gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3β Activity Mediates Hypoxia-induced Apoptosis of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Is Prevented by Glucose Transport and Metabolism (2002)

Hypoxia triggers apoptosis in a number of different cell types largely through a mitochondrial cell death pathway, which can be abrogated for the most part by enhanced glucose metabolism. The purpose of the current study was to identify intracellular signaling mechanisms that mediate hypoxia-induced apoptosis and are regulated by glucose metabolism. Hypoxia-induced apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells and COS-7 cells was accompanied by a significant reduction in Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) phosphorylation resulting in increased GSK-3 activity. Morphologic features of apoptosis, as well as caspases 3 and 9 activation, were prevented by GSK-3 inhibition with either LiCl or SB216763. Phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3 was enhanced by glucose metabolism or overexpression of the glucose transporter, GLUT1, and was prevented by glycolytic inhibition. These findings indicate that GSK-3 is an important mediator of hypoxia-induced apoptosis and that GSK-3-mediated apoptotic effects occur via activation of the mitochondrial death pathway. Moreover, the results suggest that prevention of hypoxia-mediated apoptosis by enhanced glucose transport and metabolism results, in part, from inhibition of GSK-3 activation.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor α (PPARα) Agonist Treatment Reverses PPARα Dysfunction and Abnormalities in Hepatic Lipid Metabolism in Ethanol-fed Mice (2003)

Proper function of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) is essential for the regulation of hepatic fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acid levels are increased in liver during the metabolism of ethanol and should activate PPARalpha. However, recent in vitro data showed that ethanol metabolism inhibited the function of PPARalpha. We now report that ethanol feeding impairs fatty acid catabolism in the liver in part via blocking PPARalpha-mediated responses in C57BL/6J mice. Ethanol feeding decreased PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assay of liver nuclear extracts. mRNAs for PPAR-regulated genes were reduced (long chain and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases) or failed to be induced (acyl-CoA oxidase, liver carnitine palmitoyl-CoA transferase, very long chain acyl-CoA synthetase, very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase) in livers of the ethanol-fed animals, and ethanol feeding did not increase the rate of fatty acid beta-oxidation. Wy14,643, a PPARalpha agonist, restored the DNA binding activity of PPARalpha/retinoid X receptor alpha, induced mRNA levels of PPARalpha target genes, stimulated the rate of fatty acid beta-oxidation, and prevented fatty liver in ethanol-fed animals. Impairment of PPARalpha function during ethanol consumption contributes to the development of alcoholic fatty liver, which can be overcome by Wy14,643.
Body surface distributions of repolarization forces during acute myocardial infarction. I. Isopotential and isoarea mapping. (1980)

Although ST-segment abnormalities during acute myocardial infarction are clinically important, the total thoracic distribution of these repolarization potentials has not been reported. To provide this information, 24 patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied. Isopotential body surface maps were constructed from potentials sensed by 150 anterior and posterior electrodes. Patterns from 12 patients with anterior lesions demonstrated the appearance of repolarization potentials 21.3 +/- 4.6 msec before the end of the QRS complex. During the ST segment, potential distributions were characterized by a single anterior maximum that remained fixed in location but increased in intensity as repolarization progressed. Distributions in the remaining subjects with inferior lesions were analogously characterized by (1) the onset of repolarization 34.6 +/- 12.4 msec before termination of the QRS complex and (2) a single anterior minimum located on the left anterior superior thorax, with positive potentials di...
Effect of organic acids on the growth and fermentation of ethanologenic Escherichia coli LY01 (1999)

Hemicellulose residues can be hydrolyzed into a sugar syrup using dilute mineral acids. Although this syrup represents a potential feedstock for biofuel production, toxic compounds generated during hydrolysis limit microbial metabolism. Escherichia coli LY01, an ethanologenic biocatalyst engineered to ferment the mixed sugars in hemicellulose syrups, has been tested for resistance to selected organic acids that are present in hemicellulose hydrolysates. Compounds tested include aromatic acids derived from lignin (ferulic, gallic, 4-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, and vanillic acids), acetic acid from the hydrolysis of acetylxylan, and others derived from sugar destruction (furoic, formic, levulinic, and caproic acids). Toxicity was related to hydrophobicity. Combinations of acids were roughly additive as inhibitors of cell growth. When tested at concentrations that inhibited growth by 80%, none appeared to strongly inhibit glycolysis and energy generation, or to disrupt membrane integrity. Toxicity was not markedly affected by inoculum size or incubation temperature. The toxicity of all acids except gallic acid was reduced by an increase in initial pH (from pH 6.0 to pH 7.0 to pH 8.0). Together, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that both aliphatic and mononuclear organic acids inhibit growth and ethanol production in LY01 by collapsing ion gradients and increasing internal anion concentrations.
Efficient construction of visibility maps using approximate occlusion sweep (2002)

