gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiplexible Liquid Crystalline Broad Range Systems (1983)

Abstract A sharp steepness, a low temperature dependence of the threshold, and a fast response time at low temperatures are preconditions for the multiplexibility of liquid crystals suitable for outdoor application. The steepness is efficiently improved if K 3/K 1 ≤ 1. A temperature independent steepness and threshold can be realized if K 3/K 1, and ΣK i/Δε become constant. Response time is proportional to γ1/K 1. Since viscous properties change by 1 to 2 of the tenth power more than elastic constants with temperature, a fast response behavior at low temperature is possible only by reducing the temperature dependence of the viscosity. Taking into account these preconditions, it is possible to develop nematic systems multiplexible up to 1:8 from -20°C to +60°C without temperature compensation of the driving voltage or with temperature compensation up to 1;16, having a total response time less than 1 s even below -20°C.
Chitotriosidase in the Pathogenesis of Inflammation, Interstitial Lung Diseases and COPD (2014)

As a member of 18 glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family, chitotriosidase (Chitinase 1, CHIT1) is a true chitinase mainly expressed in the differentiated and polarized macrophages. CHIT1 is an innate immune mediator that digests the cell walls of chitin-containing eukaryotic pathogens, such as fungi. However, CHIT1 is dysregulated in granulomatous and fibrotic interstitial lung diseases characterized by inflammation and tissue remodeling. These include tuberclosis, sarcoidosis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, scleroderma-associated interstitial lung diseases (SSc-ILD), and chronic obstructive lung diseases (COPD). CHIT1 serum concentration correlates with the progression or the severity of these diseases, suggesting a potential use of CHIT1 as a biomarker or a therapeutic target. Recent studies with genetically modified mice demonstrate that CHIT1 enhances TGF-β1 receptor expression and signaling, suggesting a role in initiating or amplifying the response to organ injury and repair. This additional CHIT1 activity is independent of its enzymatic activity. These studies suggest that CHIT1 serves a bridging function; it is both an innate immune mediator and a regulator of tissue remodeling. This review will focus on recent data linking CHIT1 to the pathogenesis of inflammation, interstitial lung disease, and COPD.
A new Bacillus subtilis gene, med, encodes a positive regulator of comK (1997)

Bacillus subtilis degR, a positive regulator of the production of degradative enzymes, is negatively regulated by the competence transcription factor ComK which is overproduced in mecA null mutants. We used transposon Tn10 to search for a mutation that reduced the repression level of degR caused by a mecA mutation. A new gene exerting positive regulation on comK was obtained and designated med (suppressor of mecA effect on degR). Sequence determination, Northern analysis, and primer extension analyses revealed that the med gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) composed of 317 codons and was transcribed into an approximately 1,250-nucleotide mRNA together with its short downstream gene. The expression of comK is positively regulated by factors such as ComK itself, ComS (SrfA)-MecA, DegU, SinR, and AbrB. Quantitative analyses using comK'-'lacZ, srfA-lacZ, degU'-'lacZ, and sinR'-'lacZ fusions showed that disruption of med caused a significant decrease in comK expression in both mecA+ and mecA strains, while expression of srfA, sinR, and degU was not affected by the mutation. An epistatic analysis revealed that overproduction of ComK resulted in alteration of med expression, suggesting a regulatory loop between comK and med. Several possible mechanisms for positive regulation of comK by Med are discussed.
Identification of a human telomerase reverse transcriptase peptide of low affinity for HLA A2.1 that induces cytotoxic T lymphocytes and mediates lysis of tumor cells (2002)

Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TRT) is a tumor-associated antigen expressed in the vast majority of human tumors and is presently one of the most promising target candidates for a therapeutic cancer vaccine. TRT is also expressed at low level in selected tissues and should be considered a self antigen. In the present study we sought to develop cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) responses directed against human (h)TRT peptides with low relative affinity for which the available repertoire is to be preferentially spared from tolerance. This was accomplished by using analogue peptides of hTRT whose relative affinity for the MHC was increased by a targeted (-->Tyr) substitution in position one. By immunizing HLA A2.1 transgenic mice with these analogue peptides, we identified one such low relative affinity peptide (p572) that is endogenously processed and presented by HLA A2.1 in tumor cells, and is recognized by specific CTL. We used the highly immunogenic analogue peptide to successfully induce TRT-specific CTL in cancer patients and normal donors. CTL against p572-lysed human and mouse tumor cells but not activated autologous B cells. This peptide represents, therefore, an important candidate component of a cancer vaccine based on a TRT substrate and validates the strategy of targeting peptides with low affinity for the MHC for cancer immunotherapy.
Interactions between geminivirus replication proteins (1996)

