gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sugar Absorption in the Intestine: The Role of GLUT2 (2008)

Intestinal glucose absorption comprises two components. One is classical active absorption mediated by the Na+/glucose cotransporter. The other is a diffusive component, formerly attributed to paracellular flow. Recent evidence, however, indicates that the diffusive component is mediated by the transient insertion of glucose transporter type 2 (GLUT2) into the apical membrane. This apical GLUT2 pathway of intestinal sugar absorption is present in species from insect to human, providing a major route at high sugar concentrations. The pathway is regulated by rapid trafficking of GLUT2 to the apical membrane induced by glucose during assimilation of a meal. Apical GLUT2 is therefore a target for multiple short-term and long-term nutrient-sensing mechanisms. These include regulation by a newly recognized pathway of calcium absorption through the nonclassical neuroendocrine l-type channel Cav1.3 operating during digestion, activation of intestinal sweet taste receptors by natural sugars and artificial sweeteners, paracrine and endocrine hormones, especially insulin and GLP-2, and stress. Permanent apical GLUT2, resulting in increased sugar absorption, is a characteristic of experimental diabetes and of insulin-resistant states induced by fructose and fat. The nutritional consequences of apical and basolateral GLUT2 regulation are discussed in the context of Western diet, processed foods containing artificial sweeteners, obesity, and diabetes.
Efficient second-harmonic conversion of cw single-frequency Nd:YAG laser light by frequency locking to a monolithic ring frequency doubler (1991)

Efficient second-harmonic conversion of the 1064-nm output of a diode-pumped cw single-frequency Nd:YAG laser to 532 nm was obtained by frequency locking the laser to a monolithic ring resonator constructed of magnesium-oxide-doped lithium niobate. The conversion efficiency from the fundamental to the second harmonic was 65%. Two hundred milliwatts of cw single-frequency 532-nm light were produced from 310 mW of power of 1064-nm light. This represents a conversion efficiency of 20% from the 1-W diode laser used to pump the Nd:YAG laser to single-frequency 532-nm output. No signs of degradation of the 532-nm power or photo-refractive damage in the crystal were observed for over 500 h of operation of the system at green output powers greater than 100 mW.
Neuronal system-dependent facilitation of tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth by calcitonin gene-related peptide (2008)

A neuropeptide, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is widely distributed in neuronal systems and exhibits numerous biological activities. Using CGRP-knockout mice (CGRP(-/-)), we examined whether or not endogenous CGRP facilitates angiogenesis indispensable to tumor growth. CGRP increased tube formation by endothelial cells in vitro and enhanced sponge-induced angiogenesis in vivo. Tumor growth and tumor-associated angiogenesis in CGRP(-/-) implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells were significantly reduced compared with those in wild-type (WT) mice. A CGRP antagonist, CGRP8-37 or denervation of sciatic nerves (L(1-5)) suppressed LLC growth in the sites of denervation compared with vehicle infusion or sham operation. CGRP precursor mRNA levels in the dorsal root ganglion in LLC-bearing WT were increased compared with those in non-LLC-bearing mice. This increase was abolished by denervation. The expression of VEGF in tumor stroma was down-regulated in CGRP(-/-). These results indicate that endogenous CGRP facilitates tumor-associated angiogenesis and tumor growth and suggest that relevant CGRP may be derived from neuronal systems including primary sensory neurons and may become a therapeutic target for cancers.
Intact and top-down characterization of biomolecules and direct analysis using infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization coupled to FT-ICR mass spectrometry (2008)

We report the implementation of an infrared laser onto our previously reported matrix-assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (MALDESI) source with ESI post-ionization yielding multiply charged peptides and proteins. Infrared (IR)-MALDESI is demonstrated for atmospheric pressure desorption and ionization of biological molecules ranging in molecular weight from 1.2 to 17 kDa. High resolving power, high mass accuracy single-acquisition Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectra were generated from liquid- and solid-state peptide and protein samples by desorption with an infrared laser (2.94 mum) followed by ESI post-ionization. Intact and top-down analysis of equine myoglobin (17 kDa) desorbed from the solid state with ESI post-ionization demonstrates the sequencing capabilities using IR-MALDESI coupled to FT-ICR mass spectrometry. Carbohydrates and lipids were detected through direct analysis of milk and egg yolk using both UV- and IR-MALDESI with minimal sample preparation. Three of the four classes of biological macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids) have been ionized and detected using MALDESI with minimal sample preparation. Sequencing of O-linked glycans, cleaved from mucin using reductive beta-elimination chemistry, is also demonstrated.
Somatic activation of oncogenic Kras in hematopoietic cells initiates a rapidly fatal myeloproliferative disorder (2003)

