gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genotypic Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance (2002)

There are 16 approved human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drugs belonging to three mechanistic classes: protease inhibitors, nucleoside and nucleotide reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors, and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors. HIV-1 resistance to these drugs is caused by mutations in the protease and RT enzymes, the molecular targets of these drugs. Drug resistance mutations arise most often in treated individuals, resulting from selective drug pressure in the presence of incompletely suppressed virus replication. HIV-1 isolates with drug resistance mutations, however, may also be transmitted to newly infected individuals. Three expert panels have recommended that HIV-1 protease and RT susceptibility testing should be used to help select HIV drug therapy. Although genotypic testing is more complex than typical antimicrobial susceptibility tests, there is a rich literature supporting the prognostic value of HIV-1 protease and RT mutations. This review describes the genetic mechanisms of HIV-1 drug resistance and summarizes published data linking individual RT and protease mutations to in vitro and in vivo resistance to the currently available HIV drugs.
Etifoxine analgesia in experimental monoarthritis: A combined action that protects spinal inhibition and limits central inflammatory processes (2013)

Inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the joint are major causes of chronic pain. Long-lasting pain symptoms are thought to result from a central sensitization of nociceptive circuits. These processes include activation of microglia and spinal disinhibition. Using a monoarthritic rat model of pain, we tried to potentiate neural inhibition by using etifoxine (EFX), a nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic that acts as an allosteric-positive modulator of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor function. Interestingly, EFX also can bind to the mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) complex and stimulate the synthesis of 3α-reduced neurosteroids, the most potent positive allosteric modulator of GABAA receptor function. Here we show that a curative and a preventive treatment with 50mg/kg of EFX efficiently reduced neuropathic pain symptoms. In the spinal cord, EFX analgesia was accompanied by a reduction in microglial activation and in the levels of proinflammatory mediators. Using electrophysiological tools, we found that EFX treatment not only amplified spinal GABAergic inhibition, but also prevented prostaglandin E2-induced glycinergic disinhibition and restored a "normal" spinal pain processing. Because EFX is already distributed in several countries under the trade name of Stresam for its anxiolytic actions in humans, new clinical trials are now required to further extend its therapeutic indications as pain killer.
Cleavage of Single- and Double-Stranded DNAs Containing an Abasic Residue by Escherichia Coli Exonuclease III (AP Endonuclease VI) (1996)

The Escherichia coli exonuclease III (AP endonuclease VI) is a DNA-repair enzyme that hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond 5' to an abasic site in DNA. To study how the enzyme recognizes the abasic site, we used oligonucleotides containing a synthetic abasic site at any desired position in the sequence. We prepared oligonucleotides containing an abasic residue such as 2'-deoxyribosylformamide, 2'-deoxyribose, 1',2'-dideoxy ribofuranose or propanediol. Duplex oligonucleotides containing an abasic residue used in this study were cleaved on the 5' side of the abasic site by exonuclease III in spite of the varieties of the bases opposite and adjacent to the abasic site. In addition, we observed that the enzyme cleaved single-stranded oligonucleotides containing an abasic site on the 5' side of the abasic site. These findings suggest that the enzyme may principally recognize the DNA-pocket formed at an abasic site. The indole ring of the tryptophan 212 residue of the exonuclease III is probably intercalated to the abasic site. The tryptophan in the vicinity of the catalytic site is conserved in the type II AP endonuclease from various organisms.
Synergistic inhibition of tumor growth in a murine mammary adenocarcinoma model by combinational gene therapy using IL-12, pro-IL-18, and IL-1β converting enzyme cDNA (1999)

We report here that a cancer gene therapy protocol using a combination of IL-12, pro-IL-18, and IL-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) cDNA expression vectors simultaneously delivered via gene gun can significantly augment antitumor effects, evidently by generating increased levels of bioactive IL-18 and consequently IFN-gamma. First, we compared the levels of IFN-gamma secreted by mouse splenocytes stimulated with tumor cells transfected with various test genes, including IL-12 alone; pro-IL-18 alone; pro-IL-18 and ICE; IL-12 and pro-IL-18; and IL-12, pro-IL-18, and ICE. Among these treatments, the combination of IL-12, pro-IL-18, and ICE cDNA resulted in the highest level of IFN-gamma production from splenocytes in vitro, and similar results were obtained when these same treatments were delivered to the skin of a mouse by gene gun and IFN-gamma levels were measured at the skin transfection site in vivo. Furthermore, the triple gene combinatorial gene therapy protocol was the most effective among all tested groups at suppressing the growth of TS/A (murine mammary adenocarcinoma) tumors previously implanted intradermally at the skin site receiving DNA transfer by gene gun on days 6, 8, 10, and 12 after tumor implantation. Fifty percent of mice treated with the combined three-gene protocol underwent complete tumor regression. In vivo depletion experiments showed that this antitumor effect was CD8(+) T cell-mediated and partially IFN-gamma-dependent. These results suggest that a combinatorial gene therapy protocol using a mixture of IL-12, pro-IL-18, and ICE cDNAs can confer potent antitumor activities against established TS/A tumors via cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells and IFN-gamma-dependent pathways.
Pulse Wave Analysis and Pulse Wave Velocity A Review of Blood Pressure Interpretation 100 Years After Korotkov (2006)

