gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective effects of adenosine in myocardial ischemia. (1992)

Adenosine is released from the myocardium in response to a decrease in the oxygen supply/demand ratio, as is seen in myocardial ischemia; its protective role is manifested by coronary and collateral vessel vasodilation that increase oxygen supply and by multiple effects that act in concert to decrease myocardial oxygen demand (i.e., negative inotropism, chronotropism, and dromotropism). During periods of oxygen deprivation, adenosine enhances energy production via increased glycolytic flux and can act as a substrate for purine salvage to restore cellular energy charge during reperfusion. Adenosine limits the degree of vascular injury during ischemia and reperfusion by inhibition of oxygen radical release from activated neutrophils, thereby preventing endothelial cell damage, and by inhibition of platelet aggregation. These effects help to preserve endothelial cell function and microvascular perfusion. Long-term exposure to adenosine may also induce coronary angiogenesis.
Incorporation of n−3 fatty acids of fish oil into tissue and serum lipids of ruminants (1992)

This study examines the biohydrogenation and utilization of the C20 and C22 polyenoic fatty acids in ruminants. Eicosapentaenoic (20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (22:6n-3) acids were not biohydrogenated to any significant extent by rumen microorganisms, whereas C18 polyenoic fatty acids were extensively hydrogenated. The feeding of protected fish oil increased the proportion of 20:5 from 1% to 13-18% and 22:6 from 2% to 7-9% in serum lipids and there were reductions in the proportion of stearic (18:0) and linoleic (18:2) acids. The proportion of 20:5 in muscle phospholipids (PL) increased from 1.5% to 14.7% and 22:6 from 1.0% to 4.2%; these acids were not incorporated into muscle or adipose tissue triacylglycerols (TAG). In the total PL of muscle, the incorporated 20:5 and 22:6 substituted primarily for oleic (18:1) and/or linoleic (18:2) acid, and there was no consistent change in the porportion of arachidonic (20:4) acid.
Attenuated Nontoxinogenic and Nonencapsulated Recombinant Bacillus anthracis Spore Vaccines Protect against Anthrax (2000)

Several highly attenuated spore-forming nontoxinogenic and nonencapsulated Bacillus anthracis vaccines differing in levels of expression of recombinant protective antigen (rPA) were constructed. Biochemical analyses (including electrospray mass spectroscopy and N terminus amino acid sequencing) as well as biological and immunological tests demonstrated that the rPA retains the characteristics of native PA. A single immunization of guinea pigs with 5 x 10(7) spores of one of these recombinant strains, MASC-10, expressing high levels of rPA (>/=100 microgram/ml) from a constitutive heterologous promoter induced high titers of neutralizing anti-PA antibodies. This immune response was long lasting (at least 12 months) and provided protection against a lethal challenge of virulent (Vollum) anthrax spores. The recombinant B. anthracis spore vaccine appears to be more efficacious than the vegetative cell vaccine. Furthermore, while results clearly suggest a direct correlation between the level of expression of PA and the potency of the vaccine, they also suggest that some B. anthracis spore-associated antigen(s) may contribute in a significant manner to protective immunity.
The effects of treatment with enzymatic preparations and tannin phenolic absorbent agents in extracting the olive oil by single pressure process on the oil yield, on the analytical characteristics of the oils of the vegetation waters and of the waste waters. (1976)

The vegetation waters of the must, the oils and the waste waters extracted from olive pastes, treated by enzymatic preparations (Cellulase, Hemicellulase, Polygalacturonase and Protease) and tannin phenolic adsorbent agents (Polyclar AT, Methylcellulose, Albumine) employed during crushing of olive were analysed:--the vegetation waters in order to justify some technological results (oil yields and extraction speed) obtained by the treatments;--the oils in order to examine the effects of the treatments on the same chemical characteristics and the stability to rancidity. --The waste waters to verify the possible influence of the treatments on the BOD. From the results relative to the vegetation waters, it has been suggested that the increase of the "detached oil" does occur by two different biochemical mechanisms which involve the constitutive lipoprotein of the oil drop membrane and colloidal constituents of the liquid and solid phase of the pastes. For what concerns the oils, the treatments induce the slight modification of the fatty acid composition and chromatic characteristics, a higher stability to rancidity, a qualitative and quantitative increase of the "headspace" violates constituents above oils. The waste waters obtained from the olive pastes show lower BOD5 values.
Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS (2002)

