gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ganglioside Markers GD3, GD2, and A2B5 in Fetal Human Neurons and Glial Cells in Culture (1995)

Expression of ganglioside markers GD3, GD2, and A2B5 was investigated in primary cell cultures isolated from fetal human brains of 12-15 weeks' gestation by immunocytochemistry. None of neuron-specific enolase (NSE)+ neurons expressed GD3, while large numbers of NSE+ neurons expressed GD2 (72%) or A2B5 (48%). In GFAP+ astrocytes, GD3 was expressed in a small population (3%) with a high proliferative capacity. GD2 expression was observed in 20% of GFAP+ astrocytes, while A2B5 was identified in a very small number (2%) of GFAP+ astrocytes. GD2 was coexpressed in a small population (11%) of GD3+ astrocytes, while A2B5 was colocalized in more than 50% of GD3+ astrocytes. In galactocerebroside+ oligodendrocytes, GD3 expression was not observed but a small population (8-9%) expressed GD2 and A2B5. In Ricinus communis agglutinin (RCA)+ microglia, neither GD3, GD2, nor A2B5 were identified. Our results indicate that in fetal human brain cell cultures, GD3 is expressed in a small population of astrocytes, while both GD2 and A2B5 are expressed in a large population of neurons and smaller populations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Our results suggest that both GD3 and A2B5, cell type-specific markers for oligodendrocyte-type 2 astrocyte progenitor cells in the rat central nervous system, could not be utilized as valid markers for glial precursor cells in fetal human brain cell cultures.
Trophic interactions and direct physical effects control phytoplankton biomass and production in an estuary (1992)

The recent invasion of San Francisco Bay by the suspension-feeding clam Potamocorbula amurensis has provided an opportunity to document the ecological consequences of a major biological disturbance. Previous work over the last two decades has shown that phytoplankton biomass in the upper estuary is low (2–3 mg Chl a m−3) during seasonal periods of high river flow and short residence time, and it is usually high (peak > 30 mg Chl a m−3) during the summer‒autumn seasons of low river flow and long residence time. However since P. amurensis became widespread and abundant in 1987, the summer phytoplankton biomass maximum has disappeared, presumably because of increased grazing pressure by this newly introduced species. For the period 1977–1990, mean estimated primary production was only 39 g C m 2 yr−1 during years when bivalve suspension feeders were abundant (> 2,000 m−2), compared to 106 g C m−2 yr−1 when bivalves were absent or present in low numbers. These observations support the hypothesis that seasonal and interannual fluctuations in estuarine phytoplankton biomass and primary production can be regulated jointly by direct physical effects (e.g. river-driven transport) and trophic interactions (episodes of enhanced grazing pressure by immigrant populations of benthic suspension feeders).
Inhibitors ofBTKandITK: State of the New Drugs for Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Diseases (2013)

BTK and ITK are cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of crucial importance for B and T cell development, with loss-of-function mutations causing X-linked agammaglobulinemia and susceptibility to severe, frequently lethal, Epstein-Barr virus infection, respectively. Over the last few years, considerable efforts have been made in order to develop small-molecule inhibitors for these kinases to treat lymphocyte malignancies, autoimmunity or allergy/hypersensitivity. The rationale is that even if complete lack of BTK or ITK during development causes severe immunodeficiency, inactivation after birth may result in a less severe phenotype. Moreover, therapy can be transient or only partially block the activity of BTK or ITK. Furthermore, a drug-induced B cell deficiency is treatable by gamma globulin substitution therapy. The newly developed BTK inhibitor PCI-32765, recently renamed Ibrutinib, has already entered several clinical trials for various forms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma as well as for multiple myeloma. Experimental animal studies have demonstrated highly promising treatment effects also in autoimmunity. ITK inhibitors are still under the early developmental phase, but it can be expected that such drugs will also become very useful. In this study, we present BTK and ITK with their signalling pathways and review the development of the corresponding inhibitors.
C9orf72 FTLD/ALS-associated Gly-Ala dipeptide repeat proteins cause neuronal toxicity and Unc119 sequestration (2014)

Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9orf72 is the most common pathogenic mutation in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Despite the lack of an ATG start codon, the repeat expansion is translated in all reading frames into dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins, which form insoluble, ubiquitinated, p62-positive aggregates that are most abundant in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. To specifically analyze DPR toxicity and aggregation, we expressed DPR proteins from synthetic genes containing a start codon but lacking extensive GGGGCC repeats. Poly-Gly-Ala (GA) formed p62-positive cytoplasmic aggregates, inhibited dendritic arborization and induced apoptosis in primary neurons. Quantitative mass spectrometry analysis to identify poly-GA co-aggregating proteins revealed a significant enrichment of proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Among the other interacting proteins, we identified the transport factor Unc119, which has been previously linked to neuromuscular and axonal function, as a poly-GA co-aggregating protein. Strikingly, the levels of soluble Unc119 are strongly reduced upon poly-GA expression in neurons, suggesting a loss of function mechanism. Similar to poly-GA expression, Unc119 knockdown inhibits dendritic branching and causes neurotoxicity. Unc119 overexpression partially rescues poly-GA toxicity suggesting that poly-GA expression causes Unc119 loss of function. In C9orf72 patients, Unc119 is detectable in 9.5 % of GA inclusions in the frontal cortex, but only in 1.6 % of GA inclusions in the cerebellum, an area largely spared of neurodegeneration. A fraction of neurons with Unc119 inclusions shows loss of cytosolic staining. Poly-GA-induced Unc119 loss of function may thereby contribute to selective vulnerability of neurons with DPR protein inclusions in the pathogenesis of C9orf72 FTLD/ALS.
Astigmatically compensated, high gain cooperative upconversion laser (1992)

We demonstrate a cw Er:LiYF4 trio laser in a 3-mirror cavity configuration, and investigate details of the mechanism yielding stimulated upconversion well above liquid nitrogen temperatures with an efficiency of 20%.
A foray into Conficker's logic and rendezvous points (2009)

We present an in depth static analysis of the Conficker worm, primarily through the exploration of the client-side binary logic. In this paper, we summarize various aspects of the inner workings of binary variants A and B, 1 which were the first in a chain of recent revisions aimed to keep this epidemic resistant to ongoing eradication attempts. These first two variants have combined to produce a multi-million node population of infected hosts, whose true main purpose has yet to be fully understood. We further validate aspects of our analysis through in-situ network analyses, and discuss some attribution links about its origins. 1
MICROFABRICATION METHODS FOR MICROCHANNEL REACTORS AND SEPARATIONS SYSTEMS (1999)

Abstract The fabrication of a microchannel chemical solvent separation unit and a microchannel chemical reactor is described. The performance of the solvent separation unit was enhanced by improved kinetic effects resulting from short liquid/liquid contact times in the device. These effects were exploited to allow preferential extraction of solute species from a fluid waste stream. The completed unit consisted of a series of microchannels separated by micromachined metal or polyimide membranes. Channel and membrane layers were produced from individual layers of type 304 stainless steel shim. Laser micromachining, photochemical machining, and photolithographic patterning were used to fabricate the individual layers. Flow channel width, height and length was 100 μm, 1 cm, and 8 cm respectively. The channels had an aspect ratio of 1000. The separation membranes consisted of an array of 5- μm to 30- μm-diameter micropores laser micromachined in polyimide or 130 μm diameter micropores machined through the stainless steel shim using photochemical etching Microscale catalytic and mass transfer reactions were employed by the chemical reactor to achieve high efficiency partial oxidation reactions and conversion of methane to syngas. The chemical reactor was fabricated from laminated stainless steel, and consisted of four micro-channel chambers with a combustion section. The reactor successfully operated at temperatures near 900°C.
N-acetylcysteine: multiple clinical applications. (2009)

N-acetylcysteine is the acetylated variant of the amino acid L-cysteine and is widely used as the specific antidote for acetaminophen overdose. Other applications for N-acetylcysteine supplementation supported by scientific evidence include prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, prevention of contrast-induced kidney damage during imaging procedures, attenuation of illness from the influenza virus when started before infection, treatment of pulmonary fibrosis, and treatment of infertility in patients with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome. Preliminary studies suggest that N-acetylcysteine may also have a role as a cancer chemopreventive, an adjunct in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori, and prophylaxis of gentamicin-induced hearing loss in patients on renal dialysis.
Localized high‐resolution proton NMR spectroscopy using stimulated echoes: Initial applications to human brain in vivo (1989)

Water-suppressed localized proton NMR spectroscopy using stimulated echoes has been successfully applied to detect metabolites in the human brain in vivo. The STEAM spectroscopy sequence allows single-step localization by exciting three intersecting slices. Water suppression is achieved by preceding chemical-shift-selective (CHESS) rf pulses. High-resolution (0.05 ppm) proton NMR spectra of healthy volunteers have been High-resolution (0.05 ppm) proton NMR spectra of healthy volunteers have been obtained on a conventional 1.5-T whole-body MRI system (Siemens Magnetom). Volumes-of-interest (VOI) of 64 ml (4 x 4 x 4 cm3) were localized in the occipital area of the brain and spectra were recorded within measuring times ranging from 1 s (single scan) to about 10 min. The experimental procedure is described in detail. Resonance assignments include acetate, N-acetyl aspartate, gamma-amino butyrate, glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, creatine and phosphocreatine, choline-containing compounds, taurine, and inositols. Cerebral lactate was found to be at a maximum concentration of 0.5 mM when assuming N-acetyl aspartate in white matter to be 6 mM.
Generation of Magnetic Flux by Single Grain Boundaries ofYBa2Cu3O7−x (1996)

Using scanning SQUID microscopy, we have directly imaged spontaneously generated delocalized magnetic flux in 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} [001] tilt grain boundaries in ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7\ensuremath{-}x}$ films. Implications for the transport properties of the grain boundaries are discussed. A model based on a ${d}_{{x}^{2}{\ensuremath{-}y}^{2}}$-wave symmetry component of the superconducting order parameter and on grain-boundary faceting is consistent with the results of our experiments.
Precursor Conversion Kinetics and the Nucleation of Cadmium Selenide Nanocrystals (2010)

The kinetics of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanocrystal formation was studied using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy integrated with an automated, high-throughput synthesis platform. Reaction of anhydrous cadmium octadecylphosphonate (Cd-ODPA) with alkylphosphine selenides (1, tri-n-octylphosphine selenide; 2, di-n-butylphenylphosphine selenide; 3, n-butyldiphenylphosphine selenide) in recrystallized tri-n-octylphosphine oxide was monitored by following the absorbance of CdSe at λ = 350 nm, where the extinction coefficient is independent of size, and the disappearance of the selenium precursor using {(1)H}(31)P NMR spectroscopy. Our results indicate that precursor conversion limits the rate of nanocrystal nucleation and growth. The initial precursor conversion rate (Q(o)) depends linearly on [1] (Q(o)(1) = 3.0-36 μM/s) and decreases as the number of aryl groups bound to phosphorus increases (1 > 2 > 3). Changes to Q(o) influence the final number of nanocrystals and thus control particle size. Using similar methods, we show that changing [ODPA] has a negligible influence on precursor reactivity while increasing the growth rate of nuclei, thereby decreasing the final number of nanocrystals. These results are interpreted in light of a mechanism where the precursors react in an irreversible step that supplies the reaction medium with a solute form of the semiconductor.
Spinal Cord Stimulation in Severe Angina Pectoris (1995)

Since 1985, 225 patients suffering from severe pectoris due to New York Heart Association classes III-IV have been treated with spinal cord stimulation (SCS). All patients have been considered not suitable for open heart surgery by technical reasons. The long-term follow-up has shown a very good positive response to stimulation with pain relief, less intake of medication and increased quality of life. Several invasive studies with catheters in the coronary sinus and peripheral arteries have shown a significant improvement with stimulation regarding heart muscle lactate metabolism, blood flow in the coronary sinus and oxygen demand. Recordings with the so-called Holter technique have demonstrated that SCS does not create arrhythmias, and pacing studies that SCS does not mask ischemia at extreme workload. In conclusion, apart from the positive effect on the quality of life, SCS in angina pectoris has demonstrated antianginal and anti-ischemic effects. The clinical results and the physiological and hemodynamic measurements will be presented in detail.
Investigation on damping behavior and morphology of polyurethane/polymethacrylates and polyacrylates interpenetrating polymer networks (1994)

Abstract Simultaneous Interpenetrating Networks (SINs) were synthesized based on polyepichlorohydrin glycol (PECG), toluene diiocyanate (TDI), and trihydroxymethyl propane (TMP) as network I; and methyl methacrylate (MMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA), methyl acrylate (MA), ethyl acrylate (EA), and ethyleneglycol dimethylacrylate (EGLM), respectively as network II. Damping behavior of the SINs was studied by a dynamic viscoelastometer. It was found that loss factor, tan δ, of PU/PEMA and PU/PEA is much higher than that of PU/PMMA and PU/PMA. The present authors consider that the length of pendant groups has an influence on the height of tan δ in the interpenetrating structure. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photos show that the SINs possess multiphase structures. These two networks are dispersed in a system microheterogeneously. © 1994 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
Abnormal copper metabolism and deficient lysyl oxidase activity in a heritable connective tissue disorder. (1982)

Biochemical abnormalities were studied in two brothers with bladder divericulas, inguinal hernias, slight skin laxity, and hyperelasticity and skeletal abnormalities including occipital exostoses. Lysyl oxidase activity was low in the medium of cultured skin fibroblasts, this abnormality being accompanied by reduced conversion of the newly synthesized collagen into the soluble form. Copper concentrations were markedly elevated in the cultured skin fibroblasts, but decreased in the serum and hair. Serum cerulophasmin levels were also low. The reduced lysyl oxidase activity is suggested to be responsible for ther clinical manifestations, but the deficiency in this copper-dependent enzyme may be secondary to the abnormalities in the metabolism of the cation. Nevertheless, a mutation directly affecting both lysyl oxidase and an intracellular copper transport protein cannot be excluded. The disease is tentatively classified as one subtype of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Analysis of differential gene expression in colorectal cancer and stroma using fluorescence-activated cell sorting purification (2009)

Tumour stroma gene expression in biopsy specimens may obscure the expression of tumour parenchyma, hampering the predictive power of microarrays. We aimed to assess the utility of fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) for generating cell populations for gene expression analysis and to compare the gene expression of FACS-purified tumour parenchyma to that of whole tumour biopsies. Single cell suspensions were generated from colorectal tumour biopsies and tumour parenchyma was separated using FACS. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting allowed reliable estimation and purification of cell populations, generating parenchymal purity above 90%. RNA from FACS-purified and corresponding whole tumour biopsies was hybridised to Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays. Whole tumour and parenchymal samples demonstrated differential gene expression, with 289 genes significantly overexpressed in the whole tumour, many of which were consistent with stromal gene expression (e.g., COL6A3, COL1A2, POSTN, TIMP2). Genes characteristic of colorectal carcinoma were overexpressed in the FACS-purified cells (e.g., HOX2D and RHOB). We found FACS to be a robust method for generating samples for gene expression analysis, allowing simultaneous assessment of parenchymal and stromal compartments. Gross stromal contamination may affect the interpretation of cancer gene expression microarray experiments, with implications for hypotheses generation and the stability of expression signatures used for predicting clinical outcomes.
Allopurinol Hypersensitivity Syndrome Associated with Systemic Cytomegalovirus Infection and Systemic Bacteremia. (2001)

A 43-year-old man developed fever, skin rash, eosinophillia, and severe renal and liver dysfunction following treatment with allopurinol. The patient died after 3 months of hospitalization. Autopsy revealed systemic cytomegalovirus infection and bacteremia.(Internal Medicine 40: 331-335, 2001)
Depression, anxiety, and the gastrointestinal system. (2001)

Functional disorders of the digestive system, such as irritable bowel syndrome, are often associated with affective disorders, such as depression, anxiety, panic, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Some of these associations are observed not only in clinical populations, but also in population-based samples, suggesting a relationship with pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying both gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction and certain affective disorders. Sustained and acute life-threatening stressors play an important role in the onset and modulation of GI symptoms as well as in the development of affective disorders and PTSD. A neurobiological model is proposed that attempts to explain the development of visceral hypersensitivity, the neuroendocrine and autonomic dysfunction characteristic of functional GI disorders, as well as the overlap with affective disorders.
Use of the New Solitaire™ AB Device for Mechanical Thrombectomy When Merci Clot Retriever Has Failed to Remove the Clot (2009)

The Merci Retrieval System (TM) (Concentric Medical, Mountain View, CA, USA) was approved in 2004 for restoring blood flow in patients experiencing an acute stroke who are otherwise ineligible for intravenous tPA, or in whom intravenous tPA treatment has failed. However, this treatment results in successful recanalization in less than 60% of treatable vessels (Multi MERCI trial). We describe the use of a novel device, the Solitaire(TM) AB Neurovascular Remodeling Device (ev3 Inc., Irvine, CA, USA) that received the CE Mark for the treatment of neurovascular disease in 2007 and can recanalize arteries when MERCI has failed. We describe a case of mechanical thrombectomy in which a new device, Solitaire(TM) AB, was used for acute cerebral ischemia in the setting of middle cerebral artery occlusion after unsuccessful recanalization with the MERCI(R) Retriever. Excellent angiographic and good clinical results were obtained without any complication. The Solitaire(TM) AB device was able to retrieve and remove clots efficiently from the middle cerebral artery when the MERCI system failed, thereby offering a new alternative in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Residual Convolutional Neural Network Based In-Loop Filter with Intra and Inter Frames Processed Respectively for Avs3 (2020)

Inspired by that deep learning based methods have made great progress in image enhancement tasks, we propose a deep residual convolutional neural network based in-loop filter to suppress compression artifacts for the third generation of Audio Video Standard (AVS3). The proposed network consists of several residual blocks, with quantization parameters (QPs) fed into the model. The QP map can help the network to learn the relationship between QPs and the degree of compression distortion. Therefore, different reconstructed frames with different distortion degrees can be enhanced by a single model. In addition, we analyze the difference between intra prediction and inter prediction in terms of compression distortion, and propose to process intra and inter frames respectively. Comparing to the AVS3 reference software (HPM-5.0), we achieve 8.66% and 8.75% BD-rate reduction on Y component under RA and LD configurations separately.
The role and fate of DNA ends for homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells. (1992)

We have analyzed the gene-targeting frequencies and recombination products generated by a series of vectors which target the hprt locus in embryonic stem cells and found the existence of alternative pathways that depend on the location of the double-strand break within the vector. A double-strand break in the targeting homology was found to increase the targeting frequency compared with a double-strand break at the edge of or outside the target homology; this finding agrees with the double-strand break repair model proposed for Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although a double-strand break in the homology is important for efficient targeting, observations reported here suggest that the terminal ends are not always directly involved in the initial recombination event. Short terminal heterologous sequences which block the homologous ends of the vector may be incorporated into the target locus. A modification of the double-strand break repair model is described to account for this observation.
Clinical Applications of a New Fujinon Operating Fiberoptic Hysteroscope (1990)

A soft and rigid operating fiberoptic hysteroscope (4.8 mm outer diameter) was developed by Lin et al., with the support of a Fuji Photo Optical Company. The functional part of the telescope consists of three sections: a soft, flexible front section, a rigid rotating middle section, and a semirigid, self-retaining rear section. With these features, the intrauterine target can be approached easily, directly, and closely, usually without cervical dilation or anesthesia and with the operator in a comfortable position. Clinical applications were divided into four groups: (1) directed biopsy, (2) transcervical tubocornual recanalization for the management of cornual occlusion, (3) hysteroscopic chorionic villus sampling, and (4) the removal of lost IUDs. Experience with 153 procedures is presented. No complications were encountered. The authors conclude that this new hysteroscope is a very useful tool for the treatment of intrauterine lesions, used easily in the office and the operating room alike.