gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancing B- and T-Cell Immune Response to a Hepatitis C Virus E2 DNA Vaccine by Intramuscular Electrical Gene Transfer (2000)

We describe an improved genetic immunization strategy for eliciting a full spectrum of anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope 2 (E2) glycoprotein responses in mammals through electrical gene transfer (EGT) of plasmid DNA into muscle fibers. Intramuscular injection of a plasmid encoding a cross-reactive hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) peptide mimic fused at the N terminus of the E2 ectodomain, followed by electrical stimulation treatment in the form of high-frequency, low-voltage electric pulses, induced more than 10-fold-higher expression levels in the transfected mouse tissue. As a result of this substantial increment of in vivo antigen production, the humoral response induced in mice, rats, and rabbits ranged from 10- to 30-fold higher than that induced by conventional naked DNA immunization. Consequently, immune sera from EGT-treated mice displayed a broader cross-reactivity against HVR1 variants from natural isolates than sera from injected animals that were not subjected to electrical stimulation. Cellular response against E2 epitopes specific for helper and cytotoxic T cells was significantly improved by EGT. The EGT-mediated enhancement of humoral and cellular immunity is antigen independent, since comparable increases in antibody response against ciliary neurotrophic factor or in specific anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag CD8(+) T cells were obtained in rats and mice. Thus, the method described potentially provides a safe, low-cost treatment that may be scaled up to humans and may hold the key for future development of prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against HCV and other infectious diseases.
A Tri-State FSK Demodulator for Asynchronous Timing of High-Rate Stimulation Pulses in Wireless Implantable Microstimulators (2005)

A tri-state FSK modulation protocol and demodulator circuit have been developed and explained in this paper for wireless data rates as high as the carrier frequency. This method is used for asynchronous timing of high-rate stimulation pulses in wireless implantable microstimulators to improve the timing resolution of the stimulation pulses from one data-frame period to only one carrier cycle period. The demodulator circuit is used in a 16-site wireless active stimulating microprobe fabricated in the University of Michigan 3-mum, 1-metal, 2-poly, N-epi, BiCMOS process, occupying 1.17 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of the probe active area. The FSK demodulator circuit is simulated up to 2.5 Mega bits per second (b/s) and tested up to 300 kb/s
Replication of adeno-associated virus in synchronized cells without the addition of a helper virus (1987)

We investigated the helper-independent replication of adeno-associated virus (AAV) in cells synchronized by pretreatment with hydroxyurea, reversal of polyamine depletion, or physical mitotic detachment. In Chinese hamster cells (OD4 line) treated with hydroxyurea prior to infection. AAV underwent a complete cycle of replication. Transfection of such cells with plasmid-cloned AAV DNAs also gave rise to infectious viral progeny. Synchronization of OD4 cells by reversal of polyamine depletion or mitotic detachment led to independent AAV DNA synthesis (and infectious viral progeny in the case of the former procedure), but these procedures were not as effective as hydroxyurea pretreatment. Independent AAV DNA synthesis was also detected in some other cell lines of Chinese hamster, human, and monkey origin treated with hydroxyurea prior to infection. The results demonstrate that, in contrast to previous notions, the AAV infectious process is not absolutely dependent upon the addition of a coinfecting helper virus.
Effect of electrical stimulation on musculoskeletal systems; A meta‐analysis of controlled clinical trials (2002)

Abstract This study was a meta‐analysis to examine whether electrical stimulation has specific effects in the healing of musculoskeletal repair process and in the diminution of symptoms with bone and joint disorders. Using MEDLINE (1966–1999) and EMBASE (1985–1999) a search for articles was carried out with four medical subject headings. Data were extracted from all the accessed articles and additionally collected from appropriate journal lists. A total of 20 randomized controlled trials on bones was identified which assessed healing of fractures, bone graft, and other conditions; and 29 randomized controlled trials on soft tissues and joints were also found, dealing with healing of skin wounds or dermal ulcers, soft tissue injury, and other conditions. Using criteria through which the quality of studies was assessed, the content of the articles was reorganized into a tabular form. The majority of the identified articles reported positive findings, but all the trials showed methodological flaws to some extent. Because of heterogeneity of the studies and the various outcome measurements, pooling of only part of the data was performed. The combined results of 12 trials on bones and 16 trials on soft tissues, the cases in which major endpoints were mainly union or healing rate, revealed statistically significant effects. The studies in this review had some methodological limitations, and the selected pooled trials do not constitute acceptable proof that electrical stimulation has specific effects on health. However, one cannot ignore the statistically significant positive findings reported in the trials, from which extracted data were able to be combined. Bioelectromagnetics 23:132–143, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physiologic regulation and tissue localization of renal erythropoietin messenger RNA (1987)

Although erythropoietin (Epo) is produced primarily by the kidneys in response to hypoxia, the precise cell type(s) and mechanisms by which these cells regulate production are poorly understood. In the experiments we report, the kinetics of renal Epo production in response to acute hypoxia and the intrarenal localization of cellular Epo synthesis were studied at the level of Epo mRNA. Erythropoietin mRNA expression was determined by Northern blot analysis of rat kidney RNAs using a probe derived from the mouse Epo gene. Renal Epo mRNA content increased as early as 1 hour after initiation of hypoxia and continued to accumulate during 4 hours of stimulation. Discontinuation of the hypoxic stimulus resulted in rapid decay of mRNA levels. Kidney and plasma Epo levels measured by radioimmunoassay paralleled, with respective lag times, the changes in renal Epo mRNA content, suggesting that Epo production in response to acute hypoxia represents de novo synthesis and is regulated by changes in Epo mRNA. Northern blot analysis of RNAs extracted from separated glomerular and tubular tissue fractions revealed Epo mRNA in the tubular fraction, whereas glomerular tissue did not contain Epo mRNA. Thus, the site of cellular Epo synthesis is located in the renal tubule or its interstitium and not in the glomerular tuft.
Degradation of tunnel-oxide floating-gate EEPROM devices and the correlation with high field-current-induced degradation of thin gate oxides (1989)

In the past it has been assumed that the behavior of MOS transistors and thin-oxide floating-gate memory cells during high field stress can be predicted using experimental results obtained on capacitors. Here, it is shown that, due to incorrect extrapolation of the results, important memory degradation phenomena, such as window opening, are prone to misinterpretation. The results of a study on the degradation of tunnel-oxide floating-gate EEPROM devices, making use of the charge-pumping technique in combination with threshold voltage window degradation measurements, are reported. Contacted floating-gate transistors were used to study the effect of Fowler-Nordheim tunneling on thin-oxide gate dielectrics. Different types of floating-gate transistors were subjected to different degradation conditions. By comparing the experimental results with those of a theoretical study of the influence of trapped oxide charges on injection current and threshold voltage, it is possible to explain all measured degradation characteristics unambiguously.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Constructing a Stable Carbene with a Novel Topology and Electronic Framework (2003)

The perimidine skeleton provides a framework for the isolation of a novel, stable carbene possessing a unique molecular architecture and electronic structure. The remarkable steric environment and exceptional electron-donating ability for the carbene-carbon are revealed through structural and spectroscopic characterization of the parent carbene and two sterically encumbered rhodium-carbene complexes, L2RhCl{C[NCH(CH3)2]2(C10H6)} (5 L2 = COD; 6 L = CO).
A genetic switch : gene control and phage λ [i.e. lambda] (1987)

Part 1 The master elements of control: components of the switch the action of repressor and cro induction - flipping the switch cooperativity - switch stability and sensitivity the effect of autoregulation other cases. Part 2 Protein-DNA interactions and gene control : the operator repressor cro amino acid-base pair interactions the promoter gene control. Part 3 Control circuits - setting the switch : a brief overview of growth control of transcription the decision control of integration and excision other phages the SOS response pathways and cell development. Part 4 How do we know - the key experiments : the repressor idea the repressor problem in the early 1960s repressor isolation and DNA-binding making more repressor the claims of chapters one and two Appendixes.
Modern pollen–vegetation and isopoll maps in southern Argentina (2001)

