gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery and genetic localization of Down syndrome cerebellar phenotypes using the Ts65Dn mouse (2000)

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of mental retardation and affects many aspects of brain development. DS individuals exhibit an overall reduction in brain size with a disproportionately greater reduction in cerebellar volume. The Ts65Dn mouse is segmentally trisomic for the distal 12-15 Mb of mouse chromosome 16, a region that shows perfect conserved linkage with human chromosome 21, and therefore provides a genetic model for DS. In this study, high resolution magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis demonstrate precise neuro- anatomical parallels between the DS and the Ts65Dn cerebellum. Cerebellar volume is significantly reduced in Ts65Dn mice due to reduction of both the internal granule layer and the molecular layer of the cerebellum. Granule cell number is further reduced by a decrease in cell density in the internal granule layer. Despite these changes in Ts65Dn cerebellar structure, motor deficits have not been detected in several tests. Reduction in granule cell density in Ts65Dn mice correctly predicts an analogous pathology in humans; a significant reduction in granule cell density in the DS cerebellum is reported here for the first time. The candidate region of genes on chromosome 21 affecting cerebellar development in DS is therefore delimited to the subset of genes whose orthologs are at dosage imbalance in Ts65Dn mice, providing the first localization of genes affecting a neuroanatomical phenotype in DS. The application of this model for analysis of developmental perturbations is extended by the accurate prediction of DS cerebellar phenotypes.
The All-Digital Television Studio (1980)

The most important application of digital technology to television broadcasting may well be the conversion of the analog video signal into a digital format (digital video). This development has been characterized as occurring in three phases, beginning with digital black boxes and culminating with the all-digital studio. A proposed interim stage is the digital editing suite. Its inputs and outputs would be analog; within the suite, however, digital processing would be used. One can anticipate early use of digital video recording in program production and of digital editing suites in post production, but the timetable for the appearance of the all-digital television studio is difficult to predict. It is necessary to specify technical standards for the digital studio, i.e. the choice of composite or component coding of the video signal. Component digital coding has many advantages. It allows a significant improvement in the quality of the television picture. By the use of a family of extensible codes, an appropriate code can be selected to suit the application. Component coding makes possible a worldwide compatible standard with a commonality of broadcast equipment.
Generation of high energy 10 fs pulses by a new pulse compression technique (1996)

An optical compression technique which is particularly suitable for ultrashort pulses of high energy is presented. Spectral broadening is achieved by pulse propagation along a hollow-core fused silica waveguide filled with noble gases at high pressure. Pulse compression is then obtained in a prisms dispersive delay line. Experiments performed with pulses of 140 fs duration and 660 μJ energy from a Ti:sapphire laser demonstrate the generation of compressed pulses of 10 fs duration and 240 μJ energy.
Production of recombinant proteins in milk of transgenic and non-transgenic goats (2011)

Among all the transgenic mammalians produced so far, goats have represented an excellent model of transgenesis when considering the factors such as the market demand for protein, volume of milk produced per lactation and reproductive rate. Various recombinant proteins have been obtained from the transgenic and non-transgenic goats, and among these, human antithrombin, produced by the transgenic goats, was the first recombinant protein of animal origin to be released as a drug for the clinical use in humans. This review reports the aspects inherent to the production of recombinant proteins in the goats, from the production of the animal bioreactors up to the expression of these proteins in their milk.
Continuous-wave two-photon absorption in a Watt-class semiconductor optical amplifier (2008)

We report the observation of photoluminescence produced by the recombination of free carriers generated via continuous-wave (CW) two-photon absorption (TPA) in a packaged, low-confinement (Gamma approximately 0.5%) InGaAsP/InP quantum-well slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifier (SCOWA) having a saturation output power of 0.8 W and 1/e-mode-field diameters of 5 x 7 microm. Photoluminescence power measured at the wavelength corresponding to the bandgap wavelength of the SCOWA's InGaAsP waveguide (lambda(G) approximately 1040 nm) exhibits a quadratic dependence on the amplifier's 1540-nm output power. Comparison between measured and simulated CW gain saturation data reveals that the combination of TPA and TPA-generated free-carrier absorption (FCA) limits the CW output intensity of high-power, low-confinement semiconductor optical amplifiers and semiconductor lasers.
Mesenchymal stromal cells genetically engineered to overexpress IGF-I enhance cell-based gene therapy of renal failure-induced anemia (2008)