We present an algorithm that efficiently constructs a visibility map for a given view of a polygonal scene. The view is represented by a BSP tree and the visibility map is obtained by postprocessing of that tree. The scene is organised in a kD-tree that is used to perform an approximate occlusion sweep. The occlusion sweep is interleaved with hierarchical visibility tests what results in expected output sensitive behaviour of the algorithm. We evaluate our implementation of the method on several scenes and demonstrate its application to discontinuity meshing.
Endocrine Function in Children With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1991)

We sought to determine if failure to thrive in pediatric patients with the human immunodeficiency virus could be explained based on endocrine dysfunction. Fourteen human immunodeficiency virus-infected pediatric patients, all of whom had adequate nutritional status, underwent endocrine evaluation. Growth hormone and cortisol responses to glucagon stimulation were adequate. Despite this, eight of the 12 subjects had low somatomedin C levels. Although all patients were clinically and biochemically euthyroid, 36% (5/14) demonstrated elevated baseline and peak thyrotropin levels in response to thyroid releasing hormone, suggesting a state of compensated hypothyroidism. Although the importance of these findings is unclear, it is possible that subtle alterations of thyroid regulation may contribute to failure to thrive in some pediatric patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus and may represent a potentially correctable defect.
Identification of laminin α1 and β1 chain peptides active for endothelial cell adhesion, tube formation, and aortic sprouting (1999)

ABSTRACT Laminin‐1 is a basement membrane glycoprotein that promotes several biological activities including cell attachment, tumor metastasis, and angiogenesis. Angiogenesis plays an important role in tissue formation, reproduction, wound healing, and several pathological conditions. In this study, we screened 405 synthetic peptides from the α1 and β1 chains to identify potential sites on laminin‐1 active with endothelial cells. Peptides were initially screened by testing both endothelial cell adhesion to peptide‐coated wells and tube formation on Matrigel in the presence of soluble peptide. Twenty active peptides were identified in these screens. A secondary screen using the rat aortic ring sprouting assay identified 13 of the 20 peptides that stimulated endothelial sprouting. Several of these active peptides were also found to stimulate human umbilical vein endothelial cell migration in Boyden chamber assays. Differences in the amount of peptide needed for the response and in the resultant morphologies/responses were observed between the peptides in all of the assays. Our results suggest that several active domains on laminin‐1 may play important roles in stimulating different steps in angiogenesis.—Malinda, K. M., Nomizu, M., Chung, M., Delgado, M., Kuratomi, Y., Yamada, Y., Kleinman, H. K., Ponce, M. L. Identification of laminin α1 and β1 chain peptides active for endothelial cell adhesion, tube formation, and aortic sprouting. FASEB J. 13, 53–62 (1999)
Potential communication services using power line carriers and broadband integrated services digital network (1999)

The concept of using the power line in conjunction with the broadband integrated services network (BISDN) for a range of value added service is proposed. The use of the power line in the low voltage distribution network, as a local loop in communications for a range of customer services in the residential and industrial area is detailed. The integration of this local loop residential service into a BISDN network provides the potential for integrating many thousand of homes into a wide area network (WAN) architecture. The potential characteristics of this type of communication architecture are established for efficient transport of data services.
Human transcription factor GATA-2. Evidence for regulation of preproendothelin-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. (1992)

Previously, we showed that the promoter of the gene encoding preproendothelin-1 (PPET-1) contains a GATA motif that is essential for activity and interacts with a nuclear factor similar in size and binding specificity to the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1. To identify this endothelial GATA-binding protein, a human endothelial cell cDNA library was screened with oligonucleotide probes for a portion of the zinc finger domain of GATA-1. A 2.6-kilobase cDNA encoding a 470 amino acid protein was obtained. Sequence analysis revealed a predicted protein which is the human counterpart of a related chicken protein, designated GATA-2. Human GATA-2 is expressed by a variety of cells, including erythroid, HeLa, and endothelial cells. A complex of a GATA-containing probe and recombinant GATA-2 expressed in COS cells comigrates with that present in gel shift experiments with nuclear extract derived from endothelial cells. In addition, expressed human GATA-2 protein transactivates reporter gene constructs containing either minimal GATA promoter elements or the native PPET-1 promoter in a cotransfection assay. Retinoic acid treatment of endothelial cells results in down-regulation of GATA-2 expression as well as down-regulation of PPET-1 gene expression. Human homologs of other known GATA-binding transcription factors are either absent from endothelial cells (in the case of GATA-1) or made in small quantities and not significantly affected by retinoid acid in these cells (in the case of GATA-3), making it unlikely that they regulate the PPET-1 gene. We propose that GATA-2 is the GATA-binding protein required for PPET-1 gene expression in endothelial cells.
<title>From multimedia stream models to GUI generation</title> (1997)

