gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biocatalytic Route to Sugar-PEG-Based Polymers for Drug Delivery Applications (2011)

Sugar-PEG-based polymers were synthesized by enzymatic copolymerization of 4-C-hydroxymethyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-threo-pentofuranose/4-C-hydroxymethyl-1,2-O-benzylidene-β-L-threo-pentofuranose/4-C-hydroxymethyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-3-O-pentyl-β-L-threo-pentofuranose with PEG-600 dimethyl ester using Novozyme-435 (Candida antarctica lipase immobilized on polyacrylate). Carbohydrate monomers were obtained by the multistep synthesis starting from diacetone-D-glucose and PEG-600 dimethyl ester, which was in turn obtained by the esterification of the commercially available PEG-600 diacid. Aggregation studies on the copolymers revealed that in aqueous solution those polymers bearing the hydrophobic pentyl/benzylidene moiety spontaneously self-assembled into supramolecular aggregates. The critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of polymers was determined by surface tension measurements, and the precise size of the aggregates was obtained by dynamic light scattering. The polymeric aggregates were further explored for their drug encapsulation properties in buffered aqueous solution of pH 7.4 (37 °C) using nile red as a hydrophobic model compound by means of UV/vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. There was no significant encapsulation in polymer synthesized from 4-C-hydroxymethyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-β-L-threo-pentofuranose because this sugar monomer does not contain a big hydrophobic moiety as the pentyl or the benzylidene moiety. Nile red release study was performed at pH 5.0 and 7.4 using fluorescence spectroscopy. The release of nile red from the polymer bearing benzylidene moiety and pentyl moiety was observed with a half life of 3.4 and 2.0 h, respectively at pH 5.0, whereas no release was found at pH 7.4.
A Lysoganglioside/Poly-L-glutamic Acid Conjugate as a Picomolar Inhibitor of Influenza Hemagglutinin (1998)

Based on the principle of a multivalent interaction, the amphiphilic polymer 1, present in solution as an aggregate (see below right), is able to inhibit infection with the influenza virus. After recognition of a specific sialyllactose epitope through hemaglutinin (HA) on the virus surface, the sphingosine residues and the fluorescent tag form a stable complex with HA through hydrophobic interactions. Polymer 1 shows in vitro inhibitory activity 10<sup>6</sup> -fold greater than that of sialyllactose. PGA=polyglutamic acid.
The therapeutic potential of the filarial nematode-derived immunodulator, ES-62 in inflammatory disease (2009)

The dramatic recent rise in the incidence of allergic or autoimmune inflammatory diseases in the West has been proposed to reflect the lack of appropriate priming of the immune response by infectious agents such as parasitic worms during childhood. Consistent with this, there is increasing evidence supporting an inverse relationship between worm infection and T helper type 1/17 (Th1/17)-based inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Perhaps more surprisingly, given that such worms often induce strong Th2-type immune responses, there also appears to be an inverse correlation between parasite load and atopy. These findings therefore suggest that the co-evolution of helminths with hosts, which has resulted in the ability of worms to modulate inflammatory responses to promote parasite survival, has also produced the benefit of protecting the host from pathological lesions arising from aggressive proinflammatory responses to infection or, indeed, aberrant inflammatory responses underlying autoimmune and allergic disorders. By focusing upon the properties of the filarial nematode-derived immunomodulatory molecule, ES-62, in this review we shall discuss the potential of exploiting the immunomodulatory products of parasitic worms to identify and develop novel therapeutics for inflammation.
Comparison of the postoperative analgesic efficacy of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with tramadol to intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with opioids (2011)

IVPCA tramadol appears to produce similar pain scores when compared with that from IVPCA opioids; however, the side effect profile is different between the two groups. Because of the relatively small sample size, no determination of the relative "safety" (eg, respiratory depression) of one regimen over the other can be made, and larger RCTs would be needed for such a determination.
A Possibility of Applying Differential Digital Holography in Manufacturing Process (2006)