The pulsatile component of blood pressure (ie, pulse pressure) has received considerable attention as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In particular, central blood pressure measurements in the ascending aorta or in the carotid artery are expected to be more useful than conventional brachial pressure measurements for predicting cardiovascular events because central pressure, not the brachial pressure, is the pressure that target organs encounter. Due to wave reflection, the blood pressure in the upper limb does not represent the central blood pressure; therefore, leading researchers have enthusiastically promoted a noninvasive method of measuring central blood pressure and the resulting aortic stiffness. Until now, there has been an increasing body of evidence to support the accuracy and superiority of central blood pressure measurements as well as the assessment of aortic properties over classical brachial pressure measurements. In this review, the information regarding these "central" indices derived from 2 main methods, namely "pulse wave analysis" and "pulse wave velocity", for the application of central blood pressure measurements and arterial stiffness to clinical study and practice, has been summarized.
Continuous-time adaptive control of systems with unknown backlash (1995)

This paper addresses one of the nondifferentiable nonlinearities which appear very often in industrial control applications: backlash. The authors first present a right inverse of backlash and then give one of its possible implementations. Characteristics like backlash are seldom known, so an adaptive version of the authors' backlash inverse is more suitable for applications. The authors develop an adaptive backlash inverse scheme and apply it to feedback control of a known linear plant with an unknown backlash at its input. The authors use simulation results to illustrate achieved performance improvements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Production of Antigens in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Green Microalgae as a Novel Source of Recombinant Proteins (2004)

Recombinant small-scale proteins are produced in a number of systems, from bacteria like Escherichia coli, through lower eukaryotes like baker's yeast, up to mammalian cell cultures. However, the need for safe and cheap sources of large amounts of recombinant proteins for different purposes, including material sciences, diagnostics, and, of course, medical therapy, has forced the development of alternative production systems. Green microalgae are cheap and easily grown and offer a high protein content, which would seem to make them ideal hosts for the large-scale sustainable production of recombinant proteins in the future. In selected species, recombinant DNA can be introduced into the genomes of the nucleus, the chloroplast, and even the mitochondria, and thus the system offers both prokaryotic (chloroplast, mitochondria) and eukaryotic translation systems for a tailored expression of virtually any protein.
Early predictors of outcome in comatose survivors of ventricular fibrillation and non-ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest treated with hypothermia: A prospective study* (2008)

Time from collapse to ROSC is strongly associated with outcome following VF and non-VF cardiac arrest treated with therapeutic hypothermia and could therefore be helpful to identify patients who benefit most from active induced cooling.
Assessment of 6′- and 6′′′-N-acylation of aminoglycosides as a strategy to overcome bacterial resistance (2011)

Amongst the many synthetic aminoglycoside analogues that were developed to regain the efficacy of this class of antibiotics against resistant bacterial strains, the 1-N-acylated analogues are the most clinically used. In this study we demonstrate that 6'-N-acylation of the clinically used compound tobramycin and 6'''-N-acylation of paromomycin result in derivatives resistant to deactivation by 6'-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase (AAC(6')) which is widely found in aminoglycoside resistant bacteria. When tested against AAC(6')- or AAC(3)-expressing bacteria as well as pathogenic bacterial strains, some of the analogues demonstrated improved antibacterial activity compared to their parent antibiotics. Improvement of the biological performance of the N-acylated analogues was found to be highly dependent on the specific aminoglycoside and acyl group. Our study indicates that as for 1-N-acylation, 6'- and 6'''-N-acylation of aminoglycosides offer an additional promising direction in the search for aminoglycosides capable of overcoming infections by resistant bacteria.
Speckle in Optical Coherence Tomography (1999)

