UC781 dosed orally or parenterally was able to suppress HIV replication completely in this model system, providing evidence of the in vivo efficacy of the compound.
The use of polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis for the high-resolution separation of reducing saccharides labelled with the fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid. Detection of picomolar quantities by an imaging system based on a cooled charge-coupled device (1990)

Various monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and small polysaccharides were labelled covalently at their reducing end groups with the fluorophore 8-aminonaphthalene-1,3,6-trisulphonic acid (ANTS), and the resulting fluorescent derivatives were separated by high-resolution PAGE. The electrophoretic mobilities of the labelled saccharides are related largely to the compounds' Mr values, but they are also influenced by the individual chemical structures of the saccharides. Various positional isomers and some epimers, for instance galactose and glucose, were resolved. Oligosaccharide and small polysaccharide derivatives, prepared from an enzymic digest of starch, each differing in size by a single hexose residue and with a range of degrees of polymerization from 2 to 26, were all resolved in a single gel. The method was relatively rapid and simple to perform. It enabled multiple samples to be analysed in parallel with high sensitivity. The fluorescent-labelling procedure was virtually quantitative. As little as 1 pmol of ANTS-labelled saccharide was detected photographically when the gels were illuminated by u.v. light. When the gels were viewed using an imaging system based on a cooled charge-coupled device, as little as 0.2 pmol was detected. The method may be useful for the structural analysis of the carbohydrate moieties of glycoconjugates and other naturally occurring oligosaccharides.
Can relaxor piezoelectric materials outperform PZT?(Review) (1996)

1 Abstract- This paper reviews the Pb(B'B)03- PbTiO3 piezoelectric material system. Among the Pb(B'B1')03-PbTi03 materials, Pb(Scl/zNbl,2)03- Pb(Mgl,3Nbz,~)O~-PbTiO3 (PSN-PMN-PT) ceramic material exhibits excellent piezoelectric properties near the MPB, such as kp>70%, kt>54%. k33>77%, d~p500 pCIN, and Tc=160-260%. The ceramic has superior piezoelectric properties as compared with conventional PZT ceramics, which so far have been thought to be the best binary piezoelectric ceramic materials. One of the big advantages of relaxor-PT systems compared with PZT is the ease with which single crystals of the MPB composition can be grown. These single crystals generally have superior properties compared with the ceramics if the appropriate axis is utilized. The advantages and disadvantages of the PSN-PMN-PT material and other Pb(B'B)O3-PbTiO3 systems are compared with PZT.
Tinmith-Metro: new outdoor techniques for creating city models with an augmented reality wearable computer (2002)

This paper presents new techniques for capturing and viewing on site 3D graphical models for large outdoor objects. Using an augmented reality wearable computer, we have developed a software system, known as Tinmith-Metro. Tinmith-Metro allows users to control a 3D constructive solid geometry modeller for building graphical objects of large physical artefacts, for example buildings, in the physical world. The 3D modeller is driven by a new user interface known as Tinmith-Hand, which allows the user to control the modeller using a set of pinch gloves and hand tracking. These techniques allow user to supply their AR renderers with models that would previously have to be captured with manual, time-consuming, and/or expensive methods.
PimM, a PAS domain positive regulator of pimaricin biosynthesis in Streptomyces natalensis (2007)

Sequencing of the DNA region on the left fringe of the pimaricin gene cluster revealed the presence of a 579 bp gene, pimM, whose deduced product (192 aa) was found to have amino acid sequence homology with bacterial regulatory proteins. Database comparisons revealed that PimM combines an N-terminal PAS domain with a C-terminal helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif of the LuxR type. Gene replacement of pimM from the Streptomyces natalensis chromosome with a mutant version lacking the HTH DNA-binding domain resulted in complete loss of pimaricin production, suggesting that PimM is a positive regulator of pimaricin biosynthesis. Complementation of the DeltapimM mutant with a single copy of pimM integrated into the chromosome restored pimaricin production. The insertion of a single copy of pimM, with its own promoter, into the S. natalensis wild-type strain boosted pimaricin production. Gene expression analyses in S. natalensis wild-type and DeltapimM by reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) of the pimaricin gene cluster revealed the targets for the PimM regulatory protein. According to these analyses, the genes responsible for initiation and first elongation cycles of polyketide chain extension are among the major targets for regulation. Other pim genes are differentially affected. Interestingly, our results indicate that PimM plays its regulatory role independently of PimR, the first pathway-specific regulator of pimaricin biosynthesis.