gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol and its use in genetically engineered crops and feed additives (2011)

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is the major mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi in grains. Food and feed contaminated with DON pose a health risk to humans and livestock. The risk can be reduced by enzymatic detoxification. Complete mineralization of DON by microbial cultures has rarely been observed and the activities turned out to be unstable. The detoxification of DON by reactions targeting its epoxide group or hydroxyl on carbon 3 is more feasible. Microbial strains that de-epoxidize DON under anaerobic conditions have been isolated from animal digestive system. Feed additives claimed to de-epoxidize trichothecenes enzymatically are on the market but their efficacy has been disputed. A new detoxification pathway leading to 3-oxo-DON and 3-epi-DON was discovered in taxonomically unrelated soil bacteria from three continents; the enzymes involved remain to be identified. Arabidopsis, tobacco, wheat, barley, and rice were engineered to acetylate DON on carbon 3. In wheat expressing DON acetylation activity, the increase in resistance against Fusarium head blight was only moderate. The Tri101 gene from Fusarium sporotrichioides was used; Fusarium graminearum enzyme which possesses higher activity towards DON would presumably be a better choice. Glycosylation of trichothecenes occurs in plants, contributing to the resistance of wheat to F. graminearum infection. Marker-assisted selection based on the trichothecene-3-O-glucosyltransferase gene can be used in breeding for resistance. Fungal acetyltransferases and plant glucosyltransferases targeting carbon 3 of trichothecenes remain promising candidates for engineering resistance against Fusarium head blight. Bacterial enzymes catalyzing oxidation, epimerization, and less likely de-epoxidation of DON may extend this list in future.
In vivo potentiation of radiation response by topotecan in human rhabdomyosarcoma xenografted into nude mice. (2000)

The lack of new highly efficacious drugs for cancer treatment promotes the search for innovative therapeutic modalities. The authors reported the results leading to the definition of parameters needed to demonstrate a possible radiopotentiation by topotecan (TPT) on two representative human rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) xenografted into nude mice. Experimental studies of radiopotentiation with different doses of topotecan showed that concomitant association of topotecan and RT for 5 consecutive days provided a synergistic therapeutic effect. Response rates were statistically higher with the radiochemotherapeutic combination (P < 0.001). Efficacy enhancement factors of this combination compared with the sum of the antitumoral activity of these treatments separately administrated were 1.54 and 1.60, respectively, on both rhabdomyosarcomas. Moreover, the efficiency of the combination of radiotherapy at the dose of 20 Gy with topotecan (12.5 mg/kg) was not statistically different from that of radiotherapy at the dose of 40 Gy. According to microscopy results, the analyses performed at different periods after topotecan treatment alone, radiotherapy alone, and their combination seemed to show that tumoral repopulation by malignant cells is as fast as the dose of radiotherapy and/or topotecan is low. Furthermore, lesions observed with the dose of 40 Gy were similar to those obtained with the association of topotecan at the dose of 12.5 mg/kg and radiotherapy at the dose of 20 Gy. In conclusion, all clinical and pathological results are consistent with a radiopotentiation effect of topotecan on the two xenografted human rhabdomyosarcomas and are currently leading to the design of clinical studies.
Preanalytical quality improvement: from dream to reality (2011)

Abstract Laboratory diagnostics (i.e., the total testing process) develops conventionally through a virtual loop, originally referred to as "the brain to brain cycle" by George Lundberg. Throughout this complex cycle, there is an inherent possibility that a mistake might occur. According to reliable data, preanalytical errors still account for nearly 60%-70% of all problems occurring in laboratory diagnostics, most of them attributable to mishandling procedures during collection, handling, preparing or storing the specimens. Although most of these would be "intercepted" before inappropriate reactions are taken, in nearly one fifth of the cases they can produce inappropriate investigations and unjustifiable increase in costs, while generating inappropriate clinical decisions and causing some unfortunate circumstances. Several steps have already been undertaken to increase awareness and establish a governance of this frequently overlooked aspect of the total testing process. Standardization and monitoring preanalytical variables is of foremost importance and is associated with the most efficient and well-organized laboratories, resulting in reduced operational costs and increased revenues. As such, this article is aimed at providing readers with significant updates on the total quality management of the preanalytical phase to endeavour further improvement for patient safety throughout this phase of the total testing process.
TNF Receptor-Associated Factor (TRAF) Signaling Network in CD4<sup>+</sup> T-Lymphocytes (2015)