This paper presents a method for detecting the small changes in image patterns applied on ceramic tiles using differential digital holography. Holograms are constructed from tile images using composition of spherical waves. One hologram is created from ceramic tile with correct pattern and the other hologram is created from tile with small error in pattern. The two holograms are subtracted and resulting hologram is observed. Next step in the process is creating image from subtracted holograms. The results show that for small change in the tile pattern there is a great alteration in the hologram and reconstructed image. The experiment is repeated with different tile errors in patterns.
Elevated concentrations of cardiac troponins are associated with severe coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic haemodialysis patients (2004)

Elevated concentrations of cTnT and cTnI, but not BNP or CK-MB, were independently associated with the degree of severity of CAC in asymptomatic haemodialysis patients.
In situ calibration of implanted electrochemical glucose sensors. (1989)

A feasible and reliable method of in situ checking and calibration of implanted glucose sensors is required to compensate for alterations in the overall sensitivity of the "sensor plus subcutaneous fluid glucose compartment" system. In a study on nondiabetic dogs, the linear regression analysis of paired plasma glucose/sensor current data is validated as a potential basis of recalibration of intracorporal glucose sensors. These sensors were amperometric glucose oxidase/hydrogen peroxide electrodes of which the in vitro response time to square alterations in the ambient glucose concentration T95 was less than 5 min. The method presented may be incorporated into the data handling system of portable glucose monitors or of miniaturized artificial beta-cells. For its performance, no steady state glycaemia but a minimum alteration in the intracorporal glucose concentration is needed. The latter can be provided both by tests or by fluctuations as they occur spontaneously during the course of the day.
Antagonistic Interaction between Abscisic Acid and Jasmonate-Ethylene Signaling Pathways Modulates Defense Gene Expression and Disease Resistance in Arabidopsis (2004)

The plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene are involved in diverse plant processes, including the regulation of gene expression during adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Previously, ABA has been implicated in enhancing disease susceptibility in various plant species, but currently very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon. In this study, we obtained evidence that a complex interplay between ABA and JA-ethylene signaling pathways regulate plant defense gene expression and disease resistance. First, we showed that exogenous ABA suppressed both basal and JA-ethylene-activated transcription from defense genes. By contrast, ABA deficiency as conditioned by the mutations in the ABA1 and ABA2 genes, which encode enzymes involved in ABA biosynthesis, resulted in upregulation of basal and induced transcription from JA-ethylene responsive defense genes. Second, we found that disruption of AtMYC2 (allelic to JASMONATE INSENSITIVE1 [JIN1]), encoding a basic helix-loop-helix Leu zipper transcription factor, which is a positive regulator of ABA signaling, results in elevated levels of basal and activated transcription from JA-ethylene responsive defense genes. Furthermore, the jin1/myc2 and aba2-1 mutants showed increased resistance to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Finally, using ethylene and ABA signaling mutants, we showed that interaction between ABA and ethylene signaling is mutually antagonistic in vegetative tissues. Collectively, our results indicate that the antagonistic interactions between multiple components of ABA and the JA-ethylene signaling pathways modulate defense and stress responsive gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
Autosomal recessive inheritance of airway hyperreactivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine (1989)

We have previously reported that airway hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in A/J and C3H/HeJ mice and the progeny of crosses between them (FASEB J. 2: 2605-2608, 1988). In the present report, we have extended these studies by evaluating the biological variability in the airway response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and ACh among multiple genetically standardized inbred strains of mice. The pattern of airway responsiveness to ACh differed significantly from that of 5-HT in nine inbred strains of mice. A/J mice showed nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness to both 5-HT and ACh. DBA/2J mice were hyperresponsive to 5-HT but not to ACh. An airway phenotype that resembled these inbred strains is termed HYPERREACTIVE. The C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J inbred strains were minimally reactive to either ACh or 5-HT. Airway phenotypes that resembled these minimally reactive strains are termed HYPOREACTIVE. The frequency of HYPERRACTIVE and HYPOREACTIVE offspring from crosses between A/J and C3H/HeJ mice or DBA/2J and C57BL/6J mice is consistent with a single autosomal recessive gene, primarily determining airway hyperresponsiveness to 5-HT. We report linkage studies which suggest that these genes are not closely linked and that 5-HT and ACh airway hyperresponsiveness is inherited independently. The results of these studies suggest that murine nonspecific airway hyperresponsiveness is determined by multiple genes.
Cell cycle checkpoint signaling through the ATM and ATR kinases (2001)