Speckle arises as a natural consequence of the limited spatial-frequency bandwidth of the interference signals measured in optical coherence tomography (OCT). In images of highly scattering biological tissues, speckle has a dual role as a source of noise and as a carrier of information about tissue microstructure. The first half of this paper provides an overview of the origin, statistical properties, and classification of speckle in OCT. The concepts of signal-carrying and signal-degrading speckle are defined in terms of the phase and amplitude disturbances of the sample beam. In the remaining half of the paper, four speckle-reduction methods-polarization diversity, spatial compounding, frequency compounding, and digital signal processing-are discussed and the potential effectiveness of each method is analyzed briefly with the aid of examples. Finally, remaining problems that merit further research are suggested. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
NF-AT-Driven Interleukin-4 Transcription Potentiated by NIP45 (1996)

The induction of cytokine gene transcription is mediated in part by the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT). Factors involved in the mechanisms of NF-AT-mediated transcription are not well understood. A nuclear factor that interacted with the Rel homology domain (RHD) of NF-ATp was identified with the use of a two-hybrid interaction trap. Designated NIP45 (NF-AT interacting protein), it has minimal similarity to any known genes. Transcripts encoding this factor were enriched in lymphoid tissues and testes. NIP45 synergized with NF-ATp and the proto-oncogene c-Maf to activate the interleukin-4 (IL-4) cytokine promoter; transient overexpression of NIP45 with NF-ATp and c-maf in B lymphoma cells induced measurable endogenous IL-4 protein production. The identification of NIP45 advances our understanding of gene activation of cytokines, critical mediators of the immune response.
A comparison of classifiers and document representations for the routing problem (1995)

In this paper, we compare learning techniques based on statistical classification to traditional methods of relevance feedback for the document routing problem. We consider three classification techniques which have decision rules that are derived via explicit error minimization linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and neuraf networks. We demonstrate that the classifiers perform 10-15% better than relevance feedback via Rocchio expansion for the TREC-2 and TREC-3 routing tasks.
TFSOI complementary BiCMOS technology for low power applications (1995)

A Thin-Film-Silicon-On-Insulator Complementary BiCMOS (TFSOI CBiCMOS) technology has been developed for low power applications. The technology is based on a manufacturable, near-fully-depleted 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS process with the lateral bipolar devices integrated as drop-in modules for CBiCMOS circuits. The near-fully-depleted CMOS device design minimizes sensitivity to silicon thickness variation while maintaining the benefits of SOI devices. The bipolar device structure emphasizes use of a silicided polysilicon base contact to reduce base resistance and minimize current crowding effects. A split-oxide spacer integration allows independent control of the bipolar base width and emitter contact spacing. Excellent low power performance is demonstrated through low current ECL and low voltage, low power CMOS circuits. A 70 ps ECL gate delay at a gate current of 20 /spl mu/A is achieved. This represents a factor of 3 improvement over bulk trench-isolated double-polysilicon self-aligned bipolar circuits. Similarly, CMOS gate delay shows a factor of 2 improvement over bulk silicon at a power supply voltage of 3.3 V. Finally, a 460 /spl mu/W 1 GHz prescaler circuit is demonstrated using this technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Somatic mutations ofGUCY2F,EPHA3, andNTRK3 in human cancers (2006)

Tyrosine kinases are major regulators of signal transduction cascades involved in cellular proliferation and have important roles in tumorigenesis. We have recently analyzed the tyrosine kinase gene family for alterations in human colorectal cancers and identified somatic mutations in seven members of this gene family. In this study we have used high-throughput sequencing approaches to further evaluate this subset of genes for genetic alterations in other human tumors. We identified somatic mutations in GUCY2F, EPHA3, and NTRK3 in breast, lung, and pancreatic cancers. Our results implicate these tyrosine kinase genes in the pathogenesis of other tumor types and suggest that they may be useful targets for diagnostic and therapeutic intervention in selected patients.
Diabodies Targeting Epithelial Membrane Protein 2 Reduce Tumorigenicity of Human Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines (2008)

These findings suggest that EMP2 may be a potential pharmacologic target for human endometrial cancer.
Amphiphilic Block Copolymers by Sequential Living Cationic Polymerization:  Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(isobutylene-b-methyl vinyl ether) (1996)

The living polymerization of methyl vinyl ether (MeVE) was achieved using initiators obtained by capping 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-chloropentane (TMPCl) with 1,1-diphenylethylene (DPE), or 1,1-ditolylethylene (DTE) in conjunction with TiCln(OEt)4-n (n = 2−2.4) coinitiator in CH2Cl2/hexanes (60/40 v/v) solvent mixture at 0 °C. Sequential block copolymerization of isobutylene (IB) with MeVE has also been accomplished. Well-defined living poly(isobutylene) (PIB) was first prepared at −80 °C in the presence of TiCl4, followed by capping with DPE or DTE. Then, Ti(OEt)4 was added to reduce the Lewis acidity followed by the addition of MeVE, and the temperature was raised to 0 °C. Well-defined PIB-PMeVE diblock copolymers with controlled molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn < 1.1) have been obtained, with the virtual absence of homopolymer contaminants. According to differential scanning calorimetry, the diblock copolymers exhibit two Tgs, suggesting microphase separation. PIB-PMeVE diblock copolymers with ∼50/50 w/w composition were insoluble in water but soluble in methanol. The diblock copolymer with 80 wt % PMeVE content was soluble in water, exhibited excellent surfactant properties (critical micelle concentration = 2.3 × 10-5 M), and produced stable emulsions of oil in water (average particle size ∼200 nm).
가노지고로(嘉納治五郞)의 생애와 유도사상 (2004)