CD4(+) T helper cells (TH cells), such as TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH, and Treg cells, play critical roles in host defense against infection and in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. Antigen-presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, deliver three kinds of signals essential for the activation, differentiation, and survival of naïve CD4(+) T cells: the first signal is transmitted through T-cell receptors (TCRs) providing the specificity of the immune response and initiating the earliest signals leading to T-cell activation, the second signal through costimulatory receptors promoting the survival and clonal expansion of the antigen-primed T cells, and the third signal through cytokine receptors directing the differentiation of naïve CD4(+) T cells into the various TH subsets. Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors (TRAFs), which are composed of six TRAF proteins (TRAF1-TRAF6) with a conserved C-terminal TRAF domain, are intracellular signaling adaptors that mediate the link between receptor-proximal activation events and intracellular signaling proteins. There is growing evidence that TRAFs recruited to TCRs, costimulatory TNFRs, and cytokine receptors play crucial roles in key signaling events in CD4(+) T cells and control the lineage commitment, functionality, and life-and-death decisions of different TH subsets. In this review, we summarize the TRAFs' physiological functions in T-cell immunity and the molecular mechanisms by which TRAFs regulate the three signals required for the activation, differentiation, and survival of CD4(+) T cells and other T-cell subsets.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus and AIDS: Insights from Animal Lentiviruses (2000)

A well-recognized and frustrating hurdle in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and AIDS research is the lack of an authentic, reproducible animal model system that recapitulates the entire infectious process of HIV from virus entry and replication to the pathogenic manifestations of the disease and
Immunosuppression and lymphoid hypoplasia associated with chronic graft versus host disease is dependent upon IFN-gamma production. (1990)

We have previously shown that both IFN-gamma and IFN-beta are produced in vivo and in vitro by spleen cells obtained from mice experiencing a chronic form of graft vs host disease (GVHD). Further, we have shown that in vitro production of IFN-beta by spleen cells from GVHD mice may play a role in the suppressed in vitro mitogen responsiveness of these cells. This study was undertaken to investigate if treatment of such mice with mAb to IFN-gamma or IFN-beta could alter the immunosuppression or lymphoid hypoplasia associated with chronic GVHD. GVHD was induced across minor histocompatibilities by the i.v. injection of B10.D2 spleen cells into sublethally irradiated BALB/c mice. These mice were given daily injections for 20 days of one of the following: 1) mAb to IFN-gamma, 2) mAb to IFN-beta, or 3) control IgG. Histologic examination of these mice at 21 to 22 days post transplantation revealed that mice treated with mAb to IFN-beta or control IgG had dramatic hypoplasia of the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes which was similar to untreated GVHD mice. Mice given mAb to IFN-gamma, however, had no lymphoid hypoplasia and had a near normal gross and histologic appearance of their thymus, spleen, and lymph node tissue when compared with syngeneic controls. In vitro mitogen-induced proliferative responses of spleen and lymph node cells obtained from GVHD mice or GVHD mice treated with mAb to IFN-beta were severely suppressed or absent. In contrast, spleen and lymph node cells from GVHD mice given mAb to IFN-gamma were capable of giving a significant in vitro proliferative response to Con A, PHA, and LPS. Further, natural suppressor cell activity and spontaneous production of IFN-beta, a characteristic of this form of GVHD, was absent in spleen cells obtained from GVHD mice treated with mAb to IFN-gamma. These results further identify the IFN as playing critical roles in the pathogenesis of GVHD.
The Treatment of Narcolepsy-Cataplexy with Nocturnal Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (1979)

