gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalized transcription of acetylcholine receptor genes during motor endplate epigenesis. (1991)

In the adult motor endplate the acetylcholine receptor protein (AChR) is strictly localized under the motor nerve ending, whereas in the noninnervated myotube it is distributed all over the surface of the cell. The genesis of this anisotropic distribution involves a differential regulation of AChR gene transcription. In situ hybridization with AChR subunit probes discloses high levels of unspliced and mature mRNA all over differentiating myotubes. After the entry of the exploratory motor axons, the mRNA clusters located outside the endplate decrease in number and become restricted to the subneural "fundamental" nuclei. Denervation causes a reappearance of unspliced and mature mRNA in extrajunctional areas. A compartmentalized expression of AChR genes take place during endplate formation. Chronic paralysis of the embryo interferes with the disappearance of extrajunctional AChR that, thus, represents an electrical activity-dependent repression of AChR genes. The entry of Ca2+ ions through the sarcolemmal membrane during electrical activity and the activation of protein kinase C plausibly contribute to this membrane-to-gene regulation. The maintenance and late increase in AChR number at the endplate requires the intervention of an anterograde signal or signals, of neural origin. Several factors have been suggested to play a role in this process, such as an acetylcholine receptor-inducing activity (ARIA), ascorbic acid, or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a peptide known to coexist with acetylcholine in spinal cord motoneurons. In cultured chick muscle cells, CGRP increases the concentration of surface AChR and alpha-subunit unspliced and mature mRNA and stimulates membrane-bound adenylate cyclase, suggesting that distinct second messengers are involved in the regulation of AChR biosynthesis by electrical activity and by CGRP. The data are interpreted in terms of a model in which it is assumed that (i) in the adult muscle fiber, different stages of gene expression occur in the nuclei in subneural and extrajunctional areas, and (ii) different second messengers elicited by neural factors or electrical activity regulate the state of transcription of these nuclei via trans-acting allosteric proteins binding to cis-acting DNA regulatory elements. The upstream flanking regions of several of the AChR subunit genes reveal ubiquitous DNA elements such as TATA and CAAT boxes, Sp1 binding sites and SV40 core enhancer sites, and muscle-specific MyoD (CANNTG) elements. The contribution of some of these elements to the differential regulation of the multiple AChR subunits is discussed.
Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source. 1. Ionization of Compounds in the Gas Phase (2008)

A novel chemical ionization source for organic mass spectrometry is introduced. This new source uses a glow discharge in the flowing afterglow mode for the generation of excited species and ions. The direct-current gas discharge is operated in helium at atmospheric pressure; typical operating voltages and currents are around 500 V and 25 mA, respectively. The species generated by this atmospheric pressure glow discharge are mixed with ambient air to generate reagent ions (mostly ionized water clusters and NO+), which are then used for the ionization of gaseous organic compounds. A wide variety of substances, both polar and nonpolar, can be ionized. The resulting mass spectra generally show the parent molecular ion (M+ or MH+) with little or no fragmentation. Proton transfer from ionized water clusters has been identified as the main ionization pathway. However, the presence of radical molecular ions (M+) for some compounds indicates that other ionization mechanisms are also involved. The analytical capabilities of this source were evaluated with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and preliminary characterization shows very good stability, linearity, and sensitivity. Limits of detection in the single to tens of femtomole range are reported for selected compounds.
Substitution reactions of specifically ortho-metalated piperonal cyclohexylimine (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstitution reactions of specifically ortho-metalated piperonal cyclohexylimineFrederick E. Ziegler and Kerry W. FowlerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 9, 1564–1566Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00871a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00871a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views681Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Downstream Gas‐Phase Species Generated by Tetraethylorthosilicate/Ozone Atmospheric Pressure Reactions (1999)

The effluent gas‐phase composition from the atmospheric pressure reaction between tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and ozone was investigated as a function of reactor temperature and initial reactant molar ratio. Online, continuous quantitative determination of gas species was achieved using Fourier transform infrared techniques. TEOS decomposition was a function of initial ozone concentration and reactor temperature. Ozone enhanced TEOS decomposition was found to generate carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, formic and acetic acids, and water, in addition to unreacted source species. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Design of an advanced helmet mounted display (AHMD) (2005)

