gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Empowering the Wind: Overcoming Obstacles to Wind Energy Development in the United States (2010)

This paper analyzes the development of the wind industry in the United States and the policies and programs that have been used to spur its growth. Section One discusses the economic and environmental benefits of wind energy today and tracks its recent growth within the U.S. and around the world. Section Two identifies and explains many of the obstacles to growth, including price distortions, discriminatory transmission policies, infrastructure limitations, and local opposition. Section Three includes a discussion of the federal and state incentives in place today and analyzes their impact on wind energy development throughout the country. Section Four provides case studies of several states that have led the way in promoting and developing their wind energy resources. Finally, Section Five presents policy recommendations to maximize wind energy growth in the future.
Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Capsid Protein VP3 Interacts both with VP1, the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, and with Viral Double-Stranded RNA (2002)

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) virus of the Birnaviridae family. Its two genome segments are encapsidated together with multiple copies of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, VP1, in a single-shell capsid that is composed of VP2 and VP3. In this study we identified the domains responsible for the interaction between VP3 and VP1. Using the yeast two-hybrid system we found that VP1 binds to VP3 through an internal domain, while VP3 interacts with VP1 solely by its carboxy-terminal 10 amino acids. These results were confirmed by using a reverse-genetics system that allowed us to analyze the interaction of carboxy-terminally truncated VP3 molecules with VP1 in infected cells. Coimmunoprecipitations with VP1- and VP3-specific antibodies revealed that the interaction is extremely sensitive to truncation of VP3. The mere deletion of the C-terminal residue reduced coprecipitation almost completely and also fully abolished production of infectious virions. Surprisingly, these experiments additionally revealed that VP3 also binds to RNA. RNase treatments and reverse transcription-PCR analyses of the immunoprecipitates demonstrated that VP3 interacts with dsRNA of both viral genome segments. This interaction is not mediated by the carboxy-terminal domain of VP3 since C-terminal truncations of 1, 5, or 10 residues did not prevent formation of the VP3-dsRNA complexes. VP3 seems to be the key organizer of birnavirus structure, as it maintains critical interactions with all components of the viral particle: itself, VP2, VP1, and the two genomic dsRNAs.
Within the State (2010)

This chapter outlines the role and responsibility of the state for promoting and protecting human rights. The chapter first details the state's obligation to implement and internationally guaranteed human rights and describes the different processes by which customary international law norms and international human rights treaties become part of domestic law. The chapter then discusses the principal domestic legal sources of protection of human rights: constitutional and legislative provisions as well as the common law. Finally, the discussion turns to some of the key institutions within the state that have a role in the protection and promotion of human rights: the courts, the executive, the legislature, ombudsmen, and national human rights institutions.
A novel micro flow cytometer with 3-dimensional focusing utilizing dielectrophoretic and hydrodynamic forces (2003)

This paper reports a micro flow cytometer with an innovative 3-dimensional focusing function that can concentrate particles/cells at the center of sample stream, resulting in a high-precision cell counting. Focusing of the sample flow is a critical issue for micro flow cytometers while counting the particles/cells using a buried optical waveguide. Appreciable errors could occur if the particles are randomly distributed vertically even though they have been focused horizontally. In this paper, a 3-D focusing micromachined flow cytometer is demonstrated using the combination of dielectrophoretic (DEP) and hydrodynamic forces. Three major modules have been integrated on glass substrates to form the microfluidic device, including a hydrodynamically driven flow cytometer, microelectrode arrays for dielectrophoretic forces and etched optical fibers for on-line cell detection. With this approach, cells with different sizes could be counted without fluorescence labeling and delicate optical alignment procedures are not required. Experimental data show that high-precision particle/cell counting could be achieved.
2010 land cover map of insular Southeast Asia in 250-m spatial resolution (2011)

In this letter, we present the methodology and accuracy assessment of a new regional 250-m spatial resolution land cover map of insular Southeast Asia. Nearly 500 daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer images (acquired 2 January–3 July 2010) were used in the production of the map. Additionally, peatland maps, elevation information and Daichi-Advanced Land Observing Satellite mosaic data were utilized in the mapping process. The map covers the Malaysian Peninsula and the major islands of Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi and Mindanao, in addition to the western part of New Guinea and numerous smaller islands. The classification scheme of 13 classes reflects the special characteristics of land cover of insular Southeast Asia, including, for example, peatswamp forests and large-scale palm plantations. The map was assessed to have 85% overall accuracy using high-resolution (10–30 m) satellite data as reference material. It can therefore be considered to provide reliable information on the current status of land cover in this region experiencing rapid land cover changes.
Dopamine released from 5-HT terminals is the cause of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats (2007)

In patients with Parkinson's disease, the therapeutic efficacy of L-DOPA medication is gradually lost over time, and abnormal involuntary movements, dyskinesias, gradually emerge as a prominent side-effect in response to previously beneficial doses of the drug. Here we show that dyskinesia induced by chronic L-DOPA treatment in rats with 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway is critically dependent on the integrity and function of the serotonergic system. Removal of the serotonin afferents, or dampening of serotonin neuron activity by 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonist drugs, resulted in a near-complete block of the L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias, suggesting that dysregulated dopamine release from serotonin terminals is the prime trigger of dyskinesia in the rat Parkinson's disease model. In animals with complete dopamine lesions, the spared serotonin innervation was unable to sustain the therapeutic effect of L-DOPA, suggesting that dopamine released as a 'false transmitter' from serotonin terminals is detrimental rather than beneficial. The potent synergistic effect of low doses of 5-HT1A and 5-HT1B agonists to suppress dyskinesia, without affecting the anti-parkinsonian effect of L-DOPA in presence of spared dopamine terminals, suggests an early use of these drugs to counteract the development of dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patients.
In Vivo Analysis of Heterogeneous Brain Deformation Computations for Model-Updated Image Guidance (2000)

Neurosurgical image-guidance has historically relied on the registration of the patient and preoperative imaging series with surgical instruments in the operating room (OR) coordinate space. Recent studies measuring intraoperative tissue motion have suggested that deformation-induced misregistration from surgical loading is a serious concern with such systems. In an effort to improve registration fidelity during surgery, we are pursuing an approach which uses a predictive computational model in conjunction with data available in the OR to update the high resolution preoperative image series. In previous work, we have developed an in vivo experimental system in the porcine brain which has been used to investigate a homogeneous finite element rendering of consolidation theory as a tissue deformation model. In this paper, our computational approach has been extended to include heterogeneous tissue property distributions determined from an image-to-grid segmentation scheme. Results produced under two different loading conditions show that heterogeneity in the stiffness properties and interstitial pressure gradients varied over a range of physiologically reasonable values account for 1-3% and 5-8% of the predicted tissue motion, respectively, while homogeneous linear elasticity is responsible for 60-70% of the surgically-induced motion that has been recoverable with our model-based approach.
Ex Vivo transduced liver progenitor cells as a platform for gene therapy in mice (2004)

Allogeneic stem cell-based transplants may be limited by allograft rejection, as is seen with conventional organ transplantation. One way to avert such a response is to use autologous stem cells, but that may carry the risk of recurrence of the original disease, particularly in the context of a genetic defect. We investigated the potential for gene modification of autologous stem cells to avoid both problems, using recombinant adenoassociated virus vector expressing human alpha1-antitrypsin in murine liver progenitor cells. We showed that recombinant adenoassociated virus 1 was the most efficient vector for liver progenitor cell transduction among five different serotypes of recombinant adenoassociated virus vectors. Ex vivo infected green fluorescent protein-positive liver progenitor cells from C57BL/6 mice with recombinant adenoassociated virus 1-vector-expressing human alpha1 antitrypsin were transplanted into the liver of monocrotaline-treated and partial-hepatectomized C57BL/6 recipients. Using green fluorescent protein as a donor marker, we were able to determine that at 18 weeks after transplantation, approximately 40% to 50% of the regenerated liver was green fluorescent protein positive. In addition, transgene expression (serum human alpha1-antitrypsin) was sustained for the length of the study (18 weeks after transplantation). Immunostaining revealed approximately 5% to 10% of repopulating liver cells expressing human alpha1-antitrypsin. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the feasibility of long-term engraftment and stability of transgene expression from genetically modified liver progenitor cells with a recombinant adenoassociated virus vector and implies a novel approach to gene therapy for treatment of liver diseases, such as alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.
The Mechanism by which Cycloheximide and Related Glutarimide Antibiotics Inhibit Peptide Synthesis on Reticulocyte Ribosomes (1971)

Cycloheximide and related glutarimide antibiotics have been shown to affect binding, transfer enzyme II-dependent movement, and release of transfer RNA from the donor site of reticulocyte ribosomes, as well as both the initiation and extension of globin and phenylalanine peptides. They inhibit binding of deacylated tRNAphe to reticulocyte ribosomes in the absence of transfer enzymes at concentrations similar to those that inhibit peptide initiation. These concentrations are below those required for comparable inhibition of peptide extension or transfer enzyme II-dependent translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the acceptor to the donor ribosomal sites and appear to provide the basis for differential inhibition of peptide initiation and extension.
Fatty acid hydroperoxide lyase in germinating soybean seedlings (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFatty acid hydroperoxide lyase in germinating soybean seedlingsJose M. Olias, Jose J. Rios, Manuel Valle, Rosario Zamora, Luis C. Sanz, and Bernard AxelrodCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1990, 38, 3, 624–630Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00093a009Request reuse permissionsArticle Views202Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (841 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cell motility mediated by rho and rho-associated protein kinase plays a critical role in intrahepatic metastasis of human hepatocellular carcinoma (1999)

Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can invade the portal vein and metastasizes to other parts of the liver even at a relatively early stage of the disease, with less tumor spread occurring outside the liver. This intrahepatic metastasis is the main cause of liver failure and death in HCC patients. To analyze the mechanisms of intrahepatic metastasis we have constructed metastatic models using orthotopic implantation of human HCC cell lines. Five HCC cell lines formed liver tumors after injection into the livers of SCID mice, and of those 5 cell lines, Li7 and KYN-2 cells also resulted in vascular tumor thrombi and intrahepatic metastasis. These 2 cell lines had markedly higher cell motilities than the other 3 cell lines in vitro. Their motilities appeared to be Rho-mediated; serum and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) evoked actin reorganization and motility of Li7 cells, and C3 exoenzyme exposure reduced the motility of both serum-stimulated Li7 cells and KYN-2 cells. Dominant negative and active forms of p160 Rho-associated coiled-coil forming protein kinase (p160ROCK), one of the downstream effectors of Rho, were separately and stably introduced into Li7 cells. Dominant active p160ROCK transfectants showed increased motility that was independent of serum and LPA, and dominant negative p160ROCK transfectants showed reduced motility under stimulation. Furthermore, implantation of dominant negative p160ROCK transfectants resulted in a reduced metastatic rate in vivo compared with the parent cells or a control transfectant. These findings indicate that cell motility mediated by the Rho/p160ROCK signaling pathway plays a critical role in intrahepatic metastasis of human HCC.
BAFF regulates B cell survival by downregulating the BH3-only family member Bim via the ERK pathway (2005)

The B cell activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) is required for B cell survival and maturation. The mechanisms by which BAFF mediates B cell survival are less understood. We found that BAFF and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), which are related, block B cell antigen receptor (BCR)-induced apoptosis upstream of mitochondrial damage, which is consistent with a role for Bcl-2 family proteins. BCR ligation strongly increased expression of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 homology 3-only Bcl-2 protein Bim in both WEHI-231 and splenic B cells, and increases in Bim were reversed by BAFF or APRIL. Small interfering RNA vector-mediated suppression of Bim blocked BCR-induced apoptosis. BAFF also induced Bim phosphorylation and inhibited BCR-induced association of Bim with Bcl-2. BAFF induced delayed but sustained stimulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and its activators, mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK activating kinase (MEK) and c-Raf, and MEK inhibitors promoted accumulation and dephosphorylation of Bim. These results suggest that BAFF inhibits BCR-induced death by down-regulating Bim via sustained ERK activation, demonstrating that BAFF directly regulates Bim function. Although transitional immature type 1 (T1) B cell numbers are normal in Bim(-/-) mice, T2 and follicular mature B cells are elevated and marginal zone B cells are reduced. Our results suggest that mature B cell homeostasis is maintained by BAFF-mediated regulation of Bim.
Multi-Domain Joint Semantic Frame Parsing Using Bi-Directional RNN-LSTM (2016)

Sequence-to-sequence deep learning has recently emerged as a new paradigm in supervised learning for spoken language understanding. However, most of the previous studies explored this framework for building single domain models for each task, such as slot filling or domain classification, comparing deep learning based approaches with conventional ones like conditional random fields. This paper proposes a holistic multi-domain, multi-task (i.e. slot filling, domain and intent detection) modeling approach to estimate complete semantic frames for all user utterances addressed to a conversational system, demonstrating the distinctive power of deep learning methods, namely bi-directional recurrent neural network (RNN) with long-short term memory (LSTM) cells (RNN-LSTM) to handle such complexity. The contributions of the presented work are three-fold: (i) we propose an RNN-LSTM architecture for joint modeling of slot filling, intent determination, and domain classification; (ii) we build a joint multi-domain model enabling multi-task deep learning where the data from each domain reinforces each other; (iii) we investigate alternative architectures for modeling lexical context in spoken language understanding. In addition to the simplicity of the single model framework, experimental results show the power of such an approach on Microsoft Cortana real user data over alternative methods based on single domain/task deep learning.
New Approaches to Vaccine Development (1989)

