gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5-GHz CMOS wireless LANs (2002)

This paper first provides an overview of some recently ratified wireless local-area network (WLAN) standards before describing an illustrative 5-GHz WLAN receiver implementation. The receiver, built in a standard 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS logic technology, exploits several recent developments, including lateral-flux capacitors, accumulation-mode varactors, injection-locked frequency dividers, and an image-reject low-noise amplifier. The receiver readily complies with the performance requirements of both IEEE 802.11a and ETSI HiperLAN. It exhibits a 7.2-dB noise figure, as well as an input-referred third-order intercept and 1-dB compression point of -7 and -18 dBm, respectively. Image rejection for this double conversion receiver exceeds 50 dB throughout the frequency band without using external filters. Leakage out of the RF port from the local oscillators is under -87 dBm, and all synthesizer spurs are below the -70-dBm noise floor of the instrumentation used to measure them. The receiver consumes 59 mW from a 1.8-V supply and occupies only 4 mm/sup 2/ of die area, in no small measure due to the use of fractal capacitors for ac coupling.
Prostaglandins and the Aspirin-Like Drugs (1972)

Demonstration that the aspirin-like compounds block prostaglandin synthesis has not only provided the long-sought explanation of how these drugs work but is throwing considerable light on the physiologic functions of the prostaglandins. It has also suggested possible new uses for the drugs (perhaps, for example, to prevent unwanted abortions) and new contraindications (e.g., where wound healing might be delayed).
γ‐Carboxyglutamic acids 36 and 40 do not contribute to human factor IX function (1997)

The gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domains of the vitamin K-dependent blood coagulation proteins contain 10 highly conserved Gla residues within the first 33 residues, but factor IX is unique in possessing 2 additional Gla residues at positions 36 and 40. To determine their importance, factor IX species lacking these Gla residues were isolated from heterologously expressed human factor IX. Using ion-exchange chromatography, peptide mapping, mass spectrometry, and N-terminal sequencing, we have purified and identified two partially carboxylated recombinant factor IX species; factor IX/gamma 40E is uncarboxylated at residue 40 and factor IX/gamma 36,40E is uncarboxylated at both residues 36 and 40. These species were compared with the fully gamma-carboxylated recombinant factor IX, unfractionated recombinant factor IX, and plasma-derived factor IX. As monitored by anti-factor IX:Ca (II)-specific antibodies and by the quenching of intrinsic fluorescence, all these factor IX species underwent the Ca(II)-induced conformational transition required for phospholipid membrane binding and bound equivalently to phospholipid vesicles composed of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine. Endothelial cell binding was also similar in all species, with half-maximal inhibition of the binding of 125I-labeled plasma-derived factor IX at concentrations of 2-6 nM. Functionally, factor IX/gamma 36,40E and factor IX/gamma 40E were similar to fully gamma-carboxylated recombinant factor IX and plasma-derived factor IX in their coagulant activity and in their ability to participate in the activation of factor X in the tenase complex both with synthetic phospholipid vesicles and activated platelets. However, Gla 36 and Gla 40 represent part of the epitope targeted by anti-factor IX:Mg(II)-specific antibodies because these antibodies bound factor IX preferentially to factor IX/gamma 36,40E and factor IX/gamma 40E. These results demonstrate that the gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid residues 36 and 40 in human factor IX is not required for any function of factor IX examined.
Effect of Catalase on Hydrogen Peroxide Penetration into Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms (2000)

The penetration of hydrogen peroxide into biofilms formed by wild-type and catalase-deficient Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains was measured using microelectrodes. A flowing stream of hydrogen peroxide (50 mM, 1 h) was unable to penetrate or kill wild-type biofilms but did penetrate and partially kill biofilms formed by an isogenic strain in which the katA gene was knocked out. Catalase protects aggregated bacteria by preventing full penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the biofilm.
Evolution of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Maize Kernels: The Role of Regulatory and Enzymatic Loci (1996)

Understanding which genes contribute to evolutionary change and the nature of the alterations in them are fundamental challenges in evolution. We analyzed regulatory and enzymatic genes in the maize anthocyanin pathway as related to the evolution of anthocyanin-pigmented kernels in maize from colorless kernels of its progenitor, teosinte. Genetic tests indicate that teosinte possesses functional alleles at all enzymatic loci. At two regulatory loci, most teosintes possess alleles that encode functional proteins, but ones that are not expressed during kernel development and not capable of activating anthocyanin biosynthesis there. We investigated nucleotide polymorphism at one of the regulatory loci, cl. Several observations suggest that cl has not evolved in a strictly neutral manner, including an exceptionally low level of polymorphism and a biased representation of haplotypes in maize. Curiously, sequence data show that most of our teosinte samples possess a promoter element necessary for the activation of the anthocyanin pathway during kernel development, although genetic tests indicate that teosinte cl alleles are not active during kernel development. Our analyses suggest that the evolution of the purple kernels resulted from changes in cis regulatory elements at regulatory loci and not changes in either regulatory protein function nor the enzymatic loci.
ULF/ELF emissions observed in Japan, possibly associated with the Chi-Chi earthquake in Taiwan (2001)