The genomes of eukaryotic cells are under continuous assault by environmental agents (e.g., UV light and reactive chemicals) as well as the byproducts of normal intracellular metabolism (e.g., reactive oxygen intermediates and inaccurately replicated DNA). Whatever the origin, genetic damage threatens cell survival, and, in metazoans, leads to organ failure, immunodeficiency, cancer, and other pathologic sequelae.
Calcicludine, a venom peptide of the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor family, is a potent blocker of high-threshold Ca2+ channels with a high affinity for L-type channels in cerebellar granule neurons. (1994)

Calcicludine (CaC) is a 60-amino acid polypeptide from the venom of Dendroaspis angusticeps. It is structurally homologous to the Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, to dendrotoxins, which block K+ channels, and to the protease inhibitor domain of the amyloid beta protein that accumulates in Alzheimer disease. Voltage-clamp experiments on a variety of excitable cells have shown that CaC specifically blocks most of the high-threshold Ca2+ channels (L-, N-, or P-type) in the 10-100 nM range. Particularly high densities of specific 125I-labeled CaC binding sites were found in the olfactory bulb, in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the stratum oriens of CA3 field in the hippocampal formation, and in the granular layer of the cerebellum. 125I-labeled CaC binds with a high affinity (Kd = 15 pM) to a single class of noninteracting sites in rat olfactory bulb microsomes. The distribution of CaC binding sites in cerebella of three mutant mice (Weaver, Reeler, and Purkinje cell degeneration) clearly shows that the specific high-affinity labeling is associated with granule cells. Electrophysiological experiments on rat cerebellar granule neurons in primary culture have shown that CaC potently blocks the L-type component of the Ca2+ current (K0.5 = 0.2 nM). Then CaC, in the nanomolar range, appears to be a highly potent blocker of an L-subtype of neuronal Ca2+ channels.
康明斯荣获美国《汽车新闻》杂志2008年度“产品创新奖” (2008)

美国《汽车新闻》杂志日前在底特律举行典礼．颁发2008年度“一级供应商杰出贡献奖”（PACEAWARD）．康明斯公司为克莱斯勒道奇公羊重型皮卡车研制开发的6．7升直列六缸全电控涡轮增压柴油机喜获其中的“产品创新奖”。
Detection of Diffuse Interstellar [O ii ] Emission from the Milky Way Using Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (2006)

Using a newly developed spatial heterodyne spectrometer (SHS), we have obtained the first radial velocity resolved emission-line profiles of diffuse [O II] 3726 and 3729 angstrom emission lines from the warm (10,000 K) ionized component of our Galaxy's interstellar medium. These [O II] lines are a principal coolant for this widespread, photoionized gas and are a potential tracer of variations in the gas temperature resulting from unidentified heating processes that appear to be acting within the Galaxy's disk and halo. By spectrally isolating for the first time Galactic [O II] from atmospheric [O II] emission, we were able to detect interstellar [O II] out to 20 degrees from the Galactic equator with intensities that range from tens of rayleighs near the Galactic plane to less than 1 rayleigh at high Galactic latitudes. The [O II] line profiles clearly show structure indicating emission along the lines of sight from both local and more distant interstellar gas. Comparisons of the [O II] intensities with the intensities of [N II] 6584 angstrom and H-alpha 6563 angstrom observed with WHAM indicate that the observed variations in [N II]/H-alpha and [O II]/H-alpha in the diffuse interstellar gas are consistent with variations in temperature and confirm the value of the [O II] observations as a temperature diagnostic for the WIM.
Phase I study of recombinant gamma-interferon (rIFN-gamma). (1988)

A Phase I study of recombinant gamma-interferon was conducted in 35 patients with advanced malignancy. The schedule was twice weekly administered intravenously. Patients were assigned to six dose levels. The major toxicities were flu-like symptoms and were unrelated to dose. Other adverse reactions, such as myelosuppression, were dose dependent. The addition of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent did not ameliorate the symptoms at the highest dose level. Antitumor effects occurred in patients with gastric, duodenal, and breast carcinoma.
Genetic and biochemical studies of transport systems for branched-chain amino acids in Escherichia coli (1979)

Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 requiring high concentrations of branched-chain amino acids for growth were isolated. One of the mutants was shown to be defective in transport activity for branched-chain amino acids. The locus of the mutation (hrbA) was mapped at 8.9 min on the E. coli genetic map by conjugational and transductional crosses. The gene order of this region is proC-hrbA-tsx. The hrbA system was responsible for the uptake activity of cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. It was not repressed by leucine. The substrate specificities and kinetics of the uptake activities were studied using cytoplasmic membrane vesicles and intact cells of the mutants grown in the presence or absence of leucine. Results showed that there are three transport systems for branched-chain amino acids, LIV-1, -2, and -3. The LIV-2 and -3 transport systems are low-affinity systems, the activities of which are detectable in cytoplasmic membrane vesicles. The systems are inhibited by norleucine but not by threonine. The LIV-2 system is also repressed by leucine. The LIV-1 transport system is a high-affinity system that is sensitive to osmotic shock. When the leucine-isoleucine-valine-threonine-binding protein is derepressed, the high-affinity system can be inhibited by threonine.
Lambda architecture for cost-effective batch and speed big data processing (2015)

Sensor and smart phone technologies present opportunities for data explosion, streaming and collecting from heterogeneous devices every second. Analyzing these large datasets can unlock multiple behaviors previously unknown, and help optimize approaches to city wide applications or societal use cases. However, collecting and handling of these massive datasets presents challenges in how to perform optimized online data analysis `on-the-fly', as current approaches are often limited by capability, expense and resources. This presents a need for developing new methods for data management particularly using public clouds to minimize cost, network resources and on-demand availability. This paper presents an implementation of the lambda architecture design pattern to construct a data-handling backend on Amazon EC2, providing high throughput, dense and intense data demand delivered as services, minimizing the cost of the network maintenance. This paper combines ideas from database management, cost models, query management and cloud computing to present a general architecture that could be applied in any given scenario where affordable online data processing of Big Datasets is needed. The results are presented with a case study of processing router sensor data on the current ESnet network data as a working example of the approach. The results showcase a reduction in cost and argue benefits for performing online analysis and anomaly detection for sensor data.
Deep-sequencing of human Argonaute-associated small RNAs provides insight into miRNA sorting and reveals Argonaute association with RNA fragments of diverse origin (2011)

While several studies have focused on the relationship between individual miRNA loci or classes of small RNA with human Argonaute (AGO) proteins, a comprehensive, global analysis of the RNA content associating with different AGO proteins has yet to be performed. We have compared the content of deep sequenced RNA extracted from immunoprecipitation experiments with the AGO1, AGO2, and AGO3 proteins. Consistent with previous observations, sequence tags derived from miRNA loci globally associate in approximately equivalent amounts with AGO1, AGO2, and AGO3. Exceptions include miR-182, miR-222, and miR-223*, which could be coupled to processes targeting the loci for interaction with specific AGO proteins. A closer inspection of the data, however, supports the presence of an unusual sorting mechanism wherein a subset of miRNA loci give rise to distinct isomirs which preferentially associate with distinct AGO proteins in a significantly differential manner. We also identify the complete set of short RNA derived from non-miRNA sources including tRNA, snRNA, snoRNA, vRNA, and mRNA associating with the AGO proteins, many of which are predicted to play roles in post-transcriptional gene silencing. We also observe enrichment of tags mapping to promoter regions of genes, suggesting that a fraction of the recently-identified promoter-associated small RNAs in humans could function through interaction with AGO proteins. Finally, we observe antisense miRNA transcripts are frequently present in low copy numbers across a range of diverse miRNA loci and these transcripts appear to associate with AGO proteins.
Formation of silicon oxide over gold layers on silicon substrates (1972)

When a single-crystal substrate of silicon is covered with evaporated gold and heated at relatively low temperatures (100–300°C) in an oxidizing atmosphere, a silicon-dioxide layer is readily formed over the gold layer. The mechanism and factors controlling this low-temperature oxide formation have been investigated using backscattering of 2-MeV He+ ions. The oxide layer is nonuniform in thickness and the initial growth of this layer is proportional to (time)1/2. Both oxidizing ambient and orientation of the substrate influence the growth rate, and the amount of gold determines the final thickness of oxide. A model is proposed to explain the oxide-growth mechanism.
Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope (2004)

Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) is used to measure the effective piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of an individual (0001) surface dominated zinc oxide nanobelt lying on a conductive surface. Based on references of bulk (0001) ZnO and x-cut quartz, the effective piezoelectric coefficient d33 of ZnO nanobelt is found to be frequency dependent and varies from 14.3 pm/V to 26.7 pm/V, which is much larger than that of the bulk (0001) ZnO of 9.93 pm/V. The results support the application of ZnO nanobelts as nanosensors and nanoactuators.
Decreased expression of TFPI-2 correlated with increased expression of CD133 in cholangiocarcinoma. (2015)

Our finding suggests that the decreased expression of TFPI-2 may play an important role in the carcinogenesis and progression, and may become a new adjunct marker in the diagnosis and prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma. The expression of TFPI-2 may be inversely correlative with the expression of CD133.
Oligomerization of μ- and δ-Opioid Receptors (2000)

The existence of dimers and oligomers for many G protein-coupled receptors has been described by us and others. Since many G protein-coupled receptor subtypes are highly homologous to each other, we examined whether closely related receptors may interact with each other directly and thus have the potential to create novel signaling units. Using mu- and delta-opioid receptors, we show that each receptor expressed individually was pharmacologically distinct and could be visualized following electrophoresis as monomers, homodimers, homotetramers, and higher molecular mass oligomers. When mu- and delta-opioid receptors were coexpressed, the highly selective synthetic agonists for each had reduced potency and altered rank order, whereas endomorphin-1 and Leu-enkephalin had enhanced affinity, suggesting the formation of a novel binding pocket. No heterodimers were visualized in the membranes coexpressing mu- and delta-receptors by the methods available. However, hetero-oligomers were identified by the ability to co-immunoprecipitate mu-receptors with delta-receptors and vice versa using differentially epitope-tagged receptors. In contrast to the individually expressed mu- and delta-receptors, the coexpressed receptors showed insensitivity to pertussis toxin and continued signal transduction, likely due to interaction with a different subtype of G protein. In this study, we provide, for the first time, evidence for the direct interaction of mu- and delta-opioid receptors to form oligomers, with the generation of novel pharmacology and G protein coupling properties.
NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR MODERN BIOMASS ENERGY CARRIERS (2000)

Biomass is an important energy source for many countries, but its traditional use, involving unsustainable biomass consumption and low conversion efficiencies, has a limited future. Increasing competition among energy companies and energy sources and growing social awareness about environment preservation and sustainable use of natural resources are driving forces for deep changes in the energy sector. In this sense, future prospects for biomass clearly point to modern energy carriers: electricity, liquid and gaseous fuels in substitution to direct use of solid feedstock.