gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alkoxy Radical Isomerization in the OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of C4−C8 n-Alkanes (1996)

Isomerizations of the alkoxy radicals formed from the OH radical reactions with n-butane through n-octane and n-pentane-d12 through n-octane-d18 have been studied in the presence of NO at 296 ± 2 K and 740 Torr total pressure of air. In addition to carbonyls of the same carbon number as the alkane precursors, the previously predicted δ-hydroxycarbonyls were detected by direct air sampling atmospheric pressure ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The formation yields of carbonyl compounds containing the same number of carbons as the parent n-alkane decreased with increasing carbon number in the n-alkane, while the hydroxycarbonyl/carbonyl formation yield ratios increased markedly from n-butane through n-octane, in agreement with previous theoretical predictions.
Effect of cyanide on the reaction of nitroprusside with hemoglobin: relevance to cyanide interference with the biological activity of nitroprusside (1990)

The reaction of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) with deoxyhemoglobin (Hb) results in two distinct EPR-detectable species, the one-electron-reduced nitroprusside ion [(CN)5FeNO]3- and nitrosylhemoglobin (HbNO). In the presence of excess cyanide (CN-) only the signal for [(CN)5FeNO]3- is observed. Thus, while free CN- does not interfere with Hb reduction of SNP, it prevents transfer of the NO moiety to Hb. Electrolytic reduction of SNP under similar conditions, however, leads to [(CN)5FeNO]3- and a small amount of [(CN)4FeNO]2- resulting from loss of the CN- trans to the NO. Excess free CN- shifts the equilibrium between these two species toward [(CN)5FeNO]3-, thereby reducing the concentration of [(CN)4FeNO]2-. Thus, [(CN)4FeNO]2- appears to be responsible for the transfer of NO to Hb. Consistent with this mechanism, both [(CN)5FeNO]3- and [(CN)4FeNO]2- are observed when SNP is added to erythrocyte lysates. Under these conditions HbNO is formed more rapidly due to the higher concentration of the latter species with the labile NO. This observation suggests that red blood cell constituents capable of binding CN- shift the equilibrium between the reduced SNP ions toward [(CN)4FeNO]2-. In the reaction of reduced glutathione (GSH) with SNP, [(CN)5FeNO]3- is formed as well as low concentrations of an EPR-detectable GSH-SNP adduct. Excess free CN- introduces a lag in the appearance of these signals, suggesting that GSH mediates SNP reduction by a different mechanism from that of Hb, although it too is inhibited by CN-.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Methodology for Registration of a Histological Slide and In Vivo MRI Volume Based on Optimizing Mutual Information (2006)

We present a method for registering histology and in vivo imaging that requires minimal microtoming and is automatic following the user's initialization. In this demonstration, we register a single hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained histological slide of a coronal section of a rat brain harboring a 9L gliosarcoma with an in vivo 7T MR image volume of the same brain. Because the spatial resolution of the in vivo MRI is limited, we add the step of obtaining a high spatial resolution, ex vivo MRI in situ for intermediate registration. The approach taken was to maximize mutual information in order to optimize the registration between all pairings of image data whether the sources are MRI, tissue block photograph, or stained sample photograph. The warping interpolant used was thin plate splines with the appropriate basis function for either 2-D or 3-D applications. All registrations were implemented by user initialization of the approximate pose between the two data sets, followed by automatic optimization based on maximizing mutual information. Only the higher quality anatomical images were used in the registration process; however, the spatial transformation was directly applied to a quantitative diffusion image. Quantitative diffusion maps from the registered location appeared highly correlated with the H&E slide. Overall, this approach provides a robust method for coregistration of in vivo images with histological sections and will have broad applications in the field of functional and molecular imaging.
Preparation of Functionalized p-Phenylenediamine Derivatives Using Arene−Iron Chemistry (1996)

Selective displacement of chloride from cyclopentadienyl(1,4-dichlorobenzene)iron(1+) by a series of cyclic secondary amine nucleophiles is described. This selectivity, in combination with further manipulation of the complexes, allows access to a series of unsymmetrical and/or functionalized tetraalkyl-p-phenylenediamine complexes. A series of demetalated phenylenediamines were shown by CV to have redox potentials distributed over a range of 320 mV, as a consequence of remote functionality. Preliminary fluorescence studies on a series of electron acceptor-substituted phenylenediamines indicated quenching of the phenylenediamine fluorescence, attributable to rapid electron transfer.
The CA 125 tumour-associated antigen: a review of the literature (1989)

