gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The influence of tungsten alloying on the mechanical properties of tantalum (1994)

In mechanical tests of tantalum-tungsten alloys with nominal tungsten contents between 0 and 10 wt% for strain rates between 0.000016 and 6800 s-1 and temperatures between 77 and 400 K, the addition of tungsten noticeably reduces the strain-rate dependence of the flow stress of tantalum near yield. It also subtly alters the strain-rate behavior of the work hardening, making it more like that of copper, an fcc metal. These effects are reflected in the limiting strains for uniform plastic deformation calculated from our flow curves. For unalloyed tantalum, the instability strain appears to drop dramatically for strain rates in excess of approximately 0.005 s-1, whereas for tungsten bearing alloys, it remains unchanged or increases slightly. Tungsten alloys may therefore be preferable to unalloyed tantalum in applications that demand substantial ductility at high rates of strain. We briefly discuss possible mechanisms for plastic flow in tantalum and how they might be affected by tungsten additions to produce the effects we observe.
Staphylococcus epidermidis endocarditis and Staphylococcus epidermidis infection in an intensive care unit. (1983)

Staphylococcus epidermidis are the most common agents of prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). S. epidermidis isolated from the blood stream of patients with PVE are almost invariably multiple resistant to antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment alone gives unsatisfactory results and carries a mortality rate of 70-80%. That is why early surgical treatment is recommended. S. epidermidis is a less common cause of endocarditis in non-surgical patients, accounting for approximately 5% of the cases, which are mostly patients with pre-existent valvular heart disease. Generally, isolates from the latter patients are sensitive to most antibiotics, and the mortality rate is considerably lower. Recently coagulase-negative staphylococci have emerged as causative agents of septicaemia in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. Especially premature infants of very low-birth weight (less than 1500 g) receiving parenteral nutrition appear to carry a high risk of acquiring this kind of septicaemia. Although the staphylococci isolated from the blood of these patients are the same as in patients with PVE, generally multiple resistant to antibiotics, prognosis is far better than in cases of PVE. In our study carried out in a neonatal intensive care unit, two risk factors for coagulase-negative staphylococcal septicaemia were identified. First, nearly 20% of parenteral nutrition fluids used in the unit were found to be contaminated with coagulase-negative staphylococci, and a significant association was established between septicaemia and the infusion of contaminated fluids. Moreover, opsonization of staphylococci in infant serum proved to be severely deficient. Since host defence to staphylococci is dependent on optimal opsonization of these microorganisms, this defence may be severely compromised in the premature neonate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transmission of Induced Chromosomal Aberrations through Successive Mitotic Divisions in Human Lymphocytes after In Vitro and In Vivo Radiation (2017)

The mechanisms behind the transmission of chromosomal aberrations (CA) remain unclear, despite a large body of work and major technological advances in chromosome identification. We reevaluated the transmission of CA to second- and third-division cells by telomere and centromere (TC) staining followed by M-FISH. We scored CA in lymphocytes of healthy donors after in vitro irradiation and those of cancer patients treated by radiation therapy more than 12 years before. Our data demonstrate, for the first time, that dicentric chromosomes (DCs) decreased by approximately 50% per division. DCs with two centromeres in close proximity were more efficiently transmitted, representing 70% of persistent DCs in ≥M3 cells. Only 1/3 of acentric chromosomes (ACs), ACs with four telomeres, and interstitial ACs, were paired in M2 cells and associated with specific DCs configurations. In lymphocytes of cancer patients, 82% of detected DCs were characterized by these specific configurations. Our findings demonstrate the high stability of DCs with two centromeres in close proximity during cell division. The frequency of telomere deletion increased during cell cycle progression playing an important role in chromosomal instability. These findings could be exploited in the follow-up of exposed populations.
Computer Algorithms: Introduction to Design and Analysis (1978)