RAS mutations are common in myeloid malignancies; however, it is not known whether oncogenic RAS can initiate leukemia. We show that expressing mutant K-Ras(G12D) protein from the endogenous murine locus rapidly induces a fatal myeloproliferative disorder with 100% penetrance characterized by tissue infiltration, hypersensitivity to growth factors, and hyperproliferation. Hematopoietic cells from diseased mice demonstrated increased levels of Ras-GTP, but effector kinases were not constitutively phosphorylated and responded normally to growth factors. Oncogenic RAS is sufficient to initiate myeloid leukemogenesis in mice, and this provides an in vivo system for biologic and preclinical studies.
Action pattern and substrate specificity of the hyaluronan lyase from group B streptococci (2000)

The hyaluronan lyase of group B streptococci rapidly cleaves hyaluronan by an elimination mechanism to yield the unsaturated disaccharide 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-(beta-D-gluco-4-enepyranosyluronic acid)-D-glucose. Additionally, it has been shown that the enzyme has limited specificity for achondroitin sulphate and cleaves the chain at unsulphated sites [Baker,Yu, Morrison, Averett and Pritchard (1997) Biochem. J. 327,65-71]. In the present extension of that study it was found that 6-sulphated regions of chondroitin sulphate are also susceptible to cleavage by this hyaluronan lyase. Of the four 6- and/or 4-sulphated tetrasaccharides which can be isolated from testicular hyaluronidase digests of chondroitin sulphate, only those two tetrasaccharides with a6-sulphated disaccharide at the reducing end were cleaved. From thisand other data, a model is proposed for the cleavage specificity of hyaluronan lyase on a chondroitin sulphate. Evidence is presented in support of an action pattern for hyaluronan lyase which involves aninitial random endolytic cleavage followed by rapid exolytic and processive release of unsaturated disaccharide. Since the on lyoligosaccharides which tend to accumulate in near-complete digests of hyaluronan are unsaturated, it is argued that the processive cleavage occurs from the non-reducing to the reducing end of a hyaluronan chain. This detailed knowledge of substrate specificity contributes to our understanding of the enzyme's role in Group B streptococcal pathogenesis. In addition, the hyaluronan lyase may find application in sequence studies of chondroitin sulphates.
Interactions of corneal cells with transforming growth factor β2‐modified poly dimethyl siloxane surfaces (2003)

The downgrowth of corneal epithelial cells at the interface of an artificial cornea and the host eye tissue poses a significant problem to be overcome in developing a successful implant. As a means of inhibiting the proliferation of corneal epithelial cells on the stromal surface of the implant, we examined the immobilization of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta2) via a bifunctional poly ethylene glycol (PEG) spacer to poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS) surfaces. Growth factor immobilization was confirmed by modification with (125)I-labeled TGF-beta 2. The modified surfaces were also characterized by advancing water contact angles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Although the amount of growth factor covalently bound to the surface was difficult to quantify apparently due to strong interactions between the growth factor and the PEG layer and high levels of adsorption, differences in the modified surfaces, suggestive of the presence of a significant amount of TGF-beta 2, were found. In vitro interactions of the modified surfaces with human corneal epithelial and stromal cells were examined. Growth factor surface concentrations as well as culture in the absence and presence of serum and other adhesive proteins were examined. Corneal stromal and epithelial cells cultured on the TGF-beta 2-modified surfaces consistently gave results opposite to those expected. Likely, the most notable and surprising result was the almost complete lack of adhesion of the stromal cells, with coverage averaging between 3 and 5%. In comparison, corneal epithelial cell growth appeared to be promoted by the presence of the immobilized growth factor, with cell coverage averaging 50-60% at 7 days of culture. A TGF-beta 2 concentration effect was noted with both cell types in the absence of serum, with increases in the coverage at higher TGF-beta 2 concentrations. The observed cell growth appeared to be the result of interactions between the cells and active growth factor, because the addition of anti-TGF-beta 2 to the culture medium reduced cell coverage to levels similar to those noted on control surfaces. Therefore, although TGF-beta 2-modified surfaces may not be suitable as corneal epithelial cell inhibiting surfaces, interactions of surface immobilized growth factor and corneal cells are complex and should be further examined.
Apoptosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their targets. (1992)

