gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of healthy follicles in the neonatal and adult mouse ovary: evidence for maintenance of primordial follicle supply (2006)

Proliferation and partial meiotic maturation of germ cells in fetal ovaries is believed to establish a finite, non-renewable pool of primordial follicles at birth. The supply of primordial follicles in postnatal life should be depleted during folliculogenesis, either undergoing atresia or surviving to ovulation. Recent studies of mouse ovaries propose that intra- and extraovarian germline stem cells replenish oocytes and form new primordial follicles. We quantified all healthy follicles in C57BL/6 mouse ovaries from day 1 to 200 using unbiased stereological methods, immunolabelling of oocyte meiosis (germ cell nuclear antigen (GCNA)) and ovarian cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)) and electronmicroscopy. Day 1 ovaries contained 7924+/-1564 (s.e.m.) oocytes or primordial follicles, declining on day 7 to 1987+/-203, with 200-800 oocytes ejected from individual ovaries on that day and day 12. Discarded oocytes and those subjacent to the surface epithelium were GCNA-positive indicating their incomplete meiotic maturation. From day 7 to 100 mean numbers of primordial follicles per ovary were not significantly depleted but declined at 200 days to 254+/-71. Mean numbers of all healthy follicles per ovary were not significantly different from day 7 to 100 (range 2332+/-349-3007+/-322). Primordial follicle oocytes were PCNA-negative. Occasional unidentified cells were PCNA-positive with mitotic figures observed in the cortex of day 1 and 12 ovaries. Although we found no evidence for ovarian germline stem cells, our data support the hypothesis of postnatal follicle renewal in postnatal and adult ovaries of C57BL/6 mice.
地方にとって「国土の均衡ある発展」とは何であったか (2003)

わが国の国土政策においては「国土の均衡ある発展」という考え方が基調をなしてきた。この言葉には本来はすべての地域が相等しく発展するという意味合いはなかったにもかかわらず、さまざまな使い方がされ混乱をもたらしてきた。広義のナショナル・ミニマムと同一視されることもあった。国は「国土の均衡ある発展」という言葉でもって地方への関与を強める一方、地方の側は国に依存する結果となった。わが国において地方分権が進まないのは、「国土の均衡ある発展」という理念に対して国・地方の双方が過度にコミットしすぎていた面もある。しかし最近になって、「国土の均衡ある発展」の代わりに「地域の個性ある発展」、ナショナル・ミニマムの代わりに「ローカル・オプティマム」という言葉が使われるようになっている。「地域の個性ある発展」という考えは、政策目標というより個別の政策目標を総称した表現とみなす必要がある。「ローカル・オプティマム」の考えが登場してもナショナル・ミニマムの考えがなくなるわけではない。ナショナル・ミニマムを維持しつつ、地方が自らの責任と選択によって「ローカル・オプティマム」を設定できるよう税財源をも含めた地方分権を進める必要がある。
Fabrication of Dense Zirconia Electrolyte Films for Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells by Electrophoretic Deposition (2001)

Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is used to produce zirconia electrolyte films for tubular solid oxide fuel cells. A simple suspension chemistry (8‐mol%‐yttria‐stabilized zirconia particles in acetic acid) yields films of similar quality to those from conventional approaches (such as electrochemical vapor deposition), but at potentially much less expense. A key factor in obtaining high‐density, adherent films via the EPD approach is the application of a thin fugitive phase (carbon in this study) on the porous, doped lanthanum manganite cathode tubes prior to zirconia deposition.
Advances in imaging (2001)

In recent years there have been major advances in chest imaging. These include significant refinements in previously available techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and the introduction of new techniques into the clinical armamentarium, particularly positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. These advances have led to changes in the diagnostic approach to a number of conditions, particularly pulmonary embolism, lung cancer, diseases of the large and small airways, and diffuse lung disease. They have also brought new insights into the pathophysiology of lung disease. State of the art CT and MR imaging now allow objective quantification of lung disease and assessment of regional changes in ventilation and perfusion caused by airway and parenchymal abnormalities. The aim of this article is to summarize the most important clinical applications of the recent advances in imaging and to emphasize the topics of imaging research likely to attract particular attention from radiologists and clinicians in the near future.
Handbook of Biodegradable Polymers (1998)

