gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Roles of the bundle sheath cells in leaves of C3 plants (2007)

This review considers aspects of the structure and functions of the parenchymatous bundle sheath that surrounds the veins in the leaves of many C(3) plants. It includes a discussion of bundle sheath structure and its related structures (bundle sheath extensions and the paraveinal mesophyll), its relationship to the mestome sheath in some grasses, and its chloroplast content. Its metabolic roles in photosynthesis, carbohydrate synthesis and storage, the import and export of nitrogen and sulphur, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species are discussed and are compared with the role of the bundle sheath in leaves of C(4) plants. Its role as an interface between the vasculature and the mesophyll is considered in relation to the movement of water and assimilates during leaf development, export of photosynthates, and senescence.
High incidence of XXY and XYY males among the offspring of female chimeras from embryonic stem cells. (1995)

Injecting male embryonic stem cells into the blastocoel of female embryos occasionally produces female chimeras capable of transmitting the embryonic stem cell genome. In our experiments several embryonic stem cell-derived male offspring from female chimeras were observed to be infertile. Karyotypic analysis of these infertile animals revealed aneuploidy. We examined the karyotypes of an additional 14 offspring not selected for infertility (3 females and 11 males) that had received the embryonic stem cell genome from 5 transmitting female chimeras. The 3 females and 5 of the males had normal karyotypes. Six of the males exhibited nonmosaic aneuploidy, which included four XXY karyotypes, one XYY karyotype, and an X,i(Y) karyotype. The high incidence of XXY and XYY males supports previous evidence for aberrant pairing and segregation of X and Y chromosomes when they are present in oocytes.
Cross-Class Inhibition of the Cysteine Proteinases Cathepsins K, L, and S by the Serpin Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1:  A Kinetic Analysis (1998)

The human squamous cell carcinoma antigens (SCCA) 1 and 2 are tandemly arrayed genes that encode two high-molecular-weight serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). Although these proteins are 92% identical, differences in their reactive site loops suggest that they inhibit different types of proteinases. Our previous studies show that SCCA2 inhibits chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases [Schick et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1849-1855]. We now show that, unlike SCCA2, SCCA1 lacks inhibitory activity against any of the more common types of serine proteinases but is a potent cross-class inhibitor of the archetypal lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsins K, L, and S. Kinetic analysis revealed that SCCA1 interacted with cathepsins K, L, and S at 1:1 stoichiometry and with second-order rate constants >/= 1 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. These rate constants were comparable to those obtained with the prototypical physiological cysteine proteinase inhibitor, cystatin C. Also relative to cystatin C, SCCA1 was a more potent inhibitor of cathepsin K-mediated elastolytic activity by forming longer lived inhibitor-proteinase complexes. The t1/2 of SCCA1-cathepsin S complexes was >1155 min, whereas that of cystatin C-cathepsin complexes was 55 min. Cleavage between the Gly and Ser residues of the reactive site loop and detection of a stable SCCA1-cathepsin S complex by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that the serpin interacted with the cysteine proteinase in a manner similar to that observed for typical serpin-serine proteinase interactions. These data suggest that, contingent upon their reactive site loop sequences, mammalian serpins, in general, utilize their dynamic tertiary structure to trap proteinases from more than one mechanistic class and that SCCA1, in particular, may be involved in a novel inhibitory pathway aimed at regulating a powerful array of lysosomal cysteine proteinases.
Synthesis of the Arabinose Donor .beta.-D-Arabinofuranosyl-1-monophosphoryldecaprenol, Development of a Basic Arabinosyl-Transferase Assay, and Identification of Ethambutol as an Arabinosyl Transferase Inhibitor (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of the Arabinose Donor .beta.-D-Arabinofuranosyl-1-monophosphoryldecaprenol, Development of a Basic Arabinosyl-Transferase Assay, and Identification of Ethambutol as an Arabinosyl Transferase InhibitorR. E. Lee, K. Mikusova, P. J. Brennan, and G. S. BesraCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 48, 11829–11832Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1995https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00153a002Request reuse permissionsArticle Views951Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of assays for antibody to hepatitis E virus by a serum panel (1998)

