gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Remotely Triggerable Drug Delivery Systems (2010)

Triggerable drug delivery systems enable on-demand controlled release profiles that may enhance therapeutic effectiveness and reduce systemic toxicity. Recently, a number of new materials have been developed that exhibit sensitivity to visible light, near-infrared (NIR) light, ultrasound, or magnetic fields. This responsiveness can be triggered remotely to provide flexible control of dose magnitude and timing. Here we review triggerable materials that range in scale from nano to macro, and are activated by a range of stimuli.
Controlled Release of Nitric Oxide from Liposomes (2017)

We report the ability to readily tune NO release from <i>N</i>-diazeniumdiolate-encapsulated liposomal structures by altering the NO donor molecule structure and/or phospholipid composition (independently or in combination). While encapsulating more stable NO donors expectedly enhanced the NO release (up to 48 h) from the liposomes, the phospholipid headgroup surface area proved equally useful in controlling NO-release kinetics by influencing the water uptake and concomitant <i>N</i>-diazeniumdiolate NO donor breakdown (to NO). The potential therapeutic utility of the NO-releasing liposomes was further assessed in biological/proteinaceous fluids. The NO-release kinetics were similar in buffer and serum.
Intraoperative Tissue Identification Using Rapid Evaporative Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2013)

Rapid evaporative ionization mass spectrometry (REIMS) is an emerging technique that allows near-real-time characterization of human tissue in vivo by analysis of the aerosol ("smoke") released during electrosurgical dissection. The coupling of REIMS technology with electrosurgery for tissue diagnostics is known as the intelligent knife (iKnife). This study aimed to validate the technique by applying it to the analysis of fresh human tissue samples ex vivo and to demonstrate the translation to real-time use in vivo in a surgical environment. A variety of tissue samples from 302 patients were analyzed in the laboratory, resulting in 1624 cancerous and 1309 noncancerous database entries. The technology was then transferred to the operating theater, where the device was coupled to existing electrosurgical equipment to collect data during a total of 81 resections. Mass spectrometric data were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods, including principal components analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and a spectral identification algorithm using a similar approach was implemented. The REIMS approach differentiated accurately between distinct histological and histopathological tissue types, with malignant tissues yielding chemical characteristics specific to their histopathological subtypes. Tissue identification via intraoperative REIMS matched the postoperative histological diagnosis in 100% (all 81) of the cases studied. The mass spectra reflected lipidomic profiles that varied between distinct histological tumor types and also between primary and metastatic tumors. Thus, in addition to real-time diagnostic information, the spectra provided additional information on divergent tumor biochemistry that may have mechanistic importance in cancer.
Neuroprotective strategies against calpain-mediated neurodegeneration (2015)

Calpains are calcium-dependent proteolytic enzymes that have deleterious effects on neurons upon their pathological over-activation. According to the results of numerous studies to date, there is no doubt that abnormal calpain activation triggers activation and progression of apoptotic processes in neurodegeneration, leading to neuronal death. Thus, it is very crucial to unravel all the aspects of calpain-mediated neurodegeneration in order to protect neurons through eliminating or at least minimizing its lethal effects. Protecting neurons against calpain-activated apoptosis basically requires developing effective, reliable, and most importantly, therapeutically applicable approaches to succeed. From this aspect, the most significant studies focusing on preventing calpain-mediated neurodegeneration include blocking the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor activities, which are closely related to calpain activation; directly inhibiting calpain itself via intrinsic or synthetic calpain inhibitors, or inhibiting its downstream processes; and utilizing the neuroprotectant steroid hormone estrogen and its receptors. In this review, the most remarkable neuroprotective strategies for calpain-mediated neurodegeneration are categorized and summarized with respect to their advantages and disadvantages over one another, in terms of their efficiency and applicability as a therapeutic regimen in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
Molecular clocks (2001)

A convenient and precise mass spectrometric method for measurement of the deamidation rates of glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues in peptides and proteins has been developed; the rates of deamidation of 306 asparaginyl sequences in model peptides at pH 7.4, 37.0 degrees C, 0.15 M Tris.HCl buffer have been determined; a library of 913 amide-containing peptides for use by other investigators in similar studies has been established; and, by means of simultaneous deamidation rate measurements of rabbit muscle aldolase and appropriate model peptides in the same solutions, the use of this method for quantitative measurement of the relative effects of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structure on deamidation rates has been demonstrated. The measured rates are discussed with respect to the hypothesis that glutaminyl and asparaginyl residues serve, through deamidation, as molecular timers of biological events.
Salicylic Acid and Systemic Acquired Resistance to Pathogen Attack (1998)