Geminiviruses are small DNA viruses that replicate in the nuclei of infected plant cells. The closely related geminiviruses tomato golden mosaic virus and bean golden mosaic virus each encode a protein, AL1, that catalyzes the initiation of rolling-circle replication. Both viruses also specify a second replication protein, AL3, that greatly enhances the level of viral DNA accumulation. Using recombinant proteins produced in a baculovirus expression system, we showed that AL1 copurifies with a protein fusion of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and AL1, independent of the GST domain. Similarly, authentic AL3 cofractionates with a GST-AL3 fusion protein. These results demonstrated that both AL1 and AL3 form oligomers. Immunoprecipitation of protein extracts from insect cells expressing both AL1 and AL3 showed that the two proteins also complex with each other. None of the protein interactions displayed virus specificity; the tomato and bean golden mosaic virus proteins complexed with each other. The addition of heterologous replication proteins had no effect on the efficiency of geminivirus replication in transient-replication assays, suggesting that heteroprotein complexes might be functional. The significance of these protein interactions is discussed with respect to geminivirus replication in plant cells.
Introduction (2019)

The recognition and treatment of pain has always been a vital aspect of small animal practice. Over the last 10 years, management of small animal pain has progressed rapidly. Veterinary surgeons and nurses are now faced with a larger variety of cases of increasing complexity and a greater range of drugs for the management of pain.
A Guide to First-Passage Processes (2001)

First-passage properties underlie a wide range of stochastic processes, such as diffusion-limited growth, neuron firing and the triggering of stock options. This book provides a unified presentation of first-passage processes, which highlights its interrelations with electrostatics and the resulting powerful consequences. The author begins with a presentation of fundamental theory including the connection between the occupation and first-passage probabilities of a random walk, and the connection to electrostatics and current flows in resistor networks. The consequences of this theory are then developed for simple, illustrative geometries including the finite and semi-infinite intervals, fractal networks, spherical geometries and the wedge. Various applications are presented including neuron dynamics, self-organized criticality, diffusion-limited aggregation, the dynamics of spin systems and the kinetics of diffusion-controlled reactions. First-passage processes provide an appealing way for graduate students and researchers in physics, chemistry, theoretical biology, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, operations research and finance to understand all of these systems.
Total synthesis of streptonigrin (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of streptonigrinFatima Z. Basha, Satoshi Hibino, Deukjoon Kim, Walter E. Pye, Tai-Teh Wu, and Steven M. WeinrebCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980, 102, 11, 3962–3964Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00531a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00531a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views619Altmetric-Citations41LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The specificity of combination between ristocetins and peptides related to bacterial cell wall mucopeptide precursors (1971)

The affinity of ristocetin B for analogues of the C-terminal tripeptide sequence of bacterial cell wall mucopeptide precursors resembles that of vancomycin. Complex-formation requires a d-configuration in the two amino acid residues of the C-terminal dipeptide, an l-configuration is preferred in the preceding amino acid residue and positive charges on the peptide molecule decrease its affinity. The specificity of ristocetin B, however, differs from that of vancomycin in the requirements for the size of the side chains on the C-terminal dipeptide. These differences may explain the observed differences in antibiotic behaviour of vancomycin and ristocetin with particular micro-organisms. The optical rotatory dispersion and u.v.-absorption characteristics of the ristocetins are very different from those of vancomycin but nearly identical with those of ristomycin A. Aglycones prepared from ristomycin A were antibiotically active and also combined with a specific peptide.
TUBULAR EXPRESSION OF INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 DURING RENAL ALLOGRAFT REJECTION (1989)

Molecules responsible for adhesion between cells are known to play an important role in the immune response. The expression of one of these molecules, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), was examined on normal and allografted kidneys using a specific monoclonal antibody and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The expression of this molecule was compared to that of HLA class II antigens. On normal kidneys and most allograft biopsies taken immediately before implantation, ICAM-1 was expressed only on vascular endothelial cells (VEC) and parietal epithelium of Bowman's capsule. In the 11 kidneys where biopsies were available before and after transplantation, the appearance of rejection was associated with de novo expression of ICAM-1 on renal tubular epithelial cells that closely paralleled that of HLA class II antigens. In addition, an increase in endothelial cell expression of these molecules was also seen in rejection. In 23 random allograft biopsies, most of those with rejection showed tubular expression of both HLA class II antigens and ICAM-1. However, the presence of these molecules on tubules in several biopsies that did not show rejection limits the clinical usefulness of monitoring these antigens in posttransplant biopsies. The upregulation of these molecules is presumed to be secondary to the release of cytokines by cells infiltrating the allograft, although other mechanisms may be operating that explain the expression of these molecules in nonrejecting grafts.
Indexing of Images by Pictorial Information (1991)

