gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal cortical projections to longitudinal columns in the midbrain periaqueductal gray in Macaque monkeys (1998)

The origin and termination of prefrontal cortical projections to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) were defined with retrograde axonal tracers injected into the PAG and anterograde axonal tracers injected into the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The retrograde tracer experiments demonstrate projections to the PAG that arise primarily from the medial prefrontal areas 25, 32, and 10m, anterior cingulate, and dorsomedial areas 24b and 9, select orbital areas 14c, 13a, Iai, 12o, and caudal 12l, and ventrolateral area 6v. Only scattered cells were retrogradely labeled in other areas in the PFC. Caudal to the PFC, projections to the PAG also arise from the posterior cingulate cortex, the dorsal dysgranular, and granular parts of the temporal polar cortex, the ventral insula, and the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus. Cells were also labeled in subcortical structures, including the central nucleus and ventrolateral part of the basal nucleus of the amygdala. The anterograde tracer experiments indicate that projections from distinct cortical areas terminate primarily in individual longitudinal PAG columns. The projections from medial prefrontal areas 10m, 25, and 32 end predominantly in the dorsolateral columns, bilaterally. Fibers from orbital areas 13a, Iai, 12o, and caudal 12l terminate primarily in the ventrolateral column, whereas fibers from dorsomedial areas 9 and 24b terminate mainly in the lateral column. The PFC areas that project to the PAG include most of the areas previously defined as the "medial prefrontal network." The areas that comprise this network represent a visceromotor system, distinct from the sensory related "orbital network."
Ultrasound-Guided Interventional Procedures for Chronic Pain Management (2015)

Ultrasonography has multiple advantages over traditional radiologic imaging modalities when used for interventional procedures. It allows improved visualization of the anatomy while avoiding ionizing radiation and risks associated with contrast use. It has proved superiority at accuracy of delivery and procedural effectiveness over blind procedures when used in association with interventional pain procedures. Although limited in its ability to see through bony structures, ultrasound has utility in visualizing soft tissues and vascular structures in anatomic regions of interest resulting in increased use for posterior neuraxial, periaxial, peripheral nerve and joint-related structures. Current evidence for use in these settings is presented here. In some cases, optimal utility may be improved by combining ultrasonography with other imaging modalities.
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS IN ISCHEMIA-REPERFUSION INJURY (2009)

Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injuries are implicated in a large array of pathological conditions such as myocardial infarction, cerebral stroke, and hepatic, renal, and intestinal ischemia, as well as following cardiovascular and transplant surgeries. The hallmark of these pathologies is excessive inflammation. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognized as one of the main contributors to pathogen-induced inflammation and, more recently, injury-induced inflammation. Endogenous ligands such as low-molecular hyaluronic acid, fibronectin, heat shock protein 70, and heparin sulfate were all found to be cleaved in the inflamed tissue and to activate TLR2 and TLR4, initiating an inflammatory response even in the absence of pathogens and infiltrating immune cells. In this review, we discuss the contribution of TLR activation in hepatic, renal, cerebral, intestinal, and myocardial I/R injuries. A greater understanding of the role of TLRs in I/R injuries may aid in the development of specific TLR-targeted therapeutics to treat these conditions.
In Vitro Differentiation of Human Processed Lipoaspirate Cells into Early Neural Progenitors (2003)

