gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cells as the Terminal Stage of Monocyte Differentiation (1998)

Monocytes (MO) cultured for > or =5 days with either macrophage-CSF (M-CSF) or granulocyte macrophage (GM)-CSF and IL-4 differentiated without concomitant proliferation into CD14+ macrophages (Mphi) or CD1a+ dendritic cells (DC), respectively. When adherent and nonadherent CD14high Mphi from M-CSF cultures were separated and cultured further in cytokine-free medium or with GM-CSF/IL-4, most cells from both fractions that were exposed to GM-CSF/IL-4 acquired CD1a expression and DC morphology and function. Conversely, GM-CSF/IL-4 withdrawal at day 5 and additional culture of sorted CD1a+ DC for 2 to 7 days in cytokine-free medium led to cells rapidly becoming adherent CD1a-CD14+ Mphi. Replacing GM-CSF/IL-4 with M-CSF hastened the conversion of DC to Mphi without increasing cell numbers. CD1a+CD14-CD83+ mature DC were induced by a > or =2-day exposure to MO-conditioned medium, LPS, or TNF-alpha/IL-1beta. Upon cytokine removal or culture with M-CSF, DC that had been pushed to maturation by conditioned medium or LPS remained stable or died in the new environment. TNF-alpha/IL-1beta-driven DC displayed heterogeneous CD83 expression and could thus be sorted into CD83high and CD83low/- cells; in cytokine-free medium or in M-CSF, most CD83low/- cells converted to Mphi, whereas most CD83high cells remained nonadherent CD1a+CD14- or died and thus appeared truly terminally differentiated. Hence, MO are precursors of Mphi as well as of DC, with each cell type having the capability to convert into the other until late in the differentiation/maturation process. Accordingly, the cytokine environment and the presence of differentiation and/or other stimulatory signals may be the "final decision-making factors" determining whether these cells will acquire DC or Mphi characteristics and function.
<title>Hyperspectral compression using spectral signature matching with error encoding</title> (1996)

Hyperspectral image data present increasing challenges to current transmission bandwidth and storage capabilities. The large amounts of spectrally redundant information present in these data make hyperspectral compression techniques extremely attractive. This paper presents a hyperspectral compression algorithm which was designed to maintain the spectral accuracy needed for standard hyperspectral analytical techniques. Spectral accuracy is maintained through an approach that extracts and separately codes the hyperspectral signatures present in each pixel.
Efficacy of Larotrectinib in TRK Fusion–Positive Cancers in Adults and Children (2018)

Larotrectinib had marked and durable antitumor activity in patients with TRK fusion-positive cancer, regardless of the age of the patient or of the tumor type. (Funded by Loxo Oncology and others; ClinicalTrials.gov numbers, NCT02122913 , NCT02637687 , and NCT02576431 .).
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (2020)

This chapter focuses on the basic biology of Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), with particular emphasis on its structure, function, and physiology. G-CSF is a member of the family of secreted glycoproteins that regulate the survival, proliferation, differentiation, and function of hematopoietic cells. As a framework for discussing these functions, the in vitro actions of G-CSF will be addressed initially, followed by reviews on the production of G-CSF, the function and distribution of its receptor, and the effects of G-CSF treatment in whole animals. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor may have effects outside the hematopoietic system. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor has also been investigated in nonneutropenic animal models of infection. When one considers its most specific action in vitro-the production of mature neutrophils from precursors-G-CSF could play a role in the regulation of hematopoiesis in two conceptually distinct settings. The chapter concludes with a summary of the evidence for key in vivo roles for G-CSF as an hematopoietic regulator.
Gene targeting of CFTR DNA in CF epithelial cells. (1996)