This paper presents the architecture of a system that retrieves images on the basis of pictorial information as opposed to systems based on textual and numerical retrieval. The pictorial approach is motivated from the observation that the majority of the pictorial information in an image cannot be fully described by textual or numerical information due to its essential limitations in expressive power. Therefore, we propose that the search is carried out from a pictorial specification (i.e. a set of pictorial details and their relationships) where the correspondence is established between the pictorial specification and the images in the database. The method is based on fuzzy Mathematical Morphology operations. In this paper we concentrate on MRI images of the chest. Experiments have been carried out on a database of those images show encouraging results especially when realizing that the content of medical images is a weakly formalizable domain. keywords: image retrieval, medical image...
Regulation of lnterleukin-5 Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Atopic Patients with FK506, Cyclosporin A and Glucocorticoid (1994)

Upon stimulation with phorbol ester and ionomycin, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of atopic patients with moderate eosinophilia produced significantly higher amounts of IL-5 compared to that of normal subjects. This finding renders further support to the notion that T cell-eosinophilic inflammation plays a central role in allergic disorders. IL-5 induction in vitro was completely inhibited by immunosuppressant FK506, cyclosporin A and dexamethasone. FK506 applied in vivo effectively suppressed clinical symptoms of atopic dermatitis and IL-5 production of PBMC. FK506 and cyclosporin A may become a better therapeutic modality against allergic diseases.
Colocalization of Oestrogen Receptor lmmunoreactivity and Preproenkephalin mRNA Expression to Neurons in the Superficial Laminae of the Spinal and Medullary Dorsal Horn of Rats (1996)

A double-labelling procedure combining immunohistochemical staining with in situ hybridization using a radiolabelled cRNA probe was employed to demonstrate oestrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin-A mRNA in the medullary and spinal dorsal horn of female rats. Both markers labelled large numbers of neurons in the substantia gelatinosa and its trigeminal homologue. Many of these neurons were double-labelled, displaying both oestrogen receptor-like-immunoreactivity and preproenkephalin-A mRNA; cell counts showed that 40-60% of the of the oestrogen receptor-like-immunoreactive cells in the superficial laminae also were labelled for preproenkephalin-A mRNA, and that 60-70% of the preproenkephalin-A mRNA-labelled neurons in the same laminae displayed oestrogen receptor-like immunoreactivity. Previous studies have shown that oestrogen receptors can bind to the promoter region of the preproenkephalin-A gene, and studies on the hypothalamus have demonstrated that oestrogen regulates enkephalin expression in select neuronal populations. The present results demonstrate that enkephalinergic neurons in the superficial dorsal horn contain oestrogen receptors and suggest that oestrogen may play an important role in the modulation of sensory and nociceptive processing in the lower medulla and spinal cord.
The Effect of the Protein Matrix Proximity on Glycan Reactivity in a Glycoprotein Model (1995)

A series of biotinylated glycan-Asn derivatives has been synthesized containing either no extension arm between biotin and Asn (glycan-biotinyl Asn) or containing HN(CH2)nCO extension arms of differing lengths, where n denotes the number of methylene groups in the arm (glycan-biotinyl[HN(CH2)nCO]Asn, n = 1-5). The glycan structures used were Man6GlcNAc2-, Man5GlcNAc2-, GlcNAcMan5GlcNAc2- and Gal2GlcNAc2Man3GlcNAc2-, the substrates for mannosidase I, GlcNAc transferase I, mannosidase II and sialyltransferase, respectively. Each family of substrates was subjected to the action of its respective enzyme in the absence and in the presence of streptavidin, and the relative rate of processing (in the presence of UDP-GlcNAc and the mannosidase II inhibitor, swainsonine for GlcNAc transferase I and CMP-sialic acid for sialyl transferase) was measured to evaluate the effect of the proximity of the protein matrix on the glycan substrate quality. Mannosidase I was found to be strongly inhibited by the protein matrix in the proximal as well as in the distal positions relative to the glycan substrate. In contrast, GlcNAc transferase I and mannosidase II, which were both strongly inhibited by the proximal substrate complexes (no extension arm) showed complete release of the inhibition even with the shortest (n = 1) extension arm. Sialyl transferase showed inhibition of both reaction steps in the proximal complex, and complete release of the inhibition of the first step, but not the second step, in the distal complexes. The results show that the availability of different glycan substrates in a given protein environment reflects, to a great extent, the nature of each individual enzyme. The mechanisms by which the protein matrix affects glycan processing are proposed to involve simple steric effects, as well as more subtle effects of the protein in permitting or preventing certain active glycan conformations to form.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Identifies Compartment Syndrome in an Infant (2007)