High fidelity visual display capability has long been a critical element in successfully training war-fighters. This paper presents the results of a project to develop an affordable, ergonomically designed, augmented reality, Advanced Helmet Mounted Display (AHMD) system. AHMD blends computer-generated data (symbology, synthetic imagery, enhanced imagery) with the actual and simulated visible environment. Critical requirements included ability to be used on the user’s own unmodified helmet, rapid self fitting and alignment, with a wide (100° x 50°) field of view (FOV), low mass and balanced center of mass (CM), maximized see-through (>60%) with image quality (>0.5 cy/mr resolution and >30:1 ANSI contrast ratio) that supports training. This paper will outline the design, incorporating a number of innovative concepts, manufacture and performance of the resulting AHMD. This innovation in visual display technology can be used to support deployable reconfigurable training solutions, traditional simulation requirements, UAV augmented reality, air traffic control and Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) applications.
Recombinant Influenza Vaccines (2012)

This review covers the problems encountered in the construction and production of new recombinant influenza vaccines. New approaches to the development of influenza vaccines are investigated; they include reverse genetics methods, production of virus-like particles, and DNA- and viral vector-based vaccines. Such approaches as the delivery of foreign genes by DNA- and viral vector-based vaccines can preserve the native structure of antigens. Adenoviral vectors are a promising gene-delivery platform for a variety of genetic vaccines. Adenoviruses can efficiently penetrate the human organism through mucosal epithelium, thus providing long-term antigen persistence and induction of the innate immune response. This review provides an overview of the practicability of the production of new recombinant influenza cross-protective vaccines on the basis of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin genes of different influenza strains.
Assembly and DNA binding of recombinant Ku (p70/p80) autoantigen defined by a novel monoclonal antibody specific for p70/p80 heterodimers (1994)

The Ku autoantigen is a heterodimer of 70 kDa (p70) and -80 kDa (p80) subunits that is the DNA-binding component of a DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). The 350 kDa (p350) catalytic subunit of DNA-PK phosphorylates Sp-1, Oct-1, p53 and RNA polymerase II in vitro, but the precise cellular role of DNA-PK remains unclear. In the present studies, the assembly of p70/p80 heterodimers and the interaction of Ku with DNA was investigated using recombinant vaccinia viruses directing the synthesis of human p70 (p70-vacc) and p80 (p80-vacc), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Expression of human Ku antigens in rabbit kidney (RK13) cells could be demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining because this cell line contains little endogenous Ku. A novel mAb designated 162 stained the nuclei of RK13 cells coinfected with p70-vacc and p80-vacc, but not cells that were infected with either virus alone, suggesting that it recognized the p70/p80 heterodimer but not monomeric p70 or p80. In agreement with the immunofluorescence data, 162 immunoprecipitated both p70 and p80 from extracts of coinfected cells, but did not immunoprecipitate either subunit by itself from extracts of cells infected with p70-vacc or p80-vacc, respectively. Conversely, the binding of 162 to Ku isolated from human K562 cells stabilized the p70/p80 heterodimer under conditions that normally dissociate p70 from p80. The nuclei of cells infected with p70-vacc alone could be stained with mAb N3H10 (anti-p70) and cells infected with p80-vacc alone could be stained with mAb 111 (anti-p80), indicating that the formation of p70/p80 heterodimers was not required for nuclear transport. Finally, free recombinant and cellular p70 both bound to DNA efficiently in vitro, suggesting that free p70, like the p70/p80 heterodimer, serves as a DNA-binding factor. Moreover, free human p70 could be released from the nuclei of p70-vacc-infected RK13 cells by deoxyribonuclease I treatment, suggesting that it was associated with chromatin in vivo. The nuclear transport of free p70 and the association of free p70 with chromatin in vivo raise the possibility that newly synthesized cellular p70 might undergo nuclear transport and DNA-binding prior to dimerization with p80 or assembly with p350.
Association of HTLV-III with Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Abnormalities of T Lymphocytes in Homosexual Men (1986)

Homosexual men were studied for associations among human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, and T cell abnormalities. The presence of IgG antibody to EBV capsid antigen and antibody to EBV early antigen was significantly associated with augmented counts of suppressor T cells in healthy HTLV-III-seronegative men. HTLV-III-seropositive asymptomatic subjects had significantly enhanced titers of antibody to EBV and lower ratios of helper to suppressor T cells compared with HTLV-III-seronegative homosexual men. Of three men who seroconverted to HTLV-III, two had a greater than fourfold increase in titer of IgG antibody to EBV capsid antigen after seroconversion. These results suggest that the interaction of HTLV-III and EBV and their immunologic perturbations are significant in the natural history of this retrovirus infection in homosexual men.
High-brightness polarized light-emitting diodes (2012)