Few data are available to evaluate the performance of existing assays for antibody to the hepatitis E virus (anti-HEV). A panel of 164 randomized and coded sera was tested for anti-HEV by 12 different assays. The panel included a dilution series of an early convalescent human serum, known-positive sera (undiluted human sera obtained 2 months to 13 years after acute hepatitis E, and postinoculation chimpanzee sera), known-negative sera (preinoculation chimpanzee sera; sera from chimpanzees with hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, or hepatitis C virus infection; and normal human sera), and sera obtained from previously tested U.S. blood donors without a history of hepatitis. Six tests detected anti-HEV in > or =90% of undiluted known-positive sera. The sensitivity of all of the assays with known-positive sera ranged from 17% to 100%, and the limit of detection by endpoint dilution ranged from 1:5 to 1:160. Ten tests were nonreactive for all of the 22 known-negative sera, one test was reactive for one serum, and one test was reactive for 5 sera. In pairwise comparisons of different tests in blood donor sera, the overall concordance ranged from 49% to 94% (median, 69%) and the concordance among reactive sera ranged from 0% to 89% (median, 32%). Several of these tests performed well in detecting anti-HEV in known positive sera. However, highly discrepant results among U.S. blood donor sera indicate that anti-HEV seroprevalence data in non-HEV-endemic countries may be unreliable and should be interpreted with caution.
Differential subcellular localization of the regulatory T‐cell protein LAG‐3 and the coreceptor CD4 (2010)

CD4 binds to MHC class II molecules and enhances T-cell activation. The CD4-related transmembrane protein LAG-3 (lymphocyte activation gene-3, CD223) binds to the same ligand but inhibits T-cell proliferation. We have previously shown that LAG-3 cell surface expression is tightly regulated by extracellular cleavage in order to regulate its potent inhibitory activity. Given this observation and the contrasting functions of CD4 and LAG-3, we investigated the cell distribution, location and transport of these related cell surface molecules. As expected, the vast majority of CD4 is expressed at the cell surface with minimal intracellular localization, as determined by flow cytometry, immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. In contrast, nearly half the cellular content of LAG-3 is retained in intracellular compartments. This significant intracellular storage of LAG-3 appears to facilitate its rapid translocation to the cell surface following T-cell activation, which was much faster for LAG-3 than CD4. Increased vesicular pH inhibited translocation of both CD4 and LAG-3 to the plasma membrane. While some colocalization of the microtubule organizing center, early/recycling endosomes and secretory lysosomes was observed with CD4, significantly greater colocalization was observed with LAG-3. Analysis of CD4:LAG-3 chimeras suggested that multiple domains may contribute to intracellular retention of LAG-3. Thus, in contrast with CD4, the substantial intracellular storage of LAG-3 and its close association with the microtubule organizing center and recycling endosomes may facilitate its rapid translocation to the cell surface during T-cell activation and help to mitigate T-cell activation.
Uptake and Release of Active Species into and from Microgel Particles (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Microgel Particles Absorption of Small Molecules Absorption of Surfactants Absorption of Polymers and Proteins Absorption of Nanoparticles References
Naturally Occurring NF-&#954;B Inhibitors (2006)

NF-kappaB is a ubiquitous and well-characterised protein responsible for the regulation of complex phenomena, with a pivotal role in controlling cell signalling in the body under certain physiological and pathological conditions. Among other functions, NF-kappaB controls the expression of genes encoding the pro-inflammatory cytokines (e. g., IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, TNF-alpha, etc.), chemokines (e. g., IL-8, MIP-1alpha, MCP1, RANTES, eotaxin, etc.), adhesion molecules (e. g., ICAM, VCAM, E-selectin), inducible enzymes (COX-2 and iNOS), growth factors, some of the acute phase proteins, and immune receptors, all of which play critical roles in controlling most inflammatory processes. Since NF-kappaB represents an important and very attractive therapeutic target for drugs to treat many inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, asthma, and the auto-immune diseases, most attention has been paid in the last decade to the identification of compounds that selectively interfere with this pathway. Recently, a great number of plant-derived substances have been evaluated as possible inhibitors of the NF-kappaB pathway. These include a wide range of compound classess, such as lignans (manassantins, (+)-saucernetin, (-)-saucerneol methyl ether), sesquiterpenes (costunolide, parthenolide, celastrol, celaphanol A), diterpenes (excisanin, kamebakaurin), triterpenes (avicin, oleandrin), polyphenols (resveratrol, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin), etc. In this mini-review we will discuss the medicinal chemistry of these compounds with regards to the NF-kappaB inhibition.
Coordination Chemistry of 3‐Mercapto‐2‐(mercaptomethyl)propanoic Acid (Dihydroasparagusic Acid) with Iron and Nickel (2006)