We previously demonstrated that erythropoietin (EPO)-secreting mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be used for the long-term correction of renal failure-induced anemia. The present study provides evidence that coimplantation of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-overexpressing MSC (MSC-IGF) improves MSC-based gene therapy of anemia by providing paracrine support to EPO-secreting MSC (MSC-EPO) within a subcutaneous implant. IGF-I receptor RNA expression in murine MSC was demonstrated by RT-PCR. Functional protein expression was confirmed by immunoblots and MSC responsiveness to IGF-I stimulation in vitro. IGF-I was also shown to improve MSC survival following staurosporin-induced apoptosis in vitro. A cohort of C57Bl/6 mice was rendered anemic by right kidney electrocoagulation and left nephrectomy. MSC-EPO were subsequently admixed in a bovine collagen matrix and implanted, in combination with MSC-IGF or MSC null, by subcutaneous injection in renal failure mice. In mice receiving MSC-EPO coimplanted with MSC-IGF, hematocrit elevation was greater and enhanced compared with control mice; heart function was also improved. MSC-IGF coimplantation, therefore, represents a promising new strategy for enhancing MSC survival within implanted matrices and for improving cell-based gene therapy of renal anemia.
Concise Review: Prospects of Stem Cell Therapy for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (2007)

Certain regions of the adult brain have the ability for partial self-repair after injury through production of new neurons via activation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NSCs). Nonetheless, there is no evidence yet for pervasive spontaneous replacement of dead neurons by newly formed neurons leading to functional recovery in the injured brain. Consequently, there is enormous interest for stimulating endogenous NSCs in the brain to produce new neurons or for grafting of NSCs isolated and expanded from different brain regions or embryonic stem cells into the injured brain. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), characterized by hyperexcitability in the hippocampus and spontaneous seizures, is a possible clinical target for stem cell-based therapies. This is because these approaches have the potential to curb epileptogenesis and prevent chronic epilepsy development and learning and memory dysfunction after hippocampal damage related to status epilepticus or head injury. Grafting of NSCs may also be useful for restraining seizures during chronic epilepsy. The aim of this review is to evaluate current knowledge and outlook pertaining to stem cell-based therapies for TLE. The first section discusses the behavior of endogenous hippocampal NSCs in human TLE and animal models of TLE and evaluates the role of hippocampal neurogenesis in the pathophysiology and treatment of TLE. The second segment considers the prospects for preventing or suppressing seizures in TLE using exogenously applied stem cells. The final part analyzes problems that remain to be resolved before initiating clinical application of stem cell-based therapies for TLE. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Identification of control elements 3' to the human keratin 1 gene that regulate cell type and differentiation-specific expression. (1993)

To define DNA regulatory elements that mediate the response of the keratin 1 (K1) gene to Ca(2+)-induced differentiation, regions spanning the 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences, coding regions, and introns from the human K1 gene were cloned into vectors containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and transfected into cultured mouse keratinocytes. A 4.3-kilobase (kb) region located 3' to the K1 gene stimulated CAT activity in response to increasing Ca2+ concentrations from 0.05 mM (basal cells) to 1.2 mM (differentiated cells). The 4.3-kb fragment was also active in human epidermal cells but inactive in NIH 3T3 cells and primary mouse fibroblasts. Deletion analysis localized the activity to the terminal 1682 base pairs (bp) of the flanking sequence which retained Ca2+ sensitivity in epidermal cells but was not active in mesenchymal cells. Removal of a 207-base pair element created an enhancer which was active in both epidermal and mesenchymal cells but was still Ca(2+)-inducible. Further deletions identified two elements which functioned synergistically to give maximal Ca(2+)-sensitive activity. Stably transfected epidermal cell lines expressed CAT under the direction of these elements when grafted onto nude mice to reconstitute an intact epidermis. Previously reported keratin regulatory motifs were not contained in the 1682-bp fragment, but an AP-1 site was identified in one of the synergistic subunits.
A Nonlinear Approach for Face Sketch Synthesis and Recognition (2005)

