gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Road Network Extraction and Intersection Detection From Aerial Images by Tracking Road Footprints (2007)

In this paper, a new two-step approach (detecting and pruning) for automatic extraction of road networks from aerial images is presented. The road detection step is based on shape classification of a local homogeneous region around a pixel. The local homogeneous region is enclosed by a polygon, called the footprint of the pixel. This step involves detecting road footprints, tracking roads, and growing a road tree. We use a spoke wheel operator to obtain the road footprint. We propose an automatic road seeding method based on rectangular approximations to road footprints and a toe-finding algorithm to classify footprints for growing a road tree. The road tree pruning step makes use of a Bayes decision model based on the area-to-perimeter ratio (the A/P ratio) of the footprint to prune the paths that leak into the surroundings. We introduce a lognormal distribution to characterize the conditional probability of A/P ratios of the footprints in the road tree and present an automatic method to estimate the parameters that are related to the Bayes decision model. Results are presented for various aerial images. Evaluation of the extracted road networks using representative aerial images shows that the completeness of our road tracker ranges from 84% to 94%, correctness is above 81%, and quality is from 82% to 92%.
Giant Free-Standing ABA Triblock Copolymer Membranes (2000)

For the first time giant free-standing monomolecular films of a functionalized poly(2-methyloxazoline)-block-poly(dimethylsiloxane)-block-poly(2-methyloxazoline), PMOXA−PDMS−PMOXA, triblock copolymer were prepared. Stable films with areas up to about 1 mm2 and thickness of 10 nm were achieved. This triblock copolymer carries polymerizable methacrylate groups at both chain ends. These end groups could be polymerized by UV light after the formation of the self-assembled structure. The mechanical properties of these films were characterized by applying short electric field pulses. In comparison to lipid bilayers, the polymer films were significantly more cohesive, seen by higher critical voltages required for rupture. Moreover, polymerization increased the stability significantly.
High frequency AC vs. DC distribution system for next generation hybrid electric vehicle (2002)

The paper proposes and then demonstrates the viability of high frequency AC (HFAC) for propulsion power distribution system in the next generation advanced electric/hybrid vehicle. In justifying this viability, the HFAC system has been studied thoroughly and compared with the traditional DC distribution system with regard to cost, weight, performance and other capabilities after performing component sizing calculation of both the systems. The superior features of HFAC system are highlighted, and its possible drawbacks an mentioned. The DC, resonant link DC and HFAC (single-phase and polyphase) distribution systems have been discussed. The single phase HFAC system is shows to be superior to the others. A preliminary modelling, control strategy development and computer simulation study validate the feasibility of HFAC for propulsion power distribution system.
Non-Chiral Compounds Exhibiting Alternating Tilt Smectic Phases (1995)

Abstract In this article we present an investigation of the liquid crystal properties of non-chiral and racemic branched alkyl chain (swallow-tailed) molecules and some chiral analogues based on a cinnamic acid core group. It was found in these systems that increasing the extent of the branching of the terminal alkyl chain increased the incidence of alternating tilt smectic phases, whereas smectic Cα and smectic Cγ phases were suppressed. X-ray studies of the effect on the layer spacing in the smectic A phase of increasing the long alkyl branch of one series of compounds are included. Results of polarisation studies on some chiral analogues are also reported.
Selective separation and purification of two lipases from chromobacterium viscosum using AOT reversed micelles (1991)

Selective separation and purification of two lipases form Chromobacterium viscosum were carried out by liquid-liquid extraction using a reversed micellar system. Optimum parameters for extraction were determined using a 250 mM AOT micellar solution in isooctane. Complete separation of the two lipases was achieved at pH 6.0 with a 50mM potassium phosphate buffer solution containing 50 mM KCI. By adding 2.5% by volume of ethanol to the lipase-loaded micellar solution, 85% of the extracted lipase could be recovered in a new aqueous phase, 50 mM K(2)HPO(4) with 50 mM KCl, at pH 9.0. Lipase A was purified 2.6-fold with a recovery of 86%, and lipase B by 1.5-fold with a recovery of 76%.
Synthesis of Fluoropolymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1992)

Fluoropolymers are used in many technologically demanding applications because of their balance of high-performance properties. A significant impediment to the synthesis of variants of commercially available amorphous fluoropolymers is their general insolubility in most solvents except chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). The environmental concerns about CFCs can be circumvented by preparing these technologically important materials in supercritical fluids. The homogeneous solution polymerization of highly fluorinated acrylic monomers can be achieved in supercritical carbon dioxide by using free radical methods. In addition, detailed decomposition rates and efficiency factors were measured for azobisisobutyronitrile in supercritical carbon dioxide and were compared to those obtained with conventional liquid solvents.
Chimeric and Promiscuous G Proteins in Drug Discovery and the Deorphanization of GPCRs (2005)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are major targets for drug discovery. They offer innumerable therapeutic benefits through the promotion or inhibition of GPCR-mediated biochemical, physiological and disease processes. The detailed understanding of how GPCRs detect extracellular signals and transduce them to intracellular G proteins and second messenger pathways has led to the development and exploitation of chimeric and promiscuous G protein α subunits. These adaptors, such as qi5, Gα&lt;sub&gt;16&lt;/sub&gt; and 16z44, allow signals from diverse GPCRs to be directed to the generation of an easily detectable product. This has enabled almost any GPCR to be incorporated into screening platforms such as FLIPR, aequorin assays, yeast autocrine selection and microarrayed assays. In this review we will revisit the structure of GPCRs and heterotrimeric G proteins with particular reference to those regions that determine the specificity of their interaction. In light of this information we will follow the development of chimeric Gα subunits and the discovery of naturally promiscuous adaptors. Their utility is exemplified by their incorporation into high-throughput drug screening assays and GPCR deorphanization programs. © 2005 Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Detecting eye position and gaze from a single camera and 2 light sources (2003)

We introduce a new method for computing the 3D position of an eye and its gaze direction from a single camera and at least two near infra-red light sources. The method is based on the theory of spherical optical surfaces and uses the Gullstrand model of the eye to estimate the positions of the center of the cornea and the center of the pupil in 3D. The direction of gaze can then be computed from the vector connecting these two points. The point of regard can also be computed from the intersection of the direction of gaze with an object in the scene. We have simulated this model using ray traced images of the eye, and obtained very promising results. The major contribution of this new technique over current eye tracking technology is that the system does not require to be calibrated with the user before each user session, and it allows for free head motion.
CRK adaptor protein expression is required for efficient replication of avian influenza A viruses and controls JNK-mediated apoptotic responses (2010)

The non-structural protein 1 (A/NS1) of influenza A viruses (IAV) harbours several src-homology domain (SH) binding motifs that are required for interaction with cellular proteins. The SH3 binding motif at aa212-217 [PPLPPK] of A/NS1 was shown to be essential for binding to the cellular adaptor proteins CRK and CRKL. Both regulate diverse cellular effector pathways, including activation of the MAP-kinase JNK that in turn mediates antiviral responses to IAV infection. By studying functional consequences of A/NS1-CRK interaction we show here that A/NS1 binding to CRK contributes to suppression of the antiviral-acting JNK-ATF2 pathway. However, only IAV that encode an A/NS1-protein harbouring the CRK/CRKL SH3 binding motif PPLPPK were attenuated upon downregulation of CRKI/II and CRKL, but not of CRKII alone. The PPLPPK site-harbouring candidate strains could be discriminated from other strains by a pronounced viral activation of the JNK-ATF2 signalling module that was even further boosted upon knock-down of CRKI/II. Interestingly, this enhanced JNK activation did not alter type-I IFN-expression, but rather resulted in increased levels of virus-induced cell death. Our results imply that binding capacity of A/NS1 to CRK/CRKL has evolved in virus strains that over-induce the antiviral acting JNK-ATF2 signalling module and helps to suppress the detrimental apoptosis promoting action of this pathway.
The efficient implementation and analysis of a hybrid number system processor (1993)

A hybrid number system processor designed with the antilogarithm programmable logic array (PLA) is described. In the hybrid number system, linear interpolation is used to achieve accurate conversions between floating-point (FLP) and logarithmic number system (LNS) numbers. Originally, a multiplier was used to do the interpolation. Here, the antilogarithm PLA is shown to have smaller silicon area, comparable overall performance, and structured design. The basic arithmetic operations and processor architecture are explained for performing addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and square root. The conversion errors are analyzed mathematically. The Taylor series approximation is used as the framework for analysis of the conversion errors of logarithm, antilogarithm, multiplication/division, and addition/subtraction operations. The analyses indicate that the Taylor series truncation results in very small error when the ROM size is properly chosen for the desired precision. Consequently, the finite width truncation becomes the major source of conversion errors.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
The anti-inflammatory triterpenoid methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate methanol solvate hydrate (2002)

The title compound, C(32)H(43)NO(4) x CH(4)O x H(2)O, has a nearly planar cyano-enone A ring in an otherwise normal oleanane triterpenoid. Rings A, B and C are non-chairs, but rings D and E adopt essentially cyclohexane chair conformations. The structure clearly establishes the C-D-E ring stereochemistry as trans-syn-cis, as predicted from a nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) NMR measurement.
Adjuvant chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: state-of-the-art. (2015)

Adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) plays now a significant role in the treatment of resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and has become standard in clinical practice. It took more than two decades of clinical research to show its value, but it is has been well established that its benefit translates into a 4-5% absolute increase in 5-year survival according to published meta-analysis. This improvement is obtained with two-drug, Cisplatin-based regimens (multiples choices are acceptable but vinorelbine is the drug with more reported evidence) and usually four courses are recommended. Survival increase is restricted to cases in which there is involvement of lymph nodes (both N1 and N2 levels). For N0 cases AC might be considered, with a lower level of evidence, for tumors larger than 4 cm in diameter. At the present time, molecular predictive factors and gene signatures are investigational. Patient selection is of paramount importance. Proper recovery from surgery and the absence of major comorbidities are essential features. Toxicity is significant, but manageable and transient. Neutropenia is the most relevant side effect due to the risk of febrile neutropenia. The role of timing of administration, adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) and of newer drugs under evaluation is also reviewed.
Search for enhancers: teleost models in comparative genomic and transgenic analysis of cis regulatory elements (2002)

Homology searches between DNA sequences of evolutionary distant species (phylogenetic footprinting) offer a fast detection method for regulatory sequences. Because of the small size of their genomes, tetraodontid species such as the Japanese pufferfish and green spotted pufferfish have become attractive models for comparative genomics. A disadvantage of the tetraodontid species is, however, that they cannot be bred and manipulated routinely under laboratory conditions, so these species are less attractive for developmental and genetic analysis. In contrast, an increasing arsenal of transgene techniques with the developmental model species zebrafish and medaka are being used for functional analysis of cis regulatory sequences. The main disadvantage is the much larger genome. While comparison between many loci proved the suitability of phylogenetic footprinting using fish and mammalian sequences, fast rate of change in enhancer structure and gene duplication within teleosts may obscure detection of homologies. Here we discuss the contribution and potentials provided by different teleost models for the detection and functional analysis of conserved cis-regulatory elements.
Three new structures of the core domain of HIV-1 integrase: An active site that binds magnesium (1998)

HIV-1 integrase is an essential enzyme in the life cycle of the virus, responsible for catalyzing the insertion of the viral genome into the host cell chromosome; it provides an attractive target for antiviral drug design. The previously reported crystal structure of the HIV-1 integrase core domain revealed that this domain belongs to the superfamily of polynucleotidyltransferases. However, the position of the conserved catalytic carboxylic acids differed from those observed in other enzymes of the class, and attempts to crystallize in the presence of the cofactor, Mg2+, were unsuccessful. We report here three additional crystal structures of the core domain of HIV-1 integrase mutants, crystallized in the presence and absence of cacodylate, as well as complexed with Mg2+. These three crystal forms, containing between them seven independent core domain structures, demonstrate the unambiguous extension of the previously disordered helix alpha4 toward the amino terminus from residue M154 and show that the catalytic E152 points in the general direction of the two catalytic aspartates, D64 and D116. In the vicinity of the active site, the structure of the protein in the absence of cacodylate exhibits significant deviations from the previously reported structures. These differences can be attributed to the modification of C65 and C130 by cacodylate, which was an essential component of the original crystallization mixture. We also demonstrate that in the absence of cacodylate this protein will bind to Mg2+, and could provide a satisfactory platform for binding of inhibitors.
Context and page analysis for improved Web search (1998)

NECI Research Institute has developed a metasearch engine that improves the efficiency of Web searches by downloading and analyzing each document and then displaying results that show the query terms in concert. The paper discusses the features of the NECI metasearch engine.
<i>Clostridium difficile </i>Infection: Risk Factors, Medical and Surgical Management (2000)

&lt;b&gt;Background:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;Clostridium difficile&lt;/i&gt; has become recognized as a cause of nosocomial infection which may progress to a fulminant disease. &lt;b&gt;Methods:&lt;/b&gt; Literature review using electronic literature research back to 1966 utilizing Medline and Current Contents. All publications on antibiotic-associated diarrhea, antibiotic-associated colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis as well as &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; infection were included. We addressed established and potential risk factors for &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; disease such as an impaired immune system and cost benefits of different diagnostic tests. An algorithm is outlined for diagnosis and both medical and surgical management of mild, moderate and severe &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; disease. &lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Diagnosis of &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; infection should be suspected in patients with diarrhea, who have received antibiotics within 2 months or whose symptoms started after hospitalization. A stool specimen should be tested for the presence of leukocytes and &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; toxins. If this is negative and symptoms persist, stool should be tested with ‘rapid’ enzyme immunoabsorbent and stool cytotoxin assays, which are the most cost-effective tests. Endoscopy and other imaging studies are reserved for severe and rapidly progressive courses. Oral metronidazole or vancomycin are the antibiotics of choice. Surgery is rarely required for selected patients refractory to medical treatment. The threshold for surgery in severe cases with risk factors including an impaired immune system should be low. &lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt;&lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; infection has been recognized with increased frequency as a nosocomial infection. Early diagnosis with immunoassays of the stool and prompt medical therapy have a high cure rate. Metronidazole has supplanted oral vancomycin as the drug of first choice for treating &lt;i&gt;C. difficile&lt;/i&gt; infections.
Convolutional Neural Fabrics (2016)

Despite the success of CNNs, selecting the optimal architecture for a given task remains an open problem. Instead of aiming to select a single optimal architecture, we propose a "fabric" that embeds an exponentially large number of architectures. The fabric consists of a 3D trellis that connects response maps at different layers, scales, and channels with a sparse homogeneous local connectivity pattern. The only hyper-parameters of a fabric are the number of channels and layers. While individual architectures can be recovered as paths, the fabric can in addition ensemble all embedded architectures together, sharing their weights where their paths overlap. Parameters can be learned using standard methods based on back-propagation, at a cost that scales linearly in the fabric size. We present benchmark results competitive with the state of the art for image classification on MNIST and CIFAR10, and for semantic segmentation on the Part Labels dataset.
Circulating testosterone levels and aggression in adolescent males: a causal analysis. (1988)

Empirical analyses conducted within a causal-analytic framework (path analysis) on a sample of normal adolescent human males suggested that circulating levels of testosterone in the blood had a direct causal influence on provoked aggressive behavior (self-reports): A high level of testosterone led to an increased readiness to respond vigorously and assertively to provocations and threats. Testosterone also had an indirect and weaker affect on another aggression dimension: High levels of testosterone made the boys more impatient and irritable, which in turn increased their propensity to engage in aggressive-destructive behavior. Two somewhat parallel dimensions of behavior, intermale and irritable aggression, have been identified in animal research to be under testosterone control.
Autologous stem cell transplantation for myocardial repair (2004)

Current therapies for heart failure due to transmural left ventricular (LV) infarction are limited. We have developed a novel patch method for delivering autologous bone marrow stem cells to sites of myocardial infarction for the purpose of improving LV function and preventing LV aneurysm formation. The patch consisted of a fibrin matrix seeded with autologous porcine mesenchymal stem cells labeled with lacZ. We applied this patch to a swine model of postinfarction LV remodeling. Myocardial infarction was produced by using a 60-min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery distal to the first diagonal branch followed by reperfusion. Results were compared between eight pigs with stem cell patch transplantation, six pigs with the patch but no stem cells (P), and six pigs with left anterior descending coronary artery ligation alone (L). Magnetic resonance imaging data collected 19 +/- 1 days after the myocardial infarction indicated a significant increase of LV systolic wall thickening fraction in the infarct zone of transplanted hearts compared with P or L hearts. Blue X-gal staining was observed in the infarcted area of transplanted hearts. PCR amplification of specimens from the X-gal-positive area revealed the Ad5 RSV-lacZ vector fragment DNA sequence. Light microscopy demonstrated that transplanted cells had differentiated into cells with myocyte-like characteristics and a robust increase of neovascularization as evidenced by von Willebrand factor-positive angioblasts and capillaries in transplanted hearts. Thus this patch-based autologous stem cell procedure may serve as a therapeutic modality for myocardial repair.
Trimerization of Cell Adhesion Molecule L1 Mimics Clustered L1 Expression on the Cell Surface (2000)

Several studies indicate that cell adhesion molecules have to be clustered on the cell surface to engage in adhesive functions. We investigated adhesive functions of clustered versus monomeric L1 extracellular parts in vitro to distinguish how clustering affects ligand binding and promotion of neurite outgrowth. Trimeric L1 was recombinantly expressed and covalently assembled by the cartilage matrix protein's coiled-coil domain. Trimeric L1 has an apparent molecular mass of approximately 380 kDa in the nonreduced form and approximately 130 kDa in the reduced form. Rotary shadowing electron micrographs of trimeric L1 revealed a rod-like shape terminating in three globular domains. Monomeric L1 assumes a horseshoe shape of domains Ig I-IV followed by a rod-like structure consisting of Ig V and VI and fibronectin type III 1-5. Circular dichroism measurements showed that the secondary structure consists of beta-sheets. Trimeric L1 binds to itself, to monomeric L1, to laminin-1, and to alpha5beta1 integrin in a concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, binding of monomeric L1 could only be saturated with itself but not with laminin-1 and with alpha5beta1 integrin. Promotion of neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells cultured on adsorbed trimeric L1 was increased by 100%, whereas on monomeric L1 the increase was only 50% over the control value. Promotion of neurite outgrowth from PC12 cells was specifically inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner by a polyclonal antibody against L1. These findings show that clustering of only three extracellular domains increases considerably L1's binding affinity to different ligands and enhances neurite outgrowth, suggesting that adhesive functions of L1 on the cell surface depend on cluster formation.