New insights into the phenomenon of systemic acquired resistance have been gained in recent years, by the use of techniques in molecular genetics and biology that have replaced the largely descriptive approach of earlier work. The isolation of mutants in the signal transduction pathway from induction to expression of resistance as well as the use of transgenic plants over-expressing or suppressing the expression of putative candidate genes involved in systemic acquired resistance and its signalling have identified several steps in the establishment of plant resistance. In this review the latest developments implicating salicylic acid as a signal molecule in systemic resistance are discussed and contrasted with new signalling pathways which, seemingly, are based on alternative mechanisms.
Hydrolysis of steroid glucuronides with beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver, Helix pomatia, and E. coli. (1977)

We determined the enzymic activity of beta-glucuronidase preparations from bovine liver, Helix pomatia, and Escherischia coli with steroid glucuronides and nonsteroid glucuronides as substrates. We also studied the effect of Na2SO4 on the enzymic hydrolysis of several substrates with the three preparations of beta-glucuronidase. Na2SO4 increases the rate of hydrolysis of all substrates with beta-glucuronidase from bovine liver. Hydrolysis of a steroid glucoronide with beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia and E. coli is inhibited by Na2SO4. None of the three enzyme preparations gives complete hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates, because urine contains inhibitors, which can be removed by absorption chromatography of the urine on a column of neutral polystyrene resin Amberlite XAD-2. But when Amberlite XAD-2 is not used, hydrolysis of urinary glucuronides of androsterone, etiocholanolone, pregnanediol, estriol, and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids proves that, given an incubation time of 24 h, the beta-glucuronidase preparation from bovine liver, in the presence of Na2SO4, is suited for determining all of the above steroids except esriol; the preparation from Helix pomatia is good for determining estriol and 17-hydroxycorticosteroids; the preparation from E. coli is good for determining androsterone, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, and especially estriol, the glucuronide, of which is maximally hydrolyzed in 2 h.
Interleukin (IL)11 mediates protein secretion and modification in human extravillous trophoblasts (2011)

Data suggest that IL11, possibly via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 signaling pathway, regulates PDIA3 protein expression and modification/secretion of GRP78. This is the first study to identify PDIA3 and GRP78 as IL11 targets in invasive trophoblasts and identifies a possible mechanism by which IL11 regulates trophoblast function.
Single electron tunneling and level spectroscopy of isolated C60 molecules (1997)

The interplay between single electron tunneling effects and the discrete molecular levels of C60 molecules is studied using scanning tunneling microscopy. Isolated C60 molecules were deposited onto a gold substrate, covered by a thin insulating layer. The tunneling current–voltage characteristics of isolated molecules, both at room temperature and at 4.2 K, exhibit rich structures, resulting from the interplay between charging effects and the electronic spectrum. In particular, we observe degeneracy lifting within the C60 molecular orbitals, probably due to the Jahn–Teller effect and local electric fields.
A Multifunctional Repeated Motif Is Present in Human Bifunctional tRNA Synthetase (1998)

Tandem repeats located in the human bifunctional glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase (EPRS) have been found in many different eukaryotic tRNA synthetases and were previously shown to interact with another distinct repeated motifs in human isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase. Nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry analyses of an isolated EPRS repeat showed that it consists of a helix-turn-helix with a melting temperature of 59 degrees C. Specific interaction of the EPRS repeats with those of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase was confirmed by in vitro binding assays and shown to have a dissociation constant of approximately 2.9 microM. The EPRS repeats also showed the binding activity to the N-terminal motif of arginyl-tRNA synthetase as well as to various nucleic acids, including tRNA. Results of the present work suggest that the region comprising the repeated motifs of EPRS provides potential sites for interactions with various biological molecules and thus plays diverse roles in the cell.
Recent progress on microcrystalline solar cells (2002)

The most important features of microcrystalline silicon (/spl mu/c-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon based p-i-n solar cells (specially those deposited by VHF-glow discharge) are reviewed. Since such material has been recognized to be a photovoltaically active material, stabilized cell efficiencies have steadily risen and have now reached 12% in the so called "micromorph" (microcrystalline/amorphous) tandem cell configuration.
Tranilast attenuates cardiac matrix deposition in experimental diabetes: role of transforming growth factor-? (2004)

These findings indicate that tranilast has antifibrotic actions in the Ren-2 model of experimental diabetic cardiac disease by mechanisms that might attributable to reduced TGF-beta activity.
Adhesion receptors in human melanoma progression. (1995)

Melanoma often develops from clinically and histologically well-defined precursor lesions. During progression of normal melanocytes to benign nevi, dramatic changes in the expression of adhesion receptors are observed, most notably loss of E-cadherin which mediates adhesion of melanocytes to keratinocytes, and gain of Mel-CAM which predominantly mediates heterotypic adhesion between cells. Major changes in adhesion receptors also occur when cells progress from dysplastic nevi or biologically early radial-growth-phase primary melanomas to biologically late (tumorigenic) vertical-growth-phase primary melanomas. The integrin subunit beta 3 is up-regulated, whereas other integrins such as alpha 6 beta 1 and alpha V beta 1 are down-regulated. This review highlights the major changes in adhesion receptor expression on melanocytes at various stages of tumor progression.
Positive Correlation between Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mutants in Mice and Insects (2000)