Human processed lipoaspirate (PLA) cells are multipotent stem cells, capable of differentiating into multiple mesenchymal lineages (bone, cartilage, fat, and muscle). To date, differentiation to nonmesodermal fates has not been reported. This study demonstrates that PLA cells can be induced to differentiate into early neural progenitors, which are of an ectodermal origin. Undifferentiated cultures of human PLA cells expressed markers characteristic of neural cells such as neuron-specific enolase (NSE), vimentin, and neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN). After 2 weeks of treatment of PLA cells with isobutylmethylxanthine, indomethacin, and insulin, about 20 to 25 percent of the cells differentiated into cells with typical neural morphologic characteristics, accompanied by increased expression of NSE, vimentin, and the nerve-growth factor receptor trk-A. However, induced PLA cells did not express the mature neuronal marker, MAP, or the mature astrocyte marker, GFAP. It was also found that neurally induced PLA cells displayed a delayed-rectifier type K+ current (an early developmental ion channel) concomitantly with morphologic changes and increased expression of neural-specific markers. The authors concluded that human PLA cells might have the potential to differentiate in vitro into cells that represent early progenitors of neurons and/or glia.
Inhibition of CSF-1 Receptor Improves the Antitumor Efficacy of Adoptive Cell Transfer Immunotherapy (2013)

Colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) recruits tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells (TIM) that suppress tumor immunity, including M2 macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). The CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) is a tyrosine kinase that is targetable by small molecule inhibitors such as PLX3397. In this study, we used a syngeneic mouse model of BRAF(V600E)-driven melanoma to evaluate the ability of PLX3397 to improve the efficacy of adoptive cell therapy (ACT). In this model, we found that combined treatment produced superior antitumor responses compared with single treatments. In mice receiving the combined treatment, a dramatic reduction of TIMs and a skewing of MHCII(low) to MHCII(hi) macrophages were observed. Furthermore, mice receiving the combined treatment exhibited an increase in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and T cells, as revealed by real-time imaging in vivo. In support of these observations, TILs from these mice released higher levels of IFN-γ. In conclusion, CSF-1R blockade with PLX3397 improved the efficacy of ACT immunotherapy by inhibiting the intratumoral accumulation of immunosuppressive macrophages.
Relative frequency of malaria pigment-carrying monocytes of nonimmune and semi-immune patients from flow cytometric depolarized side scatter (2001)

Our results confirm the feasibility of malaria detection by flow cytometry for semi-immune patients and extend malaria detection to nonimmune patients with low frequencies of PCM. High sensitivity and specificity for malaria detection were obtained.
Absence of CTLA-4 Lowers the Activation Threshold of Primed CD8+ TCR-Transgenic T Cells: Lack of Correlation with Src Homology Domain 2-Containing Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (2001)

To examine the role of CTLA-4 in controlling Ag-specific CD8(+) T cell activation, TCR-transgenic/CTLA-4 wild-type or -deficient mice were generated in a recombination-activating gene 2-deficient background. Naive T cells from these mice responded comparably whether or not CTLA-4 was expressed. In contrast, primed T cells responded more vigorously if they lacked CTLA-4 expression. We took advantage of the difference between naive and primed T cell responses to approach the mechanism of CTLA-4 function. Single-cell analyses demonstrated that a greater fraction of CTLA-4-deficient cells responded to a fixed dose of Ag compared with CTLA-4-expressing cells, whereas the magnitude of response per cell was comparable. A shift in the dose-response curve to APCs was also observed such that fewer APCs were required to activate CTLA-4-deficient T cells to produce intracellular IFN-gamma and to proliferate. These results suggest that CTLA-4 controls the threshold of productive TCR signaling. Biochemical analysis comparing stimulated naive and primed TCR-transgenic cells revealed no obvious differences in expression of total CTLA-4, tyrosine-phosphorylated CTLA-4, and associated Src homology domain 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase. Thus, the biochemical mechanism explaining the differential inhibitory effect of CTLA-4 on naive and primed CD8(+) T cells remains unclear.
Cloning and Expression of a Marine Bacterial -Galactoside 2,6-Sialyltransferase Gene from Photobacterium damsela JT0160 (1998)

