gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Erhebungsmethoden (2000)

Mit meiner Arbeit verfolge ich das Ziel, den oben dargestellten Gegenstand "Sozialarbeit in der klinischen Psychiatrie" am Beispiel der Entwicklung im psychiatrischen Krankenhaus "Venustal" zu untersuchen. Diesem Gegenstand möchte ich mich zunächst mit der Analyse der berufsgeschichtlichen Erfahrung einzelner Sozialarbeiterinnen der "ersten Berufsgeneration"158 nähern, um dadurch zu erfahren, ob sich aus dem beruflichen Handeln dieser Personen Theoriebestände ableiten lassen und ob bzw. wie sich das berufliche Handeln dieser ersten Generation bei der derzeitigen Sozialarbeiterschaft niederschlägt.
Material Separation with Dual-Layer CT (2006)

Dual-energy CT is known to enable possible improvement of material separation over regular CT. However, in clinical implementation most of the dual-energy techniques show limited results mainly due to their sensitivity to noisy data. We simulate data acquisition by a dual-layer CT based on two scintillation layers one on top of the other with which the data is acquired simultaneously. We map the results of the reconstruction into a plane created from the Hounsfield units (HU) of the upper-layer image versus the HU of the lower-layer image. We find that different scanned materials end up in different definable regions in the HU-plane. Application of a special correction on the reconstructed images achieves stability on the HU-plane despite beam-hardening effects. In order to assess the practical material separation capabilities, part of the simulations were done with exact noise calculations. We analyze the material separation capabilities with such a configuration and conclude that the combination of the dual-layer CT with the classification analysis in the HU-plane is a practical and robust method that significantly improves clinical applications, in particular those involving iodine-calcium separation such as analysis and classification of coronary artery calcifications and soft plaques.
Preferential and persistent depletion of CCR5+T-helper lymphocytes with nonlymphoid homing potential despite early treatment of primary HIV infection (2001)

Strains of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmitted between individuals use the CCR5 coreceptor, but no preferential depletion of particular Th-lymphocyte subpopulations has been reported during primary HIV infection (PHI). In contrast, gut-associated Th lymphocytes are preferentially depleted in macaques recently infected by simian immunodeficiency virus. The expression of CCR5 and the intestinal homing receptor integrin alpha4beta7 on subpopulations of Th lymphocytes was studied in 12 patients with PHI. There was a profound decrease of circulating alpha4beta7+ Th lymphocytes and CCR5+ memory Th lymphocytes with nonlymphoid homing potential (CD62L-CD45RO+). Unlike other Th lymphocytes, this cell population remained depleted despite early control of viral replication under antiretroviral treatment. Therefore, HIV preferentially targets a specific CCR5+ subpopulation of Th lymphocytes early during infection, inducing its persistent depletion despite treatment. Protective immunity in vivo depends on Th lymphocytes carrying homing capacity to nonlymphoid tissue, and therefore these data may explain the persistent abnormalities of immune functions in patients infected with HIV.
Structural basis for the regulation of enzymatic activity of Regnase-1 by domain-domain interactions (2016)

Regnase-1 is an RNase that directly cleaves mRNAs of inflammatory genes such as IL-6 and IL-12p40, and negatively regulates cellular inflammatory responses. Here, we report the structures of four domains of Regnase-1 from Mus musculus-the N-terminal domain (NTD), PilT N-terminus like (PIN) domain, zinc finger (ZF) domain and C-terminal domain (CTD). The PIN domain harbors the RNase catalytic center; however, it is insufficient for enzymatic activity. We found that the NTD associates with the PIN domain and significantly enhances its RNase activity. The PIN domain forms a head-to-tail oligomer and the dimer interface overlaps with the NTD binding site. Interestingly, mutations blocking PIN oligomerization had no RNase activity, indicating that both oligomerization and NTD binding are crucial for RNase activity in vitro. These results suggest that Regnase-1 RNase activity is tightly controlled by both intramolecular (NTD-PIN) and intermolecular (PIN-PIN) interactions.
A novel approach to design of user re-authentication systems (2009)

