gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 Expression in Endothelium (1998)

The expression of chemokine receptor and viral coreceptor CXCR4 is reported in cultured endothelial cells and in arterial endothelium. A 1.9 kb transcript was cloned from cultured bovine aortic (BAEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). CXCR4 mRNA was expressed at high levels in BAEC and HUVEC but was not expressed by cultured bovine arterial smooth muscle cells (BASM) or human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSM). Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies demonstrated an approximate 46KD protein in endothelial cells only. In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry (anti-CXCR4 monoclonal antibody 12G5) revealed both transcript and protein expression in cultured endothelial cells, and in the endothelium of normal aorta but not in aortic smooth muscle. The ligand for CXCR4, stromal cell derived factor 1 (SDF-1) stimulated mobilization of intracellular calcium at a moderate level (37% of the peak response to thrombin), confirming the expression of functional receptor at the endothelial surface. The involvement of CXCR4 in chemokine signaling, chemoattraction (through SDF-1), and its potential viral coreceptor activity suggest a multifunctional role in vascular homeostasis and pathophysiology.
Mining Entity Types from Query Logs via User Intent Modeling (2012)

We predict entity type distributions in Web search queries via probabilistic inference in graphical models that capture how entity-bearing queries are generated. We jointly model the interplay between latent user intents that govern queries and unobserved entity types, leveraging observed signals from query formulations and document clicks. We apply the models to resolve entity types in new queries and to assign prior type distributions over an existing knowledge base. Our models are efficiently trained using maximum likelihood estimation over millions of real-world Web search queries. We show that modeling user intent significantly improves entity type resolution for head queries over the state of the art, on several metrics, without degradation in tail query performance.
Pathophysiology of Migraine — New Insights (1999)

Current theories propose that the primary dysfunction in migraine occurs within the CNS and that this evokes changes in blood vessels within pain-producing intracranial meningeal structures that give rise to headache pain. Migraine is now thought of as a neurovascular disorder. It has been proposed that genetic abnormalities may be responsible for altering the response threshold to migraine specific trigger factors in the brain of a migraineur compared to a normal individual. The exact nature of the central dysfunction that is produced in migraineurs is still not clear and may involve spreading depression-like phenomena and activation of brain stem monoaminergic nuclei that are part of the central autonomic, vascular and pain control centers. It is generally thought that local vasodilatation of intracranial extracerebral blood vessels and a consequent stimulation of surrounding trigeminal sensory nervous pain pathways is a key mechanism underlying the generation of headache pain associated with migraine. This activation of the 'trigeminovascular system' is thought to cause the release of vasoactive sensory neuropeptides, especially CGRP, that increase the pain response. The activated trigeminal nerves convey nociceptive information to central neurons in the brain stem trigeminal sensory nuclei that in turn relay the pain signals to higher centers where headache pain is perceived. It has been hypothesized that these central neurons may become sensitized as a migraine attack progresses. The 'triptan' anti-migraine agents (e.g. sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan naratriptan) are serotonergic agonists that have been shown to act selectively by causing vasoconstriction through 5-HT1B receptors that are expressed in human intracranial arteries and by inhibiting nociceptive transmission through an action at 5-HT1D receptors on peripheral trigeminal sensory nerve terminals in the meninges and central terminals in brain stem sensory nuclei. These three complementary sites of action underlie the clinical effectiveness of the 5-HT1B/1D agonists against migraine headache pain and its associated symptoms.
Pore-Level Mechanics of Forced and Spontaneous Imbibition of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions in Fractured Porous Media (2009)

Abstract Water flooding typically recovers about 50% of the original oil in place leaving much oil in the reservoir. Recovery efficiency in fractured reservoirs can be dramatically lower in comparison to conventional reservoirs because water channels selectively from injector to producer leaving considerable oil within the matrix and uncontacted by injected water. An enhanced recovery process is needed to access such oil held in the reservoir matrix. Addition of aqueous surfactants to injection water dramatically reduces oil/water interfacial tension and surfactant may adsorb to oil-wet rock surfaces inducing a shift in wettability that improves the imbibition of water. At the pore level, capillary forces are responsible for oil trapping and generally dominate over viscous and gravitational forces. Because of the reduction in interfacial tension between oil and water with the addition of surfactant, the role of capillary forces on fluid flow can be minimized. When gravity parameters are large enough to give a Bond number (ratio of gravity to capillary forces) greater than 10, gravitational forces become more dominant and oil held with rock matrix by capillarity may be released as a result of buoyancy. In this work, we use experiments conducted in two-dimensional micromodels to investigate the effect of gravity at low interfacial tension. The micromodels have the geometrical and topological characteristics of sandstone and the network is etched into silicon. Porelevel mechanics are observed directly via a reflected-light microscope. A screening study of sulfonate and sulfate surfactants was conducted to choose an appropriate system compatible with the light crude oil (27°API). A variety of flow behavior through the microscope is investigated including forced and spontaneous imbibition. Results are illustrated via pore-level photo and image analysis of microscopic pictures of the micromodel. Forced displacements are conducted at realistic flow rates to maintain a 1 m/day Darcy velocity and at surfactant concentrations of 0.9% to 1.25%. Forced displacement with a horizontal or vertical positioning of the micromodel yields dramatic improvement of recovery for surfactant injection cases. Most of the oil retained after a waterflood was recovered by tertiary injection of surfactant solution. In comparison, about 25% oil saturation remained after a waterflood.
From nanowire lasers to quantum wire lasers (2004)

