gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacologic treatment of ADHD: road conditions in driving patients to successful outcomes. (2008)

The names assigned to attention-deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) have changed over the years. ADHD cannot be cured, and the patient with ADHD journeys through life with a burden. Although ADHD is most commonly studied in school-aged children, it is a syndrome that spans the life cycle, through adolescence and into adulthood. Improvements in patient adherence to pharmacologic treatment, attributable to the launch of new formulations, the availability of new non-schedule II drugs, and the development of novel drugs in late-stage clinical trials, are transforming the treatment of ADHD. For example, atomoxetine is a nonstimulant treatment, and lisdexamfetamine was developed with the goal of providing an extended duration of effect with a reduced potential for abuse, overdose toxicity, and drug tampering. Known adverse effects of stimulant treatment of ADHD include appetite suppression and sleep disturbance. Other adverse effects, such as growth suppression and substance use disorder, are controversial. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recently issued a public health advisory for drugs approved for the treatment of ADHD to provide more information for patients about potential risks of ADHD medications. Additional research is needed on approaches for treating ADHD in adolescents transitioning into adulthood, as are studies on the relationships between ADHD and comorbidities such as substance use disorder.
Self-organized multi-hop millimeter-wave backhaul network: Beam alignment and dynamic routing (2015)

Millimeter-wave (mmW) communication is envisioned to be a promising technology to cater for the continuous growth of backhaul link capacity demand. To compensate the severe path loss for mmW signals, the mmW backhaul link typically employs beam alignment between transmitter and receiver to achieve essential antenna gain. To reduce deployment cost and improve operational efficiency, it is desired to implement a self-organized backhaul link, so that the beam alignment can be achieved automatically with minimum human effort. To this end, this paper proposes a self-organized dual connectivity establishment procedure for the mmW backhaul link to support autonomous beam alignment and dynamic routing.
Nucleotide sequence of theEsherichia colixanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene (1983)

The Escherichia coli gene coding for the enzyme xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (gpt) has been widely used as a dominant selectable marker in a variety of mammalian cells. We have determined the complete nucleotide sequence of the 1057 base pair (bp) segment of DNA containing this gene. The coding sequence for the enzyme is 456 nucleotides long and can code for a 152 amino acid (16.9 Kd) polypeptide. A comparison of the amino acid sequence of the bacterial enzyme with that of the mammalian hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt) reveals no significant homology between the two polypeptides.
The Effects of Microwave Radiation on the Vitality of Isolated Frog Sciatic Nerves (1980)

Isolated frog sciatic nerves were exposed to 2.45-GHz CW microwave radiation in a waveguide exposure system. The nerves were exposed to specific absorption rates (SARs) ranging from 0 to 100 mW/g. The effect of the microwaves on vitality of the nerves was measured in terms of the ability of the nerves to sustain a high firing rate over prolonged periods without suffering appreciable changes in the characteristics of the compound action potential (CAP). The nerves were stimulated using twin pulses separated by a 5-msec interval at a repetition rate of 50 pulses/sec. For SARs equal to or greater than 10 mW/g, the exposed nerves first underwent a prolongation of their refractory period and, later in the exposure, severe decreases in the maximal CAP. Although the time at which changes began to occur differed in each pair of nerves due to normal biological differences in nerves from different frogs, a prolongation of their refractory period and decrease in the second CAP usually were observable after 20 to 30 min of exposure. These effects appear to be microwave specific since they occurred when temperature was held constant but not when an increase in temperature without microwave was produced. The effects were alsomore » irreversible since the nerves did not revitalize or increase their activity on termination of exposure. No significant effects on vitality of the nerves were observed for an SAR of 5 mW/g in this series of experiments.« less
The Comparison Research of Two Working Electrodes in Electrochemical Reduction of Silicon Tetrachloride (2010)

Silicon was electrodeposited by electrochemical reduction of silicon tetrachloride in propylene carbonate solvent on an alloy of nickel-titanium-niobium and nickel, which were used as working electrodes respectively. The effect of two substrates as working electrodes on the electrodeposition ability of the silicon was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS). Results show that using an alloy of titanium, nickel and niobium as working electrode is better than nickel in the morphology and deposition yield of silicon.
Precipitation Hardening in a Dental Low-gold Alloy. (2003)

Age-hardening characteristics in a dental low-gold alloy composed of 40.0 wt% Au-35.0 wt% Ag-7.9 wt% Pd-7.0 wt% Cu-5.0 wt% In-3.5 wt% Zn-1.5 wt% Sn, were investigated by means of the hardness test, XRD study, SEM observations and EPMA. The following results were obtained. The age-hardening was characterized by a precipitation of Cu-rich alpha2 phase in the a phase. The softening that occurred following prolonged ageing was due to the heterogeneous formation of the fine nodular precipitates composed of the Ag-rich alpha1 phase and the Cu-rich alpha2 phase at the grain boundaries of the a phase.
Oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease (2003)

Oxidative stress contributes to the cascade leading to dopamine cell degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, oxidative stress is intimately linked to other components of the degenerative process, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, nitric oxide toxicity and inflammation. It is therefore difficult to determine whether oxidative stress leads to, or is a consequence of, these events. Oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA occurs in PD, and toxic products of oxidative damage, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), can react with proteins to impair cell viability. There is convincing evidence for the involvement of nitric oxide that reacts with superoxide to produce peroxynitrite and ultimately hydroxyl radical production. Recently, altered ubiquitination and degradation of proteins have been implicated as key to dopaminergic cell death in PD. Oxidative stress can impair these processes directly, and products of oxidative damage, such as HNE, can damage the 26S proteasome. Furthermore, impairment of proteasomal function leads to free radical generation and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress occurs in idiopathic PD and products of oxidative damage interfere with cellular function, but these form only part of a cascade, and it is not possible to separate them from other events involved in dopaminergic cell death.
CD137 stimulation enhances the antilymphoma activity of anti-CD20 antibodies (2010)

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), which is largely mediated by natural killer (NK) cells, is thought to play an important role in the efficacy of rituximab, an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) used to treat patients with B-cell lymphomas. CD137 is a costimulatory molecule expressed on a variety of immune cells after activation, including NK cells. In the present study, we show that an anti-CD137 agonistic mAb enhances the antilymphoma activity of rituximab by enhancing ADCC. Human NK cells up-regulate CD137 after encountering rituximab-coated tumor B cells, and subsequent stimulation of these NK cells with anti-CD137 mAb enhances rituximab-dependent cytotoxicity against the lymphoma cells. In a syngeneic murine lymphoma model and in a xenotransplanted human lymphoma model, sequential administration of anti-CD20 mAb followed by anti-CD137 mAb had potent antilymphoma activity in vivo. These results support a novel, sequential antibody approach against B-cell malignancies by targeting first the tumor and then the host immune system.
On the Theory and Computation of Evolutionary Distances (1974)

This paper gives a formal definition of the biological concept of evolutionary distance and an algorithm to compute it. For any set S of finite sequences of varying lengths this distance is a real-valued function on $S \times S$, and it is shown to be a metric under conditions which are wide enough to include the biological application. The algorithm, introduced here, lends itself to computer programming and provides a method to compute evolutionary distance which is shorter than the other methods currently in use.
Ruthenium Tetraammine Chemistry of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Surfaces:  Substitution and Reactivity at the Monolayer Interface (1998)

Different methods for preparing a variety of trans-tetraammine−ruthenium complexes on self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surfaces on gold electrodes are described. The neutral complex, trans-[RuII(NH3)4(SO3)(H2O)], was bound directly to terminal pyridine or imidazole groups on preformed SAM surfaces and oxidized to form trans-[RuIII(NH3)4(SO4)(PyMeNH)]−SAM surfaces. The kinetics of substitution of trans-[RuII(NH3)4(SO3)(H2O)] onto pyridine and imidazole groups on preformed SAM surfaces and the ligand substitution of N-heterocycles (such as isonicotinamide, imidazole, and other biological molecules such as ATP (adenosine triphosphate)) on the resulting ruthenium(III) SAM surfaces were studied and found to be slightly slower than those for the corresponding reactions in aqueous solutions. The rate of substitution of the ruthenium(II) complexes onto terminal pyridine or imidazole groups on preformed SAM surfaces depends greatly on the charge of the ruthenium complex, with faster substitution occurring for neutral complexes.
γ‐Aminoadamantanecarboxylic Acids Through Direct C–H Bond Amidations (2007)

Abstract Utilizing bromine‐free, direct C–H bond amidations we have synthesized a large variety of adamantane amides. Depending on the precursors used these amides directly yield pharmaceutically active aminoadamantanes or γ‐aminoadamantanecarboxylic acids after hydrolytic cleavage. Theserigid analogues of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were protected at the C‐ and N‐termini and we synthesized a number of peptides incorporating γ‐aminoadamantanecarboxylicacids in solution as well as via solid phase peptide synthesis. These peptides are promising scaffolds for applications in medicinal chemistry as well as in organocatalysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Peak inspiratory flow rate and slope of the inhalation profiles in dry powder inhalers (2001)

Aerosol delivery depends on device design and inhalation technique. In vitro device evaluations have shown that the emitted dose and fine particle mass of dry powder inhalers (DPIs) increase at high peak inspiratory flow rates (PIFR). Since the PIFR is mostly achieved after the release of the powder, slope of the pressure profile is also described as an important determinant. The aim of the present study was to assess whether the PIFR while using Diskus it and Turbuhaler it inhalers could be used to predict the slope of the inhalation pressure profile. In a group of 10 stable asthma patients and three groups (mild, moderate and severe) of 16 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, lung function was measured, and for each device, 18 inhalation profiles were recorded with the inhalation profile recorder during six sessions over 10 weeks. The values for the pressure slope and PIFR of both Diskus and Turbuhaler, were significantly correlated. The r-values were 0.865 and 0.882, respectively (p<0.01). Percentage explained variance was 74.8% for Diskus and 77.8% for Turbuhaler. Significant correlations were found between peak inspiratory flow rates and slopes. It has been shown for two different dry powder inhalers that peak inspiratory flow rate and slope correlate well in a wide range of patient groups.
Design and Evaluation of Sifuvirtide, a Novel HIV-1 Fusion Inhibitor (2008)

Enfuvirtide (T20) is the first and only HIV-1 fusion inhibitor approved for clinical use, but it can easily induce drug resistance limiting its practical application. A novel anti-HIV peptide, termed sifuvirtide, was designed based on the three-dimensional structure of the HIV-1 gp41 fusogenic core conformation. Here we report its in vitro anti-HIV potency, its mechanism of action, as well as the results from Phase Ia clinical studies. We demonstrated that sifuvirtide inhibited HIV-1-mediated cell-cell fusion in a dose-dependent manner and exhibited high potency against infections by a wide range of primary and laboratory-adapted HIV-1 isolates from multiple genotypes with R5 or X4 phenotypes. Notably, sifuvirtide was also highly effective against T20-resistant strains. Unlike T20, sifuvirtide could efficiently block six-helix bundle formation in a dominant negative fashion. These results suggest that sifuvirtide has a different mechanism of action from that of T20. Phase Ia clinical studies of sifuvirtide (FS0101) in 60 healthy individuals demonstrated good safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic profiles. A single dose regimen (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 mg) by subcutaneous injection once daily at abdominal sites was well tolerated without serious adverse events. Pharmacokinetic studies of single and multiple administration of sifuvirtide showed that its decay half-lives were 20.0 +/- 8.6 h and 26.0 +/- 7.9 h, respectively. In summary, sifuvirtide has potential to become an ideal fusion inhibitor for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients, including those with HIV-1 strains resistant to T20.
Analysis of rock mechanics and gas dynamics of flame-jet thermal spallation drilling (1986)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1986.
Immunostimulatory Effects of Cycloartane-Type Triterpene Glycosides from Astragalus Species. (2000)

In the course of our research on the oligoglycosidic constituents of Turkish Astragalus species, we have isolated a number of cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides. The current study examines the immunostimulatory effects of nineteen of these cycloartane-type compounds using a transcription-based bioassay for Nuclear Factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) activation in a human macrophage/monocyte cell line, THP-1. All compounds were inactive at 100 microg/ml except astragaloside I which increased NF-kappaB directed luciferase expression to levels about 65% as compared with maximal stimulation by E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 10 microg/ml. None of the compounds were active at low dosage levels (0.1 microg/ml) in combination with 50 ng/ml LPS. Astragaloside I also increased mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as measured using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT)-PCR. Based on these results it is clear that certain structural features are required for immunostimulation of cycloartane-type triterpene glycosides.
Absence of correlation between interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein blood levels in systemic lupus erythematosus compared with rheumatoid arthritis. (1993)

To investigate if the low C-reactive protein (CRP) response frequently observed in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is related to an impaired expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), considered its main inducer, we studied serum IL-6 and CRP levels in 37 patients with SLE and 22 with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results show that in contrast to CRP, IL-6 levels are significantly higher in SLE than in RA. A linear regression analysis shows a positive correlation between levels of these 2 molecules in RA but not in SLE. Similarly, levels of fibrinogen, another acute phase protein mainly induced by IL-6, did not correlate with IL-6 in SLE. Our results suggest an impairment of part of the acute phase response to IL-6 that might play a role in the pathogenesis of SLE.
Genomic Organization and Expression Analysis of B7-H4, an Immune Inhibitory Molecule of the B7 Family (2003)

B7-H4 is a recently identified B7 family member that negatively regulates T cell immunity by the inhibition of T cell proliferation, cytokine production, and cell cycle progression. In this study, we report that the genomic DNA of human B7-H4 is mapped on chromosome 1 comprised of six exons and five introns spanning 66 kb, of which exon 6 is used for alternative splicing to generate two different transcripts. Similar B7-H4 structure is also found in mouse genomic DNA in chromosome 3. A human B7-H4 pseudogene is identified in chromosome 20p11.1 with a single exon and two stop codons in the coding region. Immunohistochemistry analysis using B7-H4-specific mAb demonstrates that B7-H4 is not expressed on the majority of normal human tissues. In contrast, up to 85% (22 of 26) of ovarian cancer and 31% (5 of 16) of lung cancer tissues constitutively express B7-H4. Our results indicate a tight regulation of B7-H4 expression in the translational level in normal peripheral tissues and a potential role of B7-H4 in the evasion of tumor immunity.
Photochemistry of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) ion (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochemistry of tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(2+) ionBill Durham, Jonathan V. Caspar, Jeffrey K. Nagle, and Thomas J. MeyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 18, 4803–4810Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00382a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00382a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4424Altmetric-Citations496LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vascular dysfunction induced by elevated glucose levels in rats is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor. (1997)

The purpose of these experiments was to investigate a potential role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by increased glucose flux via the sorbitol pathway. Skin chambers were mounted on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats and 1 wk later, granulation tissue in the chamber was exposed twice daily for 7 d to 5 mM glucose, 30 mM glucose, or 1 mM sorbitol in the presence and absence of neutralizing VEGF antibodies. Albumin permeation and blood flow were increased two- to three-fold by 30 mM glucose and 1 mM sorbitol; these increases were prevented by coadministration of neutralizing VEGF antibodies. Blood flow and albumin permeation were increased approximately 2.5-fold 1 h after topical application of recombinant human VEGF and these effects were prevented by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitors (aminoguanidine and N(G)-monomethyl L-arginine). Topical application of a superoxide generating system increased albumin permeation and blood flow and these changes were markedly attenuated by VEGF antibody and NOS inhibitors. Application of sodium nitroprusside for 7 d or the single application of a calcium ionophore, A23187, mimicked effects of glucose, sorbitol, and VEGF on vascular dysfunction and the ionophore effect was prevented by coadministration of aminoguanidine. These observations suggest a potentially important role for VEGF in mediating vascular dysfunction induced by "hypoxia-like" cytosolic metabolic imbalances (reductive stress, increased superoxide, and nitric oxide production) linked to increased flux of glucose via the sorbitol pathway.
Reducing design complexity of the load/store queue (2004)

With faster CPU clocks and wider pipelines, all relevant microarchitecture components should scale accordingly. There have been many proposals for scaling the issue queue, register file, and cache hierarchy. However, nothing has been done for scaling the load/store queue, despite the increasing pressure on the load/store queue in terms of capacity and search bandwidth. The load/store queue is a CAM structure which holds in-flight memory instructions and supports simultaneous searches to honor memory dependencies and memory consistency models. Therefore, it is difficult to scale the load/store queue. In this study, we introduce novel techniques to scale the load/store queue. We propose two techniques, store-load pair predictor and load buffer, to reduce the search bandwidth requirement; and one technique, segmentation, to scale the size. We show that a load/store queue using our predictor and load buffer needs only one port to outperform a conventional two-ported load/store queue. Compared to the same base case, segmentation alone achieves speedups of 5% for integer benchmarks and 19% for floating point benchmarks. A one-ported load/store queue using all of our techniques improves performance on average by 6% and 23%, and up to 15% and 59%, for integer and floating-point benchmarks, respectively, over a two-ported conventional load/store queue.
A cystic fibrosis patient with the nonsense mutation G542X and the splice site mutation 1717-1. (1991)

A cystic fibrosis patient with the genotype G542X/1717-1 (G----A) was identified by DNA sequencing of exon 11 of the CFTR gene. The available molecular and clinical data are presented. This is the first report of a patient with this rare genotype and may serve to improve our understanding of allele interactions.