gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic stem cells (2002)

beta-cell replacement therapy via islet transplantation has had renewed interest, due to the recent improved success. In order to make such a therapy available to more than a few of the thousands of patients with diabetes, new sources of insulin-producing cells must be readily available. The recent conceptual revolution of the presence of adult pluripotent stem cells in bone marrow and in most, if not all, organs suggests that adult stem cells may be a potential source of insulin-producing cells. Pancreatic stem/progenitor cells or markers for these cells have been sought in both islets and ducts. There is considerable evidence that such cells exist and several candidate cells have been reported. However, no clearly identifiable adult pancreatic stem cell has been found as yet. The putative pancreatic stem cells will be the focus of this review.
Indicators of Erythrocyte Damage after Microwave Warming of Packed Red Blood Cells (2003)

All markers of cellular damage were altered after heating to >47 degrees C, and a substantial part of hemolysis was delayed. The methodology can be used for future testing of other blood warming devices.
Orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines: A clinically relevant animal model for metastatic prostate cancer (1997)

These results demonstrates that orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines, including LNCaP, reproducibly leads to metastasis formation in nude mice.
Silicon Photonic Integrated Mode Multiplexer and Demultiplexer (2012)

A novel passive integrated optical circuit for mode-multiplexing and demultiplexing six channels, LP01 and LP11 modes in a few-moded fiber, is designed and tested. A push-pull solution is proposed and demonstrated to excite the LP11 modes with a high extinction ratio. The circuit can outperform present bulk-optics solutions through its compactness and stability, and it has the potential advantages of high coupling efficiency and excellent mode crosstalk suppression.
The Use of Nucleoside H-Phosphonates in the Synthesis of Deoxyoligonucleotides (1987)

Abstract Nucleoside H-phosphonates are valuable intermediates in the synthesis of deoxyoligonucleotides. The DBU salt form is more stable in solution and is consequently an improvement in routine synthesis of DNA.
Gradient-based learning applied to document recognition (1998)

Multilayer neural networks trained with the back-propagation algorithm constitute the best example of a successful gradient based learning technique. Given an appropriate network architecture, gradient-based learning algorithms can be used to synthesize a complex decision surface that can classify high-dimensional patterns, such as handwritten characters, with minimal preprocessing. This paper reviews various methods applied to handwritten character recognition and compares them on a standard handwritten digit recognition task. Convolutional neural networks, which are specifically designed to deal with the variability of 2D shapes, are shown to outperform all other techniques. Real-life document recognition systems are composed of multiple modules including field extraction, segmentation recognition, and language modeling. A new learning paradigm, called graph transformer networks (GTN), allows such multimodule systems to be trained globally using gradient-based methods so as to minimize an overall performance measure. Two systems for online handwriting recognition are described. Experiments demonstrate the advantage of global training, and the flexibility of graph transformer networks. A graph transformer network for reading a bank cheque is also described. It uses convolutional neural network character recognizers combined with global training techniques to provide record accuracy on business and personal cheques. It is deployed commercially and reads several million cheques per day.
Leptin Sensitive Neurons in the Hypothalamus (1999)

A major paradigm in the field of obesity research is the existence of an adipose tissue-brain endocrine axis for the regulation of body weight. Leptin, the peptide mediator of this axis, is secreted by adipose cells. It lowers food intake and body weight by acting in the hypothalamus, a region expressing an abundance of leptin receptors and a variety of neuropeptides that influence food intake and energy balance. Among the most promising candidates for leptin-sensitive cells in the hypothalamus are arcuate nucleus neurons that co-express the anabolic neuropeptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP), and those that express proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of the catabolic peptide, alphaMSH. These cell types contain mRNA encoding leptin receptors and show changes in neuropeptide gene expression in response to changes in food intake and circulating leptin levels. Decreased leptin signaling in the arcuate nucleus is hypothesized to increase the expression of NPY and AGRP. Levels of leptin receptor mRNA and leptin binding are increased in the arcuate nucleus during fasting, principally in NPY/AGRP neurons. These findings suggest that changes in leptin receptor expression in the arcuate nucleus are inversely associated with changes in leptin signaling, and that the arcuate nucleus is an important target of leptin action in the brain.
Idiotypic cross-reactivity of immunoglobulins expressed in Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and mantle zone lymphocytes of secondary B-cell follicles (1991)