Most face recognition systems focus on photo-based face recognition. In this paper, we present a face recognition system based on face sketches. The proposed system contains two elements: pseudo-sketch synthesis and sketch recognition. The pseudo-sketch generation method is based on local linear preserving of geometry between photo and sketch images, which is inspired by the idea of locally linear embedding. The nonlinear discriminate analysis is used to recognize the probe sketch from the synthesized pseudo-sketches. Experimental results on over 600 photo-sketch pairs show that the performance of the proposed method is encouraging.
Suppression of the Vacuolar Invertase Gene Prevents Cold-Induced Sweetening in Potato (2010)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is the third most important food crop in the world. Potato tubers must be stored at cold temperatures to prevent sprouting, minimize disease losses, and supply consumers and the processing industry with high-quality tubers throughout the year. Unfortunately, cold storage triggers an accumulation of reducing sugars in tubers. High-temperature processing of these tubers results in dark-colored, bitter-tasting products. Such products also have elevated amounts of acrylamide, a neurotoxin and potential carcinogen. We demonstrate that silencing the potato vacuolar acid invertase gene VInv prevents reducing sugar accumulation in cold-stored tubers. Potato chips processed from VInv silencing lines showed a 15-fold acrylamide reduction and were light in color even when tubers were stored at 4°C. Comparable, low levels of VInv gene expression were observed in cold-stored tubers from wild potato germplasm stocks that are resistant to cold-induced sweetening. Thus, both processing quality and acrylamide problems in potato can be controlled effectively by suppression of the VInv gene through biotechnology or targeted breeding.
Self-Assessment and Democratization (2006)

This paper takes the stance that self-assessment is an integral part of democratization in classrooms. Defined as ‘the involvement of students in identifying standards and/or criteria to apply to their work and making judgments about the extent to which they met these criteria and standards’ (Boud 1986, p. 5), self-assessment uses principles that promote democracy. Freedom of expression and participation in decision making propel the student to a level outside of the norm that results in excellence in all areas of endeavor, within and without the classroom. Implications for education and society are discussed.
The inversion of gravity data into three‐dimensional polyhedral models (1989)

A nonlinear inversion scheme is described for the inversion of gravity data into a three‐dimensional polyhedral model. As presented, the inversion scheme is quite general and could have application to a wide range of nonlinear problems. Constraints, in the form of independent geologic information, play an essential role in the analysis. The parameterization of the problem allows inclusion of exact linear constraints to limit possible model shapes and to construct multiple body models. It also significantly reduces the degrees of freedom in a problem and can help the stability of the iterative process. Plausibility constraints are used to limit the total departure of the solution from a starting model known to a specified level of confidence. The optimal trade‐off between fitting noisy data and remaining close to a plausible starting model is determined empirically for each problem. The utility of the inversion scheme is illustrated with an example of estimating depth to bedrock from gravity data in Avra Valley, Arizona. The basin is modeled using three‐dimensional polyhedra. The analysis indicates two deep portions in the elongate basin separated by a 0.8‐km‐deep saddle point. Uncertainties in the solution are estimated, and the three controlling factors are independent control of depth to bedrock, data density, and basin depth.
A kinase independent function for Tec kinase ITK in regulating antigen receptor induced serum response factor activation (2006)

The Tec family kinases are critical downstream regulators of antigen receptor signals in lymphocytes. As kinases, they act on critical substrates to regulate signals such as calcium increase leading to activation of transcription factors such as NFAT, NFkappaB and SRF. We now show here that ITK, a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, has a kinase independent function. Mutants of ITK that lack kinase activity or a kinase domain can rescue cells lacking Tec family kinases for antigen receptor induced SRF activation, but not for NFAT, AP-1 or NFkappaB activation. Furthermore, expression of these mutants in WT cells enhanced SRF activation. This kinase independent function required the SH2 domain since a mutant lacking both the kinase and SH2 domains was much less effective at rescuing SRF activation. This kinase-deleted mutant could partially rescue ERK activation, and interact with multiple tyrosine phosphorylated proteins during antigen receptor signaling, suggesting that ITK uses a scaffolding function that regulates signals leading to specific regulation of SRF activation.
Estimation of melanin content in iris of human eye (2005)

Based on experimental data, obtained in vitro from reflectance measurements and in vivo from digital analysis of color images of human irises, melanin content in human and bovine eye irises has been estimated. Reflectance measurements have been performed using commercially available optical multichannel spectrometer LESA-5 (BioSpec, Russia). For registration of color images digital camera Olympus C-5060 has been used. Analysis of the reflectance spectra has been performed by the method used for determination of melanin content in skin. For digital analysis of iris color images, decomposition of the images in RGB-color-coordinate system has been performed. The images have been obtained both from irises of health volunteers as from irises of patients with glaucoma. Original computer program based on Mathcad software has been developed for the analysis. The results obtained from spectral and color measurements have a good agreement each to other. In eye irises of patients with glaucoma, smaller melanin content has been obtained, and the result has been useful for development of novel and optimization of already existing methods of glaucoma diagnostics.
Invited Review: Reliability of genomic predictions for North American Holstein bulls (2008)

Genetic progress will increase when breeders examine genotypes in addition to pedigrees and phenotypes. Genotypes for 38,416 markers and August 2003 genetic evaluations for 3,576 Holstein bulls born before 1999 were used to predict January 2008 daughter deviations for 1,759 bulls born from 1999 through 2002. Genotypes were generated using the Illumina BovineSNP50 BeadChip and DNA from semen contributed by US and Canadian artificial-insemination organizations to the Cooperative Dairy DNA Repository. Genomic predictions for 5 yield traits, 5 fitness traits, 16 conformation traits, and net merit were computed using a linear model with an assumed normal distribution for marker effects and also using a nonlinear model with a heavier tailed prior distribution to account for major genes. The official parent average from 2003 and a 2003 parent average computed from only the subset of genotyped ancestors were combined with genomic predictions using a selection index. Combined predictions were more accurate than official parent averages for all 27 traits. The coefficients of determination (R(2)) were 0.05 to 0.38 greater with nonlinear genomic predictions included compared with those from parent average alone. Linear genomic predictions had R(2) values similar to those from nonlinear predictions but averaged just 0.01 lower. The greatest benefits of genomic prediction were for fat percentage because of a known gene with a large effect. The R(2) values were converted to realized reliabilities by dividing by mean reliability of 2008 daughter deviations and then adding the difference between published and observed reliabilities of 2003 parent averages. When averaged across all traits, combined genomic predictions had realized reliabilities that were 23% greater than reliabilities of parent averages (50 vs. 27%), and gains in information were equivalent to 11 additional daughter records. Reliability increased more by doubling the number of bulls genotyped than the number of markers genotyped. Genomic prediction improves reliability by tracing the inheritance of genes even with small effects.
Clinical Study on Treatment of Premature Ventricular Beat( P .V.) of Coronary Heart Disease( CHD) with Shen Song Yang Min Capsule: A Randomised, Double- blind, Active controlled，Multi- centre Trial (2003)

Objective: To assess the therapeutic effect and safty of Shen Song Yang Xin Capsule in treating premature ventricular beat (P.V.) of coronary heart disease (CHD). Method: Twenty hundrund and six patients with P.V. of CHD were randomly divided into treatment group treated with Shen Song Yang Xin Capsule and control group treated with Xin Lu Ning Tablet. The therapeutic course was 4 weeks. Main symptoms and signs, ECG, side and toxic reactions were observed before and after treatment. Result: In treatment group, the excellent effective rate of premature ventricular beat was 35.0%, general effective rate was 69.0%, respectively 18.4% and 48.5% in control group. The difference of effective rate between two groups was significant ( P =0.001). In treatment group, the excellent effective rate of TCM symptoms and signs was 41.8%, general effective rate was 87.4%, respectively 13.6% and 67.0% in control group. There was significant difference between the two groups( P 0.001). In treatment group, the excellent effective rate of ECG was 12.0%, general effective rate was 56.0%, respectively 3.9% and 38 1% in control group( P =0.01). Side and toxic reactions were not found in two groups. Conclusion:Shen Song Yang Xin Capsule can be used safely and effectively in patients with premature ventricular beat of coronary heart disease.
Evidence for the existence of lipid-diffusion barriers in the equatorial segment of human spermatozoa (1994)

Liposomes consisting of negatively charged phospholipids interact almost exclusively with the equatorial segment (ES) of human spermatozoa provided the cells have undergone the acrosome reaction (AR) [Arts, Kuiken, Jager and Hoekstra (1993) Eur. J. Biochem. 217, 1001-1009]. Using fluorescently tagged liposomes, this interaction can be observed by fluorescence microscopy, showing either a diffuse fluorescence in the ES region (pattern ESd, presumably reflecting membrane-incorporated lipids as a result of fusion) or a punctate fluorescence (pattern ESp, representing adhering liposomes). These distribution patterns remain unchanged during prolonged incubation, up to 40 min. Not only do these observations suggest the existence of fairly specific liposomal binding sites, associated with the ES region, but also that a barrier to lipid lateral diffusion seems to exist in the ES membrane. Using liposomes that contain fluorescent lipid analogues in either both leaflets or in the inner leaflet only, we demonstrate that this putative barrier entails both membrane leaflets. Treatment with EDTA caused fluorescence to spread from the ES towards other membrane domains. Since only spermatozoa displaying pattern ESd were affected by the chelator, the randomization was not caused by EDTA-induced fusion activity. Therefore, this observation provides further evidence that in spermatozoa displaying pattern ESd the fluorescent lipid analogues were incorporated in the ES membrane as a result of fusion. Furthermore, these experiments support the view of the existence of a transmembranous block to lipid lateral diffusion in the ES, the stability of which may be governed by bivalent cations.
The effect of the sweetness inhibitor 2(-4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid (sodium salt) (Na-PMP) on the taste of bitter-sweet stimuli (1994)

The effect of the sweetness inhibitor 2(-4-methoxyphenoxy)propanoic acid (sodium salt) (Na-PMP) on the taste and temporal properties of a range of bitter-sweet stimuli was determined using a trained sensory panel. Na-PMP was found to be an effective inhibitor of the sweetness response of all stimuli tested, reducing both sweetness intensity and persistence. The inhibitor was found to be specific to sweet taste, no reduction in bitterness intensity or persistence was observed at the concentrations of Na-PMP employed in this study. The results therefore do not support the claim of Fuller and Kurtz (1991), that Na-PMP is a potent bitterness inhibitor, but rather support the existence of two distinct receptor sites/loci in sweet and bitter chemoreception.
Sorbents for the Capture of CO2 and Other Acid Gases: A Review (2021)

The processes that produce CO2 and other acid gases (SOx, NOx, and H2S) generate value for society. However, these gases are environmental pollutants, and their emission into the atmosphere undermines the value they create. In the face of climate change, CO2 emissions require attention on an unprecedented scale. Abatement technologies focused on carbon capture, storage, and utilization (CCUS) enable the continued use of processes and resources that produce CO2 (and other acid gases) while minimizing their effect on the environment. This review explores the role sorbents play in emission abatement and the acid gas “economy”. We identify 15 sorbent categories, evaluating their performance at both the material and the system levels. We conclude with anticipated research opportunities and future trends in acid gas separation.