Light-emitting diodes are becoming the alternative for future general lighting applications, with huge energy savings compared to conventional light sources owing to their high efficiency and reliability. Polarized light sources would largely enhance the efficiency in a number of applications, such as in liquid-crystal displays, and also greatly improve contrast in general illumination due to the reduction in indirect glare. Here, we demonstrate light-emitting diodes presenting high-brightness polarized light emission by combining the polarization-preserving and directional extraction properties of embedded photonic-crystals applied to non-polar gallium nitride. A directional enhancement of up to 1.8-fold was observed in the total polarized light emission together with a high polarization degree of 88.7% at 465 nm. We discuss the mechanisms of polarized light emission in non-polar gallium nitride and the photonic-crystal design rules to further increase the light-emitting diode brightness. This work could open the way to polarized white-light emitters through their association with polarization-preserving down-converting phosphors. Researchers have designed a light-emitting diode (LED) that produces bright directional polarized blue light. The device, developed at the University of California at Santa Barbara in the USA by Elison Matioli and collaborators, is based on a variant of the semiconductor gallium nitride, grown on a specifically crystal direction that yields emission of polarized light. The researchers improved light extraction from the device by drilling aligned arrays of holes at precisely defined intervals into the substrate. This photonic crystal structure selectively enhances the emission of polarized light for particular emission angles by up to a factor of 1.8. High-brightness LEDs emitting polarized light are of interest for flat-screen displays, and also for household lighting because they minimize the glare from light reflections.
Factors affecting performance of the Glenn-Colusa fish screen (1991)

The Glenn-Colusa Irrigation District fish screen consists of 40 screen drums, each 17-ft in diameter and 8 ft wide, arranged in a linear configuration along a dredged side channel of the Sacramento River, and having a total capacity of 3,000 ft3/s. The original purpose of the Glenn-Colusa fish screen was to protect migrating juvenile chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha as they moved downstream. The screens have proven troublesome because of changes in water surface elevation and profile brought about by erosion and siltation in the river channel during heavy winter storms. Effective screen area and bypass flows have been substantially reduced. Currently, a single 17-ft prototype drum is being tested. It has been retrofitted with profile-wire screen with 3/32-in slots versus wire mesh of 4-by-4 (wires per inch) stainless steel.
Thermal relaxation of pseudomorphic Si-Ge superlattices by enhanced diffusion and dislocation multiplication (1989)

Pseudomorphic Si/Si-Ge strained layer superlattices are metastable and will relax to lower-energy, less strained, states on thermal annealing. Such relaxation may occur by the generation of misfit dislocation or by compositional homogenization of the superlattice. The particular mechanism adopted is shown to depend on the initial dislocation density of the structures. In cases where a significant portion of the strain is accommodated by an array of misfit dislocations in the as-grown state there is a propensity to relax by generating additional misfit dislocations. In the case of structures where only a very small fraction of the misfit is relieved by dislocations in the as-grown state, additional relaxation does not involve the multiplication of dislocations but proceeds by the interdiffusion of Si and Ge towards the homogenizing of the superlattice structure. This strain-enhanced diffusion has previously been observed in metals and we confirm its existence in semiconductor systems as well. The implication of the above observations on device structures and the growth of such layers is discussed.
The Occurrence of Weak I^T Red Cell AntigenAmong Melanesians (1972)

A proportion of Melanesians possess an outstandingly weak I^T antigen. Their red cells are I^T negative in the sense that cord bloods are I negative. Of Papuan coastal dwellers, 15.4% of 532 subjects tested were I^T weak. This proportion is not constant among Melanesian ethnic groups. Of 419 New Guinea Highlanders, none was I^T weak. Similarly, of 171 Caucasians tested, all had normal IT content. The phenomenon can be demonstrated on Melanesian cord bloods, and family studies confirm the genetic basis, ITw presumably reflecting a recessive homozygous state. The place of I^T in the li system remains obscure, but the demonstration of genetic variation in this antigen independent of I and i strength, and occurring frequently in certain ethnic groups, clearly reveals hitherto unsuspected complexity.
Antibody Applications: Essential Techniques (1995)

INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL: Characterization of Antibodies Labelling of Antibodies Applications of Antibodies PROTOCOLS: Antibody Concentration by Optical Density Assessment of Purity of Antibody Preparation using SDS-PAGE Measurement of Affinity using Friguet Method Labelling of Antibodies with Biotin Labelling of Antibodies with 125I Labelling of Antibodies with Fluorochrome Labelling of Antibodies with Enzyme Direct ELISA Sandwich ELISA Competitive ELISA for Antigen Detection Competitive ELISA for Epitope Mapping ELISPOT Fluid Phase Radioimmunoassay Cell Surface Immunofluorescence Intracellular Immunofluorescence on Cytospines Intracellular Immunofluorescence on Cell Suspensions Immunofluorescence on Tissue Sections Enzyme-Linked Immunohistology Immunoaffinity Chromatography using Columns Batch Immunoaffinity Chromatography Immunoprecipitation of Fluid Phase Antigen Immunoprecipitation of Cellular Antigens Ouchterlony Double Immunodiffusion Single Radial Immunodiffusion.
Low Dielectric Constant Materials for ULSI Interconnects (2000)

▪ Abstract As integrated circuit (IC) dimensions continue to decrease, RC delay, crosstalk noise, and power dissipation of the interconnect structure become limiting factors for ultra-large-scale integration of integrated circuits. Materials with low dielectric constant are being developed to replace silicon dioxide as interlevel dielectrics. In this review, the general requirements for process integration and material properties of low-k dielectrics are first discussed. The discussion is focused on the challenge in developing materials with low dielectric constant but strong thermomechanical properties. This is followed by a description of the material characterization techniques, including several recently developed for porous materials. Finally, the material characteristics of candidate low-k dielectrics will be discussed to illustrate their structure-property relations.
A Functional Protein Chip for Pathway Optimization and in Vitro Metabolic Engineering (2004)

Pathway optimization is difficult to achieve owing to complex, nonlinear, and largely unknown interactions of enzymes, regulators, and metabolites. We report a pathway reconstruction using RNA display–derived messenger RNA–enzyme fusion molecules. These chimeras are immobilized by hybridization of their messenger RNA end with homologous capture DNA spotted on a substrate surface. Enzymes thus immobilized retain activity proportional to the amount of capture DNA, allowing modulation of the relative activity of pathway enzymes. Entire pathways can thus be reconstructed and optimized in vitro from genomic information. We provide concept validation with the sequential reactions catalyzed by luciferase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase and further illustrate this method with the optimization of the five-step pathway for trehalose synthesis.
Efficient and effective explanation of change in hierarchical summaries (2007)

Dimension attributes in data warehouses are typically hierarchical (e.g., geographic locations in sales data, URLs in Web traffic logs). OLAP tools are used to summarize the measure attributes (e.g., total sales) along a dimension hierarchy, and to characterize changes (e.g., trends and anomalies) in a hierarchical summary over time. When thenumber of changes identified is large (e.g., total sales in many stores differed from their expected values), a parsimonious explanation of the most significant changes is desirable. In this paper, we propose a natural model of parsimonious explanation, as a composition of node weights along the root-to-leaf paths in a dimension hierarchy, which permits changes to be aggregated with maximal generalization along the dimension hierarchy. We formalize this model of explaining changes in hierarchical summaries and investigate the problem of identifying optimally parsimonious explanations on arbitrary rooted one dimensional tree hierarchies. We show that such explanations can be computed efficiently in time essentially proportional to the number of leaves and the depth of the hierarchy. Further, our method can produce parsimonious explanations from the output of any statistical model that provides predictions and confidence intervals, making it widely applicable. Our experiments use real data sets to demonstrate the utility and robustness of our proposed model for explaining significant changes, as well as its superior parsimony compared to alternatives.
Extensive tyrosine nitration in human myocardial inflammation (1997)

These results demonstrate the formation of peroxynitrite within the myocardium during inflammatory disease states, suggesting a role for peroxynitrite in inflammation-associated myocardial dysfunction.
Crucial role for DNA supercoiling in Mu transposition: a kinetic study. (1994)

DNA supercoiling plays an indispensable role in an early step of bacteriophage Mu transposition. This step involves formation of a nucleoprotein complex in which the Mu ends synapse and undergo two concerted single-strand cleavages. We describe a kinetic analysis of the role of supercoiling in the Mu-end synapsis reaction as measured by the cleavage assay. We observe a dependence of the reaction rate on superhelical density as well as on the length of Mu donor plasmid DNA. The reaction has a high activation enthalpy (approximately 67 kcal/mol). These results imply that the free energy of supercoiling is used directly to lower the activation barrier of the rate-limiting step of the reaction. Only the free energy of supercoiling associated with DNA outside the Mu ends appears to be utilized, implying that the Mu ends come together before the supercoiling energy is used. Our results suggest an essential function for the bacterial sequences attached to the ends of Mu virion DNA.