Abstract. ULF/ELF emission observation has been performed at Nakatsugawa observatory (geographic coordinates; 35.4° N, 137.5° E, Gifu prefecture) since January 1999. The equipment consists of three-orthogonal magnetic sensors (induction coils), amplifiers, A/D converters and the data logger with a computer. The frequency range of observation is from 0.001 Hz to 50 Hz. The serious changes in ELF magnetic field intensity were detected on 20 September 1999, in such a way that the ELF noise level is found to increase by more than 5 dB from the normal level for about 1.5 h during 21:30–23:00 Japanese Standard Time on 20 September and also the upper limit extends up to 50 Hz. A careful comparison with the nearby lightning as detected by VLF, enables us to confirm that this abnormal ELF noise level increase is not due to the nearby lightning. The phase difference of these ELF emissions (BX , BY) was measured, and indicates that these ELF emissions are linearly polarized, suggesting that they have propagated in the subionospheric waveguide over long distances. This polarization result enables us to perform goniometric direction finding and the result shows that the main direction of these ULF/ELF emissions is toward Taiwan. Hence, it is likely that such ULF/ELF emissions are associated with the Chi-Chi earth-quake in Taiwan at 02:27 Japanese Standard Time on 21 September 1999 (M = 7.6; depth 11 km).
Emerging medication for the treatment of male hypogonadism (2012)

In the case of primary hypogonadism starting early in life, substitution with testosterone (T) is the only choice. For secondary congenital hypogonadism, we recommend starting with gonadotrophins to allow the testes to reach pubertal size. Thereafter, T replacement therapy can be administered until fertility is desired. At that time, gonadotrophins should be employed until fathering occurs. Antiestrogens are an alternative, however, their efficacy has not been adequately tested. In the presence of increased estrogen production symptoms (breast tenderness and gynecomastia), a short-term trial with non-aromatizable androgens (dihydrotestosterone mesterolone or oxandrolone) could be advisable. However, after a few months of therapy, switching to other aromatizable preparations is recommended, to prevent bone loss. When prostate safety is concerned, the use of steroidal or non-steroidal selective androgen receptor modulators that are less susceptible to 5α reduction might be advisable. An attractive possibility is the combined use of testosterone with 5α inhibitors. Theoretically, also estrogen receptor-beta ligands could be employed, however the development of these compounds, although promising, is still in its infancy.
Three-dimensional printing of stem cell-laden hydrogels submerged in a hydrophobic high-density fluid (2012)

Over the last decade, bioprinting technologies have begun providing important tissue engineering strategies for regenerative medicine and organ transplantation. The major drawback of past approaches has been poor or inadequate material-printing device and substrate combinations, as well as the relatively small size of the printed construct. Here, we hypothesise that cell-laden hydrogels can be printed when submerged in perfluorotributylamine (C(12)F(27)N), a hydrophobic high-density fluid, and that these cells placed within three-dimensional constructs remain viable allowing for cell proliferation and production of extracellular matrix. Human mesenchymal stem cells and MG-63 cells were encapsulated into agarose hydrogels, and subsequently printed in high aspect ratio in three dimensional structures that were supported in high density fluorocarbon. Three-dimensional structures with various shapes and sizes were manufactured and remained stable for more than six months. Live/dead and DAPI stainings showed viable cells 24 h after the printing process, as well as after 21 days in culture. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses after 14 and 21 days revealed viable cells with marked matrix production and signs of proliferation. The compressive strength values of the printed gels consequently increased during the two weeks in culture, revealing encouraging results for future applications in regenerative medicine.
Diversity and Linkage of Genes in the Self-Incompatibility Gene Family in Arabidopsis lyrata (2003)

We report studies of seven members of the S-domain gene family in Arabidopsis lyrata, a member of the Brassicaceae that has a sporophytic self-incompatibility (SI) system. Orthologs for five loci are identifiable in the self-compatible relative A. thaliana. Like the Brassica stigmatic incompatibility protein locus (SRK), some of these genes have kinase domains. We show that several of these genes are unlinked to the putative A. lyrata SRK, Aly13. These genes have much lower nonsynonymous and synonymous polymorphism than Aly13 in the S-domains within natural populations, and differentiation between populations is higher, consistent with balancing selection at the Aly13 locus. One gene (Aly8) is linked to Aly13 and has high diversity. No departures from neutrality were detected for any of the loci. Comparing different loci within A. lyrata, sites corresponding to hypervariable regions in the Brassica S-loci (SLG and SRK) and in comparable regions of Aly13 have greater replacement site divergence than the rest of the S-domain. This suggests that the high polymorphism in these regions of incompatibility loci is due to balancing selection acting on sites within or near these regions, combined with low selective constraints.
The Fanconi anaemia genome stability and tumour suppressor network (2002)