Strain PA14, a human clinical isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is pathogenic in mice and insects (Galleria mellonella). Analysis of 32 different PA14 mutants in these two hosts showed a novel positive correlation in the virulence patterns. Thus, G. mellonella is a good model system for identifying mammalian virulence factors of P. aeruginosa.
Observation of quantum-limited timing jitter in an active, harmonically mode-locked fiber laser (2002)

We report on the observation of quantum-limited timing jitter in a harmonically mode-locked soliton fiber laser with an ultralow-noise local oscillator. The effects of amplitude and phase modulation on the spectrum are described and compared with theory.
MCJ/DnaJC15, an Endogenous Mitochondrial Repressor of the Respiratory Chain That Controls Metabolic Alterations (2013)

Mitochondria are the main engine that generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation within the respiratory chain. Mitochondrial respiration is regulated according to the metabolic needs of cells and can be modulated in response to metabolic changes. Little is known about the mechanisms that regulate this process. Here, we identify MCJ/DnaJC15 as a distinct cochaperone that localizes at the mitochondrial inner membrane, where it interacts preferentially with complex I of the electron transfer chain. We show that MCJ impairs the formation of supercomplexes and functions as a negative regulator of the respiratory chain. The loss of MCJ leads to increased complex I activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, and ATP production. Although MCJ is dispensable for mitochondrial function under normal physiological conditions, MCJ deficiency affects the pathophysiology resulting from metabolic alterations. Thus, enhanced mitochondrial respiration in the absence of MCJ prevents the pathological accumulation of lipids in the liver in response to both fasting and a high-cholesterol diet. Impaired expression or loss of MCJ expression may therefore result in a "rapid" metabolism that mitigates the consequences of metabolic disorders.
Glycosidase Activities in Chinese Hamster Ovary Cell Lysate and Cell Culture Supernatant (1993)

To probe the potential for extracellular degradation of glycoprotein oligosaccharides in conjunction with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell culture, an initial characterization of several CHO cell glycosidases was performed using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrates. CHO cell lysates contained sialidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-hexosaminidase, and fucosidase activities with pH optimums near 5.5, 4, 6, and 6.5, respectively. These glycosidase activities were also present in cell-free supernatant samples from commercial CHO cell cultures. The sialidase activity was further characterized. In contrast to previous reports concerning mammalian sialidases, the sialidase activity in CHO cell lysate retained considerable activity at pH 7 and was very stable, with a half-life of 57 h at 37 degrees C. Both the Km and Vmax of CHO lysate sialidase for 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (4MU-NeuAc) varied with pH, and this activity was competitively inhibited by 2,3-dehydro-2-deoxy-N-acetylneuraminic acid and by free N-acetylneuraminic acid. The kinetic characteristics and pH-activity profiles of the CHO cell lysate and cell culture supernatant sialidase activities were essentially identical, and both released sialic acid from the glycoprotein fetuin at pH 7.5. These results suggest that the oligosaccharides of glycoproteins secreted by CHO cells can potentially be modified extracellularly by sialidase under culture conditions which promote the release and extracellular accumulation of this enzyme.
Thoracic Facet Joint Interventions (2005)

Thoracic facet joints have been implicated as the source of chronic pain in 45 to 48% of patients with chronic thoracic pain. 1 , 2 These figures were based on responses to controlled diagnostic blocks of these joints, in accordance with the criteria established by the International Association for the Study of Pain. 3 The role of thoracic facet joints in chronic upper or mid back pain has received very little attention with only a few publications discussing these joints as the source of pain. 1 , 2 , 4–11 Even though thoracic spinal pain is less common, it can be as chronic and disabling as neck and low back pain. In the interventional pain management environment, the proportion of patients with thoracic disorders is relatively small, ranging from 3 to 22%. 12 , 13 Linton et al. 14 estimate the prevalence of all spinal pain in the general population as 66%, with 15% reporting thoracic pain, 44% reporting neck pain, and 56% reporting low back pain.
Inhibition of Human Lung Cancer Cell Line Growth by an Anti-p185HER2 Antibody (1993)

