gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modular synthesis of ABC type block copolymers by “click” chemistry (2007)

Abstract Heterotelechelic polystyrene (PS), poly( tert ‐butyl acrylate) (P t BA), and poly (methyl acrylate) (PMA), containing both azide and triisopropylsilyl (TIPS) protected acetylene end groups, were prepared in good control ( M w / M n ≤ 1.24) by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The end groups were independently applied in two successive “click” reactions, that is: first the azide termini were functionalized and, after deprotection, the acetylene moieties were utilized for a second conjugation step. As a proof of concept, PS was consecutively functionalized with propargyl alcohol and azidoacetic acid, as confirmed by MALDI‐ToF MS. In addition, the same methodology was employed to modularly build up an ABC type triblock terpolymer. Size exclusion chromatography measurements demonstrated first coupling of P t BA to PS and, after the deprotection of the acetylene functionality on PS, connection of PMA, yielding a PMA‐ b ‐PS‐ b ‐P t BA triblock terpolymer. The reactions were driven to completion using a slight excess of azide functionalized polymers. Reduction of the residual azide groups into amines allowed easy removal of this excess of polymer by column chromatography. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2913–2924, 2007
A Strategy for the Generation of Surfaces Presenting Ligands for Studies of Binding Based on an Active Ester as a Common Reactive Intermediate: A Surface Plasmon Resonance Study (1999)

This paper describes the immobilization of ten proteins and two low-molecular-weight ligands on mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkanethiolates on gold generated from the tri(ethylene glycol)-terminated thiol 1 (HS(CH2)11(OCH2CH2)3OH) (chi(1) = 1.0-0.0) and the longer, carboxylic acid-terminated thiol2(HS(CH2)11(OCH2-CH2)6OCH2CO2H) (chi(2) = 0.0-1.0). The immobilization was achieved by a two-step procedure: generation of reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl esters from the carboxylic acid groups of 2 in the SAM and coupling of these groups with amines on the protein or ligand. Because this method involves a common reactive intermediate that is easily prepared, it provides a convenient method for attaching ligands to SAMs for studies using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (and, in principle, other bioanalytical methods that use derivatized SAMs on gold, silver, and other surfaces). These SAMs were resistant to nonspecific adsorption of proteins having a wide range of molecular weights and isoelectric points. The pH of the coupling buffer, the concentration of protein, the ionic strength of the solution of protein, and the molecular weight of the protein all influenced the amount of the protein that was immobilized. For the proteins investigated in detail--carbonic anhydrase and lysozyme--the highest quantities of immobilized proteins were obtained when using a low ionic strength solution at a value of pH approximately one unit below the isoelectric point (pI) of the protein, at a concentration of approximately 0.5 mg mL-1. Comparisons of the kinetic and thermodynamic constants describing binding of carbonic anhydrase and vancomycin to immobilized benzenesulfonamide and N-alpha-Ac-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala groups, respectively, on mixed SAMs (by methods described in this paper) and in the carboxymethyl dextran matrix of commercially available substrates yielded (for these systems) essentially indistinguishable values of Kd, koff, and kon.
Regulation by EGF is maintained in an overexpressed chimeric EGFR/neu receptor tyrosine kinase (1990)

The effects of a ligand regulated neu tyrosine kinase were examined in NIH 3T3 cells. A chimeric construct encoding the human EGF receptor extracellular domain fused to the tyrosine kinase domain of the rat neu cDNA was expressed under the transcriptional control of the Moloney murine leukemia virus LTR promoter. This resulted in higher levels of expression of the chimeric receptor than were previously obtained from the SV40 virus early promoter in the same cells. The chimeric receptor showed strict ligand-dependent tyrosine kinase and signal transducing activities for the induction of growth-regulated biochemical activities and DNA synthesis in resting cells. The ligand-activated cells became morphologically transformed and grew in agar in the presence of EGF and TGF beta as efficiently as did the ligand-independent neu oncogene-transformed cells. Our results establish similarities between the signal pathways of the EGF receptor and the neu tyrosine kinase.
Cancer and the Microenvironment (2004)

We have investigated the interaction between tumor cells and specific cells in their microenvironment using myeloma as a model. The role of myeloma-induced osteoclastogenesis in the disease was studied ex vivo. Myeloma plasma cells freshly purified from patients' bone marrow attracted committed osteoclast (OC) precursors (n = 9; P < 0.01) and in 22 experiments directly induced their differentiation to multinucleated, bone-resorbing OCs (P < 0.00002) in a receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand-mediated mechanism that was inhibited by the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB (RANK-Fc) in 13 experiments by 71 +/- 12% (P < 0.008). In contrast, myeloma cells did not induce differentiation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Myeloma plasma cells cocultured with OCs retained their viability and proliferative activity for >13 weeks. After 14 days in coculture, the plasma cells from 29 patients had higher viability (P < 2 x 10(-6)), fewer apoptotic cells (P < 4 x 10(-15)), and a higher bromodeoxyuridine labeling index (P < 0.0006) than controls. Physical contact between OCs and myeloma cells was required for these effects to take place. No differences were observed between OCs from healthy donors and those from myeloma patients. Blocking interleukin 6 activity, while reducing survival of myeloma cells, had no effect on their proliferative activity. These results support data obtained from animal models and clinical observations on the essential role of the microenvironment in tumor sustenance and progression.
Efficiency of food utilization in traditional and sex-controlled systems of beef production (1985)

ABSTRACT An empirically based equation for voluntary food intake, obtained from a multibreed cattle experiment, was used to develop formulae for evaluating the overall efficiency of food utilization of beef production n i a production unit consisting of a dam and her progeny. With these formulae the dependence of overall efficiency on degree of maturity at slaughter was studied, with reproductive rate, dam food costs, terminal sire size and number of calvings per dam allowed to vary. The formulae were used to study efficiency of food utilization in a traditional beef production system. Maximum efficiency values ranged from 2·3 to 3·5 g of lean tissue per MJ of metabolizable energy. These maximum values were affected to a small extent when progeny were slaughtered much earlier or later than the optimal degree of maturity. In a single-sex, bred-heifer (SSBH) system, the maximum value that could be attained with high technological efficiency and a reproductive rate of unity was 5·2 g, which was 0·5 times more efficient than the highest achievable traditional value. With a reproductive rate of 0·85, the highest efficiency value in an SSBH system was 4·8 g. Overall efficiency of food utilization was also examined in a sex-controlled system where all offspring for slaughter were male and in a modified traditional system where every surplus female was bred once. Both these systems could give higher efficiency (up to 1·08 times) than in a traditional system, but neither could compete with a well-operated SSBH system. Formulae to deal with multiple births, partial sex control and other factors are given in the APPENDIX.
Prevention of Pain on Injection of Propofol (1996)

We undertook a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study to compare the use of alfentanil 1 mg and lidocaine 40 mg for the reduction of pain during injection of propofol. Eighty-nine patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups: Group L, lidocaine 40 mg added to 180 mg propofol; Group A, alfentanil 1 mg 30 s prior to propofol; or Group P, placebo (normal saline). The incidence of pain in the placebo group was 67%. Both treatment groups had a significantly lower incidence of pain than the placebo group (P < 0.002). There was no significant difference in the incidence of pain between the groups receiving lidocaine or alfentanil (13% and 24%, respectively). There was no significant difference in the induction dose of propofol between the groups. Fifty-two percent of patients who experienced pain at induction had recall of that pain in the recovery room. Alfentanil 1 mg and lidocaine 40 mg are both effective in reducing pain during injection of propofol. (Anesth Analg 1996;82:469-71)
Multi-omic analysis reveals HIP-55-dependent regulation of cytokines release (2020)

HIP-55 (HPK1 [hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1] -interacting protein of 55 kDa) contains an actin-depolymerizing factor homology (ADF-H) domain at the N-terminus and a src homology 3 (SH3) domain at the C-terminus, which plays an important role in the T cell receptor (TCR) and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and immune system. In our previous studies, HIP-55 was found to be highly expressed in several types of tumors and function as a novel oncogenic signaling hub that regulates tumor progression and metastasis through defined functional domains, actin-binding and SH3 modules. However, the wider functions and mechanisms of HIP-55 are still unclear. Here, multi-omic analysis revealed that one of the main biofunctions of HIP-55 is the regulation of cytokines release. Furthermore, to investigate the role of HIP-55 in the cytokine production, a series Cytokine Antibody Arrays were performed to detect differentially expressed cytokines between control and HIP-55 knockdown cells. A total of 97 differentially expressed cytokines were identified from 300 cytokines in A549 cell. Bioinformatics analysis showed these differentially cytokines were mainly enriched in cancer signal pathways and IL-6 is the most critical hub in the integrated network. Analysis of RNAseq data from lung cancer patients showed that there is a strong negative correlation between HIP-55 and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in samples from lung adenocarcinoma patients. Our data indicated that HIP-55 may participate in cancer progression and metastasis via regulating cytokines release.
Mitochondria as targets for detection and treatment of cancer (2002)

Mitochondria are dynamic intracellular organelles that play a central role in oxidative metabolism and apoptosis. The recent resurgence of interest in the study of mitochondria has been fuelled in large part by the recognition that genetic and/or metabolic alterations in this organelle are causative or contributing factors in a variety of human diseases including cancer. Several distinct differences between the mitochondria of normal cells and cancer cells have already been observed at the genetic, molecular and biochemical levels. As reviewed in this article, certain of these alterations in mitochondrial structure and function might prove clinically useful either as markers for the early detection of cancer or as unique molecular sites against which novel and selective chemotherapeutic agents might be targeted.
Staphylococcus aureusCodY Negatively Regulates Virulence Gene Expression (2007)

CodY is a global regulatory protein that was first discovered in Bacillus subtilis, where it couples gene expression to changes in the pools of critical metabolites through its activation by GTP and branched-chain amino acids. Homologs of CodY can be found encoded in the genomes of nearly all low-G+C gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus. The introduction of a codY-null mutation into two S. aureus clinical isolates, SA564 and UAMS-1, through allelic replacement, resulted in the overexpression of several virulence genes. The mutant strains had higher levels of hemolytic activity toward rabbit erythrocytes in their culture fluid, produced more polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA), and formed more robust biofilms than did their isogenic parent strains. These phenotypes were associated with derepressed levels of RNA for the hemolytic alpha-toxin (hla), the accessory gene regulator (agr) (RNAII and RNAIII/hld), and the operon responsible for the production of PIA (icaADBC). These data suggest that CodY represses, either directly or indirectly, the synthesis of a number of virulence factors of S. aureus.
Prevalence of Staphylococcus Species During the Periparturient Period in Primiparous and Multiparous Cows (1992)

During a 14-mo period, 77 multiparous and 36 primiparous cows were sampled to determine the prevalence of staphylococci during the periparturient period. Distal streak canal swabs were taken at 14 d prepartum, and foremilk was sampled the first 5 consecutive wk of lactation. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 7.6% of quarters of primiparous cows but from only .6% of quarters of multiparous cows at parturition. Prevalence in primiparous cows declined to 3.5% by the wk-1 sampling. Quarter prevalence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species prepartum, at parturition, and wk 1 to 5 in primiparous cows was 38.9, 27.8, 15.3, 14.6, 13.2, 15.3, and 14.6%, respectively. In multiparous cows, prevalence at these times was 50.3, 12.3, 6.2, 8.1, 10.7, 7.1, and 8.1%. Staphylococcus chromogenes was the predominant species isolated, accounting for over 50% of the staphylococci isolated at each sampling time. Results suggest that high prevalence of staphylococci isolated prepartum is a reflection of natural skin flora and that a higher postpartum prevalence of these organisms was observed in primiparous cows than in multiparous cows. These data suggest also that the peripartum heifer could be a source of Staphylococcus aureus in the lactating herd.
Biobased polyesters and other polymers from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid: a tribute to furan excellency (2015)

A tribute to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid excellency and the myriad of novel polyesters, as well as polyamides, among other polycondensates, is comprehensively paid.
Developing A Sensing System for the Measurement of Oxygen Concentration in Liquid Pb-Bi Eutectic: Quarterly Progress Report (May. 01 – July 31, 2003) (2002)

Accurate measurement of the oxygen concentration in liquid Lead-Bismuth Eutectic (LBE) cooling system is critical in the active control of the corrosion at the interface between LBE and the stainless steel of transport tubes. Currently, LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) scientists have employed an automobile-style YSZ (Yttria Stabilized Zirconia) oxygen sensor unit to measure oxygen levels in an engineeringscaled LBE test system. Although the theoretical model for calculating oxygen concentration based on voltage measurement of YSZ sensor in static conditions is well understood, there is an urgent and strong need to obtain a complete set of calibration curves for YSZ sensor systems under various temperature and flow conditions in LBE environment due to device and material imperfectness as well as the unwanted mobility of the electrons at high temperatures. This research project, therefore, is aimed at filling the gap of sensor calibration/validation and further developing new sensors for oxygen concentration measurement in a nuclear environment.
The Dynamics of Reservoir Fluids and their Substantial Systematic Variations (2014)

A series of reservoirs are examined to assess the state of their contained fluids in particular with respect to the extent of thermodynamic equilibrium in the reservoir. In addition, this paper resolves the long-standing puzzle as to why tar/bitumen deposition is at the crest of the field in some reservoirs and at the oil-water contact in other reservoirs. Substantial systematic fluid variations are found utilizing Downhole Fluid Analysis (DFA) as the enabling technology. This study employs the cubic equation of state (EoS) for gas-liquid analysis and the Flory-Huggins-Zuo EoS and the Yen-Mullins model of asphaltenes for analysis of dissolved solid solution equilibria of (live) reservoir crude oils. ‘Young’ fluid systems exhibit huge, non-monotonic variations of fluids (and solids), while moderately aged fluid systems exhibit monotonic yet grossly disequilibrium properties and the ‘aged’ reservoirs are fully equilibrated even when in massive scale. Nevertheless, these old reservoirs retain significant fluid and organic solid variations as a result of sequential fluid-related processes in geologic time. The dynamical behaviors of fluids within reservoirs to account for these variations are obtained by linking a simple understanding of petroleum, especially its asphaltene nanocolloidal and thermodynamic properties, with simple concepts from fluid mechanics. In particular, the location of tar deposition in reservoirs is clarified when formed due to asphaltene instability upon a secondary reservoir fluid charge. Tar deposition can be formed upstructure for rapid gas charge as is regularly seen in young reservoirs, or can be formed at the oil-water contact for a slower gas charge as seen in many older reservoirs. Most importantly, the state of the reservoir fluids within the context of geologic time is shown to be tightly coupled to key reservoir concerns for production. Thus, the understanding of the geologic context of the reservoir can be utilized to optimize reservoir evaluation such as for wireline formation testers (WFT). The expanding capabilities of DFA coupled with formidable advances in petroleum science have revealed dramatic systematic variations of reservoir fluids which can be understood in simple ways. These new methods are becoming indispensable for optimization of production.
Micro-operation cache: a power aware frontend for variable instruction length ISA (2002)

Introduces the micro-operation cache (Uop Cache-UC) designed to reduce the processor's frontend power and energy consumption without performance degradation. The UC caches basic blocks of instructions pre-decoded into micro-operations (uops). The UC fetches a single basic-block worth of uops per cycle. Fetching complete pre-decoded basic-blocks eliminates the need to repeatedly decode variable length instructions and simplifies the process of predicting, fetching, rotating and aligning fetched instructions. The UC design enables even a small structure to be quite effective. Results: a moderate-sized UC eliminates about 75% instruction decodes across a broad range of benchmarks and over 90% in multimedia applications and high-power tests. For existing Intel P6 family processors, the eliminated work may save about 10% of the full-chip power consumption with no performance degradation.
Cytogenetic analysis in the diagnosis of acute leukemia (1992)

Acute leukemias are characterized by acquired genetic rearrangements that, in most cases, can be detected by cytogenetic methods as clonal chromosomal abnormalities. Whereas primary abnormalities contribute to the establishment of the leukemia and often are seen as solitary changes, secondary aberrations accrue during clonal evolution. Both abnormalities are nonrandom in distribution. The pattern differs between acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and from subtype to subtype. Some abnormalities are so characteristic as to be virtually pathognomonic for particular types of leukemia. The importance of cytogenetic characterization of leukemias is thus two-fold. First, the recurrent aberrations provide insight into the pathogenetic mechanisms that are operative. They pinpoint areas of the human genome that carry genes or regulatory sequences whose function is disrupted in neoplastic cells. Second, even before the long-term goal of a more fundamental understanding of the neoplastic process is reached, the cytogenetic aberrations have direct clinical importance. The finding of an acquired clonal chromosomal abnormality in hematopoietic cells identifies the presence of a neoplastic disease. The aberration profile may reveal whether the patient has ALL or ANLL and which subtype it is. Remission and relapse can be monitored by cytogenetic analyses. Finally, the karyotypic pattern is an independent prognostic parameter that should be considered when the choice of therapy is made.
Stimulation of endosteal bone formation by local intraosseous application of basic fibroblast growth factor in rats. (1997)

We investigated the effects of local intraosseous application of basic fibroblast growth factor under physiologic conditions. An aqueous solution containing 0 (vehicle), 25, 100, or 400 micrograms of basic fibroblast growth factor was injected via a needle into the ilium of rats. Two weeks later, bone mineral density of the ilium was significantly increased (P < 0.01) with all three doses, and a dose-effect relationship was apparent. Light microscopy revealed proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells on the endosteal and trabecular surfaces, as well as apposition of newly formed bone on existing trabeculae. Intraosseous injection of basic fibroblast growth factor may be of use for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Slow Wave Sleep Elevations After Body Heating: Proximity to Sleep and Effects of Aspirin (1987)

On three different occasions, six healthy young adult subjects ahd their body temperatures raised by an average of 2.0 degrees C for 30 min while sitting in baths of warm water. This was done once at 1700 h and on two occasions at 2100 h, once after the subjects had taken aspirin and once after a placebo. Nighttime sleep was recorded after each experimental condition and for baseline nights following nil heating. Records were scored both visually and by an automated sleep stager. Electroencephalographic (EEG) power was computed over the night. Results from the automated scoring were very similar to those of the visual method. While the early bath caused no changes in sleep, the late bath + placebo resulted in significant rises in stage 4 sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS) and significant falls in sleep onset and in REM sleep. Aspirin mostly counteracted these effects and, in particular, left stage 4 sleep and SWS at baseline levels. EEG power was significantly increased only after the late bath plus placebo, supporting the SWS outcome. These findings were assessed in light of other comparable results from our laboratory. It seems that as the time of the day of heating recedes from nighttime sleep, a larger "dose" of heating is required to produce the same effect.
Why chronic wounds will not heal: a novel hypothesis (2007)

The present paper presents a hypothesis aimed at explaining why venous leg ulcers, pressure ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers develop into a chronic state. We propose that the lack of proper wound healing is at least in part caused by inefficient eradication of infecting, opportunistic pathogens, a situation reminiscent of chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections found in patients suffering from cystic fibrosis (CF). We have analyzed sections from chronic wounds by fluorescence in situ hybridization and found distinct microcolonies--the basal structures of bacterial biofilms. Several researchers have previously reported that another important hallmark of biofilm formation is development of increased tolerance to various antimicrobial measures and treatments. Furthermore, the immune response to infecting bacteria in the cystic fibrosis lung is dominated by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs), and we have recently shown that in vitro biofilms of P. aeruginosa produce a shielding mechanism that offers protection from the phagocytic activity of PMNs. We hypothesize that the presence of P. aeruginosa in biofilms, and the lack of concomitant elimination by attended PMNs, are the main causes of inefficient eradication by antibiotic treatment and antimicrobial activity of the innate immune system, respectively.