gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance characterization of an insulator‐based dielectrophoretic microdevice (2008)

Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the motion of particles in nonuniform electric fields, is a nondestructive electrokinetic (EK) transport mechanism can be used to concentrate and separate bioparticles. Traditionally, DEP has been performed employing microelectrodes, an approach that is expensive due to the cost of microelectrode fabrication. An alternative is insulator-based DEP (iDEP), an inexpensive method where nonuniform electric fields are created with arrays of insulating structures. This study presents the effects of operating conditions on the dielectrophoretic behavior of polystyrene microparticles under iDEP. Experiments were performed employing microchannels containing insulating structures that worked as insulators. The parameters varied were pH (8-9) and conductivity (25-100 microS/cm) of the bulk medium, and the magnitude of the applied field (200-850 V/cm). Optimal operating conditions in terms of pH and conductivity were obtained, and the microdevice performance was characterized in terms of concentration factor and minimum electric field required (minimum energy consumption). This is the first report on improving iDEP processes when EOF is present. DEP and EOF have been studied extensively, however, this study integrates the effect of suspending medium characteristics on both EK phenomena. These findings will allow improving the performance of iDEP microdevices achieving the highest concentration fold with the lowest energy consumption.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag proteins are processed in two cellular compartments. (1991)

The structural proteins of the retroviral capsid are translated as a polyprotein (the Gag precursor) that is cleaved by a virally encoded protease. Processing of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Gag precursor Pr55 was analyzed through a combination of pulse-chase labeling, cell fractionation, and immunoprecipitation. We observed a membrane-associated processing pathway for the Gag precursor that gives rise to virions. In addition, we found that a significant amount of processing occurs in the cytoplasm of infected cells resulting in the intracellular accumulation of appropriately processed viral proteins. This observation suggests the viral protease is active in the cytoplasmic compartment of the cell. Processing of the Gag protein was blocked in both compartments by the addition of a viral protease inhibitor. A comparison of the amount of cytoplasmic processing seen in lytically infected cells with that seen in chronically infected cells showed that cytoplasmic processing was associated with the lytic infection. These observations raise the possibility that activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease in the cytoplasm of lytically infected cells might result in the cleavage of cellular proteins and thus contribute to cytotoxicity.
Identification of the multidrug resistance-related membrane glycoprotein as an acceptor for calcium channel blockers. (1987)

A radioactive photoactive dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, [3H]azidopine, was used to photoaffinity label plasma membranes of multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster lung cells selected for resistance to vincristine (DC-3F/VCRd-5L) or actinomycin D (DC-3F/ADX). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic fluorograms revealed the presence of an intensely radiolabeled 150-180-kDa doublet in the membranes from drug-resistant but not from the drug-sensitive parental (DC-3F) cells. A similar radiolabeled doublet was barely detected in a drug-sensitive partial revertant (DC-3F/ADX-U) cell line. The 150-180-kDa doublet exhibited a specific half-maximal saturable photolabeling at 1.07 X 10(-7) M [3H]azidopine. The dihydropyridine binding specificity was established by competitive blocking of specific photolabeling with nonradioactive azidopine as well as with nonphotoactive calcium channel blockers nimodipine, nitrendipine, and nifedipine. In addition, [3H]azidopine photolabeling was blocked by verapamil and diltiazem but was stimulated by excess prenylamine and bepridil suggesting a cross-specificity for up to four different classes of calcium channel blockers. The 150-180-kDa calcium channel blocker acceptor co-electrophoresed exactly with the 150-180-kDa surface membrane glycoprotein (gp150-180 or P-glycoprotein) Vinca alkaloid acceptor from multidrug-resistant cells and was immunoprecipitated by polyclonal antibody recognizing gp150-180. [3H]Azidopine photolabeling of the 150-180-kDa component in the presence of excess vinblastine was reduced over 90%, confirming the identity or close relationship of the calcium channel blocker acceptor and the gp150-180 Vinca alkaloid acceptor. The [3H]azidopine photolabeling of gp150-180 also was reduced by excess actinomycin D, adriamycin, or colchicine, demonstrating a broad gp150-180 drug recognition capacity. The ability of gp150-180 to recognize multiple natural product cytotoxic drugs as well as calcium channel blockers suggests a direct function for gp150-180 in the multidrug resistance phenomenon and a role in the circumvention of that resistance by calcium channel blockers.
Clinical applications of gene therapy for cancer (1994)

