gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Self-Assembly of Giant Bottlebrush Block Copolymer Surfactants as Shape-Tunable Building Blocks (2014)

Programmed self-assembly of well-defined molecular building blocks enables the fabrication of precisely structured nanomaterials. In this work, we explore a new class of giant polymeric surfactants (Mn = (0.7-4.4) × 10(6) g/mol) with bottlebrush architecture and show that their persistent molecular shape leads to the formation of uniform aggregates in a predictable manner. Amphiphilic bottlebrush block copolymers containing polylactide (PLA) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) side chains were synthesized by a grafting-from method, and their self-assembly in aqueous environment was studied by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. The produced micelle structures with varying interfacial curvatures and core radii (19-55 nm) boasted rod-like hydrophilic PEO brushes protruding from the hydrophobic PLA cores normal to the interface. Highly uniform spherical micelles with low dispersities were obtained from bottlebrush amphiphiles with packing parameters of ∼0.3, estimated from the polymer structural data. Long cylindrical micelles and other nonspherical aggregates were observed for the first time for compositionally less asymmetric bottlebrush surfactants. Critical micelle concentration values of 1 nM, measured for PEO-rich bottlebrush amphiphiles, indicated an enhanced thermodynamic stability of the produced micelle aggregates. Shape-dependent assembly of bottlebrush surfactants allows for the rational fabrication of a range of micelle structures in narrow morphological windows.
The Pathogenesis of Rift Valley Fever (2011)

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic disease distributed in sub-Saharan African countries and the Arabian Peninsula. The disease is caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) of the family Bunyaviridae and the genus Phlebovirus. The virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, and virus replication in domestic ruminant results in high rates of mortality and abortion. RVFV infection in humans usually causes a self-limiting, acute and febrile illness; however, a small number of cases progress to neurological disorders, partial or complete blindness, hemorrhagic fever, or thrombosis. This review describes the pathology of RVF in human patients and several animal models, and summarizes the role of viral virulence factors and host factors that affect RVFV pathogenesis.
Introducing Microsoft Windows 95 (1995)

The Microsoft Windows 95 product team introduces readers to Windows 95. This guide describes the features, behavior, and benefits of Windows 95. The comprehensive overview will leave readers with a clear vision of what the software will look, feel, and act like. It includes everything readers have wanted to know about Windows 95 but didn't know who to ask! (Operating Systems)
A method for verification of computer-aided design model errors (2005)

Computer-aided design (CAD) models have errors that originate from data loss during the data conversion process or the technical weakness of the neutral format. Error recovery requires an increase in lead-time and additional expenses for product development. The serious problem is that errors in a CAD model are not found until after downstream development processes. In this paper, we propose a method to identify CAD model errors that are contained in a neutral format. Considering different topological and geometrical characteristics in the exchange of product model data (STEP) and initial graphics exchange specification (IGES) formats, our method includes a verification process to check a CAD model error step by step without wasting resources. To test the idea, we have implemented a verification system that checks topological and geometrical errors of 19 items in the STEP format and 12 items in the IGES format.
Polarization-maintaining fiber-based optical low-coherence reflectometer for characterization and ranging of birefringence (2003)

We describe a polarization-maintaining fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometer for measurement of depth-resolved birefringence. Unlike for other fiber-based polarization-sensitive optical low-coherence reflectometers, here the linear birefringence of a sample can be measured from data recorded in a single A scan. Simultaneous measurement of retardation and orientation of birefringent axes with mica wave plates is demonstrated. The measured retardation is insensitive to sample rotation in the plane perpendicular to ranging.
ERK is sequentially activated in neurons, microglia, and astrocytes by spinal nerve ligation and contributes to mechanical allodynia in this neuropathic pain model (2005)