In the internet age, security is a major concern as identity thefts often cause detrimental effects. Masquerading is an important factor for identity theft and current authentication systems using traditional methods woefully lack mechanisms to detect and prevent it. This paper presents an application independent, continual, non-intrusive, fast and easily deployable user re-authentication system based on behavioral biometrics. These behavioral attributes are extracted from the keyboard and mouse operations of the user. They are used to identify and non-intrusively authenticate the user periodically. To extract suitable user attributes, we propose a novel heuristic that uses the percentage of mouse-to-keyboard interaction ratio and interaction quotient (IQ). In the re-authentication process, every time, the current behavior of the user is compared with the stored “expected” behavior. All deviations are noted and after a certain deviation threshold is reached, the system logs the user out of the current session. The underlying heuristic prevents imposters from misusing the system. Experimental results show that the proposed heuristic can greatly improve the accuracy of application-based and application independent systems to 96.4% and 82.2% respectively.
Neuronal and glial γ‐aminobutyric acid+ transporters are distinct proteins (1992)

In the central nervous system, two subtypes of sodium- and chloride-coupled GABA transporter exist. One is sensitive to ACHC, the other to beta-alanine. They are thought to be of neuronal and glial origin, respectively. GABA transport in membrane vesicles derived from astroglial cells was found to be sodium- and chloride-dependent, electrogenic and much more sensitive to beta-alanine than to ACHC. Immunoblotting with antibodies directed against a variety of sequences of the ACHC-sensitive transporter indicated that none of these epitopes was shared by the glial transporter.
Potent immune-modulating and anticancer effects of NKT cell stimulatory glycolipids (2007)

Alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a glycolipid that stimulates natural killer T (NKT) cells to produce both T helper (Th)1 and Th2 cytokines, has shown antitumor effects in mice but failed in clinical trials. We evaluated 16 analogs of alpha-GalCer for their CD1-mediated T cell receptor (TCR) activation of naïve human NKT cells and their anticancer efficacy. In vitro, glycolipids containing an aromatic ring in their acyl tail or sphingosine tail were more effective than alpha-GalCer in inducing Th1 cytokines/chemokines, TCR activation, and human NKT cell expansion. None of these glycolipids could directly stimulate human dendritic cell maturation, except for a glycolipid with an aromatic ring on the sphingosine tail. Here, we show that glycolipids activated the TCR of NKT cells with phosphorylation of CD3epsilon, ERK1/2, or CREB, which correlated with their induction of Th1 cytokines. Notably, the extent of NKT cell activation when glycolipid was presented by antigen-presenting cells was greater than when glycolipid was presented by non-antigen-presenting cells. In vivo, in mice bearing breast or lung cancers, the glycolipids that induced more Th1-biased cytokines and CD8/CD4 T cells displayed significantly greater anticancer potency than alpha-GalCer. These findings indicate that alpha-GalCer analogs can be designed to favor Th1-biased immunity, with greater anticancer efficacy and other immune-enhancing activities than alpha-GalCer itself.
A comparative review of escitalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline (2014)

It is known that newer antidepressants, such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), provide advantages in tolerability over antidepressants such as the tricyclics. However, even within the SSRI class, differences in efficacy or tolerability exist between the individual drugs. Among the three most widely prescribed SSRIs are paroxetine, sertraline, and escitalopram. Escitalopram is commonly referred to as an SSRI, but also has well-documented allosteric properties, and thus can be further classed as an allosteric serotonin reuptake inhibitor. All three antidepressants are efficacious compared with placebo, but there is evidence that escitalopram is more effective than a range of other antidepressants. There are no direct data to regard either paroxetine or sertraline as a superior antidepressant. Escitalopram is superior compared with paroxetine, which has a less favorable tolerability profile. Paroxetine is associated with cholinergic muscarinic antagonism and potent inhibition of CYP2D6, and sertraline has moderate drug interaction issues in comparison with escitalopram. Overall, as an allosteric serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is somewhat different from classical SSRIs, escitalopram is the first choice judged by combined efficacy and tolerability, and nonclinical data have offered possible mechanisms through which escitalopram could be more efficacious, based on its interaction with orthosteric and allosteric binding sites at the serotonin transporter.
Clinical strategies for controlling peaks and valleys: type 1 diabetes. (2002)

