gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methane output and lactation response in Holstein cattle with monensin or unsaturated fat added to the diet. (1998)

We measured effects of continuous vs twice-daily feeding, the addition of unsaturated fat to the diet, and monensin on milk production, milk composition, feed intake, and CO2-methane production in four experiments in a herd of 88 to 109 milking Holsteins. Methane and CO2 production increased with twice-daily feeding, but the CO2:CH4 ratio remained unchanged. Soybean oil did not affect the milkfat percentages, but fatty acid composition was changed. All saturated fatty acids up to and including 16:0 decreased (P < .01), whereas 18:0 and trans 18:1 increased (P < .001). The 18:2 conjugated dienes also increased (P < .01) when the cows were fed soybean oil. Monensin addition to the diet at 24 ppm decreased methane production (P < .01); the CO2:CH4 ratios reached 15, milk production increased (P < .01), and milkfat percentage and total milkfat output decreased (P < .01), as did feed consumption, compared with cows fed diets without monensin (P < .05). Milk fatty acid composition showed evidence of depressed ruminal biohydrogenation: saturated fatty acids (P < .05) decreased and 18:1 increased (P < .001); most of the increase was seen in the trans 18:1 isomer. As with soybean oil feeding, addition of monensin also increased (P < .05) the concentration of conjugated dienes. The monensin feeding trial was repeated 161 d later with 88 cows, of which 67 received monensin in the diet in the first trial and 21 cows were newly freshened and had never received monensin. Methane production again decreased (P < .05), but this time the CO2:CH4 ratio did not change and all other monensin-related effects were absent. The ruminal microflora in the cows that had previously received monensin seemed to have undergone some adaptive changes and no longer responded as before.
Nitrogen removal from sludge reject water by a two-stage oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrification denitrification process (2004)

Nitrogen removal from sludge reject water was obtained by oxygen-limited partial nitritation resulting in nitrite accumulation in a first stage, followed by autotrophic denitrification of nitrite with ammonium as electron donor (similar to anaerobic ammonium oxidation) in a second stage. Two membrane-assisted bioreactors (MBRs) were used in series to operate with high sludge ages and subsequent high volumetric loading rates, achieving 1.45 kg N m(-3) day(-1) for the partial nitritation MBR and 1.1 kg N m(-3) day(-1) for the anaerobic ammonium oxidation MBR. Biomass retention in the nitritation stage ensured flexibility towards loading rate and operating temperature. Nitrite oxidisers were out-competed at low oxygen and high free ammonia concentration. Biomass retention in the second MBR prevented wash-out of the slowly growing bacteria. Nitrite and ammonium were converted to dinitrogen gas in a reaction ratio of 1.05, thereby maintaining nitrite limitation to assure process stability. The anoxic consortium catalysing the autotrophic denitrification process consisted of Nitrosomonas-like aerobic ammonium oxidizers and anaerobic ammonium oxidizing bacteria closely related to Kuenenia stuttgartiensis. The overall removal efficiency of the combined process was 82% of the incoming ammonium according to a total nitrogen removal rate of 0.55 kg N m(-3) day(-1), without adding extra carbon source.
BERT Goes to Law School: Quantifying the Competitive Advantage of Access to Large Legal Corpora in Contract Understanding (2019)

Fine-tuning language models, such as BERT, on domain specific corpora has proven to be valuable in domains like scientific papers and biomedical text. In this paper, we show that fine-tuning BERT on legal documents similarly provides valuable improvements on NLP tasks in the legal domain. Demonstrating this outcome is significant for analyzing commercial agreements, because obtaining large legal corpora is challenging due to their confidential nature. As such, we show that having access to large legal corpora is a competitive advantage for commercial applications, and academic research on analyzing contracts.
Effect of dose and frequency of administration of a potent analog of human growth hormone-releasing factor on hormone secretion and growth in pigs. (1990)

