gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural network survival analysis for personal loan data (2005)

Traditionally, credit scoring aimed at distinguishing good payers from bad payers at the time of the application. The timing when customers default is also interesting to investigate since it can provide the bank with the ability to do profit scoring. Analysing when customers default is typically tackled using survival analysis. In this paper, we discuss and contrast statistical and neural network approaches for survival analysis. Compared to the proportional hazards model, neural networks may offer an interesting alternative because of their universal approximation property and the fact that no baseline hazard assumption is needed. Several neural network survival analysis models are discussed and evaluated according to their way of dealing with censored observations, time-varying inputs, the monotonicity of the generated survival curves and their scalability. In the experimental part, we contrast the performance of a neural network survival analysis model with that of the proportional hazards model for predicting both loan default and early repayment using data from a UK financial institution.
N-3-[18F]fluoropropylputrescine as potential PET imaging agent for prostate and prostate derived tumors. (1989)

A potential PET imagining agent for prostate and prostate derived tumors, N-3-[18F]fluoropropylputrescine, has been prepared. The radiochemical yield was 7-10% at end-of-synthesis (EOS) and the specific activity was greater than 1.1 Ci/mumol (overall synthesis time was 1.5 hr). In vivo biodistribution in mature male rats showed high prostate uptake. In rats that were pretreated with alpha-difluoromethylornithine and dihydrotestosterone propionate, the prostate to muscle ratio and prostate to blood ratio increased significantly. This high target uptake and target to nontarget ratio indicates the potential of this compound as a prostate imaging agent.
Dihydrotestosterone in prostatic hypertrophy (1970)

To explore the relation between androgens and prostatic hypertrophy in man, the concentrations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstenedione and the rate of conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone have been measured in normal and hypertrophic prostate tissue. First, a double isotope derivative technique was adapted for the measurement of tissue androgen content in 15 normal and 10 hypertrophic prostates. Although there was no significant difference in the content of androstenedione and testosterone between the two types of tissue, the content of dihydrotestosterone was significantly greater in the hypertrophic tissue (0.60 +/-0.10 mug/100 g) than in the normal glands (0.13 +/-0.05 mug/100 g). Second, a regional study was performed in three normal prostates and four glands with early hypertrophy, and it was demonstrated that the dihydrotestosterone content was two and three fold greater in the periurethral area where prostatic hypertrophy usually commences than in the outer regions of the gland. Finally, the rate of conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone has been measured under standardized conditions in tissue slices from 4 normal and 20 hypertrophic prostates. There was no significant difference in the rate of dihydrotestosterone formation between the two types of gland (6.0 +/-0.8 and 7.8 +/-0.5 mumumoles/15 mg of tissue per hr). While the mechanism by which dihydrotestosterone accumulation occurs remains unexplained, it is possible that the local accumulation of dihydrotestosterone may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostatic hypertrophy in man.
Molecular characterization of lactococcal bacteriophage Tuc2009 and identification and analysis of genes encoding lysin, a putative holin, and two structural proteins (1994)

Bacteriophage Tuc2009 is a temperate bacteriophage with a small isometric head and is isolated from Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC509. The phage genome is packaged by a headful mechanism, giving rise to circularly permuted molecules with terminal redundancy. The unit genome size is approximately 39 kb. A map of the phage genome on which several determinants could be localized was constructed: pac, the site of initiation of DNA packaging; lys (1,287 bp), specifying the phage lysin; S (267 bp), specifying a putative holin; and mp1 (522 bp) and mp2 (498 bp), each specifying one of the phage's structural proteins. lys, S, mp1, and mp2 were further characterized. lys and S are partially overlapping and appear to be part of one operon. The lysin shows homology to the lysins of the Streptococcus pneumoniae phages Cp-9, Cp-1, and Cp-7. The putative holin, which is thought to be involved in the release of lysin from the cytoplasm, contains two strongly hydrophobic presumptive transmembrane domains and a highly charged C-terminal domain.
Recommended Testing in Patients with Low Bone Density (2003)

We have read the interesting paper "Hyperglycemia: An Independent Marker of In-Hospital Mortality in Patients with Undiagnosed Diabetes" by Umpierrez et al. (1), which is one of the few studies on this issue conducted on a satisfactory number of patients.
Natural Senescence of Pea Leaves (An Activated Oxygen-Mediated Function for Peroxisomes) (1997)

We studied the activated oxygen metabolism of peroxisomes in naturally and dark-induced senescent leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.). Peroxisomes were purified from three different types of senescent leaves and the activities of different peroxisomal and glyoxysomal enzymes were measured. The activities of the O2-- and H2O2-producing enzymes were enhanced by natural senescence. Senescence also produced an increase in the generation of active oxygen species (O2- and H2O2) in leaf peroxisomes and in the activities of two glyoxylate-cycle marker enzymes. A new fraction of peroxisomes was detected at an advanced stage of dark-induced senescence. Electron microscopy revealed that this new peroxisomal fraction varied in size and electron density. During senescence, the constitutive Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of peroxisomes increased and two new CuZn-SODs were induced, one of which cross-reacted with an antibody against glyoxysomal CuZn- SOD. This fact and the presence of glyoxylate-cycle enzymes support the idea that foliar senescence is associated with the transition of peroxisomes into glyoxysomes. Our results indicate that natural senescence causes the same changes in peroxisome-activated oxygen metabolism as dark-induced senescence, and reinforce the hypothesis of an effective role of peroxisomes and their activated oxygen metabolism in this stage of the life cycle.
KIF5B-RET Oncoprotein Signals through a Multi-kinase Signaling Hub (2017)

Gene fusions are increasingly recognized as important cancer drivers. The KIF5B-RET gene has been identified as a primary driver in a subset of lung adenocarcinomas. Targeting human KIF5B-RET to epithelia in Drosophila directed multiple aspects of transformation, including hyperproliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, invasion, and extension of striking invadopodia-like processes. The KIF5B-RET-transformed human bronchial cell line showed similar aspects of transformation, including invadopodia-like processes. Through a combination of genetic and biochemical studies, we demonstrate that the kinesin and kinase domains of KIF5B-RET act together to establish an emergent microtubule and RAB-vesicle-dependent RET-SRC-EGFR-FGFR signaling hub. We demonstrate that drugs designed to inhibit RET alone work poorly in KIF5B-RET-transformed cells. However, combining the RET inhibitor sorafenib with drugs that target EGFR, microtubules, or FGFR led to strong efficacy in both Drosophila and human cell line KIF5B-RET models. This work demonstrates the utility of exploring the full biology of fusions to identify rational therapeutic strategies.
Extremely wide modulation bandwidth in a low threshold current strained quantum well laser (1988)

Lasing characteristics of strained quantum well (QW) structures such as InGaAs/AlGaAs on GaAs and InGaAs/InAlAs on InP were analyzed by taking into account the band mixing effect in the valence band. A relaxation oscillation frequency fr, which gives a measure of the upper modulation frequency limit, was found increased three times in a 50 Å In0.9Ga0.1As/In0.52Al0.48As QW structure compared with that in a 50 Å GaAs/Al0.4Ga0.6As QW structure for the undoped case. One of the main factors for this improved frequency bandwidth is attributed to the reduced subband nonparabolicity as well as the reduced valence-band density of state in the strained QW structure. The corresponding lasing threshold current is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the GaAs/AlGaAs QW structure. With a p doping in the QW the fr value increases, and the 3 dB cutoff frequency of about 90 GHz will be expected with an acceptor concentration of 5×1018 cm−3 in the In0.9Ga0.1As/In0.52Al0.48As QW.
AVSS: An Adaptable Virtual Storage System (2009)

This paper presents the design and implementation of the adaptable virtual storage system (AVSS) and introduces the capacity virtualization and performance virtualization for storage systems. AVSS has the following characteristics: 1) adoption of extended YFQ algorithm to control the allocation of bandwidth resources, realization of the performance isolation and guarantees of virtual disks; 2) adoption of hierarchy structure and dynamic mapping mechanism to manage heterogeneous storage resources flexibly and effectively, which lays a foundation for allocating storage resources on demand; 3) application of data-access frequency statistics and dynamic behavior analysis to supervise storage layout reorganization. The experimental results proved the correctness of our design. AVSS can isolate different applications and avoid performance interference. It can adjust storage layout according to the behavior of applications and improve the utilization of storage resources while improving the performance of the storage system.
Short- and Long-Term Outcomes With Drug-Eluting and Bare-Metal Coronary Stents (2012)

DES are highly efficacious at reducing the risk of target-vessel revascularization without an increase in any safety outcomes, including stent thrombosis. However, among the DES types, there were considerable differences, such that EES, SES, and ZES-R were the most efficacious and EES was the safest stent.
Why is diabetes mellitus a stronger risk factor for fatal ischemic heart disease in women than in men? The Rancho Bernardo Study. (1991)

We report here the 14-year sex-specific effect of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus on the risk of fatal ischemic heart disease in a geographically defined population of men and women aged 40 through 79 years. There were 207 men and 127 women who had diabetes at baseline based on medical history or fasting hyperglycemia. They were compared with 2137 adults who had fasting euglycemia and a negative personal and family history of diabetes. The relative hazard of ischemic heart disease death in diabetics vs nondiabetics was 1.8 in men and 3.3 in women, after adjusting for age, and 1.9 and 3.3, respectively, after adjusting for age, systolic blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, and cigarette smoking using the Cox regression model. The sex difference in the independent contribution of diabetes to fatal heart disease was largely explained by the persistently more favorable survival rate of women (than men) without diabetes.
Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active comparator and placebo-controlled trial of a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist in generalized anxiety disorder (2010)

Pexacerfont did not demonstrate efficacy compared to placebo for the treatment of GAD. Whether these findings are generalizable to this class of agents remains to be determined. Our preliminary genetic finding of an association between a SNP for the gene encoding plexin A2 and an anxiety phenotype in this study merits further exploration. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00481325) before enrollment.
Expanding the genetic code of Mus musculus (2017)

Abstract Here we report the expansion of the genetic code of Mus musculus with various unnatural amino acids including N ɛ -acetyl-lysine. Stable integration of transgenes encoding an engineered N ɛ -acetyl-lysyl-tRNA synthetase (AcKRS)/tRNA Pyl pair into the mouse genome enables site-specific incorporation of unnatural amino acids into a target protein in response to the amber codon. We demonstrate temporal and spatial control of protein acetylation in various organs of the transgenic mouse using a recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFPuv) as a model protein. This strategy will provide a powerful tool for systematic in vivo study of cellular proteins in the most commonly used mammalian model organism for human physiology and disease.
Periodic cleavage of poly(dA) by oligothymidylates covalently linked to the 1,10-phenanthroline-copper complex (1988)

1,10-Phenanthroline (OP) was covalently attached to the 3'-terminus of two oligothymidylates via different linkers [abbreviated as T8-(OP) and T6-(OP)]. In the presence of Cu2+ and 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA), these reagents induce a hybridization-dependent cleavage of poly(dA) and of a 27 nucleotide long oligodeoxynucleotide containing an A8 sequence. The principal cleavage sites on the 27-mer span four residues located near the 3'-terminal phosphate group of T8-(OP). When poly(dA) was degraded by T6-(OP) and T8-(OP), a series of bands were obtained corresponding to a repeat unit of six and eight nucleotides, respectively. This periodicity reflects the cooperative binding of oligothymidylate-OP to the polynucleotide matrix and the localized nicking sites.
Identification of complement regulatory domains in human factor H (1995)

Factor H, a regulator of complement activation, contains 20 short consensus repeat (SCR) domains common among the family of C3b/C4b-binding proteins. Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with cDNA corresponding to the N-terminal tryptic fragment of factor H (containing SCR 1-5 and part of SCR 6) secreted protein with cofactor activity for factor I-dependent cleavage of C3b. A series of deletion mutants, each lacking one of the first five SCR, were constructed, and the supernatants of transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells were tested for cofactor activity. Supernatants of Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with SCR 1, SCR 4, and SCR 5 deletion mutants retained cofactor function, although the SCR 1 deletion had reduced cofactor activity. Deletion of SCR 2 or 3 totally abolished cofactor activity. Expression and functional analysis of SCR units 1-3, 2-3, and 2-4 demonstrated that the SCR 1-3 unit is sufficient for cofactor activity, but SCR 1-4 is required for full activity. For assays involving cell protection, a construct linking SCR 1-5 to the glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol anchor of decay-accelerating factor was prepared, and stable transfectants were obtained. These cells were protected against complement-mediated cytotoxicity, similarly to decay-accelerating factor- and membrane cofactor protein-transfected cells. These studies define the complement regulatory domains in factor H and suggest that the general complement functional unit for C3 convertase regulation involves three or four consecutive SCR units.
Polo-like kinase interacts with proteasomes and regulates their activity. (2001)

The polo-like kinase (Plk) has been shown to be associated with the anaphase-promoting complex at the transition from metaphase to anaphase and to regulate ubiquitination, the process that targets proteins for degradation by proteasomes. In this study, we have identified proteasomal proteins interacting with Plk by mass spectrometry and found that Plk and 20S proteasome subunits could be reversibly immunoprecipitated from both human CA46 cells and HEK 293 cells transfected with HA-Plk. Furthermore, both coprecipitated Plk and baculovirus-expressed Plk were able to phosphorylate proteasome subunits, and metabolic labeling studies indicate that Plk is partially responsible for the phosphorylation of 20S proteasome subunits C9 and C8 in vivo. In addition, phosphorylation of proteasomes by Plk enhanced proteolytic activity toward an artificial substrate Suc-L-L-V-Y-AMC in vitro and in vivo. Finally, we were also able to detect Plk associated with 26S proteasomes under certain conditions. Together our results suggest that Plk is an important mitotic regulator of proteasome activity.
Ocular itch associated with allergic conjunctivitis: latest evidence and clinical management (2016)

Allergic conjunctivitis is one of the most common allergic conditions worldwide. Its incidence is increasing due to changing climate, pollution, increased pollen loads, and the subject's heightened immunological sensitivity in response to these environmental changes. The pathophysiology predominantly involves immunoglobulin E-related mast-cell activation, with release of histamine and other mediators contributing to the propagation of the response by calling in other immune cells and further inflammation. This article presents the evolution of ocular allergy treatments, from vasoconstrictors, to antihistamines and mast-cell stabilizers, to the dual-acting agents, as well as corticosteroid and immunomodulatory options. Future targets for allergy treatment are also discussed.
Machine Learning Based Malware Detection (2015)

Abstract : Current antivirus software is effective at detecting well known threats but cannot keep up with the rate at which new malware is authored nor modern antivirus avoidance techniques, such as using polymorphic code. Some studies have investigated augmenting current antivirus techniques with machine learning, which could potentially detect some previously unknown malware. However, previously proposed methods either do not detect malware with satisfactory performance, or they have only been tested on laboratory software databases that cannot suitably be projected into realistic performance. This work explores several aspects of machine learning based malware detection. First, we propose an approach to learn primarily from program metadata, particularly header data in the 32-bit Windows Portable Executable (PE32) file format. We identify learning methods that learn effectively from this metadata, explore which metadata features can be trivially modified and are not appropriate for malware detection, test it on approximately realistic datasets, and find that it performs favorably compared to Windows API imports, another category of file characteristic that shows promise for machine learning based malware detection. Additionally, we find and explore the drastic performance drop which occurs when using a realistically low proportion of malware in test datasets instead of datasets split evenly between malware and benign software.
Hydrogen peroxide-mediated corneal endothelial damage. Induction by oxygen free radical. (1984)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and other inflammatory cells release superoxide anion and additional oxidant species following stimulation. Corneal endothelial cells were exposed to a flux of chemically generated superoxide anion (oxygen-free radical) produced by the combination of 1 mM hypoxanthine and 0.06 U/ml xanthine oxidase. Exposure of endothelial cells to the combination of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase resulted in anatomic disruption of the cells with interference in the function of endothelial water movement and resultant swelling of the corneal stroma. Catalase reduced the corneal swelling caused by exposure of endothelium to the oxygen-free radical generating system, whereas superoxide dismutase, ascorbic acid, D-mannitol, and ethanol did not prevent damage. The data suggest that hydrogen peroxide produced during the dismutation reaction of the superoxide anion is one of the toxic species, whereas the superoxide anion itself and the hydroxyl-free radical probably do not participate. The data suggest that corneal endothelial cells are susceptible to physiologic and anatomic damage induced by the products of reactive oxygen species, which, from previous studies, are known to be generated by inflammatory cells. The development of therapeutic modalities directed at the prevention of damage produced by hydrogen peroxide and other oxidant species may be of benefit in reducing corneal endothelial cell damage secondary to ocular inflammatory disease processes.
Establishment and Characterization of a Madin-Darby Canine Kidney Reporter Cell Line for Influenza A Virus Assays (2010)

Influenza virus diagnosis has traditionally relied on virus isolation in chicken embryo or cell cultures. Many laboratories have adopted rapid molecular methods for detection of influenza viruses and discontinued routine utilization of the relatively slow viral culture methods. We describe an influenza A virus reporter cell line that contributes to more efficient viral detection in cell culture. Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were engineered to constitutively produce an influenza virus genome-like luciferase reporter RNA driven by the canine RNA polymerase I promoter. Induction of a high level of luciferase activity was detected in the Luc9.1 cells upon infection with various strains of influenza A virus, including 2009 H1N1 pandemic and highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. In contrast, infection with influenza B virus or human adenovirus type 5 did not induce significant levels of reporter expression. The reporter Luc9.1 cells were evaluated in neutralizing antibody assays with convalescent H3N2 ferret serum, yielding a neutralization titer comparable to that obtained by the conventional microneutralization assay, suggesting that the use of the reporter cell line might simplify neutralization assays by facilitating the establishment of infectious virus endpoints. Luc9.1 cells were also used to determine the susceptibility of influenza A viruses to a model antiviral drug. The equivalence to conventional antiviral assay results indicated that the Luc9.1 cells could provide an alternative cell-based platform for high-throughput drug discovery screens. In summary, the MDCK-derived Luc9.1 reporter cell line is highly permissive for influenza A virus replication and provides a very specific and sensitive approach for simultaneous detection and isolation of influenza A viruses as well as functional evaluation of antibodies and antiviral molecules.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(5‐alkyl‐2‐norbornene)s by cationic polymerization. Effect of alkyl substituent length on monomer reactivity, polymer structure and thermal properties (1993)

Abstract Cationic polymerizations of various 5‐alkyl‐2‐norbornenes (RNB, where RH, CH 3 , C 2 H 5 , C 5 H 11 , C 7 H 15 , and C 10 H 21 ) were carried out by the AlEtCl 2 / tert ‐butyl chloride catalyst system, and the effect of the length of the alkyl substituents on the monomer reactivity and polymerizability, polymer structure, and softening point (SP) were investigated. The introduction of an alkyl substituent into 5‐position of the norbornene ring remarkably reduces the monomer reactivity and polymerizability, although the length of alkyl group does not affect them. 13 C NMR structural analysis of poly(RNB)'s revealed that not only the normal 5‐or 6‐alkyl‐2,3‐unit but also other structures such as 5‐ or 6‐alkyl‐2,7‐, 4‐alkyl‐3,6‐units, etc., are the most plausible structures for the repeating units. Furthermore, the existence of the 4‐alkyl‐3,6‐repeating unit and of the alkylidene type end‐group indicates the presence of an intermediate tertiary cation (5‐alkyl‐5‐norbornyl cation), which causes the low reactivity and polymerizability of the monomers. The SP of oligomers of equal molecular weight ( DP n = 3–5) decreases in the following order: HNB, CH 3 NB,C 2 H 5 NB&gt;C 5 H 11 NB&gt;C 7 H 15 NB&gt;C 10 H 21 NB. The effect the alkyl substituent length on the SP is discussed on the basis of the 13 C spin‐lattice relaxation times ( T 1 ) for the carbons in the alkyl group.