Polyglycolide and Polylactide. Poly (p-dioxanone) and its Copolymers. Polycaprolactone. Polyhydroxyalkanoates. Poly (propylene fumarate). Poly (ortho esters). Other Polyesters. Polyanhydrides. Biodegradable Polyphosphazenes for Biomedical Applications. Poly (alklcyanoacrylates). Degradable Hydrogels. The Poloxamers: Their Chemistry and Medical Applications. Degradable Polymers Derived from the Amino Acid L-tyrosine. Natural Modified Polysaccharides. Oxidized Cellulose: Chemistry, Processing and Medical Applications. Gelatin. Collagen: Characterization, Processing and Medical Applications. Fibrinogen and Fibrin: Characterization, Processing and Medical Applications. Transductional Elastic and Plastic Protein-based Polymers as Potential Medical Devices. Genetically Engineered Protein Polymers. Surface Characterization of Bioerodible Polymers Using XPS, SIMS and AFM. Mechanisms of Polymer Degradation and Elimination. Non-medical Biodegradable Polymers: Environmentally Degradable Polymers.
Metrology for smart electrical grids (2010)

The transformation of our present electricity grids into `smart grids' is crucial for the successful uptake of renewable energy sources in the grid. In a combined effort of 18 European national metrology institutes and 4 universities and research centers, the necessary metrology tools will be developed to facilitate the observability and controllability of this new technology. The extensive research program will develop, refine and apply new metrological tools to determine power flows, stability, and power quality of smart electrical grids. New design methodologies will optimize smart grid instrumentation networks for reliable and stable energy supply. Fair trade will be assured through the implementation of revenue billing systems and a cryptographic infrastructure.
Palette of fluorinated voltage-sensitive hemicyanine dyes (2012)

Optical recording of membrane potential permits spatially resolved measurement of electrical activity in subcellular regions of single cells, which would be inaccessible to electrodes, and imaging of spatiotemporal patterns of action potential propagation in excitable tissues, such as the brain or heart. However, the available voltage-sensitive dyes (VSDs) are not always spectrally compatible with newly available optical technologies for sensing or manipulating the physiological state of a system. Here, we describe a series of 19 fluorinated VSDs based on the hemicyanine class of chromophores. Strategic placement of the fluorine atoms on the chromophores can result in either blue or red shifts in the absorbance and emission spectra. The range of one-photon excitation wavelengths afforded by these new VSDs spans 440-670 nm; the two-photon excitation range is 900-1,340 nm. The emission of each VSD is shifted by at least 100 nm to the red of its one-photon excitation spectrum. The set of VSDs, thus, affords an extended toolkit for optical recording to match a broad range of experimental requirements. We show the sensitivity to voltage and the photostability of the new VSDs in a series of experimental preparations ranging in scale from single dendritic spines to whole heart. Among the advances shown in these applications are simultaneous recording of voltage and calcium in single dendritic spines and optical electrophysiology recordings using two-photon excitation above 1,100 nm.
Outer membrane characteristics of Campylobacter jejuni grown in chickens (1996)

A type of in vivo phenotype of Campylobacter jejuni was obtained by maintaining bacteria in the peritoneal cavities of chickens for one week. These bacteria, which had not been subcultured on laboratory media, were used to prepare outer membranes for comparison with C. jejuni grown in vitro. Flagella with subunits of 65 kDa and a single porin with a protein subunit of 49 kDa were expressed constitutively; however, outer membrane proteins of 55, 35 and 20 kDa, and intermediate-chain lipopolysaccharide were only expressed by bacteria maintained in chickens.
Transient electric dichroism of rod-like DNA molecules. (1978)