Ninety-six pigs (49.5 +/- .5 kg BW) were allotted to six treatments and were injected once (SID) or three times daily (TID) s.c. with a [desamino-Tyr1, D-Ala2, Ala15] human growth hormone-releasing factor (1-29) NH2 analog (GRF-AN). Treatments were T1, noninjected control; T2, saline-injected control (TID); T3, GRF-AN (1.66 micrograms/kg BW, TID); T4, GRF-AN (3.33 micrograms/kg BW, TID); T5, GRF-AN (6.66 micrograms/kg BW, TID) and T6, GRF-AN (10 micrograms/kg BW, SID). Feed protein levels were 14% for T1 and 18.8% for T2 through T6. The GRF-AN increased serum growth hormone (GH) concentration for the entire growing period (about 56 d) in a dose-related manner and did not induce desensitization of the somatotroph cells; in fact, an increase (P less than .05) in the GH response to GRF-AN was observed in T4 and T5 after 1 mo of treatment. This GRF-AN produced (P less than .05) a dose-dependent effect on several variables in animals grown to 110 kg BW: in comparison to T2, T5 increased meat in carcass (6%), carcass length (3%), loin eye area (13%), liver weight (19%), kidney weight (30%), improved feed efficiency (20%) and decreased total feed intake by 50 kg (26%). Compared to T2, average daily gain was increased (P less than .05) by 13% by the 3.33 micrograms/kg TID dose. Blood parameters were measured on d 1, 29 and 57. Increased serum glucose and insulin levels were observed. Triiodothyronine and thyroxine concentrations were increased and decreased, respectively after 28 d of treatment but were unchanged on d 57. This potent GRF analog maintained high GH concentration for at least 56 d and affected several growth parameters and carcass characteristics in a dose-related manner similar in magnitude to that reported in studies using porcine GH.
Multiparameter Magnetic Relaxation Switch Assays (2007)

Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) can serve as magnetic relaxation switches (MRSw's), switching from a dispersed to a clustered state, or the reverse, due to the presence of molecular targets, with changes in the spin-spin relaxation time of water (T2). Biotinylated NP probes reacted with an avidin molecular target to form stable NP clusters, which permitted several NMR parameters to be measured as a function of cluster size. Associated with avidin-induced NP cluster formation was an increase in the spin-spin relation rate (1/T2), while the spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1)was unaffected. On the basis of the selective effects of NP cluster formation on T2, we developed a T1/T2 interrogation method where NP probe concentration and avidin analyte were unknown and both were determined. A third NMR parameter examined was the replication of T2 measurements, which were used to rapidly determine whether the ratio of avidin to biotinylated NP was optimal or whether additional biotinylated NP was needed. The T1/T2 and T2 replication interrogation methods illustrate how MRSw assays can employ multiple parameters, instead of relying only on T2, to obtain information about the reaction of NPs with molecular targets.
Noninactivating, tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ conductance in rat optic nerve axons. (1993)

The ionic current underlying the upstroke of axonal action potentials is carried by rapidly activating, voltage-dependent Na+ channels. Termination of the action potential is mediated in part by the rapid inactivation of these Na+ channels. We previously demonstrated that an influx of Na+ plays a critical role in the cascade leading to irreversible anoxic injury in central nervous system white matter. We speculated that a noninactivating Na+ conductance mediates this pathological Na+ influx and persists at depolarized membrane potentials as seen in anoxic axons. In the present study we measured the resting compound membrane potential of rat optic nerves using a modified "grease-gap" technique. Application of tetrodotoxin (2 microM) to resting nerves ([K+]o = 3 mM) or to nerves depolarized by 15 or 40 mM K+ resulted in hyperpolarizing shifts of membrane potential. We interpret these shifts as evidence for a persistent, noninactivating Na+ conductance. This conductance is present at rest and persists in nerves depolarized sufficiently to abolish classical transient Na+ currents. PK/PNa ratios were estimated at 35.5, 23.2, and 88 in 3 mM, 15 mM, and 40 mM K+, respectively. We suggest that this noninactivating Na+ conductance may provide an inward pathway for Na+ ions, necessary for the operation of Na+, K(+)-ATPase. Under pathological conditions, such as anoxia, this conductance is the likely route of Na+ influx, which causes damaging Ca2+ entry through reverse operation of the Na(+)-Ca2+ exchanger. The presence of this conductance in white matter axons may provide a therapeutic opportunity for diseases such as stroke and spinal cord injury.
Reclassification of Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus and Ruminococcus schinkii as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov., Blautia schinkii comb. nov. and description of Blautia wexlerae sp. nov., isolated from human faeces (2008)