This paper is centered on the description of a model that generalizes multimedia data flows handling including complete behavior and interaction mechanisms, hence allowing full integration of GUIs generation -- GUI components are upgraded to interactive media items -- into the same unified model. It aims to reinforce portability, reusability, and quick development of multimedia applications. A picture of previous and of current state-of-art in multimedia application development clearly shows the need for standard abstractions in this field. Current work in this direction leads to a discussion on generic application structure (objects, semantics, etc.) and on different approaches to reach platform independence and efficient object sharing (formal representation languages, interpreted programming languages, distributed environments, etc.). At this point, we present a basic model based on several stream-based models and implementations on multimedia data flows, and built on the basis of the source-stream-sink paradigm. It follows with a detailed explanation of the unified (common to all media) abstract basic stream from which all monomedia flows (including GUI elements) are derived: stream setting- up (source-sink adaptation, and negotiation), flow control procedure, stream sensibility, behavior pattern, etc. The model presentation ends up with the introduction of the multimedia stream that performs synchronization and inter- stream communication tasks, and channels all sensibility, from/towards its managed streams, and allows for the design of an application generator. Then it deeps into the definition of the abstract class hierarchy that guides the model implementation. Finally, several implementation issues are addressed and some practical achievements are described.
Clustering by fast search and find of density peaks (2014)

Cluster analysis is aimed at classifying elements into categories on the basis of their similarity. Its applications range from astronomy to bioinformatics, bibliometrics, and pattern recognition. We propose an approach based on the idea that cluster centers are characterized by a higher density than their neighbors and by a relatively large distance from points with higher densities. This idea forms the basis of a clustering procedure in which the number of clusters arises intuitively, outliers are automatically spotted and excluded from the analysis, and clusters are recognized regardless of their shape and of the dimensionality of the space in which they are embedded. We demonstrate the power of the algorithm on several test cases.
Specific isolation of 3′-terminal exons of human genes by exon trapping (1994)

Exon trapping is a method to functionally clone expressed sequences from genomic DNA. We have previously developed the vector system pETV-SD2, which contains only a splice donor site (SD) followed by a LacZ gene, allowing trapping of internal exons of human genes by blue-white selection. We now describe the adaptation of the same system for the efficient trapping of 3'-terminal exons, by using different RT-PCR primers in a 3' RACE reaction. The addition of a T7 promoter to the RT-PCR products derived from pETV-SD2 allows their amplification in an isothermic amplification reaction called NASBA (nucleic acid sequence-based amplification reaction) and results in a strong signal from amplified 3' exons in addition to a great reduction of non-specific background. As a test for the system, 3' exon trapping was performed using a cosmid containing the alpha-globin gene cluster on chromosome 16. The 3'-terminal exons of the human alpha 1-, zeta 2-, and theta-globin genes were trapped, as well as a correctly spliced and polyadenylated sequence in the 3' flanking region of the alpha 1-globin gene. This exon appears to belong to a previously unidentified gene within the alpha-globin gene cluster. This 3' exon trapping strategy should facilitate the cloning of genes from large genomic regions.
Utility of Galactomannan Enzyme Immunoassay and (1,3) β- d -Glucan in Diagnosis of Invasive Fungal Infections: Low Sensitivity for Aspergillus fumigatus Infection in Hematologic Malignancy Patients (2008)

Previous studies have reported that galactomannan (GM) enzyme immunoassay and 1,3 beta-glucan (BG) assay may be useful diagnostic tools, but their sensitivities are variable. We compared the performances of both tests. Between October 2002 and May 2005, 82 patients were prospectively monitored for 12 weeks. A total of 414 samples were tested by GM assay and 409 samples were tested by BG assay for the following four groups of patients: those with invasive aspergillosis (IA), those with other mold infections (Fusarium, scedosporium, zygomycosis, etc.), those with candidemia, and control patients. Blood samples were obtained twice on week 1 and once every other week for a total of 12 weeks. Patients in the invasive fungal infection groups had comparable risk factors. The sensitivity of the GM test was significantly higher for patients with IA due to non-fumigatus Aspergillus species than for patients with IA due to Aspergillus fumigatus (49% versus 13%; P < 0.0001) or with other mold infections (49% versus 6%; P < 0.0001). However, the sensitivity range (47% to 64%) and specificity (88%) of the BG assay were comparable among all patients tested, regardless of the infecting pathogen. The performance of GM-based diagnosis appears to be better for detecting non-fumigatus Aspergillus species. The diagnostic marker BG was shown to have a higher sensitivity than that of GM in detecting IA and other mold infections in hematologic malignancy patients.
Tropoelastin production and tropoelastin messenger RNA activity. Relationship to copper and elastin cross-linking in chick aorta (1986)