Aim To study the relation between vegetation and pollen spectra as a basic information for the interpretation of Quaternary paleoenvironments. Location Southern Argentina between latitude 38–47° S and longitude 62–72° W. Methods Pollen analysis, statistical analysis, geographical information system (GIS). Results Results of cluster analysis of pollen surface samples show close relations between the dispersal and composition of pollen taxa in the spectra with the corresponding vegetation formations. First isopoll maps of this region presented here by using GIS, demonstrate the relation between the main pollen taxa, the vegetation and the mean annual precipitation. Main conclusions The results prove the usefulness of the method of ‘modern analogues’ for southern Argentina.
Brick1 Is an Essential Regulator of Actin Cytoskeleton Required for Embryonic Development and Cell Transformation (2010)

Brick1 (Brk1) is the less-studied component of the Wave/Scar pathway involved in the branched nucleation of actin fibers. The clinical relevance of Brk1 is emphasized by correlative data showing that Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) patients that also lose the BRK1 gene are protected against the development of tumors. This contrasts with recent evidence suggesting that the Wave complex may function as an invasion suppressor in epithelial cancers. Here, we show that the downregulation of Brk1 results in abnormal actin stress fiber formation and vinculin distribution and loss of Arp2/3 and Wave proteins at the cellular protrusions. Brk1 is required for cell proliferation and cell transformation by oncogenes. In addition, Brk1 downregulation results in defective directional migration and invasive growth in renal cell carcinoma cells as well as in other tumor cell types. Finally, genetic ablation of Brk1 results in dramatic defects in embryo compaction and development, suggesting an essential role for this protein in actin dynamics. Thus, genetic loss or inhibition of BRK1 is likely to be protective against tumor development due to proliferation and motility defects in affected cells.
Cell surface Lactobacillus plantarum LA 318 glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) adheres to human colonic mucin (2008)

This is the first report showing GAPDH expressed on the cell surface of lactobacilli adheres to mucin suggesting L. plantarum LA 318 adheres to HCM using GAPDH binding activity to colonize the human intestinal mucosa.
Is periodicity required for negative index materials? (2004)

It has been demonstrated recently by a number of researchers that a periodic arrangement of closely spaced conducting wires and loops gives rise to double negative (i.e., negative permittivity and negative permeability) materials, known popularly as metamaterials, over a certain range of frequencies. While it may be of interest, in practice, to know the effect of material tolerances on the double negative properties, we are also studying the effect of a non-periodic lattice on the dielectric and magnetic properties of metamaterials. Our results indicate that a completely random array of conducting wires, having the same wire density as the periodic case, gives rise to essentially the same dielectric properties.
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channel Expression and Potentiation of Human Breast Cancer Metastasis (2005)

Up-regulation of neonatal Na(v)1.5 occurs as an integral part of the metastatic process in human breast cancer and could serve both as a novel marker of the metastatic phenotype and a therapeutic target.
Stereochemistry of the methylmalonyl‐CoA decarboxylation reaction (1987)

The steric course of the decarboxylation of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA to propionyl-CoA, catalyzed by the biotin-dependent sodium pump methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase of Veillonella alcalescens was determined. The decarboxylation of (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA in 3H2O yielded (R)-[2-3H]propionyl-CoA; and the decarboxylation of (S)-[2-3H]methylmalonyl-CoA in H2O produced (S)-[2-3H]propionyl-CoA. The results demonstrate retention of configuration during the decarboxylation reaction. The substrate stereochemistry of methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase is thus the same as that of all other biotin-containing enzymes investigated.
Interference Alignment and Degrees of Freedom of the $K$-User Interference Channel (2008)

For the fully connected K user wireless interference channel where the channel coefficients are time-varying and are drawn from a continuous distribution, the sum capacity is characterized as C(SNR)=K/2log(SNR)+o(log(SNR)) . Thus, the K user time-varying interference channel almost surely has K/2 degrees of freedom. Achievability is based on the idea of interference alignment. Examples are also provided of fully connected K user interference channels with constant (not time-varying) coefficients where the capacity is exactly achieved by interference alignment at all SNR values.
Optically detected magnetic resonance study of efficient two-layer conjugated polymer light-emitting diodes (1996)