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been useful not only in understanding immune responses but also in providing valuable insights into the biology and mechanism of apoptosis. In this article two examples of apoptosis directly related to cytotoxic T lymphocyte biology are discussed. These are apoptosis of activated cytotoxic T cells as a result of antigen clearance and subsequent growth factor deprivation and apoptosis of target cells following interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
Identification, Quantification, and Relative Concentrations of Carotenoids and Their Metabolites in Human Milk and Serum (1997)

Thirty-four carotenoids, including 13 geometrical isomers and eight metabolites, in breast milk and serum of three lactating mothers have been separated, identified, quantified, and compared by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-photodiode array (PDA) detection-mass spectrometry (MS). Among the metabolites were two oxidation products of lycopene and four of lutein/ zeaxanthin. In addition, two metabolites of lutein, formed as a result of dehydration of this dihydroxycarotenoid under acidic conditions similar to those of the stomach, have also been identified in plasma and breast milk. The oxidative metabolites of lycopene with a novel five-membered-ring end group have been identified as epimeric 2,6-cyclolycopene-1,5-diols by comparison of their HPLC-UV/visible-MS profiles with those of fully characterized (1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy) synthetic compounds. The HPLC procedures employed also detected vitamin A, two forms of vitamin E (gamma- and alpha-tocopherol), and two non-carotenoid food components, i.e., piperine and caffeine, in serum and breast milk.
Movement-Based Location Update and Selective Paging for PCS Networks (1996)

This paper introduces a mobility tracking mechanism that combines a movement-based location update policy with a selective paging scheme. Movement-based location update is selected for its simplicity. It does not require each mobile terminal to store information about the arrangement and the distance relationship of all cells. In fact, each mobile terminal only keeps a counter of the number of cells visited. A location update is performed when this counter exceeds a predefined threshold value. This scheme allows the dynamic selection of the movement threshold on a per-user basis. This is desirable as different users may have very different mobility patterns. Selective paging reduces the cost for locating a mobile terminal in the expense of an increase in the paging delay. In this paper, we propose a selective paging scheme which significantly decreases the location tracking cost under a small increase in the allowable paging delay. We will introduce an analytical model for the proposed...
Clinical Trials of Cefprozil for Treatment of Skin and Skin-Structure Infections: Review (1992)

Limitations of currently used antimicrobial agents for the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections (e.g., increased resistance to penicillin and erythromycin and inconvenient dosing schedules) have led to an adjustment in the kinds of antimicrobial agents prescribed for these diseases. Three recently completed clinical studies have demonstrated some therapeutic advantages of cefprozil, a new broad-spectrum oral cephalosporin, over cefaclor and erythromycin in the treatment of skin and skin-structure infections. Specifically, cefprozil offers clinical efficacy equivalent to those of cefaclor and erythromycin both at lower total doses and on a less frequent dosing schedule (once or twice daily vs. three to four times daily). The advantage of once-daily or twice-daily dosing with cefprozil may contribute to patient convenience and compliance.
Polyethylene wear in knee arthroplasty (1992)

Division of Orthopedics. Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA and *Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden Correspondence: Stuart Goodman, MD, Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room R 171, Stanford, CA 94305-5326, USA. Tel + l a 1 5 723 7072. Fax + 1 4 5 723 9805 Submitted 92-04-04. Accepted 92-04-08
Development of a mobility assist for the paralyzed, amputee, and spastic patient (2002)

