gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution in a single address space operating system (1992)

The recent appearance of architectures with flat 64-bit virtual addressing opens an opportunity to reconsider the way our operating systems use virtual address spaces. We are building an operating system called Opal for these wide-address architectures. The key feature of Opal is a single global virtual address space that extends to data on long-term storage and across the network. Hardware-enforced memory protection exists within this single address space.This paper outlines our ideas for extending Opal to a distributed environment, focusing on the naming and binding of data and services to allow uniform treatment across the network. Our central point is that although the meaning of names (i.e., the entities denoted by those names) should be uniform throughout the network, at a lower level the binding of names to physical data or servers may vary with the node uttering the name, in order to accommodate caching, replication, and migration. This principle affects Opal's handling of both data names (virtual addresses) and resource names (capabilities).
Purification and Biochemical Characterization of Membrane-bound Epidermal Ceramidases from Guinea Pig Skin (1995)

Ceramidase (CDase) catalyzes the hydrolysis of ceramides to yield sphingosine and fatty acid. In this paper, two forms of membrane-bound alkaline ceramidase, have been, for the first time, purified from guinea pig epidermis by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, phenyl-Superose, HCA-hyroxyapatite, isoelectric focusing, Mono Q, and TSK-3000SW column. One species (CDase-I) migrated upon SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis as a single band with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa; the other (CDase-II) was only partially purified with apparent M(r) of about 148,000 estimated by gel filtration. The specific activities of the two species increased by 1.130- (for CDase-I) and 400-fold (for CDase-II) over the original tissue extract. The activity of both enzymes for ceramide species decreased in the order of linoleoyl > oleoyl > palmitoylsphingosine. The optimal pH for enzyme activity was approximately 7.0-9.0 for CDase-I and 7.5-8.5 for CDase-II. Interestingly, both enzymes were inhibited by the reaction product sphingosine with a concentration for half-maximal inhibition (ID50) of 100-130 microM, compared to the apparent kinetic parameters with CDase-I (Km = 90 microM, Vmax = 0.62 unit) and CDase-II (Km = 140 microM, Vmax = 0.50 units). Some lipids, such as phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin, are also inhibitory with IC50 values of 50-250 microM, suggesting well controlled CDase activity by sphingolipid metabolites. These studies begin to elucidate a regulatory mechanism for the balance of the ratio of ceramide/sphingosine which can serve as an intracellular effector molecule in epidermis.
Human reader: An advanced man‐machine interface based on human images and speech (1993)

Abstract There have been many reports of concepts for outstanding interfaces combining language with nonverbal media such as facial expressions and gestures, but few attempts have been made to actually build and test such systems. The authors present a new configuration for a visual and audio media‐based human computer interface named “Human Reader” and report on the realization and experimental verification of a portion of the system. The visual component of the Human Reader configuration consists of a subsystem called Human Image Reader, which detects head movement through a Head Reader and hand movement through a Hand Reader, using multiple workstations. Three video cameras placed to the front, side, and overhead record the face and hand movements of the subject, whose head and hand movements are extracted and analyzed in real‐time. The voice is captured by a microphone from a voice recognition unit, which recognizes spoken commands. The image generation system CG Secretary presents an image with varied expressions on the workstation screen, with synchronized vocal output to create a more natural interface between human and computer. Head Reader enables workstation window switching, while Hand Reader enables the user to control electronic presentations. Both applications were tested with excellent results.
IL‐13 induced increases in nitrite levels are primarily driven by increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase as compared with effects on arginases in human primary bronchial epithelial cells (2008)

These results contrast with many previous results to confirm that Th2 stimuli enhance iNOS expression and activity. While arginase 1 protein decreases in response to IL-13, neither arginase appears to substantially impact nitrite levels in this system.
MuSiC: Identifying mutational significance in cancer genomes (2012)

Massively parallel sequencing technology and the associated rapidly decreasing sequencing costs have enabled systemic analyses of somatic mutations in large cohorts of cancer cases. Here we introduce a comprehensive mutational analysis pipeline that uses standardized sequence-based inputs along with multiple types of clinical data to establish correlations among mutation sites, affected genes and pathways, and to ultimately separate the commonly abundant passenger mutations from the truly significant events. In other words, we aim to determine the Mutational Significance in Cancer (MuSiC) for these large data sets. The integration of analytical operations in the MuSiC framework is widely applicable to a broad set of tumor types and offers the benefits of automation as well as standardization. Herein, we describe the computational structure and statistical underpinnings of the MuSiC pipeline and demonstrate its performance using 316 ovarian cancer samples from the TCGA ovarian cancer project. MuSiC correctly confirms many expected results, and identifies several potentially novel avenues for discovery.
Efficacy of the combination of ABT-888 (veliparib) and carboplatin in patients with BRCA-associated breast cancer. (2013)

1024 Background: The combination of platinum agents and PARP inhibitors may benefit patients (pts) with BRCA-associated metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We report on the response and clinical benefit rates when combining the PARP inhibitor veliparib (V) and carboplatin (carb) in a phase I trial. Methods: BRCA carriers with MBC were eligible. Carb starting at an AUC of 6 was given IV in 21-day cycles (C) and V was given orally twice daily (BID) at dose levels (L) L1 through L5. Results: Twenty-eight pts (26 eligible) carrying BRCA1 (12) or BRCA2 (15), or both (1) mutations were accrued between June 2010 and June 2012. The median age (32-66) was 45 years. The number (#) of prior chemotherapy regimens given for MBC was 1 (0-5); 70% of BCs were ER+, and 7% were HER2+. The schema, dose limiting toxicities (DLT) during C 1, median # of Cs on trial, and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) are shown. There were 3 (12%) complete and 9 (35%) partial responses (PR). Unconfirmed PR or stable MBC (median duration: 8 months [6-10+]) were seen in 7 pts (27%); the clinical benefit rate was74%. The median progression-free survival (PFS) is 7.8 months (95% CI 7.3-9.5). The pt with Fallopian tube cancer had a CR. DLTs with C 1 were seen in 2/6 evaluable pts at L1 (1 pt w/grade 3 hyponatremia and dehydration, and 1pt w/grade 4 thrombocytopenia [PLT]), leading to de-escalation of carb. At L2, 1 pt had grade 4 PLT. At L5, 1 pt had grade 4 PLT, and 2 pts grade 3 PLT (1 pt also experienced grade 4 granulocytopenia [ANC]), defining the MTD at carb AUC 5 and V 150 mg BID (L4). Dose delays and/or dose adjustments due to grade ≥ 2 toxicities for ANC or PLT were seen during the first 3 Cs at L1 (100%), L2 (50 %), L3 (67%), L4 (83 %), and at L5 (67%). Conclusions: The combination of carb and V is active, and is associated with substantial clinical benefit rate and managable hematologic toxicities in BRCA carriers with MBC. Further definition of the role of V is warranted. [Table: see text]
Prophylaxis against Dialysis Catheter-Related Bacteremia with a Novel Antimicrobial Lock Solution (2003)

Catheter-related bacteremia, a frequent complication in patients who are undergoing hemodialysis, may be prevented by eradication of the catheter biofilm. Catheter lock solution (CLS) is an investigational preparation containing taurolidine, a biocompatible antimicrobial agent, and citrate, an anticoagulant agent. CLS was instilled into the catheter lumens after each dialysis session for 20 catheter-dependent hemodialysis patients. Catheter outcomes were compared with those observed in 30 concurrent control patients whose catheters were instilled with heparin. Bacteremia-free survival at 90 days was higher among patients who received CLS than among control patients who received heparin (94% vs. 47%; P > .001). Unassisted catheter patency (without tissue plasminogen activator instillation) was lower among patients who received CLS than among control patients (32% vs. 76%; P > .001). CLS dramatically reduces the frequency of catheter-related bacteremia among patients undergoing hemodialysis, although there is an increased requirement for thrombolytic interventions to maintain catheter patency.
Electronic Properties of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks (2005)

We present a study on the electronic behavior of films of as-prepared and purified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and demonstrate the important role that chemical functionalization plays in modifying their electronic properties, which in turn throws further light on the mechanism of action of SWNT-based sensors. Films of electric arc SWNTs were prepared by spraying, and optical spectroscopy was used to measure the effective film thickness. The room-temperature conductivities (sigma(RT)) of thin films deposited from as-prepared and purified SWNTs are in the range sigma(RT) = 250-400 S/cm, and the nonmetallic temperature dependence of the conductivity indicates the presence of tunneling barriers, which dominate the film conductivity. Chemical functionalization of SWNTs with octadecylamine (ODA) and poly(m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid) (PABS) significantly decreases the conductivity; sigma(RT) = 3 and 0.3 S/cm for SWNT-ODA and SWNT-PABS, respectively.
Proinflammatory cytokine levels in saliva before and after treatment of (erosive) oral lichen planus with dexamethasone (2005)

These preliminary results indicate that salivary analysis of NF-kappaB-dependent cytokines may be applied to monitoring the therapeutic response of OLP.
Triterpenes as Potentially Cytotoxic Compounds (2015)

Triterpenes are compounds of natural origin, which have numerously biological activities: anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-viral, anti-bacterial and anti-fungal. These substances can be isolated from plants, animals or fungi. Nowadays, when neoplasms are main cause of death, triterpenes can become an alternative method for treating cancer because of their cytotoxic properties and chemopreventive activities.
Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi and Uganda: Universal Primary Education and Poverty Reduction (2004)

In Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, and Uganda, free primary education (FPE) was viewed as a step toward achieving universal basic education and as part of scaling up poverty reduction. The removal of school fees contributed to poverty reduction by ensuring universal access to basic education, which in turn could help break the cycle of poverty. It is a significant intervention in Sub-Saharan Africa, which is lagging behind in achieving universal primary education (UPE). The four countries represent different stages of the process over time, using different scales, and different approaches under different political, social, and economical contexts. Universal basic education is largely understood as universal primary schooling. Only after the Jomtien conference on Education for All (EFA) in 1990 was it understood that by making primary education free would it include children from poor families and thereby perhaps become universal. Schooling costs for families are a major constraint to achieving UPE. Direct costs can include general fees, examination fees, salary top-ups, textbooks, materials, uniform, feeding, transportation, sports and culture. Indirect costs are the opportunity cost of labor at home or work. By eliminating direct costs of schooling, families could send their children to primary school, thus increasing demand. On the supply side, very few school systems in Africa were keyed to education for all from the outset, and a strategy combining the elimination of fees together with the reform of the EFA system is needed.
Intracellular cargo delivery using tat peptide and derivatives (2003)

Efficient delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents across the plasma membrane is crucial in developing novel therapies. Membrane permeating peptides, in particular HIV-1 tat peptide and its derivatives, have enabled the intracellular delivery of cargos of various sizes and physicochemical properties. This review summarizes the current knowledge of tat-derived cell permeating peptides in the transduction of exogenous molecules/complexes.
Differentiation Stage–Specific Regulation of Primitive Human Hematopoietic Progenitor Cycling by Exogenous and Endogenous Inhibitors in an In Vivo Model (1999)

Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice transplanted with human cord blood or adult marrow cells and injected 6 weeks posttransplant with 2 daily doses of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), or a nonaggregating form of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) showed unique patterns of inhibition of human progenitor proliferation 1 day later. TGF-β1 was active on long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-IC) and on primitive erythroid and granulopoietic colony-forming cells (HPP-CFC), but had no effect on mature CFC. MCP-1 inhibited the cycling of both types of HPP-CFC but not LTC-IC. MIP-1 did not inhibit either LTC-IC or granulopoietic HPP-CFC but was active on erythroid HPP-CFC and mature granulopoietic CFC. All of these responses were independent of the source of human cells transplanted. LTC-IC of either human cord blood or adult marrow origin continue to proliferate in NOD/SCID mice for many weeks, although the turnover of all types of human CFC in mice transplanted with adult human marrow (but not cord blood) is downregulated after 6 weeks. Interestingly, administration of either MIP-1β, an antagonist of both MIP-1 and MCP-1 or MCP-1(9-76), an antagonist of MCP-1 (and MCP-2 and MCP-3), into mice in which human marrow-derived CFC had become quiescent, caused the rapid reactivation of these progenitors in vivo. These results provide the first definition of stage-specific inhibitors of human hematopoietic progenitor cell cycling in vivo. In addition they show that endogenous chemokines can contribute to late graft failure, which can be reversed by the administration of specific antagonists.
C-terminal inhibition of tau assembly in vitro and in Alzheimer’s disease (2000)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is, in part, defined by the polymerization of tau into paired helical and straight filaments (PHF/SFs) which together comprise the fibrillar pathology in degenerating brain regions. Much of the tau in these filaments is modified by phosphorylation. Additionally, a subset also appears to be proteolytically truncated, resulting in the removal of its C terminus. Antibodies that recognize tau phosphorylated at S(396/404 )or truncated at E(391) do not stain control brains but do stain brain sections very early in the disease process. We modeled these phosphorylation and truncation events by creating pseudo-phosphorylation and deletion mutants derived from a full-length recombinant human tau protein isoform (ht40) that contains N-terminal exons 2 and 3 and all four microtubule-binding repeats. In vitro assembly experiments demonstrate that both modifications greatly enhance the rates of tau filament formation and that truncation increases the mass of polymer formed, as well. Removal of as few as 12 or as many as 121 amino acids from the C terminus of tau greatly increases the rate and extent of tau polymerization. However, deletion of an additional 7 amino acids, (314)DLSKVTS(320), from the third microtubule-binding repeat results in the loss of tau's ability to form filaments in vitro. These results suggest that only part of the microtubule-binding domain (repeats 1, 2 and a small portion of 3) is crucial for tau polymerization. Moreover, the C terminus of tau clearly inhibits the assembly process; this inhibition can be partially reversed by site-specific phosphorylation and completely removed by truncation events at various sites from S(320) to the end of the molecule.
2B4 (CD244) Is Expressed and Functional on Human Eosinophils (2005)

Eosinophils are present in parasitic, allergic, various immunological, and malignant disorders as well as in a variety of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndromes. However, their exact role in some of these conditions remains elusive. They can be activated both in vivo and in vitro by various agonists, such as Igs, lipid mediators, and cytokines. By phenotyping the surface of the eosinophils, it may be possible to better define their function(s) in different pathophysiological settings. In the present work we screened eosinophils with a panel of Abs recognizing CD2 subfamily receptors usually present on a number of hemopoietic cells. We have demonstrated that human peripheral blood eosinophils, but not basophils or neutrophils, express NTB-A. In addition eosinophils express 2B4, CD84, CD58, and CD48, but not signaling lymphocytic activation molecule or CD2, on their surface (FACS). Cross-linking of 2B4 on eosinophils elicited a significant release of eosinophil peroxidase (30 min), IFN-gamma, and IL-4 (18 h). Moreover, activation of eosinophils via 2B4 induced eosinophil-mediated cytotoxicity toward two malignant cell lines, i.e., mouse mastocytoma P815 and EBV-infected 721.221 B cell lines. Cross-linking of 2B4 on the surface of eosinophils or pervenadate treatment elicited ERK and tyrosine phosphorylation, respectively. Furthermore, we showed that eosinophils express slam-associated protein. The demonstration that human eosinophils express a functional 2B4 receptor indicates a broader role for these cells in health and disease.
Analysis of the Roles of RGD-Binding Integrins, α4/α9 Integrins, α6 Integrins, and CD9 in the Interaction of the Fertilin β (ADAM2) Disintegrin Domain with the Mouse Egg Membrane1 (2002)

Fertilin beta (also known as ADAM2), a mammalian sperm protein that mediates gamete cell adhesion during fertilization, is a member of the ADAM protein family whose members have disintegrin domains with homology to integrin ligands found in snake venoms. Fertilin beta utilizes an ECD sequence within its disintegrin domain to interact with the egg plasma membrane; the Asp is especially critical. Based on what is known about different integrin subfamilies and their ligands, we sought to characterize fertilin beta binding sites on mouse eggs, focusing on integrin subfamilies that recognize short peptide sequences that include an Asp residue: the alpha(5)/alpha(8)/alpha(v)/alpha(IIb) or RGD-binding subfamily (alpha(5)beta(1), alpha(8)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(3), alpha(V)beta(5), alpha(V)beta(6), alpha(V)beta(8), and alpha(IIb)beta(3)) and the alpha(4)/alpha(9) subfamily (alpha(4)beta(1), alpha(9)beta(1), and alpha(4)beta(7)). We tested peptide sequences known to perturb interactions mediated by these integrins in two different assays for fertilin beta binding. Peptides with the sequence MLDG, which perturb alpha(4)/alpha(9) integrin-mediated interactions, significantly inhibit fertilin beta binding to eggs, which suggests a role for a member of this integrin subfamily as a fertilin beta receptor. RGD peptides, which perturb alpha(5)/alpha(8)/alpha(v)/alpha(IIb) integrin-mediated interactions, have partial inhibitory activity. The anti-alpha(6) antibody GoH3 has little or no inhibitory activity. An antibody to the integrin-associated tetraspanin protein CD9 inhibits the binding of a multivalent presentation of fertilin beta (immobilized on beads) but not soluble fertilin beta, which we speculate has implications for the role of CD9 in the strengthening of fertilin beta-mediated cell adhesion but not in initial ligand binding.
“Thrombin sponge”: A potent nanoparticle approach to inhibiting coagulation in acute thrombosis (2010)

An anticoagulant perfluorocarbon (PFC) nanoparticle (NP) was designed as a new antithrombotic with intrinsic magnetic resonance contrast, concentrated therapeutic impact conferred by a thrombin‐absorbing particle surface, and well‐defined pharmacokinetics controlled by the particle itself. The irreversible thrombin inhibitor, PPACK (Phe(D)‐Pro‐Arg‐Chloromethylketone), was covalently attached to PFC NPs. Optical assay verified that PPACK activity against thrombin and selectivity for thrombin over plasmin was not diminished on the NPs. In vivo activity was assessed for PPACK NPs, PPACK, heparin, non‐functionalized NPs, or saline in C57BL6 mice subjected to laser injury of the carotid artery. Time to thrombotic occlusion of the injured artery was assessed via Doppler flow measurement. Selected arteries were excised to assess NP retention via 19 F magnetic resonance (MR). PPACK NPs exceeded PPACK's activity against thrombin. PPACK NPs outperformed both heparin (p=.001) and PPACK (p=.0006) in delaying occlusion of the carotid artery. PPACK or non‐functionalized NPs failed to delay occlusion of the carotid artery. 19 F MR captured PFC NP retention in occluded arteries. PPACK NPs utilize the long circulating half‐life of the PFC NPs to present thrombin absorbing surfaces that prevent thrombus formation. As potent new antithrombotics that can be traced with 19 F MR, PPACK NPs are promising therapeutics.
Source-initiated adaptive routing algorithm (SARA) for autonomous wireless local area networks (2002)

Conventional routing protocols used in wireline and wireless networks are not designed to operate in an autonomous (or ad hoc) wireless local area network (AWLAN) environment with asymmetric (i.e. unidirectional) links. This paper presents the design of a routing protocol called source-initiated adaptive routing algorithm (SARA), for AWLAN environments that may contain asymmetric links. To allow efficient operation in a symmetric network while ensuring correct operation in asymmetric networks, SARA supports two different modes of protocol operation: one optimized for symmetric networks and the other providing additional capabilities needed for operation in asymmetric networks at a higher cost. The ability of SARA to adapt its mode of operation and optimize its execution for each network environment is one of its major advantages and distinguishes it from existing routing protocols for, wireless networks. Furthermore, within each of its operating modes, SARA supports best-effort as well as policy-based routing.
Laboratory methods in histotechnology (1992)

This protocol laboratory manual is designed for daily laboratory use. With vivid color photographs, descriptive line art and detailed special staining techniques, histotechnologists can achieve the highest quality preparations.