gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disabling of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-κB (RANK) Receptor Complex by Novel Osteoprotegerin-like Peptidomimetics Restores Bone Loss in Vivo (2004)

The tumor necrosis factor family ligand, tumor necrosis factor-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), and its receptors, receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK) and osteoprotegerin (OPG), are known to be regulators of development and activation of osteoclasts in bone remodeling. Sustained osteoclast activation that occurs through TRANCE-RANK causes osteopenic disorders such as osteoporosis and contributes to osteolytic metastases. Here, we report a rationally designed small molecule mimic of osteoprotegerin to inhibit osteoclast formation in vitro and limit bone loss in an animal model of osteoporosis. One of the mimetics, OP3-4, significantly inhibited osteoclast formation in vitro (IC(50) = 10 microm) and effectively inhibited total bone loss in ovariectomized mice at a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day. Unlike soluble OPG receptors, which preclude TRANCE binding to RANK, OP3-4 shows the ability to modulate RANK-TRANCE signaling pathways and alters the biological functions of the RANK-TRANCE receptor complex by facilitating a defective receptor complex. These features suggest that OPG-derived small molecules can be used as a probe to understand complex biological functions of RANK-TRANCE-OPG receptors and also can be used as a platform to develop more useful therapeutic agents for inflammation and bone disease.
Costing Medical Care (1994)

This paper describes how the PORTS are using data from the Medicare administrative records systems to study the medical care costs of specific conditions. The general strengths and weaknesses of the Medicare databases for studying cost related issues are discussed, and the relevant data elements are examined in detail. Changes in the nature of the data collected over time are noted. Information is provided on how the PORTS are using these data to estimate the cost to Medicare of treating Medicare beneficiaries with specific conditions and the social (opportunity) cost of treating these patients. Furthermore, information is provided on how data from the Medicare administrative records system can be used to determine the cost of services for patients who have been identified through other large databases (i.e., state hospital discharge tapes) or who have been enrolled in prospective cohort studies.
Gd 2 O 3 / GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (2000)

Gd 2 O 3 has been deposited epitaxially on GaN using elemental Gd and an electron cyclotron resonance oxygen plasma in a gas-source molecular beam epitaxy system. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy shows a high concentration of dislocations which arise from the large lattice mismatch between the two materials. GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) fabricated using a dielectric stack of single crystal Gd2O3 and amorphous SiO2 show modulation at gate voltages up to 7 V and are operational at source drain voltages up to 80 V. This work represents demonstrations of single crystal growth of Gd2O3 on GaN and of a GaN MOSFET using Gd2O3 in the gate dielectric.
The Development of Preventives and Therapeutics for Alzheimers Disease that Inhibit the Formation of &#946;-Amyloid Fibrils (fA&#946;), as Well as Destabilize Preformed fA&#946; (2006)

Neuritic plaques composed mainly of amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in the brain are an early and invariant neuropathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current search for anti-AD drugs is mainly focused on modification of the process of Abeta deposition in the brain. In this article, the recent development of the molecules that inhibit the formation of beta-amyloid fibrils (fAbeta), as well as destabilize preformed fAbeta is reviewed. Recently, various compounds such as curcumin, nicotine and wine-related polyphenols have been reported to inhibit the formation, extension of fAbeta, as well as destabilize preformed fAbeta at pH 7.5 at 37 degrees C in vitro. In cell culture experiments, destabilized fAbeta were suggested to be less toxic than intact fAbeta. In transgenic mice model study, some coumpounds such as curcumin and nicotine have also been reported to reduce plaque burden in vivo. Although the mechanisms by which these compounds inhibit fAbeta formation from Abeta, and destabilize preformed fAbeta are still unclear, they could be key molecules for the development of preventives and therapeutics for AD.
Water-Soluble Ethylhydroxyethyl Cellulose Prevents Bacterial Translocation Induced by Major Liver Resection in the Rat (1993)

Enteric bacteria might act as pathogens, translocating across the intestinal barrier to extraintestinal sites after major liver resection. In the current study, water-soluble ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) was administered before hepatectomy to evaluate the influence on bacterial translocation induced by major liver resection, phagocytic capacity by visceral and circulating macrophages, enteric bacterial population, and bacterial adherence on the intestinal surface in rats subjected to sham operation or to 70% or 90% hepatectomy. Oral or intravenous (IV) administration of EHEC reduced the incidence of bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and blood after major liver resection. Oral EHEC appeared more effective than IV administration in protecting against bacterial translocation to MLN in animals with 90% hepatectomy. Ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose (oral and IV) significantly diminished intestinal macrophage uptake capacity of 125I-labeled, heat-killed Escherichia coli as compared with animals without EHEC administration. Overgrowth or colonization of enteric bacteria after major liver resection could be prevented by oral or IV EHEC. Adherence of 14C-labeled, alive E. coli on the intestinal mucosa decreased after EHEC treatment in animals subjected to major liver resection. Systemic arterial pressure and intestinal blood flow markedly decreased from 1 hour and on after 90% hepatectomy. Intravenous administration of EHEC did not improve these alterations. Bacterial hydrophobicity and surface negative charge were significantly reduced 1 hour after bacterial culture with EHEC. Thus, EHEC appears to be a potent agent preventing translocation of enteric bacteria from the gut after major liver resection, by altering the surface characters of enteric bacteria, balancing the enteric microflora, inhibiting bacterial attachment onto the intestinal surface, and blocking phagocytosis by intestinal macrophages.
Market Integration and Price Execution for NYSE‐Listed Securities (1993)

ABSTRACT For New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) listed securities, the price execution of seemingly comparable orders differs systematically by location. In general, executions at the Cincinnati, Midwest, and New York stock exchanges are most favorable to trade initiators, while executions at the National Association of Security Dealers (NASD) are least favorable. These intermarket price differences depend on trade size, with the smallest trades exhibiting the biggest per share price difference. Collectively, these results raise questions about the adequacy of the existing intermarket quote system (ITS), the broker's fiduciary responsibility for “best execution,” and the propriety of order flow inducements.
Monodispersed colloids: art and science (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonodispersed colloids: art and scienceEgon MatijevicCite this: Langmuir 1986, 2, 1, 12–20Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00067a002https://doi.org/10.1021/la00067a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1572Altmetric-Citations230LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biochemical heterogeneity of reverse transcriptase purified from the AIDS virus, HTLV‐III (1986)

The reverse transcriptase from AIDS virus, HTLV-III, was purified and characterized. The purified enzyme has a very high affinity for template primers (rC)n X (dG)12 and (rCm)n X (dG)12 compared to that for (rA)n X (dT)12. In addition, the HTLV-III reverse transcriptase was able to transcribe (rAm)n X (dT)12 very efficiently. The ionic requirements are unique in the sense that HTLV-III reverse transcriptase prefers Mg2+ as divalent ions to transcribe (rC)n X (dG)12 and (rA)n X (dT)12. The Mr of the enzyme is 95 000-98 000. Unlike the HTLV-I reverse transcriptase, the HTLV-III enzyme is highly stable and has a much higher activity in the presence of (rC)n X (dG)12; the Vmax for HTLV-III reverse transcriptase is several-fold higher than that for HTLV-I enzyme. The enzyme activity of the purified reverse transcriptase from HTLV-III was resolved into two peaks on a preparative isoelectric column, one at pH 5.75 and the other at pH 6.25. This leads us to conclude that the reverse transcriptase of HTLV-III is biochemically heterogeneous.
Identification of p2y9/GPR23 as a Novel G Protein-coupled Receptor for Lysophosphatidic Acid, Structurally Distant from the Edg Family (2003)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator with diverse physiological and pathological actions on many types of cells. LPA has been widely considered to elicit its biological functions through three types of G protein-coupled receptors, Edg-2 (endothelial cell differentiation gene-2)/LPA1/vzg-1 (ventricular zone gene-1), Edg-4/LPA2, and Edg-7/LPA3. We identified an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, p2y9/GPR23, as the fourth LPA receptor (LPA4). Membrane fractions of RH7777 cells transiently expressing p2y9/GPR23 displayed a specific binding for 1-oleoyl-LPA with a Kd value of around 45 nm. Competition binding and reporter gene assays showed that p2y9/GPR23 preferred structural analogs of LPA with a rank order of 1-oleoyl- > 1-stearoyl- > 1-palmitoyl- > 1-myristoyl- > 1-alkyl- > 1-alkenyl-LPA. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing p2y9/GPR23, 1-oleoyl-LPA induced an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity. Quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that mRNA of p2y9/GPR23 was significantly abundant in ovary compared with other tissues. Interestingly, p2y9/GPR23 shares only 20-24% amino acid identities with Edg-2/LPA1, Edg-4/LPA2, and Edg-7/LPA3, and phylogenetic analysis also shows that p2y9/GPR23 is far distant from the Edg family. These facts suggest that p2y9/GPR23 has evolved from different ancestor sequences from the Edg family.
The genetic basis of epidermolysis bullosa simplex with mottled pigmentation. (1996)

Epidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a group of autosomal dominant skin diseases characterized by blistering, due to mechanical stress-induced degeneration of basal epidermal cells. It is now well-established that the three major subtypes of EBS are genetic disorders of the basal epidermal keratins, keratin 5 (K5) and keratin 14 (K14). Here we show that a rare subtype, referred to as EBS with mottled pigmentation (MP), is also a disorder of these keratins. Affected members of two seemingly unrelated families with EBS-MP had a C to T point mutation in the second base position of codon 24 of one of two K5 alleles, leading to a Pro: Leu mutation. This mutation was not present in unaffected members nor in 100 alleles from normal individuals. Linkage analyses mapped the defect to this type II keratin gene (peak logarithm of odds score at phi = 0 of 3.9), which is located on chromosome 12q11-q13. This provides strong evidence that this mutation is responsible for the EBS-MP phenotype. Only conserved between K5 and K6, and not among any of the other type II keratins, Pro-24 is in the nonhelical head domain of K5, and only mildly perturbs the length of 10-nm keratin filaments assembled in vitro. However, this part of the K5 head domain is likely to protrude on the filament surface, perhaps leading to additional aberrations in intermediate filament architecture and/or in melanosome distribution that are seen ultrastructurally in patients with the mutation.
Bubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces. (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBubbles, cavities, and the long-ranged attraction between hydrophobic surfaces.John L. Parker, Per M. Claesson, and Phil AttardCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1994, 98, 34, 8468–8480Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100085a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100085a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2521Altmetric-Citations622LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Tumors That Acquire Resistance to Low-Dose Metronomic Cyclophosphamide Retain Sensitivity to Maximum Tolerated Dose Cyclophosphamide (2011)

Low-dose metronomic (LDM) chemotherapy is emerging as an alternative or supplemental dosing strategy to conventional maximum tolerated dose (MTD) chemotherapy. It is characterized primarily, but not exclusively, by antiangiogenic mechanisms of action and the absence of high-grade adverse effects commonly seen with MTD chemotherapy. However, similar to other anticancer therapies, inherent resistance to LDM chemotherapy is common. Moreover, even tumors that initially respond to metronomic regimens eventually develop resistance through mechanisms that are as yet unknown. Thus, we have developed in vivo models of PC-3 human prostate cancer cells resistant to extended LDM cyclophosphamide therapy. Such PC-3 variants show stable resistance to LDM cyclophosphamide in vivo yet retain in vitro sensitivity to 4-hydroperoxy-cyclophosphamide (precursor of the active cyclophosphamide metabolite 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide) and other chemotherapeutic agents, namely, docetaxel and doxorubicin. Moreover, LDM cyclophosphamide-resistant PC-3 variants remain sensitive to MTD cyclophosphamide therapy in vivo. Conversely, PC-3 variants made resistant in vivo to MTD cyclophosphamide show varying levels of resistance to metronomic cyclophosphamide when grown in mice. These results and additional studies of variants of the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 suggest that resistance to LDM cyclophosphamide is a distinct phenomenon from resistance to MTD cyclophosphamide and that LDM cyclophosphamide administration does not select for MTD chemotherapy resistance. As such, our findings have various implications for the clinical use of metronomic chemotherapy.
New Developments in the Treatment of Neutropenia (1993)