CA 125 is an antigenic determinant on a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein recognized by a monoclonal antibody which was raised using an ovarian cancer cell line as an immunogen. During the last 5 years the studies reviewed in this paper have provided information concerning the nature, distribution and clinical significance of CA 125. The CA 125 determinant is expressed by epithelial ovarian tumours and various other pathological and normal tissues of Müllerian origin. The function of the glycoprotein expressing CA 125 remains unclear but the distribution of the antigen suggests that it may have a physiological role. The highest serum levels of CA 125 are found in ovarian cancer patients, but elevation of serum CA 125 may also be associated with other malignancies and benign and physiological states, including pregnancy, endometriosis and menstruation. Despite limitations of sensitivity and specificity serum CA 125 estimation is of clinical value in the pre-operative diagnosis and monitoring of ovarian malignancy and may be a prognostic indicator for this disease. The role of CA 125 in screening for early-stage ovarian cancer is currently under investigation. Recent reports suggest that serum CA 125 measurement may also be of value as a prognostic indicator in endometrial cancer and as a reflection of disease status in advanced endometriosis.
A process engineering approach to increase organoid yield (2017)

Temporal manipulation of the <i>in vitro</i> environment and growth factors can direct differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into organoids - aggregates with multiple tissue-specific cell types and three-dimensional structure mimicking native organs. A mechanistic understanding of early organoid formation is essential for improving the robustness of these methods, which is necessary prior to use in drug development and regenerative medicine. We investigated intestinal organoid emergence, focusing on measurable parameters of hindgut spheroids, the intermediate step between definitive endoderm and mature organoids. We found that 13% of spheroids were pre-organoids that matured into intestinal organoids. Spheroids varied by several structural parameters: cell number, diameter and morphology. Hypothesizing that diameter and the morphological feature of an inner mass were key parameters for spheroid maturation, we sorted spheroids using an automated micropipette aspiration and release system and monitored the cultures for organoid formation. We discovered that populations of spheroids with a diameter greater than 75 μm and an inner mass are enriched 1.5- and 3.8-fold for pre-organoids, respectively, thus providing rational guidelines towards establishing a robust protocol for high quality intestinal organoids.
Four unit linking groups II. Some novel smectic C materials (1991)

Abstract About 40 diverse phenyl benzoate esters incorporating a trans-1-4-disubstituted cyclohexane ring joined to the central aromatic core by new four unit linking groups (C4H8, C4H6, C3H6O and C3H4O) have been synthesized. The effect of various lateral substituents (F, Cl, CN and Br) and especially two fluorine atoms in the 2,3-positions of the 4-n-alkoxybenzoate part of the esters has been investigated. Three homologous series of 5-n-alkyl-2-(4-phenyl)pyrimidines incorporating the same four unit linking groups have also been prepared. Many members of the ester and pyrimidine series exhibit enantiotropic smectic C mesophases at moderately elevated temperatures. Several esters and pyrimidines have been found to improve the surface alignment and temperature range of chiral smectic C mixtures for surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal displays. The effect of the new four unit linking groups on the liquid crystal transition temperatures, rotational viscosity and spontaneous polarization of their host structures in a standard chiral C mixture has been studied and compared to that of analogous materials containing no central linkage and standard central linkages ([sbnd], C2H4, CH2O and COO). Several lactate ester derivatives incorporating the four unit linking groups have also been prepared and been found to exhibit a moderately high spontaneous polarization.
Potential to Alter the Content and Composition of Milk Fat Through Nutrition (1997)

Nutritional manipulation of the rumen ecosystem provides a strategy to alter the content and composition of milk fat. Dietary fat supplements affect the content and composition of milk fat. The magnitude of changes is influenced by the degree of protection; as protection increases, the deleterious effects fatty acids on microbial activity decreases, and biohydrogenation of C18 unsaturated fatty acids is reduced. In addition, change is influenced by the transfer of dietary fat into milk, which is related to fatty acid composition, degree of ruminal metabolism, and efficiency of digestion. A cascade of metabolic events involving specific nutrients (e.g., trans fatty acids and cyclopropene acids) occurs that regulates the activity of key enzymes in pathways of endogenous fat synthesis within the mammary gland. When cattle are fed oilseeds (e.g., canola and cotton) with > 75% protection from biohydrogenation, the proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids is changed, and the fat content of milk is increased. Human consumption of dairy products containing elevated proportions of C18 mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids reduces the content of cholesterol in plasma low density lipoproteins. These fat-modified dairy products are more susceptible to autoxidation, which can be controlled by including vitamin E in the diet of lactating cow. These products also have much less solid fat, which improves spreadability of butter. By protecting different oilseeds from ruminal metabolism, demands for energy can be satisfied while producing milk fat that can be designed for consumer and manufacturing requirements.
Copper-Catalyzed Chan–Lam Coupling between Sulfonyl Azides and Boronic Acids at Room Temperature (2014)

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of N-arylsulfonamides in the presence of 10 mol % of CuCl is demonstrated. The reaction proceeds readily at room temperature in an open flask using a variety of sulfonyl azides and boronic acids without any base, ligand, or additive.
Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health (2007)

All public health professionals should have some level of knowledge of the basic principles of Toxicology. Whether dealing with issues as diverse as a workers' compensation claim for a job-related exposure and injury or the removal of toxic wastes from an urban community, public health professionals must be able to communicate with each other, the public, and our political leaders concerning how chemicals can, and the conditions under which they may, realistically produce harm. Principles and Practice of Toxicology in Public Health provides students with an understanding of the nature and scope of the discipline, so that they may be prepared to participate in a meaningful way in the often highly visible problem-solving and decision-making processes required of public health professionals. In four sections, it offers an introduction to the field, as well as the basics of toxicology principles, systemic toxicity, and toxicology practice. The text is immediately readable for the student with little technical background. The Second Edition is a thorough update that has been expaneded with a new chapter on endocrine toxicology. Instructor Resources: Instructor Manual, PowerPoint, TestBank
Spatial-filtered Vertical-cavity top surface-emitting lasers (1993)

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology has progressed rapidly over the past few years; however, Transverse Mode (TM) control remains elusive for VCSELS of practical dimensions.1-3 Here, we present a novel approach to select only the TEM00 lasing mode by using the exit window of a top surface4 emitter as a spatial filter. This technique allows us to produce repeatably and systematically TEM00-mode VCSELs exhibiting well-behaved electrical and optical characteristics, while maintaining the criteria of producibility. We also report record level single-TEM00-mode emission of over 2.6 mW.
Talking numbers (2018)

In the first article in a series on ‘maths talk’, Hilary White offers suggestions to explore and introduce language linked to quantity, number and counting through heuristic play.
Oral Vaccination against Tetanus: Comparison of the Immunogenicities ofSalmonellaStrains Expressing Fragment C from thenirBandhtrAPromoters (1998)

We have found the in vivo-regulated nirB promoter (PnirB) to be effective for directing expression of a number of antigens in salmonella in vivo. We wished to determine if other in vivo-regulated promoters have utility for antigen expression in salmonella and to compare the effectiveness of these promoters with that of PnirB. To this end, we have devised a scheme that allows the promoter element of the PnirB-fragment C plasmid pTETnir15 to be swapped with other promoters of interest. We demonstrate the usefulness of this system by replacing PnirB with PhtrA to create plasmid pTEThtrA1. htrA is a stress response gene that is required for virulence of salmonella in mice and survival within macrophages. Expression of fragment C in Salmonella typhimurium BRD509 (aroA aroD) harboring pTEThtrA1 (strain BRD937) correlated with growth temperature in vitro. A comparison was made of the immune responses to fragment C elicited in mice immunized orally with BRD937 or BRD847 (BRD509/pTETnir15) or subcutaneously with purified fragment C plus alhydrogel. High levels of anti-fragment C antibodies that persisted for at least 12 weeks were present in all groups of mice. Vaccination with BRD937 was the most effective means of immunization: the serum immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, and IgM anti-fragment C titers were higher in the BRD937-immunized mice throughout the duration of the study than in mice in the other groups. The kinetics of the serum anti-fragment C responses were different in different groups. The response was most rapid in the BRD937 group, with the titers almost at peak levels at 2 weeks postimmunization. Only the mice immunized with BRD937 or BRD847 developed an intestinal IgA response to fragment C. Again, the response was superior in the BRD937 group. The peak of the intestinal response was delayed with respect to the serum response. Analysis of the IgG subtype response to fragment C revealed a dominant IgG2a response in the salmonella-immunized mice, indicating a type 1 helper T-cell response to fragment C, whereas the major subtype in the group parenterally immunized with fragment C plus alhydrogel was IgG1. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio was much higher in sera of BRD937-immunized mice than in sera of BRD847-immunized mice. At 15 to 20 weeks after immunization, the mice immunized with BRD937 or BRD847 were solidly immune to tetanus toxin and salmonella. The immune responses to fragment C seen in mice immunized with BRD937 are the strongest we have observed and indicate that the htrA promoter may be very useful for expressing foreign antigens in salmonella vaccine strains.
Phase II Trial of Intravenous CI-1042 in Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (2003)

In this phase II study, intravenous CI-1042 was administered safely to patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Toxicity was manageable, consisting primarily of flu-like symptoms. Stable disease was experienced by seven patients for 11 to 18 weeks.
An Artificial Light Source Influences Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies,Hermetia illucens (2010)