Acute compartment syndrome is a surgical emergency requiring immediate intervention to limit tissue and nerve injury. Although the measurement of compartment pressure is frequently performed, there is controversy regarding the pressure at which fasciotomy should be performed. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) uses the same technology as pulse oximetry to estimate tissue oxygenation. To date, NIRS is used most commonly to estimate cerebral oxygenation during intraoperative anesthetic care. The authors present a 1-month-old infant who developed an acute compartment syndrome of the right lower extremity after cardiac surgery. In addition to the measurement of compartment pressures, the diagnosis of compartment syndrome was confirmed by NIRS with a value of 15% in the involved leg versus 40% to 50% in the noninvolved contralateral lower extremity. The potential use of this modality in identifying compartment syndrome is reviewed.
Mechanism of extraction of β‐carotene from microalga Dunaliellea salina in two‐phase bioreactors (2004)

We show that it is possible to extract beta-carotene selectively from Dunaliella salina in two-phase bioreactors. The cells continue to produce beta-carotene and the extracted part is substituted by newly produced molecules. This process is called "milking." We performed several experiments to understand the exact mechanism of the extraction process. The results show that direct contact between the cells and the biocompatible organic solvent was not a requirement for the extraction but it accelerated the extraction. Electron microscopy photographs showed an undulated shape of the cell membrane and a space between the cell and the chloroplast membranes in the cells growing in the presence of dodecane (a biocompatible solvent). Extra-chloroplast beta-carotene globules located in the space between the cell and the chloroplast membranes were observed in these cells as well. It was shown that dodecane was taken up by the cells. The concentration of dodecane in the cells was about 13 pg.cll(-1). It can be concluded that dodecane uptake by the cells is responsible for the morphological changes in the cells and leads to more activity in the cell membrane. The results suggest two possible modes of extraction. One of the mechanisms is transport of the globules from the chloroplast to the space between the cell and the chloroplast membranes and subsequently from there to the outside by exocytosis. Another possible mode for the extraction could be release of beta-carotene from the globules as a result of alterations in the membrane in response to the uptake of dodecane. beta-Carotene molecules diffuse from the chloroplast to the space between the cell and the chloroplast membranes and from there to the medium either by diffusion or by exocytosis after accumulation in the vesicles.
Lesson Study and Curriculum Politics in Contemporary Japan (2012)

In this paper I analyze and evaluate the changes which have occurred in the curriculum policies and lesson studies of twentieth century Japan. Formulated and implemented in the late nineteenth century as part of the social reforms of the Meiji era, lesson study was much influenced by the Western pedagogy of the time, and was intended to increase bureaucratic control and promote research among teachers. Under the influence of Pestalozzian developmentalism and Herbartianism, Japanese education became more progressive during the Taisho era (1912-1926). Progressive education and its lesson study practices have developed into a grass-roots movement in Japan. Despite of its popularity, progressive education has been criticized for lacking empirical evidence, and though it is not an American-style quality circle, some try to explain it in those terms. For instance, progressive education has been labeled as a cause of the ”mediocrity” of Japanese students. Another cause for concern in contemporary Japan is widening inequality, and many scholars of educational sociology see a link between social class differences and the practices of progressive education. Nonetheless, even though lesson study has mainly been developed by progressive educators in Japan, it has not been targeted by these politically motivated attacks. In the final part of this paper I delineate the contemporary forms of lesson study in terms of newly elaborated concepts such as the behavioral objectives approach and the learning community.
N‐Terminal Methionine Processing (2017)

Protein synthesis is initiated by methionine in eukaryotes and by formylmethionine in prokaryotes. N-terminal methionine can be co-translationally cleaved by the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase (MAP). When recombinant proteins are expressed in bacterial and mammalian expression systems, there is a simple universal rule that predicts whether the initiating methionine will be processed by MAP based on the size of the residue adjacent (penultimate) to the N-methionine. In general, if the side chains of the penultimate residues have a radius of gyration of 1.29 Å or less, methionine is cleaved. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.