A survey of current approaches to the development of vaccines against enteric diseases illuminates several strategies for the rational design of mycobacterial vaccines. One approach is to identify virulence factors and, through the use of transposon-mediated gene inactivation, to produce mutants that lack these factors. Such a strategy can provide important information on antigens important to protection. Genetic deletion or modification of these virulence factors provides insight into both the mechanisms of pathogenesis and the possibilities for the development of live attenuated vaccines. Alternatively, individual antigens identified as important for protection by antibodies and T cells or by studies of pathogenesis can be introduced into other live vaccine vectors to generate multivaccine vehicles. Both approaches appear to be relevant and of possible use for the development of improved vaccines against tuberculosis.
Field conjugate acoustic lenses for ultrasound hyperthermia (1993)

Multipoint foci have been synthesized by applying the pseudoinverse field conjugation method to a single ultrasonic transducer coupled to a polystyrene lens. The lens design is based on phased array calculations are then fabricated on a computer-controlled milling machine. The measured beam patterns from the lenses agree closely with the beam patterns predicted by theory for the equivalent phased arrays. Temperature distributions from thermal modeling and those measured in tissue equivalent phantoms show that the lens system is capable of generating strongly localized, controlled temperature fields for hyperthermia.
Derivatives: a comprehensive resource for options, futures, interest rate swaps, and mortgage securities (1996)

Part 1 Options: stock option basics the institutional environment for stock options stock option pricing risk management of an option portfolio option products exotic option - option innovations to meet special needs interest rate options option references and suggested readings. Part 2 Financial futures: contract characteristics and the institutional environment pricing futures, forwards and options on futures - general considerations treasury bill futures Eurodollars US treasury bond and notes futures the Standard and Poor's 500 stock price index futures contract futures references and suggested readings. Part 3 Interest rate swaps/basics: swap pricing and hedging non-generic swaps options on swaps interest rate swap references and suggested readings. Part 4 Mortgage derivatives: the underlying instruments and market characteristics valuation and hedging of MPTs CMOs, STRIPs and other mortgage derivative instruments mortgage derivative references and suggested readings.
Bismacrocyclic Inhibitors of Hepatitis C NS3/4a Protease (2008)

Double time: The bismacrocycle 2 was prepared from 1 by a selective double ring-closing metathesis (RCM) reaction to form the 18- and 15-membered rings simultaneously. Derivative 3 shows excellent potency against NS3/4a protease. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Dielectrophoretic liquid actuation and nanodroplet formation (2001)

Water, like any polarizable medium, responds to a nonuniform electric field by collecting preferentially in regions of maximum field intensity. This manifestation of dielectrophoresis (DEP) makes possible a variety of microelectromechanical liquid actuation schemes. In particular, we demonstrate a new class of high-speed DEP actuators, including “wall-less” flow structures, siphons, and nanodroplet dispensers that operate with water. Liquid in these microfluidic devices rests on a thin, insulating, polyimide layer that covers the coplanar electrodes. Microliter volumes of water, deposited on these substrates from a micropipette, are manipulated, transported, and subdivided into droplets as small as ∼7 nl by sequences of voltage application and appropriate changes of electrode connections. The finite conductivity of the water and the capacitance of the dielectric layer covering the electrodes necessitate use of rf voltage above ∼60 kHz. A simple RC circuit model explains this frequency-dependent behavior. DEP actuation of small water volumes is very fast. We observe droplet formation in less than 0.1 s and transient, voltage-driven movement of water fingers at speeds exceeding 5 cm/s. Such speed suggests that actuation can be accomplished using preprogrammed, short applications of the rf voltage to minimize Joule heating.
Selective and flexible depletion of problematic sequences from RNA-seq libraries at the cDNA stage (2014)

We find that PDD is a rapid procedure that results in effective and specific depletion of unwanted sequences from deep-sequencing libraries. Because PDD acts at the cDNA stage, handling of fragile RNA samples can be minimised and it should further be feasible to remediate existing libraries. Importantly, PDD preserves the original RNA fragment boundaries as is required for nucleotide-resolution footprinting or base-cleavage studies. Finally, as PDD utilises unmodified DNA oligonucleotides it can provide a low-cost option for large-scale projects, or be flexibly customised to suit different depletion targets, sample types and organisms.