gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Periodically Changing Ventilator Circuits Is Not Necessary to Prevent Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia When a Heat and Moisture Exchanger Is Used (2004)

Circuit change using an HME for humidification does not decrease pneumonia and represents an unnecessary cost.
Struggle Against Colonialism in Africa: A Note on Fanon's Theory (2002)

Rapid dendrite growth in single- or dual-phase multicomponent alloys can be manipulated to improve the mechanical properties of such metallic materials. Rapid growth of (αFe) dendrites was realized in an undercooled Fe-5Ni-5Mo-5Ge-5Co (wt.%) multinary alloy using the glass fluxing method. The relationship between rapid dendrite growth and the micro-/nano-mechanical properties of the alloy was investigated by analyzing the grain refinement and microstructural evolution resulting from the rapid dendrite growth. It was found that (αFe) dendrites grow sluggishly within a low but wide undercooling range. Once the undercooling exceeds 250 K, the dendritic growth velocity increases steeply until reaching a plateau of 31.8 ms(-1). The increase in the alloy Vickers microhardness with increasing dendritic growth velocity results from the hardening effects of increased grain/phase boundaries due to the grain refinement, the more homogeneous distribution of the second phase along the boundaries, and the more uniform distribution of solutes with increased contents inside the grain, as verified also by nanohardness maps. Once the dendritic growth velocity exceeds ~8 ms(-1), the rate of Vickers microhardness increase slows down significantly with a further increase in dendritic growth velocity, owing to the microstructural transition of the (αFe) phase from a trunk-dendrite to an equiaxed-grain microstructure.
Human Leukocyte Interferon Purified to Homogeneity (1978)

One of the species of human interferon produced by incubation of leukocytes with Newcastle disease virus was purified to homogeneity. It exhibited one peak of activity coinciding with a single protein band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Development and Evaluation of an Improved Cochlear Implant Electrode Design for Electric Acoustic Stimulation (2004)

The new electrode prototype provides very good mechanical properties for safe and atraumatic implantation. All criteria for the use in hearing-preservation cochlear implantation for electric and acoustic stimulation were fulfilled. Surgical measures to prevent basal trauma appear to be very important.
Human T cell growth factor. I. Optimal conditions for its production. (1979)

We have investigated the conditions for the production of a T cell growth factor (TCGF) capable of maintaining the long-term growth of normal human T cells and present in the supernatants of human-stimulated peripheral blood leukocytes. T cell lectins induced TCGF release with maximal production by using PHA (1%) and lower activity with Con A (60 µg/ml). TCGF activity was also detected in the supernatants of MLC reactions, but in a smaller amount than after lectin stimulation. Furthermore, the cells activated by the MHC differences to produce TCGF, seemed to be included into those stimulated by PHA, since supernatants from a MLC reaction carried out in the presence of PHA did not show higher TCGF activity than did a pool of supernatants from the same donors individually stimulated with PHA. TCGF release was possible in serum-free media with inhibition of its production at serum concentrations higher than 2%. The kinetics of TCGF release were highly dependent on the cellular concentration of the cultures with a peak of activity that occurred early (18 hr) in high density cultures and later (60 hr) in low density cultures. Afterward, there was a progressive fall in activity that did not seem to be due to the release of suppressive factors. We also observed significant individual differences in the production of TCGF that were closely related to the individual variability in PHA-induced DNA synthesis.
Polymorphism Ratio Sequencing: A New Approach for Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Discovery and Genotyping (2003)

Polymorphism ratio sequencing (PRS) combines the advantages of high-throughput DNA sequencing with new labeling and pooling schemes to produce a powerful assay for sensitive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery, rapid genotyping, and accurate, multiplexed allele frequency determination. In the PRS method, dideoxy-terminator extension ladders generated from a sample and reference template are labeled with different energy-transfer fluorescent dyes and coinjected into a separation capillary for comparison of relative signal intensities. We demonstrate the PRS method by screening two human mitochondrial genomes for sequence variations using a microfabricated capillary array electrophoresis device. A titration of multiplexed DNA samples places the limit of minor allele frequency detection at 5%. PRS is a sensitive and robust polymorphism detection method for the analysis of individual or multiplexed samples that is compatible with any four-color fluorescence DNA sequencer.
Polyamines potentiate responses of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors expressed in xenopus oocytes. (1990)