Abstract The first transition‐metal complexes bearing the natural product dihydroasparagusic acid, (HSCH 2 ) 2 CHCO 2 H, as a ligand are reported. Various coordination modes and nuclearities are demonstrated for the chelating ligand by a series of iron and nickel complexes. Fe 2 [(SCH 2 ) 2 CHCO 2 H](CO) 6 retains carbonyl substitution reactivity typical of Fe 2 (SR) 2 (CO) 6 complexes, yet carboxy coordination to Fe I was unobserved. Coupling of the carboxylic acid with amines yields the corresponding amides Fe 2 [(SCH 2 ) 2 CHC(O)NHR](CO) 6 (R = Et, gly– O – t Bu). Fe 2 [(SCH 2 ) 2 CHCO 2 H](CO) 4 (PMe 3 ) 2 catalyzes H 2 production, but no better than unfunctionalized alkyl dithiolate analogs. Reactions of the ligand with NiCl 2 (dppe) afforded mono‐, di‐, and trinuclear complexes. Noteworthy is Ni 3 [(SCH 2 ) 2 CHCO 2 ] 2 (dppe) 2 , which features an octahedrally coordinated Ni II center linked to a pair of square‐planar Ni II centers. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nanowire‐Based Sensors (2010)

Nanowires are important potential candidates for the realization of the next generation of sensors. They offer many advantages such as high surface-to-volume ratios, Debye lengths comparable to the target molecule, minimum power consumption, and they can be relatively easily incorporated into microelectronic devices. Accordingly, there has been an intensified search for novel nanowire materials and corresponding platforms for realizing single-molecule detection with superior sensing performance. In this work, progress made towards the use of nanowires for achieving better sensing performance is critically reviewed. In particular, various nanowires types (metallic, semiconducting, and insulating) and their employment either as a sensor material or as a template material are discussed. Major obstacles and future steps towards the ultimate nanosensors based on nanowires are addressed.
Phase II Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study of Aflibercept in Patients with Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2012)

Aflibercept showed limited single-agent activity in patients with pretreated MCRC with moderate toxicity. Further study of aflibercept with chemotherapy is ongoing.
Surface modification of colloidal silica (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSurface modification of colloidal silicaRickey D. Badley, Warren T. Ford, Frank J. McEnroe, and Roger A. AssinkCite this: Langmuir 1990, 6, 4, 792–801Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00094a013https://doi.org/10.1021/la00094a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4340Altmetric-Citations186LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Detection of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins A to D by Real-Time Fluorescence PCR Assay (2003)

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most significant pathogens causing nosocomial and community-acquired infections. Among the secreted staphylococcal virulence factors, there is a growing list of enterotoxins which can induce gastroenteric syndrome and toxic shock syndrome. Here, we developed a real-time fluorescence PCR assay (TaqMan PCR) for the detection of genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, C1, and D (SEA, SEB, SEC1, and SED) of S. aureus as well as the mecA gene encoding methicillin resistance and the femB gene as a specific genomic marker for S. aureus. SEA to SED were selected because they are the four classically described enterotoxins of S. aureus and because they were detected by latex agglutination. In order to evaluate the reliability of TaqMan PCR, we investigated 93 isolates of S. aureus derived from patients at our hospital over 5 months and compared the results with data obtained by a commercially available reversed passive latex agglutination assay (SET-RPLA) for these isolates. Thirteen enterotoxin genes were detected by TaqMan PCR; however, no proteins expressed by these genes were detected by SET-RPLA. As a result, more isolates of S. aureus (n = 44) were found positive by TaqMan PCR for one or more enterotoxin genes than by SET-RPLA for the respective proteins expressed by these genes (n = 40). We conclude that TaqMan PCR is more sensitive because it offers the possibility for determining enterotoxins on a genotypic basis. Additionally, the assay allows the parallel detection of genes for SEA to SED and methicillin resistance in S. aureus. Furthermore, real-time PCR is well suited for screening large numbers of samples at the same time, allowing rapid, reliable, efficient, and cost-saving routine laboratory diagnosis.
Oral chemotherapeutic agents: Understanding mechanisms of action and drug interactions (2007)

Knowledge of the mechanisms and metabolic pathways for the oral chemotherapeutic agents allows the potential to predict possible drug interactions and response while minimizing the risk of adverse outcomes.
Node-Injury Scale to Evaluate Root Injury by Corn Rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (2005)

Corn rootworm larval feeding on corn roots can significantly reduce grain yield by interfering with photosynthetic rates, limiting the uptake of water and nutrients, and by increasing the plant's susceptibility to lodging. Of the techniques developed to measure the efficacy of corn rootworm larval control tactics, root damage ratings have generally been adopted as the standard because sampling roots is relatively efficient. Historically, the primary scales used for scoring root injury from corn rootworm larval feeding have been the 1-6 and 1-9 scales. A critical deficiency of those scales, however, is that each increase in a root-rating score does not reflect a linear increase in the actual amount of injury to the root system. This results in injury scores that are expressed qualitatively. We developed the node-injury scale to more accurately quantify corn rootworm larval injury based on the proportion of nodal roots that contain feeding injury. With the node-injury scale, the relationship between the numerical scale and the amount of root injury is linear and intuitive. In this article, we describe the node-injury scale, discuss sampling issues to consider when using the scale, and suggest the minimum node-injury score that causes economic damage under varying degrees of environmental stress.
Gray Matter of the Bovine Cervical Spinal Cord is Mechanically More Rigid and Fragile than the White Matter (2001)