An exoskeleton system is being developed to aid in the mobilization of walking-impaired patients. New approaches to personal robotic assists have solved many classic problems with weight, power, endurance, and cost. A versatile platform of development allows for many variations and applications including mobility assist for the paralyzed, amputee, and spastic patient (MAPAS). A variety of strap on supports and braces are used, depending on the magnitude of the forces required. The MAPAS system utilizes compressed gas to power the main force producing elements, or muscles. Pneumatic muscles are used to provide controllable joint torque with moderate levels of pressure. These muscles are mounted to the brace, providing pull-only torque to joints. The MAPAS control system features interpreted joint mapping. The function of each leg joint is primarily directed through the output of a finger joint sensor. A six to eight sensor hand goniometer provides the system with user input. Higher control features actuated by on-board intelligent devices enable finger joint inputs to be enhanced providing balance, gait anticipation, fault-recovery, and spasm signature compensation. Ambient pressure levels of on-board reservoirs can be changed to suit changing environments ranging from heavily loaded amputee walking up stairs to the slight correction of a mild spasm. The entire system is portable with on-board batteries, compressed air reservoirs, intelligent algorithms, and goniometric sensors.
Hot Electron Reduction at Etched n‐Si/Pt Thin Film Electrodes (1994)

Hot electron reduction of iron ferricyanide was observed at room temperature using thin Pt films on n‐Si (111) and n‐Si (100) substrates. The average Schottky barrier heights on both (111) and (100), as measured by open‐circuit space‐charge capacitance measurements, were , for Pt film thickness from 100 to 700 Å. Below 100 Å the barrier height increased slightly with thickness. All Tafel slopes were 60 mV/decade. At HF etched n‐Si (111) surfaces, the exchange current for electron transfer was determined as a function of Pt film thickness using 0.3M each potassium, pH 6.0. The exchange current declined from Pt. For Si (111), the energy parameter, δ, varied from at zero thickness to and remained constant to 700 Å signifying fully cooled electrons for such thicker films. For Si (100), δ varied from at zero thickness to and remained constant. For both (111) and (110), the large magnitude of δ for the thinnest films indicates the major cooling occurs at the Pt/n‐Si interface rather than within the Pt film.
Japan AFM roadmap 2006 (2007)

This article reviews recent progress in Japan in the techniques and applications of dynamic mode atomic force microscopy (AFM), specifically focusing on three topics: (1) mechanical discrimination of intermixed two-atom species and their manipulation by frequency modulation (FM) AFM under ultrahigh vacuum; (2) sub-molecular and atomic-resolution imaging in liquids by FM-AFM; and (3) high-speed imaging of biological macromolecules in solution by amplitude modulation (AM) AFM. After reviewing the state of the art of these high-performance AFMs and various techniques that have enabled them, we present future prospects for these AFMs and for technological innovations that will be led by them. These prospects are given from the viewpoint of Japanese groups that have been involved in these three topics.
Regression with Phrase Indicators for Estimating MT Quality (2012)

We in this paper describe the regression system for our participation in the quality estimation task of WMT12. This paper focuses on exploiting special phrases, or word sequences, to estimate translation quality. Several feature templates on this topic are put forward subsequently. We train a SVM regression model for predicting the scores and numerical results show the effectiveness of our phrase indicators and method in both ranking and scoring tasks. 1
Allium Chemistry:  Synthesis, Natural Occurrence, Biological Activity, and Chemistry of Se-Alk(en)ylselenocysteines and Their γ-Glutamyl Derivatives and Oxidation Products (2000)