Fanconi anaemia (FA) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by increased spontaneous and DNA crosslinker-induced chromosome instability, progressive pancytopenia and cancer susceptibility. An increasing number of genes are involved in FA, including the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2. Five of the FA proteins (FANCA, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF and FANCG) assemble in a complex that is required for FANCD2 activation in response to DNA crosslinks. Active FANCD2 then interacts with BRCA1 and forms discrete nuclear foci. FANCD2 is independently phosphorylated by ATM (the protein whose gene is mutated in ataxia telangiectasia) in response to ionizing radiation. In addition, the FA proteins are interconnected with other nuclear and cytoplasmic factors all related to cellular responses to carcinogenic stress and to caretaker and gatekeeper functions. In this review, the most recently published data on the molecular biology of the FA pathway and its molecular crosstalk with ATM, BRCA1 and BRCA2, proteins involved in xenobiotic and reactive oxygen species metabolism, apoptosis, cell cycle control and telomere stability, are summarized. The currently available data indicate that FA is a central node in a complex nuclear and cytoplasmic network of tumour suppressor and genome stability pathways fully committed to prevent cancer.
Behaviour of macroscopic rigid spheres in Poiseuille flow Part 1. Determination of local concentration by statistical analysis of particle passages through crossed light beams (1962)

An apparatus is described for determining particle passages through any selected point on a tube cross-section. The method depends on the simultaneous blocking out of two mutually perpendicular light beams by a particle passing through their common region. The coincidence is registered and counted electronically. At higher particle concentrations coincidences are also registered arising from a pair-wise occupation of the light beams by two particles. An analysis is presented showing that these pair coincidences can be allowed for exactly in terms of experimentally measurable quantities. The reliability and reproducibility of the method is discussed and illustrated by examples from sphere suspensions in Poiseuille flow.
Simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of four β2-agonists in biological specimens by CE-UV using a field-enhanced sample injection method (2014)

A rapid, sensitive and cost-effective CE-UV method has been developed for the simultaneous separation and sensitive determination of four beta2-agonists.
Enhancement by various cytokines or 2- beta -mercaptoethanol of Ia antigen expression on Langerhans cells in skin from normal aged and young mice. Effect of cyclosporine A. (1989)

The number of Ia+ Langerhans cells (LC) in skin from aged (16- to 18-mo old) BALB/c mice is approximately 40% lower than in skin from young (2- to 3-mo old) mice. Overnight incubation at 37 degrees C with a variety of cytokines, including IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-6, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and granulocyte/macrophage-CSF, causes a significant increase in the Ia expression on LC and raises the number of Ia+ cells by at least 300/mm2 in skin from both young and old mice. At 1 to 5 x 10(-5) M, 2-ME has a similar effect. The percentage increment in Ia+ cells is much higher for skin from aged mice than from young mice, particularly with IL-3, which appears to reconstitute the number of Ia+ LC in skin from aged mice to that of IL-3 exposed skin from young mice. Under the incubation conditions of our experiments, neither keratinocytes nor Thy-1+ dendritic cells acquire Ia Ag. Addition of 10 micrograms/ml cyclosporine A to the medium abolishes the effect of 2-ME and of all of the cytokines except IL-2 and IL-6. These results demonstrate the presence of a significant population of Ia- LC in the epidermis of both young and aged mice. It is suggested that epidermal production of cytokines may be of importance in the maintenance of constitutive Ia expression on LC. The possible interaction between keratinocytes and LC and the effect of aging on this process are discussed.
Bacillus cereus meningoencephalitis in preterm infants: neuroimaging characteristics. (2005)

Knowledge of this paradigm of acquired brain injury may help to better understand the natural course of these severe neonatal infections.
The Cellular Functions of Small GTP-Binding Proteins (1990)

A substantial number of novel guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins have been identified over the last few years but the function of many of them is largely unknown. This article will discuss a particular family of these proteins, structurally related to the Ras oncoprotein. Approximately 30 Ras-related small guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins are known, and from yeast to man they appear to be involved in controlling a diverse set of essential cellular functions including growth, differentiation, cytoskeletal organization, and intracellular vesicle transport and secretion.
Using Forward Error Correcting in a 5 Gbit/s 6400 km EDFA Based System (1994)