We report transient electric dichroism studies on monodisperse rod-like DNA molecules. By using restriction fragments and DNAs of known length, it is shown that the orientation time is accurately predicted by the theoretically calculated rotational diffusion coefficient. The field dependence of the steady-state dichroism values is not consistent with the induced electric dipole orientation mechanism, and the time dependence is not consistent with the presence of a permanent dipole moment. In order to explain the dependence of the dichroism on the electric field, the ionic strength of the medium, and the length of the macromolecule, we propose a new model in which anisotropic ion flow produces an asymmetric ion atmosphere around the polyelectrolyte, resulting in an orienting torque. From the limiting dichroism at high field, we estimate that the DNA bases are inclined at an angle of 73 degrees or less relative to the helix axis, in good agreement with the revised model of B-form DNA suggested by Levitt, in which the base pairs have a propeller-like twist. Our results establish transient electric dichroism measurements as a technique well suited for study of alterations in the length and base pair inclination of rod-like DNA molecules.
Understanding structural relationships proteins of unsolved three‐dimensional structure (1990)

The locations of functionally important sequences and general structural motifs have been assigned to Ile-tRNA synthetase. However, a function has not been established for some segments of the protein (e.g., CP1). The method of structural modeling described here cannot establish the details of a 3 A crystal structure, and, in contrast to a crystal structure, the precision of the model varies according to the extent of a sequence similarity or the functional importance of a region. In Ile-tRNA synthetase, the signature sequence and the flanking regions are likely to be similar in structure to the proteins on which the model is based. For other regions, it may be possible to build a three-dimensional model by connecting well defined regions and refining the positions of the connecting elements by energy minimization. Structural modelling of this kind must be done cautiously, because the order and orientation of the elements of a structural motif can change in subtle ways. In the case of Tyr-tRNA synthetase, the beta-strand nearest the N-terminus is the outermost strand of the nucleotide binding fold; in Met-tRNA synthetase, the same strand is innermost. Furthermore, the orientation of this strand may be antiparallel (Tyr-tRNA synthetase) or parallel (Met-tRNA synthetase). Because multiple structures that differ in their orientations of structural elements are possible, the structural analogies between proteins should not be naively extrapolated without independent experimental support. As described above, some regions of proteins tolerate internal deletions and insertions. This provides further experimental support for the practice of allowing for gaps in computer-generated sequence alignments. Nevertheless, because some regions are more tolerant of insertions and deletions than others, the structural and functional significance of a region of broken alignment must be assessed carefully. All gaps in sequence alignments cannot be treated equally, and each must be evaluated within its own context. In the synthetases of known structure, structural analogy can be used to identify important functional elements. For example, the amino acid binding site of Met-tRNA synthetase might be formed, at least in part, by a peptide that encompasses Ala50; this amino acid aligns with Gly94 of the Ile-tRNA synthetase. This is an example in which results on a protein of unknown structure (Ile-tRNA synthetases) can lead to identification of a potential substrate binding site in a protein of known structure (Met-tRNA synthetase).
Fluorescent Analogs of Cyclic ADP-Ribose:  Synthesis, Spectral Characterization, and Use (1996)

Cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) is a Ca(2+)-mobilizing cyclic nucleotide derived from NAD+. Accumulating evidence indicates that it is an endogenous modulator of the Ca(2+)-induced Ca2+ release mechanism in cells. In this study, we show that ADP-ribosyl cyclase catalyzes the cyclization of not only NAD+ but also several of its analogs with various purine bases (guanine, hypoxanthine, or xanthine) substituting for adenine. Unlike cADPR, the resulting cyclic products are fluorescent. Comparisons with various model compounds indicate that only 7-methyl substituted purine nucleosides and nucleotides are fluorescent, and the pH-dependence of their UV spectra is most similar to that of the fluorescent cADPR analogs, indicating that the site of cyclization of these analogs is at the N7-position of the purine ring. This finding is novel since the site of cyclization is at the N1-position for cADPR as determined by X-ray crystallography. That a single enzyme can cyclize a variety of substrates at two different sites has important implications mechanistically, and a model is proposed to account for these novel catalytic properties. Among the analogs synthesized, cyclic GDP-ribose is highly resistant to hydrolysis, while cyclic IDP-ribose can be readily hydrolyzed by CD38, a bifunctional enzyme involved in the metabolism of cADPR. These unique properties of the analogs can be used to develop fluorimetric assays for monitoring separately the cyclization and hydrolytic reactions catalyzed by the metabolic enzymes of cADPR. The convenience of the method in measuring kinetic parameters, pH-dependence, and modulator activity of the metabolic enzymes of cADPR is illustrated.
Anterior mesendoderm induces mouse Engrailed genes in explant cultures (1993)