The elastin content of the chick thoracic aorta increases 2--3-fold during the first 3 weeks post-hatching. The deposition of elastin requires the covalent cross-linking of tropoelastin by means of lysine-derived cross-links. This process is sensitive to dietary copper intake, since copper serves as cofactor for lysyl oxidase, the enzyme that catalyses the oxidative deamination of the lysine residues involved in cross-link formation. Disruption of cross-linking alters tissue concentrations of both elastin and tropoelastin and results in a net decrease in aortic elastin content. Autoregulation of tropoelastin synthesis by changes in the pool sizes of elastin or tropoelastin has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the diminished aortic elastin content. Consequently, dietary copper deficiency was induced to study the effect of impaired elastin cross-link formation on tropoelastin synthesis. Elastin in aortae from copper-deficient chicks was only two-thirds to one-half the amount measured in copper-supplemented chicks, whereas copper-deficient concentrations of tropoelastin in aorta were at least 5-fold higher than normal. In spite of these changes, however, increased amounts of tropoelastin, copper deficiency and decreased amounts of elastin did not influence the amounts of functional elastin mRNA in aorta. Likewise, the production of tropoelastin in aorta explants was the same whether the explants were taken from copper-sufficient or -deficient birds. The lower accumulation of elastin in aorta from copper-deficient chicks appeared to be due to extracellular proteolysis, rather than to a decrease in the rate of synthesis. Electrophoresis of aorta extracts, followed by immunological detection of tropoelastin-derived products, indicated degradation products in aortae from copper-deficient birds. In extracts of aortae from copper-sufficient chicks, tropoelastin was not degraded and appeared to be incorporated into elastin without further proteolytic processing.
Comparison of Cascaded H-Bridge and Modular Multilevel Converters for BESS application (2011)

This paper compares the Cascaded H-Bridge (CHB) converter topology with the Modular Multilevel Converter topology (M <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> LC) for the use in battery energy storage systems (BESS). Standard modules are examined as well as extended modules allowing an increase in output voltage. Semiconductor and capacitor requirements are evaluated by simulation, and practical considerations are discussed. Experimental results from a laboratory setup of a CHB based BESS are presented.
Estimation of shape parameter for generalized Gaussian distributions in subband decompositions of video (1995)

A subband decomposition scheme for video signals, in which the original or difference frames are each decomposed into 16 equal-size frequency subbands, is considered. Westerink et al. (1991) have shown that the distribution of the sample values in each subband can be modeled with a "generalized Gaussian" probability density function (PDF) where three parameters, mean, variance, and shape are required to uniquely determine the PDF. To estimate the shape parameter, a series of statistical goodness-of-fit tests such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov or chi-squared tests have been used. A simple alternative method to estimate the shape parameter for the generalized Gaussian PDF is proposed that significantly reduces the number of computations by eliminating the need for any statistical goodness-of-fit test.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
IgA antibodies for cancer therapy (2001)

Antibody-based therapy is a new treatment option for selected tumor patients. Today, human IgG(1) is the most widely used isotype, because it effectively activates human complement, recruits NK cells for ADCC, and has an extended plasma half life. In recent work, however, neutrophils--the most populous cytotoxic cells in humans--were more effectively recruited by human IgA than by IgG antibodies. IgA antibodies may have the additional advantages of forming natural dimers with improved signaling capacity on tumor cells, and being actively transported into mucosal secretions with the potential for improved targeting of certain carcinomas from the luminal surface.
Modelling ethanol production from cellulose: separate hydrolysis and fermentation versus simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (2008)

In ethanol production from cellulose, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentative conversion may be performed sequentially (separate hydrolysis and fermentation, SHF) or in a single reaction vessel (simultaneous saccharification and fermentation, SSF). Opting for either is essentially a trade-off between optimal temperatures and inhibitory glucose concentrations on the one hand (SHF) vs. sub-optimal temperatures and ethanol-inhibited cellulolysis on the other (SSF). Although the impact of ethanol on cellobiose hydrolysis was found to be negligible, formation of glucose and cellobiose from cellulose were found to be significantly inhibited by ethanol. A previous model for the kinetics of enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis was, therefore, extended with enzyme inhibition by ethanol, thus allowing a rational evaluation of SSF and SHF. The model predicted SSF processing to be superior. The superiority of SSF over SHF (separate hydrolysis and fermentation) was confirmed experimentally, both with respect to ethanol yield on glucose (0.41 g g-1 for SSF vs. 0.35 g g-1 for SHF) and ethanol production rate, being 30% higher for an SSF type process. High conversion rates were found to be difficult to achieve since at a conversion rate of 52% in a SSF process the reaction rate dropped to 5% of its initial value. The model, extended with the impact of ethanol on the cellulase complex proved to predict reaction progress accurately.