gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Phase-shifting photolithography applicable to real IC patterns</title> (1991)

A phase-shifting technique which simplifies mask fabrication and is applicable to actual IC patterns has been introduced into the i-line positive resist process. It combines edge-contrast enhancement and a chromeless mask. Although the effect of this technique on line and space patterns has turned out to be more restricted than that of the alternating mask technique, it can improve exposure and focus latitude in isolated hole patterning. The authors report on their estimation of the optimum shifter width which maximizes contrast enhancement on lines and spaces as well as on isolated hole patterns. Experimental data is presented to verify the improvements in photolithographic performance of isolated hole patterning due to this technique.
Interleukin-1 Mitogenic Activity for Fibroblasts and Smooth Muscle Cells Is Due to PDGF-AA (1989)

Both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) induce proliferation of cultured fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. These polypeptide mediators are released by activated macrophages and other cell types in response to injury and are thought to have a role in tissue remodeling and a number of pathologic processes. Analysis of the kinetics of [3H]thymidine incorporation by cultured fibroblasts demonstrated that the response to IL-1 is delayed approximately 8 hours relative to their response to PDGF. IL-1 transiently stimulated expression of the PDGF A-chain gene, with maximum induction after approximately 2 hours. Subsequent synthesis and release of PDGF activity into the medium was detected as early as 4 hours after IL-1 stimulation, and downregulation of the binding site for the PDGF-AA isoform of PDGF followed PDGF-AA secretion. Antibodies to PDGF completely block the mitogenic response to IL-1. Therefore, the mitogenic activity of IL-1 for fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells appears to be indirect and mediated by induction of the PDGF A-chain gene.
Neonatal Ischemic Neuroprotection by Modest Hypothermia Is Associated With Attenuated Brain Acidosis (1995)

Intraischemic modest hypothermia attenuates the severity of brain acidosis during and 30 minutes after ischemia compared with normothermic animals and supports the concept that attenuated brain acidosis is a potential mechanism by which hypothermia may reduce ischemic brain damage.
IFN-α Induced Adenosine Production on the Endothelium: A Mechanism Mediated by CD73 (Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase) Up-Regulation (2004)

CD73 (ecto-5'-nucleotidase; EC 3.1.3.5) participates in lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells and converts extracellular AMP into a potent anti-inflammatory substance adenosine. However, the regulation of expression and function of CD73 has remained largely unknown. In this study, we show that IFN-alpha produces a time- and dose-dependent long-term up-regulation of CD73 on endothelial cells, but not on lymphocytes both at protein and RNA levels. Moreover, CD73-mediated production of adenosine is increased after IFN-alpha treatment on endothelial cells, resulting in a decrease in the permeability of these cells. Subsequent to induction with PMA, FMLP, dibutyryl cAMP, thrombin, histamine, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, and LPS, no marked changes in the level of CD73 expression on endothelial cells are observed. We also show that CD73 is up-regulated in vivo on the vasculature after intravesical treatment of urinary bladder cancers with IFN-alpha. In conclusion, distinct behavior of lymphocyte and endothelial CD73 subsequent to cytokine treatment further emphasizes the existence of cell type-specific mechanisms in the regulation of CD73 expression and function. Overall, these results suggest that IFN-alpha is a relevant in vivo regulator of CD73 in the endothelial-leukocyte microenvironment in infections/inflammations, and thus has a fundamental role in controlling the extent of inflammation via CD73-dependent adenosine production.
Enhanced alcohol production through on-line extraction (1981)

The main objective of this research is to overcome the inhibitory effects of desired end products produced by microorganisms during fermentation. It is demonstrated that online removal of toxic end product(s) by selected extractants such as higher alcohols and activated carbon can be achieved in the ethanol fermentation. Rapid fermentation using a high concentration of yeast cells has been proven to be capable of producing 135 g ethanol/L in eight hours. Theoretically, repeated rapid fermentation could be achieved if the viability of these yeast cells could be maintained at a high level through online ethanol extraction.
A tool for programmable access to organized multimedia data-Enhanced Multimedia Recorder (EMMR) (2002)

The paper describes the "Enhanced Multimedia Recorder" (EMMR), which provides a programmable access method for multimedia data. The EMMR records heterogeneous multimedia data and then organizes them into meaningful units by dividing the recorded data using heuristic rules. The structured data representation within the EMMR framework can enable application programmers to access data segments organized from multimedia data.
Identification of the Active Form of Endothelial Lipase, a Homodimer in a Head-to-Tail Conformation (2009)

Endothelial lipase (EL) is a member of a subfamily of lipases that act on triglycerides and phospholipids in plasma lipoproteins, which also includes lipoprotein lipase and hepatic lipase. EL has a tropism for high density lipoprotein, and its level of phospholipase activity is similar to its level of triglyceride lipase activity. Inhibition or loss-of-function of EL in mice results in an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol, making it a potential therapeutic target. Although hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase have been shown to function as homodimers, the active form of EL is not known. In these studies, the size and conformation of the active form of EL were determined. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggested oligomerization. Ultracentrifugation experiments showed that the active form of EL had a molecular weight higher than the molecular weight of a simple monomer but less than a dimer. A construct encoding a covalent head-to-tail homodimer of EL (EL-EL) was expressed and had similar lipolytic activity to EL. The functional molecular weights determined by radiation inactivation were similar for EL and the covalent homodimer EL-EL. We previously showed that EL could be cleaved by proprotein convertases, such as PC5, resulting in loss of activity. In cells overexpressing PC5, the covalent homodimeric EL-EL appeared to be more stable, with reduced cleavage and conserved lipolytic activity. A comparative model obtained using other lipase structures suggests a structure for the head-to-tail EL homodimer that is consistent with the experimental findings. These data confirm the hypothesis that EL is active as a homodimer in head-to-tail conformation.
Identification of Two Proteins Encoded by the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 Gene (1984)

We placed the Saccharomyces cerevisiae GAL4 gene under control of the galactose regulatory system by fusing it to the S. cerevisiae GAL1 promoter. After induction with galactose, GAL4 is now transcribed at about 1,000-fold higher levels than in wild-type S. cerevisiae. This regulated high-level expression has enabled us to tentatively identify two GAL4-encoded proteins.
Ripening Physiology of Fruit from Transgenic Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Plants with Reduced Ethylene Synthesis (1993)

The physiological effects of reduced ethylene synthesis in a transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) line expressing 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) deaminase enzyme have been examined. Fruit from the transgenic line 5673 ripen significantly slower than control fruit when removed from the vine early in ripening. In contrast, fruit that remain attached to the plants ripen much more rapidly, exhibiting little delay relative to the control. Ethylene determinations on attached fruit revealed that there was significantly more internal ethylene in attached than detached fruit. The higher ethylene content can fully account for the observed faster on-the-vine ripening. All of the data are consistent with a catalytic role for ethylene in promoting many, although not all, aspects of fruit ripening. Biochemical analyses of transgenic fruit indicated no significant differences from controls in the levels of ACC oxidase or polygalacturonase. Because transgenic fruit are significantly firmer than controls, this last result indicates that other enzymes may have a significant role in fruit softening.
Characterization of growth and crystallization processes in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB magnetic tunnel junction structure by reflective high-energy electron diffraction (2005)

We performed reflective high-energy electron diffraction observations to investigate the growth and crystallization processes of Co60Fe20B20∕MgO∕Co60Fe20B20 magnetic tunnel junction structures. A MgO layer grown on an amorphous CoFeB layer has an amorphous structure up to the MgO thickness (tMgO) of 4 monoatomic layers (ML) and begins to crystallize with (001) preferred orientation when tMgO⩾5ML. By annealing, an amorphous CoFeB layer grown on MgO(001) crystallizes in a body-centered-cubic structure with (001) orientation because MgO(001) acts as a template to crystallize CoFeB. The results give important information for understanding the mechanism of giant tunneling magnetoresistance effect in CoFeB∕MgO∕CoFeB MTJs.
Ret oncogene activation in human thyroid neoplasms is restricted to the papillary cancer subtype. (1992)

We have recently reported the activation of a new oncogene in human papillary thyroid carcinomas. This oncogene, papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), is a novel rearranged version of the ret tyrosine-kinase protooncogene. Thyroid neoplasms include a broad spectrum of malignant tumors, ranging from well-differentiated tumors to undifferentiated anaplastic carcinomas. To determine the frequency of ret oncogene activation, we analyzed 286 cases of human thyroid tumors of diverse histologic types. We found the presence of an activated form of the ret oncogene in 33 (19%) of 177 papillary carcinomas. By contrast, none of the other 109 thyroid tumors, which included 37 follicular, 15 anaplastic, and 18 medullary carcinomas, and 34 benign lesions, showed ret activation.
Use of a Stilbenedicarboxamide Bridge in Stabilizing, Monitoring, and Photochemically Altering Folded Conformations of Oligonucleotides (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of a Stilbenedicarboxamide Bridge in Stabilizing, Monitoring, and Photochemically Altering Folded Conformations of OligonucleotidesRobert L. Letsinger and Taifeng WuCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 28, 7323–7328Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00133a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00133a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views609Altmetric-Citations107LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Differentiation of Human CD8+ T Cells from a Memory to Memory/Effector Phenotype (2002)

Previous studies of perforin expression and cytokine production in subsets of peripheral human CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells with different CD28/CD27 phenotypes showed that CD28(+)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) and CD27(+)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells have characteristics of memory T cells, whereas CD28(-)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) and CD27(-)CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells have characteristics of both memory and effector T cells. However, the differentiation pathway from memory CD8(+) T cells into memory/effector CD8(+) T cells has not been completely clarified. We investigated this differentiation pathway using EBV- and human CMV (HCMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells. Three subsets of CD45RA(-)CD8(+) T cells were observed in both total CD8(+) T cells and EBV- or HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells: CD27(+)CD28(+), CD27(+)CD28(-), and CD27(-)CD28(-). A significant number of the CD27(-)CD28(+) subset was observed in total CD8 T cells. However, this subset was barely detectable in EBV- or HCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells. Analysis of perforin expression and cytotoxic activity in the first three subsets suggested the following differentiation pathway: CD27(+)CD28(+)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(+)CD28(-)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(-)CD28(-)CD45RA(-). This was supported by the observation that the frequency of CCR5(+) cells and CCR7(+) cells decreased during this sequence. Analysis of CCR5 and CCR7 expression in the CD27(+)CD28(+) memory cell subset demonstrated the presence of three CCR5/CCR7 populations: CCR5(-)CCR7(+), CCR5(+)CCR7(+), and CCR5(+)CCR7(-). These findings suggested the following differentiation pathway: CD27(+)CD28(+)CD45RA(-) (CCR5(-)CCR7(+)-->CCR5(+)CCR7(+)-->CCR5(+)CCR7(-))-->CD27(+)CD28(-)CD45RA(-)-->CD27(-)CD28(-)CD45RA(-). The presence of a CD27(-)CD28(+) subset with a CCR5(+)CCR7(-) phenotype implies a specialized role for this subset in the differentiation of CD8(+) T cells.
Stereospecific synthesis of 16.alpha.-hydroxy-17-oxo steroids by controlled alkaline hydrolysis of corresponding 16-bromo-17-ketones and its reaction mechanism (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereospecific synthesis of 16.alpha.-hydroxy-17-oxo steroids by controlled alkaline hydrolysis of corresponding 16-bromo-17-ketones and its reaction mechanismMitsuteru Numazawa, Masao Nagaoka, and Yoshio OsawaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 21, 4024–4029Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00142a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00142a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views967Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibition of solid tumors by nitrosoureas. 1. Lewis lung carcinoma (1977)

The utility of the Lewis lung carcinoma as a secondary screen for the evaluation of nitrosoureas as anticancer agents has been assessed. The activity of this series of compounds was determined against both the early (before metastasis) and late (after metastasis) forms of the disease. Although some exceptions were noted, compounds most active against the early form of the disease were most active against the established tumor. A differentiation in activity based on the Lewis lung system was evident with nitrosoureas equally active against leukemia L1210, although the significance of this differentiation with respect to the human disease has not yet been established.
Vaccinia Virus A21 Virion Membrane Protein Is Required for Cell Entry and Fusion (2005)

We provide the initial characterization of the product of the vaccinia virus A21L (VACWR140) gene and demonstrate that it is required for cell entry and low pH-triggered membrane fusion. The A21L open reading frame, which is conserved in all sequenced members of the poxvirus family, encodes a protein of 117 amino acids with an N-terminal hydrophobic domain and four invariant cysteines. Expression of the A21 protein occurred at late times of infection and was dependent on viral DNA replication. The A21 protein contained two intramolecular disulfide bonds, the formation of which required the vaccinia virus-encoded cytoplasmic redox pathway, and was localized on the surface of the lipoprotein membrane of intracellular mature virions. A conditional lethal mutant, in which A21L gene expression was regulated by isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside, was constructed. In the absence of inducer, cell-to-cell spread of virus did not occur, despite the formation of morphologically normal intracellular virions and extracellular virions with actin tails. Purified virions lacking A21 were able to bind to cells, but cores did not penetrate into the cytoplasm and synthesize viral RNA. In addition, virions lacking A21 were unable to mediate low pH-triggered cell-cell fusion. The A21 protein, like the A28 and H2 proteins, is an essential component of the poxvirus entry/fusion apparatus for both intracellular and extracellular virus particles.
DNA Curtains and Nanoscale Curtain Rods: High-Throughput Tools for Single Molecule Imaging (2008)

Single molecule visualization of protein-DNA complexes can reveal details of reaction mechanisms and macromolecular dynamics inaccessible to traditional biochemical assays. However, these techniques are often limited by the inherent difficulty of collecting statistically relevant information from experiments explicitly designed to look at single events. New approaches that increase throughput capacity of single molecule methods have the potential for making these techniques more readily applicable to a variety of biological questions involving different types of DNA transactions. Here we show that nanofabricated chromium barriers, which are located at strategic positions on a fused silica slide otherwise coated with a supported lipid bilayer, can be used to organize DNA molecules into molecular curtains. The DNA that makes up the curtains is visualized by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) allowing simultaneous imaging of hundreds or thousands of aligned molecules. These DNA curtains present a robust experimental platform portending massively parallel data acquisition of individual protein-DNA interactions in real time.
Direct Handwriting Manipulation of Droplets by Self-Aligned Mirror-Ewod Across a Dielectric Sheet (2006)

In this paper, we demonstrate a novel approach to generate electrowetting on a dielectric sheet over a liquid electrode. A 12.5 μm-thick PVDC film (Saran wrap) was used as the dielectric sheet. Two important phenomena were found: (1) EWOD not only occurs on the manipulated droplet, but also the liquid electrode (mirror-EWOD), (2) the mirror-EWOD causes the manipulated droplet and the liquid electrode self-aligned when they are in comparable sizes. Based on these discoveries, a direct handwriting droplet manipulation platform was designed and fabricated, in which droplets can be transported by a droplet-tipped stylus across a dielectric sheet. PVDC film was also applied in conventional EWOD devices as a disposable dielectric layer.
A Methodology and Metric for Quantitative Analysis and Parameter Optimization of Unsupervised, Multi-Region Image Segmentation (2006)

While image segmentation makes up a vital step in the process of such tasks in the medical domain as tissue classification, content-based image retrieval, and computer-aided diagnosis, it remains an area of much debate regarding how one interprets the results of machine segmented regions. Many segmentation methods are still evaluated using a subjective human opinion of quality with a lack of quantitative analysis. Ideally, segmentation would be performed on an image with as little aid from a human user as possible, so solid quantitative analysis of results and optimization of user-defined parameters are a must. This paper proposes the use of a methodology based on eight individual performance measures. It then introduces a metric based on a statistical analysis of the overlap between machine segmented and corresponding ground truth images to evaluate and optimize algorithm parameters, and compare inter-algorithm performance for unsupervised segmentation algorithms.
Bacillus anthracis Virulence in Guinea Pigs Vaccinated with Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed Is Linked to Plasmid Quantities and Clonality (2003)

Bacillus anthracis is a bacterial pathogen of great importance, both historically and in the present. This study presents data collected from several investigations and indicates that B. anthracis virulence is associated with the clonality and virulence of plasmids pXO1 and pXO2. Guinea pigs vaccinated with Anthrax Vaccine Adsorbed were challenged with 20 B. anthracis isolates representative of worldwide genetic diversity. These same isolates were characterized with respect to plasmid copy number by using a novel method of quantitative PCR developed for rapid and efficient detection of B. anthracis from environmental samples. We found that the copy numbers for both pXO1 and pXO2 differed from those in previously published reports. By combining the data on survival, plasmid copy numbers, and clonality, we developed a model predicting virulence. This model was validated by using a randomly chosen set of 12 additional B. anthracis isolates. Results from this study will be helpful in future efforts to elucidate the basis for variation in the virulence of this important pathogen.
Predicted risk of coronary heart disease among persons with type 2 diabetes (2007)

UKPDS estimates of probability of CHD were similar across race/ethnicities, indicating that the risk factors tended to balance out. Despite differences in individual risk factors, the estimated risk for CHD was similar for all persons with diabetes.
Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors: The NNRTI Boom (1999)

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are promising drugs for the treatment of HIV when used in combination with other anti-HIV drugs such as nucleoside reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors and protease inhibitors. The first generation of NNRTIs have, however, suffered from the rapid development of resistance. This review discusses the properties of the FDA-approved NNRTI drugs and focuses on the recent efforts being made to produce second generation inhibitors that circumvent this resistance problem.