gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pre-existing Antineuraminidase Antibodies Are Associated With Shortened Duration of Influenza A(H1N1)pdm Virus Shedding and Illness in Naturally Infected Adults (2019)

Our results suggest that anti-NA antibodies play a large role in reducing influenza illness duration in adults and may impact transmission, most clearly among adults. Neuraminidase should be considered as an additional target in next-generation influenza virus vaccine development.We found that antibodies against neuraminidase were associated with significantly shortened viral shedding, and among adults they were also associated with shortened symptom duration. These results support neuraminidase as a potential target of next-generation influenza virus vaccines.
Fatty Acid Facts, Part III: Cardiovascular Disease, or, a Fish Diet is noy Fishy (2008)

Preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) play a significant role in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. These fatty acids are called essential fatty acids as they fulfil essential functions and the mammalian cell cannot synthesize them de novo. Dietary sources of n-3 PUFAs include fish oils rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The clinical relevance of these molecules is derived from the incorporation of EPA and DHA into cell membranes. The presence of EPA/DHA alters the physical characteristics of the membrane. Both these altered physicochemical membrane properties and the presence of n-3 PUFAs released by the action of phospholipid lipases (resulting in antiinflammatory eicosanoids) improve biological functions such as signal transduction, ion channelling and ligand binding to nuclear receptors. EPA/DHA also reduce or quench gene expression of cyclooxygenase-2 and other enzymes, thereby diminishing the formation of proinflammatory molecules. Increased EPA/DHA concentration also gives rise to antiinflammatory lipid mediators, called lipoxins, resolvins and protectins. Another important function of n-3 PUFAs is scavenging of free radicals, which diminishes inflammatory response and oxidation of lipoprotein particles, notably low density lipoproteins. The interplay of these molecular processes has distinct cardioprotective effects, which involve actions on lipid metabolism, lipoprotein particle size, blood pressure, vascular function, coagulation potential, inflammatory response, atheroma formation and antiarrhythmic. In view of these actions, fish oil preparations and/or intake of oily fish are recommended as primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease and sudden cardiac death. Large, ongoing trials will further elucidate the presumed favorable effects of EPA/DHA in heart failure and diabetes. This review provides a summary of the physiological mechanisms of the action of EPA and DHA and highlights the epidemiological evidence for a reduction in cardiac events and mortality.
Novel Therapeutic Strategies in the Treatment of Sepsis (1996)

With the recognition that there was still an unacceptably high mortality rate from bacterial sepsis despite the introduction of new, potent antimicrobial agents, many investigators examined the potential of immunotherapeutic strategies to supplement the conventional treatment of this condition. This effort was facili- tated by the elucidation of the structure of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by both biochemists and bacterial geneticists. Lipid A and inner core sugar regions of the molecule were found to be widely shared by a diverse array of gram-negative bacilli, and that an outer polysaccharide region of the molecule, the 0 repeat region, provided serological specificity to the individual strains of bacteria.
Simultaneous Detection of Multiplex-Amplified Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA, Hepatitis C Virus RNA, and Hepatitis B Virus DNA Using a Flow Cytometer Microsphere-Based Hybridization Assay (2000)

The feasibility of performing a multiplex assay for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNAs and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA is demonstrated. This assay is based (i) on the coamplification of a 142-bp fragment from the gag region of the HIV-1 genome and a 142-bp HIV-1 quantitation standard fragment, a 244-bp fragment from the 5' noncoding region of the HCV genome, and a 104-bp fragment from the pre-C and C gene regions of the HBV genome, using three sets of specific primers; (ii) on the capacity of these four biotinylated PCR products to hybridize to their specific oligonucleotide probe-coated microspheres; and (iii) on the ability of the flow cytometer to discriminate between distinct fluorescent-microsphere categories. Absence of cross-hybridization between the unrelated oligonucleotide probes and PCR products generated by the multiplex reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) and the highly sensitive detection method allowed us to assess unambiguously the HIV-1 viral load and the infectious status of 35 serologically well-established clinical samples and 20 seronegative blood donor plasma samples tested. The results indicate that multiplex RT-PCR and flow cytometer microsphere-based hybridization assays, when combined, provide a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for the quantitation and detection of the major viral agents of infectious diseases in a single plasma sample.
An update on BTRON-specification OS development (2002)

BTRON (business TRON) specifications adopt a model, called the real/virtual object model, in the overall OS concept. This real/virtual object model is used as a data model for the file system and data exchange format, and is also applied to the operating environment and the environment for executing programs. This papers notes the information management model in BTRON specification, the status of the specifications being developed in the BTRON sub-project, outlines the course of development and looks ahead to the future outlook of the BTRON specifications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Cell proliferation of human ovarian cancer is regulated by the opioid growth factor-opioid growth factor receptor axis (2009)

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Understanding the biology of these tumors, as well as treatment modalities, has been challenging. The opioid growth factor (OGF; [Met(5)]-enkephalin) and the OGF receptor (OGFr) form an endogenous growth-regulating pathway in homeostasis and neoplasia. In this investigation, we examined the relationship of the OGF-OGFr axis to ovarian cancer, and defined its presence, function, and mechanisms. Using OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer cell lines, we found that OGF and OGFr were present and functional. Exogenous OGF was observed to have a dose-dependent, serum-independent, reversible, and receptor-mediated inhibitory action on cell proliferation that was dependent on RNA and protein synthesis. The repressive effect of OGF on cell proliferation also was observed in SW626, CAOV-3, and HEY ovarian cancer cell lines. Endogenous OGF was found to be constitutively produced and tonically active on cell replicative activities, with neutralization of this peptide accelerating cell proliferation. Silencing of OGFr using siRNA technology stimulated cell replication, documenting its integral role. The mechanism of OGF-OGFr action on DNA synthesis was related to the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory pathway because knockdown of p16 or p21 in OVCAR-3 cells, and p21 in SKOV-3 cells, eliminated OGF's inhibitory effect on growth. These data are the first to report that the OGF-OGFr system is a native biological regulator of cell proliferation in human ovarian cancer. This information will be important in designing treatment strategies for this deadly disease.
Novel mutations in the calreticulin gene core promoter and coding sequence in schizoaffective disorder (2009)

We have recently reported the first case of mutation in the core promoter sequence of the human calreticulin gene in a family case of schizoaffective disorder. Remarkably, this gene coincides with a region of suggested linkage at 19p13.2, identified in a whole genome scan [Hamshere et al. (2005); Arch Gen Psychiatry 62;1081-1088]. The identified mutation was located at the conserved position -48 from the transcription start site, and was shown to be of functional effect, resulting in the aberrant expression of the gene. Following screening of the gene in 60 independent cases of schizoaffective disorder, we report novel germ-line mutations at positions -205 C > T and the conserved exon 5 (c: 682 C > T, pro228ser) in two unrelated cases of schizoaffective disorder. These mutations were disease-specific, and as for the -48 G > C mutation, neither was detected in a control population of 370 individuals, indicating a contribution of 3.17% in this sample series. To our knowledge, this is the first instance of disease-specific mutations in schizoaffective disorder, which warrants systematic screening of the regulatory and coding regions of the calreticulin gene in this disorder.
An investigation of the intramolecular ene reaction of N-acyl imines (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn investigation of the intramolecular ene reaction of N-acyl iminesJyh Ming Lin, Kevin Koch, and Frank W. FowlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 2, 167–174Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00352a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00352a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views857Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of the Biologic Response to Insulin-like Growth Factor I in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells by a New Monoclonal Antibody to the Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor. The Importance of Receptor Down-regulation (2003)

We developed a mouse monoclonal antibody (4G11) against insulin-like growth factor I receptor by immunizing mice with mouse embryo fibroblasts overexpressing the human insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Not only did the 4G11 antibody inhibit the binding of [ (125)I]insulin-like growth factor-I to the fibroblast receptor, but 4G11 antibody also potently down-regulated the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. 4G11 Fab fragment inhibited ligand binding, but did not down-regulate the receptor, suggesting that receptor aggregation is required for down-regulation. 4G11 antibody also down-regulated the receptor in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, a panel of colon cancer cells and MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Receptor recovery in MCF-7 cells after down-regulation by 4G11 antibody was slow, requiring 32 - 48 h for full recovery. Receptor down-regulation in MCF-7 cells by 4G11 antibody was confirmed by FACS analysis of intact and permeabilized cells. In contrast to 4G11 antibody, insulin-like growth factor-I did not down-regulate the receptor in MCF-7 cells. Down-regulation of the receptor by 4G11 antibody in MCF-7 cells resulted in inhibition of Akt and MAPK activation by insulin-like growth factor-I. We conclude that the ability of a monoclonal antibody to down-regulate the receptor may be an important antibody property in targeting the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor for the treatment of certain cancers.
On the Penetration of Insecticides Through the Insect Cuticle (1945)

ABSTRACT Using Melophagus ovinus, the sheep ked, as test insect, it was found that certain organic solvents of diphenylamine, such as the cresols, benzyl alcohol and 4-methyl-cyclohexanol, greatly increase the rate of action of this insecticide. Others, strcn as carbitol and methyl benzoate, gave little or no improvement in the time of kill. The degree to which a solvent induces rapid penetration of an insecticide is referred to as its ‘carrier efficiency’. The influence of the physical properties of the solvents on carrier efficiency was investigated. It was found that a high carrier efficiency could be correlated with a high rate of penetration through beeswax, a high partition coefficient of the solvent between beeswax and water and a high solubility of insecticide in a solution of the solvent in water. The volatility of the solvent and the solubility of insecticide in solvent were also contributory factors. Mixtures of two solvents, each showing no carrier efficiency but together possessing all the essential physical properties, were tested and showed a carrier efficiency considerably higher than that of either constituent. This is taken as supporting evidence that carrier efficiency depends on certain physical properties of a solvent. Using a range of solvents shown to exhibit various degrees of carrier efficiency with diphenylamine, comparable results were obtained with dixanthogen, ω-nitrostyrene dibromide and rotenone and showed that the synergy could be extended to other insecticides. It is suggested that certain solvents increase the rate of penetration of contact insecticides through the insect cuticle : By transporting the insecticide through the lipoid elements of the epicuticle to the interface between this layer and the water permeating the exocuticle. By concentrating the insecticide at the interface between the epicuticle and the exocuticle, as the. solvent passes into the exocuticle, and thus increasing the diffusion gradient of the insecticide across that interface. By increasing the solubility of the insecticide in the water permeating exo-and endo-cuticles and thus, by raising its partition coefficient between solvent in the epicuticle and water in the exocuticle, further increasing its rate of diffusion, not only across this interface, but also through exo- and endo-cuticles to the hypodermis.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Increases Urokinase Receptor Expression in Vascular Endothelial Cells (1995)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent angiogenic factor and endothelial cell-specific mitogen that stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activity in vascular endothelial cells. Here, we report that VEGF increases the high affinity binding of uPA to the same cells and that this binding is prevented by a peptide corresponding to the uPA receptor (uPAR) binding growth factor-like domain of uPA. Ligand cross-linking, ligand blotting, and uPA-Sepharose affinity chromatography revealed an increase in a cell surface uPA binding protein that corresponds to the uPAR on the basis of its affinity for uPA, M(r) of 50,000-55,000, and phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C sensitivity. By Scatchard analysis, VEGF increased the number of uPAR molecules by 2.8-3.5-fold and concomitantly decreased their affinity for uPA. By northern blotting uPAR mRNA was increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner in response to VEGF. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that VEGF-induced angiogenesis is accompanied by increased uPAR expression and uPA activity on the endothelial cell surface. These observations are consistent with the notion that the uPA-uPAR interaction facilitates cellular invasion.
Chimeric cytotoxin IL2-PE40 delays and mitigates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. (1989)

Adjuvant arthritis in rats is a T-cell dependent "autoimmune" disease with close similarities to several forms of human arthritis. Injection of mycobacterial adjuvant leads to T-cell activation and proliferation, processes in which the de novo expression of the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor plays a pivotal role. The subsequent massive mononuclear cell infiltration of the joints ultimately results in complete joint destruction. Because activation of the helper/inducer subset of T lymphocytes is critical to the establishment of disease, we reasoned that IL2-PE40, a cytotoxic IL-2-Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein that targets the membrane-penetration and ADP-ribosylation domains of the toxin to cells bearing the IL-2 receptor, would be an effective and specific therapy. Adjuvant-injected rats were randomized to treatment with IL2-PE40, phosphate-buffered saline, or either of two control proteins related to IL2-PE40 but lacking either the receptor-binding moiety or an enzymatically active toxin domain and previously demonstrated to lack cytotoxicity in vitro. Intraperitoneal IL2-PE40 given before the establishment of overt clinical disease proved an effective and specific modifier of adjuvant arthritis by clinical, histological, and radiographic criteria. Our data suggest that IL2-PE40 may be effective in those diseases in which activated T-cells play an important role.
Support Vector Machines to Weight Voters in a Voting System of Entity Extractors (2006)

Support Vector Machines are used to combine the outputs of multiple entity extractors, thus creating a composite entity extraction system. The composite system has a significantly higher f-measure than any of the component systems. Compared to a standard voting technique for combining the results of multiple entity extractors, the SVM approach produces comparable precision and recall statistics but tends to utilize fewer of the component entity extractors, thus providing superior computational efficiency, which is critical in practical applications. In this paper, we present our experimental results of comparing a standard voting technique with SVM that each aggregate four entity extractors. We also describe our future plans of integrating agent-based technology into our experimental testbed where we examine the evolution of composite techniques as part of the analysis stream. Given that much of the improvement comes from tuning the algorithms to the data stream with a human-in-the-loop, we are considering the merits of employing cognitive agents that are strategically embedded in the workflow for processing data. As we tune the algorithms for better performance on the data streams, we envision agents learning the patterns of data streams and apply the appropriate tuning to ensure optimality.
The current and projected economic burden of Parkinson's disease in the United States (2013)