Increased attention has been devoted to the management of neutropenia during the last 2 to 4 years. In this review we will discuss the introduction of effective novel therapies: hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) for many forms of persistent neutropenia and intravenous (IV) immune globulin for autoimmune neutropenia (AIN). Neutropenia is defined as a subnormal absolute number of neutrophils circulating in the blood. Determination of the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) requires the combination of a white blood cell (WBC) count and a differential WBC count. For example, if the WBC count is 8.0×10 9 /L and the differential WBC count indicates 0.20 neutrophils, the ANC=8.0×0.20, or 1.6. Since the differential WBC count defines neutropenia, it is important that a hematologist review the blood smear and that an automated count not be exclusively relied on. The exact definition of the boundary between a normal ANC and neutropenia has ranged between 1.5 and
Expansion and Functional Relevance of High-Avidity Myelin-Specific CD4+ T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis (2004)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which myelin-specific T cells are believed to play a crucial pathogenic role. Nevertheless, so far it has been extremely difficult to demonstrate differences in T cell reactivity to myelin Ag between MS patients and controls. We believe that by using unphysiologically high Ag concentrations previous studies have missed a highly relevant aspect of autoimmune responses, i.e., T cells recognizing Ag with high functional avidity. Therefore, we focused on the characterization of high-avidity myelin-specific CD4+ T cells in a large cohort of MS patients and controls that was matched demographically and with respect to expression of MHC class II alleles. We demonstrated that their frequency is significantly higher in MS patients while the numbers of control T cells specific for influenza hemagglutinin are virtually identical between the two cohorts; that high-avidity T cells are enriched for previously in vivo-activated cells and are significantly skewed toward a proinflammatory phenotype. Moreover, the immunodominant epitopes that were most discriminatory between MS patients and controls differed from those described previously and were clearly biased toward epitopes with lower predicted binding affinities to HLA-DR molecules, pointing at the importance of thymic selection for the generation of the autoimmune T cell repertoire. Correlations between selected immunological parameters and magnetic resonance imaging markers indicate that the specificity and function of these cells influences phenotypic disease expression. These data have important implications for autoimmunity research and should be considered in the development of Ag-specific therapies in MS.
Dynamically changeable secure scan architecture against scan-based side channel attack (2012)

Scan test which is one of the useful design for testability techniques is effective for LSIs including cryptographic circuit. It can observe and control the internal states of the circuit under test by using scan chain. However, scan chain presents a significant security risk of information leakage for scan-based attacks which retrieves secret keys of cryptographic LSIs. In this paper, a secure scan architecture against scan-based attack which still has high testability is proposed. In our method, scan data is dynamically changed by adding the latch to any FFs in the scan chain. We show that by using proposed method, neither the secret key nor the testability of an RSA circuit implementation is compromised, and the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Nitroxides as Radiation Protectors (2002)

Selective protection of normal tissues from the damaging effects of ionizing radiation is an important objective in cancer treatment research. Likewise, radioprotective agents may be useful in protecting the human population in the event of radiation-related accidents or military conflicts. Over the past decade, we have identified stable nitroxide compounds as a unique class of antioxidants with demonstrated radioprotective properties. We have shown that nitroxides at nontoxic concentrations are effective as in vitro and in vivo antioxidants when oxidation is induced by superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, organic hydroperoxides, ionizing radiation, or specific DNA-damaging anticancer agents. Studies have shown that nitroxides protect against radiation-induced DNA damage, chromosome aberrations, mutation induction, cell killing, and lethality in mice that receive whole-body irradiation. Whether these agents provide radioprotection for low-level radiation doses remains to be determined.
Coding and modulation for spectral efficient transmission (2010)

We investigate channel coding and modulation for bandwidth-efficient transmission. For the bit-interleaved coded modulation (BICM) system, we optimize mappings for quadrature amplitude modulation with respect to the resulting symbol and bit error rates at the demapper, and to the achievable BICM and signal set capacities. Further, we design mappings that are most suited for receivers, which exchange information between demapper and decoder in an iterative manner. The mappings are not restricted to certain symbol alphabets, and thus, the optimized mappings outperform similar state-of-the-art schemes. For multi-antenna systems, we examine multidimensional mappings as a means to minimize bit error rates at an iterative receiver. Finally, we derive for block codes over the binary erasure channel closed-form expressions for their transfer characteristics to be used in the extrinsic information transfer chart. Based on that, capacity approaching irregular, i.e., time-varying, codes are suggested.
N-alkyl-N-(phosphonoethyl) substituted (meth)acrylamides – new adhesive monomers for self-etching self-priming one part dental adhesive (2009)

Novel N-alkyl-N-(phosphonoethyl) substituted mono-, bis- and tris(meth)acrylamides 3 were synthesized by two different three-step reactions and characterized by IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopy as well as refractive index and viscosity. The phosphonoethyl substituted (meth)acrylamide monomers show improved hydrolytic stability compared to carboxylic esters. The highest stability was found for the phosphonoethyl substituted acrylamide monomers. Acrylamides have a larger polymerization enthalpy ranging from -50 to -70 kJ.mol⁻¹ per double bond compared to methacrylamides which show -8.57 to -25.1 kJ.mol⁻¹ per double bond. Depending on their structure (meth)acrylamides 3 exhibit an adhesion to enamel and dentin up to 19.5 MPa. The monomer 3c shows the highest adhesion values to both substrates, namely 15.3 ± 3.4 MPa to enamel and 18.5 ± 2.3 MPa to dentin.