The DCCT and UKPDS have established that in type 1 and in type 2 diabetes respectively, long-term near-normoglycaemia protects against the onset and/or progression of microangiopathic complications. Therefore, insulin strategies to maintain long-term near-normoglycaemia are of key importance in the management of diabetes. To successfully achieve near-normoglycaemia, insulin therapy must mimic nature by providing a bolus of insulin at meal ingestion and by replacing basal insulin between meals and overnight Mealtime insulin needs can be best met by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a rapid-acting insulin analogue such as insulin lispro or insulin aspart. Rapid-acting insulin analogues are preferred to human regular insulin for three reasons: convenience (meal-time injection, better adaptation of insulin dose to carbohydrate content of the meal); lower blood glucose 2 hours after meals; and less risk for late postprandial hypoglycaemia. However, in type 1 diabetes the benefits of mealtime treatment with rapid-acting insulin analogues become apparent only to the extent that replacement of basal insulin is optimised. The interprandial need for basal insulin can be best met by continuous s.c. insulin infusion (CSII). CSII is very good for basal insulin replacement because it uses a rapid-acting insulin analogue with low variability in s.c. absorption, resulting in a flat and peakless action profile. A second option for basal insulin replacement is s.c. injection of an insulin preparation with retarded action. The two most commonly used are NPH and insulin glargine. NPH exhibits an action profile with a peak 4 to 5 hours after injection and duration of action of 10 to 15 hours. Insulin glargine has a peakless action profile and lasts approximately 24 hours. To optimise replacement of basal insulin with NPH, a few units of NPH must be combined with rapid-acting analogues at meals and also given at bedtime (0.2 U/kg). With insulin glargine, 0.2 to 0.4 U/kg should be injected once or, in some patients, twice daily. Modern insulin strategies for intensive therapy should include use of a rapid-acting insulin analogue at meal-time, and use of CSII to replace basal insulin. Insulin glargine reproduces closely the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of CSII and should be considered for substitution of basal insulin, especially in type 1 diabetes.
Functional Dissection of an Abscisic Acid (ABA)-Inducible Gene Reveals Two Independent ABA-Responsive Complexes Each Containing a G-Box and a Novel cis-Acting Element (1995)

Qingxi Shen, Tuan-Hua David Ho, Functional Dissection of an Abscisic Acid (ABA)-Inducible Gene Reveals Two Independent ABA-Responsive Complexes Each Containing a G-Box and a Novel cis-Acting Element, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Mar., 1995), pp. 295-307
Characterization of Gene Expression of NsERFs, Transcription Factors of Basic PR Genes from Nicotiana sylvestris (2000)

Three genes of NsERFs (EREBPs), transcription factors for GCC box of basic PR genes, were isolated from Nicotiana sylvestris. Analyses of transgenic tobacco carrying the NsERF promoter::GUS genes showed that expression of all NsERF genes in leaves was induced by ethylene. Sequence analyses indicated that the 5'-upstream region of NsERF3 gene has the GCC box. In contrast, the promoter regions of NsERF2 and 4 have no GCC box, whereas NsERF2 has a putative EIN3 binding site. Tissue/cell specific expression is also discussed.
Listeriolysin O derived fromListeria monocytogenesinhibits the effector phase of an experimental allergic rhinitis induced by ovalbumin in mice (2006)

Listeriolysin O (LLO) derived from Listeria monocytogenes is highly capable of inducing interleukin (IL)-12, IL-18 and interferon (IFN)-gamma, and facilitates the generation of Th1 cells. We have recently shown that recombinant LLO (rLLO) inhibits generation of ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Th2 immune response by skewing maturation of antigen-specific T cells into Th1 cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of rLLO on the effector phase of Th2-dependent allergic rhinitis in BALB/c mice sensitized with OVA. In mice sensitized intraperitoneally and challenged intranasally with OVA, nasal allergic symptoms such as sneezing and nose-scratching were observed at a high frequency. A high titre of anti-OVA IgE antibody was detected in sera and a large number of eosinophils migrated into the nasal tissue. However, rLLO treatment during the intranasal challenge inhibited the allergic symptoms, production of anti-OVA IgE antibody and eosinophil infiltration. Though rLLO did not affect antigen-specific cytokine production from splenic CD4(+) T cells, rLLO significantly suppressed OVA-specific IL-4 and IL-5 production from nasal mononuclear cells. We further found that rLLO inhibited the recruitment of CD4(+) T cells in nasal mucosa, and diminished the transcription and cell surface expression of CCR4 on splenic CD4(+) T cells. Moreover, rLLO was able to inhibit the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction mediated by anaphylactic antibodies (IgE and IgG(1)) and mast cells. Taken together, these data showed that rLLO suppresses the effector phase of allergic rhinitis by inhibition of Th2 cell recruitment to nasal mucosa and type I allergic reaction.
Estrogen receptor beta protein in human breast cancer: correlation with clinical tumor parameters. (2003)

The recent discovery of a second estrogen receptor (ER), designated ERbeta, raises pressing questions about its role in estrogen regulation of human breast cancer cells and its significance for the prediction of recurrence and treatment responses in clinical breast cancer. Most of what we know about ERbeta expression comes from studies examining a limited number of samples at the RNA level. We have now generated a monoclonal antibody useful for the detection of ERbeta at the protein level in archival, formalin-fixed breast tumors and have examined its expression using immunohistochemistry in a pilot series of 242 breast cancer patients. Coexpression of ERbeta and ERalpha was found in the majority of the tumors, with 76% of the tumors expressing ERbeta as determined by immunohistochemistry. ERalpha, but not ERbeta, was strongly associated with progesterone receptor expression, suggesting that ERalpha is the predominant regulator of this estrogen-induced gene in breast tumors. Although ERalpha expression was positively correlated with low tumor grade, diploidy, and low S-phase fraction, all biological parameters of a good prognostic profile, ERbeta trended toward an association only with aneuploidy; no association with tumor grade or S-phase fraction was seen for ERbeta. We found that ERbeta expression does cause false positive readings for ERalpha. These results suggest that ERbeta expression is not a surrogate for ERalpha in clinical breast tumors and, as such, could be a useful biomarker in its own right.
Neuronal death enhanced by N -methyl- d -aspartate antagonists (2000)

Glutamate promotes neuronal survival during brain development and destroys neurons after injuries in the mature brain. Glutamate antagonists are in human clinical trials aiming to demonstrate limitation of neuronal injury after head trauma, which consists of both rapid and slowly progressing neurodegeneration. Furthermore, glutamate antagonists are considered for neuroprotection in chronic neurodegenerative disorders with slowly progressing cell death only. Therefore, humans suffering from Huntington's disease, characterized by slowly progressing neurodegeneration of the basal ganglia, are subjected to trials with glutamate antagonists. Here we demonstrate that progressive neurodegeneration in the basal ganglia induced by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionate or in the hippocampus by traumatic brain injury is enhanced by N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists but ameliorated by alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate antagonists. These observations reveal that N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists may increase neurodestruction in mature brain undergoing slowly progressing neurodegeneration, whereas blockade of the action of glutamate at alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptors may be neuroprotective.
Six cloned calves produced from adult fibroblast cells after long-term culture (2000)

Cloning whole animals with somatic cells as parents offers the possibility of targeted genetic manipulations in vitro such as "gene knock-out" by homologous recombination. However, such manipulation requires prolonged culture of nuclear donor cells. Previous successes in cloning have been limited to the use of cells collected either fresh or after short-term culture. Therefore, demonstration of genetic totipotency of cells after prolonged culture is pivotal to combining site-specific genetic manipulations and cloning. Here we report birth of six clones of an aged (17-year-old) Japanese Black Beef bull using ear skin fibroblast cells as nuclear donor cells after up to 3 months of in vitro culture (10-15 passages). We observed higher developmental rates for embryos derived from later passages (10 and 15) as compared with those embryos from an early passage (passage 5). The four surviving clones are now 10-12 months of age and appear normal, similar to their naturally reproduced peers. These data show that fibroblasts of aged animals remain competent for cloning, and prolonged culture does not affect the cloning competence of adult somatic donor cells.
Stem cell anthology (2010)

The fields of stem cell research, regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cloning are very closely related. It is important for researchers in each of these disciplines to be aware of the methods and principles in the others. Elsevier publishes some of the highest individual references in these areas. Bringing together the principles, applications, and basic understanding in these related areas of science will provide a new reference which is serve the needs of a variety of researchers. Edited by Dr. Bruce Carlson, Stem Cell Anthology will be valuable to researchers and students who need to save time and link concepts to principles, applications, and methods in order to work more effectively and see links for potential collaborations. It includes a collection of chapters by leaders in the stem cell field including the first researchers to discover iPS cells and multiple Nobel Laureates. It provides the most detailed introduction to basic properties of major embryonic and adult stem cells by highlighting breakthrough discoveries in the nervous system, spinal cord, heart, pancreas, epidermis, musculo-skeletal, retina - leading areas of stem cell research in human application. It details technical laboratory set up for practitioners, technicians, and administrators.
Inorganic Cations Mediate Plant PR5 Protein Antifungal Activity through Fungal Mnn1- and Mnn4-Regulated Cell Surface Glycans (2004)

Antimicrobial activities of many defense proteins are profoundly altered by inorganic cations, thereby controlling disease pathologies in a number of mammalian systems, such as cystic fibrosis in humans. Protein-based active defense systems in plants also are influenced by cations; however, little is known of how these cation effects are mediated. Cytotoxicity of the pathogenesis-related protein osmotin against the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae was progressively abolished by K+. By the use of S. cerevisiae mannosylation mutants, this effect was shown to require mannosephosphate residues in the cell wall. However, osmotin activity was not suppressed by even high concentrations of Ca2+. Rather, submillimolar levels of Ca2+ specifically facilitated osmotin's activity, as well as its binding to the cell surface. This effect also was dependent on mannosephosphate groups on the cell surface, and appeared to require negative charge on a portion of the osmotin protein. Results suggest that Ca2+ modulates osmotin action by facilitating its binding to the fungal cell surface, but that K+ blocks this interaction by competing for binding to mannosephosphate groups. Therefore, we have identified glycan interaction as a mechanism for antimicrobial protein activity modulation by cations, a pattern that may apply to diverse innate defense responses.
Study on Suitability of KOD DNA Polymerase for Enzymatic Production of Artificial Nucleic Acids Using Base/Sugar Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates (2010)

Recently, KOD and its related DNA polymerases have been used for preparing various modified nucleic acids, including not only base-modified nucleic acids, but also sugar-modified ones, such as bridged/locked nucleic acid (BNA/LNA) which would be promising candidates for nucleic acid drugs. However, thus far, reasons for the effectiveness of KOD DNA polymerase for such purposes have not been clearly elucidated. Therefore, using mutated KOD DNA polymerases, we studied here their catalytic properties upon enzymatic incorporation of nucleotide analogues with base/sugar modifications. Experimental data indicate that their characteristic kinetic properties enabled incorporation of various modified nucleotides. Among those KOD mutants, one achieved efficient successive incorporation of bridged nucleotides with a 2'-ONHCH₂CH₂-4' linkage. In this study, the characteristic kinetic properties of KOD DNA polymerase for modified nucleoside triphosphates were shown, and the effectiveness of genetic engineering in improvement of the enzyme for modified nucleotide polymerization has been demonstrated.