gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new chemical etching technique for formation of cavity facets of (GaAl)As lasers (1985)

A new chemical etching technique which offers excellent cavity facets of Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> As lasers is reported. This technique is based on our finding that the crystallographic anisotropy in the conventional etching process of Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> As multilayers depends strongly on the AlAs mode fraction <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</tex> in every layer. A suitable combination of the mole fractions in the multilayer is therefore a key factor for obtaining practically vertical walls with sufficient smoothness and flatness as laser cavity facets. In fact, the reflectivity of the etched facet obtained is 28 percent, being compatible to that in the conventional cleaved facets. As a result, a CW operation with threshold current as low as 28 mA and external quantum efficiency as high as 24 percent per facet has been attained with high reproducibility.
An Introduction to X-ray Crystallography (1997)

A textbook for the advanced undergraduate or graduate student beginning a serious study of X-ray crystallography. It will be of interest both to those intending to become professional crystallographers and to those physicists, chemists, biologists, geologists, metallurgists and others who will use it as a tool in their research. All major aspects of crystallography are covered - the geometry of crystals and their symmetry, theoretical and practical aspects of diffracting X-rays by crystals and how the data may be analysed to find the symmetry of the crystal and its structure. Recent advances are fully covered, including the synchrotron as a source of X-rays, methods of solving structures from power data and the full range of techniques for solving structures from single-crystal data. A suite of computer programs is provided for carrying out many operations of data-processing and solving crystal structures - including by direct methods. While these are limited to two dimensions they fully illustrate the characteristics of three-dimensional work. These programs are required for many of the examples given at the end of each chapter but may also be used to create new examples by which students can test themselves or each other.
Cytopathology of malignant mesothelioma of the pleura in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (1999)

The cytologic findings in fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of 9 histologically, immunohistochemically, and ultrastructurally confirmed malignant mesotheliomas of the pleura were reviewed. There were 4 epithelial malignant mesotheliomas (EMM), 3 sarcomatous mesotheliomas (SM), 1 mixed malignant mesothelioma (MMM), and 1 poorly differentiated malignant mesothelioma (PDMM). In FNAB, three EMMs yielded polygonal malignant cells with oval nuclei and prominent nucleoli, singly, in small sheets, and in tridimensional clusters with smooth or lobulated contours. In one EMM, only atypical mesothelial cells with prominent nucleoli were seen singly and in loose aggregates. In FNAB, two SM showed malignant spindle-shaped cells (MSC) with scant, ill-defined cytoplasm singly and in loose clusters. Cohesive clusters of elongated and polygonal cells with ill-defined, clear cytoplasm and pleomorphic nuclei containing small or prominent nucleoli were observed in one SM, with extensive clear-cell changes. In needle aspirates, the MMM showed polygonal malignant cells in clusters admixed with MSC. The PDMM displayed single and clustered large pleomorphic malignant cells, with prominent single or multiple nucleoli. Electron microscopic examination of minute tissue fragments retrieved from the FNAB in 2 cases of EMM revealed epithelial mesothelial cells with well-formed desmosomes and long slender microvilli (LSM) on the free tumor cell surfaces. In one case, LSM in direct contact with collagen fiber bundles in the tumor tissue matrix were observed, supporting the diagnosis of an invasive EMM. Diagn. Cytopathol. 1999;21:253-259.
Transgenic Phalaenopsis plants with resistance to Erwinia carotovora produced by introducing wasabi defensin gene using Agrobacterium method (2006)