Sixteen patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy were treated with gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) given at night and tailored to achieve as continuous a night's sleep as possible. The dosage usually consisted of 1.5-2.25 gm orally at bedtime and then one or two further 1.0-1.5 gm doses with awakenings during the night, and totaled about 50 mg/kg. Apart from one patient who took only the bedtime dose, the subjective quality of night sleep improved in all patients and the number of irresistible daytime attacks of sleep and cataplexy substantially diminished. Some residual daytime drowsiness remained and this usually responded well to low doses of methylphenidate. Improvement has been maintained for up to 20 months without the development of tolerance. Two patients experienced adverse side effects necessitating withdrawal of GHB treatment, but no serious toxic effects have occurred.
Reexamination of the effects of MCPG on hippocampal LTP, LTD, and depotentiation (1995)

1. We examined the effects of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist alpha-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) on the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) long-term depression (LTD), and depotentiation in CA1 hippocampal neurons using extracellular recording techniques. 2. MCPG (500 microM) strongly antagonized the presynaptic inhibitory action of the mGluR agonist 1-aminocyclopentane-(1S,3R)-dicarboxylic acid yet failed to block LTP induced with either tetanic stimulation (100 Hz, 1 s) or theta-burst stimulation. 3. To test the possibility that our failure to block LTP was due to prior activation of a "molecular switch" that in its "on" state obviates the need for mGluR activation to generate LTP, we gave repeated periods of prolonged low-frequency stimulation (LFS; 1 Hz, 10 min), a manipulation reported to turn the switch "off." Although this stimulation saturated LTD, subsequent application of MCPG still failed to block LTP. 4. MCPG did not block LFS-induced depotentiation in older slices (4-6 wk) or LFS-induced LTD in older, young (11-18 days), or neonatal (3-7 days) slices. 5. These results demonstrate that MCPG-sensitive mGluRs are not necessary for the induction of LTP, LTD, or depotentiation in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells. The possibility remains, however, that their activation may modify the threshold for the induction of these long-term plastic changes.
Modern database systems the object model, interoperability, and beyond (1995)

I. NEXT-GENERATION DATABASE TECHNOLOGY. 1. Introduction to Part 1: Next-Generation Database Technology. 2. The OMG Model. 3. Object SQL---Language for the Design and Implementation of Object Databases. 4. OQL(C++): Extending C++ with an Object Query Capability. 5. C++ Bindings to an Object Database. 6. On View Support in Object-Oriented Database Systems. 7. Authorization in Object-Oriented Databases. 8. Query Processing in Object-Oriented Database Systems. 9. Physical Object Management. 10. Requirements for a Performance Benchmark for Object-Oriented Database Systems. 11. An Object-Oriented DBMS War Story: Developing a Genome Mapping Database in C++. 12. Where Object-Oriented DBMSs Should Do Better: A Critique Based on Early Experiences. 13. Object-Oriented Database Systems: Promises, Reality, and Future. 14. The POSC Solution to Managing E&P Data. 15. The Changing Database Standards Landscape. 16. Multimedia Information Systems: Issues and Approaches. 17. Spatial Data Models and Query Processing. 18. Spatial Data Structures. 19. Temporal Object-Oriented Databases: A Critical Comparison. 20. Cooperative Transactions for Multiuser Environments. 21. Active Database Systems. 22. Management of Uncertainty in Database Systems. 23. Distributed Databases. 24. Parallel Relational Database Systems. II. TECHNOLOGY FOR INTEROPERATING LEGACY DATABASES. 1. Introduction to Part 2: Technology for Interoperating Legacy Databases. 2. On Resolving Schematic Heterogeneity in Multidatabase Systems. 3. Query Processing in Multidatabase Systems. 4. Transaction Management in Multidatabase Systems. 5. Specification and Execution of Transactional Workflows. 6. Schema Architecture of the UniSQL/M Multidatabase System. 7. EDA/SQL. 8. Pegasus: A Heterogeneous Information Management System. 9. Overview of the ADDS System. 0201590980T04062001
Running Microsoft Word 6 for Windows (1994)