Transoceanic submarine transmission systems based on Erbium Doped Fibre Amplifiers (EDFAs) will traverse the Atlantic Ocean in 1995 [1]. However, due to the absence of signal regeneration inside each repeater, cumulative effects limit system performance. Effects such as noise accumulation, non-linear interactions and chromatic dispersion contribute to degrade end-to-end performance. Other effects, such as polarization (PDL, PMD &amp; PDG) are responsible for time-varying fluctuations in transmission performances [1,2]. One way to prevent the above-mentioned effects from degrading the system performance is to require strict component and system specifications (i.e., limited repeater spacing, limited EDFA output power,…).
Seminal plasma factors that cause large elevations in cellular cyclic GMP are C-type natriuretic peptides. (1993)

Seminal plasma (porcine) was shown to elevate cyclic GMP in Balb/3T3 cells (235-fold), NIH/3T3, Rat-2, but not in human T84 cells. Seminal plasma and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) markedly elevated cyclic GMP of 293 cells stably transfected with the guanylyl cyclase-B (GC-B) receptor, but failed to elevate cyclic GMP concentrations of 293 cells stably transfected with the guanylyl cyclase-A receptor. The seminal plasma activity was analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography; two major fractions were obtained and the amino acid sequence of one matched that of proCNP-103. For the second peak of activity, sequence could not be obtained but the purified material bound to antibody specific for CNP. CNP concentrations in seminal plasma and seminal vesicle fluid were shown to be 2,000- and 100,000-fold greater than those found in porcine brain, respectively. Significant amounts of immunoreactive CNP also were detected in tracheal mucosa and uterus suggesting a general signaling role for the peptide. That seminal plasma CNP serves a function during fertilization was suggested by finding expression of GC-B mRNA in the uterus/oviduct and CNP-stimulatable GC-B in the intact uterus. Therefore, some or all of the GC-B receptor appears to exist on the apical membrane of uterine epithelial cells.
Integrated information retrieval in a knowledge worker support system (1989)

This paper describes the design of the information retrieval facilities of an integrated information system called EUROMATH. EUROMATH is an example of a Knowledge Worker Support System: it has been designed specifically to support mathematicians in their research work. EUROMATH is required to provide uniform retrieval facilities for searching in a user's personal data, in a shared database of structured documents and in public, bibliographic databases. The design of information retrieval facilities that satisfy these and other requirements posed several interesting design issues regarding the integration of various retrieval techniques. As well as a uniform query language, designed to be highly usable by the target user group, the retrieval facilities provide expert intermediary functions, i.e. sophisticated support for the retrieval of bibliographic data. This support is achieved using a model of the user, a model of the user's information need and a set of search strategies based on those used by human intermediaries. The expert intermediary facilities include extensive help facilities, automatic query reformulation and browsing of a variety of sources of query terms.
Reciprocal Protective Immunity againstBordetella pertussisandBordetella parapertussisin a Murine Model of Respiratory Infection (2001)

The protective immunity induced by infection with Bordetella pertussis and with Bordetella parapertussis was examined in a murine model of respiratory infection. Convalescent mice that had been infected by aerosol with B. pertussis or with B. parapertussis exhibited a protective immune response against B. pertussis and also against B. parapertussis. Anti-filamentous hemagglutinin (anti-FHA) serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and anti-FHA lung IgA antibodies were detected in both mice infected with B. pertussis and those infected with B. parapertussis. Antibodies against pertussis toxin (anti-PT) and against killed B. pertussis cells were detected in mice infected with B. pertussis. Pertactin-specific antibodies and antibodies against killed B. parapertussis cells were detected in mice infected with B. parapertussis. Spleen cells from mice infected with B. pertussis secreted interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to stimulation by FHA or PT. Spleen cells from mice infected with B. parapertussis also secreted IFN-gamma in response to FHA. Interleukin-4 was not produced in response to any of the antigens tested. The profiles of cytokine secretion in vitro revealed induction of a Th1-biased immune response during convalescence from infection by B. pertussis and by B. parapertussis. It is possible that Th1 and Th2 responses against FHA might be related to the reciprocal protection achieved in our murine model.
A robotic C-arm fluoroscope (2005)

Fluoroscopic C-arms are common devices for acquiring images during surgery. Manual positioning is time consuming and requires considerable experience. Trained users must often take several images to find the best viewing direction. If a second image must be taken from the same position, e.g. for postoperative control, the C-arm must be moved to the exact same position. Without guidance, this is often difficult to accomplish. We developed the idea to completely "robotize" a standard C-arm, i.e. to equip all joints with motors and encoders. A software environment provides for intelligent control. To archive this goal a complete kinematic analysis of the fluoroscope was necessary. On the basis of this analysis a number of clinical applications have been developed: (1) simplified positioning via cartesian control; (2) automatic acquisition of panoramic images; (3) 3D CT with arbitrary viewing angles; (4) 4D intraoperative CT with/without respiration triggering; (5) automated anatomy-oriented positioning. The goal of this research is thus three-fold: minimise radiation exposure of the OR staff, reduce positioning time and offer enhanced imaging capability.