Transgenic plants over-expressing wasabi defensin gene were successfully produced in Phalaenopsis orchid by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method. Embryogenic cell suspension culture of Phalaenopsis Wataboushi ‘#6.13’ was infected with A. tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying a plasmid containing wasabi defensin gene and selectable marker nptII, hpt genes. Plantlets were regenerated through somatic embryogenesis from the calli selected on hygromycin-containing medium. Transformation of plantlets with wasabi defensin gene was confirmed by PCR analysis. Southern blot analysis confirmed successful integration of 1–4 copies of the gene. Production of the 5 kDa wasabi defensin protein with varying levels was confirmed in the leaf extracts of different transgenic clones using Western blot analysis. Most of the transgenic plants showed strong resistance to Erwinia carotovora, which causes soft rot disease in the control plant. These results suggest the usefulness of this gene for conferring the resistance to various diseases of Phalaenopsis and possibly other orchids.
Structural basis for high-affinity HER2 receptor binding by an engineered protein (2010)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is specifically overexpressed in tumors of several cancers, including an aggressive form of breast cancer. It is therefore a target for both cancer diagnostics and therapy. The 58 amino acid residue Zher2 affibody molecule was previously engineered as a high-affinity binder of HER2. Here we determined the structure of Zher2 in solution and the crystal structure of Zher2 in complex with the HER2 extracellular domain. Zher2 binds to a conformational epitope on HER2 that is distant from those recognized by the therapeutic antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab. Its small size and lack of interference may provide Zher2 with advantages for diagnostic use or even for delivery of therapeutic agents to HER2-expressing tumors when trastuzumab or pertuzumab are already employed. Biophysical characterization shows that Zher2 is thermodynamically stable in the folded state yet undergoing conformational interconversion on a submillisecond time scale. The data suggest that it is the HER2-binding conformation that is formed transiently prior to binding. Still, binding is very strong with a dissociation constant K(D) = 22 pM, and perfect conformational homogeneity is therefore not necessarily required in engineered binding proteins. A comparison of the original Z domain scaffold to free and bound Zher2 structures reveals how high-affinity binding has evolved during selection and affinity maturation and suggests how a compromise between binding surface optimization and stability and dynamics of the unbound state has been reached.
Factors affecting diseases of winter wheat in England and Wales, 1989–98 (2001)

Samples from 360 to 450 randomly selected winter wheat crops in England and Wales were collected annually during the milky ripe development stages (GS 73–75) from 1989 to 1998. The number of samples from each region was proportional to the area of winter wheat grown. The percentage area affected by disease was assessed on the top two leaves and the ear, and the incidence and severity of stem base diseases were also recorded. An estimate of the percentage area of the crop affected by barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) and take‐all ( Gaeumannomyces graminis ) was made in the field. Septoria leaf blotch ( Septoria tritici , teleomorph Mycosphaerella graminicola ) was the major foliar disease recorded, with an average maximum severity of 7·8% of the area of leaf 2 affected in 1998. Eyespot ( Tapesia spp.) was the major stem base disease, with the highest incidence of stems falling into the damaging moderate plus severe categories (18·9%) in 1998. Levels of powdery mildew ( Blumeria graminis ) showed a decline from 0·4% of the area of leaf 2 in 1989 to 0·1% in 1998. This fall was associated with a reduction in the proportion of disease‐susceptible cultivars grown. There were significant regional differences in levels of septoria leaf blotch, brown rust ( Puccinia recondita ), eyespot, sharp eyespot ( Rhizoctonia cerealis ) and BYDV. The percentage of crops treated with a fungicide rose from 96% in 1989 to 98% in 1998 and the mean number of spray applications per crop rose during this period from 2·1 to 2·5. A higher proportion of crops was treated with fungicides between the end of tillering and fifth node detectable (GS 24–35) than around flag leaf emergence (GS 36–48) or ear emergence (GS 49–71). Prior to 1994, the majority of late fungicide sprays was applied at, or after, ear emergence, but from 1994, the majority was applied around flag leaf emergence. The value and socioeconomic implications of the results are discussed.
Viper Venom Disintegrins and Related Molecules (1998)

The term "disintegrin" was first used in 1990 to describe a group of viper venom-derived, nonenzymatic small proteins that shared numerous structural and functional properties. These proteins, which have been found in a great number of viper species studied since that time possess both a remarkable sequence homology and an equally notable variability in potency and selectivity in their interactions with integrin receptors. The discovery that small disintegrins may actually have been derived from much larger mosaic proteins possessing catalytic activity, and that species other than snakes (both plant and animal) produce proteins containing disintegrin-like domains, has led to much research related to both the proteins themselves and the receptors to which they bind. The purpose of this review is to discuss the literature and the authors' own data on the structure and function of disintegrins and their relevance to the studies on proteins containing disintegrin-like domains, such as hemorrhagins and ADAMs.
Genetic evidence that heparin-like glycosaminoglycans are involved in wingless signaling (1997)

We have identified the Drosophila UDP-glucose dehydrogenase gene as being involved in wingless signaling. Mutations in this gene, called kiwi, generate a phenotype identical to that of wingless. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase is required for the biosynthesis of UDP-glucuronate, which in turn is utilized in the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. By rescuing the kiwi phenotype with both UDP-glucuronate and the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, we show that kiwi function in the embryo is crucial for the production of heparan sulfate in the extracellular matrix. Further, injection of heparin degrading enzyme, heparinase (and not chondroitin, dermatan or hyaluronic acid degrading enzyme) into wild-type embryos leads to the degradation of heparin-like glycosaminoglycans and a 'wingless-like' cuticular phenotype. Our study thus provides the first genetic evidence for the involvement of heparin-like glycosaminoglycans in signal transduction.
Single prolonged stress disrupts retention of extinguished fear in rats (2012)

