gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acidosis in Feedlot Cattle: Practical Observations (1976)

Acidosis in cattle is caused by excessive ingestion of feeds which are rich in readily available carbohydrates. Thus, factors which contribute to excessive ingestion of high energy diets are predisposing to acidosis. Many of the conditions which prevail in cattle feedlots contribute to variable feed intake by cattle and subsequently to acidosis. A multitude of management factors are involved in successfully feeding large numbers of cattle under typical feedlot conditions. Management is most critical during the following periods: 1) starting cattle on feed, 2) graduating cattle to higher concentrate rations, 3) during changes in weather, 4) during long periods on a finishing diet, and 5) when cattle are extremely hungry due to feeding problems or errors. There appear to be some breed differences in the development of acidosis.
Senescent fibroblasts promote epithelial cell growth and tumorigenesis: A link between cancer and aging (2001)

Mammalian cells can respond to damage or stress by entering a state of arrested growth and altered function termed cellular senescence. Several lines of evidence suggest that the senescence response suppresses tumorigenesis. Cellular senescence is also thought to contribute to aging, but the mechanism is not well understood. We show that senescent human fibroblasts stimulate premalignant and malignant, but not normal, epithelial cells to proliferate in culture and form tumors in mice. In culture, the growth stimulation was evident when senescent cells comprised only 10% of the fibroblast population and was equally robust whether senescence was induced by replicative exhaustion, oncogenic RAS, p14(ARF), or hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, it was due at least in part to soluble and insoluble factors secreted by senescent cells. In mice, senescent, much more than presenescent, fibroblasts caused premalignant and malignant epithelial cells to form tumors. Our findings suggest that, although cellular senescence suppresses tumorigenesis early in life, it may promote cancer in aged organisms, suggesting it is an example of evolutionary antagonistic pleiotropy.
Mutation in the Gene Coding for Coagulation Factor V and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction, Stroke, and Venous Thrombosis in Apparently Healthy Men (1995)

In a large cohort of apparently healthy men, the presence of a specific point mutation in the factor V gene was associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis, particularly primary venous thrombosis. The presence of the mutation was not associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction or stroke. This mutation appears to be the most common inherited factor thus far recognized that predisposes patients to venous thrombosis.
Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer (2017)

Colorectal cancers comprise a complex mixture of malignant cells, nontransformed cells, and microorganisms. <i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i> is among the most prevalent bacterial species in colorectal cancer tissues. Here we show that colonization of human colorectal cancers with <i>Fusobacterium</i> and its associated microbiome-including <i>Bacteroides</i>, <i>Selenomonas</i>, and <i>Prevotella</i> species-is maintained in distal metastases, demonstrating microbiome stability between paired primary and metastatic tumors. In situ hybridization analysis revealed that <i>Fusobacterium</i> is predominantly associated with cancer cells in the metastatic lesions. Mouse xenografts of human primary colorectal adenocarcinomas were found to retain viable <i>Fusobacterium</i> and its associated microbiome through successive passages. Treatment of mice bearing a colon cancer xenograft with the antibiotic metronidazole reduced <i>Fusobacterium</i> load, cancer cell proliferation, and overall tumor growth. These observations argue for further investigation of antimicrobial interventions as a potential treatment for patients with <i>Fusobacterium</i>-associated colorectal cancer.
The action of epichlorohydrin in the presence of alkalies and various salts on the crease recovery of cotton (1963)

