gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Symbolic model checking using SAT procedures instead of BDDs (1999)

Article Symbolic model checking using SAT procedures instead of BDDs Share on Authors: A. Biere Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CA Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CAView Profile , A. Cimatti Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnolgica (IRST), via Sommarive 18, 38055 Povo (TN), Italy Istituto per la Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnolgica (IRST), via Sommarive 18, 38055 Povo (TN), ItalyView Profile , E. M. Clarke Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CA Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CAView Profile , M. Fujita Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc., 595 Lawrence Expressway, Sunnyvale, CA Fujitsu Laboratories of America, Inc., 595 Lawrence Expressway, Sunnyvale, CAView Profile , Y. Zhu Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CA Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA and Verysys Design Automation, Inc., 42707 Lawrence Place, Fremont, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims DAC '99: Proceedings of the 36th annual ACM/IEEE Design Automation ConferenceJune 1999 Pages 317–320https://doi.org/10.1145/309847.309942Online:01 June 1999Publication History 274citation1,357DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations274Total Downloads1,357Last 12 Months59Last 6 weeks5 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Intractable itch relieved by 4-phenylbutyrate therapy in patients with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 (2014)

4PB therapy may be a new medication for patients with intractable cholestatic pruritus and may improve quality of life for patients and their families.
Direct Current Electrical Bone Growth Stimulation for Spinal Fusion (1988)

An electronic bone growth stimulator (EBGS) had been devised to facilitate lumbosacral fusion in the early 1970s, using a totally implanted device which delivers a steady 5 microA at each of four cathodes. The use of the device is reserved for patients in whom painful and abnormal motion is demonstrated to be the major cause of low-back pain. An initial series (I-A) of 82 patients demonstrated a successful fusion rate of 91.5% compared with a 80.5% fusion rate in 159 patients treated without the EBGS. A second prospective randomized controlled trial series (II) was begun using only "difficult patients," that is, patients who had either one or more previous failed fusions, a grade II or worse spondylolisthesis, a multiple-level fusion or the presence of another high-risk factor such as obesity. These patients were randomized by protocol as to whether they received a stimulator or not. The fusion rates of the two groups were assessed radiographically by the operating surgeon and by an independent radiologist 12 to 18 months postoperatively. Statistical review confirmed the comparability of the groups. Success, defined as radiographic fusion, was achieved in 15 of 28 control patients (54%) compared with 25 of 31 EBGS treated patients (81%). This result is statistically significant (P = 0.026, one-tailed Fisher's Exact test). Meanwhile, a continuing nonrandomized study (I-B) has continued and at this point the success rate is 90.5% in an additional 116 patients, confirming the results of the earlier nonrandomized series (I-A).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Transglutaminases (1980)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Setting the boundaries (2007)

One enduring stereotypical image of the nurse/patient relationship sees a wounded hero falling in love with his beautiful young nurse. It is still the stuff of romantic fiction, be it films, television or novels. Love may blossom in the aftermath of tragedy, but the question facing nurses today is whether such a relationship violates professional ethics.
The Preparation of Orthoesters (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of OrthoestersS. M. McElvain and J. Walter NelsonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 8, 1825–1827Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01260a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01260a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2009Altmetric-Citations90LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Osteoporosis therapy: an example of putting evidence-based medicine into clinical practice (2005)

A major aim of evidence-based medicine is to assist clinical decision-making by providing the most current and reliable medical information. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are important tools in this process. Systematic reviews identify and compile relevant evidence, while meta-analyses summarize and quantify the results of such reviews. Results from meta-analyses are, at present, the main source of summary evidence for the efficacy of treatments for a specific condition. They are important tools for helping to choose among treatment options, although they cannot be used to directly compare the magnitude of the effect of various therapies. However, the methods used and the consequent clinical value of the results, may be poorly understood by clinicians, who may therefore not take full advantage of the evidence. Recently, a panel of experts in osteoporosis and evidence-based medicine applied rigorous, validated, scientific standards to produce a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of anti-resorptive agents used to treat osteoporosis. They found that, although several agents reduced the risk of vertebral fracture, only two, alendronate and risedronate, demonstrated convincing evidence for both non-vertebral and vertebral fracture risk reductions. The clinical implication of these results is that there are important differences in anti-fracture efficacy among currently available agents. In the absence of evidence from head-to-head clinical trials and because of the systematic nature and methodological rigor of the analyses, these data provide important information for clinical decision-making.
Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion (2004)