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a mitogen activated-protein kinase (MAPK), in dorsal horn neurons contributes to inflammatory pain by transcription-dependent and -independent means. We have now investigated if ERK is activated in the spinal cord after a spinal nerve ligation (SNL) and if this contributes to the neuropathic pain-like behavior generated in this model. An L5 SNL induces an immediate (<10 min) but transient (<6 h) induction of phosphoERK (pERK) restricted to neurons in the superficial dorsal horn. This is followed by a widespread induction of pERK in spinal microglia that peaks between 1 and 3 days post-surgery. On Day 10, pERK is expressed both in astrocytes and microglia, but by Day 21 predominantly in astrocytes in the dorsal horn. In the L5 DRG SNL transiently induces pERK in neurons at 10 min, and in satellite cells on Day 10 and 21. Intrathecal injection of the MEK (ERK kinase) inhibitor PD98059 on Day 2, 10 or 21 reduces SNL-induced mechanical allodynia. Our results suggest that ERK activation in the dorsal horn, as well as in the DRG, mediates pain through different mechanisms operating in different cells at different times. The sequential activation of ERK in dorsal horn microglia and then in astrocytes might reflect distinct roles for these two subtypes of glia in the temporal evolution of neuropathic pain.
Chapter 13: Periphrastic DO (2017)

In Early Modern English the modern use of auxiliary DO (Did you hear? I did not hear) largely replaced earlier full verb constructions (Heard you? I heard not). An affirmative without emphasis (I do hear = I hear) was also possible, as hardly today. This chapter discusses factors involved in the substantial variation characteristic of the period, possible motivations for the rise of DO, and the emergence of its modern profile. Variation corresponded to a wide range of parameters, including discourse and stylistic properties, the presence of particular lexemes and collocations, and the verb's phonotactics. There were also major differences between clause types. These distributions may reveal motivations for the rise of DO, or simply reflect speakers' choices during a more abstract change (the loss of V-to-I), proceeding at a shared "constant rate" across contexts. Many issues are unsettled, but electronic corpora provide a major opportunity for progress.
A Structural Rearrangement in the Sodium Channel Pore Linked to Slow Inactivation and Use Dependence (2000)

Voltage-gated sodium (Na(+)) channels are a fundamental target for modulating excitability in neuronal and muscle cells. When depolarized, Na(+) channels may gradually enter long-lived, slow-inactivated conformational states, causing a cumulative loss of function. Although the structural motifs that underlie transient, depolarization-induced Na(+) channel conformational states are increasingly recognized, the conformational changes responsible for more sustained forms of inactivation are unresolved. Recent studies have shown that slow inactivation components exhibiting a range of kinetic behavior (from tens of milliseconds to seconds) are modified by mutations in the outer pore P-segments. We examined the state-dependent accessibility of an engineered cysteine in the domain III, P-segment (F1236C; rat skeletal muscle) to methanethiosulfonate-ethylammonium (MTSEA) using whole-cell current recordings in HEK 293 cells. F1236C was reactive with MTSEA applied from outside, but not inside the cell, and modification was markedly increased by depolarization. Depolarized F1236C channels exhibited both intermediate (I(M); tau approximately 30 ms) and slower (I(S); tau approximately 2 s) kinetic components of slow inactivation. Trains of brief, 5-ms depolarizations, which did not induce slow inactivation, produced more rapid modification than did longer (100 ms or 6 s) pulse widths, suggesting both the I(M) and I(S) kinetic components inhibit depolarization-induced MTSEA accessibility of the cysteine side chain. Lidocaine inhibited the depolarization-dependent sulfhydryl modification induced by sustained (100 ms) depolarizations, but not by brief (5 ms) depolarizations. We conclude that competing forces influence the depolarization-dependent modification of the cysteine side chain: conformational changes associated with brief periods of depolarization enhance accessibility, whereas slow inactivation tends to inhibit the side chain accessibility. The findings suggest that slow Na(+) channel inactivation and use-dependent lidocaine action are linked to a structural rearrangement in the outer pore.
Two distinct bombesin receptor subtypes are expressed and functional in human lung carcinoma cells. (1991)