From the Publisher:
This edition features an increased emphasis on algorithm design techniques such as divide-and-conquer and greedy algorithms, along with the addition of new topics and exercises. It continues the tradition of solid mathematical analysis and clear writing style: emphasizes the development of algorithms through a step-by-step process rather than by merely presenting the end result; stresses the importance of the algorithm analysis process - continuously re-evaluating, modifying, and perhaps rejecting algorithms until a satisfactory solution is attained; provides extensive treatment of recursion with a clear, student-friendly review of how it works and why it is a valuable programming technique; uses a Java-like pseudocode; and includes an appendix with java examples.
The Importance of Negative Superhelicity in Inducing the Formation of G-Quadruplex and i-Motif Structures in the c-Myc Promoter: Implications for Drug Targeting and Control of Gene Expression (2009)

The importance of DNA supercoiling in transcriptional regulation has been known for many years, and more recently, transcription itself has been shown to be a source of this superhelicity. To mimic the effect of transcriptionally induced negative superhelicity, the G-quadruplex/i-motif-forming region in the c-Myc promoter was incorporated into a supercoiled plasmid. We show, using enzymatic and chemical footprinting, that negative superhelicity facilitates the formation of secondary DNA structures under physiological conditions. Significantly, these structures are not the same as those formed in single-stranded DNA templates. Together with the recently demonstrated role of transcriptionally induced superhelicity in maintaining a mechanosensor mechanism for controlling the firing rate of the c-Myc promoter, we provide a more complete picture of how c-Myc transcription is likely controlled. Last, these physiologically relevant G-quadruplex and i-motif structures, along with the mechanosensor mechanism for control of gene expression, are proposed as novel mechanisms for small molecule targeting of transcriptional control of c-Myc.
Keyword extraction from Educational Video transcripts using NLP techniques (2016)

Keyword Extraction is the most important task while working with the text data. Extracting Keywords benefit the reader as to judge the important part of text instead of going through the whole text. In this paper a technique to extract keywords from educational video transcripts from MOOC's is discussed. The technique is based on Regular Expression Grammar Rule approach to identify the Noun Chunks in the text of the transcript. Extracting Keywords help in finding out the specifically important part of the educational material.
Treatment of Congenital Neurotransmitter Deficiencies by Intracerebral Ventricular Injection of an Adeno-Associated Virus Serotype 9 Vector (2013)

Dopamine and serotonin are produced by distinct groups of neurons in the brain, and gene therapies other than direct injection have not been attempted to correct congenital deficiencies in such neurotransmitters. In this study, we performed gene therapy to treat knock-in mice with dopamine and serotonin deficiencies caused by a mutation in the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) gene (Ddc(KI) mice). Intracerebral ventricular injection of neonatal mice with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 (AAV9) vector expressing the human AADC gene (AAV9-hAADC) resulted in widespread AADC expression in the brain. Without treatment, 4-week-old Ddc(KI) mice exhibited whole-brain homogenate dopamine and serotonin levels of 25% and 15% of normal, respectively. After gene therapy, the levels rose to 100% and 40% of normal, respectively. The gene therapy improved the growth rate and survival of Ddc(KI) mice and normalized their hindlimb clasping and cardiovascular dysfunctions. The behavioral abnormalities of the Ddc(KI) mice were partially corrected, and the treated Ddc(KI) mice were slightly more active than normal mice. No immune reactions resulted from the treatment. Therefore, a congenital neurotransmitter deficiency can be treated safely through inducing widespread expression of the deficient gene in neonatal mice.
Gentiobiose, a Constituent of Deoxyribonucleic Acid from Coliphage T6 (1962)

The deoxyribonucleic acid of the T-even coliphages contains glucosylated and nonglucosylated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in place of cytosine (l-6). In the case of deoxyribonucleic acid from phage T6, 72y0 of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine residues are diglucosylated. In T2 deoxyribonucleic acid, 70% of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine residues are monoglucosylated, but 5% bear diglucosyl units. A recent investigation of the configuration of the disaccharides bound to the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid from T2 and T6 showed the glucose units to be p linked to each other and joined to the hydroxymethyl group of the 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by an cr linkage (6). In the present study, the disaccharide from T6 deoxyribonucleic acid was identified as gentiobiose, 6-O-O-D-ghcOpyranOSyl-D-ghCOSe. This disaccharide is unique to deoxyribonucleic acid from phage T6 and possibly T2 and has been observed only in such glycosides as amygdalin and crocin, and as part of the trisaccharide, gentianose.
Viruses and Glycosylation (2007)