The authors conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, twofold crossover study in 16 patients with MS who presented with severe spasticity to investigate safety, tolerability, and efficacy of oral Delta(9)-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabis sativa plant extract. Both drugs were safe, but adverse events were more common with plant-extract treatment. Compared with placebo, neither THC nor plant-extract treatment reduced spasticity. Both THC and plant-extract treatment worsened the participant's global impression.
Thinning and Flow of Tibetan Crust Constrained by Seismic Anisotropy (2004)

Intermediate-period Rayleigh and Love waves propagating across Tibet indicate marked radial anisotropy within the middle-to-lower crust, consistent with a thinning of the middle crust by about 30%. The anisotropy is largest in the western part of the plateau, where moment tensors of earthquakes indicate active crustal thinning. The preferred orientation of mica crystals resulting from the crustal thinning can account for the observed anisotropy. The middle-to-lower crust of Tibet appears to have thinned more than the upper crust, consistent with deformation of a mechanically weak layer that flows as if confined to a channel.
Bevacizumab for Progressive Vestibular Schwannoma in Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (2012)

Bevacizumab treatment was followed by hearing improvement and tumor shrinkage in more than 50% of progressive vestibular schwannomas in NF2 patients. Stable or improved hearing was retained in the majority of patients.
Lidocaine versus ropivacaine for continuous interscalene brachial plexus block after open shoulder surgery (2003)

Although 1% lidocaine can be effectively used for postoperative patient-controlled interscalene analgesia, 0.2% ropivacaine provides better pain relief and motor function.
Retromer deficiency observed in Alzheimer's disease causes hippocampal dysfunction, neurodegeneration, and Aβ accumulation (2008)

Although deficiencies in the retromer sorting pathway have been linked to late-onset Alzheimer's disease, whether these deficiencies underlie the disease remains unknown. Here we characterized two genetically modified animal models to test separate but related questions about the effects that retromer deficiency has on the brain. First, testing for cognitive defects, we investigated retromer-deficient mice and found that they develop hippocampal-dependent memory and synaptic dysfunction, which was associated with elevations in endogenous Abeta peptide. Second, testing for neurodegeneration and amyloid deposits, we investigated retromer-deficient flies expressing human wild-type amyloid precursor protein (APP) and human beta-site APP-cleaving enzyme (BACE) and found that they develop neuronal loss and human Abeta aggregates. By recapitulating features of the disease, these animal models suggest that retromer deficiency observed in late-onset Alzheimer's disease can contribute to disease pathogenesis.
Ethanol fermentation of hexose and pentose wood sugars produced by hydrogen-fluoride solvolysis of aspen chips [by Zymomonas mobilis and a mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum] (1984)

Hexose and pentose sugars, produced by hydrogen-fluoride solvolysis of aspen wood chips, were totally consumed in a coculture fermentation by Zymomonas mobilis and a mutant of Clostridium saccharolyticum. Z. mobilis converted the glucose to ethanol, while the mutant, which was improved in both ethanol production and tolerance, converted the xylose component to ethanol. A high conversion efficiency of wood sugars to ethanol was obtained, and the cells after the fermentation were successfully used for cell recycle.
Reduced-complexity column-layered decoding and implementation for LDPC codes (2011)