Bombesin-like peptides have been implicated as autocrine growth factors influencing the pathogenesis and progression of some human lung carcinoma cells. To determine the pharmacologic and structural properties of the bombesin receptors expressed in human lung carcinoma cells, cDNA clones encoding a human gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) and a pharmacologically distinct neuromedin-B preferring bombesin-receptor (NMB-R) were isolated from a human small cell lung carcinoma cell line (NCI-H345). After expression in Xenopus oocytes, a GRP-R-specific antagonist was effective in blocking responses elicited from the cloned GRP-R, but not the NMB-R. Both GRP-R and NMB-R mRNA expression was detected at varying levels in a panel of human lung cancer cell lines. These results indicate heterogeneity of bombesin receptor subtypes exists in human lung carcinoma cells and should be considered in the design of bombesin receptor antagonists intended to inhibit tumor cell growth.
Pulmonary dehydration and infection in cystic fibrosis: evidence that ethanol activates alginate gene expression and induction of mucoidy in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1990)

Mortality among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is most commonly attributed to pulmonary infection by mucoid, alginate-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The initial infecting P. aeruginosa are typically non-mucoid; however, upon continued exposure to the CF lung environment, they become highly mucoid. The CF lung is an osmotically high environment because of the presence of substantial concentrations of electrolytes and dehydrated mucus. In this report we demonstrate that ethanol (a commonly used dehydrating agent) activates transcription from a critical alginate promoter, algD, and show that prolonged exposure to ethanol allows switching to the mucoid form. This activation appears to be dependent on DNA gyrase. Analysis of alginate gene activation, and the subsequent reversal of the activation process by bacterial DNA gyrase inhibitors, should aid the development of treatment strategies for CF patients infected with this organism.
Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Bismuth in Reverse Micelles (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis of Nanocrystalline Bismuth in Reverse MicellesEdward E. Foos, Rhonda M. Stroud, Alan D. Berry, Arthur W. Snow, and J. Paul ArmisteadView Author Information Chemistry Division, Code 6174 Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 29, 7114–7115Publication Date (Web):July 8, 2000Publication History Received30 March 2000Published online8 July 2000Published inissue 26 July 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja001118ihttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja001118irapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1225Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Bismuth,Cluster chemistry,Materials,Micelles,Nanoparticles Get e-Alerts
An Epi-Detected Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (E-CARS) Microscope with High Spectral Resolution and High Sensitivity (2001)

We report an epi-detected coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (E-CARS) microscope that uses two synchronized picosecond pulse trains. The microscope not only provides high spectral resolution but also significantly improves sensitivity for three-dimensional vibrational imaging of living cells.
Three-channel acousto-optic modulator for laser projection display system (1998)

A small laser projection display system is designed with a hybrid dichroic mirror for color separation, a hybrid dichroic mirror for color recombination, a 3-channel acousto-optic modulator (AOM) and a scanning part. The 3-channel AOM modulates red, green and blue laser beams. The wavelengths of red, green and blue beams are 647, 515 and 488 nm respectively. The carrier frequencies of each channel of AOM were adjusted to minimize the diffraction angle differences among red, green and blue laser beams. The carrier frequencies are 130, 168, 178 MHz for red, green and blue laser beams respectively. The measured diffraction angle after the carrier frequency control equals to the calculated diffraction angle. The transducer structure of AOM was optimized to get a high diffraction efficiency and to maximize isolation between adjacent channels by a slicing saw, which enhanced the electrical and acoustic isolation. The impedance matching- circuit of each electrode is housed in a separate compartment to suppress electrical crosstalk. The diffraction efficiency and risetime of the 3-channel AOM are over 85% and 50 nsec per each cell. The crosstalk between the channels is less than -30 dB.
A Review of the General Linear Model (2011)

The general linear model is an important tool in many fMRI data analyses. As the Name "general" suggests, this model can be used for many different types of analyses, including correlations, one-sample t-tests, two-sample t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). This appendix is a review of the GLM and covers parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and model setup for these various types of analyses.
Intraperitoneal Immunoglobulin (IG) Treatment in Prophylaxis of Bacterial Peritonitis in Capd (1987)