Vitamin A deficiency inhibits the adaptive response to partial small bowel resection, supporting a role for vitamin A in the adaptive process. Changes in cellular proliferation or programmed cell death are not sufficient to account for this inhibition. This model system will be useful for examining the role of other mechanisms, such as changes in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions, and rates of epithelial cell migration and cell extrusion.
Ingestion of Double-Stranded RNA by Preparasitic Juvenile Cyst Nematodes Leads to RNA Interference (2002)

RNA interference is of value in determining gene function in many organisms. Plant parasitic nematodes are refractory to microinjection as a means of introducing RNA and do not show any oral uptake until they are within plants. We have used octopamine to stimulate uptake by preparasitic second stage juveniles of two cyst nematodes, Heterodera glycines and Globodera pallida. This new technique was used to facilitate uptake of double stranded RNA (dsRNA) together with fluoroscein isothiocyanate as a visual marker. Targeting cysteine proteinases did not reduce the number of parasites but caused a shift from the normal female/male ratio of 3:1 to 1:1 by 14 days postinfection (dpi). Exposure of H. glycines to dsRNA corresponding to a newly characterized protein with homology to C-type lectins did not affect sexual fate, but 41% fewer parasites were recovered from the plants. As expected, treatment with dsRNA corresponding to the major sperm protein (MSP) had no effect on either parasite development or sexual fate over 14 days. Northern analysis showed lower transcript abundance for the two targeted mRNAs that occur in J2, plus a later inhibition for MSP transcripts when males developed sperm at 15 dpi. These findings establish a procedure for RNAi of plant parasitic nematodes.
Fast and scalable handoffs for wireless internetworks (1996)

Future internetworks will include large numbers of portable devices moving among small wireless cells. We propose a hierarchical mobility management scheme for such networks. Our scheme exploits locality in user mobility to restrict handoff processing to the vicinity of a mobile node. It thus reduces h;tndoff latency and the load on the internetwork. Our design is based on the Internet Protocol (IP) and is compatible with the Mobile IP standard.
Pool Size and Mean Age of Stable Soil Organic Carbon in Cropland (1992)

Abstract Most modern surface soils are believed to contain a pool of very stable soil organic carbon (SOC) with a mean age (MA) that may reach several thousand years. The remaining SOC pools are much younger, perhaps no older than a few decades. The SOC can thus be divided into two major classes: very old (stable pool) and relatively young (active pool). Because active and stable SOC play very different roles in soil organic‐matter dynamics and nutrient cycling, it is desirable to know the pool size and turnover time of the two fractions in an ecosystem. Unfortunately, none of the physical or chemical fractionation methods can satisfactorily separate active from stable SOC. The pool size and MA of the stable SOC pool in the surface soil of the Morrow Plots (University of Illinois) and Sanborn Field (University of Missouri) were determined using the concept of management‐induced differential decomposition of active SOC in a pair of soil samples and the principle of radiocarbon dating. Pool size and MA of the stable SOC in the surface soil (0–20 cm) was estimated at 11.0 g/kg and 2973 yr for the Morrow Plots and 7.3 g/kg and 853 yr for Sanborn Field, respectively.
普罗科菲耶夫“模进”技巧探讨(续) (1989)

1922年C·普罗科菲耶夫(以下简称普氏)给B·杰尔扎诺夫斯基的信中写道:“模进是一种廉价的东西,很快就使人厌倦。”后来这位作曲家不止一次地谈论过这种旋律发展方法的消极看法。他在自传《童年》中回忆了他跟P·格里埃尔(1874—1956)学习的情况,他说:“格利埃尔对我的一些有害影响,我很晚才得以根除。”这些影响中除了“正方性”和某些公式化的转调外,普氏称之为模进。那时他“也不理解模进。应当理解它,不应当害怕它。”“……格里埃尔让我明白的应是谨慎使用模进技法。乍一看可能觉得,模进能提高感情色彩并通过一种音调的重复使短句重新具有新的色彩,许多作曲家上了这个钓鱼钩。实际上
Odor Associated with Aging (2010)