Layered decoding is well appreciated in low-density parity-check (LDPC) decoder implementation since it can achieve effectively high decoding throughput with low computation complexity. This work, for the first time, addresses low-complexity column-layered decoding schemes and very-large-scale integration (VLSI) architectures for multi-Gb/s applications. At first, the min-sum algorithm is incorporated into the column-layered decoding. Then algorithmic transformations and judicious approximations are explored to minimise the overall computation complexity. Compared to the original column-layered decoding, the new approach can reduce the computation complexity in check node processing for high-rate LDPC codes by up to 90% while maintaining the fast convergence speed of layered decoding. Furthermore, a relaxed pipelining scheme is presented to enable very high clock speed for VLSI implementation. Equipped with these new techniques, an efficient decoder architecture for quasi-cyclic LDPC codes is developed and implemented with 0.13 µm VLSI implementation technology. It is shown that a decoding throughput of nearly 4 Gb/s at a maximum of 10 iterations can be achieved for a (4096, 3584) LDPC code. Hence, this work has facilitated practical applications of column-layered decoding and particularly made it very attractive in high-speed, high-rate LDPC decoder implementation.
A novel cDNA transcript expressed in fractionated X-irradiation-induced murine thymomas. (1996)

Elucidation of the leukemogenic process induced by fractionated X-irradiation (FX) requires the identification of molecules that mediate the differentiation and regeneration of T cells. To isolate cDNA transcripts associated with FX-induced leukemia in C57BL/6 mice, a cDNA library was constructed from FX-induced thymoma mRNA and differentially screened with cDNA probes. A novel cDNA transcript, FX-induced transcript 1 (FXI-T1), showed strong differential mRNA expression in all C57BL/6 FX-induced thymomas examined when compared with normal thymus tissue. FXI-T1 was not universally expressed in proliferative or other neoplastic cells. Expression of FXI-T1 mRNA in untreated mouse organs was not restricted to the thymus; highest expression was observed in brain and skeletal muscle tissue. The translated FXI-T1 sequence encodes a basic, prolinerich protein that contains a RING-H2-finger motif. The COOH-terminal region of the putative FXI-T1 protein has sequence similarity with the COOH-terminal domain of the Drosophila deltex protein, a component of a signal pathway that functions during cell differentiation. The described observations suggest an association of FXI-T1 with FX-induced leukemogenesis. The study of FXI-T1 should contribute to an understanding of the processes of T-cell differentiation and regeneration in addition to leukemogenesis.
Monoclonal antibody NIM-R3 substitutes for B-cell growth factor. (1986)

A rat monoclonal antibody (NIM-R3) was found to be reactive with activated mouse B cells but neither activated T cells nor small resting lymphocytes, T or B. The antibody stains antibody-forming cell precursors within 48 hr of primary or secondary immunization in vivo, but not at longer times (greater than 14 days) immunization. When added to cultures of spleen cells responding in vitro to dinitrophenylated bovine, IgG, the number of antibody-forming cells was increased. NIM-R3 also maintained the proliferation of purified B blasts in the absence of lipopolysaccharide, but did not activate small resting B cells in the presence of anti-Ig. NIM-R3 could replace B-cell growth factor (BCGF II) in cultures of the murine B-cell lymphoma BCL1 inducing proliferation but not differentiation. Finally, competition was demonstrated for binding sites on BCL1 cells between BCGF II and NIM-R3, but not between NIM-R3 and T-cell replacing factor (B15-TRF). We suggest that NIM-R3 may represent a novel specificity and may be directed against the cell surface receptor for BCGF II, and in turn this receptor may be independent of the B15-TRF and BSF1 receptors.
Cortical Control of Arm Movements: A Dynamical Systems Perspective (2013)

Our ability to move is central to everyday life. Investigating the neural control of movement in general, and the cortical control of volitional arm movements in particular, has been a major research focus in recent decades. Studies have involved primarily either attempts to account for single-neuron responses in terms of tuning for movement parameters or attempts to decode movement parameters from populations of tuned neurons. Even though this focus on encoding and decoding has led to many seminal advances, it has not produced an agreed-upon conceptual framework. Interest in understanding the underlying neural dynamics has recently increased, leading to questions such as how does the current population response determine the future population response, and to what purpose? We review how a dynamical systems perspective may help us understand why neural activity evolves the way it does, how neural activity relates to movement parameters, and how a unified conceptual framework may result.
Application of task-based measures of image quality to optimization and evaluation of three-dimensional reconstruction-based compensation methods in myocardial perfusion SPECT (2002)