Syntheses are reported for gamma-glutamyl Se-methylselenocysteine (Sa), selenolanthionine (16), Se-1-propenylselenocysteine (Gd), Se-2-methyl-2-propenyl-L-selenocysteine (6e), and Se-2-propynyl-L-selenocysteine (6f). Oxidation of 8a and Se-methylselenocysteine (Ga) gives methaneseleninic acid (24), characterized by X-ray crystallography, and dimethyl diselenide (25). Oxidation of Se-2-propenyl-L-selenocysteine (6c) gives allyl alcohol and 3-seleninoalanine (22). Compound 22 is also formed on oxidation of 16 and selenocystine (4). Oxidation of 6d gives 2-[(E,Z)-1-propenylseleno]propanal (36). These oxidations occur by way of selenoxides, detected by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The natural occurrence of many of the Se-alk(en)ylselenocysteines and their gamma-glutamyl derivatives and oxidation products is discussed. Three homologues of the potent cancer chemoprevention agents 6a and 6c, namely 6d-f, were evaluated for effects on cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and DNA-damaging activity using two murine mammary epithelial cell lines. Although each compound displays a unique profile of activity, none of these compounds (Gd-f) is likely to exceed the chemopreventive efficacy of selenocysteine Se-conjugates Ga and 6c.
<title>Registration of head volume images using implantable fiducial markers</title> (1997)

In this paper, we describe an extrinsic point-based, interactive image-guided neurosurgical system designed at Vanderbilt University as part of a collaborative effort among the departments of neurological surgery, computer science, and biomedical engineering. Multimodal image-to- image and image-to-physical registration is accomplished using implantable markers. Physical space tracking is accomplished with optical triangulation. We investigate the theoretical accuracy of point-based registration using numerical simulations, the experimental accuracy of our system using data obtained with a phantom, and the clinical accuracy of our system using data acquired in a prospective clinical trial by six neurosurgeons at four medical centers from 158 patients undergoing craniotomies to resect cerebral lesions. We can determine the position of our markers with an error of approximately 0.4 mm in x-ray computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images and 0.3 mm in physical space. The theoretical registration error using four such markers distributed around the head in a configuration that is clinically practical is approximately 0.5 - 0.6 mm. The mean CT-physical registration error for the phantom experiments is 0.5 mm and for the clinical data obtained with rigid head fixation during scanning is 0.7 mm. The mean CT-MR registration error for the clinical data obtained without rigid head fixation during scanning is 1.4 mm, which is the highest mean error that we observed. These theoretical and experimental findings indicate that this system is an accurate navigational aid that can provide real-time feedback to the surgeon about anatomical structures encountered in the surgical field.
The Effect of Dietary ω-3 Fatty Acids on Coronary Atherosclerosis (1999)

Dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids modestly mitigates the course of coronary atherosclerosis in humans.
Identification of a myocyte nuclear factor that binds to the muscle-specific enhancer of the mouse muscle creatine kinase gene. (1989)

The muscle creatine kinase (MCK) gene is transcriptionally induced when skeletal muscle myoblasts differentiate into myocytes. The gene contains two muscle-specific enhancer elements, one located 1,100 nucleotides (nt)5' of the transcriptional start site and one located in the first intron. We have used gel mobility shift assays to characterize the trans-acting factors that interact with a region of the MCK gene containing the 5' enhancer. MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear extracts contain a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor which recognizes a site within a 110-nt fragment of the MCK enhancer region shown to be sufficient for enhancer function. Preparative mobility shift gels were combined with DNase I footprinting to determine the site of binding within the 110-nt fragment. Site-directed mutagenesis within the footprinted region produced a 110-nt fragment which did not bind the myocyte factor in vitro. The mutant fragment had about 25-fold-less activity as a transcriptional enhancer in myocytes than did the wild-type fragment. Complementary oligomers containing 21 base pairs spanning the region protected from DNase degradation were also specifically bound by MM14 and C2C12 myocyte nuclear factors. The oligomer-binding activity was not found in nuclear extracts from the corresponding myoblasts, in nuclear extracts from a variety of nonmuscle cell types (including differentiation-defective MM14-DD1 cells and 10T1/2 mesodermal stem cells), or in cytoplasmic extracts. Both the 5' and intron 1 enhancer-containing fragments competed for factors that bind the oligomer probe, while total mouse genomic DNA and several DNA fragments containing viral and cellular enhancers did not. Interestingly, a 5' MCK proximal promoter fragment that also contains muscle-specific positive regulatory elements did not compete for factor binding to the oligomer. We have designated the factor which interacts with the two MCK enhancers myocyte-specific enhancer-binding nuclear factor 1 (MEF 1). A consensus for binding sites in muscle-specific regulatory regions is proposed.