As the life of the founder of modern Judo, Kanojigoro, and his philosophy on Judo, were discussed above, he studied Confucianism and calligraphy, and Western utilitarianism and pragmatism before Kodokan Judo was established, He introduced Tenjin Shinyo Ryu Jiu-jitsu and Kitoryu to Judo. Thus, Kanojlgoro based his creation of Judo on Confucianism that he learned during village school days, and on Western utilitarianism and then philosopher Spencer`s (presumably) educational theory of `intellectual training, moral training, and physical training` that he studied in college, and linked the merits of Tenjin Shinyo Ryu Jiu-jitsu and Kitoryu to such learning, thus presumably creating Judo. For the purpose of Judo, Kanojlgoro divided it into physical method and contest method, and applied mental disciplining method, character cultivation method, intellect training method, and contest theories of Judo, to daily life, thus seeking to develop the character of Judo trainees, He systemized Judo skills as a discipling method, In addition, he embraced the philosophy of using the vigor of Judo for good purpose, and mutual prosperity as the loftiest purpose of Judo, Currently, the Korean martial arts community tend to forsake philosophies on martial arts and use narrow-minded methods and old-fashioned educational methods. All domestic martial arts have been devoid of theories, philosophies, and principles, if anything, and have lacked in study, thus focusing on promoting matches rather than on academic research. Judo, likewise, amid this atmosphere, has been recognized not as a martial art, but as a sport, However, Judo has Its feature of martial art as part of Criental culture, and is the most widely known martial art worldwide, Thus, research on Judo, recently, should focus not only on skills and methodologies, but also on its essence. Also, research on Judo should focus not only on the improvement of its skills in matches, but also on the necessity of a continued education on it geared toward substantialism and global orientation. Still, Judo should not be recognized just as an area of sports and physical activity culture, but the importance of its essential research should be emphasized.
MOLSCRIPT: a program to produce both detailed and schematic plots of protein structures (1991)

The MOLSCRIPT program produces plots of protein structures using several different kinds of representations. Schematic drawings, simple wire models, ball-and-stick models, CPK models and text labels can be mixed freely. The schematic drawings are shaded to improve the illusion of three dimensionality. A number of parameters affecting various aspects of the objects drawn can be changed by the user. The output from the program is in PostScript format.
An RNA Microcosm (2002)

A year ago came the suprising discovery that animals have perhaps hundreds of micro-RNAs (miRNAs). Now the importance of miRNA in plants and animals is being revealed. In his perspective, [Baulcombe][1] describes new work ([Llave][2] et al .; [HutvAigner and Zamore][3]) that gives insight into how miRNA and related small RNAs may control processes as diverse as translational arrest, RNA cleavage, and genome rearrangement.

 [1]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/297/5589/2002
 [2]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5589/2053
 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/short/297/5589/2056
A metrics suite for object oriented design (1994)

Given the central role that software development plays in the delivery and application of information technology, managers are increasingly focusing on process improvement in the software development area. This demand has spurred the provision of a number of new and/or improved approaches to software development, with perhaps the most prominent being object-orientation (OO). In addition, the focus on process improvement has increased the demand for software measures, or metrics with which to manage the process. The need for such metrics is particularly acute when an organization is adopting a new technology for which established practices have yet to be developed. This research addresses these needs through the development and implementation of a new suite of metrics for OO design. Metrics developed in previous research, while contributing to the field's understanding of software development processes, have generally been subject to serious criticisms, including the lack of a theoretical base. Following Wand and Weber (1989), the theoretical base chosen for the metrics was the ontology of Bunge (1977). Six design metrics are developed, and then analytically evaluated against Weyuker's (1988) proposed set of measurement principles. An automated data collection tool was then developed and implemented to collect an empirical sample of these metrics at two field sites in order to demonstrate their feasibility and suggest ways in which managers may use these metrics for process improvement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Handbook of Heterogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation for Organic Synthesis (2001)

Handbook of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation for organic synthesis , Handbook of heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation for organic synthesis , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز