gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A multiple-camera system calibration toolbox using a feature descriptor-based calibration pattern (2013)

This paper presents a novel feature descriptor-based calibration pattern and a Matlab toolbox which uses the specially designed pattern to easily calibrate both the intrin-sics and extrinsics of a multiple-camera system. In contrast to existing calibration patterns, in particular, the ubiquitous chessboard, the proposed pattern contains many more features of varying scales; such features can be easily and automatically detected. The proposed toolbox supports the calibration of a camera system which can comprise either normal pinhole cameras or catadioptric cameras. The calibration only requires that neighboring cameras observe parts of the calibration pattern at the same time; the observed parts may not overlap at all. No overlapping fields of view are assumed for the camera system. We show that the toolbox can easily be used to automatically calibrate camera systems.
Kinetic Mechanism of the β-Lactam Synthetase of Streptomyces clavuligerus (2000)

Streptomyces clavuligerus beta-lactam synthetase (beta-LS) was recently demonstrated to catalyze an early step in clavulanic acid biosynthesis, the ATP/Mg(2+)-dependent intramolecular closure of the beta-amino acid N(2)-(carboxyethyl)-L-arginine (CEA) to the monocyclic beta-lactam deoxyguanidinoproclavaminic acid (DGPC). Here we investigate the steady-state kinetic mechanism of the beta-LS-catalyzed reaction to better understand this unprecedented secondary metabolic enzyme. Initial velocity patterns were consistent with a sequential ordered bi-ter kinetic mechanism. Product inhibition studies with PP(i) and DGPC demonstrated competitive inhibition versus their cognate substrates ATP and CEA, respectively, and noncompetitive inhibition against their noncognate substrates. To clarify the order of substrate binding, the truncated substrate analogue N(2)-(carboxymethyl)-L-arginine was synthesized and demonstrated uncompetitive inhibition versus ATP and competitive patterns versus CEA. These data are consistent with ordered substrate binding, with ATP binding first, an abortive enzyme-DGPC complex, and PP(i) released as the last product. The pH dependence of V and V/K was determined and suggests that residues with a pK of 6.5 and 9.3 must be ionized for optimal activity. These observations were considered in the context of investigations of the homologous primary metabolic enzyme asparagine synthetase B, and a chemical mechanism is proposed that is consistent with the kinetic mechanism.
Functional interaction of translation initiation factor eIF4G with the foot-and-mouth disease virus internal ribosome entry site (2001)

In the life-cycle of picornaviruses, the synthesis of the viral polyprotein is initiated cap-independently at the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) far downstream from the 5' end of the viral plus-strand RNA. The cis-acting IRES RNA elements serve as binding sites for translation initiation factors that guide the ribosomes to an internal site of the viral RNA. In this study, we show that the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF4G interacts directly with the IRES of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). eIF4G binds mainly to the large Y-shaped stem-loop 4 RNA structure in the 3' region of the FMDV IRES element, whereas stem-loop 5 contributes only slightly to eIF4G binding. Two subdomains of stem-loop 4 are absolutely essential for eIF4G binding, whereas another subdomain contributes to a lesser extent to binding of eIF4G. At the functional level, the translational activity of stem-loop 4 subdomain mutants correlates with the efficiency of binding of eIF4G in the UV cross-link assay. This indicates that the interaction of eIF4G with the IRES is crucial for the initiation of FMDV translation. A model for the interaction of initiation factors with the IRES element is discussed.
0ptical lithography--thirty years and three orders of magnitude: the evolution of optical lithography tools (1997)

The evolution of optical lithography is traced back more than 30 years to its beginnings with contact printing. As the complexity of integrated circuits increased, the intolerance for defects drove the industry to projection printing. Projection printing was introduced in the early 1970's by imaging the full wafer at 1:1 magnification. The rapid increase in wafer sizes was accommodated by annular field scanning using 1:1 imaging mirror systems. Decreased linewidths and tighter overlay budgets combined with larger wafers created huge difficulties for the mask maker which weren't relieved until the introduction of reduction step- and-repeat printing of small blocks of chips in the late 1970's. Further demands for smaller linewidths and larger chips have driven optical lithography to shorter wavelengths and to scanning the chip in a step-and-scan printing mode. Future advancements in lithography will likely combine novel scanning techniques with further reductions in wavelength.
Human Obese Gene Expression: Adipocyte-Specific Expression and Regional Differences in the Adipose Tissue (1995)

The obese (ob) gene, the mutation of which results in severe hereditary obesity and diabetes in mice, has recently been isolated through positional cloning. In this study, we isolated a full-length human ob complementary DNA (cDNA) clone and examined the tissue distribution of ob gene expression in humans. The nucleotide sequences of the human ob cDNA coding region were 83% identical to those of the mouse and rat ob cDNA coding regions. Analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the human ob protein is a 166-amino acid polypeptide with a putative signal sequence and is 84 and 83% homologous to the mouse and rat ob proteins, respectively. Northern blot analysis using the cloned human ob cDNA fragment as a probe identified a single messenger RNA (mRNA) species 4.5 kb in size found abundantly in the adipose tissues obtained from the subcutaneous, omental, retroperitoneal, perilymphatic, and mesenteric fat pads. However, no significant amount of ob mRNA was present in the brain, heart, lung, liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, small intestine, kidney, prostate, testis, colon, or skeletal muscle. The ob mRNA level in the adipose tissue varied from region to region even in the same individual. Furthermore, in the human adipose tissue, ob gene expression occurred in mature adipocytes rather than in stromal-vascular cells. This study is the first report of the elucidation of ob gene expression in human tissues, thereby leading to better understanding of the physiological and clinical implications of the ob gene.
GSK-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS (2011)

Inhibiting glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) activity via pharmacological intervention has become an important strategy for treating neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The known GSK-3 inhibitors are of diverse chemotypes and mechanisms of action and include compounds isolated from natural sources, cations, synthetic small-molecule ATP-competitive inhibitors, non-ATP-competitive inhibitors, and substrate-competitive inhibitors. Here we describe the variety of GSK-3 inhibitors with a specific emphasis on their biological activities in neurons and neurological disorders. We further highlight our current progress in the development of non-ATP-competitive inhibitors of GSK-3. The available data raise the hope that one or more of these drug design approaches will prove successful at stabilizing or even reversing the aberrant neuropathology and cognitive deficits of certain central nervous system disorders.
High‐Level Expression of Recombinant IgG in the Human Cell Line PER.C6 (2003)

The number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in production is expected to rise rapidly in the next few years. As a result, there is much focus on the optimization of antibody expression platforms. Several issues are important including the speed of transition from bench to manufacturing, yield of IgG, and quality (particularly of the glycan structures present on immunoglobulins). We have characterized the human cell line PER.C6 for its ability to produce recombinant IgG. Production yields are still being optimized, but in nonfed batch culture, PER.C6 is able to grow to a cell density of 5 x 10(6) cells/mL and produce 300-500 mg/L IgG; this is likely to increase significantly in fed batch cultures. The generation of antibody-producing cell lines is fast, as rounds of amplification of inserted genes are not required for high production yields. The gene copy number of inserted genes is in the region of 1-10 copies per genome. In addition, PER.C6 is a human cell line, and so does not add glycans, which are immunogenic in humans. A core fucose molecule is essentially always present, and galactose residues are present at a physiological level (0, 1, and 2 galactose residues per glycan are present at a ratio of 1:2:1). No hybrid or high-mannose structures are seen.
Influence of detergents on measurement of influenza A virus haemagglutinin content in inactivated influenza vaccine by single radial immunodiffusion. (1988)

The influence of ionic, nonionic and amphoteric detergents or surfactants (SA) on determination of influenza A virus haemagglutinin content in the inactivated influenza vaccine by single-radial-immunodiffusion technique has been investigated. It was found that the action of different SA on IIV in SRID test is dependent on the mode of vaccine production, the procedure of virus inactivation and probably also on the specific structure of the antigen tested. Nevertheless, for nearly all SA used in this work the optimal concentrations (largest precipitation area) ranged from 1 to 2%; lower concentrations (except of amphoteric detergents) failed to yield an optimal effect.
ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK AFTER THERAPY WITH PENICILLINASE (1959)

Penicillinase was first reported by Abraham and Chain in 1940.<sup>1</sup>It was used principally for inhibiting the action of penicillin in culture mediums. In 1956, Becker<sup>2</sup>reported the use of this substance in destroying penicillin in both guinea pigs and human subjects. Since this report, an increasing number of papers have been published describing the beneficial effects of penicillinase in the treatment of penicillin reactions.<sup>3</sup>Toxicity studies have, until the present, failed to reveal any evidence of tissue changes or manifestations of allergic phenomenon from the use of this drug in humans. Untoward reactions after the use of penicillinase have been remarkably mild and infrequent. Zimmerman<sup>3a</sup>found the drug, when given deep intragluteally, to be nontoxic in 52 patients. He did notice fever in two patients, a morbilliform rash in one, and generalized weakness and malaise of a few minutes duration in another. The intravenous use
“The Bug Investigators” (2007)

Purpose – The aim of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the “Bug Investigators” pack in improving children's knowledge about micro‐organisms, hygiene and antibiotics when it is used within the National Curriculum in junior schools.
Selective synthetic methods using vanadium-mediated redox reactions (2005)

Abstract Oxovanadium(V) compounds serve as Lewis acids with oxidation capability and induce one-electron oxidative transformations of organosilicons, organotins, organoaluminums, organoborons, organozincs, and/or their ate complexes. Low-valent vanadium-catalyzed stereoselective reductive transformations, including dehalogenation, pinacol coupling, and the related radical reaction, have been developed by constructing a multicomponent redox system in combination with a coreductant and an additive.
Pair-barcode high-throughput sequencing for large-scale multiplexed sample analysis (2012)

By employing PBS approach in NGS, large-scale multiplexed pooled samples could be practically analyzed in parallel so that high-throughput sequencing economically meets the requirements of samples which are low sequencing throughput demand.
Fast Detection of Striped Stem-Borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) Infested Rice Seedling Based on Visible/Near-Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging System (2017)

Striped stem-borer (SSB) infestation is one of the most serious sources of damage to rice growth. A rapid and non-destructive method of early SSB detection is essential for rice-growth protection. In this study, hyperspectral imaging combined with chemometrics was used to detect early SSB infestation in rice and identify the degree of infestation (DI). Visible/near-infrared hyperspectral images (in the spectral range of 380 nm to 1030 nm) were taken of the healthy rice plants and infested rice plants by SSB for 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 days. A total of 17 characteristic wavelengths were selected from the spectral data extracted from the hyperspectral images by the successive projection algorithm (SPA). Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the hyperspectral images, and 16 textural features based on the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) were extracted from the first two principal component (PC) images. A back-propagation neural network (BPNN) was used to establish infestation degree evaluation models based on full spectra, characteristic wavelengths, textural features and features fusion, respectively. BPNN models based on a fusion of characteristic wavelengths and textural features achieved the best performance, with classification accuracy of calibration and prediction sets over 95%. The accuracy of each infestation degree was satisfactory, and the accuracy of rice samples infested for 2 days was slightly low. In all, this study indicated the feasibility of hyperspectral imaging techniques to detect early SSB infestation and identify degrees of infestation.
P161 Faecal calprotectin identifies microscopic inflammation in ulcerative colitis patients with complete endoscopic healing: a post-hoc analysis of the MOMENTUM trial (2019)

Histological inflammation is associated with clinical relapse in ulcerative colitis (UC). Faecal calprotectin (FC) is a marker of mucosal inflammation. The aims were to assess (i) diagnostic accuracy of FC for histological inflammation and (ii) develop a prediction model for histological remission at 1 year. The phase IV MOMENTUM trial (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01124149) evaluated the efficacy of multi-matrix mesalamine in mild-to-moderate UC. In this post-hoc analysis, endoscopic and histological outcomes were assessed at Week 8 (W8) (N = 604) and 52 (W52) (N = 355). Endoscopic healing and complete endoscopic healing were defined as endoscopy score ≤1 and 0, respectively. The Geboes histopathology index was transformed to an ordinal score (range 0–13). To evaluate the correlation between FC and histology, parameters related to chronic inflammation (Geboes < 2B.1) were scored as 0. Histological remission was defined as a Geboes score < 2B.1 (absence of neutrophils in epithelium and lamina propria) resulting in a drop in the ordinal score from >0 to 0. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine diagnostic accuracy and optimal FC cut-off values. Multi-variable logistic regression was performed using predefined predictors. Median FC values were lower in patients achieving predefined outcomes compared with patients who did not (Figure 1). Interobserver agreement between both pathologists (GDH and JHT) was moderate (κ = 0.6, 95% CI 0.33–0.87). Area under the ROC curve (AUC) value for endoscopic healing and histological remission (HR) were 0.77 and 0.76 at W8 and 0.79 and 0.80 at W52, respectively. Optimal cut-off value for HR was 75 µg/g (sens 0.65; spec 0.77; PPV 71%; NPV 71%) at W8 and 99 µg/g (sens 0.77; spec 0.75; PPV 84%; NPV 66%) at W52. In the subpopulation with endoscopy score 0, median FC remained lower in patients with HR compared with ongoing microscopic inflammation at W8 (30 vs. 140 µg/g, AUC 0.72) and W52 (21.5 vs. 134.5 µg/g, AUC 0.71). Optimal FC cut-off value was 73 µg/g at W8 and 76 µg/g at W52. Final prediction model for W52 HR comprised endoscopic score (W8) (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.32–0.82), FC concentration (W8) (OR 1.00, 95% CI 1.00–1.00), and histological activity at baseline (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.98) and W8 (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.81–0.97). Even in the presence of complete endoscopic healing, FC may discriminate patients with microscopic inflammation from patients in HR. Optimal cut-off lies between 75 and 100 µg/g. Figure 1
A modified modulation control of a single-phase inverter with enhanced power decoupling for a photovoltaic AC module (2005)

A photovoltaic AC module system has been expected to be installed on the private residences. The AC module inverter needs an active power decoupling circuit in order to enlarge the lifetime and to decrease the volume of the inverter by eliminating a large electrolytic capacitor on the input DC-bus. This paper proposes novel flyback-type single-phase grid interactive inverters with two modulation methods, sequential magnetizing modulation (SMM) method and time-shared magnetizing modulation (TMM) method, and discuss those of the operation characteristics and the conversion efficiency. It is verified that the TMM method has advantage with respect to the conversion efficiency while the SMM method causes results in low conversion efficiency. However, current distortion of AC output remains on the TMM method due to the turn-on/off delay on the switching device. The influence of the turn-on/off delay upon the current waveform distortion is analyzed and a delay time compensation is proposed. Since the proposed compensation method achieves low distortion waveform and high conversion efficiency as well, it is concluded that the proposed inverter is one of the optimal method for the AC module systems.
Direct Administration of Nerve-Specific Contrast to Improve Nerve Sparing Radical Prostatectomy (2017)

Nerve damage remains a major morbidity following nerve sparing radical prostatectomy, significantly affecting quality of life post-surgery. Nerve-specific fluorescence guided surgery offers a potential solution by enhancing nerve visualization intraoperatively. However, the prostate is highly innervated and only the cavernous nerve structures require preservation to maintain continence and potency. Systemic administration of a nerve-specific fluorophore would lower nerve signal to background ratio (SBR) in vital nerve structures, making them difficult to distinguish from all nervous tissue in the pelvic region. A direct administration methodology to enable selective nerve highlighting for enhanced nerve SBR in a specific nerve structure has been developed herein. The direct administration methodology demonstrated equivalent nerve-specific contrast to systemic administration at optimal exposure times. However, the direct administration methodology provided a brighter fluorescent nerve signal, facilitating nerve-specific fluorescence imaging at video rate, which was not possible following systemic administration. Additionally, the direct administration methodology required a significantly lower fluorophore dose than systemic administration, that when scaled to a human dose falls within the microdosing range. Furthermore, a dual fluorophore tissue staining method was developed that alleviates fluorescence background signal from adipose tissue accumulation using a spectrally distinct adipose tissue specific fluorophore. These results validate the use of the direct administration methodology for specific nerve visualization with fluorescence image-guided surgery, which would improve vital nerve structure identification and visualization during nerve sparing radical prostatectomy.
Corroborative cobalt and zinc model compounds of α-amino-β-carboxymuconic-ε-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD) (2008)

We have synthesised and characterised a series of new Co(II) complexes (1-4, 6, 7) and one new Zn(II) complex (5) employing N(3)- and N(3)O-donor ligands [biap: N,N-bis(2-ethyl-5-methyl-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)amino-propane, KBPZG: potassium N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolylmethyl) glycinate, KBPZA: potassium N,N-bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazolylmethyl) alaninate, KB(i)PrPZG: potassium N,N-bis(3,5-di-iso-propylpyrazolylmethyl) glycinate, and KB((t)BuM)PZG: potassium N,N-bis(3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-pyrazolylmethyl)glycinate] as structural models of the metalloenzyme alpha-amino-beta-carboxymuconic-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase (ACMSD). These complexes were characterised by several techniques including X-ray crystallographic analysis, X-band EPR, and mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The crystal structures of 1, 2, 6,7 revealed that they exist as mononuclear Co(II) complexes with trigonal-bipyramidal geometry in the solid state. Compounds 3 and 5 form infinite polymeric chains of Co(II) or Zn(II) complexes, respectively, linked by the pendant carboxylate arms of the BPZG(-) ligand. By comparing the degree of distortion in the penta-coordinate complexes, defined by the Addison-parameter tau, with the value determined for the five-coordinate centres found in the active site of ACMSD, it could be seen that complexes 5 and 7 are very good matches for the geometry of the zinc(II) centre in monomer A of the native enzyme. All complexes could be seen as model compounds for the active site of the enzyme ACMSD, where the Co(II) complexes reflected the structural flexibility found in case of two histidine (His177 and His228) residues found in the active site of the enzyme.
Nonlinear Systems (1992)

The theories of bifurcation, chaos and fractals as well as equilibrium, stability and nonlinear oscillations, are part of the theory of the evolution of solutions of nonlinear equations. A wide range of mathematical tools and ideas are drawn together in the study of these solutions, and the results applied to diverse and countless problems in the natural and social sciences, even philosophy. The text evolves from courses given by the author in the UK and the United States. It introduces the mathematical properties of nonlinear systems, mostly difference and differential equations, as an integrated theory, rather than presenting isolated fashionable topics. Topics are discussed in as concrete a way as possible and worked examples and problems are used to explain, motivate and illustrate the general principles. The essence of these principles, rather than proof or rigour, is emphasized. More advanced parts of the text are denoted by asterisks, and the mathematical prerequisites are limited to knowledge of linear algebra and advanced calculus, thus making it ideally suited to both senior undergraduates and postgraduates from physics, engineering, chemistry, meteorology etc. as well as mathematics.