To evaluate peritoneal immunological defences and to find a possible cure for alterations in the mechanism, we studied the capacity of peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) to opsonize bacteria and the phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages (PM). Subjects were 40 uremic patients followed for a mean period of 36 months and 40 normal women who underwent laparoscopy (Controls). Opsonic capacity for S.epidermidis of undiluted PDE from CAPD patients with low peritonitis occurrence (LPI) proved similar to that of 10% control serum. It was, however, noticeably inferior when patients were of high peritonitis incidence (HPI). In these cases IgG concentration in PDE was lower than in patients of LPI. A significant correlation was revealed between opsonization capacity for bacteria and IgG concentration values in PDE. We found inverse correlation between opsonic capacity of PDE and number of episodes of peritonitis. Phagocytic capacity of PM from CAPD patients was similar to that of control PM when microorganisms were preopsonized by control serum. Intraperitoneal Immunoglobulin treatment raised PDE opsonization capacity and lowered peritonitis incidence in patients of previously HPI, thus demonstrating the importance of abnormal organization in CAPD peritonitis and the possibility of preventing infections by intraperitoneal Immunoglobulin treatment. These prevention results do not occur with intravenous Immunoglobulin treatment.
New Strategies in the Treatment of Mantle Cell Lymphoma (2012)

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that traditionally has been thought to possess the poor-risk features of both indolent lymphoma, with its incurability, and aggressive lymphoma, with its ability to proliferate rapidly. Although there is considerable debate as to whether MCL can be cured, a number of retrospective studies are beginning to suggest an improvement in overall survival over the past decade, likely coinciding with the introduction of rituximab, more intensive chemotherapy, and the increasing use of autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) in first remission. At present, intensive induction chemotherapy regimens consistently produce a response rate of >90%, sometimes even 100% in the first-line setting, and consolidation with ASCT in first remission can improve the complete response rate to 90%. The emergence of a more sophisticated understanding of the underlying pathogenesis, coupled with a host of new agents and targets, has again created new opportunities to improve the care of our patients with MCL. Here, we discuss many of these developments and how they may potentially affect the natural history of this disease.
Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables. Analysis of the edible part from twenty-two varieties of cabbage (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGlucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables. Analysis of the edible part from twenty-two varieties of cabbageCecil H. VanEtten, Melvin E. Daxenbichler, Paul H. Williams, and William F. KwolekCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1976, 24, 3, 452–455Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60205a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60205a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views584Altmetric-Citations132LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus, a Non-enveloped Virus, Possesses a Capsid-associated Peptide That Deforms and Perforates Biological Membranes (2007)

Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virions constitute transcriptionally competent machines that must translocate across cell membranes to function within the cytoplasm. The entry mechanism of such non-enveloped viruses is not well described. Birnaviruses are unique among dsRNA viruses because they possess a single shell competent for entry. We hereby report how infectious bursal disease virus, an avian birnavirus, can disrupt cell membranes and enter into its target cells. One of its four structural peptides, pep46 (a 46-amino acid amphiphilic peptide) deforms synthetic membranes and induces pores visualized by electron cryomicroscopy, having a diameter of less than 10 nm. Using both biological and synthetic membranes, the pore-forming domain of pep46 was identified as its N terminus moiety (pep22). The N and C termini of pep22 are shown to be accessible during membrane destabilization and pore formation. NMR studies show that pep46 inserted into micelles displays a cis-trans proline isomerization at position 16 that we propose to be associated to the pore formation process. Reverse genetic experiments confirm that the amphiphilicity and proline isomerization of pep46 are both essential to the viral cycle. Furthermore, we show that virus infectivity and its membrane activity (probably because of the release of pep46 from virions) are controlled differently by calcium concentration, suggesting that entry is performed in two steps, endocytosis followed by endosome permeabilization. Our findings reveal a possible entry pathway of infectious bursal disease virus: in endosomes containing viruses, the lowering of the calcium concentration promotes the release of pep46 that induces the formation of pores in the endosomal membrane.
Multiphase flow in lab on chip devices: A real tool for the future? (2008)

Sumita Pennathur, Lingling Shui, Jan Eijkel and Albert van den Berg discuss the future direction of microfluidic multiphase flow—part of a series of mini-reviews covering new trends in fundamental and applied research, and potential applications of miniaturised technologies.
Atropdiastereoselective Total Synthesis of Phleichrome and the Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Calphostin A (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAtropdiastereoselective Total Synthesis of Phleichrome and the Protein Kinase C Inhibitor Calphostin ARobert S. Coleman and Eugene B. GrantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 19, 8795–8796Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00098a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00098a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views472Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts