gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and Flow in Surfactant Solutions (1994)

A review is given on rheological data of viscoelastic surfactant solutions. The viscoelastic properties in the discussed systems are due to entangled threadlike micelles. In such solutions that have this microstructure the zero shear viscosities depend strongly on conditions like the charge density of the micelles, the salt and cosurfactant concentration, and the chainlength of the surfactant. For a 1% solution the viscosity can vary between one and 106 mPas. Over extended concentration ranges the viscosities show simple power law behaviour (η° = (c/c*)x with x = 1.5 - 8.5). The largest values for x are observed for systems with charged unshielded micelles and the smallest values for shielded or neutral systems which are close to the L1/Lα-phase boundary. The various exponents are explained on the basis or different scission mechanisms as proposed by M. Cates. Many viscoelastic surfactant solutions show simple Maxwell behaviour.
CAMERA-CAR VIDEO ANALYSIS FOR STEERING WHEEL’S TRACKING (2003)

Monitoring and controlling the driver’s guidance by analyzing the rotation impressed to the steering-wheel can be a very important task in order to improve safety. This paper proposes a general-purpose method to track the steering wheel’s absolute angle by using a single camera vision system mounted inside the car. The absolute angle is computed by means of the accumulation of inter-frame relative rotations and the error propagation is prevented with an alignment process. The approach is based on the modeling of the motion of the steering wheel, as it appears perspectively distorted by the point of view of the un-calibrated camera. We modified the Lucas-Kanade method for an approximatively rotational motion model in order to provide the detection and tracking of significant features on the wheel. The experimental results are compared with ground-truthed data obtained with different types of sensors. 1.
Localization of epitopes for human factor VIII inhibitor antibodies by immunoblotting and antibody neutralization (1989)

Human factor VIII(FVIII) inhibitors are pathologic, circulating antibodies that inactivate FVIII. We have examined the location of epitopes on the FVIII protein for inhibitors from hemophilia A and nonhemophilic individuals. The inhibitors were of type I or type II in the kinetics of their inactivation of FVIII. A cDNA clone of human FVIII was used to express defined FVIII protein fragments in Escherichia coli for immunoblotting with inhibitor plasma. An epitope for 18 heavy-chain inhibitors was localized to the aminoterminal 18.3 Kd of the A2 domain. Two of these inhibitors also recognized an epitope located between A1 and A2 domains. Similarly, an epitope for 23 light-chain inhibitors was localized to the C2 domain. Weaker epitopes for 13 of the same inhibitors within the C1 and C2 domains were also observed. Four of the 23 inhibitors in addition bound strongly to the A3 domain. Most inhibitors (22 of 23) were neutralized in vitro only by the FVIII fragments to which they bound on immunoblots; however, one inhibitor that was neutralized by a fragment containing the A1 domain did not bind to it on immunoblots. Conversely, 3 of 3 inhibitors that bound to the A3 domain and 5 of 15 that bound to the A2 domain were not neutralized by the corresponding fragments. The epitope specificity of an inhibitor did not depend on its source or type. Our results show that FVIII inhibitors bind to limited areas within the heavy and light chains of FVIII. Some inhibitor plasmas contain additional antibodies that may not be inhibitory.
Viral expression cassette elements to enhance transgene target specificity and expression in gene therapy. (2015)

Over the last five years, the number of clinical trials involving AAV (adeno-associated virus) and lentiviral vectors continue to increase by about 150 trials each year. For continued success, AAV and lentiviral expression cassettes need to be designed to meet each disease's specific needs. This review discusses how viral vector expression cassettes can be engineered with elements to enhance target specificity and increase transgene expression. The key differences relating to target specificity between ubiquitous and tissue-specific promoters are discussed, as well as how endogenous miRNAs and their target sequences have been used to restrict transgene expression. Specifically, relevant studies indicating how cis-acting elements such as introns, WPRE, polyadenylation signals, and the CMV enhancer are highlighted to show their utility for enhancing transgene expression in gene therapy applications. All discussion bears in mind that expression cassettes have space constraints. In conclusion, this review can serve as a menu of vector genome design elements and their cost in terms of space to thoughtfully engineer viral vectors for gene therapy.
The Generation of a 17 kDa Neurotoxic Fragment: An Alternative Mechanism by which Tau Mediates β-Amyloid-Induced Neurodegeneration (2005)

Recently, we have shown that the microtubule-associated protein tau is essential for beta-amyloid (Abeta)-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampal neurons. However, the mechanisms by which tau mediates Abeta-induced neurite degeneration remain poorly understood. In the present study, we analyzed whether tau cleavage played a role in these events. Our results showed that pre-aggregated Abeta induced the generation of a 17 kDa tau fragment in cultured hippocampal neurons. The generation of this fragment was preceded by the activation of calpain-1. Conversely, inhibitors of this protease, but not of caspases, completely prevented tau proteolysis leading to the generation of the 17 kDa fragment and significantly reduced Abeta-induced neuronal death. Furthermore, the expression of this fragment in cultured hippocampal neurons induced the formation of numerous varicosity-bearing tortuous processes, as well as the complete degeneration of some of those neurite processes. These results suggest that Abeta-induced neurotoxicity may be mediated, at least in part, through the calpain-mediated generation of a toxic 17 kDa tau fragment. Collectively, these results provide insight into a novel mechanism by which tau could mediate Abeta-induced neurotoxicity.
A metabonomic investigation of the biochemical effects of mercuric chloride in the rat using 1H NMR and HPLC-TOF/MS: time dependant changes in the urinary profile of endogenous metabolites as a result of nephrotoxicity (2004)

The effects of the administration of a single dose of the model nephrotoxin mercuric chloride (2.0 mg kg(-1), subcutaneous) to male Wistar-derived rats on the urinary metabolite profiles of a range of endogenous metabolites has been investigated using (1)H NMR and HPLC-MS. Urine samples were collected daily for 9 days from both dosed and control animals. Analysis of these samples revealed marked changes in the pattern of endogenous metabolites as a result of HgCl(2) toxicity. Peak disturbances in the urinary metabolite profiles were observed (using both NMR and HPLC-MS) at 3 days post dose. Thereafter the urinary metabolite profile gradually returned to a more normal composition. Markers of toxicity identified by (1)H NMR spectroscopy were raised concentrations of lactate, alanine, acetate, succinate, trimethylamine (TMA), and glucose. Reductions in the urinary excretion of citrate and alpha-ketoglutarate were also seen. Markers identified by HPLC-MS, in positive ion mode, were kynurenic acid, xanthurenic acid, pantothenic acid and 7-methylguanine which decreased after dosing. In addition an ion at m/z 188, probably 3-amino-2-naphthoic acid, was observed to increase after dosing. As well as these identified compounds other ions at m/z 297 and 267 decreased after dosing. In negative ion mode a range of sulfated compounds were observed, including phenol sulfate and benzene diol sulfate, which decreased after dosing. As well as the sulfated components an unidentified glucuronide at m/z 326 was also observed to decrease after dosing. The results of this study demonstrate the complementary nature of the NMR and MS-based techniques for metabonomic analysis.
What Animal Models Can Teach Us About the Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis in Humans (1989)

Technology that permits the reproducible infection of laboratory animals with virulent tubercle bacilli under conditions that simulate those under which humans are infected is now available. This technology has been used to investigate a series of fundamental questions about the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. An integrated view of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis has been constructed that combines studies from animal models and our understanding of the key events in the development of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis in humans. This view, developed as a guide for further hypothesis testing, indicates that whether cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis develops by endogenous reactivation or by exogenous reinfection is determined solely by the route by which the tubercle bacillus reaches the apical-subapical region of the lung. It is in this region that the bacillus survives the cell-mediated immune response. This view of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis permits identification of the factors in a given geographic region that govern the probability of the development of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis by one or the other pathway. Knowledge of these factors permits the identification of the appropriate strategies for tuberculosis control.
MICA Polymorphism Is Associated With Type 1 Diabetes in the Korean Population (2001)

We could assess that the MICA gene might be associated with type 1 diabetes transracially independent of the HLA gene.
Mapping Function in the Human Brain with Magnetoencephalography, Anatomical Magnetic Resonance Imaging, and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (1995)

Integrated analyses of human anatomical and functional measurements offer a powerful paradigm for human brain mapping. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and EEG provide excellent temporal resolution of neural population dynamics as well as capabilities for source localization. Anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides excellent spatial resolution of head and brain anatomy, whereas functional MRI (fMRI) techniques provide an alternative measure of neural activation based on associated hemodynamic changes. These methodologies constrain and complement each other and can thereby improve our interpretation of functional neural organization. We have developed a number of computational tools and techniques for the visualization, comparison, and integrated analysis of multiple neuroimaging techniques. Construction of geometric anatomical models from volumetric MRI data allows improved models of the head volume conductor and can provide powerful constraints for neural electromagnetic source modeling. These approaches, coupled to enhanced algorithmic strategies for the inverse problem, can significantly enhance the accuracy of source-localization procedures. We have begun to apply these techniques for studies of the functional organization of the human visual system. Such studies have demonstrated multiple, functionally distinct visual areas that can be resolved on the basis of their locations, temporal dynamics, and differential sensitivity to stimulus parameters. Our studies have also produced evidence of internal retinotopic organization in both striate and extrastriate visual areas but have disclosed organizational departures from classical models. Comparative studies of MEG and fMRI suggest a reasonable but imperfect correlation between electrophysiological and hemodynamic responses. We have demonstrated a method for the integrated analysis of fMRI and MEG, and we outline strategies for improvement of these methods. By combining multiple measurement techniques, we can exploit the complementary strengths and transcend the limitations of the individual neuro-imaging methods.
NK1 Receptor Antagonists: Potential Analgesics? (2003)

Substance P is one of the most abundant peptides in mammalian primary afferent ﬁbers and has long been thought to have a speciﬁc role in pain perception (1). It is clearly not the only substance involved in this, and the nociceptive transmission process from primary afferent neurons into the central nervous system (CNS) is complex. Within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, many different afferent sensory neurons synapse onto secondary neurons within the dorsal horn of the spinal cord that provide the secondary nociceptive relay. Additionally, even within individual nerve terminals, there are multiple transmitter systems. The likelihood is, therefore, that numerous transmitter substances are released from the terminals of primary afferent neurons within the spinal cord’s dorsal horn in response to a single noxious peripheral stimulus. Accordingly, it is necessary to ask whether blocking the effects of just one of these substances would be likely to give an analgesic effect. Blocking the effects of glutamate, the ubiquitous sensory transmitter, would most likely give clinical analgesia because, as far as we know, every primary afferent neuron releases glutamate along with the other transmitters it contains (1). Additionally, it is already known that the blockade of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) subset of glutamate receptors in humans with agents such as ketamine will produce analgesia (2,3). We also know from these studies in humans that there is an extremely high probability of unacceptable side effects by blocking the effects of glutamate at all NMDA receptors. Use of a pharmacological antagonist to block the effects of a single peptide neuromodulator, such as substance P, which is found in just a proportion of unmyelinated primary afferent neurons, increases the probability that there will be fewer side effects than with blockade of the effects of glutamate. This is because the presence of substance P in only a proportion of sensory ﬁbers ensures there is not a complete block of neurotransmission. But for the same reason, there is likely to be an unpredictable analgesic efﬁcacy with a maximum effect smaller than could be produced with NMDA receptor blockade and probably smaller than that which would be seen with an opioid drug, such as morphine, that has multiple sites of action (4). The compromise is thus between unwanted side effects and the presence or absence of effective analgesia. The key questions related to therapeutic efﬁcacy are now being asked in clinical studies with potent antagonists of the effects of substance P that have recently been discovered (5-7).
Oxo vs Imido Alkylidene d0-Metal Species: How and Why Do They Differ in Structure, Activity, and Efficiency in Alkene Metathesis? (2012)

Density functional calculations have been carried out to analyze the origin of the differences in reactivity, selectivity, and stability toward deactivation in metathesis of d0 oxo alkylidene complexes vs their isoelectronic imido counterparts. DFT calculations show that the elementary steps and geometries of the extrema are similar for the oxo and imido complexes, but that the energy profiles are different, the greatest difference occurring for the deactivation pathway. For the alkene metathesis pathway, replacing the imido by an oxo ligand slightly lowers the energy barrier for alkene coordination but raises that for the [2+2]-cycloaddition and cycloreversion; it also destabilizes the trigonal bipyramidal (TBP) metallacyclobutane intermediate with respect to the separated reactants. The isomeric square-based pyramid (SP) metallacyclobutane is in general more stable, and its stability relative to the separated reactants is similar for oxo and imido systems. Consequently, the oxo complex is associated with a slightly larger energy difference between the lowest energy intermediate (SP or separated reactants) and the highest energy transition state (cycloreversion) than the imido complex, which accounts for a slightly lower activity. Changing the imido into an oxo ligand disfavors strongly the deactivation pathway by raising considerably the energy barrier of the β-H transfer at the SP metallacycle that begins the entry into the channel for deactivation and byproduct formation as well as that of the subsequent ethene insertion. This makes the oxo catalysts more selective and stable toward deactivation than the corresponding imido catalysts, when dimerization can be avoided.
Automated reticulocyte counting: state of the art and clinical applications in the evaluation of erythropoiesis (2010)

The reticulocyte count reflects the erythropoietic activity of the bone marrow and is thus useful in both the diagnosis of anemias and in monitoring bone marrow response to therapy. Starting in the mid-1990s, automated flow-cytometric analysis has replaced traditional microscopic quantitation of reticulocytes. Reticulocyte analysis now includes measurements mRNA content and the maturity of reticulocytes, cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and content. The immature reticulocyte fraction is a reliable early predictor of hematopoietic engraftment following allogeneic stem cell transplantation, while the reticulocyte hemoglobin content provides an indirect measure of the functional iron available for new red blood cell production over the previous 3-4 days. Especially in anemic newborns, reticulocyte analysis is useful to help clinicians follow erythropoietic changes, to monitor response to recombinant human erythropoietin therapy, to gauge transfusion needs, and to evaluate jaundice. Despite improved accuracy and precision, significant problems still persist in maintaining adequate levels of precision and comparability across different laboratories. In the absence of better laboratory standardization, having a single reference range for the parameters provided by flow-cytometric studies of reticulocytes remains problematic.
Application Communities: Using Monoculture for Dependability (2005)

Artificial diversity is one method for mitigating the security risks of software monoculture. Introducing diversity increases resilience by obfuscating the system parameters an attacker must control for a successful exploit. We take a different approach to resilience and introduce the concept of Application Communities (AC): collections of independent instances of the same application that cooperatively monitor their execution for flaws and attacks and notify the community when such events are detected. We propose a set of parameters that de ne an AC and explore the tradeoffs between the minimal size of an AC, the marginal overhead imposed on each member, and the speed with which new faults are detected. We provide a sketch of both analytical and experimental results that show ACs are feasible for current applications: an AC of 15,000 members can monitor Apache for new faults with a 6% performance degradation for each member.
Genomic in situ hybridization in plants with small genomes is feasible and elucidates the chromosomal parentage in interspecific Arabidopsis hybrids (2004)

Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) is a useful tool to analyse natural polyploids, hybrid plants, and their backcross progenies as to their origin, genomic composition, and intergenomic rearrangements. However, in angiosperms with very small genomes (<0.6 pg/1 C), often only heterochromatic regions were found to be labeled. We have modified the GISH technique to label entire mitotic and meiotic chromosomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (2n = 10) and closely related species with very small genomes by using high concentrations of DNA (7.5-15 microg per probe per slide) or 5 microg of probe and long hybridization times (>60 h). According to our GISH data, Cardaminopsis carpatica (2n = 16) is most likely the diploid ancestor of the autotetraploid Arabidopsis arenosa (2n = 32). Furthermore, within the allotetraploid species Arabidopsis suecica (2n = 26), it was possible to elucidate the origin of chromosomes contributed by the parental species A. thaliana and A. arenosa for a specimen with 2n = 26 or a deviating chromosome number.
Human Tissues Contain CD141hi Cross-Presenting Dendritic Cells with Functional Homology to Mouse CD103+ Nonlymphoid Dendritic Cells (2012)

Dendritic cell (DC)-mediated cross-presentation of exogenous antigens acquired in the periphery is critical for the initiation of CD8(+) T cell responses. Several DC subsets are described in human tissues but migratory cross-presenting DCs have not been isolated, despite their potential importance in immunity to pathogens, vaccines, and tumors and tolerance to self. Here, we identified a CD141(hi) DC present in human interstitial dermis, liver, and lung that was distinct from the majority of CD1c(+) and CD14(+) tissue DCs and superior at cross-presenting soluble antigens. Cutaneous CD141(hi) DCs were closely related to blood CD141(+) DCs, and migratory counterparts were found among skin-draining lymph node DCs. Comparative transcriptomic analysis with mouse showed tissue DC subsets to be conserved between species and permitted close alignment of human and mouse DC subsets. These studies inform the rational design of targeted immunotherapies and facilitate translation of mouse functional DC biology to the human setting.
Almost dead on arrival (2006)

article Share on Almost dead on arrival: a case study of non-user-centered design for a police emergency-response system Authors: Aaron Marcus Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc. Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc.View Profile , Jim Gasperini Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc. Aaron Marcus and Associates, Inc.View Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 13Issue 5September + October 2006 pp 12–18https://doi.org/10.1145/1151314.1151328Online:01 September 2006Publication History 15citation1,258DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations15Total Downloads1,258Last 12 Months157Last 6 weeks10 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
NITELIGHT: A Graphical Tool for Semantic Query Construction (2008)

Query formulation is a key aspect of information retrieval, contributing to both the efficiency and usability of many semantic applications. A number of query languages, such as SPARQL, have been developed for the Semantic Web; however, there are, as yet, few tools to support end users with respect to the creation and editing of semantic queries. In this paper we introduce a graphical tool for semantic query construction (NITELIGHT) that is based on the SPARQL query language specification. The tool supports end users by providing a set of graphical notations that represent semantic query language constructs. This language provides a visual query language counterpart to SPARQL that we call vSPARQL. NITELIGHT also provides an interactive graphical editing environment that combines ontology navigation capabilities with graphical query visualization techniques. This paper describes the functionality and user interaction features of the NITELIGHT tool based on our work to date. We also present details of the vSPARQL constructs used to support the graphical representation of SPARQL queries.