Abstract As a phase of an investigation of the cellulose–epoxide reactions, experiments have been performed in which epichlorohydrin reacted with cotton cellulose in the presence of sodium hydroxide and various salts. Acidic and basic salts, as well as those which are relatively neutral in aqueous solutions, were used in pretreatments for the cellulose–epichlorohydrin reaction. No reaction with cellulose occurred in the presence of acid salts and only very slow addition of epichlorohydrin to cellulose in the presence of neutral salts; the greatest reaction was produced with basic salts. Particular emphasis was given to use of certain salts known to cause epichlorohydrin to undergo a type of cyclization reaction. Previously published methods, used for imparting both wet and dry crease resistance to cotton fabrics by means of diepoxides in the presence of NaOH, have resulted in wet crease resistance only when applied to the application of epichlorohydrin. Among the basic salts investigated, 20% solutions of sodium azide used in pretreatments were found to produce low weight gains of epichlorohydrin and a fair degree of dry and wet crease resistance in cotton after a slow reaction at 25°C. or a faster reaction at 80°C. The greatest improvement in dry crease resistance with epichlorohydrin was obtained by pretreatments with concentrated solutions of sodium orthosilicate, sodium metasilicate, or trisodium phosphate at 80°C. The effects of amount of water at time of reaction as well as speeds of reaction with the various pretreatments have been considered. Optical and electron microscopical examinations of fibers and ultrathin cross sections of fibers, respectively, after immersion in cupriethylene diamine (cuene) have indicated that the cellulose–epichlorohydrin reaction at 80°C. after pretreatment with concentrated solutions of silicates or phosphates differed from that after pretreatment with sodium hydroxide at all concentrations. Even when the pretreatments were with dilute sodium hydroxide, the epichlorohydrin‐reacted fibers were more swollen in cuene than were those treated fibers which had been pretreated with the concentrated silicates or trisodium phosphate solutions. Decrease in amount of swelling and dissolution in cuene was found to correlate with increase in dry crease resistance of the fabrics. While all these treated fabrics possessed high wet crease resistance, only those pretreated with the aforementioned concentrated salt solutions possessed good dry crease resistance. Effects of base‐catalyzed addition of certain monoepoxides to cotton on the resultant crease resistance properties of the fabrics have been reported and compared with properties imparted by epichlorohydrin. Attempts have been made to explain why the number of cellulose crosslinks formed per unit of time by epichlorohydrin is greater, when silicates or phosphates at high concentrations are present with hydroxyl ions, than when hydroxyl ions only are present.
Anti-P-selectin monoclonal antibody attenuates reperfusion injury to the rabbit ear. (1993)

Neutrophil adherence and/or aggregation has been implicated in ischemia reperfusion injuries. We examined the role of P-selectin in PMN-mediated injury after reperfusion of the rabbit ear. The ear was partially amputated, and then reattached leaving the central artery and vein intact. To induce ischemia the central artery was then occluded. Treatment was at reperfusion with either saline or one of two murine P-selectin mAbs, designated PB1.3 and PNB1.6 mAb PB1.3 cross-reacts with rabbit P-selectin and prevents histamine-induced leukocyte rolling, whereas PNB1.6 does not. Using a peroxidase-antiperoxidase system P-selectin was detected in the ischemic ear, but not in the nonischemic ear. Ear volume increased to 5.3 times baseline in the saline-treated animals (n = 8), 6.6 times baseline in the nonblocking mAb PNB1.6-treated animals (n = 2), and 3.7 times baseline in the blocking mAb PB1.3-treated animals (n = 8). Estimated tissue necrosis of the combined saline- and PNB1.6-treated animals was 46 vs. 2.7% for the mAb PB1.3-treated animals. We conclude that: (a) P-selectin is expressed in ischemia reperfusion; (b) P-selectin participates in PMN-endothelial cell interactions in ischemia reperfusion; and (c) inhibiting P-selectin adhesion significantly reduces reperfusion injury.
Base-station tracking in mobile communications using a switched parasitic antenna array (1998)

Base-station tracking in mobile communications benefits from a directional antenna and so requires direction finding technology. A novel technique for electronically directing the radiation pattern of an antenna array employs a directional array with only one active element and three parasitic elements operating near resonance. Three different methods of direction finding are assessed; a coarse angular location method, a precise angular location method assuming one incident beam, and a precise angular location method with multiple incident beams. An array with n elements, if used in conjunction with a relatively simple controller, can be used to resolve n-1 signals. This technology can be implemented using both wire and patch antenna-array elements and either linear or circular polarization can be used, lending the technology to applications in both terrestrial and satellite communications systems.
Is Skeletal Myoblast Transplantation Clinically Relevant in the Era of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors? (2001)