The gray matter of the cervical spinal cord has been thought to be equally or less rigid than the white matter. Based on this assumption, various studies have been conducted on the changes of stress distributions within the spinal cord under mechanical compression, although the mechanical properties of the white and gray matters had not been fully elucidated. The present study measured the mechanical properties of the white and gray matter of bovine spinal cords. For both the white and gray matter, the stress-strain curves had a nonlinear region, followed by a linear region, and then a region where the stresses plateaued before failure. In the nonlinear region, stress was not significantly different between the gray and white matter samples (strain approximately 0-10%), while stress and Young's modulus in the gray matter was significantly higher than the white matter in the linear part of the curve. The gray matter ruptured at lower strains than the white matter. These findings demonstrated the gray matter is more rigid and fragile than the white matter, and the conventional assumption (i.e., the white matter is more rigid than the gray matter) is not correct. We then applied our data to computer simulations using the finite element method, and confirmed that simulations agreed with actual magnetic resonance imaging findings of the spinal cord under compression. In future computer simulations, including finite element method using our data, changes in stress and strain within the cervical spinal cord under compression would be clarified in more detail, and our findings would also help to elucidate the area which can easily receive histologic damage or which could have hemodynamic disorders under mechanical compression, as well as severity and location of biochemical and molecular biological changes.
The adjuvant GLA-AF enhances human intradermal vaccine responses (2018)

Adjuvants are key to shaping the immune response to vaccination, but to date, no adjuvant suitable for human use has been developed for intradermal vaccines. These vaccines could be self-administered and sent through the mail as they do not require long needles or technical expertise in immunization. In the event of a pandemic outbreak, this approach could alleviate the congregation of patients in health centers and thus reduce the potential of these centers to enhance the spread of lethal infection. A reliable and potent vaccine system for self-administration would provide an effective countermeasure for delivery through existing product distribution infrastructure. We report results from preclinical and clinical trials that demonstrate the feasibility of an adjuvanted, intradermal vaccine that induced single shot protection in ferrets and seroprotection in humans against one of the more lethal strains of pandemic flu, Indonesia H5N1. In the human trial, the vaccine was safe and clinical responses were above approvable endpoints for a protective flu vaccine. Inclusion of a modern TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4) agonist-based adjuvant was critical to the development of the response in the intradermal groups. In humans, this is the first report of a safe and effective intradermal adjuvant, GLA-AF (aqueous formulation of glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant), and provides a future path for developing a vaccine-device combination for distribution by mail and self-administration in case of a pandemic.
Mesothelin-specific Immune Responses Predict Survival of Patients With Brain Metastasis (2017)

This is the first evidence that immune responses to mesothelin serve as a marker of increased overall survival in patients with brain metastases, regardless of the primary tumor origin. Analyses of immunological markers could potentially serve as prognostic markers in patients with brain metastases and help to select patients in need for adjunct, immunological, treatment strategies.
Optimisation of the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protocol using the Taguchi approach. (2004)

BACKGROUND: Quantitative proteomic analyses have traditionally used two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) for separation and characterisation of complex protein mixtures. Among the difficulties associated with this approach is the solubilisation of protein mixtures for isoelectric focusing (IEF). To find the optimal formulation of the multi-component IEF rehydration buffer (RB) we applied the Taguchi method, a widely used approach for the robust optimisation of complex industrial processes, to determine optimal concentrations for the detergents, carrier ampholytes and reducing agents in RB for 2DE using commercially supplied immobilised pH gradient (IPG) gel strips. RESULTS: Our optimisation resulted in increased protein solubility, improved resolution and reproducibility of 2D gels, using a wide variety of samples. With the updated protocol we routinely detected approximately 4-fold more polypeptides on samples containing complex protein mixtures resolved on small format 2D gels. In addition the pI and size ranges over which proteins could be resolved was substantially improved. Moreover, with improved sample loading and resolution, analysis of individual spots by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry revealed previously uncharacterised posttranscriptional modifications in a variety of chromatin proteins. CONCLUSIONS: While the optimised RB (oRB) is specific to the gels and analysis approach we use, our use of the Taguchi method should be generally applicable to a broad range of electrophoresis and analysis systems.