Although many virus proteins are glycosylated, the pattern of glycosylation that is exhibited can be highly variable, and it is largely dependent on how a specific virus protein is processed by the host cell during infection. However, irrespective of their glycosylation pattern, many virus glycoproteins have been found to play essential roles during the virus replication cycle. Consequently, it is therefore becoming necessary to understand the effect that the attached glycans have on the function of different virus glycoproteins. As a first step towards understanding how glycans can influence the activity of a specific glycoprotein, we need to both establish the mechanism of glycosylation, and determine the nature of the attached glycans. This chapter provides an overview of some of the different ways in which viruses proteins are glycosylated, and highlights some of the generic techniques by which they can be examined.
Genetic mapping of a major susceptibility locus for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy on chromosome 15q (1997)

The epilepsies are a group of disorders characterised by recurrent seizures caused by episodes of abnormal neuronal hyperexcitability involving the brain. Up to 60 million people are affected worldwide and genetic factors may contribute to the aetiology in up to 40% of patients. The most common human genetic epilepsies display a complex pattern of inheritance. These are categorised as idiopathic in the absence of detectable structural or metabolic abnormalities. Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a distinctive and common variety of familial idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) with a prevalence of 0.5-1.0 per 1000 and a ratio of sibling risk to population prevalence (lambda(s)) of 42. The molecular genetic basis of these familial idiopathic epilepsies is entirely unknown, but a mutation in the gene CHRNA4, encoding the alpha4 subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), was recently identified in a rare Mendelian variety of idiopathic epilepsy. Chromosomal regions harbouring genes for nAChR subunits were therefore tested for linkage to the JME trait in 34 pedigrees. Significant evidence for linkage with heterogeneity was found to polymorphic loci encompassing the region in which the gene encoding the alpha7 subunit of nAChR (CHRNA7) maps on chromosome 15q14 (HLOD = 4.4 at alpha = 0.65; Z(all) = 2.94, P = 0.0005). This major locus contributes to genetic susceptibility to JME in a majority of the families studied.
<title>Images and test results of MOSAD all-digital 640 x 480 MWIR prototype camera</title> (2000)

A large format prototype infrared camera based on the MOSAD (Multiplexed OverSample A/D converter) concept was developed and demonstrated. Each pixel readout buffer is composed of a two integrator one bit modulator that converts the accumulating photon induced charge to a digital value. This camera is designed around a 640 X 480 pixel focal plane array with an A/D converter at each pixel. The focal plane is a CMOS design readout hybridized to a MWIR (3 - 5 micron) N on P Mercury Cadmium Telluride detector array with pixels placed on 27 micron centers. Amain developed and tested the readout, camera and electronics. Rockwell Science Center provided the detectors which they hybridized to the Amain readout.
The ideal compliance world: integrating physicians into the compliance program. (1999)

Compliance officers are in a unique position to provide guidance to physicians and will succeed in gaining physician support and buy-in when appropriate steps are taken to integrate physicians into the compliance program. First and foremost, the compliance officer's primary responsibility is to apprise physicians of the seriousness nature of current compliance issues. When physicians are provided with clear information through a variety of media, they will understand that compliance program goals and objectives will resolve compliance-related issues dilemmas. Next, the compliance officer should expect no less than the ideal compliance world. Recruit physician champions who will actively participate in compliance program planning and development. Call upon medical staff members to get involved in implementation stages of compliance action plans and engage physician leaders to educate and train their physician peers on compliance-related issues. Most importantly, minimize individual physician liability by providing adequate education programs to physicians. Help them to master the art of coding and documentation and to mitigate any prospect of fraud and abuse or compliance-related concerns. Last, collaboration is the key--the compliance officer must provide guidance to the physician so that the physician may continue to fulfill the role of leader and healer. In turn, the physician must recognize that his or her actions and those of the hospital and system are inseparable and that they must actively participate in compliance program initiatives.
Detection of the Malignant B Cell Clone in Multiple Myeloma Via High Throughput Sequencing Is Robust to Significant Levels of Somatic Hypermutation (2014)

Abstract Background: High-throughput sequencing (HTS) of antibody gene rearrangements is an emerging tool for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring in B cell malignancies in which the malignant clone harbors a monoclonal Ig heavy chain (IgH) and/or light chain (κ or λ) rearrangement. This approach has shown promise in B-ALL and CLL, but experience with this technique applied to samples from multiple myeloma patients is limited. Approach: We conducted HTS of PCR-amplified IgH (VDJ and DJ) rearrangements from bone marrow aspirates of 21 patients with various plasma cell dyscrasias (MM, MGUS, LPL) and peripheral blood of a patient with plasma cell leukemia. In 17/21 samples, an aliquot was enriched for CD138+ cells by immunomagnetic separation and analyzed separately. Dominant clones from enriched and un-enriched aliquots were compared to verify the malignant clonotype sequence(s). Disease burden in un-enriched samples was also evaluated by microscopy of the bone marrow aspirate smear and ranged from 0 (hemodilute) to 37% plasma cells. Results: In 19 out of 21 samples, a clearly dominant IgH gene rearrangement (&gt;2.5% of total sequences, range 2.9-99.9%) was identified with clear separation from background frequency (at least 2.7-fold higher frequency than next most common clone). In 17/17 cases with paired CD138-enriched samples, the dominant sequences in the enriched and un-enriched samples were identical, indicating successful identification of the malignant clonal Ig rearrangements in the un-enriched sample. More than one IgH rearrangement suitable for longitudinally tracking the malignant clone was identified in 8 of 21 cases. The two cases without an expected, productive IgH rearrangement were IgG-κ and IgG-λ. This suggested that somatic hypermutation (SHM) in the primer binding sites might interfere with some clonal amplifications, so we investigated the degree of SHM in the VH segment of the 19 cases with at least one detected dominant Ig rearrangement. A total of 18 productive VDJ rearrangements were identified, and had SHM frequencies ranging from 2% to 19% in the sequenced portions of the rearranged VH gene. 8 myeloma clones harbored an identifiable DJ rearrangement, none of which showed evidence of SHM. Finally, 3 myeloma clones harbored nonproductive VDJ rearrangements, two with no SHM, and one with 2 SHM in 84 bp of the sequenced VH gene. Conclusion: HTS of Ig heavy and light chain rearrangements can successfully identify the malignant plasma cell clone in clinical specimens, including those with low disease burden and significant SHM. Application of this technique to MRD evaluation in multiple myeloma warrants further development. Disclosures Carlson: Adaptive Biotechnologies: Consultancy, Equity Ownership. Vogl:Celgene Corporation: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Millennium/Takeda: Research Funding; GSK: Research Funding; Acetylon: Research Funding. Stadtmauer:Janssen: Consultancy.
The therapeutic effects of ursodeoxycholic acid as an anti-apoptotic agent (2001)

The dihydroxy bile acid, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), has been in widespread clinical use in the Western world since the mid 1980s, when it was initially used for gallstone dissolution [1,2] and subsequently for the treatment of chronic cholestatic liver diseases [3,4]. Many clinical trials of UDCA in a variety of cholestatic disorders established biochemical and clinical improvements, and most importantly showed a significant prolongation of transplant-free survival after four years of treatment with UDCA in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis [5]. Despite its clinical efficacy, the precise mechanism(s) by which UDCA improves liver function during cholestasis is still a matter of debate [6]. It was initially considered that the choleretic effect of UDCA, coupled with its ability to cause a marked shift in the composition of the bile acid pool towards hydrophilicity, accounted for its mechanism of action. In recent years, however, it has become evident that UDCA and its conjugated derivatives are capable of exerting direct effects at the cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels by stabilising cell membranes, affecting signal transduction pathways, and regulating immune responses. In addition, we have shown that UDCA plays a unique role in modulating the apoptotic threshold in both hepatic and non-hepatic cells [7-10]. The purpose of this article is to examine the mechanism(s) by which UDCA prevents apoptotic cell death associated with cholestasis. In addition, we will also review a potentially novel and, heretofore, unrecognised role of UDCA as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of non-liver diseases associated with increased levels of apoptosis as a pathogenesis of the disorder.
Role of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in host defence (1998)

Much has been learned recently about the structure and function of 55 kDa bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), a member of a genomically conserved lipid-interactive protein family. Analysis of BPI fragments and the crystal structure of human BPI have established that BPI consists of two functionally distinct domains: a potently antibacterial and anti-endotoxin amino-terminal domain (approximately 20 kDa) and a carboxy-terminal portion that imparts opsonic activity to BPI. A recombinant amino-terminal fragment (rBPI21) protects animals against the effects of Gram-negative bacteria and endotoxin. In man, rBPI21 is nontoxic and non-immunogenic and is in Phase II/III clinical trials with apparent therapeutic benefit.
Exercise and duchenne muscular dystrophy: Toward evidence‐based exercise prescription (2011)

To develop a rational framework for answering questions about the role of exercise in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), we focused on five pathophysiological mechanisms and offer brief hypotheses regarding how exercise may beneficially modulate pertinent cellular and molecular pathways. We aimed to provide an integrative overview of mechanisms of DMD pathology that may improve or worsen as a result of exercise. We also sought to stimulate discussion of what outcomes/dependent variables most appropriately measure these mechanisms, with the purpose of defining criteria for well-designed, controlled studies of exercise in DMD. The five mechanisms include pathways that are both intrinsic and extrinsic to the diseased muscle cells.
Fixation-identification in dynamic scenes (2008)

Video-based eye trackers produce an output video showing where a subject is looking, the subject's point-of-regard (POR), for each frame of a video of the scene. Fixation-identification algorithms simplify the long list of POR data into a more manageable set of data, especially for further analysis, by grouping PORs into fixations. Most current fixation-identification algorithms assume that the POR data are defined in static two-dimensional scene images and only use these raw POR data to identify fixations. The applicability of these algorithms to gaze data in dynamic scene videos is largely unexplored. We implemented a simple velocity-based, duration-sensitive fixation-identification algorithm and compared its performance to results obtained by three experienced users manually coding the eye tracking data displayed within the scene video such that these manual coders had knowledge of the scene motion. We performed this comparison for eye tracking data collected during two different tasks involving different types of scene motion. These two tasks included a subject walking around a building for about 100 seconds (Task 1) and a seated subject viewing a computer animation (approximately 90 seconds long, Task 2). It took our manual coders on average 75 minutes (stdev = 28) and 80 minutes (17) to code results from the first and second tasks, respectively. The automatic fixation-identification algorithm, implemented in MATLAB and run on an Apple 2.16 GHz MacBook, produced results in 0.26 seconds for Task 1 and 0.21 seconds for Task 2. For the first task (walking), the average percent difference among the three human manual coders was 9% (3.5) and the average percent difference between the automatically generated results and the three coders was 11% (2.0). For the second task (animation), the average percent difference among the three human coders was 4% (0.75) and the average percent difference between the automatically generated results and the three coders was 5% (0.9).
Antimicrobial therapy for patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: An evidence-based review (2004)

Since the prompt institution of therapy that is active against the causative pathogen is one of the most important predictors of outcome, clinicians must establish a system for rapid administration of a rationally chosen drug or combination of drugs when sepsis or septic shock is suspected. The expanding number of antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral agents available provides opportunities for effective empiric and specific therapy. However, to minimize the promotion of antimicrobial resistance and cost and to maximize efficacy, detailed knowledge of the likely pathogens and the properties of the available drugs is necessary for the intensivist.