Background There is compelling experimental evidence that autologous skeletal muscle (SM) cell transplantation improves postinfarction cardiac function. This study assessed whether this benefit is still manifested in the clinically relevant setting of a treatment by ACE inhibitors. Methods and Results A myocardial infarction was created in 99 rats by coronary artery ligation. They were divided into 4 groups. Two groups did not receive any drug and were intramyocardially injected 7 days after the infarct with either culture medium alone (control rats, n=16) or autologous SM cells (2.3×10 6 myoblasts) previously expanded ex vivo for 7 days (myoblasts, n=24). Two other groups received the ACE inhibitor perindoprilat (1 mg · kg −1 · d −1 ), started the day of the infarct and continued uninterruptedly thereafter, and underwent time-matched procedures, that is, they were intramyocardially injected at 7 days after infarction with either culture medium alone (ACE inhibitors, n=22) or autologous SM cells (2.5×10 6 myoblasts) previously expanded ex vivo for 7 days (ACE inhibitors+myoblasts, n=37). Left ventricular function was assessed by 2D echocardiography. At the end of the 2-month study, left ventricular ejection fraction (%, mean±SEM) was increased in all groups (myoblasts, 37.4±1.2; ACE inhibitors, 31.6±1.7; ACE inhibitors+myoblasts, 43.9±1.4) compared with that in control rats (19.8±0.7) ( P &lt;0.0001). The improvement in ejection fraction was similar in the ACE inhibitor and the myoblast groups (31.6±1.7 versus 37.4±1.2, P =0.0636). However, in the ACE inhibitor+myoblast group, this improvement was greater than that seen in hearts receiving either treatment alone (43.9±1.4 versus 31.6±1.7 in the ACE inhibitor group and 43.9±1.4. versus 37.4±1.2 in the myoblast group, P &lt;0.0001 and P =0.0084, respectively). Conclusions These data provide further support for the clinical relevance of autologous SM cell transplantation in that its cardioprotective effects are additive to those observed with ACE inhibitors.
Impairment of selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion to venular endothelium in spontaneously hypertensive rats. (1995)

The present study was designed to elucidate whether molecular mechanisms for leukocyte adhesion to microvascular endothelium may differ between spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar Kyoto rats. Leukocyte rolling and adhesion were investigated while monitoring venular wall shear rates in the mesenteric microcirculation stimulated with histamine or tert-butyl hydroperoxide in the two strains. In Wistar Kyoto rats, 10 microM histamine as well as 500 microM tertbutyl hydroperoxide promoted a significant reduction of venular leukocyte rolling velocity and subsequent adhesion. These changes in leukocyte behavior were blocked by monoclonal antibodies against P-selectin (PB 1.3) and against sialyl Lewis X-like carbohydrates (2H5). However, spontaneously hypertensive rats exhibited a blunted response of the stimulus-elicited leukocyte rolling, which was associated with impairment of venular P-selectin expression as well as a decrease in the expression of sialyl Lewis X-like carbohydrates on circulating neutrophils. No significant differences were detected between the two strains not only in the surface CD11b/CD18 expression but also in the CD18-mediated adhesivity of neutrophils to intracellular adhesion molecule-1 transfectants in vitro. These results suggest that impairment of selectin-mediated leukocyte adhesion is an event responsible for disorders of inflammatory responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
MIPS-X: a 20-MIPS peak, 32-bit microprocessor with on-chip cache (1987)

MIPS-X is a 32-b RISC microprocessor implemented in a conservative 2-/spl mu/m, two-level-metal, n-well CMOS technology. High performance is achieved by using a nonoverlapping two-phase 20-MHz clock and executing one instruction every cycle. To reduce its memory bandwidth requirements, MIPS-X includes a 2-kbyte on-chip instruction cache. The authors provide an overview of MIPS-X, focusing on the techniques used to reduce the complexity of the processor and implement the on-chip instruction cache.
Double spiral microchannel for label-free tumor cell separation and enrichment (2012)

This work reports on a passive double spiral microfluidic device allowing rapid and label-free tumor cell separation and enrichment from diluted peripheral whole blood, by exploiting the size-dependent hydrodynamic forces. A numerical model is developed to simulate the Dean flow inside the curved geometry and to track the particle/cell trajectories, which is validated against the experimental observations and serves as a theoretical foundation for optimizing the operating conditions. Results from separating tumor cells (MCF-7 and Hela) spiked into whole blood indicate that 92.28% of blood cells and 96.77% of tumor cells are collected at the inner and the middle outlet, respectively, with 88.5% tumor recovery rate at a throughput of 3.33 × 10(7) cells min(-1). We expect that this label-free microfluidic platform, driven by purely hydrodynamic forces, would have an impact on fundamental and clinical studies of circulating tumor cells.
Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis with a chimeric ANTI‐CD4 monoclonal antibody (1994)

Prolonged suppression of circulating CD4+ T cells was noted both in single-infusion and multiple-infusion groups 18 and 30 months after cM-T412 treatment. The depression was more pronounced in patients who received multiple infusions of cM-T412. The prolonged decrease in CD4+ T cell numbers suggests that the capacity to reconstitute CD4+ T cells in this patient population (treated with methotrexate) is limited. One patient, who was also receiving methotrexate and prednisone, died 18 months after receiving 100 mg of cM-T412. No other significant adverse effects, in particular, no opportunistic infections, were reported in these 23 RA patients at 18 and 30 months of followup.
Kinematics of the Whole Lumbar Spine (1985)

The biomechanical effects of discectomy on the motion behavior of whole lumbar spine are investigated using a Selspot II system. Fresh human ligamentous specimens were potted at the sacrum and clinically relevant loads (flexion/extension, right/left lateral bending, and right/left axial torsion moments) applied through a loading frame attached rigidly to the topmost vertebra of the specimen. The resulting three-dimensional motions of each vertebra for the intact specimen were recorded. The specimen was injured sequentially on the right side of the L4-5 level: partial laminectomy, partial facetectomy, subtotal discectomy, and total discectomy. The motion behavior of the specimen after each injury was recorded. The results of the injured tests were normalized with respect to the corresponding intact results. The normalized data for eight specimens were pooled for statistical analysis. Subtotal discectomy induced significantly less motion at the injury site than total discectomy, in all loading modes. At L3-4, the motion segment above the injury level, anteroposterior translation in flexion and lateral translation in left lateral bending show significant increases irrespective of the amount of nucleus excised. The clinical relevance of these findings are discussed.
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells Inhibit the Progression of Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via CCL2 Modulation in Bronchoalveolar Lavage (2013)

The potential for amniotic fluid stem cell (AFSC) treatment to inhibit the progression of fibrotic lung injury has not been described. We have previously demonstrated that AFSC can attenuate both acute and chronic-fibrotic kidney injury through modification of the cytokine environment. Fibrotic lung injury, such as in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), is mediated through pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Thus, we hypothesized that AFSC treatment might inhibit the progression of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis through cytokine modulation. In particular, we aimed to investigate the effect of AFSC treatment on the modulation of the pro-fibrotic cytokine CCL2, which is increased in human IPF patients and is correlated with poor prognoses, advanced disease states and worse fibrotic outcomes. The impacts of intravenous murine AFSC given at acute (day 0) or chronic (day 14) intervention time-points after bleomycin injury were analyzed at either day 3 or day 28 post-injury. Murine AFSC treatment at either day 0 or day 14 post-bleomycin injury significantly inhibited collagen deposition and preserved pulmonary function. CCL2 expression increased in bleomycin-injured bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), but significantly decreased following AFSC treatment at either day 0 or at day 14. AFSC were observed to localize within fibrotic lesions in the lung, showing preferential targeting of AFSC to the area of fibrosis. We also observed that MMP-2 was transiently increased in BAL following AFSC treatment. Increased MMP-2 activity was further associated with cleavage of CCL2, rendering it a putative antagonist for CCL2/CCR2 signaling, which we surmise is a potential mechanism for CCL2 reduction in BAL following AFSC treatment. Based on this data, we concluded that AFSC have the potential to inhibit the development or progression of fibrosis in a bleomycin injury model during both acute and chronic remodeling events.
Distribution and immunoelectron microscopic localization of laminin, a noncollagenous basement membrane glycoprotein. (1980)

Laminin is a noncollagenour glycoprotein isolated from a transplantable mouse tumor producting basement membrane (BM). Purified antibodies to laminin do not cross-react with other known BM antigens including type IV collagen, fibronectin, bullous pemphigoid antigen, and a BM proteoglycan. Using immunofluorescence, laminin is localized in the BM zones of those human, chick, guinea pig, bovine, monkey, rat, and mouse tissues examined. Epithelial and endothelial cells in culture synthesize laminin while mesenchymal cells do not. By immunoelectron microscopy, laminin was localized to the lamina lucida of human epidermal BM and of mouse esophagus epithelial BM. The wide distribution of laminin among diverse tissues and species, and in early stages of embryonic development suggests that laminin is an ubiquitous component of basement membranes.
Isolated-word sentence recognition using probabilistic context-free grammar (1991)

A 'probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG)' is one step up from a Markov model. Any Markov model can be formulated as a PCFG but not the other way round. In this respect it is possible to formulate a grammar model which can't do any worse than a Markov model in speech recognition. However, this would not normally be the approach to grammar formulation. A grammar is better suited to the structural modelling of language, and grammars for application to speech recognition are likely to be derived from efforts to model the language used in a corpus. There is therefore no guarantee that such grammars will perform better than the bigram or trigram models also derived from that corpus, at least at first. Language modelling for engineering applications (as opposed to linguistics) is still in its infancy, so it would seem that the most important things to do at this stage are to develop the tools and establish the feasibility of the approaches. The paper reports progress in these directions. >
Sir2-Dependent Activation of Acetyl-CoA Synthetase by Deacetylation of Active Lysine (2002)

Acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) synthetase (Acs) is an enzyme central to metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Acs synthesizes acetyl CoA from acetate, adenosine triphosphate, and CoA through an acetyl-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) intermediate. Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analysis showed that Salmonella enterica Acs enzyme activity is posttranslationally regulated by acetylation of lysine-609. Acetylation blocks synthesis of the adenylate intermediate but does not affect the thioester-forming activity of the enzyme. Activation of the acetylated enzyme requires the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent protein deacetylase activity of the CobB Sir2 protein from S. enterica. We propose that acetylation modulates the activity of all the AMP-forming family of enzymes, including nonribosomal peptide synthetases, luciferase, and aryl- and acyl-CoA synthetases. These findings extend our knowledge of the roles of Sir2 proteins in gene silencing, chromosome stability, and cell aging and imply that lysine acetylation is a common regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Do Query Optimizers Need to be SSD-aware? (2011)

Flash-based solid state disks (SSDs) are beginning to supplant conventional rotating disks for performance-critical data in myriad DBMS applications, including decision support systems. Though SSDs provide the same block-oriented storage abstraction as conventional disks, their performance characteristics differ drastically. Whereas SSDs provide relatively modest improvements in sequential transfer rates (e.g., perhaps 2 × improvement), they can provide over 100 × improvement for random reads, resulting in similar sustained transfer rates regardless of the access pattern. Conventional query optimizers assume a storage cost model where sequential IOs are far less costly than random IOs, and select access paths and join algorithms based on this assumption. Given the drastic change in SSD performance characteristics, intuition suggests that optimizer cost models must be updated (e.g., to prefer non-clustered index scans more frequently). Surprisingly, our empirical investigation using a commercial DBMS finds it is not necessary to adjust query optimization when shifting relations from disk to flash—an SSD-oblivious optimizer generally makes effective choices. We make two main observations. First, we demonstrate both empirically and analytically that the range of selectivities for which an unclustered index scan can benefit from SSDs ’ fast random reads is so narrow that it is inconsequential in practice. Second, our measurements show that the performance variations across alternative join algorithms on SSDs are generally smaller than the corresponding variation on disks and are dwarfed by the 5 × to 6 × performance boost of shifting data from disk to SSD. We conclude that existing query optimizers largely make correct decisions even when treating all storage devices as conventional disks, and the small and inconsistent performance gains available by making query optimizers SSD-aware are not worth the effort. 1.