gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue in the chicken. I. Morphology, ontogeny, and some functional characteristics of Peyer's patches. (1980)

Lymphoid aggregates with many of the characteristics of mammalian Peyer's patches (PP) were identified in the chicken intestine. These chicken PP could not be seen with the naked eye at the time of hatching, but by 10 days of age, 1 or 2 PP were identified in 50% of the birds. Up to 16 wk of age, the numbers of PP increased to a maximum of 5 per animal and they were widely scattered in the intestine, apart from one that was regularly found about 5 to 10 cm anterior to the ileocecal junction. As the birds aged, the number of PP declined so that in older birds (58 wk) only a single PP was evident near the ileocecal junction. Chicken PP possess: a distinct lymphoepithelium with M cells and strong pinocytotic activity; follicles and a subepithelium zone and central zone similar to those of the cecal tonsil (CT). Studies with in ovo hormonal bursectomy and age-associated involution of PP suggested that the subepithelial zone is a B-dependent area and the central zone a T, or thymus-dependent region. These observations extend our knowledge of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the bird to include the bursa of Fabricius, CT, PP, and aggregates in the urodeum and proctodeum. They raise issues about the roles of chicken PP that may aid our understanding of the functions of mammalian GALT.
Update on the Pharmacologic Management of Overactive Bladder: The Present and the Future (2010)

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition, affecting approximately 17% of females and males 40 years of age and older. Historically, oxybutynin was the only medication approved for use in the management of OAB. Over the past decade, several new antimuscarinics have been approved for the treatment of OAB. Although all are deemed to be effective in improving the bothersome symptoms of OAB, they differ in their molecular properties, metabolism, and tolerability/side effect profile. A greater understanding of the pathophysiology of OAB has led to approved and investigative therapies to treat refractory OAB, such as neuromodulation and intravesical injection of Botulinum toxin, respectively. A variety of pharmacologic agents are in clinical trials for OAB that target different components of bladder function, such as the urothelium, the afferent sensory nerve pathways, and the central nervous system. It is the intent of this article to highlight these aspects of OAB management.
A simple in vitro Tn7-based transposition system with low target site selectivity for genome and gene analysis (2000)

A robust Tn7-based in vitro transposition system is described that displays little target site selectivity, allowing the efficient recovery of many different transposon insertions in target DNAs ranging from small plasmids to cosmids to whole genomes. Two miniTn7 derivatives are described that are useful for the analysis of genes: one a derivative for making translational and transcriptional target gene fusions and the other a derivative that can generate 15 bp (5 amino acid) insertions in target DNAs (proteins).
A planning framework far implementing virtual private networks (2001)

Because there is no single virtual private network (VPN) solution, it's critical to have a planning framework to ensure successful deployment. A VPN is virtual in that it has no corresponding physical network but rather shares physical circuits with other traffic. A VPN is private in that it isolates Internet traffic with routing and secures if with encryption. The use of "private" and "Internet based" to describe the same service appears to be an oxymoron, but we explain how VPNs manage to be both. Many choices will confront you in considering how to deploy a VPN. We briefly describe the core choices such as the different types of VPNs, encryption, firewalls, and how to accommodate legacy systems. Each distinct VPN solution has its own strengths, weaknesses, and price tag; IT professionals must weigh these characteristics against business requirements.
An Open, Randomized, Parallel-Group Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety Profile of Inhaled Human Insulin (Exubera) With Metformin as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Poorly Controlled on a Sulfonylurea (2006)

In patients with type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on a sulfonylurea (A1C >9.5%), the addition of premeal INH significantly improves glycemic control compared with adjunctive metformin and is well tolerated.
The development of a portable real-time display of voice source characteristics (2002)