Glutamate, the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, activates at least three types of channel-forming receptors defined by the selective agonists N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate, and quisqualate [or more selectively by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)]. Activation of the NMDA receptor requires glycine as well as NMDA or glutamate. Recent studies have provided evidence that certain polyamines potentiate the binding by NMDA receptors of glycine and the open channel blocker MK-801. To determine whether polyamines alter channel opening, we examined their effects on rat brain glutamate receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Our results demonstrate that spermine potentiates the response of the NMDA receptor but has no effect on responses to kainate and quisqualate. Furthermore, spermine increases the maximum response to NMDA and glycine and acts, at least in part, by increasing the apparent affinity of the NMDA receptor/channel complex for glycine. The present findings and the fact that polyamines are a natural constituent of brain suggest that polyamines may play a role in the regulation of glutamatergic transmission.
Calculations of Amorphous-Forming Composition Range for Ternary Alloy Systems and Analyses of Stabilization of Amorphous Phase and Amorphous-Forming Ability (2001)

The amorphous-forming composition range (AFCR) was calculated for 338 ternary amorphous alloy systems on the basis of the database given by Miedema’s model in order to examine the applicability of the model, to analyze the stability of the amorphous phase, and to determine the dominant factors influencing the ability to form an amorphous phase. The mixing enthalpies of amorphous and solid solution phases were expressed as a function of alloy compositions on the basis of chemical enthalpy. Based on the Eshelby and Friedel model, an elastic enthalpy term was added to the model for the solid solution. Furthermore, an average melting temperature of the constituent elements was added to the model as the topological enthalpy in an amorphous phase. An amorphous phase was assumed to have been formed at the composition where the enthalpy of an amorphous phase was smaller than that of a solid solution. The AFCR was calculated for 335 systems except for the Al–Cu–Fe, Al–Mo–Si and Au–Ge–Si systems. The calculated results are in agreement with the experimental data for Cu–Ni- and Al–Ti-based systems. For typical amorphous alloy systems exemplified by the Zr-, La-, Fe- and Mg-based systems, it was recognized that the calculated AFCR had been overestimated as a result of the model being simplified. We have also shown that the elastic enthalpy term arising in a solid solution phase stabilizes the amorphous phase, and the stabilization mechanism is particularly notable in Mg-based amorphous alloy systems. Short-range order plays an important role in the formation of Al-, Fe- and Pd-metalloid based systems. The following factors have a great influence on amorphous-forming ability: (1) three empirical rules for the achievement of high AFA, (2) melting temperature and viscosity at the melting temperature, (3) elastic enthalpy arising in a solid solution, and (4) short-range order observed in an amorphous phase. The importance of the latter two factors was only identified as a result of the present study.
Solid-Phase Synthesis with Attachment of Peptide to Resin through an Amino Acid Side Chain: [8-Lysine]-Vasopressin (1971)

It is proposed that the scope of solid-phase peptide synthesis could be considerably broadened by attaching peptides to the solid-phase through functional side-chain groups rather than through the commonly used alpha-carboxyl groups. Side-chain attachment offers the use of a large variety of chemical linkages to solid supports. Attachment through the epsilon-amino group of the lysine residue to a polystyrene resin has been applied to a solid-phase synthesis of lysine-vasopressin. N(alpha)-tert-butyl-oxycarbonyl-L-lysyl-glycinamide was condensed with chloroformoxymethyl polystyrene-2% divinylbenzene resin. After removal of the N(alpha)-protecting tert-butyloxycarbonyl group, the peptide chain was elongated by standard Merrifield procedures to give Tos-Cys(Bzl)-Tyr-Phe-Glu-(NH(2)) - Asp(NH(2)) - Cys(Bzl) - Pro - Lys(Z - resin) - Gly-NH(2). Cleavage from the resin with HBr in dioxane or trifluoroacetic acid gave a partially protected nonapeptide hydrobromide. For purification, it was converted into a fully protected peptide by treatment with benzyl p-nitro-phenyl carbonate and crystallized. Deprotection by sodium in liquid ammonia, oxidative cyclization, IRC-50 desalting, and ion-exchange chromatography gave lysinevasopressin with high potency in a rat-pressor assay.
A reverse-genetics system for Influenza A virus using T7 RNA polymerase (2007)