Vapor-liquid-solid epitaxy process has been developed to synthesize high quality semiconductor nanowire arrays. The nanowires generally are single crystalline and have diameters of 10-200 nm and aspect ratios of 10-100. There is much current interest in the optical properties of these semiconductor nanowires, as the cylindrical geometry and strong two-dimensional confinement of electrons, holes, and photons makes them particularly attractive as potential building blocks for nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics devices. We recently reported the first study of laser action and nonlinear optical mixing in individual zinc oxide (ZnO) and GaN nanowires, demonstrating the potential of these structures as room temperature nanoscopic coherent light sources and frequency converters. These efforts further led to the demonstration of ZnO nanoribbon laser as well as GaN-based quantum wire lasers.
Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition Attenuates Left Ventricular Remodeling and Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Progressive Heart Failure (2001)

MMP activity contributes to LV dilation and progression to LV dysfunction in a rodent HF model, and direct MMP inhibition can attenuate this process.
Marijuana and medicine: assessing the science base (1999)

The medical use of marijuana is surrounded by a cloud of social, political, and religious controversy, which obscures the facts that should be considered in the debate. This book summarizes what we know about marijuana from evidence-based medicine--the harm it may do and the relief it may bring to patients. The book helps the reader understand not only what science has to say about medical marijuana but also the logic behind the scientific conclusions. Marijuana and Medicine addresses the science base and the therapeutic effects of marijuana use for medical conditions such as glaucoma and multiple sclerosis. It covers marijuana's mechanism of action, acute and chronic effects on health and behavior, potential adverse effects, efficacy of different delivery systems, analysis of the data about marijuana as a gateway drug, and the prospects for developing cannabinoid drugs. The book evaluates how well marijuana meets accepted standards for medicine and considers the conclusions of other blue-ribbon panels. Full of useful facts, this volume will be important to anyone interested in informed debate about the medical use of marijuana: advocates and opponents as well as policymakers, regulators, and health care providers.
Potent and specific antitumor effect of CEA‐targeted photoimmunotherapy (2014)

Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is limited by the insufficient efficacy and specificity of photosensitizers. We herein describe a highly effective and selective tumor-targeted PDT using a near-infrared (NIR) photosensitizer, IRDye700DX, conjugated to a human monoclonal antibody (Ab) specific for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The antitumor effects of this Ab-assisted PDT, called photoimmunotherapy (PIT), were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The Ab-IRDye conjugate induced potent cytotoxicity against CEA-positive tumor cells after NIR-irradiation, whereas CEA-negative cells were not affected at all, even in the presence of excess photoimmunoconjugate. We found an equivalent phototoxicity and a predominant plasma membrane localization of Ab-IRDye after both one and six hours of incubation. Either no or little caspase activation and membrane peroxidation were observed in PIT-treated cells and a panel of scavengers for reactive oxygen species showed only partial inhibition of the phototoxic effect. Strikingly, Ab-IRDye retained significant phototoxicity even under hypoxia. We established a xenograft model, which allowed us to sensitively investigate the therapeutic efficacy of PIT by non-invasive bioluminescence imaging. Luciferase-expressing MKN-45-luc human gastric carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into both flanks of nude mice. NIR-irradiation was performed for only the tumor on one side. In vivo imaging and measurement of the tumor size revealed that a single PIT treatment, with intraperitoneal administration of Ab-IRDye and subsequent NIR-irradiation, caused rapid cell death and significant inhibition of tumor growth, but only on the irradiated side. Together, these data suggest that Ab-IRDye-mediated PIT has great potential as an anticancer therapeutics targeting CEA-positive tumors.
Use of pharmacogenetics and clinical factors to predict the maintenance dose of warfarin (2003)