We have developed germ layer explant culture assays to study the role of mesoderm in anterior-posterior (A-P) patterning of the mouse neural plate. Using isolated explants of ectodermal tissue alone, we have demonstrated that the expression of Engrailed-1 (En-1) and En-2 genes in ectoderm is independent of mesoderm by the mid- to late streak stage, at least 12 hours before their onset of expression in the neural tube in vivo at the early somite stage. In recombination explants, anterior mesendoderm from headfold stage embryos induces the expression of En-1 and En-2 in pre- to early streak ectoderm and in posterior ectoderm from headfold stage embryos. In contrast, posterior mesendoderm from embryos of the same stage does not induce En genes in pre- to early streak ectoderm but is able to induce expression of a general neural marker, neurofilament 160 x 10(3) M(r). These results provide the first direct evidence for a role of mesendoderm in induction and regionalization of neural tissue in mouse.
Antisolvent Crystallization of Poorly Water Soluble Drugs (2013)

The enhancement in bioavailability of the drugs is one of the most important concerning aspects of the pharmaceutical industries. Preparation of nanoparticles or microparticles of these drugs is the newest formulation strategies. The size and morphology of a drug are affecting several essential pharmaceutical properties. In general, the drug delivery system needs narrow particle size distribution with regular particle shape, particularly, an engineered drug particles to meet biopharmaceutical and processing needs. An antisolvent crystallization technique is being used to prepare nanoparticles or microparticles for poorly water soluble drugs at research scale. This method has an ability to change the solid-state properties of pharmaceutical substances including the modification of crystal formation and particle size distributions. Therefore, various operating variables and their effect on the particle size of poorly water soluble drugs in an anti-solvent crystallization have been reviewed.
Nonviral Gene Therapy: The Promise of Genes as Pharmaceutical Products (1995)

Although most research on gene therapy has focused on the use of recombinant viruses to deliver genes to cells in vivo, progress also has been made toward developing nonviral, pharmaceutical formulations of genes for in vivo human therapy. Various methods for nonviral gene therapy have been proposed. Some approaches are aimed at developing "artificial viruses" that attempt to mimic the process of viral infection using synthetic materials. Others apply the theory and methods of advanced, particulate drug delivery to deliver DNA to select somatic targets. These approaches employ DNA complexes containing lipid, protein, peptide, or polymeric carriers as well as ligands capable of targeting the DNA complex to cell-surface receptors on the target cell and ligands for directing the intracellular trafficking of DNA to the nucleus. Nonviral systems have been used to deliver genes to the lung, liver, endothelium, epithelium, and tumor cells and have been shown to be generally safe. More than a dozen clinical trials are currently underway using nonviral systems for disease indications including cystic fibrosis and cancer. Future advances in nonviral systems will be based on an emerging appreciation of the biological constraints on the fate and function of DNA within the body and within the cell.
Novel Processing of Silicon Oxycarbide Ceramic Foams (1999)

Cellular ceramics are the material of choice in various high temperature technological applications and new applications are now being found in the electronic and biomedical area. Paolo Colombo here describes a new direct foaming approach that allows the production of SiOC foams in a one-step process. Additionally, a great versatility in terms of foam morphology and possible shapes enables the synthesis of materials with tailored composition and properties.
Differential localization of Mox-1 and Mox-2 proteins indicates distinct roles during development (1996)

Transcript localizations for Mox genes have implicated this homeobox gene subfamily in the early steps of mesoderm formation. We have extended these studies by determining the protein expression profile of Mox-1 and Mox-2 during mouse development. The time of onset of Mox protein expression has been accurately obtained to provide clues as to their roles during gastrulation. Expression of Mox-1 protein is first detected in the newly formed mesoderm of primitive streak stage mouse embryos (7.5 days post-coitum, d.p.c.). In contrast, Mox-2 protein is first detected at 9.0 d.p.c. in thr already formed somites. Additionally, immunostaining reveals new and distinct areas of Mox expression in the branchial arches and limbs that were not reported in our previous mRNA localization analysis. Mouse Mox-2 antibodies cross-react specifically in similar embryonic tissues in chick indicating the conservation of function of Mox genes in vertebrates. These expression data suggest that the Mox genes function transiently in the formation of mesodermal and mesenchymal derivatives, after their initial specification, but before their overt differentiation. Furthermore, while there appears to be some overlap in protein expression between Mox-1 and Mox-2 during somitogenesis, unique areas of expression indicate several distinct roles for the Mox genes during development.
Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced in vitro angiogenesis and plasminogen activator expression are dependent on endogenous basic fibroblast growth factor (1997)