A goal of cystic fibrosis (CF) gene therapy is correction of the mutant CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene with wild-type (wt) DNA sequences to restore normal CFTR protein and function. Experiments with wtCFTR cDNA expression vectors have shown that the Cl ion transport phenotype associated with CF can be corrected to resemble that in normal cells. An alternative to cDNA-based gene therapy strategies is one that corrects endogenous mutant sequences by targeted replacement with the wt homologue. To test whether such a strategy was feasible, a small fragment homologous replacement (SFHR) strategy was used to replace specific genomic sequences in human epithelial cells. Small fragments of genomic wtCFTR DNA were transfected into transformed CF epithelial cells. Replacement by exogenous CFTR DNA at the appropriate genomic locus and its expression as mRNA was indicated by: (1) allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of genomic DNA and mRNA-derived cDNA; and (2) hybridization of PCR products with allele-specific probes. In addition, the functional activity of CFTR protein was determined by whole cell patch clamp. Southern hybridization and patch clamp analyses suggested that approximately 1 in 100 CF cells underwent a homologous replacement event that resulted in intact Cl transport.
The Triterpenoid CDDO-Me Promotes Hematopoietic Progenitor Expansion and Myelopoiesis in Mice (2011)

The synthetic triterpenoid CDDO-Me has been shown to directly inhibit the growth of myeloid leukemias and lends itself to a wide array of therapeutic indications, including inflammatory conditions, because of its inhibition of NF-κB. We have previously demonstrated protection from acute graft-versus-host disease after CDDO-Me administration in an allogeneic bone marrow transplantation model. In the current study, we observed that CDDO-Me promoted myelopoiesis in both naive and transplanted mice. This effect was dose dependent, as high doses of CDDO-Me inhibited myeloid growth in vitro. All lineages (granulocyte macrophage colony-forming unit, BFU-E) were promoted by CDDO-Me. We then compared the effects with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, a known inducer of myeloid expansion and mobilization from the bone marrow. Whereas both drugs induced terminal myeloid expansion in the spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor only induced granulocyte macrophage colony-forming unit precursors in the spleen, while CDDO-Me increased these precursors in the spleen and bone marrow. After sublethal total-body irradiation, mice pretreated with CDDO-Me further displayed an accelerated recovery of myeloid progenitors and total nucleated cells in the spleen. A similar expansion of myeloid and myeloid progenitors was noted with CDDO-Me treatment after syngeneic bone marrow transplantation. Combined, these data suggest that CDDO-Me may be of use posttransplantation to accelerate myeloid recovery in addition to the prevention of graft-versus-host disease.
Development and characterization of breast cancer reactive monoclonal antibodies directed to the core protein of the human milk mucin. (1987)

A mucin molecule, which has a molecular weight of greater than 400,000 and which carries tumor associated epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies HMFG-1 and HMFG-2, has been purified from human skimmed milk by affinity chromatography followed by passage through a size exclusion column. While treatment of the mucin with hydrogen fluoride for 1 h at 4 degrees C removed the peripheral oligosaccharides, treatment with HF for 3 h at room temperature removed all of its lectin binding ability and revealed a dominant polypeptide of about 68,000. This appears to be the size of the mucin core protein. Monoclonal antibodies have been developed that react with the stripped and partially stripped molecule but not with the intact mucin. From the initial screening on histological sections one of these antibodies, SM-3, reacts with 91% of breast carcinomas but shows little or no reactivity on benign mammary tumors, normal resting, pregnant, or lactating breast. It appears that this monoclonal antibody is reacting with an epitope that is usually masked by oligosaccharide moieties in normal cells but which is exposed, perhaps due to aberrant glycosylation, in malignant cells.
The effects of culture conditions on the glycosylation of secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells (2008)

The effects of different culture conditions, suspension and microcarrier culture and temperature reduction on the structures of N-linked glycans attached to secreted human placental alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) were investigated for CHO cells grown in a controlled bioreactor. Both mass spectrometry and anion-exchange chromatography were used to probe the N-linked glycan structures and distribution. Complex-type glycans were the dominant structures with small amounts of high mannose glycans observed in suspension and reduced temperature cultures. Biantennary glycans were the most common structures detected by mass spectrometry, but triantennary and tetraantennary forms were also detected. The amount of sialic acid present was relatively low, approximately 0.4 mol sialic acid/mol SEAP for suspension cultures. Microcarrier cultures exhibited a decrease in productivity compared with suspension culture due to a decrease in both maximum viable cell density (15-20%) and specific productivity (30-50%). In contrast, a biphasic suspension culture in which the temperature was reduced at the beginning of the stationary phase from 37 to 33 degrees C, showed a 7% increase in maximum viable cell density, a 62% increase in integrated viable cell density, and a 133% increase in specific productivity, leading to greater than threefold increase in total productivity. Both microcarrier and reduced temperature cultures showed increased sialylation and decreased fucosylation when compared to suspension culture. Our results highlight the importance of glycoform analysis after process modification as even subtle changes (e.g., changing from one microcarrier to another) may affect glycan distributions.
Cross-spectral methods for processing biological signals (2002)