Phenotypic and phylogenetic studies were performed on 15 isolates of an unidentified Gram-positive, anaerobic, non-sporulating coccobacillus-shaped bacterium isolated from human faeces. The novel organisms were catalase-negative, indole-negative and produced acetate and succinate as end products of metabolism. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequencing demonstrated that the 15 isolates were highly related to each other and formed a hitherto unknown subline within the clostridial rRNA cluster XIVa. The novel isolates formed a robust phylogenetic group with a number of organisms which included Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus obeum and a number of other misclassified ruminococci. On the basis of these studies, a novel genus, Blautia gen. nov., is proposed. It is suggested that Clostridium coccoides, Ruminococcus hansenii, Ruminococcus hydrogenotrophicus, Ruminococcus luti, Ruminococcus productus, and Ruminococcus schinkii are transferred to this genus as Blautia coccoides gen. nov., comb. nov., Blautia hansenii comb. nov., Blautia hydrogenotrophica comb. nov., Blautia luti comb. nov., Blautia producta comb. nov. and Blautia schinkii comb. nov. One of the new isolates, the hitherto unknown coccus-shaped bacterial strain WAL 14507T (=ATCC BAA-1564T=DSM 19850T) is proposed as representing the type strain of a novel species, Blautia wexlerae sp. nov.
Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates Enhance G‐Quadruplex Formation and Increase Serum Protein Interactions (2014)

Abstract To understand the effect of three‐dimensional oligonucleotide structure on protein corona formation, we studied the identity and quantity of human serum proteins that bind to spherical nucleic acid (SNA) nanoparticle conjugates. SNAs exhibit cellular uptake properties that are remarkably different from those of linear nucleic acids, which have been related to their interaction with certain classes of proteins. Through a proteomic analysis, this work shows that the protein binding properties of SNAs are sequence‐specific and supports the conclusion that the oligonucleotide tertiary structure can significantly alter the chemical composition of the SNA protein corona. This knowledge will impact our understanding of how nucleic acid‐based nanostructures, and SNAs in particular, function in complex biological milieu.
A Novel Type of Polycondensation Utilizing Transition Metal-Catalyzed C–C Coupling. I. Preparation of Thermostable Polyphenylene Type Polymers (1978)

Abstract Transition metal compounds including NiCl2(bpy) (bpy=2,2′-bipyridine), NiBr2(PPh3)2 (PPh3=triphenylphosphine), PdCl2(bpy), NiCl2, CoCl2, FeCl2, and FeCl3 catalyze polycondensation of di- and polyhalogenated organic aromatic compounds by dehalogenation with magnesium under mild conditions. Poly(p-phenylene), poly(m-phenylene), poly(oxybiphenylene), and poly(phenylenemethylene) were prepared from p-dihalobenzene, m-dichlorobenzene, bis(p-bromophenyl) ether, and α,p-dichlorotoluene. They have a high degree of polymerization and high thermal stability. Poly(p-phenylene), poly(oxybiphenylene), and poly(phenylenemethylene) have regularly repeated structures as proved by IR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Polymerization of polyhalogenated aromatic compounds (1,3,5-trichlorobenzene and hexachlorobiphenyl) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) gave copolymers having aromatic nuclei and THF units. Polymerization of the haloaromatic compounds is considered to proceed through a mechanism in which consecutive cycles of oxidative addition of haloaromatic compounds (R–X) to the transition metal catalyst take place so as to cause alkylation (arylation) by the Grignard reagent formed in the system (R′MgX) and elimination of R–R′ from an active transition metal compound having R and R′ groups.
A comprehensive characterization of the peptide and protein constituents of human seminal fluid (2004)

We have identified over 100 protein and peptide components of normal human seminal fluid.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with chimeric monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor α (1993)

Treatment with anti-TNF alpha was safe and well tolerated and resulted in significant clinical and laboratory improvements. These preliminary results support the hypothesis that TNF alpha is an important regulator in RA, and suggest that it may be a useful new therapeutic target in this disease.
Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Worsens Outcome From Global Cerebral Ischemia in the Mouse (1999)