Human body odor is generated by waste materials present on the skin surface and secretions from the sweat and sebaceous glands. These waste materials are converted to characteristic odorous compounds through oxidative degradation or metabolism by skin microbes. Changes in body odor due to aging relate to the amount and composition of sweat and sebum secreted, as well as gland activity. 2-Nonenal has an unpleasant, greasy, grassy odor and is mainly detected in people aged over 40 years. Generation of 2-nonenal is related to oxidative degradation of ω7 unsaturated fatty acids. Given that body odor may function as a barometer indicating the body's overall health, further understanding of this odor's makeup is important. Here, we define several types of body odor and describe changes in body odor, with a specific focus on 2-nonenal, an odor characteristically associated with aging.
Securing Communication in Dynamic Network Environments (2007)

In dynamic network environments, users may come from different domains, and the number of users and the network topology may change unpredictably over time. How to protect the users' ommunication in such dynamic environments, therefore, is extremely challenging. This dissertation has investigated multiple research problems related to securing users' communication in dynamic network environments, focusing on two kinds of dynamic networks, i.e., mobile ad hoc networks and overlay networks. It first introduces a secure address auto-configuration scheme for mobile ad hoc networks, since a precondition of network communication is that each user is configured with a unique network identifier (address). This proposed auto-configuration scheme binds each address with a public key, allows a user to self-authenticate itself, and thus greatly thwarts the address spoofing attacks, in the absence of centralized authentication services. Next, this thesis presents two storage-efficient stateless group key distribution schemes to protect the group communication of a dynamic set of users. These two key distribution schemes utilize one-way key chains with a logical tree. They allow an authorized user to get updated group keys even if the user goes off-line for a while, and significantly reduce the storage requirement at each user if compared with previous stateless key distribution schemes. Third, this thesis investigates the solution using cryptographic methods to enforce network access control in mobile ad hoc networks, whose dynamic natures make it difficult to directly apply traditional access control techniques such as firewalls. A functioning prototype demonstrates the proposed access control system is practical and effective. Finally, this dissertation introduces a k-anonymity communication protocol for overlay networks to protect the privacy of users' communication. Unlike the existing anonymous communication protocols that either cannot provide provable anonymity or suffer from transmission collision, the proposed protocol is transmission collision free and provides provable k-anonymity for both the sender and the recipient. The analysis shows the proposed anonymous communication protocol is secure even under a strong adversary model, in which the adversary controls a fraction of nodes, is able to eavesdrop all network traffic and maliciously modify/replay the transmitted messages. A proof-of-concept implementation demonstrates the proposed protocol is practical.
Comparison of MRI criteria at first presentation to predict conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis (1997)

We compared MRI criteria used to predict conversion of suspected multiple sclerosis to clinically definite multiple sclerosis. Seventy-four patients with clinically isolated neurological symptoms suggestive of multiple sclerosis were studied with MRI. Logistic regression analysis was used to remove redundant information, and a diagnostic model was built after each MRI parameter was dichotomized according to maximum accuracy using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Clinically definite multiple sclerosis developed in 33 patients (prevalence 45%). The optimum cut-off point (number of lesions) was one for most MRI criteria (including gadolinium-enhancement and juxta-cortical lesions), but three for periventricular lesions, and nine for the total number of T2-lesions. Only gadolinium-enhancement and juxta-cortical lesions provided independent information. A final model which, in addition, included infratentorial and periventricular lesions, had an accuracy of 80%, and having more abnormal criteria, predicted conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis strongly. The model performed better than the criteria of Paty et al. (Neurology 1988; 38: 180-5) and of Fazekas et al. (Neurology 1988; 38: 1822-5). We concluded that a four-parameter dichotomized MRI model including gadolinium-enhancement, juxtacortical, infratentorial and periventricular lesions best predicts conversion to clinically definite multiple sclerosis.