We present methods for estimation of signal parameters and apply these methods to biological signals. The methods are based on cross-spectral phase which is computed from the phase of the short time Fourier transform. The methods are applied to acoustical biological signals, including human speech and dolphin sonar clicks. Specifically addressed are the problems of crisp narrowband time frequency representations from very small data sets, accurately estimating speech formants, blind recovery of the group delay of the transmission channel and equalization of time-frequency representations.
In x Ga 1−x N light emitting diodes on Si substrates fabricated by Pd–In metal bonding and laser lift-off (2000)

Indium–gallium nitride (InxGa1−xN) single-quantum-well (SQW) light emitting diodes (LEDs), grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on sapphire, were transferred onto Si substrates. The thin-film InxGa1−xN SQW LED structures were first bonded onto a n+-Si substrate using a transient-liquid-phase Pd–In wafer-bonding process followed by a laser lift-off technique to remove the sapphire growth substrate. Individual, 250×250 μm2, LEDs with a backside contact through the n+-Si substrate were then fabricated. The LEDs had a typical turn-on voltage of 2.5 V and a forward current of 100 mA at 5.4 V. The room-temperature emission peak for the InxGa1−xN SQW LEDs was centered at 455 nm with a full width at half maximum of 19 nm.
Small Airways Disease in COPD (2005)

The tracheobronchial tree of the human lung provides an unequal branching system of conducting airways that can lead to the gas exchanging surface in as few as eight or as many as 23 branches (Fig. 1A and B) depending on the pathway followed (1,2). The term small airways refers to the bronchi and bronchioles less than 2mm in maximum internal diameter that are located from the 4th to the 14th generation of airway branching in the adult human lung (Fig. 1C). These purely conducting airways end in many thousands of terminal bronchioles that range from 400 to 600 mm in diameter and supply a gas exchanging unit of lung termed the acinus (2,3). Figure 2A shows a group of several terminal bronchioles surrounded by connective tissue septa that deﬁnes a larger unit of lung termed the secondary lobule. Within each acinus (Fig. 2B) the terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles that are deﬁned by the appearance of alveolar openings in their walls. The numbers of these openings increase with each successive generation of branching until the bronchiolar epithelium is completely replaced by alveolar openings in the alveolar ducts. The ducts branch several more times and ﬁnally end blindly as alveolar sacs (3). On average the distance from the ﬁrst respiratory bronchiole to alveolar sacs is approximately 9mm and the airways branch up to 12 times over this distance (3). The parallel branching pattern of the smaller airways rapidly enlarge the total cross-sectional areaat each successive generation of airway branching (Fig. 1D) which lowers the resistance to the ﬂow in the peripheral lung and shifts the movement of gas from bulk ﬂow to diffusion in the gas exchanging regions.
A novel leakage current separation technique in a direct tunneling regime gate oxide SONOS memory cell (2004)

In this paper, data retention for various top and bottom oxide (tunnel oxide) SONOS cells has been extensively investigated. For the first time, a leakage current separation technique has been developed to distinguish the two leakage current components via thermionic and direct tunneling (DT) in the ONO layer. Results show that the short-term leakage is dominated by the direct tunneling, while the long-term leakage is dominated by the thermionic emission. The direct tunneling through either tunnel or blocking oxide can also be identified experimentally. These results are useful toward an understanding of the scaling of the SONOS cell with focus on its reliabilities.
HPV based photodynamic therapy: a new approach for anti-cancer therapy (VAC12P.1019) (2014)

