gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Myelin Basic Protein Inactivates the High Avidity T Cell Repertoire (1998)

To study the contribution of endogenous myelin basic protein (MBP) to the positive and/or negative selection of the MBP-specific T cell repertoire, we studied the T cell response to MBP in MBP-deficient shiverer and MBP-expressing congenic C3H mice. Immunization with MBP induced a vigorous T cell response in shiverer mice directed against a single I-Ak- restricted immunodominant determinant, the core of which is peptide MBP:79-87 (DENPVVHFF). Injection of this peptide induced a high avidity T cell repertoire in shiverer mice that primarily consisted of clones capable of recognizing the native MBP protein in addition to the peptide itself. These data show that endogenous MBP is not required for the positive selection of an MBP-specific T cell repertoire. C3H mice, in contrast, were selectively unresponsive to the MBP protein and injection of MBP:79-87 peptide induced a low avidity repertoire that could be stimulated only by the peptide, not by the protein. Therefore, endogenous MBP induced profound inactivation of high avidity clones specific for the immunodominant determinant making that determinant appear cryptic.
Lowering the Detection Limit of Solvent Polymeric Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes. 2. Influence of Composition of Sample and Internal Electrolyte Solution (1999)

The influence of the composition of the internal electrolyte solution on the response of Pb2+- and Ca2+-selective membrane electrodes is investigated. It is shown that the lower detection limit is improved by generating, in the membrane, ionic gradients that lead to a flux of primary ions toward the inner reference electrolyte solution. If the ion flux is too strong, it may cause analyte depletion at the membrane surface and, as a consequence, apparent super-Nernstian response. Such electrodes are not adequate to measure low analyte activities but can be used to determine unbiased selectivity factors. The results are interpreted in terms of a steady-state model, introduced in the companion paper, that describes the influence of concentration gradients generated by ion-exchange and coextraction processes on both sides of the membrane.
Mechanised nanoparticles for drug delivery (2009)

Time and time again humanity is faced with a unifying global crisis that crosses the many great divides in different societies and serves to bring once segregated communities back together as a collective whole. This global community instinctively turns to science to develop the means of addressing its most pressing problems. More often than not, these forces dictate the direction that scientific research takes. This influence is no more apparent than in the field of supramolecular chemistry where, for decades now, its responsibility to tackle such issues has been put on the back burner as a consequence of a lack of platforms with which to deliver this contemporary brand of chemistry to meaningful applications. However, the tide is slowly turning as new materials emerge from the field of nanotechnology that are poised to host the many attractive attributes that are inherent in the chemistry of these supermolecules and also in the mechanostereochemistry of mechanically interlocked molecules (MIMs), which can be reused as a sequel to supramolecular chemistry. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (SNPs) have proven to be supremely effective solid supports as their surfaces are easily functionalised with either supermolecules or MIMs. In turn, the blending of supramolecular chemistry and mechanostereochemistry with mesoporous SNPs has led to a new class of materials - namely, mechanised SNPs that are effectively biological nanoscale 'bombs' that have the potential to infiltrate cells and then, upon the pulling of a chemical trigger, explode! The development of these materials has been driven by the need to devise new therapies for the treatment of cancer. Recent progress in research promises not only to control the acuteness of this widespread and insidious disease, but also to make the harsh treatment less debilitating to patients. This global scourge is the unifying force that has brought together supramolecular chemistry, mechanostereochemistry and nanotechnology, uniting these three communities for the common good. At the nanoscale level, the mechanism for the release of cargos from the confines of the nanopores in the SNPs is accomplished by way of mechanical modifications made on the surface of these functionalised supports. These mechanical motions rely on both supramolecular, i.e., host-guest complexes, and mechanostereochemical phenomena (e.g., bistable rotaxanes), which are often stimulated by changes in pH, light and redox potentials, in addition to enzymatic catalysis. The future of this field lies in the development of 'smart bombs' wherein the loaded mechanised SNPs are endocytosed selectively by cancer cells, whereupon an intracellular trigger causes release of a cytotoxin, effectively leading to apoptosis. This review serves to highlight (1) the evolution of surface-functionalisation of SNPs with supermolecules and also with MIMs, (2) the mechanisms through which controlled-release of cargo from mechanised SNPs occurs, and (3) results from the in vitro application of these mechanised SNPs.
Effect of protein, cholesterol, and phosphatidylglycerol on the surface activity of the lipid-protein complex reconstituted from pig pulmonary surfactant. (1982)

Lipid-protein complexes reconstituted from pig surfactant lipids and proteins were investigated for surface adsorption, minimum surface tension, stability index, and surface compressibility. Lipid constituents remained unchanged with procedures for the reconstitution. An apoprotein with a nominal molecular weight of 15,000 daltons significantly accelerated the lipid-protein complex to absorb the air-water interface. A 34,000-dalton apoprotein slightly modified the surface adsorption and the surface activity when it was incorporated into the lipid-protein complex formed from lipids and 15,000-dalton apoprotein. No significant surface adsorption was found in lipid vesicles even with the same lipid constituents as in the lipid-protein complex. In the lipid-protein complex prepared by changing the content of cholesterol and phosphatidylglycerol, cholesterol affected both the minimum surface tension and the surface compressibility while phosphatidylglycerol had little effect on the surface activity of the complex.
Repeatable First-Order and Second-Order PMD Emulator Using Binary Polarization Switches (2008)

A repeatable first-order and second-order polarization-mode-dispersion (PMD) emulator using binary polarization switches is demonstrated. The rotation angles of polarization switches are plusmn22.5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> and are used in pairs between birefringent elements. Repeatability and stability are also verified in the design. Such a device can be potentially used as a compensator to provide tunable second-order PMD with the same amount of first-order PMD to further optimize the system performance.
Provision of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Converts an Autoimmune Response to a Self-Antigen into an Antitumor Response (2005)

Many tumor Ags recognized by T cells are self-Ags. Because high avidity, self-reactive T cells are deleted in the thymus, any residual self-reactive T cells existing in the periphery are likely to be low avidity and nonresponsive due to peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Activation of these residual T cells is critical for targeting tumors for immunotherapy. In this study, we studied immune responses against the murine B16 melanoma using a tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TRP-2) peptide as a model tumor/self-Ag. Our results showed that TRP-2 peptide vaccination alone elicited a weak T cell response and modestly decreased B16 lung tumor nodules. The combination of peptide vaccination and treatment with an Ab directed against the inhibitory receptor CTLA-4 enhanced the immune response against TRP-2 peptide, inducing autoimmune depigmentation and further decreasing lung tumor nodules. However, both vaccination methods failed to protect against orthotopic (s.c.) B16 tumor challenge. The addition of an irradiated GM-CSF-expressing, amelanotic tumor cell vaccine significantly delayed s.c. B16 tumor growth. Subsequent studies revealed that provision of GM-CSF increased dendritic cell numbers in lymph nodes and spleen. Furthermore, addition of CTLA-4 blockade increased the frequency of TRP-2-specific, IFN-secreting T cells in spleen and lymph nodes. Overall, our results indicate that combining enhancement of Ag presentation with removal of CTLA-4-mediated inhibition can convert a "weaker" autoimmune response into a more potent antitumor immune response.
Three-dimensional segmentation and growth-rate estimation of small pulmonary nodules in helical ct images (2003)

Small pulmonary nodules are a common radiographic finding that presents an important diagnostic challenge in contemporary medicine. While pulmonary nodules are the major radiographic indicator of lung cancer, they may also be signs of a variety of benign conditions. Measurement of nodule growth rate over time has been shown to be the most promising tool in distinguishing malignant from nonmalignant pulmonary nodules. In this paper, we describe three-dimensional (3-D) methods for the segmentation, analysis, and characterization of small pulmonary nodules imaged using computed tomography (CT). Methods for the isotropic resampling of anisotropic CT data are discussed. 3-D intensity and morphology-based segmentation algorithms are discussed for several classes of nodules. New models and methods for volumetric growth characterization based on longitudinal CT studies are developed. The results of segmentation and growth characterization methods based on in vivo studies are described. The methods presented are promising in their ability to distinguish malignant from nonmalignant pulmonary nodules and represent the first such system in clinical use.
Visual Craft: a visual integrated development environment (2002)

Visual Craft is an ongoing project to develop an integrated software development environment which uses visual languages and notations to support object-oriented development. Visual notations are used to provide an intuitive notation for both system design and implementation. The visual programming component is based on a well-defined graph grammar that enables the systematic construction of such environments, as well as syntax-directed translation and code generation. The programming environment is modeled around interactive, derivation-based, syntax-directed editing. This paper outlines the basic components of Visual Craft and gives a more detailed account of the visual programming aspects of this environment.
Insulin‐like growth factor ligands, receptors, and binding proteins in cancer (2005)

This review aims to summarize experimental evidence supporting the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling system in the progression, maintenance, and treatment of cancer. These data implicate the IGF system as an important modifier of cancer cell proliferation, survival, growth, and treatment sensitivity. The role of the IGF system in cancer should be examined in the context of the extra-cellular and intra-cellular signalling networks, in particular: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt/PKB), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and forkhead transcription factors (FOXO). This review highlights evidence derived from molecular structure and functional genetics with respect to how the extra-cellular components of the IGF system function normally, and their subsequent modifications in cancer. The therapeutic relevance of the research evidence described is also addressed, as the challenge is to apply this knowledge to human health.
Reduction of signal fluctuation in functional MRI using navigator echoes (1994)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is sensitive to signal fluctuations due to physiological motion and system instability. In this paper, motion-related signal fluctuations are studied, and a method that uses navigator echoes to monitor and compensate for signal fluctuations in a gradient-echo sequence is described. The technique acquires a "navigator" signal before the application of the phase-encoding and readout gradients and corrects the phase of the subsequently acquired imaging data. This technique was implemented on a 4 Tesla whole body system and validated on normal volunteers. With this technique, temporal fluctuations in image intensity were substantially reduced and improved functional activation maps were obtained.
A Conditional Deletion of the NR1 Subunit of the NMDA Receptor in Adult Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Reduces NMDA Currents and Injury-Induced Pain (2003)