An electromyographic (EMG) activity pattern for individual muscles in the gait cycle exhibits a great deal of intersubject, intermuscle and context-dependent variability. Here we examined the issue of common underlying patterns by applying factor analysis to the set of EMG records obtained at different walking speeds and gravitational loads. To this end healthy subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill at speeds of 1, 2, 3 and 5 kmh(-1) as well as when 35-95% of the body weight was supported using a harness. We recorded from 12-16 ipsilateral leg and trunk muscles using both surface and intramuscular recording and determined the average, normalized EMG of each record for 10-15 consecutive step cycles. We identified five basic underlying factors or component waveforms that can account for about 90% of the total waveform variance across different muscles during normal gait. Furthermore, while activation patterns of individual muscles could vary dramatically with speed and gravitational load, both the limb kinematics and the basic EMG components displayed only limited changes. Thus, we found a systematic phase shift of all five factors with speed in the same direction as the shift in the onset of the swing phase. This tendency for the factors to be timed according to the lift-off event supports the idea that the origin of the gait cycle generation is the propulsion rather than heel strike event. The basic invariance of the factors with walking speed and with body weight unloading implies that a few oscillating circuits drive the active muscles to produce the locomotion kinematics. A flexible and dynamic distribution of these basic components to the muscles may result from various descending and proprioceptive signals that depend on the kinematic and kinetic demands of the movements.
New insights into the mechanism of activation of atom transfer radical polymerization by Cu(i) complexes (2011)

The kinetics of activation of RX by a Cu(I) complex has been investigated in MeCN both in the absence and presence of halide ions. The system Cu(I)/L/X(-) (L = Me(6)TREN) is mainly composed of Cu(I)L(+), XCu(I)L and Cu(I)X(2)(-), but only Cu(I)L(+) is found to be an active catalyst reacting with RX.
Folksonomy and information retrieval (2007)

Abstract In Web 2.0 services “prosumers” ‐ producers and consumers ‐ collaborate not only for the purpose of creating content, but to index these pieces of information as well. Folksonomies permit actors to describe documents with subject headings, “tags“, without regarding any rules. Apart from a lot of benefits folksonomies have many shortcomings (e.g., lack of precision). In order to solve some of the problems we propose interpreting tags as natural language terms. Accordingly, we can introduce methods of NLP to solve the tags' linguistic problems. Additionally we present criteria for tagged documents to create a ranking by relevance (tag distribution, collaboration and actor‐based aspects). We would like to open the discussion concerning the following aspects: Which tag distributions seem to be characteristic for folksonomies and how can we use these distributions effectively in information retrieval? What are the problems of indexing by using tags, especially regarding indexing photos and videos? How may we use factors of collaborative indexing for relevance ranking?
Desalination and hydrogen, chlorine, and sodium hydroxide production via electrophoretic ion exchange and precipitation (2012)

We demonstrate and analyze a novel desalination method which works by electrophoretically replacing sodium and chloride in feed salt water with a pair of ions, calcium and carbonate, that react and precipitate out. The resulting calcium carbonate precipitate is benign to health, and can be filtered or settled out, yielding low ionic strength product water. The ion exchange and precipitation employs self-sharpening interfaces induced by movement of multiple ions in an electric field to prevent contamination of the product water. Simultaneously, the electrolysis associated with the electromigration produces hydrogen gas, chlorine gas, and sodium hydroxide. We conducted an experimental study of this method's basic efficacy to desalinate salt water from 100 to 600 mol m(-3) sodium chloride. We also present physicochemical models of the process, and analyze replacement reagents consumption, permeate recovery ratio, and energy consumption. We hypothesize that the precipitate can be recycled back to replacement reagents using the well-known, commercially implemented Solvay process. We show that the method's permeate recovery ratio is 58% to 46%, which is on par with that of reverse osmosis. We show that the method's energy consumption requirement over and above that necessary to generate electrolysis is 3 to 10 W h l(-1), which is on par with the energy consumed by state-of-the-art desalination methods. Furthermore, the method operates at ambient temperature and pressure, and uses no specialized membranes. The process may be feasible as a part of a desalination-co-generation facility: generating fresh water, hydrogen and chlorine gas, and sodium hydroxide.
International Randomized Phase III Study of Elacytarabine Versus Investigator Choice in Patients With Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2014)

Neither elacytarabine nor any of the seven alternative treatment regimens provided clinically meaningful benefit to these patients. OS in both study arms and for all treatments was extremely poor. Novel agents, novel clinical trial designs, and novel strategies of drug development are all desperately needed for this patient population.
Adenosine, lidocaine, and Mg2+ (ALM) (2015)

New frontline drugs and therapies are urgently required to protect the body from primary and secondary injuries. We review more than 10 years of work on adenosine, lidocaine, and magnesium (ALM) and its possible significance to civilian and military medicine. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside involved in nucleotide production, adenosine triphosphate turnover, and restoration of supply and demand imbalances. Lidocaine is a local anesthetic and Class 1B antiarrhythmic, and magnesium is essential for ionic regulation and cellular bioenergetics. Individually, each plays important roles in metabolism, immunomodulation, inflammation, and coagulation. The original idea to combine all three was as a "polarizing" cardioplegia, an idea borrowed from natural hibernators. Two recent prospective, randomized human trials have demonstrated its safety and superiority in myocardial protection over high-potassium "depolarizing" solutions. The next idea came from witnessing how the human heart spontaneously reanimated after complex operations with little inotropic support. At high doses, ALM arrests the heart, and at lower doses, it resuscitates the heart. In rat and pig models, we have shown that ALM intravenous bolus and infusion "drip" protects against acute regional myocardial ischemia, lethal arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, compressible and noncompressible blood loss and shock, endotoxemia, and sepsis. Individually, adenosine, lidocaine, or magnesium fails to protect. Protection is afforded in part by reducing inflammation, correcting coagulopathy, and lowering energy demand. We propose a unifying hypothesis involving improved central, cardiovascular and endothelium coupling to maintain sufficient tissue oxygenation and reduce primary and secondary "hit" complications. As with any new drug innovation, translation into humans is challenging.
Chromosomal alterations during metastasis formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2001)

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to detect chromosomal changes during metastasis formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). In total, 92 tumors of 54 patients were investigated. In 34 of these, the metastases were compared to the corresponding primary tumors. The group of metastatic tumors was also compared with 20 nonmetastatic tumors. Gain of 3q was the earliest genetic marker for invasion and metastasis and also correlated with poor prognosis. Additional metastasis-associated lesions were gains on 11q13, 7q11.2, 1q21-q22, and losses on 8p, 11p14, 11q14-qter, 10p12, 10q, and 14q. The incidence of the chromosomal changes was used to evaluate their significance and temporal order of appearance during tumor dissemination, thus leading to an extended progression model of HNSCC. In the clonality analysis, three different methods revealed a mean concordance of 64 and 68% between pairs of primaries and metastases, respectively. Using different similarity scores, the correct metastasis was identified from the pool of all metastatic lesions in 19-26 of the 34 cases. The study supplements previous genetic results on HNSCC pathogenesis and provides criteria for multiple tumor analysis.
The importance of putrescine in the human body (2014)

Putrescine plays a very important role in the regulation of division, differentiation and maturation of cells as well as apoptosis. As the polycationic molecule it stabilizes the structure of DNA and participates in the functioning of cell membranes. It is able to interact with series of ion channels and has affinity for many receptors. The article presents the participation of putrescine in the metabolism of iron and mechanism of its transport across biological membranes. Especially important for the homeostasis of putrescine has ornithine decarboxylase and availability of its substrate--ornithine. Affecting to this enzyme is the simplest and widely used method of controlling the concentration of putrescine. For this purpose its inhibitor-eflornithine is applied. There was also a number of other enzymes involved in the metabolism of putrescine that was presented. Current information about the clinical relevance of putrescine in infertility, embryonic development, hirsutism, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, prevention of metastases and hemostasis was also described. These processes were presented, in which putrescine plays a major role and focused on the latest reports. Attention was drawn to the situations where it has beneficial effects and those in which it is the cause of the pathology. Some of the cited reports are in phase of speculation on the possible use of it, but a significant part is already confirmed and used in clinical practice. The facts presented in this article show how great is the meaning of putrescine and how important role this simple specimen plays in the metabolic processes of living organisms.
Interaction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat with a unique site of TFIID inhibits negative cofactor Dr1 and stabilizes the TFIID-TFIIA complex (1996)

We have previously reported the direct physical interaction between the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type I Tat protein and the basal transcription factor TBP/TFIID. Affinity chromatography demonstrated that wild-type Tat, but not a transactivation mutant of Tat, was capable of depleting TBP/TFIID from cell extracts. These experiments represented the first demonstration of a basal transcription factor that binds, in an activation-dependent manner, to Tat. We now report that the Tat-TBP interaction can be detected in HIV type 1-infected cells. The domain of TBP interacting with Tat has been mapped from amino acids 163 to 196 by using deletion and site-specific mutants of TBP. This domain of TBP, which includes the HI and S2 domains, is distinct from the H2 binding site for other activator proteins, such as E1A. The interaction of Tat with TFIID regulates the binding of accessory proteins to TFIID. Tat stabilizes the interaction of TFIID with TFIIA in a gel shift assay. In addition, Tat competes for Dr1 interaction with TBP. Our results suggest that the basal transcription factor TBP/TFIID represents an important regulatory molecule in HIV transcription.
Caspases: pharmacological manipulation of cell death (2005)

Caspases, a family of cysteine proteases, play a central role in apoptosis. During the last decade, major progress has been made to further understand caspase structure and function, providing a unique basis for drug design. This Review gives an overview of caspases and their classification, structure, and substrate specificity. We also describe the current knowledge of how interference with caspase signaling can be used to pharmacologically manipulate cell death.
The use of polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography and elastography to assess connective tissue (2003)

We demonstrate the ability of polarization spectroscopy and elastography, in conjunction with optical coherence tomography, to determine the properties of collagen organization in musculoskeletal tissue. Optical coherence tomography images correlated with histologic analysis of collagen.
Preclinical evaluation of technetium-99m-labeled somatostatin receptor-binding peptides. (1996)

The high SSTR-binding affinity and high receptor-specific and saturable in vivo tumor uptake indicate that 99mTc-P587 and 99mTc-P829 are promising radiotracers for the clinical detection of SSTR-expressing tumors and other tissues by 99mTc gamma scintigraphy.
Cre‐mediated recombination at the murine whey acidic protein (mWAP) locus (1997)

The mouse whey acidic protein (WAP) gene in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells has been targeted with a loxP-flanked neomycin phosphotransferase-thymidine kinase (neo-TK) cassette inserted into exon 4. Southern blot revealed that 51 of 199 colonies were correctly targeted (1:4). Next, a Cre-encoding plasmid was electroporated into a targeted cell line to cause the deletion of the neo-TK cassette. Modified ES cell colonies were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); 44 out of 50 colonies (88%) had undergone Cre-mediated deletion. Finally, a loxP-tagged cell line was co-electroporated with a Cre-encoding plasmid and a loxP-containing neo plasmid for site-specific insertion into the WAP locus. The frequency of this event was 23% (11 of 48) of that obtained with random integration. This demonstrates the feasibility of using the Cre-loxP system for site-specific integration in ES cells. Moreover, this is the first report of targeting a loxP-containing transgene into a predetermined location in ES cells. Ultimately, a mouse model derived from these modified ES cells will usher in a second generation of animal "bioreactor" models where the inserted transgene is controlled exclusively by the endogenous locus regulatory elements. In addition, oncogenesis can be explored from single copy oncogene/tumor suppressor gene inserts, which are regulated in a temporal and tissue-specific manner. It is hoped that regulation of transgene expression in this fashion will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms of normal development in the mammary gland. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 48:324–331, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.