The currently available reverse-genetics systems for Influenza A virus are all based on transcription of genomic RNA by RNA polymerase I, but the species specificity of this polymerase is a disadvantage. A reverse-genetics vector containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter, hepatitis delta virus ribozyme sequence and T7 RNA polymerase terminator sequence has been developed. To achieve optimal expression in minigenome assays, it was determined that viral RNA should be inserted in this vector in the negative-sense orientation with two additional G residues downstream of the T7 RNA polymerase promoter. It was also shown that expression of the minigenome was more efficient when a T7 RNA polymerase with a nuclear-localization signal was used. By using this reverse-genetics system, recombinant influenza virus A/PR/8/34 was produced more efficiently than by using a similar polymerase I-based reverse-genetics system. Furthermore, influenza virus A/NL/219/03 could be rescued from 293T, MDCK and QT6 cells. Thus, a reverse-genetics system for the rescue of Influenza A virus has been developed, which will be useful for fundamental research and vaccine seed strain production in a variety of cell lines.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS (1931)

1. Type-specific antipneumococcus immunity has been induced in rabbits by immunization with antigen prepared by combining a specific derivative of the capsular polysaccharide of Type III Pneumococcus with globulin from horse serum. 2. Rabbits immunized with this antigen acquire active immunity against infection with virulent Type III pneumococci. 3. The sera of the immune rabbits contain type-specific antibodies which precipitate the Type III capsular polysaccharide, agglutinate Type III pneumococci, and specifically protect mice against Type III infection. 4. The experimental data are discussed with reference to: (1) the concurrence in the immune sera of type-specific antibodies for Pneumococcus and precipitins for horse globulin; (2) the determining influence of the capsular polysaccharide on the specificity of the antigen as a whole; (3) the unity of the type-specific precipitins, agglutinins, and protective antibodies induced by a single component of the pneumococcus in chemical union with an unrelated, animal protein.
Characterization and modeling of volumetric and mechanical properties for step and flash imprint lithography photopolymers (2001)

Step and flash imprint lithography (SFIL) is an alternative approach to high-resolution patterning based on a bilayer imprint scheme. SFIL utilizes the in situ photopolymerization of an oxygen etch resistant monomer solution in the topography of a template to replicate the template pattern on a substrate. The SFIL replication process can be affected significantly by the densification associated with polymerization and by the mechanical properties of the cured film. The densities of cured photopolymers were determined as a function of pendant group volume. The elastic moduli of several photopolymer samples were calculated based on a Hertzian fit to force–distance data generated by atomic force microscopy. The current SFIL photopolymer formulation undergoes a 9.3% (v/v) densification. The elastic modulus of the SFIL photopolymer is 4 MPa. The densification and the elastic modulus of the photopolymer layer can be tailored from 4% to 16%, and from 2 to 30 MPa, respectively, by changing the structure of the photopolymer precursors and their formulation. The complex interaction among densification, mechanical properties (elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio) and aspect ratio (height:width) was studied by finite element modeling. The effect of these parameters on linewidth, sidewall angle, and image placement was modeled. The results indicate that the majority of densification occurs by shrinkage in the direction normal to the substrate surface and that Poisson’s ratio plays a critical role in defining the shape of the replicated features. Over the range of material properties that were determined experimentally, volumetric contraction of the photopolymer is not predicted to adversely affect either pattern placement or sidewall angle.
Synthesis and interconversion of 6‐aroyl‐4‐oxohexanoie acids and 5‐aryl‐2‐furanpropionic acids. Antiinflammatory agents (1969)

Abstract A series of 6‐aroyl‐4‐oxohexanoic acids ( 2 ) was prepared for intermediate use by acid‐catalyzed solvolysis of substituted 3‐(2‐furyl)acrylophenones ( 1 ). This reaction occasionally gave 5‐aryl‐2‐furanpropionic acids ( 3 ) instead of, or in addition to, the desired diketones ( 2 ). Equilibrium between 2 and 3 was observed in the case where Ar is m ‐nitrophenyl. A rationalization for the formation of 3 is offered, and published reports with which our results differ are discussed. Diketones ( 2 ) were cyclized to furans ( 3 ) and antiinflammatory screening data are reported for the latter.
Expression of Neuregulins and their Putative Receptors, ErbB2 and ErbB3, Is Induced during Wallerian Degeneration (1997)

Schwann cell dedifferentiation and proliferation is a prerequisite to axonal regeneration in the injured peripheral nervous system. The neuregulin (NRG) family of growth and differentiation factors may play a particularly important role in this process, because these axon-associated molecules are potent Schwann cell mitogens and differentiation factors in vitro. We have examined Schwann cell DNA synthesis and the expression of NRGs and their receptors, the erbB membrane tyrosine kinases, in rat sciatic nerve, sensory ganglia, and spinal cord 0-30 d postaxotomy. Analysis of NRG cDNAs from these tissues revealed several novel splice variants and showed that cells endogenous to injured nerve express NRG mRNAs. A selective induction of mRNAs encoding the glial growth factor (GGF) subfamily of NRGs occurs in nerve beginning 3 d postaxotomy and thus coincides with the onset of Schwann cell DNA synthesis. In later stages of Wallerian degeneration, however, Schwann cell mitogenesis markedly decreases, whereas elevated GGF expression persists. Of the four known erbB kinases, Schwann cells express both erbB2 and erbB3 receptors over the entire interval studied. Expression of erbB2 and erbB3 is coordinately induced in response to axotomy, indicating that Schwann cell responses to NRGs may be modulated by changes in receptor density. Neuregulin (including transmembrane precursors) and erbB protein are associated with Schwann cells postaxotomy. Thus, in contrast to the concept of NRGs as axon-associated mitogens, our findings suggest that NRGs produced by Schwann cells themselves may be partially responsible for Schwann cell proliferation during Wallerian degeneration, probably acting via autocrine or paracrine mechanisms.
Pseudo-prolines (psi Pro) for accessing "inaccessible" peptides. (1995)

Pseudo-prolines (psi Pro) are introduced as a temporary protection technique for serine, threonine and cysteine side chains in standard Fmoc/tBu solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The incorporation of these novel building blocks into a growing peptide chain proceeds by means of the coupling of preformed, suitably protected psi Pro dipeptides. For the example of representative model peptides used in protein de novo design, the potential of psi Pro to solubilize otherwise sparingly or completely insoluble peptides is demonstrated. Because of their intrinsic propensity for preventing peptide aggregation and beta-sheet formation, pseudo-prolines offer new possibilities for accessing large peptides by convergent strategies and chemoselective ligation techniques.
The NMDA receptor antagonist amantadine reduces surgical neuropathic pain in cancer patients: a double blind, randomized, placebo controlled trial (1998)

Neuropathic pain is often severe, persistent, and responds poorly to analgesic medications. Recent evidence suggests that N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists may be effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The present trial was designed to test the efficacy of acute administration of the NMDA receptor antagonist amantadine in relieving surgical neuropathic pain in patients with cancer. The study sample consisted of 15 cancer patients with the diagnosis of surgical neuropathic pain. Two 500 ml infusions of either 200 mg amantadine or placebo were administered over a 3 h period, in a randomized order, 1 week apart from each other. Spontaneous and evoked pain were measured for 48 h before treatment, during treatment, and for 48 h following treatment. An average pain reduction of 85% was recorded at the end of amantadine infusion vs. 45% following placebo administration. The difference in pain relief between the two treatments was statistically significant (P = 0.009). Mean pain intensity remained significantly lower during the 48 h following amantadine treatment as compared with the 48 h prior to treatment (31% reduction; P = 0.006), whereas no such effect was found with the placebo (6% reduction; P = 0.40). Amantadine, but not the placebo, also reduced 'wind up' like pain (caused by repeated pinpricking) in four patients. We conclude that amantadine infusion is a safe and effective acute treatment for surgical neuropathic pain in cancer patients. Further trials with long-term oral or parenteral amantadine treatment should be conducted.
Tungsten Transport Protein A (WtpA) in Pyrococcus furiosus : the First Member of a New Class of Tungstate and Molybdate Transporters (2006)

A novel tungstate and molybdate binding protein has been discovered from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus. This tungstate transport protein A (WtpA) is part of a new ABC transporter system selective for tungstate and molybdate. WtpA has very low sequence similarity with the earlier-characterized transport proteins ModA for molybdate and TupA for tungstate. Its structural gene is present in the genome of numerous archaea and some bacteria. The identification of this new tungstate and molybdate binding protein clarifies the mechanism of tungstate and molybdate transport in organisms that lack the known uptake systems associated with the ModA and TupA proteins, like many archaea. The periplasmic protein of this ABC transporter, WtpA (PF0080), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Using isothermal titration calorimetry, WtpA was observed to bind tungstate (dissociation constant [K(D)] of 17 +/- 7 pM) and molybdate (K(D) of 11 +/- 5 nM) with a stoichiometry of 1.0 mol oxoanion per mole of protein. These low K(D) values indicate that WtpA has a higher affinity for tungstate than do ModA and TupA and an affinity for molybdate similar to that of ModA. A displacement titration of molybdate-saturated WtpA with tungstate showed that the tungstate effectively replaced the molybdate in the binding site of the protein.
Antiangiogenic and Antitumor Efficacy of EphA2 Receptor Antagonist (2004)

Tumor-associated angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis and is controlled by various pro- and antiangiogenic factors. The Eph family of receptor tyrosine kinases has emerged as one of the pivotal regulators of angiogenesis. Here we report that interfering with EphA signaling resulted in a pronounced inhibition of angiogenesis in ex vivo and in vivo model systems. Administration of EphA2/Fc soluble receptors inhibited, in a dose-dependent manner, microvessel formation in rat aortic ring assay, with inhibition reaching 76% at the highest dose of 5000 ng/ml. These results were further confirmed in vivo in a porcine aortic endothelial cell-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/basic fibroblast growth factor Matrigel plug assay, in which administration of EphA2/Fc soluble receptors resulted in 81% inhibition of neovascularization. The additive effects of simultaneous inhibition of VEGF receptor 2 and EphA signaling pathways in aortic ring assay and antiangiogenic efficacy of EphA2/Fc soluble receptors against VEGF/basic fibroblast growth factor-mediated neovascularization in vivo indicated a critical and nonredundant role for EphA signaling in angiogenesis. Furthermore, in two independent experiments, we demonstrated that EphA2/Fc soluble receptors strongly (by approximately 50% versus controls) suppressed growth of ASPC-1 human pancreatic tumor s.c. xenografts. Inhibition of tumor growth was due to decreased proliferation of tumor cells. In an orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma model in mice, suppression of EphA signaling by i.p. administration of EphA2/Fc (30 micro g/dose, three times a week for 56 days) profoundly inhibited the growth of primary tumors and the development of peritoneal, lymphatic, and hepatic metastases. These data demonstrate a critical role of EphA signaling in tumor growth and metastasis and provide a strong rationale for targeting EphA2 receptors for anticancer therapies.