In this paper, we apply the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) using a defect detection task to the optimization and evaluation of three-dimensional iterative reconstruction-based compensation methods for myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We used a population of 24 mathematical cardiac-torso phantoms that realistically model the activity and attenuation distribution in three classes of patients: females, and males with flat diaphragms and raised diaphragms. Projection data were generated and subsequently reconstructed using methods based on the ordered subsets-expectation maximization (OSEM) algorithm. The methods evaluated included compensation for attenuation, detector response blurring, and scatter in various combinations. We applied the CHO to optimize the number of iterations for OSEM and the cutoff frequency and order of a three-dimensional postreconstruction Butterworth filter. Using the optimal parameters, we then compared the compensation methods. The index of comparison in these studies was the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) for the CHO. We found that attenuation compensation with either detector response or scatter compensation gave statistically significant increases in the AUC compared to attenuation compensation alone. The greatest increase in the AUC occurred when all three compensations were applied. These results indicate that compensation for detector response and scatter, in addition to attenuation compensation, will improve defect detectability in myocardial SPECT images.
Fully Depleted Double-Gate 1T-DRAM Cell with NVM Function for High Performance and High Density Embedded DRAM (2009)

We have investigated a fully depleted double-gate 1-T DRAM cell device which has SONOS type storage node on control gate for nonvolatile memory function. Due to enlarged hole capacity by the large storage node and source/drain junction depth control in the floating body, we could improving data retention time, I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ,(write"1")/I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> ,(write"0") and device scalability. Proposed device could be a very promising candidate for a future high density and high performance IT-DRAM cell.
Phosphine-Catalyzed Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxan-4-ylidenes (2005)

[reaction: see text] A phosphine-catalyzed reaction of an allenoate with aldehydes furnished (2,6-diaryl-[1,3]dioxan-4-ylidene)-acetates 4 in excellent to moderate yields with complete diastereoselectivity and high E/Z-selectivities. Upon removal of the acetal functionality in this domino reaction product 4, delta-hydroxy-beta-ketoester 11 was obtained. The reported vinylphosphonium-based approach provides a new way to achieve a synthesis of delta-hydroxy-beta-ketoesters that differs from the classical dianion-based approach.
Clustal Omega, Accurate Alignment of Very Large Numbers of Sequences (2013)

Clustal Omega is a completely rewritten and revised version of the widely used Clustal series of programs for multiple sequence alignment. It can deal with very large numbers (many tens of thousands) of DNA/RNA or protein sequences due to its use of the mBED algorithm for calculating guide trees. This algorithm allows very large alignment problems to be tackled very quickly, even on personal computers. The accuracy of the program has been considerably improved over earlier Clustal programs, through the use of the HHalign method for aligning profile hidden Markov models. The program currently is used from the command line or can be run on line.
Of mice and men: cytotoxic T cells and AIDS pathogenesis. (1999)

CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) represent a first line of defense against HIV infection, although their precise role in disease pathogenesis remains enigmatic. They play an important part in viral control but may also contribute to disease progression through destruction of CD4+ helper T cells. The role of CTLs in lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in mice has been studied extensively, and the effects of CTL activity on host and virus are well defined. Although LCMV is not a retrovirus, it shares salient features with HIV, including a wide tropism, a capacity to persist, and genetic instability. The diseases caused by LCMV and HIV are linked by common immune effector mechanisms and, potentially, immunopathologies. Understanding the well-characterized immune responses in LCMV infection may therefore cast light on the role of CTLs in HIV disease.
Prevention of diabetes in nonobese diabetic mice by dendritic cell transfer. (1992)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of dendritic cell (DC) transfers on the incidence of diabetes in female nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. Groups of 4-wk-old NOD female mice were given a single foot pad of DCs (70-90% purity) isolated from the draining lymph nodes (LN) of the pancreas (PLN), the cervical LNs, or the axillary/inguinal LNs. In addition, other groups of NOD mice received purified spleen DCs, purified PLN T cells (the major contaminating population in DC preparations), or the injection vehicle PBS. All groups were monitored for diabetes for one year. Significant protection from diabetes was observed in NOD mice receiving greater than 1 x 10(4) PLN DCs in comparison to mice receiving other DCs populations, PLN T cells, or PBS (P less than 0.05). The pancreata of NOD mice that received PLN DCs demonstrated significantly lower levels of lymphocytic infiltration in the islets that age-sex matched nondiabetic female NOD control mice (P less than 0.05). LN cells from nondiabetic NOD mice that received PLN DC protected irradiated female recipients from the adoptive transfer of diabetes to a greater degree than LN cells from age and sex matched nondiabetic female NOD mice that did not receive PLN DC transfers at 36 d (P = 0.014) and at 1 yr (P = 0.0015) after transfer. These data suggest that the PLN DC transfers are able to modulate autoimmunity and limit diabetes expression in the NOD mouse. PLN DCs transfers may regulate autoimmunity by the induction of regulatory cells.
Status of Histo Pathology Examination (HPE) in medico legal Post-Mortem Examinations (PME): Indian scenario (2003)

The paper deals with the retrospective study of a period of five-year span from 1997 to 2001. It is a screering of about 4515 cases conducted during this period out of which 617 were sent for HPE. The paper deals with various aspects of HPE in medico legal cases like what are the various reasons to request for HPE. When are the reports received? Did any of these reports change the legal status of the case? Did any of the lawyers ask for it in court of law? What was the quality of the HPE reports? The paper also deals with limitations of the HPE and attitude of the pathologists who gave these reports.
The Zinc-Dependent Protease Activity of the Botulinum Neurotoxins (2010)

The botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT, serotypes A-G) are some of the most toxic proteins known and are the causative agents of botulism. Following exposure, the neurotoxin binds and enters peripheral cholinergic nerve endings and specifically and selectively cleaves one or more SNARE proteins to produce flaccid paralysis. This review centers on the kinetics of the Zn-dependent proteolytic activities of these neurotoxins, and briefly describes inhibitors, activators and factors underlying persistence of toxin action. Some of the structural, enzymatic and inhibitor data that are discussed here are available at the botulinum neurotoxin resource, BotDB (http://botdb.abcc.ncifcrf.gov).
MEK Kinase 1 (MEKK1) Transduces c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Activation in Response to Changes in the Microtubule Cytoskeleton (1999)

Cell shape change and the restructuring of the cytoskeleton are important regulatory responses that influence the growth, differentiation, and commitment to apoptosis of different cell types. MEK kinase 1 (MEKK1) activates the c-Jun NH<sub>2</sub>-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in response to exposure of cells to microtubule toxins, including taxol. MEKK1 expression is elevated 3-fold in mitosis and microtubule toxin-treated cells accumulated at G<sub>2</sub>/M of the cell cycle. Targeted disruption of MEKK1 expression in embryonic stem cells resulted in the loss of JNK activation and increased apoptosis in response to taxol. Targeted disruption of the MEK kinase 2 gene had no effect on activation of the JNK pathway in response to microtubule toxins demonstrating a specific role of MEKK1 in this response. Cytochalasin D-mediated disruption of actin fibers activates JNK and stimulates apoptosis similarly in MEKK1<sup>−/−</sup> and wild type cells. The results show that MEKK1 is required for JNK activation in response to microtubule but not actin fiber toxins in embryonic stem cells. MEKK1 activation can protect cells from apoptosis in response to change in the integrity of the microtubule cytoskeleton.