Abstract A new method of targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT) is proposed for potentiating anti-tumor immunity. Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particles (VLPs) bind a broad range of tumor types both, in vitro and in vivo, but do not bind healthy, intact tissues. We have linked a photosensitizer dye, IR700, to the HPV VLPs and applied the dye-coupled particles (IR700-VLP) to tumor cells. When exposed to 690nm light, the bound conjugates induced immediate necrotic-like cell death in ovarian, lung, melanoma and cervical cancer cell lines in vitro, and in melanoma and lung tumors in vivo. We are currently expanding these studies to examine long-term tumor growth/survival and the generation of anti-tumor immunity in C57Bl/6 mice using the TC-1 tumor model, which expresses the HPV oncogenes, E6 and E7. This model allows us to track the T-cell responses generated against the HPV oncogenes, in both primary and metastatic tumor settings. Treatment with IR700-VLP and light exposure induced an influx of CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells into the treated tumors. Ex vivo cultures of whole tumor cell suspensions showed IFN-γ production in PMA/ionomycin-stimulated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells and to a lower extent without stimulation, suggesting that these T-cells may have been primed against the tumor antigens. Our data suggest that local anti-tumor immunity can be induced through the rapid tumor cell death caused by IR700, in conjunction with the ability of HPV VLP to induce an innate immune response.
Memory-based Parameter Adaptation (2018)

Deep neural networks have excelled on a wide range of problems, from vision to language and game playing. Neural networks very gradually incorporate information into weights as they process data, requiring very low learning rates. If the training distribution shifts, the network is slow to adapt, and when it does adapt, it typically performs badly on the training distribution before the shift. Our method, Memory-based Parameter Adaptation, stores examples in memory and then uses a context-based lookup to directly modify the weights of a neural network. Much higher learning rates can be used for this local adaptation, reneging the need for many iterations over similar data before good predictions can be made. As our method is memory-based, it alleviates several shortcomings of neural networks, such as catastrophic forgetting, fast, stable acquisition of new knowledge, learning with an imbalanced class labels, and fast learning during evaluation. We demonstrate this on a range of supervised tasks: large-scale image classification and language modelling.
Association Between Plasma Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor Levels and Activated Protein C in Normotensive Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2002)

1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 [1,25(OH) 2 D 3 ] not only regulates calcium metabolism but also modulates the immune system. Some reports have suggested that 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 helps to prevent the development of type 1 diabetes. The association between the vitamin D receptor (VDR) genotype and susceptibility to type 1 diabetes has been examined, but a definitive conclusion has not yet been reached (1,2). We examined the VDR genotype in juvenile Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes.
Alzheimerʼs PS-1 mutation perturbs calcium homeostasis and sensitizes PC12 cells to death induced by amyloid β-peptide (1996)

Mutations in the presenilin-1 (PS-1) gene on chromosome 14 are linked to autosomal dominant early-onset Alzheimer's disease. The amino acid sequence of PS-1 predicts an integral membrane protein and immunocytochemical studies indicate that PS-1 is localized to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We report that expression of PS-1 mutation L286V in cultured PC12 cells exaggerates Ca2+ responses to agonists (carbachol and bradykinin) that induce Ca2+ release from ER. Cells expressing L286V exhibit enhanced elevations of [Ca2+]i following exposure to amyloid beta-peptide (A beta) and increased vulnerability to A beta toxicity. An antagonist of voltage-dependent calcium channels (nifedipine), and a blocker of Ca2+ release from ER (dantrolene), counteract the adverse consequences of the PS-1 mutation. By perturbing Ca2+ homeostasis, PS-1 mutations may sensitize neurons to A beta-induced apoptosis.
Association of Promoter Variants in the α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Gene With an Inhibitory Deficit Found in Schizophrenia (2002)

Although linkage disequilibrium with other genetic alterations cannot be excluded, the CHRNA7 core promoter variants, found in this study, may contribute to a common pathophysiologic feature of schizophrenia.
Pressure/Temperature Phase Diagrams and Superlattices of Organically Functionalized Metal Nanocrystal Monolayers:  The Influence of Particle Size, Size Distribution, and Surface Passivant (1997)