p185HER2, the product of the c-erbB-2 or HER2 gene, is a membrane-bound tyrosine kinase that has structural similarity to the epidermal growth factor receptor. Functionally, interaction of HER2 with its ligand or p185HER2 antibodies affects the growth and differentiation of HER2-expressing breast cancer cell lines. As p185HER2 is also expressed in human lung cancers and human lung cancer cell lines, we hypothesized that these cell lines would also respond to p185HER2 antibodies. To test this hypothesis, we cultured human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines in the presence of a p185HER2 monoclonal antibody called 4D5. 4D5 inhibited the growth of p185HER2-expressing cell lines in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, BEAS.2B, a p185HER2-nonexpressing bronchial epithelial cell line, was transfected with the HER2 cDNA, resulting in high-level p185HER2 expression, and growth of BEAS.HER2 was now inhibited by 4D5 exposure. Mechanistically, 4D5 appeared to have a weak agonist effect on the tyrosine kinase function of p185HER2, as exposure of p185HER2-expressing cell lines to 4D5 resulted in increased p185HER2 phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibition of tyrosine kinase function with Genistein reversed the 4D5-induced growth inhibition. Therefore, 4D5 can regulate the growth of p185HER2-expressing lung cancer cell lines through agonist effects on p185HER2.
Multi-nucleated cells remove the main hyalinized tissue and start resorption of adjacent root surfaces (1994)

Recent studies revealed that the initial root resorption occurred in the peripheries of the necrotic periodontal ligament (PDL) and was performed by mono-nucleated non-clast macrophage- and fibroblast-like cells (Brudvik and Rygh, 1993a, b). The aim of the present transmission electron microscopic (TEM) investigation was to study in more detail the cells involved in removal of the main hyalinized tissue and those involved in root resorption, occurring on the root surface situated beneath the main hyalinized tissue. Twelve male Wistar rats were used. The maxillary first molar was moved mesially by a fixed orthodontic appliance for 7 and 10 days. The results indicate that multi-nucleated giant cells (MNGC) without a ruffled border surface, as well as mono-nucleated macrophage-like cells were responsible for removal of the necrotic tissue and also for resorption of the surface parts of the root cementum. Although the present MNGC showed many morphological traits similar to the observed odontoclasts and osteoclasts, except for their lack of ruffled borders, it is assumed that they are derived from the mono-nucleated phagocytic system. Multi-nucleated clast-like cells with ruffled border were never observed near the remnants of the necrotic tissue. Such cells were found only in the resorption lacunae on root and bone surfaces.
Clinical Magnetoencephalography Practice in the United States Ten Years Later: A Survey-Based Reappraisal (2020)

A plateau in MEG volumes suggests that MEG has not become a part of the standard of care, and correspondingly, the Clinical Practice Guidelines appeared to have had little impact on clinical practice. The American Clinical Magnetoencephalography Society must continue to engage magnetoencephalographers, potential referrers, and vendors.
Complete Optical Absorption in Periodically Patterned Graphene (2012)

We demonstrate that 100% light absorption can take place in a single patterned sheet of doped graphene. General analysis shows that a planar array of small particles with losses exhibits full absorption under critical-coupling conditions provided the cross section of each individual particle is comparable to the area of the lattice unit cell. Specifically, arrays of doped graphene nanodisks display full absorption when supported on a substrate under total internal reflection and also when lying on a dielectric layer coating a metal. Our results are relevant for infrared light detectors and sources, which can be made tunable via electrostatic doping of graphene.
Predicting Clinical Outcomes Using Molecular Biomarkers (2016)

Over the past 20 years, there has been an exponential increase in the number of biomarkers. At the last count, there were 768,259 papers indexed in PubMed.gov directly related to biomarkers. Although many of these papers claim to report clinically useful molecular biomarkers, embarrassingly few are currently in clinical use. It is suggested that a failure to properly understand, clinically assess, and utilize molecular biomarkers has prevented their widespread adoption in treatment, in comparative benefit analyses, and their integration into individualized patient outcome predictions for clinical decision-making and therapy. A straightforward, general approach to understanding how to predict clinical outcomes using risk, diagnostic, and prognostic molecular biomarkers is presented. In the future, molecular biomarkers will drive advances in risk, diagnosis, and prognosis, they will be the targets of powerful molecular therapies, and they will individualize and optimize therapy. Furthermore, clinical predictions based on molecular biomarkers will be displayed on the clinician's screen during the physician-patient interaction, they will be an integral part of physician-patient-shared decision-making, and they will improve clinical care and patient outcomes.
A maximum likelihood detector for nonlinear magnetic recording (1991)

Extremely high density magnetic recording is not well modeled by linear superposition. A model for nonlinearities in thick particulate media is described, and a simple maximum likelihood detector to this channel is derived. The authors first review the nonlinear recording model of A. Armstrong et al., (1991) and then describe the architecture of the maximum likelihood sequences estimator for the channel. It is observed that further simplifications to the detector can be made when the channel can be described in terms of partial response signals. Some simulation results obtained for a simple channel model are reviewed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>