The use of real time visual displays by speech and language therapists for the representation of voice source characteristics such as fundamental frequency (F0) and electrolaryngographically (Lx) derived vocal fold closed quotient (CQ) is now well established. This trend has been made possible by the widespread availability of fast computers and dedicated signal processing devices. However, many users of such equipment have expressed a need for a portable, battery operated device displaying F0 and CQ, not only for specific use by the therapist but also for the use by clients outside the usual clinical consultation where appropriate. At the University of York, we have developed a portable hand-held system based on the electrolaryngograph output waveform and a high performance microcontroller chip. The system can display graphically against time measures of f/sub 0/, larynx CQ and a normalised display of individual Lx cycles. The paper describes the development, implementation and basic operation of the voice analyser system.
Clinical uses of antiprogestogens (1995)

Antiprogestogens, which block the action of progesterone at the cellular level through binding to the progesterone receptor, are proving to be one of the most significant developments in endocrinology in recent years. Several hundreds of such compounds have been synthesized, but only a few of them have been evaluated to any significant extent in biological screening models and, to our knowledge, only three compounds, namely mifepristone, lilopristone (ZK 98.734) and onapristone (ZK 98.299) have been given to humans. Most of the clinical research to date has focused on the use of mifepristone given in combination with prostaglandin for termination of early pregnancy, an indication for which the compound is being used routinely in four countries so far, i.e. China, France, the UK and Sweden. The gynaecological and obstetrical applications in which antiprogestogens have been shown to be of value to date include ripening of the pregnant cervix prior to pregnancy termination, sensitization of the uterus to prostaglandins in second-trimester abortion, and induction of labour. Available data suggest that antiprogestogens have no place in the conservative treatment of ectopic pregnancy or in the treatment of premenstrual tension. In fertility regulation, the sequential combination regimen of mifepristone plus prostaglandin as used for inducing abortion has proved to be effective also for menses induction and can be expected to be an efficacious once-a-month contraceptive. Mifepristone alone, without adjuvant prostaglandin, has yielded promising results as an anti-implantation agent and in emergency contraception. Other potential uses include once-a-week contraception, ovulation inhibition (in a sequential regimen with a progestogen), and as a daily mini-pill. Mifepristone, and other antiprogestogens for which biological data have been reported also bind to the cellular receptors for glucocorticoid hormones and, consequently, possess antiglucocorticoid in addition to their antiprogestational activity. Because of this antiglucocorticoid effect, mifepristone has been employed successfully in the palliative treatment of hypercortisolism due to Cushing's syndrome, and its use has been proposed for treating certain forms of depression and of glaucoma, and in wound healing. However, for scientific and practical reasons, it would be preferable if molecules were developed that have only the antiprogestational or the antiglucocorticoid activity rather than both.
Wavelength-Selective Photoactivatable Protecting Groups for Thiols (2009)

We developed and characterized efficient, remarkably water-soluble photolabile protecting groups for thiols based on 2-nitrobenzyl and (coumarin-4-yl)methyl chromophores, among them two new ones. The protecting groups allow, due to their different absorption maxima, wavelength-selective photocleavage of binary mixtures of cysteine derivatives protected at the thiol function with various photolabile protecting groups by irradiation with light. The concept was also functional with the two different S-protected cysteine residues in derivatives of the model peptide resact. Selective photolysis could be achieved for the peptides Ac(0)-Cys(1)(BCMACMOC),Cys(8)(7,8BCMCMOC)-resact and Ac(0)-Cys(1)(C4MNB),Cys(8)(BCMACMOC)-resact by irradiation with light of > or = 402 nm or > or = 436 nm wavelength, respectively, followed by irradiation at lambda > or = 325 nm.
Activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B by G Protein-coupled Receptors (1998)

The serine/threonine protein kinase Akt has recently been shown to be implicated in the pathway leading to cell survival in response to serum and growth factors in a variety of cellular systems. However, the existence of a biochemical route connecting this kinase to the large family of receptors that signal through heterotrimeric G proteins is yet to be explored. In this study, we set out to investigate whether GTP-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can stimulate Akt activity and survival pathways and, if so, to define the mechanism(s) whereby this class of cell surface receptors could regulate Akt function. Using ectopic expression of GPCRs in COS-7 cells as a model, we have observed that both m1 and m2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, representative of those GPCRs coupled to Gq and Gi proteins, respectively, can readily activate an epitope-tagged form of Akt kinase and prevent UV-induced apoptosis. We have also found that the pathway connecting G proteins to Akt implicates signals emanating from Galphaq, Galphai, and beta gamma dimers, but not from Galphas or Galpha12, in each case acting through a pathway that involves a phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase activity. Moreover, our findings suggest a role for a novel beta gamma-sensitive complex, p101.phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase-gamma, in the transduction of signals leading to Akt stimulation and cell survival by GPCRs and open new avenues for research on the function of the large family of G protein-linked receptors in the regulation of anti-apoptotic pathways.
Differentiating Open Natural Fractures From Healed Fractures Using The New, High-Definition Oil-Based Mud Microelectrical Imager – Case Studies From Organic Rich Shales (2015)

Abstract Distinguishing open natural fractures from healed fractures has been a significant challenge in shale formations drilled with oil-based mud. Ultrasonic imaging tools can locate open fractures, but such data is seldom acquired due to concerns related to the effects of heavy mud and, in high-angle wells, operational efficiency and tool eccentralization. Until now, the microelectrical image tools in the market were not capable of differentiating open fractures from healed fractures in oil-based mud. A new, high-definition oil-based mud microelectrical imager has been deployed that operates at high frequencies and provides images with high borehole coverage. This new tool can identify natural fractures, sub-seismic faults, and other geological features in the reservoirs. In addition to high-resolution images of formation resistivity, an advanced inversion processing can be applied to generate resolution-matched images of the quantified standoff between each sensor in the array and the borehole wall. Such standoff images are of special value for differentiating open fractures from healed fractures. The use of these standoff images are presented in several recent case studies from U.S. shale plays. In the first case study from a pilot shale well in the northeast, natural fractures are identified on the new microelectrical imager and then further interpreted as open, partially open or healed fractures based on the inverted standoff images. Such open fracture interpretation has been validated by ultrasonic image data from the same well. In the second case study from an Eagle Ford Shale lateral in south Texas, both natural fractures and sub-seismic faults were detected. Interestingly, one of the interpreted open faults based on standoff images was even evident on dynamic pressure data in a monitoring well nearby during the stimulation process. Natural fractures can impact the shale reservoir quality, completion quality, or both, depending on the fracture types and intensity. Therefore, it is beneficial to have a reliable dataset to sort fractures by their type: open, partially open and healed.
Improved corneal penetration of timolol by prodrugs as a means to reduce systemic drug load. (1987)

A major problem in the use of timolol in glaucoma therapy is its relatively high incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory side effects. This report presents preliminary evidence for the feasibility of a prodrug approach to minimize systemic absorption of timolol using a reduced topical dose made possible by improved corneal drug penetration. The results indicate that the O-acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, and pivalyl ester prodrugs of timolol were virtually completely hydrolyzed between 30 and 150 min when incubated with plasma, aqueous humor, and ocular tissue homogenates of pigmented rabbits. Moreover, the in vitro corneal penetration of all but the O-pivalyl prodrug was 2-3 times higher than timolol. This was accompanied by a four- to sixfold increase in aqueous humor concentration at 5 and 30 min post-instillation of 15 mM solutions, although the plasma timolol concentration at the same time points was either unaltered or slightly reduced. Collectively, these preliminary findings suggest that at least a twofold reduction in the topical dose of timolol is possible by using prodrugs, thereby reducing timolol concentration in the systemic circulation and possibly the incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory side effects.
SFRP5 inhibits gastric epithelial cell migration induced by macrophage-derived Wnt5a (2012)

Secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5) is frequently found downregulated in gastric cancer due to SFRP5 gene hypermethylation, and there is a great necessity to elucidate the role of its downregulation in gastric cancer. By binding Wnt molecules, SFRP5 is generally supposed to exert negative effects on Wnt signal pathways widely linked to human cancers. This study found that macrophages over-produced Wnt5a under the stimulation of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Helicobacter pylori, the most common infectious agent in human stomach. Wnt5a-conditioned medium from macrophages enhanced cell migration and CXCR4 expression in either SFRP5-negative gastric epithelial cells (GEC) harboring SFRP5 methylation or SFRP5-positive cells treated with SFRP5 small interfering RNA (siRNA). However, such induced effect was remarkably eliminated by either Wnt5a siRNA in macrophages or treatment with recombinant SFRP5. We also found that Wnt5a-conditioned medium stimulated phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and c-Jun, and JNK inhibitor SP600125 blocked Wnt5a-induced CXCR4 expression and cell migration in SFRP5-negative cells. Taken together, these findings suggest that epithelium-derived SFRP5 may play a probable defensive role in impeding gastric cancer progression, characteristically by inhibiting GEC migration induced by macrophage-derived Wnt5a via JNK signaling activation.
Updates on B-cell immunotherapies for systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjogren's syndrome (2012)

The approval of anti-B cell activating factor therapy and an increasing body of open studies with rituximab as well as subset studies and secondary analysis of the Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab in Moderately-to-Severely Active Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (EXPLORER) and LUNAR trials provide hope for B-cell immunotherapy and significant insight into its mechanisms of action and utilization in a selected subset of patients. Ongoing clinical trials of other B-cell targeting agents are eagerly anticipated.
A Pair of Fluorescent Resonance Energy Transfer-based Probes for Tyrosine Phosphorylation of the CrkII Adaptor Protein in Vivo (2001)

An adaptor protein, CrkII, which is involved in a variety of signaling cascades such as cell growth, migration, and apoptosis, becomes phosphorylated on Tyr(221) upon stimulation. Here, we report on a fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based sensor, which consists of CrkII sandwiched with cyan- and yellow-emitting variants of green fluorescent protein. This protein enabled us to monitor rapid and transient phosphorylation of CrkII upon epidermal growth factor stimulation in a living cell. However, rapid diffusion of the probes prevented us from specifying where the phosphorylation started within the cell. To overcome this problem, we fused the CAAX box of Ki-Ras to the carboxyl terminus of this probe and restricted its localization mostly to the plasma membrane. With this modified probe, we found that epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of CrkII was initiated at the peripheral plasma membrane, moving toward the center of the cell. Moreover, this CAAX box-fused probe showed improvement in sensitivity and time resolution of the monitoring of CrkII phosphorylation. Thus, this pair of CrkII probes visualizes dynamic changes in the total and local levels of the tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkII in a living cell.
Effects of Silanol Density, Distribution, and Hydration State of Fumed Silica on the Formation of Self-Assembled Monolayers of n-Octadecyltrichlorosilane (2000)

The saturation adsorption of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) on two fumed silicas [Aerosil 380 (A380), Aerosil OX50 (OX50)] was investigated as a function of their hydration states. The amount of water adsorbed onto the fumed silica was in the order superhydrated A380 > as is A380 ∼ superhydrated OX50 > as is OX50. The amount of OTS adsorbed onto the Aerosil samples was in the order superhydrated OX50 > superhydrated A380 ≫ as is A380 ∼ as is OX50. This ordering was explained by the effects of the underlying silica substrate: (i) the effective surface area available for adsorption was greater for the less aggregated OX50 than for A380; (ii) the increased number of non-nearest-neighbor isolated silanols on OX50 provided a greater number of sites for direct hydrogen bonding of OTS; (iii) increased water adsorption resulted in increased OTS adsorption as reported in the literature;1 (iv) however, some “mobile” water not tightly bound to the silica surface of A380 could be rinsed off, along with attached OTS molecules. The alkyl chains were ordered conformationally and laterally for the superhydrated fumed silica, where the amount of adsorbed OTS was greater than about 60%. In the case of the as is samples, where the amount of adsorbed OTS was approximately 34%, the OTS on OX50 was liquidlike, but the OTS on A380 was conformationally ordered but with no lateral order. This was attributed to the effects of the underlying substrate: (i) OX50 was more hydrophobic, with more siloxane bridges on its surface, and had a greater proportion of isolated silanols; (ii) A380 was more hydrophilic owing to the greater amount of adsorbed water. Therefore, at the same surface coverage, there were (i) fewer large islands of OTS on A380, in which the hydrophobic alkyl chains pointed away from the hydrophilic surface, and (ii) a larger number of small islands of OTS on OX50 that could nonspecifically adsorb on the hydrophobic sites on the surface.
Carbon Nanotubes Produced from Ambient Carbon Dioxide for Environmentally Sustainable Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes (2016)