To determine the importance of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) in pain hypersensitivity after injury, the NMDAR1 (NR1) subunit was selectively deleted in the lumbar spinal cord of adult mice by the localized injection of an adenoassociated virus expressing Cre recombinase into floxed NR1 mice. NR1 subunit mRNA and dendritic protein are reduced by 80% in the area of the virus injection, and NMDA currents, but not AMPA currents, are reduced 86-88% in lamina II neurons. The spatial NR1 knock-out does not alter heat or cold paw-withdrawal latencies, mechanical threshold, or motor function. However, injury-induced pain produced by intraplantar formalin is reduced by 70%. Our results demonstrate conclusively that the postsynaptic NR1 receptor subunit in the lumbar dorsal horn of the spinal cord is required for central sensitization, the central facilitation of pain transmission produced by peripheral injury.
Increasing methotrexate effect with increasing dose in the treatment of resistant rheumatoid arthritis. (1989)

Forty-six patients with recalcitrant rheumatoid arthritis entered a trial encompassing a 2-week inpatient period plus a 16-week, randomized double blind, parallel study comparing placebo, 5 mg/m2 and 10 mg/m2 oral weekly methotrexate (MTX). An additional 6 patients, given 20 mg/m2 MTX, contributed to the toxicity, but not the efficacy analysis. All patients had "failed" either gold or D-penicillamine. A linear dose response relationship (placebo vs 5 mg/m2 vs 10 mg/m2) was found for 5 of 11 outcome variables: patient pain and patient global scale, physician global scale, joint tenderness count and activity of daily living scale (p less than 0.05 for each). Gastrointestinal toxicity (p = 0.002), dyspepsia (p less than 0.03) and stomatitis (p less than 0.09) occurred more commonly with MTX, and a general trend, although not significant, was found toward a dose toxicity relationship.
Optimization of Hammer Mills (1989)

A simple mathematical model is proposed and optimum operating conditions by the help of the model parameters are defined. The impulse response (residence time distribution) of the crushed grain, product quality and the total energy consumption under various operation conditions (number of hammer rows, number of hammers in a row, mesh size of screen, velocity and output of the mill were used as variables) was studied on a model device of a hammer mill. The radiotracer was used for the experimental verification of the model and for the determination of a holdup (the magnitude of the rotating grist layer) on the pilot scale and partly also on the full-scale mills. The impulse responses were influenced by transport processes behind the screen. This effect had to be taken into account during the analysis of experimental data. The method of a non-linear regression analysis was applied for the evaluation of parameters of the mathematical model.
A Note on the Unification of Information Extraction and Data Mining using Conditional-Probability, Relational Models (2003)

Although information extraction and data mining appear together in many applications, their interface in most current systems would better be described as serial juxtaposition than as tight integration. Information extraction populates slots in a database by identifying relevant subsequences of text, but is usually not aware of the emerging patterns and regularities in the database. Data mining methods begin from a populated database, and are often unaware of where the data came from, or its inherent uncertainties. The result is that the accuracy of both suffers, and significant mining of complex text sources is beyond reach. This position paper proposes the use of unified, relational, undirected graphical models for information extraction and data mining, in which extraction decisions and data-mining decisions are made in the same probabilistic âcurrency,â with a common inference procedureâeach component thus being able to make up for the weaknesses of the other and therefore improving the performance of both. For example, data mining run on a partiallyfilled database can find patterns that provide âtopdownâ accuracy-improving constraints to information extraction. Information extraction can provide a much richer set of âbottom-upâ hypotheses to data mining if the mining is set up to handle additional uncertainty information from extraction. We outline an approach and describe several models, but provide no experimental results.
New directions in thermoresponsive polymers (2013)

Interest in thermoresponsive polymers has steadily grown over many decades, and a great deal of work has been dedicated to developing temperature sensitive macromolecules that can be crafted into new smart materials. However, the overwhelming majority of previously reported temperature-responsive polymers are based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), despite the fact that a wide range of other thermoresponsive polymers have demonstrated similar promise for the preparation of adaptive materials. Herein, we aim to highlight recent results that involve thermoresponsive systems that have not yet been as fully considered. Many of these (co)polymers represent clear opportunities for advancements in emerging biomedical and materials fields due to their increased biocompatibility and tuneable response. By highlighting recent examples of newly developed thermoresponsive polymer systems, we hope to promote the development of new generations of smart materials.
Reversal of Parenteral Nutrition–Associated Liver Disease in Two Infants With Short Bowel Syndrome Using Parenteral Fish Oil: Implications for Future Management (2006)

Here we report the reversal of cholestasis in 2 infants with intestinal failure and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Treatment involved the substitution of a conventional intravenous fat emulsion with one containing primarily omega-3 fatty acids. Biochemical tests of liver function improved significantly. One child was removed from the liver transplantation list because of improved hepatic function, and the second child had complete resolution of cholestasis while solely on parenteral nutrition. This suggests that fat emulsions made from fish oils may be an effective means of treating and preventing this often-fatal condition. A randomized, controlled trial is necessary to study the efficacy of this new approach to parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease.
Absence of systemic immunologic changes during dose build‐up phase and early maintenance period in effective specific sublingual immunotherapy in children (2005)

We could not find any early systemic immunologic changes during the first 8 weeks of clinically effective SLIT to inhalant allergens in paediatric patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and/or asthma.
Function-integrated alicyclic polymer for ArF chemically amplified resists (1997)

We have designed a function-integrated alicyclic polymer, poly[carboxy-tetracyclo(4.4.0.1<SUP>2,5</SUP>.1<SUP>7,10</SUP>)dodecyl methacrylate] [poly(CTCDDMA)], which has both a dry- etching resistant unit (the tetracyclododecyl group) and a carboxyl substituent, inducing alkaline-solubility. This polymer exhibits good dry-etching resistance; the etching rate for chlorine plasma is 1.2 times that for the novolac resist because it contains 100 mol% of the alicyclic groups. It also exhibits good solubility in a TMAH solution and good adhesion to the silicon substrate because of the hydrophilic carboxyl group. The chemically amplified resist composed of the ethoxyethyl-protected copolymer poly(CTCDDMA<SUB>67</SUB>-ECTCDDMA<SUB>33</SUB>) with a photoacid generator resolved a 0.15-micrometer L/S pattern at 21.8 mJ/cm<SUP>2</SUP> using an ArF exposure system (NA equals 0.55).
Plasma Concentrations of Heroin and Morphine-Related Metabolites after Intranasal and Intramuscular Administration (1997)

The disposition of heroin and its metabolites was investigated in four healthy male volunteers following intranasal administration of 6 and 12 mg heroin hydrochloride. In addition, two doses of 6 mg heroin hydrochloride were injected intramuscularly for comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters. Serum samples were analyzed for heroin, 6-acetylmorphine, and morphine by solid-phase extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The concentration of morphine glucuronides was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography based on the native fluorescence of the conjugates. Major findings were rapidly rising and declining terminal phases for heroin and 6-acetylmorphine and slowly declining phases of morphine and metabolites after both routes of administration. The area under the curve values of morphine-3-glucuronide depended on dose but not on route of administration. The apparent terminal half-lives of morphine-3-glucuronide ranged from 2.2 to 5.2 h for intranasally administered heroin and were 3.0 and 1.7 h for the intramuscularly applied drug. A mean morphine-3-glucuronide-heroin area-under-curve ratio of 93 for the intranasal route as compared with 38 for the intramuscular route demonstrated that circulating amounts of heroin were about half the size after intranasal administration of the same dose.
Platelets Activated by Collagen Through Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif Play Pivotal Role in Initiation and Generation of Neointimal Hyperplasia After Vascular Injury (2002)

These results demonstrate that FcRgamma may play important roles in the initiation and generation of neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury through the activation of platelets by collagen.
Anticonvulsants in the treatment of bipolar disorder (1992)

In the last decade, a proliferation of research has emerged concerning the use of somatic treatments with anticonvulsant properties, e.g., carbamazepine, valproate, clonazepam, oxcarbazepine, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), for patients with bipolar disorder. A sufficient number of controlled studies have been conducted to allow critical review of the evidence supporting the efficacy of these treatments for acute bipolar manic and depressive episodes, as well as for the prevention of subsequent episodes. Further research is needed to establish the prophylactic efficacy of anticonvulsants as maintenance therapies and, perhaps most importantly, to provide clinical and biological predictors of response.
Lithographic molding: A convenient route to structures with sub‐micrometer dimensions** (1995)

Elastomeric stamps with submicrometer features for use in the recently reported microcontact printing procedure are produced without the need for routine access to cleanrooms. The new technique is therefore an alternative to the use of photolithography for the fabrication of the stamps, simplifying the technology required to generate structures with sub‐micrometer dimensions (e.g. see Fig.) magnified image .