ApoE deficiency worsens ischemic outcome. This is not attributable to effects on CBF. A role of apoE in the cerebral response to global ischemia is consistent with prior reports that murine apoE deficiency increases infarct size resulting from focal cerebral ischemia.
Real-Time Imaging of Tumors Using Replication-Competent Light-Emitting Microorganisms (2012)

Early detection of cancer and metastases is pivotal to the success of subsequent treatment intervention. In recent years, the use of live microorganisms, such as viruses and bacteria, has gained substantial research and clinical interest in both detection and therapy of cancer. Many of these live microorganisms have shown remarkable tumor-specific replication following systemic delivery. With the aid of modern molecular technologies, modified live microorganisms can be engineered to carry additional diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. We have shown that when armed with light-emitting protein genes, such as genes for luciferase and green fluorescent protein, the entry and specific amplification of systemically-delivered vaccinia virus and bacteria in tumors can be visualized in real time using a low-light imager, or using macro- and micro-fluorescence microscopes. Therefore, through optical imaging, the location of tumors and metastases could be revealed by these light-emitting microorganisms. The tumor-colonization capability has been demonstrated in both immuno-competent as well as immuno-compromised rodent models with syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. Based on their "tumor-finding" nature, bacteria and viruses could be further designed as "vehicles" to carry multiple genes for detection and therapy of cancer.
Effects of Resveratrol, a Grape Polyphenol, on Uterine Contraction and Ca2+Mobilization in Ratsin Vivoandin Vitro (2011)

Dysmenorrhea is directly related to elevate prostaglandin F (PGF)(₂α) levels. In Western medicine, this condition is treated using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Because nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs produce many side effects, Chinese medicinal therapy is considered as a feasible alternative for treating dysmenorrhea. Many special physiological components used in Chinese medicine, such as resveratrol, have been isolated and identified. Resveratrol has many physiological functions, such as antioxidation and anticarcinogenic effects. However, the relationship between uterine smooth muscle contraction and resveratrol remains unknown. Here, we studied the in vitro and in vivo effects of resveratrol on uterine smooth muscle contraction. The uterus was separated from a female Sprague Dawley rat, and uterine smooth muscle contraction activity was measured and recorded. The results demonstrated that 1) resveratrol treatment inhibited PGF(₂α)-, oxytocin-, acetylcholine-, and carbachol-induced uterine contractions in rats; 2) resveratrol inhibited uterine contractions stimulated by the Ca²(+) channel activator (Bay K 8644) and depolarization in response to high K(+) (KCl); 3) resveratrol inhibited PGF(₂α)-induced increases in the [Ca²(+)]i in human uterine smooth muscle cells; 4) resveratrol could mimic Ca²(+) channel blockers to block Ca²(+) influx through voltage-operated Ca²(+) channels in the plasma membrane; and 5) resveratrol inhibited PGF(₂α)-induced uterine contractions in rats in vivo. Resveratrol inhibited uterine contractions induced by PGF(₂α) and high K(+) in a concentration-dependent manner in vitro; furthermore, it inhibited Ca²(+)-dependent uterine contractions. Thus, resveratrol consistently suppressed the increases in intracellular Ca²(+) concentrations ([Ca²(+)]i) induced by PGF(₂α) and high K(+) concentrations. It can be assumed that resveratrol probably inhibited uterine contraction by blocking external Ca²(+) influx, leading to decreased [Ca²(+)]i. Therefore, resveratrol can be considered as a feasible alternative therapeutic agent for dysmenorrhea.
Nucleophosmin and nucleolin regulate K-Ras signaling (2010)

Ras proteins are laterally segregated into transient nanoclusters on the plasma membrane, a property essential for high fidelity signal transduction through the MAPK pathway. From a proteomic screen we identified nucleophosmin (NPM) and nucleolin as two novel regulators of K-Ras plasma membrane interactions that in turn influence MAP Kinase signaling. NPM and nucleolin are predominately nucleolar proteins but also possess extra-nuclear functions. We showed that a subset of NPM and nucleolin localize to the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane and specifically interact with K-Ras but not H-Ras. This interaction is independent of the activation state of K-Ras, and stabilizes K-Ras membrane levels. NPM expression also increases the fraction of K-Ras in nanoclusters. The increase in clustered K-Ras-GTP enhances signaling through the MAPK pathway. Together these results identify NPM and nucleolin as a new class of K-Ras regulators that modulate signal transduction via the MAPK pathway.
The pharmacological actions of cannabidiol (2005)

The major psychoactive constituent of the Cannabis sativa plant, Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been extensively investigated for its therapeutic and toxicological effects. Cannabidiol, another abundant but nonpsychotropic constituent of the Cannabis plant, has recently attracted renewed interest as a therapeutic molecule. Preliminary reports of its antipsychotic, antihyperalgesic, anticonvulsant, neuroprotective and antiemetic properties, and its ability to counteract certain effects of traditional cannabinoid receptor ligands, have been augmented by the discovery of its affinity for the vanilloid 1 receptor in the transient receptor potential family (TRPV1) and its modulation of endocannabinoid activity. This review discusses the current understanding of the mechanism of action of cannabidiol, focusing on some of the central and peripheral pharmacological effects of this exciting potential therapeutic agent.
Liver Organogenesis Promoted by Endothelial Cells Prior to Vascular Function (2001)

The embryonic role of endothelial cells and nascent vessels in promoting organogenesis, prior to vascular function, is unclear. We find that early endothelial cells in mouse embryos surround newly specified hepatic endoderm and delimit the mesenchymal domain into which the liver bud grows. In flk-1 mutant embryos, which lack endothelial cells, hepatic specification occurs, but liver morphogenesis fails prior to mesenchyme invasion. We developed an embryo tissue explant system that permits liver bud vasculogenesis and show that in the absence of endothelial cells, or when the latter are inhibited, there is a selective defect in hepatic outgrowth. We conclude that vasculogenic endothelial cells and nascent vessels are critical for the earliest stages of organogenesis, prior to blood vessel function.
Characterization of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase of group B streptococci (1994)

The capsular polysaccharide is a critical virulence factor for group B streptococci associated with human infections, yet little is known about capsule biosynthesis. We detected CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase, the enzyme which activates N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac, or sialic acid) for transfer to the nascent capsular polysaccharide, in multiple group B streptococcus serotypes, all of which elaborate capsules containing Neu5Ac. CMP-Neu5Ac synthetase isolated from a high-producing type Ib strain was purified 87-fold. The enzyme had apparent Km values of 7.6 for Neu5Ac and 1.4 for CTP and a pH optimum of 8.3 to 9.4, required magnesium, and was stimulated by dithiothreitol. This is the first characterization of an enzyme involved in group B streptococcus capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis.
Intravenous or Intranasal Administration of Gliadin is Able to Down‐Regulate the Specific Immune Response in Mice (1999)

The mucosal lesion in coeliac disease (CD) represents an immunologically mediated injury triggered by gliadin and is restricted by a particular assortment of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. Therefore, immunomodulatory strategies to tolerize gliadin-specific, class II-restricted T-cell responses could represent an alternative to current treatments of CD, which are based on a gluten-free diet. In this study, BALB/c mice derived from a gluten-free diet colony were tolerized by either intranasal (i.n.) or intravenous (i.v.) administration of single or multiple doses of gliadin. While a single dose failed to induce tolerance, a significant decrease in gliadin-specific T-cell proliferation was detected (P < 0.001) after multiple i.n. or i.v. administrations. No significant difference in antibody titre was detected for antigen-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) or the IgG1 subclass, but a lower IgG2a-specific titre was observed. Both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-2 expression, measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), were reduced on antigen administration, both i.v. and i.n. Neither regimen showed a regulatory effect on IL-4 production. As T helper 1 (Th1) cytokines seem to be important in the pathogenesis of CD, our data therefore highlight the potential of i.n. and i.v. routes for the design of useful immunomodulatory strategies for CD.
DNA Tube Structures Controlled by a Four‐Way‐Branched DNA Connector (2005)

Tiles go down the tube: A novel method for the preparation of DNA tubes by using the DNA tile system with the assistance of a four-way-branched DNA–porphyrin connector is described (see schematic representation). The detailed DNA tube structures were characterized by atomic force microscopy. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z501034_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.