Current methods for mass-rearing black soldier flies, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in the laboratory are dependent on sunlight. Quartz-iodine lamps and rare earth lamps were examined as artificial light sources for stimulating H. illucens to mate and lay eggs. Sunlight was used as the control. Adults in the quartz-iodine lamp treatment had a mating rate of 61% of those in the sunlight control. No mating occurred when the rare earth lamp was used as a substitute. Egg hatch for the quartz-iodine lamp and sunlight treatments occurred in approximately 4 days, and the hatch rate was similar between these two treatments. Larval and pupal development under these treatments required approximately 18 and 15 days at 28°C, respectively. Development of methods for mass rearing of H. illucens using artificial light will enable production of this fly throughout the year without investing in greenhouse space or requiring sunlight.
Integration of Semantic Web Service and Component-Based Development for e-business environment (2006)

This paper outlines how the Web service and component-based development are integrated for e-business environment. Previous research has suggested a method to dynamically convert components to Web service. And the semantic Web should enable greater access not only to content but also to services on the Web. It needs semantic service discovery for components. So, we add ontology-based framework to Web service generation system from components. To do that, we use UML model to be a bridge between Web service and ontology. The UML model is a useful tool to visualize and map from OWL and WSDL. The main contribution of this paper is to generate Web service dynamically from components and to support semantic Web environment by using ontology
Multimeric Cyclic RGD Peptides as Potential Tools for Tumor Targeting: Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis and Chemoselective Oxime Ligation (2003)

The alpha v beta 3 integrin receptor plays an important role in human metastasis and tumor-induced angiogenesis. Targeting this receptor may provide information about the receptor status of the tumor and enable specific therapeutic planning. Solid-phase peptide synthesis of multimeric cyclo(-RGDfE-)-peptides is described, which offer the possibility of enhanced integrin targeting due to polyvalency effects. These peptides contain an aminooxy group for versatile chemoselective oxime ligation. Conjugation with para-trimethylstannylbenzaldehyde results in a precursor for radioiododestannylation, which would allow them to be used as potential tools for targeting and imaging alpha v beta 3-expressing tumor cells. The conjugates were obtained in good yield without the need of a protection strategy and under mild conditions.
Approximation algorithms for directed Steiner problems (1998)

We obtain the first non-trivial approximation algorithms for the Steiner Tree problem and the Generalized Steiner Tree problem in general directed graphs. Essentially no approximation algorithms were known for these problems. For the Directed Steiner Tree problem, we design a family of algorithms which achieve an approximation ratio of O(k^\epsilon) in time O(kn^{1/\epsilon}) for any fixed (\epsilon < 0), where k is the number of terminals to be connected. For the Directed Generalized Steiner Tree Problem, we give an algorithm which achieves an approximation ratio of O(k^{2/3}\log^{1/3} k), where k is the number of pairs to be connected. Related problems including the Group Steiner tree problem, the Node Weighted Steiner tree problem and several others can be reduced in an approximation preserving fashion to the problems we solve, giving the first non-trivial approximations to those as well.
A place and route aware buffered Steiner tree construction (2004)

In order to achieve timing closure on increasingly complex IC designs, buffer insertion needs to be performed on thousands of nets within an integrated physical synthesis system. In most of previous works, buffers may be inserted at any open space. Even when there may appear to be space for buffers in the alleys between large blocks, these regions are often densely packed or may be useful later to fix critical paths. In addition, a buffer solution may inadvertently force wires to go through routing congested regions. Therefore, within physical synthesis, a buffer insertion scheme needs to be aware of both placement congestion and routing congestion of the existing layout and so it has to be able to decide when to insert buffers in dense regions to achieve critical performance improvement and when to utilize the sparser regions of the chip. With the proposed Steiner tree adjustment technique, this work aims at finding congestion-aware buffered Steiner trees. Our tree adjustment technique takes a Steiner tree as input, modifies the tree and simultaneously handles the objectives of timing, placement and routing congestion. To our knowledge, this is the first study, which simultaneously considers these three objectives for the buffered Steiner tree problem. Experimental results confirm the effectiveness of our algorithm while it achieves up to 20x speed-up when comparing with the state-of-the-art algorithm (C.J. Alpert et al., 2003).
Efficient generation of infectious recombinant baculoviruses by site-specific transposon-mediated insertion of foreign genes into a baculovirus genome propagated in Escherichia coli (1993)

The construction and purification of recombinant baculovirus vectors for the expression of foreign genes in insect cells by standard transfection and plaque assay methods can take as long as 4 to 6 weeks. This period can be reduced to several days by using a novel baculovirus shuttle vector (bacmid) that can replicate in Escherichia coli as a plasmid and can infect susceptible lepidopteran insect cells. The bacmid is a recombinant virus that contains a mini-F replicon, a kanamycin resistance marker, and attTn7, the target site for the bacterial transposon Tn7. Expression cassettes comprising a baculovirus promoter driving expression of a foreign gene that is flanked by the left and right ends of Tn7 can transpose to the target bacmid in E. coli when Tn7 transposition functions are provided in trans by a helper plasmid. The foreign gene is expressed when the resulting composite bacmid is introduced into insect cells.