The number of gene therapy protocols for the treatment of cancer is growing rapidly. The most common type of approved clinical trial for cancer gene therapy involves the ex vivo gene transfer of cytokine genes (e.g., tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-2, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) into tumor cells. The idea behind this approach is to use gene transfer to induce a patient's tumor to become more immunogenic. The genetically altered tumor cells are reinjected into the patient in an effort to induce a systemic antitumor immune response against residual tumor cells. In other trials, investigators are using in situ gene transfer to selectively destroy cancer cells, sparing normal tissues. Continuing advances in molecular biology are likely to allow the development of new cancer treatments and methods of cancer prevention that will redefine cancer therapy.
A plan-based analysis of indirect speech acts (1980)

We propose an account of indirect forms of speech acts to request and inform based on the hypothesis that language users can recognize actions being performed by others, infer goals being sought, and cooperate in their achievement. This cooperative behaviour is independently motivated and may or may not be intended by speakers. If the hearer believes it is intended, he or she can recognize the speech act as indirect; otherwise it is interpreted directly. Heuristics are suggested to decide among the interpretations.
A Small‐Molecule Agonist of the Wnt Signaling Pathway (2005)

A new tool for developmental biology: A screen of combinatorial chemical libraries identified the 2-amino-4,6-disubstituted pyrimidine 1 as a dose-dependent agonist of Wnt signaling. Tadpoles that developed from embryos treated with 1 had substantial head defects (see right-hand image; left=control). Compound 1 appears to mimic the effects of a Wnt ligand in a Xenopus model and may be a useful tool in the study of physiological processes that involve the Wnt pathway. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z462552_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Key distribution system for digital video signal (2002)

Although the traditional analogue video signal has served the information broadcasting network effectively, its drawbacks make its usage limited. With the advent of the digital video signal and the use of modern compression techniques the quality of the digital programmes was improved. Once extra programmes such as feature films became available, their providers needed to be paid, and a conditional access system had to be found of financing these programmes. Compressed digital video signal needs new scrambling methods and a key distribution system for conditional access, copyright protection and finance. This paper suggests some digital scrambling tools and the design of an efficient and realistic key distribution system for digital video information broadcasting and any other environment in which the MPEG-2 bit stream is employed. The scrambling methods and the key distribution system discussed are based on the format of the transport stream packet of the MPEG-2 transport layer.
Positive inotropic and vasodilator actions of milrinone in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Dose-response relationships and comparison to nitroprusside. (1985)