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) specific for autoantibody-associated cross-reactive idiotypes (CRIs) of Waldenstrom's IgM react frequently with the surface Ig (slg) expressed by leukemia cells of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Evaluation of the molecular basis for this cross-reactivity indicates that such CRIs are encoded by conserved antibody variable region genes (V genes) that have undergone little or no somatic hypermutation. We find that such anti-CRI MoAbs stain a subpopulation of cells within the mantle zones surrounding the germinal centers of normal human tonsil. In contrast, MoAbs specific for variable region subgroup determinants react with cells in both the mantle zones and germinal centers of secondary B-cell follicles. To test whether mantle zone B cells not reactive with existing anti-CRI MoAbs may express slg bearing as-yet-unrecognized CRIs present on Igs produced by neoplastic cells of some patients with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia or CLL, we immunized mice with purified Waldenstrom's IgM that have been characterized for their variable region subgroups using subgroup-specific antisera raised against synthetic peptides. The supernatants of hybridomas generated from the splenocytes of immunized mice were screened for their ability to stain a subpopulation of mantle zone lymphocytes in human tonsil. With this approach, two new anti-CRI MoAbs were identified, designated OAK1 and VOH3. OAK1 binds to a CRI present on a subset of kappa light chains of the VK1 subgroup. VOH3 recognizes a CRI determinant(s) present on a subset of antibody heavy chains of the VH3 subgroup. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated that OAK1 specifically binds leukemia cells from 5 to 20 patients (25%) with kappa light chain expressing CLL. In addition, VOH3 reacted with the leukemia cells from 1 of 17 (6%) patients tested. The success of these methods demonstrates that the variable regions of the Igs produced by mantle zone B cells share idiotypic determinants with Igs expressed in B-cell CLL (B-CLL) and Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia.
Increased β‐amyloid release and levels of amyloid precursor protein (APP) in fibroblast cell lines from family members with the Swedish Alzheimer's disease APP670/671 mutation (1994)

Cell lines transfected with the Swedish Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein APP670/671 mutation release significantly more beta-amyloid than wild-type cells. Citron et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1994) in press] have recently shown that fibroblasts carrying the APP670/671 mutation also release more beta-amyloid than control cells [1]. The present study confirms a ca. threefold increase in beta-amyloid release from mutation-bearing fibroblasts. APP mRNA levels did not differ between mutation-bearing and control cells, although mutation-bearing fibroblasts contained significantly more APP751/770 than controls. Mild stress decreased beta-amyloid secretion and increased APP751/770 levels in all cell lines. In conclusion, the proportion of APP committed to amyloidogenic processing is increased in fibroblasts from family members with the APP670/671 mutation, and this mutation may also compromise the APP stress response.
Kinetic comparison of ricin immunotoxins: biricin conjugate has potentiated cytotoxicity (1986)

The plant toxin ricin was chemically coupled to an anti-Thy-1.1 antibody, and the resultant conjugates were fractionated by gel filtration. The cytotoxicity of the conjugate possessing two ricin molecules per immunoglobulin, yielding a first-order inactivation rate of protein synthesis of -0.4 log/h at 200 ng/mL, was well above that expected just from the increase in ricin per unit mass of conjugate, when compared to a conjugate possessing only one ricin per immunoglobulin. On a conjugate molar scale the biricin immunotoxin was determined to be 8 times more potent than the monoricin conjugate; thus, relative to the number of ricin molecules, the coupling of a second ricin to the immunoglobulin quadrupled the observed potency. The concentration of immunotoxin and the resultant inactivation rates of protein synthesis were found to be related through a power function. Additionally, the inactivation kinetics of these conjugates were found to be similar to those of native ricin.
Small interfering RNAs containing full 2′-O-methylribonucleotide-modified sense strands display Argonaute2/eIF2C2-dependent activity (2005)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process by which short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) direct the degradation of complementary single-strand RNAs. In this study, we investigated the effects of full-strand phosphorothioate (PS) backbone and 2'-O-methyl (2'-OMe) sugar modifications on RNAi-mediated silencing. In contrast to previous reports, we have identified active siRNA duplexes containing full 2'-OMe-modified sense strands that display comparable activity to the unmodified analog of similar sequence. The structure of these modified siRNAs is the predominant determinant of their activity, with sequence and backbone composition being secondary. We further show, by using biotin-tagged siRNAs and affinity-tagged hAgo2/eIF2C2, that activity of siRNA duplexes containing full 2'-OMe substitutions in the sense strand is mediated by the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and that strand-specific loading (or binding) to hAgo2 may be modulated through selective incorporation of these modifications.
Sialosyl-Tn. A novel mucin antigen associated with prognosis in colorectal cancer patients (1990)

Colon cancers typically produce mucin. However, it is not known whether tumor mucin plays a biological role in cancer cell behavior. To address this issue, the expression of a mucin-associated antigen, sialosyl-Tn, was examined by immunohistochemical study in 128 primary colorectal carcinoma specimens from 137 patients who underwent curative surgical resection. Antigen expression was correlated with disease-free and overall 5-year survival. Sialosyl-Tn antigen expression occurred in 112 (87.5%) tumors, and was independent of age, gender, tumor location, Dukes' stage, depth of invasion, degree of differentiation, and ploidy status. Survival at 5 years for patients with sialosyl-Tn-negative versus sialosyl-Tn-positive tumors was 100% versus 73% (P less than 0.05) and disease-free survival was 94% versus 73%, respectively (P = 0.12). Although more advanced Dukes' stage, deeper invasion, and aneuploidy were all associated with poorer overall 5-year survival, antigen-negative tumors within each of these groups had much better prognoses than antigen-positive tumors. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that tumor ploidy (P less than 0.001) and sialosyl-Tn expression (P less than 0.05) were the two variables of most importance for predicting both disease-free and overall survival. The authors conclude that sialosyl-Tn expression is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in colon cancer, and therefore suggest that qualitative mucin alterations may reflect important differences in the biological behavior of these neoplasms.
A study of the efficacy of ultrasonic waves in removing biofilms (2010)

This study demonstrated that ultrasonic wave exposure in a non-contact mode effectively removed adherent biofilms composed of S. mutans in vitro.
Highly manufacturable process technology for reliable 256 Mbit and 1 Gbit DRAMs (1994)

Ta/sub 2/O/sub 5/ dielectric on poly-Si cylinder capacitors, chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) planarization, pure W bit-line, and Al reflow were integrated into a highly manufacturable DRAM process technology. This technology provided larger process margin, higher reliability, and better design flexibility. In addition, the critical steps of the new process has been reduced by 25% of those of the conventional process. The manufacturability of the technology has been proven by applying it to 16 Mbit density DRAMs with 256 Mbit design rule (0.28 /spl mu/m).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Voltage-Dependent STM Images of Covalently Bound Molecules on Si(100) (1998)

Several alkenes chemisorbed on silicon(100)-(2 × 1) have been studied by scanning tunneling microscopy. Images of these molecules are strongly bias dependent, typically changing from mounds to depressions as the sample bias voltage is changed from −2.5 to −1.0 V. Image contrast involves both a reduced barrier for tunneling through the molecule and alteration of the silicon surface states by bonding.
The Prophet Joseph Smith and His Plural Wives (1998)

Book Review| January 01 1998 The Prophet Joseph Smith and His Plural Wives In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith, Todd Compton. Richard Lloyd Anderson; Richard Lloyd Anderson Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scott H. Faulring Scott H. Faulring Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google FARMS Review of Books (1998) 10 (1998) (2): 67–104. https://doi.org/10.2307/44792791 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Richard Lloyd Anderson, Scott H. Faulring; The Prophet Joseph Smith and His Plural Wives. FARMS Review of Books 1 January 1998; 10 (1998) (2): 67–104. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/44792791 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All Scholarly Publishing CollectiveUniversity of Illinois PressMormon Studies Review Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © 1998 Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies1998 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Mormon Studies You do not currently have access to this content.
The Use of Forced Protein Evolution to Investigate and Improve Stability of Family 10 Xylanases (2004)

Metal ions such as calcium often play a key role in protein thermostability. The inclusion of metal ions in industrial processes is, however, problematic. Thus, the evolution of enzymes that display enhanced stability, which is not reliant on divalent metals, is an important biotechnological goal. Here we have used forced protein evolution to interrogate whether the stabilizing effect of calcium in an industrially relevant enzyme can be replaced with amino acid substitutions. Our study has focused on the GH10 xylanase CjXyn10A from Cellvibrio japonicus, which contains an extended calcium binding loop that confers proteinase resistance and thermostability. Three rounds of error-prone PCR and selection identified a treble mutant, D262N/A80T/R347C, which in the absence of calcium is more thermostable than wild type CjXyn10A bound to the divalent metal. D262N influences the properties of the calcium binding site, A80T fills a cavity in the enzyme, increasing the number of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions, and the R347C mutation introduces a disulfide bond that decreases the free energy of the unfolded enzyme. A derivative of CjXyn10A (CfCjXyn10A) in which the calcium binding loop has been replaced with a much shorter loop from Cellulomonas fimi CfXyn10A was also subjected to forced protein evolution to select for thermostablizing mutations. Two amino acid substitutions within the introduced loop and the A80T mutation increased the thermostability of the enzyme. This study demonstrates how forced protein evolution can be used to introduce enhanced stability into industrially relevant enzymes while removing calcium as a major stability determinant.
Electrochemical Fabrication of CdS Nanowire Arrays in Porous Anodic Aluminum Oxide Templates (1996)

A technique is described for fabricating arrays of uniform CdS nanowires with lengths up to 1 μm and diameters as small as 9 nm by electrochemically depositing the semiconductor directly into the pores of anodic aluminum oxide films from an electrolyte containing Cd2+ and S in dimethyl sulfoxide. The nanowire arrays were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electron microscopy. The deposited material is found to be hexagonal CdS with the crystallographic c-axis preferentially oriented along the length of the pore. The effects of annealing on the crystallinity of the deposited semiconductor were investigated by XRD and resonance Raman spectroscopy. The deposition technique is, in principle, generalizable as a means of fabricating nanowires of a wide range of semiconductors.
.alpha.-Methyl polyamines: metabolically stable spermidine and spermine mimics capable of supporting growth in cells depleted of polyamines (1992)

In order to assess the tolerance of the target enzyme spermine synthase for alpha-substituents on the aminopropyl moiety of the substrate spermidine, 1-methylspermidine (MeSpd, 2) was synthesized. It was determined that MeSpd is a poor substrate for spermine synthase and is not a substrate for spermidine N1-acetyltransferase, suggesting that alpha-methylated polyamines might be metabolically stable and therefore useful tools for studying polyamine effects in intact cells. On the basis of initial cellular results with 2, 1-methylspermine (MeSpm, 3) and 1,12-dimethylspermine (Me2Spm, 4) were also synthesized. When added to cells (L1210, SV-3T3, or HT29) depleted of both putrescine and spermidine by prior treatment with alpha-(difluoromethyl)ornithine (DFMO), these alpha-methylated polyamines were able to restore cell growth to that observed in the absence of DFMO. In accord with the enzyme data noted above, metabolic studies indicated a slow conversion of 2 to 3, but no metabolism of 4 in these cells. It was concluded from these results that the alpha-methylated polyamines are able to substitute for the natural polyamines spermidine and spermine in critical biochemical processes which involve polyamines for continued cell growth. In accord with the hypothesis, preliminary data indicate that MeSpd and Me2Spm are as effective as spermidine and spermine, respectively, in promoting the conversion of B-DNA to Z-DNA.
Convergent evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic notothenioid fish and Arctic cod (1997)

Antarctic notothenioid fishes and several northern cods are phylogenetically distant (in different orders and superorders), yet produce near-identical antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs) to survive in their respective freezing environments. AFGPs in both fishes are made as a family of discretely sized polymers composed of a simple glycotripeptide monomeric repeat. Characterizations of the AFGP genes from notothenioids and the Arctic cod show that their AFGPs are both encoded by a family of polyprotein genes, with each gene encoding multiple AFGP molecules linked in tandem by small cleavable spacers. Despite these apparent similarities, detailed analyses of the AFGP gene sequences and substructures provide strong evidence that AFGPs in these two polar fishes in fact evolved independently. First, although Antarctic notothenioid AFGP genes have been shown to originate from a pancreatic trypsinogen, Arctic cod AFGP genes share no sequence identity with the trypsinogen gene, indicating trypsinogen is not the progenitor. Second, the AFGP genes of the two fish have different intron-exon organizations and different spacer sequences and, thus, different processing of the polyprotein precursors, consistent with separate genomic origins. Third, the repetitive AFGP tripeptide (Thr-Ala/Pro-Ala) coding sequences are drastically different in the two groups of genes, suggesting that they arose from duplications of two distinct, short ancestral sequences with a different permutation of three codons for the same tripeptide. The molecular evidence for separate ancestry is supported by morphological, paleontological, and paleoclimatic evidence, which collectively indicate that these two polar fishes evolved their respective AFGPs separately and thus arrived at the same AFGPs through convergent evolution.
Effect of Selection for High Egg Production in Chickens on Shedding of Lymphoid Leukosis Virus and gs Antigen into Eggs (1979)

Lymphoid leukosis virus (LLV) and group specific (gs) viral antigen were detected less frequently in albumen of eggs from two strains of Single Comb White Leghorns that had been selected for high egg production than in corresponding random-bred control strains, which represented the original base population. In a third selected strain, for which no comparable control strain was available, the frequency with which LLV and gs antigen were detected was similar to the other two selected strains. The greatest contrast was between selected Strain 1 and control Strain 5 in which the percentage of eggs with LLV in albumen was 1.4 and 21.4, respectively, and the percentage with gs antigen was 1.2 and 19.9. These differences between control and selected strains of chickens were not related to genetic cellular resistance to virus infection, because inoculation of chorioallantoic membranes with Rous sarcoma virus of subgroups A and B revealed that the proportion of birds resistant to subgroups A and B viruses was not greater in the selected strains than in the control strains.
Scalable address spaces using RCU balanced trees (2012)

Software developers commonly exploit multicore processors by building multithreaded software in which all threads of an application share a single address space. This shared address space has a cost: kernel virtual memory operations such as handling soft page faults, growing the address space, mapping files, etc. can limit the scalability of these applications. In widely-used operating systems, all of these operations are synchronized by a single per-process lock. This paper contributes a new design for increasing the concurrency of kernel operations on a shared address space by exploiting read-copy-update (RCU) so that soft page faults can both run in parallel with operations that mutate the same address space and avoid contending with other page faults on shared cache lines. To enable such parallelism, this paper also introduces an RCU-based binary balanced tree for storing memory mappings. An experimental evaluation using three multithreaded applications shows performance improvements on 80 cores ranging from 1.7x to 3.4x for an implementation of this design in the Linux 2.6.37 kernel. The RCU-based binary tree enables soft page faults to run at a constant cost with an increasing number of cores,suggesting that the design will scale well beyond 80 cores.