We report the results of electroluminescence-detected magnetic resonance (ELDMR) measurements on efficient two-layer polymer light-emitting diodes (LED's) comprising a hole-transporting layer of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) and an emissive layer of a cyano-substituted PPV derivative (CN-PPV). By comparing the ELDMR and conductivity-detected magnetic resonance (CDMR) results with photo- luminescence-detected magnetic resonance on films of the polymers making up the LED, we are able to identify the components of the ELDMR and CDMR signals with processes occurring in either the PPV or the CN-PPV layers. We are, thus, able to establish the presence of triplet excitons in the CN-PPV layer. We also reveal the importance of bipolaron formation in the PPV layer, and discuss the assignment of the other ELDMR and CDMR features. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
X-ray crystallography and NMR reveal complementary views of structure and dynamics. (1997)

X-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are not competing techniques, but rather they complement each other. Taken together they can provide an atomic detail picture of macromolecular structure and dynamics which can be used to obtain an understanding of life processes at the molecular level.
Hepatic Fibrosis and Carcinogenesis in 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency: A Prototype for Chronic Tissue Damage in Gain-of-Function Disorders (2011)

In α1-antitrypsin (AT) deficiency, a point mutation renders a hepatic secretory glycoprotein prone to misfolding and polymerization. The mutant protein accumulates in the endoplasmic reticulum of liver cells and causes hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma by a gain-of-function mechanism. Genetic and/or environmental modifiers determine whether an affected homozygote is susceptible to hepatic fibrosis/carcinoma. Two types of proteostasis mechanisms for such modifiers have been postulated: variation in the function of intracellular degradative mechanisms and/or variation in the signal transduction pathways that are activated to protect the cell from protein mislocalization and/or aggregation. In recent studies we found that carbamazepine, a drug that has been used safely as an anticonvulsant and mood stabilizer, reduces the hepatic load of mutant AT and hepatic fibrosis in a mouse model by enhancing autophagic disposal of this mutant protein. These results provide evidence that pharmacological manipulation of endogenous proteostasis mechanisms is an appealing strategy for chemoprophylaxis in disorders involving gain-of-function mechanisms.
Advanced Methods And Tools for ECG Data Analysis (2006)

This cutting-edge resource provides you with a practical and theoretical understanding of state-of-the-art techniques for electrocardiogram (ECG) data analysis. Placing an emphasis on the fundamentals of signal etiology, acquisition, data selection, and testing, this comprehensive volume presents guidelines to help you design, implement, and evaluate algorithms used for the analysis of ECG and related data. Additionally, explanations of open source software and related databases for signal processing are given. The book focuses on the modeling, classification, and interpretation of features derived from advanced signal processing and artificial intelligence techniques. Key topics covered include physiological origin, hardware acquisition and filtering, time-frequency quantification of the ECG and derived signals (including heart rate variability and respiration), analysis of noise and artifact, models for ECG and RR interval processes, linear and nonlinear filtering techniques, and adaptive algorithms such as neural networks. Much of the book is devoted to deriving robust, clinically meaningful parameters such as the QRS axis, QT-interval, the ST-level, and T-wave alternan metrics. Methods for applying these metrics to clinical classification are also discussed, together with supervised and unsupervised classification techniques. Including over 190 illustrations, the book offers you a solid grounding in the relevant basics of physiology, data acquisition and database design, and addresses the practical issues of improving existing data analysis methods and developing new applications.
Roles of Fas and Fas ligand during mammary gland remodeling (2000)

Mammary involution is associated with degeneration of the alveolar structure and programmed cell death of mammary epithelial cells. In this study, we evaluated the expression of Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) in the mammary gland tissue and their possible role in the induction of apoptosis of mammary cells. FasL-positive cells were observed in normal mammary epithelium from pregnant and lactating mice, but not in nonpregnant/virgin mouse mammary tissue. Fas expression was observed in epithelial and stromal cells in nonpregnant mice but was absent during pregnancy. At day 1 after weaning, high levels of both Fas and FasL proteins and caspase 3 were observed and coincided with the appearance of apoptotic cells in ducts and glands. During the same period, no apoptotic cells were found in the Fas-deficient (MRL/lpr) and FasL-deficient (C3H/gld) mice. Increase in Fas and FasL protein was demonstrated in human (MCF10A) and mouse (HC-11) mammary epithelial cells after incubation in hormone-deprived media, before apoptosis was detected. These results suggest that the Fas-FasL interaction plays an important role in the normal remodeling of mammary tissue. Furthermore, this autocrine induction of apoptosis may prevent accumulation of cells with mutations and subsequent neoplastic development. Failure of the Fas/FasL signal could contribute to tumor development.
Rationale and Means to Target Pro-Inflammatory Interleukin-8 (CXCL8) Signaling in Cancer (2013)

It is well established that chronic inflammation underpins the development of a number of human cancers, with pro-inflammatory signaling within the tumor microenvironment contributing to tumor progression and metastasis. CXCL8 is an ELR+ pro-inflammatory CXC-chemokine which mediates its effects via signaling through two G protein-coupled receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2. Elevated CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling within the tumor microenvironment of numerous cancers is known to enhance tumor progression via activation of signaling pathways promoting proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion and cell survival. This review provides an overview of established roles of CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer and subsequently, discusses the possible strategies of targeting CXCL8-CXCR1/2 signaling in cancer, covering indirect strategies (e.g., anti-inflammatories, NFκB inhibitors) and direct CXCL8 or CXCR1/2 inhibition (e.g., neutralizing antibodies, small molecule receptor antagonists, pepducin inhibitors and siRNA strategies). Reports of pre-clinical cancer studies and clinical trials using CXCL8-CXCR1/2-targeting strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diseases will be discussed. The future translational opportunities for use of such agents in oncology will be discussed, with emphasis on exploitation in stratified populations.
Un Nouveau et Très Simple Dispositif Interférentiel Applicable au Microscope (1962)

Le dispositif interférentiel proposé est particulièrement simple. Il permet l'observation des objets isotropes transparents. Il utilise deux éléments biréfringents dont l'un est placé avant ou dans le système optique servant à l'éclairage de l'objet et l'autre après ou dans le système optique servant à l'observation. La position longitudinale de ces deux éléments biréfringents ne joue pratiquement aucun rôle. C'est là le principal avantage du dispositif au point de vue simplification. Par ailleurs il n'est pas nécessaire de diaphragmer le faisceau d'éclairage. La compensation des éléments biréfringents se fait non plus dans le plan des pupilles mais dans un plan voisin du plan objet. Le dispositif est donc un dispositif à compensation objective. Le dispositif est plus spécialement étudié pour les observations basées sur la méthode différentielle.
Two copies of Shiga-like toxin II-related genes common in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains are responsible for the antigenic heterogeneity of the O157:H- strain E32511 (1991)

Thirty-two clinical isolates of Shiga-like toxin (SLT)-producing Escherichia coli associated with single cases or outbreaks of bloody diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, the hemolytic uremic syndrome, or edema disease of swine were examined for multiple copies of genes belonging to the slt-I or slt-II toxin families. Five of 19 strains that were known to produce SLT-II or to hybridize to slt-II-specific probes by colony blot were found by Southern hybridization to contain two copies of toxin genes related to slt-II. The genes for two toxins closely related to slt-II were cloned from one of the isolates, Escherichia coli O157:H- strain E32511. One copy of the operon was found to be essentially identical to slt-II; it differed from slt-II by only one nucleotide base. This single nucleotide difference did not affect the predicted amino acid sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of the A subunit of the second operon was identical to that of SLT-II, but the predicted amino acid sequence of the B subunit was identical to that of the B2F1 toxin VT2ha. We designated this second operon slt-IIc. Neutralization assays using several monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antiserum prepared against SLT-II showed that SLT-IIc was antigenically related to but distinct from SLT-II.