Clinical research has linked post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with deficits in fear extinction. However, it is not clear whether these deficits result from stress-related changes in the acquisition or retention of extinction or in the regulation of extinction memories by context, for example. In this study, we used the single prolonged stress (SPS) animal model of PTSD and fear conditioning procedures to examine the effects of prior traumatic stress on the acquisition, retention, and context-specificity of extinction. SPS administered one week prior to fear conditioning had no effect on the acquisition of fear conditioning or extinction but disrupted the retention of extinction memories for both contextual and cued fear. This SPS effect required a post-stress incubation period to manifest. The results demonstrate that SPS disrupts extinction retention, leading to enhanced fear renewal; further research is needed to identify the neurobiological processes through which SPS induces these effects.
Antigen presentation by supported planar membranes containing affinity-purified I-Ad. (1984)

I-Ad, purified from A20-1.11 cells by affinity chromatography, was incorporated into supported planar membranes by incubation of I-Ad-containing phospholipid vesicles with clean glass coverslips. Such planar membranes present a peptide digest of ovalbumin to the ovalbumin-specific, I-Ad-restricted T-cell hybridoma 3DO-54.8, resulting in the antigen-specific release of interleukin 2. However, when the same material was provided in the form of small unilamellar vesicles, no response was obtained. Antigen presentation by the I-Ad-containing planar membranes was inhibited by the monoclonal antibody MKD6 (anti-I-Ad) but not by the antibody 10-2.16 (anti-I-Ak). The antibody GK1.5, which recognizes the T-cell surface antigen L3T4, was also inhibitory. In contrast to the results with purified I-Ad, crude membrane preparations from A20-1.11 cells were effective in antigen presentation in both planar and vesicular forms.
Production of 2-Keto-L-Gulonate, an Intermediate in L-Ascorbate Synthesis, by a Genetically Modified Erwinia herbicola (1985)

A new metabolic pathway has been created in the microorganism Erwinia herbicola that gives it the ability to produce 2-keto-L-gulonic acid, an important intermediate in the synthesis of L-ascorbic acid. Initially, a Corynebacterium enzyme that could stereoselectively reduce 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid to 2-keto-L-gulonic acid was identified and purified. DNA probes based on amino acid sequence information from 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase were then used to isolate the gene for this enzyme from a Corynebacterium genomic library. The 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid reductase coding region was fused to the Escherichia coli trp promoter and a synthetic ribosome binding site and was then introduced into E. herbicola on a multicopy plasmid. Erwinia herbicola naturally produces 2,5-diketo-D-gluconic acid via glucose oxidation, and when recombinant cells expressing the plasmid-encoded reductase were grown in the presence of glucose, 2-keto-L-gulonic acid was made and released into the culture medium. The data demonstrate the feasibility of creating novel in vivo routes for the synthesis of important specialty chemicals by combining useful metabolic traits from diverse sources in a single organism.
Differential effect of immunoglobulin on the in vitro growth of several isolates of Plasmodium falciparum (1983)

Immunoglobulin isolated from the sera of individuals living in a malarious area of Papua New Guinea was tested for an effect on the growth in vitro of four isolates of Plasmodium falciparum, three from Papua New Guinea and one from Thailand. The Papua New Guinea isolates were inhibited to the same degree by individual immunoglobulin preparations, and inhibition varied from 0 to 98% (assessed by a radioisotopic readout). Immunoglobulin preparations which inhibited the Papua New Guinea isolates caused less inhibition of the Thai parasites. Biosynthetically labeled parasite proteins were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and differences were detected in the protein and antigenic composition of isolates which differed in their sensitivity to inhibitory immunoglobulin. Three acidic proteins (Mr 200,000, 150,000, and 65,000) were found only in the Papua New Guinea isolates. All Papua New Guinea isolates contained a high-molecular-weight basic protein with an Mr of 220,000 (Pf220), but the corresponding protein of the same molecular weight in the Thai isolate had a more acidic isoelectric point. Another isolate (from Africa) initially showed a degree of resistance to inhibition by Papua New Guinea immunoglobulin (although not to the same extent as the Thai parasite), but in later experiments, this isolate was susceptible to inhibition. During the course of this series of experiments, the antigenic composition of this (uncloned) isolate changed so that it became similar (but not identical) to the Papua New Guinea isolates.
Cystic fibrosis (1998)

Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life-shortening autosomal recessive disorder in populations of European origin, is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene on chromosome 7. 1 Tsui LC The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995; 151: S47-S53 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar The CFTR gene encodes a protein of 1480 aminoacid residues that functions as a cAMP-regulated chloride channel in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Cloning of the gene in 1989 2 Kerem B Rommens JM Buchanan JA et al. Identification of the cystic fibrosis gene: genetic analysis. Science. 1989; 245: 1073-1080 Crossref PubMed Scopus (3248) Google Scholar significantly advanced our understanding of CF cell biology and pathophysiology, permitting more precise genetic testing and novel treatment approaches.
Differences in Performance of Naturally and Artificially Propagated Sockeye Salmon Migrant Fry, as Measured with Swimming and Predation Tests (1967)

Two methods of performance testing were developed to measure differences in stamina in four groups of sockeye migrant fry, all of the Lakelse Lake (Skeena River, B.C.) stock. The four groups differed only in methods of incubation: one group was naturally propagated, the other three artificially. The results of the swimming performance tests and the vulnerability to predation tests agree closely, and analysis shows that the key factor responsible for differences in performance is size of the fish. Ranked in decreasing order of performance these four groups rate as follows: naturally propagated fish, fish incubated in gravel from time of hatching, fish incubated in gravel only for the last few weeks as premigrants, and fish that spent their entire incubation period without gravel in hatchery baskets. Independent of size is the influence of condition (K-factor) of the fish, optimum performance occurring at the time of almost complete yolk absorption. Of the two methods the swimming performance test was found to be more sensitive and is recommended as a tool for comparative "quality testing" of fish stocks.
[Exercise-induced pathophysiological changes in asthmatic children. IX. The density distribution profiles and ultrastructural characteristics of peripheral eosinophils after exercise]. (1993)

To investigate the role of eosinophilis in the mechanisms of EIA we determined the changes in the density distribution profiles and ultrastructure of peripheral eosinophils from children with asthma after exercise. The subjects were 20 asthmatic children consisting of 12 EIA-positive patients and 8 EIA-negative patients and 6 normal children. Fifteen, 30 and 60 minutes after exercise, the number of hypodense eosinophils (< 1.0825 g/ml) in the EIA-positive group was significantly higher than in the EIA-positive group. In the ultrastructural findings, before exercise the ratio of the area of specific granules to the area of cytoplasm per cell (the ratio SG/C) was significantly higher in the EIA-negative patients than in the EIA-positive patients even before exercise, and the ratio of the degranulated area to the area of cytoplasm per cell (the ratio D/C) was significantly higher in the EIA-positive group than in the EIA-negative group. Thirty minutes after exercise, the ratio D/C had clearly increased in the EIA-positive group. These results suggested that eosinophils in the EIA-positive group were already activated before exercise. It will be necessary to further study the factors activating eosinophils which play some roles in EIA.
The realization of optimization on balance system of large floating crane with full rotation based on genetic algorithmic (2011)

In this paper, firstly, optimization design mathematical model of floating crane balance system is constructed concretely under the multi-objective circumstance. Secondly, genetic algorithm is adopted as the optimization method, and then specific genetic operation flow is designed, genetic algorithm coding method, fitness function, operation parameters are determined, and the three basic genetic operation of genetic operator: choose, intersection and mutation, are to do a detailed programming instructions. Thirdly, the optimization results are obtained based on these in VC++6.0 environments, the optimal result are compared to the non-optimized value and the value reduces 16.74%. Finally, according to the resistive overturning stability requirement of floating crane, the optimization results are to be stability checked, so the rationality of optimization results are to be proved.
Alkyl and alk-1-enyl ethers of glycerol in lipids from normal and neoplastic human tissues. (1969)

Summary The alkyl and alk-1-enyl glyceryl ether content of the neutral glyceride and phosphoglyceride fractions of 17 different human tumors and 19 normal human tissues was quantitatively determined. Neoplastic tissues generally contained much higher quantities of ether-linked neutral glycerides (primarily the alkyl type) than most normal tissues. Alkyl ethers in the phosphoglyceride fraction were also higher in most neoplasms, although the difference from normal tissues was not so pronounced as that observed for the glyceryl ethers present in the neutral glyceride fraction. The data obtained in this investigation of human tissues agree with previous observations from animal experiments, i.e., high levels of glyceryl ethers are a characteristic biochemical feature of neoplasia. The data have also shown the relative proportions of alkyl and alk-1-enyl ethers of glycerol in a variety of healthy human tissues. The highest quantities of glyceryl ethers were found in the neutral glyceride fraction of heart and kidney and in the phosphoglyceride fraction of lung, brain, spleen, larynx, heart, colon, and testes.