The cost and practicality of greenhouse gas removal processes, which are critical for environmental sustainability, pivot on high-value secondary applications derived from carbon capture and conversion techniques. Using the solar thermal electrochemical process (STEP), ambient CO2 captured in molten lithiated carbonates leads to the production of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at high yield through electrolysis using inexpensive steel electrodes. These low-cost CO2-derived CNTs and CNFs are demonstrated as high performance energy storage materials in both lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries. Owing to synthetic control of sp(3) content in the synthesized nanostructures, optimized storage capacities are measured over 370 mAh g(-1) (lithium) and 130 mAh g(-1) (sodium) with no capacity fade under durability tests up to 200 and 600 cycles, respectively. This work demonstrates that ambient CO2, considered as an environmental pollutant, can be attributed economic value in grid-scale and portable energy storage systems with STEP scale-up practicality in the context of combined cycle natural gas electric power generation.
Water-Soluble Prodrug of Vitamin E for Parenteral Use and Its Effect on Endotoxin-lnduced Liver Toxicity. (1997)

The acid salts of aminoalkanecarboxylic acid esters of d-alpha-tocopherol were in a previous in vitro study identified as prodrug candidates for a parenteral form of d-alpha-tocopherol. The disposition of d-alpha-tocopheryl N,N-dimethylaminoacetate hydrochloride (TDMA), the most potential candidate for the prodrug, after a single intravenous administration was investigated and compared with that of the d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) and dl-alpha-tocopherol, solubilized with HCO-60, in order to establish the utility as a prodrug for i.v. administration. The preventive effect of the prodrug against endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS))-induced liver lipid peroxidation was also investigated in mice. The plasma and liver levels of alpha-tocopherol (Toc) were increased rapidly after i.v. administration of the prodrug. The distribution of Toc and TDMA in the plasma and the liver at 1 h was as follows; 2.1 +/- 0.2 (plasma, Toc), 2.0 +/- 0.2 (plasma, TDMA), 32.8 +/- 2.9 (liver, Toc), and 35.3 +/- 6.5% of dose (liver, TDMA). The rapid and liver-selective uptake and liver-esterase specific regeneration characteristics of the prodrug enhance the delivery of Toc to liver. The liver availability of Toc after i.v. administration of TDMA, TA and Toc were 116, 50 and 100%, respectively. The elevation of liver lipid peroxide induced with LPS was significantly suppressed to a normal range by a single i.v. postadministration of TDMA (over 10 mg/kg equivalent for Toc). These results indicated that the water-soluble and liver-esterase hydrolyzable derivative of Toc was a potential candidate for a parenteral prodrug which can thus achieve the systemic liver-specific delivery of Toc. Such effective and selective delivery of Toc into the liver can therefore lead to enhanced pharmacological efficacy against liver oxidative injury associated with free radicals.
Interference patterns of a plane-polarized wave from a hollow glass fiber (1973)

Irradiation of a hollow glass fiber, normal to its axis, by a plane-polarized laser source produces a coaxial interference pattern with distinctive features that can be related to the cross-sectional geometry of the fiber, providing a sensitive means of non-destructive monitoring of the outer radius and the ratio of inner and outer radii. The phenomena involved in this interpretation are explained and reconstructed by use of a ray-vector approach, by which the incident wavefront is decomposed into the component interactions of reflection and refraction with the fiber to give the emergent wavefronts. A number of measurements made on some samples demonstrate the proposals.