Induction of in vitro angiogenesis and upregulation of urokinase- and tissue type-plasminogen activator (uPA, tPA) expression are two hallmarks of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity on cultured endothelial cells. We report here that neutralizing antibodies to basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) inhibit VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis in bovine microvascular endothelial (BME) cells. Analysis of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) expression revealed no alteration in VEGFR-2 mRNA or total protein in anti-bFGF antibody-treated BME or bovine aortic endothelial (BAE) cells. Ethidium bromide/agarose gel electrophoresis on the cytosolic fraction of BME cells revealed a basal level of fragmented DNA that was increased by anti-bFGF antibodies to an extent not exceeding that observed in parallel cultures incubated with concentrations of transforming growth factor-ss1 that increase VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis. In both BME and BAE cells, antibodies to bFGF also decreased basal levels of cell-associated uPA activity, and completely blocked the VEGF-mediated increase in uPA and tPA expression observed in parallel cultures incubated with VEGF alone. In contrast, PA inhibitor-1 expression was strongly upregulated in BME and BAE cells incubated with antibodies to bFGF, either alone or in combination with VEGF. These findings demonstrate that: (1) VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis and PA expression are dependent on endogenous bFGF, (2) that this phenomenon is not mediated by a decrease in VEGFR-2 expression and that apoptosis does not necessarily correlate with inhibition of invasion, and (3) that inhibition of endogenous bFGF in VEGF-treated cells results in a net antiproteolytic (and possibly also anti-adherent) effect, which could account in part for the inhibitory effect of the anti-bFGF antibodies. These findings point to a novel and unsuspected role for endogenous bFGF in regulating VEGF-induced in vitro angiogenesis.
Recovery of cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea viruses from cDNA constructs (1997)

Free access1 February 1997 Share on Recovery of cytopathogenic and noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea viruses from cDNA constructsAuthors: G Meyers, N Tautz, P Becher, H J Thiel, B M KümmererAuthors Info & AffiliationsDOI: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.71.2.1735-1735.1997 PDF/EPUB
Genetically Engineered Particulate Virus-Like Structures and Their Use as Vaccine Delivery Systems (1996)

The Orbivirus genus within the family Reoviridae consists of nonenveloped architecturally complex viruses. The icosahedral viruses are 810 A diameter in size and are comprised of two protein shells containing seven proteins (VP1-VP7), surrounding a genome of ten double-stranded RNA segments. The prototype virus, bluetongue virus (BTV), is the etiological agent of a disease that can reach epidemic proportions among sheep and cattle. To develop highly protective virus-like particles, we have developed novel baculovirus multigene expression vector systems which have allowed us to coexpress three, four or five BTV genes from single recombinant vectors. The resultant particulate structures resemble BTV virus-like and subvirus-like particles which are structurally and immunologically indistinguishable from the BTV, and preliminary clinical trials have verified this vaccines safety and efficacy. Unlike live virus vaccines, VLPs are noninfectious and lack virus (or other) DNA/RNA required for replication. VLPs do not replicate in host cells. However, sheep trials have shown that VLPs are more immunogenic than subunit vaccines (viral proteins), or viruses killed by chemical inactivation. In addition, they are effective at eliciting humoral, cell-mediated and mucosal immunities. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are safe to produce and handle. The baculovirus vector and host cells used to make VLPs do not come from mammalian sources (hence they do not contain mammalian-derived pathogens). The multicomponent VLPs have also been utilized as vaccine delivery systems for multiple immunogens including B and T cell epitopes. The expression system described here is a tool which may have a range of applications in industries employing biotechnology to produce vaccines, insecticides, diagnostic and protein reagents.