gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molybdovanadophosphoric acids and their salts. I. Investigation of methods of preparation and characterization (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMolybdovanadophosphoric acids and their salts. I. Investigation of methods of preparation and characterizationGeorge A. Tsigdinos and Calvin J. HalladaCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1968, 7, 3, 437–441Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50061a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50061a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5045Altmetric-Citations481LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An introduction to the generalized reciprocal method of seismic refraction interpretation (1981)

Abstract The generalized reciprocal method (GRM) is a technique for delineating undulating refractors at any depth from in-line seismic refraction data consisting of forward and reverse traveltimes.The traveltimes at two geophones, separated by a variable distance XY, are used in refractor velocity analysis and time-depth calculations. At the optimum XY spacing, the upward traveling segments of the rays to each geophone emerge from near the same point on the refractor. This results in the refractor velocity analysis being the simplest and the time-depths showing the most detail. In contrast, the conventional reciprocal method which has XY equal to zero is especially prone to produce numerous fictitious refractor velocity changes, as well as producing gross smoothing of irregular refractor topography.The depth conversion factor is relatively insensitive to dip angles up to about 20 degrees, because both forward and reverse data are used. As a result, depth calculations to an undulating refractor are particularly convenient even when the overlying strata have velocity gradients.The GRM provides a means of recognizing and accommodating undetected layers, provided an optimum XY value can be recovered from the traveltime data, the refractor velocity analysis, and/or the time-depths. The presence of undetected layers can be inferred when the observed optimum XY value differs from the XY value calculated from the computed depth section. The undetected layers can be accommodated by using an average velocity based on the optimum XY value. This average velocity permits accurate depth calculations with commonly encountered velocity contrasts.
Robust Hand Detection and Classification in Vehicles and in the Wild (2017)

Robust hand detection and classification is one of the most crucial pre-processing steps to support human computer interaction, driver behavior monitoring, virtual reality, etc. This problem, however, is very challenging due to numerous variations of hand images in real-world scenarios. This work presents a novel approach named Multiple Scale Region-based Fully Convolutional Networks (MSRFCN) to robustly detect and classify human hand regions under various challenging conditions, e.g. occlusions, illumination, low-resolutions. In this approach, the whole image is passed through the proposed fully convolutional network to compute score maps. Those score maps with their position-sensitive properties can help to efficiently address a dilemma between translation-invariance in classification and detection. The method is evaluated on the challenging hand databases, i.e. the Vision for Intelligent Vehicles and Applications (VIVA) Challenge, Oxford hand dataset and compared against various recent hand detection methods. The experimental results show that our proposed MS-FRCN approach consistently achieves the state-of-the-art hand detection results, i.e. Average Precision (AP)/Average Recall (AR) of 95.1%/94.5% at level 1 and 86.0% / 83.4% at level 2, on the VIVA challenge. In addition, the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art results for left/right hand and driver/passenger classification tasks on the VIVA database with a significant improvement on AP/AR of ~7% and ~13% for both classification tasks, respectively. The hand detection performance of MS-RFCN reaches to 75.1% of AP and 77.8% of AR on Oxford database.
Photosynthesis and Production in a Changing Environment: A Field And Laboratory Manual (1992)

Introduction: Photosynthesis and the changing environment. Measurement of plant biomass and net primary production. remote sensing of biomass and productivity. Plant growth analysis. Plant Microclimate. Controlled-environment studies. Canopy structure and light interception. Functional leaf anatomy. Water relations. Measurement of CO2 assimilation by plants in the field and the laboratory. Polarographic measurement of oxygen. Carbon isotope discrimination. Chlorophyll fluorescence as a tool in photosynthesis research. Modelling - leaf to canopy. Models of canopy carbon and water balance: tools for data synthesis. Carbon partitioning. Carbon metabolism. Chloroplasts and protoplasts. Thylakoid components and processes. Nitrogen fixation and nitrate reduction. Ammonia assimilation, photorespiration and amino acid biosynthesis. Micro-algae: laboratory growth techniques and biotechnology of biomass production. References. Index.
The insulin and islet amyloid polypeptide genes contain similar cell-specific promoter elements that bind identical beta-cell nuclear complexes. (1992)

The pancreatic beta cell makes several unique gene products, including insulin, islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), and beta-cell-specific glucokinase (beta GK). The functions of isolated portions of the insulin, IAPP, and beta GK promoters were studied by using transient expression and DNA binding assays. A short portion (-247 to -197 bp) of the rat insulin I gene, the FF minienhancer, contains three interacting transcriptional regulatory elements. The FF minienhancer binds at least two nuclear complexes with limited tissue distribution. Sequences similar to that of the FF minienhancer are present in the 5' flanking DNA of the human IAPP and rat beta GK genes and also the rat insulin II and mouse insulin I and II genes. Similar minienhancer constructs from the insulin and IAPP genes function as cell-specific transcriptional regulatory elements and compete for binding of the same nuclear factors, while the beta GK construct competes for protein binding but functions poorly as a minienhancer. These observations suggest that the patterns of expression of the beta-cell-specific genes result in part from sharing the same transcriptional regulators.
An evaluation of variation in published estimates of schizophrenia prevalence from 1990─2013: a systematic literature review (2015)

This review provides updated information on the epidemiology of schizophrenia in general populations, which is vital information for many stakeholders. Study characteristics appear to play an important role in the variation between estimates. Overall, the evidence is still sparse; for many countries no new studies were identified.
A mechanically detachable coil for the treatment of aneurysms and occlusion of blood vessels. (1994)

The interlocking cylinder mechanically detachable coil design is superior to the other two tested designs. The mechanically detachable coil was reliably delivered and detached in in vivo testing for the treatment of aneurysms and for the occlusion of blood vessels.
Diagnosis of Pneumonia in Adults in General Practice Relative Importance of Typical Symptoms and Abnormal Chest Signs Evaluated Against a Radiographic Reference Standard (1992)

The diagnostic value of typical symptoms and abnormal chest signs for pneumonia have been evaluated against a radiographic reference standard in 402 adult patients with respiratory tract infection in general practice. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 20 patients by a positive chest radiograph. The doctors diagnosed pneumonia in seven of these on the basis of history and physical examination alone, and in addition in 22 patients with normal radiographs. The diagnostic value of the typical symptoms cough, chest pain, and dyspnoea, reported by the patients on a questionnaire, increased with increasing intensity of the symptoms, and both "very annoying lateral chest pain" and "very annoying dyspnoea" had likelihood ratios (LR) between 4 and 5. The LR of crackles was 3.7. When evaluated against the doctor's clinical diagnosis of pneumonia as reference standard, crackles achieved an LR of 14.8, while the typical symptoms achieved lower LRs than when evaluated against the radiographic reference standard. These discrepancies, which were confirmed by logistic regression, indicate that crackles and other abnormal chest findings are interpreted too frequently as features of pneumonia and that the importance of typical symptoms is underestimated in the diagnosis of pneumonia.
Discriminative learning for minimum error classification (pattern recognition) (1992)

A formulation is proposed for minimum-error classification, in which the misclassification probability is to be minimized based on a given set of training samples. A fundamental technique for designing a classifier that approaches the objective of minimum classification error in a more direct manner than traditional methods is given. The method is contrasted with several traditional classifier designs in typical experiments to demonstrate the superiority of the new learning formulation. The method can applied to other classifier structures as well. Experimental results pertaining to a speech recognition task are provided to show the effectiveness of the technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gene Expression in Poorly Differentiated Papillary Thyroid Carcinomas (2006)

We used cDNA microarrays to study gene expression in fresh frozen papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) specimens. Seven clinically aggressive carcinomas were included, comprising poorly differentiated PTC and tumors with extensive local invasion or synchronous distant metastases. Ten differentiated (classic) papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) and non-neoplastic thyroid tissues were also investigated. TaqMan quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry verified the differential gene expression. The B-Raf gene was mutated with a T-->A transversion at nucleotide 1799 (V600E) in 8 of 10 differentiated PTC, and in 4 of 7 aggressive carcinomas. Among genes markedly and equally over-expressed in carcinomas of both the aggressive and classic PtC groups, compared to normal thyroid tissue, were CBP/p300 transactivator (CItED1), fibronectin, growth/differentiation factor 15, potassium inwardly rectifying channel KCNJ2, glutaminyl peptide cyclotransferase, WNT7A, and dipeptidyl peptidase IV. A marked upregulation in carcinomas of P-cadherin mRNA and protein concomitant with E-cadherin downregulation, indicates a possible P-E cadherin "switch" in PTC. The growth factor homologue Nel-like 2, dual specificity phosphatase 5, the serine protease kallikrein 10, and also the tight junction genes claudin 1 and claudin 16, were upregulated in classic PTC but not in aggressive tumors, which may be consistent with altered cell polarity in the dedifferentiated PtC. The aggressive, poorly differentiated PtC group was specifically characterized by marked upregulation of several genes related to cell proliferation such as cell division cycle 2 (CDC2), CDC7, kinesin-like 5, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2C, and topoisomerase IIalpha, and by upregulation of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins such as seprase, extracellular matrix protein 1, and several collagens. These aggressive tumors were also characterized by overexpression of the integrin ligand periostin, and in some biopsies also of osteopontin and of the upstream Rac-regulator dedicator of cytokinesis 10 (DOCK10). These data are interpreted to be consistent with altered cell motility, extracellular matrix remodeling and increased cell proliferation, as important processes in PTC tumor progression.
Characterization of the prohead-pRNA interaction of bacteriophage phi 29. (1994)

The small prohead RNA (pRNA) of the Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage phi 29 is essential for ATP-dependent packaging of viral DNA. The 174-, 124-, and 120-residue forms of pRNA produced in vitro using T7 RNA polymerase were equivalent in prohead binding and DNA packaging activity to pRNAs produced in phi 29-infected cells. pRNA binding to proheads, characterized by the use of Northern hybridization and filter binding assays, was specific, rapid, and irreversible in the presence of 10 mM Mg2+. Proheads produced in phage-infected cells carried 5.8 +/- 2.7 copies of pRNA, and proheads assembled in Escherichia coli in the absence of pRNA bound 6.0 +/- 3.5 copies of pRNA. Footprints of proheads on pRNA generated with the ribonucleases A, T1, and V1 showed that nucleotides 22-84, 5' to 3', were protected from ribonuclease attack. Enhanced cleavage at nucleotides 37-40 with ribonuclease V1 suggested a conformational change of pRNA upon prohead binding.
Vulval Crohn's disease: difficulties in diagnosis (1996)

Four patients with chronic vulval inflammation are described. The histological features of non-caseating granulomata and multinucleated giant cells are compatible with Crohn's disease, but only two patients had proven gastrointestinal involvement. The clinical and histological characteristics of Crohn's disease and other granulomatous inflammations of the vulva are discussed and the literature is reviewed.
In vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of zygomycetes to nine antifungal agents as determined by the NCCLS M38‐A microdilution method (2005)

The in vitro susceptibility of 15 strains of six genera of zygomycetes including Rhizopus oryzae (Rhizopus arrhizus), Rhizopus stolonifer, Mucor circinelloides (three), Absidia corymbifera (three), Rhizomucor pusillus (three), Cunninghamella bertholletiae (two), and Syncephalastrum racemosum (two) to nine antifungal agents were determined by the NCCLS M38-A broth microdilution method. Geometric means of the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were: amphotericin B 0.07 mg l(-1) (range 0.03-0.5 mg l(-1)), nystatin 0.83 mg l(-1) (range 0.25-4 mg l(-1)), itraconazole 0.59 mg l(-1) (range 0.03 to >8 mg l(-1)), voriconazole 6.50 mg l(-1) (range 2 to >8 mg l(-1)), ciclopiroxolamine 1.59 mg l(-1) (range 0.5-4 mg l(-1)), and amorolfine 9.19 mg l(-1) (range 1 to >16 mg l(-1)). All strains were resistant to 5-flucytosine, fluconazole (MIC >64 mg l(-1)) and caspofungin (MIC >16 mg l(-1)).
Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems (2018)

Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), a family of two-dimensional (2D) inorganic compounds, are materials composed of a few atomic layers of transition metal carbides, nitrides, or carbonitrides. Ti3C2, the first 2D layered MXene, was isolated in 2011. This material, which is a layered bulk material analogous to graphite, was derived from its 3D phase, Ti3AlC2 MAX. Since then, material scientists have either determined or predicted the stable phases of >200 different MXenes based on combinations of various transition metals such as Ti, Mo, V, Cr, and their alloys with C and N. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have shown their exciting potential for energy conversion and electrochemical storage. To this end, we comprehensively summarize the current advances in MXene research. We begin by reviewing the structure types and morphologies and their fabrication routes. The review then discusses the mechanical, electrical, optical, and electrochemical properties of MXenes. The focus then turns to their exciting potential in energy storage and conversion. Energy storage applications include electrodes in rechargeable lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, and supercapacitors. In terms of energy conversion, photocatalytic fuel production, such as hydrogen evolution from water splitting, and carbon dioxide reduction are presented. The potential of MXenes for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in water, such as dye waste, is also addressed, along with their promise as catalysts for ammonium synthesis from nitrogen. Finally, their application potential is summarized.
Isolation of Restriction Endonuclease Site Deletion Mutants of Herpes Simplex Virus (1984)

We provide evidence that (i) variants lacking individual herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) XbaI sites can be selected following extensive XbaI treatment of the viral DNA and can be recombined to produce HSV-1 variants lacking two of the four sites normally found, (ii) all XbaI sites can be removed from a viable intertypic recombinant HSV genome, (iii) following XbaI treatment, different mutants with deletions (0.15 to 8.8 kb) in the long repeat ( TRL or IRL ) and long unique regions can be readily isolated, as well as mutants with novel XbaI sites, (iv) several mutants with deletions in one of the repeats ( TRL or IRL ) have a measurable growth disadvantage in tissue culture.
Detection, Rectification and Segmentation of Coplanar Repeated Patterns (2014)

This paper presents a novel and general method for the detection, rectification and segmentation of imaged copla-nar repeated patterns. The only assumption made of the scene geometry is that repeated scene elements are mapped to each other by planar Euclidean transformations. The class of patterns covered is broad and includes nearly all commonly seen, planar, man-made repeated patterns. In addition, novel linear constraints are used to reduce geo-metric ambiguity between the rectified imaged pattern and the scene pattern. Rectification to within a similarity of the scene plane is achieved from one rotated repeat, or to within a similarity with a scale ambiguity along the axis of symme-try from one reflected repeat. A stratum of constraints is de-rived that gives the necessary configuration of repeats for each successive level of rectification. A generative model for the imaged pattern is inferred and used to segment the pattern with pixel accuracy. Qualitative results are shown on a broad range of image types on which state-of-the-art methods fail. 1.
Phenols in smoked, cured meats: Nitrosation of phenols in liquid smokes and in smoked bacon (1975)

Abstract Nitrosation of the phenolic components of liquid smoke preparations has been shown to take place in model systems simulating gastric digestion of smoked bacon. The major products isolated have been shown to be o ‐nitrophenols formed by oxidation, in the meat system, of the corresponding nitroso derivative. Similar compounds have been shown to be formed in actual samples of liquid smoked and traditionally smoked bacon during processing, frying and simulated digestion.
Apolipoprotein E, Especially Apolipoprotein E4, Increases the Oligomerization of Amyloid β Peptide (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative disorder causing dementia. Massive deposition of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) as senile plaques in the brain is the pathological hallmark of AD, but oligomeric, soluble forms of Aβ have been implicated as the synaptotoxic component. The apolipoprotein E ε 4 (apoE ε4) allele is known to be a genetic risk factor for developing AD. However, it is still unknown how apoE impacts the process of Aβ oligomerization. Here, we found that the level of Aβ oligomers in APOE ε4/ε4 AD patient brains is 2.7 times higher than those in APOE ε3/ε3 AD patient brains, matched for total plaque burden, suggesting that apoE4 impacts the metabolism of Aβ oligomers. To test this hypothesis, we examined the effect of apoE on Aβ oligomer formation. Using both synthetic Aβ and a split-luciferase method for monitoring Aβ oligomers, we observed that apoE increased the level of Aβ oligomers in an isoform-dependent manner (E2 < E3 < E4). This effect appears to be dependent on the ApoE C-terminal domain. Moreover, these results were confirmed using endogenous apoE isolated from the TBS-soluble fraction of human brain, which increased the formation of Aβ oligomers. Together, these data show that lipidated apoE, especially apoE4, increases Aβ oligomers in the brain. Higher levels of Aβ oligomers in the brains of APOE ε4/ε4 carriers compared with APOE ε3/ε3 carriers may increase the loss of dendritic spines and accelerate memory impairments, leading to earlier cognitive decline in AD.
Triptolide is more effective in preventing T cell proliferation and interferon-gamma production than is FK506 (1999)

The Chinese traditional herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F (TWHF) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of a variety of autoimmune disorders. The major active component of this herb is triptolide and most of the efficacy of this herb immunosuppression is attributed to triptolide. FK506 is also a potent immunosuppressive agent and is currently being used clinically. The present studies compare the effectiveness of triptolide and FK506 to suppress certain human T cell functions. Specifically human T cell proliferation, IL-2 and IFNgamma were compared. The results show that, overall, triptolide is more effective at inhibiting T cell proliferation and IFNgamma production than FK506 and the two compounds inhibit IL-2 production in an equivalent manner.
66.1: Invited Paper: The World's Largest (82‐in.) TFT‐LCD (2005)

Abstract Samsung has announced the development of a full high definition (1920 × 1080) 82″ TFT‐ LCD panel using Super‐PVA (S‐PVA) technology, the world's largest TFT‐LCD. In addition to the size breakthrough, this product achieves 600nits brightness, over 1200:1 contrast ratio, 180‐degree angle of view, 92% color gamut, and 8 msec response time. Several key enabling technologies were developed to achieve these specifications, including two transistor direct driven independently controlled S‐PVA sub‐pixels, non even area ratio sub‐pixels for optimal off‐axis gamma, gate overlap driving for larger driving margin, new CCFL technology for higher color gamut, and advanced fabrication techniques including the use of Samsung's new 7 th generation line. Many of these technologies will be applied in other products within Samsung's LCD‐TV product line. This paper will also update Samsung's broader development efforts toward the overall LCD‐TV market, including production status of the 7 th generation facility.
Rapid Preparation of Variously Protected Glycals Using Titanium(III) (1999)

Glycosyl chlorides and bromides can be rapidly converted to glycals in high yield by reaction with (Cp2Ti[III]Cl)2. This reagent tolerates a wide range of common carbohydrate protecting groups, including silyl ethers, acetals, and esters; the methodology provides a general route for the preparation of glycals substituted with both acid- and base-labile functionality. A reaction mechanism is proposed that is based on heteroatom abstraction to give an intermediate glycosyl radical. This radical reacts with a second equivalent of Ti(III) to yield a glycosyltitanium(IV) species. β-Heteroatom elimination from the glycosyltitanium(IV) complex gives the glycal.