The phase behavior of organically passivated 20−75 Å diameter Ag and Au nanocrystals is investigated by examining surface−area isotherms of Langmuir monolayers and transmission electron micrographs of Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films. The effects of temperature, organic passivant chain length, and nanocrystal size and composition are studied. Three distinct types of phase behavior are observed and may be classified in terms of the extra (conical) volume (Ve) available to the alkyl capping group as it extends from a nearly spherical metal core. For Ve > 350 Å3, the phase diagram is dominated by extended, low-dimensional structures that, at high pressures, compress into a two-dimensional foamlike phase. This behavior is rationalized as originating from the interpenetration of the ligand shells of adjacent particles. For Ve < 350 Å3, dispersion attractions between the metal cores dominate particle condensation. For 350 Å3 > Ve > 150 Å3, the particles condense to form closest packed structures, which, for sufficiently narrow particle size distributions, are characterized by crystalline phases. For Ve ≈ 30 Å3, the particles irreversibly aggregate into structures similar to those expected from a diffusion-limited-aggregation (DLA) model. Optical properties of certain LB films of the closest packed phases are reported.
Digitally tunable wavelength filter and laser (1996)

A novel nonmechanical, digitally tunable, polarization insensitive and optically transparent wavelength filter using holograms electro-optically written on a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) spatial light modulator (SLM) has been constructed and operated to tune to discrete wavelengths spaced by 1.3 nm. The filter has been incorporated in a ring laser which is tunable over a range of 38.5 nm across the erbium window, giving output powers of 10 mW. Both wavelength filter and tunable laser are suitable for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications.
Power regulation resources required by wind power in Finland and regulation characteristics of power plants (2009)

Tässä työssä tarkastellaan tuulivoiman tarvitsemia tehonsäätöresursseja sekä tuulivoiman tuotantomuutoksia eri aikatasoissa. Työssä esitellään erilaisten tuotanto- ja kuormaresurssien teknisiä säätöominaisuuksia, ja niiden perusteella arvioidaan Suomen säätöresurssien määrää. Lisäksi analysoidaan Suomen säätösähkömarkkinoita. Vesivoiman ja kaasuturbiinien tehonsäätönopeudet ovat vähintään 40 % laitoksen nimellistehosta minuutissa. Hiili- ja turvelauhteella päästään polttoainetehoa säätämällä 5 ja 3 % tehonsäätönopeuksiin minuutissa edellä mainitussa järjestyksessä. Yhdistetyn lämmön ja sähkön tuotannon (CHP) tehonsäätöominaisuuksista ei voida sanoa mitään yleispätevää arvoa. Ydinvoiman painevesireaktoreilla pystytään 1-3 % tai jopa 5-10 % tehonsäätönopeuksiin minuutissa. Näiden lukujen ja Suomen voimalaitoskapasiteetin perusteella Suomen teoreettisen säätökapasiteetin arvioidaan olevan 2100-2200 MW. Vuosien 2005-2007 aikana Suomen noin 100 MW:n tuulivoimakapasiteetin mitatut tunnin keskiarvotehojen vaihtelut kahden peräkkäisen tunnin välillä ovat suurimmillaan olleet 16 % asennetusta kapasiteetista. Vaihteluiden keskihajonta on vastaavasti ollut 2,7 %. Työssä käytetyn laajamittaisen tuulivoimaskenaarion (2000 MW) suurin tuotantovaihtelu on vastaavasti noin 20 % ja keskihajonta 3,4 %. Työssä tutkitaan Suomen säätösähkömarkkinoiden säätötarjousten ja aktivoidun säädön ajallista vaihtelua. Lisäksi tarkastelun kohteena on Suomen säätösähkömarkkinoiden hinnan ajallinen vaihtelu. Viime vuosien aikana säätösähkön hinnassa esiintyvien hintapiikkien määrä on lisääntynyt. Tämä kertoo osaltaan säätösähkön käytön kasvusta tai vastaavasti säätötarjouksien vähentymisestä. Tuulivoiman lisääntymisellä järjestelmässä ei todennäköisesti ole vaikutusta häiriöreservien määrään, mikäli kapasiteetti (2000 MW) on maantieteellisesti hajautunut. Vaikutuksista taajuusohjatun käyttöreservin määrään ei voida nykyisten mittaustietojen valossa vielä antaa tarkkoja vastauksia. Järjestelmän hitaan reservin toimintakunnosta ja säilymisestä verkossa tulee huolehtia. Suomen säätösähkömarkkinoiden riittävyyteen tuulivoiman tuotantomuutoksilla on selvä vaikutus. Energiavarmojen lauhde- ja CHP-tuotannon hyödyntämismahdollisuuksia säätöresursseina tulisikin kehittää vesivoiman energiariippuvuuden takia.