Milrinone is a potent positive inotropic and vascular smooth muscle-relaxing agent in vitro, and therefore, it is not known to what extent each of these actions contributes to the drug's hemodynamic effects in patients with heart failure. In 11 patients with New York Heart Association class III or IV congestive heart failure, incremental intravenous doses of milrinone were administered to determine the dose-response relationships for heart rate, systemic vascular resistance, and inotropic state, the latter measured by peak positive left ventricular derivative of pressure with respect to time (dP/dt). To clarify further the role of a positive inotropic action, the relative effects of milrinone and nitroprusside on left ventricular stroke work and dP/dt were compared in each patient at doses matched to cause equivalent reductions in mean arterial pressure or systemic vascular resistance, indices of left ventricular afterload. Milrinone caused heart rate, stroke volume, and dP/dt to increase, and systemic vascular resistance to decrease in a concentration-related manner. At the two lowest milrinone doses resulting in serum concentrations of 63 +/- 4 and 156 +/- 5 ng/ml, respectively, milrinone caused significant increases in stroke volume and dP/dt, but no changes in systemic vascular resistance or heart rate. At the maximum milrinone dose administered (mean serum concentration, 427 +/- 11 ng/ml), heart rate increased from 92 +/- 4 to 99 +/- 4 bpm (P less than 0.01), mean aortic pressure fell from 82 +/- 3 to 71 +/- 3 mmHg (P less than 0.01), right atrial pressure fell from 15 +/- 2 to 7 +/- 1 mmHg (P less than 0.005), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure fell from 26 +/- 3 to 18 +/- 3 (P less than 0.005), stroke volume index increased from 20 +/- 2 to 30 +/- 2 ml/m2 (P less than 0.005), stroke work index increased from 14 +/- 2 to 21 +/- 2 g X m/m2 (P less than 0.01), and dP/dt increased from 858 +/- 54 to 1,130 +/- 108 mmHg/s (P less than 0.005). When compared with nitroprusside for a matched reduction in mean aortic pressure or systemic vascular resistance, milrinone caused a significantly greater increase in stroke work index at the same or lower left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Milrinone caused a concentration-related increase in dP/dt (32% increase at maximum milrinone dose), whereas nitroprusside had no effect. These data in patients with severe heart failure indicate that in addition to a vasodilating effect, milrinone exerts a concentration-related positive inotropic action that contributes significantly to the drug's overall hemodynamic effects. The positive inotropic action occurs at drug levels that do not exert significant chronotropic or vasodilator effects.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF 3‐(3‐ALKYL‐1‐PIPERAZINYL)‐1‐PROPANESULFONIC ACIDS AND SOME RELATED COMPOUNDS (1984)

Abstract Die durch Ringöffnung der Epoxide (I) mit Ethylendiamin (II) erhaltenen N‐(β‐HydroxyalkyD‐ethylendiamine (III) cyclisieren thermisch unter Katalyse durch Raney‐Nickel zu den 3‐Alkylpiperazinen (IV), die mit Propansulton (V) die γ‐Piperazinylpropansulfonsäuren (VI) liefern.
Weaknesses of North American wireless authentication protocol (1997)

Security for cellular and PCS systems in the United States will be based on secret key schemes for authentication and encryption. The effectiveness of security for wireless, as in other applications of cryptography, will depend on the ability of the basic cryptographic algorithms to withstand attacks and on sound protocol design. We show the IS-41 authentication protocol to be unsound by pointing to multiple flaws in the protocol which allow a network impersonator to gain service without "breaking the CAVE algorithm". These flaws effectively nullify authentication.
Apolipoprotein E4 allele as a predictor of cholinergic deficits and treatment outcome in Alzheimer disease. (1995)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is critical in the modulation of cholesterol and phospholipid transport between cells of different types. Human apoE is a polymorphic protein with three common alleles, APO epsilon 2, APO epsilon 3, and APO epsilon 4. ApoE4 is associated with sporadic and late-onset familial Alzheimer disease (AD). Gene dose was shown to have an effect on risk of developing AD, age of onset, accumulation of senile plaques in the brain, and reduction of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the hippocampus of AD subjects. To characterize the possible impact of the apoE4 allele on cholinergic markers in AD, we examined the effect of apoE4 allele copy number on pre- and postsynaptic markers of cholinergic activity. ApoE4 allele copy number showed an inverse relationship with residual brain ChAT activity and nicotinic receptor binding sites in both the hippocampal formation and the temporal cortex of AD subjects. AD cases lacking the apoE4 allele showed ChAT activities close or within age-matched normal control values. The effect of the apoE4 allele on cholinomimetic drug responsiveness was assessed next in a group (n = 40) of AD patients who completed a double-blind, 30-week clinical trial of the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine. Results showed that > 80% of apoE4-negative AD patients showed marked improvement after 30 weeks as measured by the AD assessment scale (ADAS), whereas 60% of apoE4 carriers had ADAS scores that were worse compared to baseline. These results strongly support the concept that apoE4 plays a crucial role in the cholinergic dysfunction associated with AD and may be a prognostic indicator of poor response to therapy with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in AD patients.
Preparation and characterization of heterophase blends of polycaprolactam and hydrogenated polydienes (1990)

Abstract The preparation, analysis, testing, and structure determination of ultrahigh impact rubber‐toughened polycaprolactams (nylon 6) are described. Partially unsaturated hydrocarbon rubbers were used for this purpose. They were functionalized by reaction either in solution or in bulk with maleic anhydride to give rubbery “ene” adducts containing varying amounts of pendnet succinic anhydride. Tough, rigid, thermoplastic engineering resins with notched Izod impact strengths of 750–1000 J/m were prepared by briefly melt‐blending these adducts with nylon 6. Properties of the blends could be affected by the type and amount of elastomer used, the anhydride content, the type of nylon, the mixing conditions and the test conditions. Fractionation by coacervation in m ‐cresol/cyclohexane of a typical resin containing 20% by weight of functionalized rubber showed approximately 35% of a rubber–nylon graft, along with a few percent of free rubber dispersed in the nylon 6 matrix. A comb‐block copolymer structure for the graft and a model for its formation are proposed, consistent with analyses of the fractions. Some of the blends prepared with partially hydrogenated medium vinyl polybutadiene–maleic anhydride adducts displayed a retention of impact properties at low temperatures which was superior to that obtainable with a similarly prepared EPDM‐modified nylon 6. Transmission electron microscopy of a blend containing an anhydride‐modified hydrogenated medium vinyl polybutadiene showed a morphology consisting of a nylon matrix containing finely dispersed, irregularly shaped, 0.03–0.55 μm rubber domains in which were found even smaller domains of nylon.
Fast exact and heuristic methods for role minimization problems (2008)

We describe several new bottom-up approaches to problems in role engineering for Role-Based Access Control (RBAC). The salient problems are all NP-complete, even to approximate, yet we find that in instances that arise in practice these problems can be solved in minutes. We first consider role minimization, the process of finding a smallest collection of roles that can be used to implement a pre-existing user-to-permission relation. We introduce fast graph reductions that allow recovery of the solution from the solution to a problem on a smaller input graph. For our test cases, these reductions either solve the problem, or reduce the problem enough that we find the optimum solution with a (worst-case) exponential method. We introduce lower bounds that are sharp for seven of nine test cases and are within 3.4% on the other two. We introduce and test a new polynomial-time approximation that on average yields 2% more roles than the optimum. We next consider the related problem of minimizing the number of connections between roles and users or permissions, and we develop effective heuristic methods for this problem as well. Finally, we propose methods for several related problems.
Oral Delivery of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 and Angiotensin-(1-7) Bioencapsulated in Plant Cells Attenuates Pulmonary Hypertension (2014)

Emerging evidences indicate that diminished activity of the vasoprotective axis of the renin-angiotensin system, constituting angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and its enzymatic product, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, long-term repetitive delivery of ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) would require enhanced protein stability and ease of administration to improve patient compliance. Chloroplast expression of therapeutic proteins enables their bioencapsulation within plant cells to protect against gastric enzymatic degradation and facilitates long-term storage at room temperature. Besides, fusion to a transmucosal carrier helps effective systemic absorption from the intestine on oral delivery. We hypothesized that bioencapsulating ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) fused to the cholera nontoxin B subunit would enable development of an oral delivery system that is effective in treating PH. PH was induced in male Sprague Dawley rats by monocrotaline administration. Subset of animals was simultaneously treated with bioencapsulaed ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) (prevention protocol). In a separate set of experiments, drug treatment was initiated after 2 weeks of PH induction (reversal protocol). Oral feeding of rats with bioencapsulated ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) prevented the development of monocrotaline-induced PH and improved associated cardiopulmonary pathophysiology. Furthermore, in the reversal protocol, oral ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) treatment significantly arrested disease progression, along with improvement in right heart function, and decrease in pulmonary vessel wall thickness. In addition, a combination therapy with ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) augmented the beneficial effects against monocrotaline-induced lung injury. Our study provides proof-of-concept for a novel low-cost oral ACE2 or Ang-(1-7) delivery system using transplastomic technology for pulmonary disease therapeutics.
Kinetic Colorimetric Measurement of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity (1973)

Abstract A kinetic colorimetric assay procedure is described for measuring lactate dehydrogenase activity, in which the reduction of NAD is coupled to the reduction of a tetrazolium salt, 2-p-iodophenyl-3-p-nitrophenyl-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride (INT), with phenazine methosulfate serving as an intermediate electron carrier. The molar absorptivity of the formazan of INT was found to be 19.3 x 103 at 503 nm, which provides a threefold increase in sensitivity over the ultraviolet (340 nm) kinetic assay. The results correlate well with those obtained by 340-nm kinetic methods and the procedure does not require an ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The method is simple, rapid, and does not rely on secondary enzyme standards. It requires only two reagents, which are stable.
Advanced getter solutions at wafer level to assure high reliability to the last generations MEMS (2003)

The success of MEMS technology is related to the long term reliability and low cost of the final device. The wafer level package is a key technology to assure both long term stability and low cost. In an hermetically sealed MEMS, the degradation of the vacuum or inert atmosphere affect the working conditions of the devices, especially where moving parts are present. The most dangerous gas inside hermetically sealed MEMS is moisture, causing stiction problems of one part to another when the actuation of the moving part is performed by electrostatic actuation. A typical example of the stiction problem is the difficulty of moving mirrors in MEMS optical switches. Getters are a proven and experienced way to avoid vacuum degradation in hermetic environments and can selectively absorb gases such as moisture inside a filling gas. The current state of the art solution to integrate a getter inside a wafer to wafer bonded MEMS consists of 4" or 6" silicon or glass wafers with a getter film patterned inside cavities.
Endostatin reduces vascularization, blood flow, and growth in a rat gliosarcoma (2002)

Endostatin, the 20-kDa C-terminal fragment of collagen XVIII, has previously been shown to inhibit growth and induce regression of different experimental tumors in rodents.In this study, we show that recombinant murine and human endostatin, produced in 293 EBNA cells and yeast, respectively, inhibit ectotopic as well as orthotopic growing BT 4 C n gliosarcomas in BD-IX rats.In rats in which s.c.gliomas were grown for a total of 29 days, systemic treatment with recombinant murine endostatin induced about 50% reduction of intratumoral blood ow and tumor size after only 10 days of therapy.In contrast, the blood ow to irrelevant organs was unaffected by endostatin, indicating its speci city of action.Tumors were not observed to increase in size or regrow after cessation of therapy.Furthermore, endostatin-treated rats with i.c.tumors had signi cantly longer survival time than did untreated controls.In the treated rats, endostatin therapy resulted in a reduced tumor blood vessel volume and an increased tumor cell density with an increased apoptotic index within a given tumor volume, as veri ed by ow cytometry and by staining with deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling.This work veri es the general anti-angiogenic and antitumor effects of endostatin and indicates that the protein may also be considered as a treatment strategy for malignant brain tumors.
Relationship between of Tei index and the severity in patients with coronary artery disease (2009)

Objective To investigate the relationship between Tel index and the extent of coronary artery disease.Methods 100 cases who underwent quantitative coronary angiography(QCA)were enrolled in this study,Frequency spectntm of blood flow of mitral valve and aortic valve was gathered in Pulse Doppler.from which Tei index was calculated.Results 70 patients of 100 cases with coronary angiography were diagnosed coronary heart disease 70%(70/100);coronary angiography in 30 patients with negative excluded coronary heart disease;with the degree of coronary artery stenosis increased Tei index rising trend(0.39±0.03～0.48±0.06):Severe coronary artery stenosis Tei index(0.48±0.06)than the mild coronary artery stencsis(0.42±0.05)increased significantly(q=3.21,P＜0.05),but mild coronary artery stenosis(0.42±0.05)and no narrow group(0.39±0.03)there was no significant difference(q=2.21,P＞0.05);A comparison of Tei index between Gensini integral 41 to 80 cent.≥81 cent and 40 cent were significant different(q=3.28、3.31,all P＜0.05).Conclusion Tei index was postive correlated with the extent of coronary artery disease.

Key words: 
Coronary disease; Coronary angiography; Tei index