Sialyltransferase 0160, a bacterial sialyltransferase which catalyzes the incorporation of NeuAc from CMP-NeuAc into the galactose residue of the carbohydrate chain at position 6, is produced by Photobacterium damsela JT0160. The gene coding for sialyltransferase 0160 (bst) was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. The sialyltransferase 0160 gene contains an open reading frame of 2,028 base pairs encoding a protein of 675 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence of sialyltransferase 0160 did not contain the sialylmotif and had no significant similarity to mammalian sialyltransferases. Crude extracts of cultured E. coli MV1184 cells carrying an expression plasmid for the sialyltransferase 0160 gene showed sialyltransferase activity, which was identified as beta-galactoside alpha2,6-sialyltransferase activity by enzymatic reaction product analysis. In addition, when mutant genes, lacking 3'-coding regions for COOH-terminal portions of the protein, which are thought to form alpha-helix structures, were expressed in E. coli MV1184, soluble-form enzymes were obtained. This implies that the COOH-terminal portion of sialyltransferase 0160 is required for membrane binding.
Decreased expression of type II tumor suppressor gene RARRES3 in tissues of hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma (2005)

Expression of RARRES3 is positively correlated to well-differentiated CC, which supports the role of RARRES3 in malignant epithelial differentiation of the tumor. The decrease in RARRES3 expression in tissues of HCC and CC with moderate and poor differentiation suggests that altered RARRES3 expression may play a role in the carcinogenesis of the liver and biliary tract.
Potential use of herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors for gene therapy of neurological disorders (1997)

Advances in molecular biology and virus genetics have allowed the possibility of gene therapy using viral vectors for a variety of neurological diseases in which the genetic or biochemical basis is understood. A number of such vectors have now been constructed, including those derived from herpes simplex virus (HSV), adenovirus, retrovirus and adeno-associated virus, and used in preliminary in vitro experiments and in animal models. It is possible to package a foreign gene into such a vector which can then be targeted to specific regions of the nervous system. HSV is particularly appropriate for delivering genes to neurons in view of its ability to establish latent infection in these cells. Viral vectors have the potential to be used to treat such neurological conditions as malignant gliomas, Parkinson's disease, known single gene disorders and cerebral ischaemia. However, the technical problems which will need to be overcome are formidable and will not be easily solved. The problems include the efficient delivery of the vector to target cells, the maintenance and control of foreign gene expression, and the control of unwanted host immune responses.
Artificial neural networks for cancer research: Outcome prediction (1994)

The use of artificial neural networks in biological and medical research has increased tremendously in the last few years. Artificial neural networks are being used in cancer research for image processing, the analysis of laboratory data for breast cancer diagnosis, the discovery of chemotherapeutic agents, and for cancer outcome prediction. A neural network generalizes from the input data to patterns inherent in the data, and its uses these patterns to make predictions or to classify. This paper explains how neural networks work, and it shows that a neural network is more accurate at predicting breast cancer patient outcome than the current staging system.
Phenylalanine Depletion for the Management of Phenylketonuria: Use of Enzyme Reactors with Immobilized Enzymes (1978)

Multitubular enzyme reactors with immobilized phenylalanine ammonia lyase were tested in vitro and in vivo for depletion of phenylalanine in circulating blood. Sustained reduction of phenylalanine was achieved in less than 30 minutes. A 50% decrease of phenylalanine was obtained with a 2-hour application of enzyme reactors and was maintained for more than 2 days. Similar enzyme reactors have therapeutic potential for temporary management of phenylketonuric patients when their circulating phenylalanine becomes exceedingly high because of infection, fever, or pregnancy.
Evaluation of Experimental Subunit Vaccines for Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (1980)

Subunit infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) antigens were prepared by solubilization of IBR-virus infected cell cultures with nonionic detergents Triton X-100 and NP-40. When used with Freund's incomplete adjuvant, Triton X-100 and NP-40 subunit antigens induced high serum-neutralization titers in vaccinated calves. Two doses of Triton X-100 and NP-40 subunit vaccines prevented the appearance of clinical signs of disease in all vaccinated calves exposed 30 days after the second vaccinal dose to intranasal challenge exposure with Cooper strain of IBR virus. Furthermore, two doses of NP-40 subunit vaccine prevented shedding of the virus in all vaccinated calves after challenge exposure.
Development of a 3D Printing Method for Production of Dental Application (2013)

Traditionally, the manufacturing of dental restorations, including crowns, veneers and other structures made by ceramics, is a labor‐intensive and time consuming process. Additive manufacturing has the potential to significantly decrease the time and cost associated with this process. This work performed preliminary investigation for the feasibility of dental restoration parts printing using the ExOne M‐Lab system with a commercialized dental porcelain powder. The porcelain powders were characterized, and two measurements, including pre‐sintering and addition of flow agent, were taken in the attempt to improve the processability of the original powder feedstock. The results showed that while the addition of flow agent has more significant effects in improving the flowability of the powder used, the post sintered parts exhibit considerable shrinkage and residual porosity that necessitates further investigation.
"EFFORT" THROMBOSIS OF THE AXILLARY AND SUBCLAVIAN VEINS (1949)

EFFORT thrombosis of the axillary, subclavian and, occasionally, brachial veins, although occurring infrequently, may be the consequence of either severe or unaccustomed exertion. This report is an analysis of 72 cases, 16 of which I have collected and 56 of which are assembled from a partial review of the literature 1 for the past ten years. Effort thrombosis was first reported in 1884 by von Schrotter. 2 By 1920, Cadenat 3 was able to collect 27 cases. Paggi, 4 in a review of the literature, found only 74 cases reported up to July 1933, and Matas 1r in 1934 was able to cite 100 such cases. Veal, in 1940, 5 reviewing the literature for the last fifty years, was able to collect less than 150 cases and reported 17 of his own. His statistics are, however, subject to qualification, since he includes types of thrombosis other than effort thrombosis in
Packing and hydrophobicity effects on protein folding and stability: Effects of β‐branched amino acids, valine and isoleucine, on the formation and stability of two‐stranded α‐helical coiled coils/leucine zippers (1993)

The aim of this study was to examine the differences between hydrophobicity and packing effects in specifying the three-dimensional structure and stability of proteins when mutating hydrophobes in the hydrophobic core. In DNA-binding proteins (leucine zippers), Leu residues are conserved at positions "d," and beta-branched amino acids, Ile and Val, often occur at positions "a" in the hydrophobic core. In order to discern what effect this selective distribution of hydrophobes has on the formation and stability of two-stranded alpha-helical coiled coils/leucine zippers, three Val or three Ile residues were simultaneously substituted for Leu at either positions "a" (9, 16, and 23) or "d" (12, 19, and 26) in both chains of a model coiled coil. The stability of the resulting coiled coils was monitored by CD in the presence of Gdn.HCl. The results of the mutations of Ile to Val at either positions "a" or "d" in the reduced or oxidized coiled coils showed a significant hydrophobic effect with the additional methylene group in Ile stabilizing the coiled coil (delta delta G values range from 0.45 to 0.88 kcal/mol/mutation). The results of mutations of Leu to Ile or Val at positions "a" in the reduced or oxidized coiled coils showed a significant packing effect in stabilizing the coiled coil (delta delta G values range from 0.59 to 1.03 kcal/mol/mutation). Our results also indicate the subtle control hydrophobic packing can have not only on protein stability but on the conformation adopted by the amphipathic alpha-helices. These structural findings correlate with the observation that in DNA-binding proteins, the conserved Leu residues at positions "d" are generally less tolerant of amino acid substitutions than the hydrophobic residues at positions "a."
A Role for p38MAPK/HSP27 Pathway in Smooth Muscle Cell Migration (1999)

Smooth muscle cells are exposed to growth factors and cytokines that contribute to pathological states including airway hyperresponsiveness, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, smooth muscle hypertrophy, and hyperplasia. A common feature of several of these conditions is migration of smooth muscle beyond the initial boundary of the organ. Signal transduction pathways activated by extracellular signals that instigate migration are mostly undefined in smooth muscles. We measured migration of cultured tracheal myocytes in response to platelet-derived growth factor, interleukin-1beta, and transforming growth factor-beta. Cellular migration was blocked by SB203580, an inhibitor of p38(MAPK). Time course experiments demonstrated increased phosphorylation of p38(MAPK). Activation of p38(MAPK) resulted in the phosphorylation of HSP27 (heat shock protein 27), which may modulate F-actin polymerization. Inhibition of p38(MAPK) activity inhibited phosphorylation of HSP27. Adenovirus-mediated expression of activated mutant MAPK kinase 6b(E), an upstream activator for p38(MAPK), increased cell migration, whereas overexpression of p38alpha MAPK dominant negative mutant and an HSP27 phosphorylation mutant blocked cell migration completely. The results indicate that activation of the p38(MAPK) pathway by growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines regulates smooth muscle cell migration and may contribute to pathological states involving smooth muscle dysfunction.
Both a monoclonal antibody and antisera specific for determinants unique to individual cloned helper T cell lines can substitute for antigen and antigen-presenting cells in the activation of T cells. (1983)

Two antisera and a monoclonal antibody raised in BALB.K mice against cloned, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted, antigen-specific helper T cell lines are described. These antibodies are specific for individual cloned T cell lines and are potent inducers of T cell proliferation. The induction of T cell proliferation by these antibodies requires the presence of an adherent accessory cell. There is no H-2 restriction between this accessory cell and the cloned T cell, nor is this antibody-induced proliferation blocked by a monoclonal anti-Fc receptor antibody. The requirement for an accessory cell, however, is eliminated in the presence of an IL-1- or IL-2-rich supernatant. Thus this system allows the analysis of helper T cell activation with only a single cell type present. Anti-T cell sera also induce T cell-dependent B cell proliferation and immunoglobulin secretion. The induction of T cell-dependent B cell activation by these sera does not require H-2-matched T cells and B cells. The specificity of these antibodies and their ability to stimulate cloned helper T cells in the absence of antigen and antigen-presenting cells strongly suggest that these antibodies are directed against antigen and/or Ia recognition sites on the T cell.
Epitaxial growth and properties of ferromagnetic co-doped TiO2 anatase (2001)

We have used oxygen-plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (OPA-MBE) to grow CoxTi1−xO2 anatase on SrTiO3(001) for x=∼0.01–0.10, and have measured the structural, compositional, and magnetic properties of the resulting films. Whether epitaxial or polycrystalline, these CoxTi1−xO2 films are ferromagnetic semiconductors at and above room temperature. However, the magnetic and structural properties depend critically on the Co distribution, which varies widely with growth conditions. Co is substitutional in the anatase lattice and in the +2 formal oxidation state in ferromagnetic CoxTi1−xO2. The magnetic properties of OPA-MBE grown material are significantly better than those of analogous pulsed laser deposition-grown material.
Strategies to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Dental Pulp Stem Cells (DPSCs) from NK Cell Mediated Cytotoxicity (2010)

By increasing the release of IFN-gamma and decreasing the cytotoxic function of NK cells monocytes are able to shield stem cells from killing by the NK cells, resulting in an increased protection and differentiation of stem cells. More importantly studies reported in this paper indicate that anti-CD16 antibody can be used to prevent NK cell induced rejection of stem cells.
Correlation and Simple Linear Regression (2003)

In this tutorial article, the concepts of correlation and regression are reviewed and demonstrated. The authors review and compare two correlation coefficients, the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Spearman rho, for measuring linear and nonlinear relationships between two continuous variables. In the case of measuring the linear relationship between a predictor and an outcome variable, simple linear regression analysis is conducted. These statistical concepts are illustrated by using a data set from published literature to assess a computed tomography-guided interventional technique. These statistical methods are important for exploring the relationships between variables and can be applied to many radiologic studies.