gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraction of rotavirus from human feces by treatment with lithium dodecyl sulfate (1981)

A procedure has been developed for the isolation of rotavirus from human fecal specimens based on the resistance of the virus to treatment with cold 1% lithium dodecyl sulfate at neutral pH. A single detergent treatment of fecal material followed by low- and high-speed centrifugations yielded a virus suspension of sufficient purity for viral ribonucleic acid to be analyzed directly by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels.
Electronic control of laryngeal spasm. I. Blockage of orthodromically induced action potentials in intact canine recurrent laryngeal nerves (1990)

Abstract Spastic dysphonia is a central nervous system phenomenon of unknown etiology characterized by uncoordinated voice tremor with erratic patterns of laryngeal contraction. Standard treatments have not been entirely satisfactory. The authors propose to apply a concept of selective nerve activity blockage, which leaves normal contractions undisturbed, as the basis for suppression of laryngeal spasticity. Single pulses of constant duration and increasing amplitude were injected into specially designed blocking electrodes placed around six recurrent laryngeal nerves (three dogs). Vocal cord adduction was reduced or arrested within given “windows” of stimulation levels of the blocking electrodes, while it increased with higher amplitudes when the current was injected via standard bipolar electrodes (controls). Although this study demonstrates the feasibility of blocking action potentials passing along recurrent laryngeal nerves, it might eventually allow control of laryngeal spasm from information taken directly from the affected musculature.
Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein links innate immune cell activation with adaptive immunity via a Toll-like receptor-4–dependent mechanism (2005)

Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) is expressed exclusively in the kidney and constitutes the most abundant protein in mammalian urine. A critical role for THP in antibacterial host defense and inflammatory disorders of the urogenital tract has been suggested. We demonstrate that THP activates myeloid DCs via Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) to acquire a fully mature DC phenotype. THP triggers typical TLR signaling, culminating in activation of NF-kappaB. Bone marrow-derived macrophages from TLR4- and MyD88-deficient mice were nonresponsive to THP in contrast to those from TLR2- and TLR9-deficient mice. In vivo THP-driven TNF-alpha production was evident in WT but not in Tlr4-/- mice. Importantly, generation of THP-specific Abs consistently detectable in urinary tract inflammation was completely blunted in Tlr4-/- mice. These data show that THP is a regulatory factor of innate and adaptive immunity and therefore could have significant impact on host immunity in the urinary tract.
DNA sequences from the adenovirus 2 genome. (1984)

The sequence of 5,839 nucleotides from the adenovirus 2 genome has been determined and includes the regions between coordinates 32-44% and 66-71%. These regions contain the coding sequences for the 52,55K polypeptide, polypeptide IIIa, penton base, and the N terminus of the 100K polypeptide. Several additional unidentified open reading frames are present, including examples which overlap identified reading frames on the complementary strand and on the same strand. In conjunction with previously published sequences and those described in the accompanying papers (Akusjärvi, G., Aleström, P., Pettersson, M., Lager, M., Jöurnvall, H., and Pettersson, U. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13976-13979; Aleström, P., Akusjärvi, G., Lager, M., Yeh-kai, L., and Pettersson, U. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 13980-13985) a complete sequence of 35,937 nucleotide pairs can now be reconstructed for the adenovirus 2 genome.
Nearest neighbor pattern classification (1967)

The nearest neighbor decision rule assigns to an unclassified sample point the classification of the nearest of a set of previously classified points. This rule is independent of the underlying joint distribution on the sample points and their classifications, and hence the probability of error <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R</tex> of such a rule must be at least as great as the Bayes probability of error <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R^{\ast}</tex> --the minimum probability of error over all decision rules taking underlying probability structure into account. However, in a large sample analysis, we will show in the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</tex> -category case that <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R^{\ast} \leq R \leq R^{\ast}(2 --MR^{\ast}/(M-1))</tex> , where these bounds are the tightest possible, for all suitably smooth underlying distributions. Thus for any number of categories, the probability of error of the nearest neighbor rule is bounded above by twice the Bayes probability of error. In this sense, it may be said that half the classification information in an infinite sample set is contained in the nearest neighbor.
Interfacial chemistry of adhesive joint failure: an investigation by small area XPS, imaging XPS and TOF-SIMS (1996)

The strength and mode of failure of adhesively bonded iron substrates has been investigated. Joints were assembled from polished iron and from iron substrates that had been pretreated in a novel manner by the cathodic deposition of yttrium. Joints were exposed to an aqueous environment and a reduction in joint strength with increasing exposure time was noted. Failure surfaces of joints exposed to water for 1200 and 7500 h were examined by small-area XPS, imaging XPS and TOF-SIMS. An interfacial failure was observed, and although all surfaces were rich in nitrogenous species from the curing agent, no evidence of epoxy residues on the interfacial metal failure surfaces was recorded by TOF-SIMS. The metal failure surface at extended exposure times shows that there are two delamination fronts advancing from the exposed edge of the adhesive joint: one is associated with bond cleavage and gives rise to a ‘zero-volume debond’ and proceeds faster than the other, which is associated with gross separation of the adhesive and substrate, oxide growth on the exposed metal adherend and mass transport within the disbondment crevice.
B lymphocytes in human disease (1988)

Antibodies and B lymphocytes play a crucial role on the body's defences against infection, but can also be responsible for certain diseases. This work provides a discussion of the cellular and molecular biology of antibodies and the cells that produce them, relating this to the areas of clinical medicine in which B cells are of major importance. The work includes a series of up-to-date reviews of major aspects of B lymphocyte biology provided by researchers in the field and examines the cellular and molecular changes involved in the differentiation of a stem cell into an antigen-responsive B cell, and subsequently into an antibody-secreting plasma cell. The fundamentals of B cell biology are crucial for a proper understanding of the ways in which the cells and their antibody products are responsible for the producing of a range of malignant, autoimmune and immunodeficiency disorders. The second section of this work discusses selected areas of human disease with the aim of providing an interface between recent advances in B cell biology and B cell related disease processes.
Purification and subunit structure of the [3H]phenamil receptor associated with the renal apical Na+ channel. (1987)

Sodium crosses the apical membrane of tight epithelia through a sodium channel, which is inhibited by the diuretic amiloride and by analogs such as phenamil. Target size analysis indicated that the functional size of the [3H]phenamil binding sites associated with the epithelial Na+ channel from pig kidney is 92 +/- 10 kDa. The [3H]phenamil receptor was solubilized by using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate. The solubilized material displayed the same properties of interaction with amiloride and its derivatives as the membrane-bound receptor. A two-step purification of the epithelial Na+ channel was achieved by using QAE Sephadex chromatography and affinity chromatography on a Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin column. It results in an 1100-fold purification of the Na+ channel as compared to pig kidney microsomes with a yield of 15% +/- 5%. The maximal specific activity was 3.7 nmol/mg of protein. NaDodSO4/poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis of the purified Na+ channel under nonreducing conditions showed the presence of a single major polypeptide chain of apparent molecular mass 185 kDa. Under disulfide-reducing conditions, the purified epithelial Na+ channel migrated as a single band of apparent molecular mass 105 kDa. It is suggested that the epithelial Na+ channel from pig kidney has a total molecular mass of 185 kDa and consists of two nearly identical 90- to 105-kDa polypeptide chains crosslinked by disulfide bridges.
Autoradiographic and histological studies of postnatal neurogenesis. II. A longitudinal investigation of the kinetics, migration and transformation of cells incorporating tritiated thymidine in infant rats, with special reference to postnatal neurogenesis in some brain regions (1966)

Abstract Thymidine‐H 3 was injected intraperitoneally into 6‐ and 13‐day old rats and they lived afterwards for periods ranging from one hour to 60 days. Autoradiographic data obtained from animals surviving for short periods were used to estimate rates of regional cell proliferation. Animals with longer survival were used to deduce the movements of new cells from germinal sites, through migratory channels, to target areas, and to determine their mode of differentiation. The formation and differentiation of microneurons goes on during infancy, though in most structures at a declining rate. In the wall of the olfactory ventricle cell multiplication continued at a high rate at six days, with a decline at 13 days, and the new cells migrated to the layers of the olfactory bulb. The migration of labeled cells from the lateral ventricle was traced, by way of the fimbria, to the polymorph cell layer of the dentate gyrus, and from there to the granular layer. The “older” granule cells were located in the upper part of the granular layer, the “younger” cells at its base. Cell multiplication continued at a very high rate in the external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex, whence cells migrated to the molecular layer and internal granular layer. Speed of migration was approximately 50 μU/day in the olfactory bulb, and 60–70 μ/day in the cerebellum. The possible significance of these findings was discussed.
Inhibition of Bacterial Adherence by Secretory Immunoglobulin A: A Mechanism of Antigen Disposal (1972)

Preparations of secretory iminunoglobuilin A (S-IgA) isolated from human parotid fluid specifically inhibited the adherence of Streptococcus strains to epithelial cells. Since bacterial adherence is a prerequisite for colonization of mucous surfaces. S-IgA-mediated inhibition of adherence would limit bacterial colonization. This mechanism can explain how secretory immunoglobulins function in the disposal of bacterial antigens.
Variable-focus lens with 30 mm optical aperture based on liquid–membrane–liquid structure (2013)

We report a liquid lens with a liquid–membrane–liquid structure in order to realize a variable-focus lens with a large optical aperture. We studied a typical liquid lens with a liquid–liquid structure and examined its physical limitation, namely, the capillary length, restricting the design of a larger-aperture liquid lens. We propose using elastic force instead of surface tension to acquire a much longer capillary length. We demonstrated that this approach can achieve sufficiently long capillary length when external pressure is loaded. A prototype lens with 30 mm aperture was constructed, and a resolution of 8.00 lp/mm was realized.
Antisense drug technology (2013)

Antisense drug technology : , Antisense drug technology : , کتابخانه الکترونیک و دیجیتال - آذرسا
TCR-stimulated naive human CD4+ 45R0- T cells develop into effector cells that secrete IL-13, IL-5, and IFN- gamma , but no IL-4, and help efficient IgE production by B cells. (1995)

It is currently believed that IgE production by B cells is induced by activated CD4+ Th2-like cells that produce increased amounts of IL-4 but low levels of IFN-gamma. We found that "naive" CD4+ 45RO- T cells primed and restimulated in vitro via the TCR developed into effector cells that produced large amounts of IL-13, IL-5, and IFN-gamma, but no IL-4. Such CD4 T cells induced surface IgD+E- B cells to produce large amounts of IgE. The IgE response could be blocked completely by neutralizing anti-IL-13 Abs, whereas anti-IL-4 had no effect. Addition of exogenous IL-4 during priming of CD4 cells suppressed clonal expansion and the development of Th cells including helpers for IgE, but increased endogenous production of IL-4 and IL-5, and suppressed production of IFN-gamma. Addition of exogenous IFN-alpha, IFN-gamma, or neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma mAbs affected neither priming of CD4 T cells nor B cell help. In contrast to CD4+ 45RO- naive T cells, CD4+ 45RO+ "memory" T cells primed and restimulated in vitro secreted IL-4 in addition to IL-13, IL-5, and IFN-gamma, and the IgE response induced by such cells could be blocked only by a combination of anti-IL-4 plus anti-IL-13 Abs. Unlike CD4 cells, CD8 cells could not be primed to help IgE production. The results indicate that TCR/CD3 cross-linking on naive human CD4 T cells is sufficient to induce the development of potent IgE helper cells, which secrete large amounts of IL-13, IL-5, and IFN-gamma, but no IL-4. Such Th cells may exacerbate atopic inflammation, because all by themselves they could drive IL-13-dependent IgE production, IL-5-dependent eosinophilia, and IFN-gamma-dependent macrophage activation, but could not suppress IFN-gamma production by other T cells via IL-4.
Autologously up-regulated Fc receptor expression and action in airway smooth muscle mediates its altered responsiveness in the atopic asthmatic sensitized state (1998)

To elucidate the role of IgE-dependent mechanisms in inducing altered airway responsiveness in the atopic asthmatic state, the expression and actions of Fc receptor activation were examined in isolated rabbit tracheal smooth muscle (TSM) tissue and cultured cells passively sensitized with sera from atopic asthmatic patients or nonatopic/nonasthmatic (control) subjects. Relative to control tissues, the atopic asthmatic-sensitized TSM exhibited significantly increased maximal isometric contractility to acetylcholine (P < 0. 01) and attenuated maximal relaxation responses and sensitivity (i.e.,-log ED50) to isoproterenol (P < 0.005). These changes in agonist responsiveness in atopic sensitized TSM were ablated by pretreating the tissues with a blocking mAb to the low affinity receptor for IgE, FcepsilonRII (i.e., CD23) or by depleting the sensitizing serum of its immune complexes. Moreover, in complimentary experiments, exogenous administration of IgE immune complexes to naive TSM produced changes in agonist responsiveness that were qualitatively similar to those obtained in the atopic asthmatic-sensitized state. Extended studies further demonstrated that, in contrast to their respective controls, atopic asthmatic serum-sensitized human and rabbit TSM tissue and cultured cells exhibited markedly induced mRNA and cell surface expression of FcepsilonRII, whereas constitutive expression of the IgG receptor subtype, FcgammaRIII, was unaltered. Finally, the up-regulated mRNA expression of FcepsilonRII observed following exposure of TSM to atopic asthmatic serum or to exogenously administered IgE immune complexes was significantly inhibited by pretreating the tissues or cells with anti-CD23 mAb. Collectively, these observations provide evidence demonstrating that the altered agonist responsiveness in atopic asthmatic sensitized airway smooth muscle is largely attributed to IgE-mediated induction of the autologous expression and activation of FcepsilonRII receptors in the airway smooth muscle itself.
Stem cell‐based therapy for Parkinson's disease (2005)

Motor dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease are considered to be primarily due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Pharmacological therapies based on the principle of dopamine replacement are extremely valuable, but suffer from two main drawbacks: troubling side effects (e.g. dyskinesia) and loss of efficacy with disease progression. Transplantation of embryonic dopaminergic neurons has emerged as a therapeutic alternative. Enthusiasm following the success of the initial open-label trials has been dampened by the negative outcome of double-blind placebo controlled trials. Additionally, the emergence of graft-related dyskinesia indicates that the experimental grafting procedure requires further refinement before it can be developed into a therapy. Shortage of embryonic donor tissue limits large-scale clinical transplantation trials. We review three of the most attractive tissue sources of dopaminergic neurons for cell replacement therapy: human embryonic ventral mesencephalic tissue, embryonic and adult multipotent region-specific stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Recent developments in embryonic stem cell research and on their implications for a future transplantation therapy in Parkinson's disease are described. Finally, we discuss how human embryonic stem cells can be differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and issues such as the numbers of dopaminergic neurons required for success and the risk for teratoma formation after implantation.
SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF INDOLE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; PYRIDINDOLONES FROM INDOLE-2-CARBOXYACETALYLBENZYLAMIDES (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTSYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF INDOLE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS; PYRIDINDOLONES FROM INDOLE-2-CARBOXYACETALYLBENZYLAMIDESH. G. LINDWALL and G. J. MANTELLCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 4, 345–357Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1953https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01132a001RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views579Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (832 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Extended depth of field through wave-front coding (1995)

We designed an optical-digital system that delivers near-diffraction-limited imaging performance with a large depth of field. This system is the standard incoherent optical system modified by a phase mask with digital processing of the resulting intermediate image. The phase mask alters or codes the received incoherent wave front in such a way that the point-spread function and the optical transfer function do not change appreciably as a function of misfocus. Focus-independent digital filtering of the intermediate image is used to produce a combined optical-digital system that has a nearly diffraction limited point-spread function. This high-resolution extended depth of field is obtained through the expense of an increased dynamic range of the incoherent system. We use both the ambiguity function and the stationary-phase method to design these phase masks.
Evaluation of the patient with stable angina following coronary artery bypass surgery. (1991)

Bypass graft stenosis and occlusion are relatively common events, occurring eventually in the majority of patients who survive beyond 5 years after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. These processes, in combination with progressive native coronary artery disease, lead to recurrent angina and an increased need for medication in most patients late after surgery. Patients with unstable ischemic symptoms generally should proceed directly to coronary arteriography, whereas patients with stable angina may be candidates for noninvasive testing to evaluate their risk and the extent of myocardial jeopardy. If the initial revascularization procedure is successful, preoperative thallium 201 imaging abnormalities should be reversed. Persistent abnormalities beyond 6 months after revascularization indicate incomplete revascularization or perioperative infarction. Defects noted in the immediate postoperative period may be areas of myocardial stunning or hibernation, which can require up to 6 months to reverse. If chest pain recurs after revascularization, a normal thallium 201 perfusion pattern indicates that the symptom is probably not ischemic in nature. Thallium 201 perfusion abnormalities may precede symptoms by several months and may be the only indication of significant myocardial ischemia in patients with silent ischemia. Advanced tomographic imaging techniques, such as single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), should theoretically improve disease detection and localization following revascularization. Practically speaking, only the left anterior descending coronary bed is well evaluated by these tomographic imaging techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of SPECT imaging for evaluation of posterior circulation abnormalities remains unacceptably low. Complexities of competitive flow and collateralization that may exist in the postoperative period make it difficult to relate perfusion abnormalities to a specific graft stenosis. However, tomographic perfusion imaging may provide useful correlative information on the functional impact of bypass graft stenoses in patients with recurrent angina who have undergone coronary angiography and in whom the angiographic indications for repeat surgery or angioplasty are not compelling. Newer tomographic and metabolic imaging techniques such as CT, NMRI, and PET remain unproven as diagnostic tests for the evaluation of unselected patient populations presenting with recurrent angina following revascularization surgery.
The mode of action of Y13‐259 scFv fragment intracellularly expressed in mammalian cells (1998)

The anti-p21ras Y13-259 single-chain Fv fragment (scFv) neutralizes the activity of p21-ras when intracellularly expressed in different systems. We have studied the mode of action of this inhibition in 3T3 K-ras fibroblasts and demonstrated that (i) this antibody fragment is highly aggregating when cytoplasmically expressed and (ii) the p21-ras antigen is sequestered in these aggregates in an antibody-dependent manner. This co-segregation leads to an efficient inhibition of DNA synthesis. These results suggest that an antigen can be diverted from its normal location inside the cells in an antibody mediated way, prospecting a new mode of action for intracellular antibodies in vivo.