Knowledge of pharmacogenetics may help clinicians predict their patients' therapeutic dose of warfarin, thereby decreasing the risk of bleeding during warfarin initiation. Our goal was to use pharmacogenetics to develop an algorithm that uses genetic, clinical, and demographic factors to estimate the warfarin dose a priori. We collected a blood sample, demographic variables, laboratory values, smoking status, names of medications, and dietary history from 369 patients who were taking a maintenance dose of warfarin. Using polymerase chain reaction, we genotyped each participant for the presence of 8 polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 2C9 system. Using multiple regression, we quantified the association between warfarin dose and all factors. Advanced age, lower body surface area (BSA), and the presence of cytochrome P450 2C9 *2 or *3 single nucleotide polymorphisms were strongly associated (P < 0.001) with lower warfarin dose: the maintenance dose decreased by 8% per decade of age, by 13% per standard deviation decrease in BSA, by 19% per 2C9*2 allele, and by 30% per 2C9*3 allele. Warfarin doses were 29% lower in patients who took amiodarone, 12% lower in patients who took simvastatin, 21% lower in patients whose target INR was 2.5 rather than 3.0, and 11% lower in white rather than African-American participants (P < 0.05 for these comparisons). An algorithm that included these factors and one of borderline significance (sex), explained 39% of the variance in the maintenance warfarin dose. Use of this pharmacogenetic model had potential to prevent patients from being overdosed when initiating warfarin: we estimate that only 24 (6.5%) patients would have been over- dosed by >2 mg/day with pharmacogenetic dosing compared to 59 (16%) patients who would have been overdosed if they had been prescribed the empirical dose of 5 mg/day (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the maintenance warfarin dose can be estimated from demographic, clinical, and pharmacogenetic factors that can be obtained at the time of warfarin initiation.
Treatment of occipital neuralgia by partial posterior rhizotomy at C1–3 (1995)

To minimize the sensory loss associated with intradural posterior rhizotomy for medically refractory occipital neuralgia, partial sectioning of the upper cervical posterior rootlets was performed in 11 patients. The ventrolateral aspect of each posterior rootlet from C-1 to the upper portion of C-3 was divided at the root entry zone. In three patients with bilateral neuralgia, the procedure was performed on both sides, for a total of 14 partial rhizotomy procedures in the 11 patients. This resulted in satisfactory preservation of scalp sensation in all cases. Pain within the territory of the greater occipital nerve was consistently reduced or abolished by this procedure. The overall degree of pain relief was rated good or excellent after 10 of the 14 procedures. The other four procedures alleviated pain in the territory of the greater occipital nerve, but the results were marred by persistent periorbital or temporal pain. Two patients subsequently underwent complete C1-3 posterior rhizotomy without further improvement. Although partial posterior rhizotomy at C1-3 did not always relieve pain in the periorbital and temporal regions, this procedure did provide consistent long-term relief of severe occipital pain with minimal risk of postoperative vertigo, scalp anesthesia, or deafferentation syndrome.
Enhancing resolution along multiple imaging dimensions using assorted pixels (2005)

Multisampled imaging is a general framework for using pixels on an image detector to simultaneously sample multiple dimensions of imaging (space, time, spectrum, brightness, polarization, etc.). The mosaic of red, green, and blue spectral filters found in most solid-state color cameras is one example of multisampled imaging. We briefly describe how multisampling can be used to explore other dimensions of imaging. Once such an image is captured, smooth reconstructions along the individual dimensions can be obtained using standard interpolation algorithms. Typically, this results in a substantial reduction of resolution (and, hence, image quality). One can extract significantly greater resolution in each dimension by noting that the light fields associated with real scenes have enormous redundancies within them, causing different dimensions to be highly correlated. Hence, multisampled images can be better interpolated using local structural models that are learned offline from a diverse set of training images. The specific type of structural models we use are based on polynomial functions of measured image intensities. They are very effective as well as computationally efficient. We demonstrate the benefits of structural interpolation using three specific applications. These are 1) traditional color imaging with a mosaic of color filters, 2) high dynamic range monochrome imaging using a mosaic of exposure filters, and 3) high dynamic range color imaging using a mosaic of overlapping color and exposure filters.
Umbilical cord blood biology and transplantation (1995)

Human cord and placental blood provides a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells. On the basis of this finding, umbilical cord blood stem cells have been used to reconstitute hematopoiesis in children with malignant and nonmalignant diseases after treatment with myeloablative doses of chemoradiotherapy. Early results show that a single cord blood sample provides enough hematopoietic stem cells to provide short- and long-term engraftment, and that the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease has been low even in HLA-mismatched transplants. These results are encouraging enough to embark on the large-scale banking of cord blood for future allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation, to promote studies on the unique properties of fetal and neonatal hematopoiesis, to study the immunologic properties of cord blood cells, and to initiate investigations on gene transfer into human cord blood cells for future gene therapy trials. This review briefly summarizes the current knowledge on cord blood transplantation as well as the future development of research on this unique source of hematopoietic stem cells.
Physiological Regulation of Prostaglandins in the Kidney (2007)

Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids exert complex and diverse functions within the kidney. The biological effect of each prostanoid is controlled at multiple levels, including (a) enzymatic reactions catalyzed sequentially by cyclooxygenase and prostanoid synthase for the synthesis of bioactive prostanoid and (b) the interaction with its receptors that mediate its functions. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids act in an autocrine or a paracrine fashion and can serve as physiological buffers, protecting the kidney from excessive functional changes during physiological stress. Through these actions, prostanoids play important roles in maintaining renal function, body fluid homeostasis, and blood pressure. Renal cortical COX2-derived prostanoids, particularly PGI2 and PGE2, play critical roles in maintaining blood pressure and renal function in volume-contracted states. Renal medullary COX2-derived prostanoids appear to have an antihypertensive effect in individuals challenged with a high-salt diet. Loss of EP2 or IP receptor is associated with salt-sensitive hypertension. COX2 also plays a role in maintaining renal medullary interstitial cell viability in the hypertonic environment of the medulla. Cyclooxygenase-derived prostanoids also are involved in certain pathological processes. The cortical COX2-derived PGI2 participates in the pathogenesis of renal vascular hypertension through stimulating renal renin synthesis and release. COX-derived prostanoids also appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. COXs, prostanoid synthases, and prostanoid receptors should provide fruitful targets for intervention in the pharmacological treatment of renal disease.
Roles of the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain in O-GlcNAc Transferase Targeting and Protein Substrate Specificity (2003)

The abundant and dynamic post-translational modification of nuclear and cytosolic proteins by beta-O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is catalyzed by O-GlcNAc-transferase (OGT). Recently, we reported the identification of a novel family of OGT-interacting proteins (OIPs) that interact strongly with the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of OGT (Iyer, S. P., Akimoto, Y., and Hart, G. W. (2003) J. Biol. Chem. 278, 5399-5409). Members of this family are modified by O-GlcNAc and are excellent substrates of OGT. Here, we further investigated the role of the TPR domain in the O-GlcNAcylation of OIP106, one of the members of this OIP family. Using N-terminal deletions, we first identified the region of OIP106 that binds OGT, termed the OGT-interacting domain (OID). Deletion analysis indicated that TPRs 2-6 of OGT interact with the OID of OIP106. The apparent Km of OGT for the OID of OIP106 is 3.35 microm. Unlike small peptide substrates, glycosylation of the OID was dependent upon its interaction with the first 6 TPRs of OGT. Furthermore, the isolated TPR domain of OGT competitively inhibited glycosylation of the OID protein, but did not inhibit glycosylation of a 12-amino acid casein kinase II peptide substrate, providing kinetic evidence for the role of the TPR domain as a protein substrate docking site. Additionally, both the OID of OIP106 and nucleoporin p62 competed with each other for glycosylation by OGT. These studies support the model that the catalytic subunit of OGT achieves both high specificity and a remarkable diversity of substrates by complexing with a variety of targeting proteins via its TPR protein-protein interaction domains.
Specific synthetic peptides for detection of and discrimination between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. (1991)

A panel of highly purified synthetic oligopeptides representing defined parts of the gag and env proteins of HIV-1 and HIV-2 were used as antigens in ELISA for serodiagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. The analysis included sera from 321 HIV-infected patients and 201 healthy controls from the Ivory Coast, where the prevalence is high for both HIV-1 and HIV-2, and sera from European HIV-1-infected individuals. All sera from HIV-1-infected individuals reacted with a 20 amino acid (a.a.) peptide JB-4c (a.a. 594-613) derived from a highly immunogenic conserved region of the external part of gp41. An equally good response was seen in the HIV-2-infected individuals to a 20 a.a. peptide, JB-16c, from the corresponding part of HIV-2 gp36. Both HIV-1- and HIV-2-seropositive individuals responded well to a peptide, JB-8pc (a.a. 427-448), representing the C-terminal end of the putative CD4-binding site of gp120 of HIV-1. The frequency of reactivity to three selected HIV-1 gag peptides derived from p17 and p15 was 60-70% in both HIV-1 and HIV-2-positive sera. To distinguish between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection, the sera were titrated against the peptides. Although there was a high degree of cross-reactivity at lower serum dilutions, it was possible to discriminate the infections at higher dilutions to the HIV-1 and HIV-2 gp41/gp36 peptides JB-4c and JB-16c. Analysis of serum reactivity to several selected peptides thus allowed the identification of HIV infection, and the discrimination between HIV-1 and HIV-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)