Parkinson's disease (PD), following Alzheimer's disease, is the second-most common neurodegenerative disorder in the United States. A lack of treatment options for changing the trajectory of disease progression, in combination with an increasing elderly population, portends a rising economic burden on patients and payers. This study combined information from nationally representative surveys to create a burden of PD model. The model estimates disease prevalence, excess healthcare use and medical costs, and nonmedical costs for each demographic group defined by age and sex. Estimated prevalence rates and costs were applied to the U.S. Census Bureau's 2010 to 2050 population data to estimate current and projected burden based on changing demographics. We estimate that approximately 630,000 people in the United States had diagnosed PD in 2010, with diagnosed prevalence likely to double by 2040. The national economic burden of PD exceeds $14.4 billion in 2010 (approximately $22,800 per patient). The population with PD incurred medical expenses of approximately $14 billion in 2010, $8.1 billion higher ($12,800 per capita) than expected for a similar population without PD. Indirect costs (e.g., reduced employment) are conservatively estimated at $6.3 billion (or close to $10,000 per person with PD). The burden of chronic conditions such as PD is projected to grow substantially over the next few decades as the size of the elderly population grows. Such projections give impetus to the need for innovative new treatments to prevent, delay onset, or alleviate symptoms of PD and other similar diseases.
Multivariate Analysis of Quality. An Introduction (2001)

The book provides an introduction to multivariate data analysis using linear modelling and its applications to quality assessment with special emphasis on chemometrics and sensory science. The aim of the book is to help students and researchers (the problem and data `owners') to analyse their large empirical data sets with minimum prior knowledge of algebra and mathematical statistics.
L‐368,899, a potent orally active oxytocin antagonist for potential use in preterm labor (1993)

Abstract L‐368,899 [1S‐(‐7,7‐dimethyl‐2‐endo‐(2S‐amino‐4‐(methylsulfonyl)butyramido)‐bicyclo(2.2.1)‐heptan‐1‐yl)methanesulfonyl)‐4‐(2‐methylphenyl)piperazine] was characterized in vitro and in vivo as a potent and selective, orally bioavailable oxytocin (OT) antagonist. L‐368,899 exhibits high affinity for rat (Ki, 3.6 nM) and human (Ki, 13 nM) uterine OT receptors with selectivity versus liver arginine‐vasopressin (AVP)‐V1 and kidney AVP‐V2 receptors in both species. In vitro, L‐368,899 is a potent and competitive OT antagonist in the rat isolated uterus (pA2, 8.9) and mouse anococcygeus muscle (pA2, 8.3) and is inactive against a number of different contractile agents in these preparations. L‐368,899 also inhibits OT‐stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover in rat uterine slices and exhibits no agonist‐like activity in any of the in vitro assays. In vivo, L‐368,899 selectively antagonizes the uterine contractile effects of OT in the anesthetized rat given both i.v. and intraduodenally (i.d.) (AD50; 350 μg/kg i.v., 7 mg/kg i.d.) with a moderate duration of action. In near‐term pregnant rhesus macaques, L‐368,899 is a potent inhibitor of OT‐stimulated uterine activity (AD50, 27 μg/kg i.v.) and OT‐mediated spontaneous, nocturnal uterine contractions. L‐368,899 is orally bioavailable in several species and, combined with adequate aqueous solubility, represents a potential new tocolytic agent for both oral and i.v. use. © 1993 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helicobacter pyloriUrease: Properties and Role in Pathogenesis (1991)

Urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea to yield ammonia and carbon dioxide. Research on this enzyme has gained momentum since the discovery of Helicobacter pylori as a causative agent of human gastritis. The remarkably high urease activity of each organism has served as the basis of diagnostic tests for the presence of the organism in the urease biopsy test and urea breath test. Urease undoubtedly plays a central role in H. pylori pathogenesis. Hydrolysis of urea with generation of ammonia may enable survival of this acid-sensitive organism in the gastric mucosa. Ammonia generated by urea hydrolysis may also produce severe cytotoxic effects within gastric epithelium. The enzyme also elicits a strong immune response during acute infection, suggesting that this abundant antigen is readily available to the immune system. An increase in serum IgG titer is predictive of ongoing infection. Much progress has been made with regard to the molecular biology of urease. The high molecular weight protein (estimated by several investigators to be 300-520 kDa) has been purified, revealing two distinct subunits of 29.5 kDa and 66 kDa, a unique subunit structure as compared with other microbial ureases. However, amino acid sequences are nevertheless well conserved when compared with other bacterial ureases and that of the jack bean, Canavalia ensiformis. Furthermore, genes encoding urease of H. pylori have been cloned, sequenced, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction.