gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T-cell depletion as a means of achieving tolerance (2000)

One method of inducing tolerance to allografts is the use of lymphocyte depletion. This strategy has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in clinically relevant large-animal models of allotransplantation. Although the mechanism by which therapeutic lymphocyte ablation promotes tolerance remains unclear, continued research is gradually characterizing its effects on the immune system. Significant advances are also being made in our ability to develop and deliver effective lymphocyte-depleting agents. This review examines recent progress in our understanding and application of this paradigm of tolerance induction.
Modelling nitrogen dynamics and distributions in the River Tweed, Scotland: an application of the INCA model (2002)

Abstract. The INCA (Integrated Nitrogen in Catchments) model was applied to the River Tweed in the Scottish Borders, a large-scale (4400km2), spatially heterogeneous catchment, draining a wide range of agricultural land-use types, and which contributes approximately 20% of UK river flows to the North Sea. The model was calibrated for the first four years' data record (1994 to 1997) and tested over the following three years (1998 to 2000). The model calibration and testing periods incorporated a high degree of variability in climatic conditions and river flows within the Tweed catchment. The ability of the INCA model to reproduce broad-scale spatial patterns and seasonal dynamics in river flows and nitrate concentrations suggests that the processes controlling first order variability in river water nitrate concentrations have been represented successfully within the model. The tendency of the model to overestimate summer/early autumn baseflow nitrate concentrations during dry years may be linked to the operation of aquatic plant uptake effects. It is, therefore, suggested that consideration be given to incorporating a spatially and temporally variable in-stream plant uptake term for the application of INCA to lowland eutrophic rivers. Scenarios to examine possible impacts of environmental change on nitrate concentrations on the Tweed are examined. These include the effects of (i) implementing different recommendations for fertiliser use and land use change under the Nitrate Sensitive Areas (NSA) Scheme and the Scottish Code of Good Agricultural Practice, (ii) worst case scenario changes linked to a dramatic reduction in livestock numbers as a result of a crisis in UK livestock farming and (iii) changes in atmospheric nitrogen deposition. Keywords: Nitrate, nitrogen, modelling, Tweed, INCA
Improved health outcomes in patients with COPD during 1 yr's treatment with tiotropium (2002)

Tiotropium, a novel once-daily inhaled anticholinergic, has been shown to improve lung function over a 24-h period. In order to extend these findings, health-outcomes were evaluated over 1 yr in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Spirometric results, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), salbutamol use and effects on dyspnoea, health-related quality of life and COPD exacerbations were assessed in two identical 1-yr randomized double-blind double-dummy studies of tiotropium 18 microg once daily (n=356) compared with ipratropium 40 microg q.i.d. (n=179). Screening forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) were 1.25+/-0.43 L (41.9+/-12.7% of the predicted value) (tiotropium) and 1.18+/-0.37 L (39.4+/-10.7% pred) (ipratropium). Trough FEV1 at 1 yr improved by 0.12+/-0.01 L with tiotropium and declined by 0.03+/-0.02 L with ipratropium (p<0.001). Significant improvement in PEFR, salbutamol use, Transition Dyspnea Index focal score, and the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire total and impact scores were seen with tiotropium (p<0.01). Tiotropium reduced the number of exacerbations (by 24%, p<0.01), and increased time to first exacerbation (p<0.01) and time to first hospitalization for a COPD exacerbation (p<0.05) compared with ipratropium. Apart from an increased incidence of dry mouth in the tiotropium group, adverse events were similar between treatments. Tiotropium was effective in improving dyspnoea, exacerbations, health-related quality of life and lung function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and exceeds the benefits seen with ipratropium. The data support the use of tiotropium once-daily as first-line maintenance treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Establishment of an interleukin 2-dependent human T cell line from a patient with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia who is not infected with human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (1987)

We established an interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent human T cell line, Kit 225, from a patient with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL) with OKT3+, -T4+, -T8- phenotype. Southern blot analysis showed that Kit 225 is not infected with human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV) type I or II, and is probably derived from the major clone in the fresh leukemic cells. Kit 225 cells express a large amount of IL 2 receptors constitutively and their growth is absolutely dependent on IL 2. No other stimuli, such as lectins or antigens, are required for maintaining the responsiveness to IL 2. As abnormal IL 2 receptor expression was also seen originally in the fresh leukemic cells, the establishment of this cell line with IL 2 suggests that IL 2-mediated T cell proliferation is involved in the leukemogenesis of some cases of HTLV-negative T-CLL.
PDC (polycrystalline diamond compact) bit research at Sandia National Laboratories (1989)

From the beginning of the geothermal development program, Sandia has performed and supported research into polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits. These bits are attractive because they are intrinsically efficient in their cutting action (shearing, rather than crushing) and they have no moving parts (eliminating the problems of high-temperature lubricants, bearings, and seals.) This report is a summary description of the analytical and experimental work done by Sandia and our contractors. It describes analysis and laboratory tests of individual cutters and complete bits, as well as full-scale field tests of prototype and commercial bits. The report includes a bibliography of documents giving more detailed information on these topics. 26 refs.
Constrained Reconstruction of Object Acoustic Parameters from Noisy Ultrasound Scattering Data (1987)

This paper explores the ill-conditioned nature of the inverse scattering problem when solving the exact Helmholtz equation for ultrasonic waves. A constrained reconstruction algorithm using the Gerchberg-Papoulis procedure and conjugate gradient iterations has been developed. Simulated human artery test objects have been used for generating scattering data. Applying this constrained algorithm to scattered data permits the reconstruction of larger images in less time with better quality and less sensitivity to noise than unconstrained algorithms. The use of scattered electromagnetic and acoustic waves to determine the internal material properties of objects (called inverse scattering problem) is a much studied problem in the fields of geophysics, non-destructive testing, sonar, and medical imaging. Ultrasound is the only imaging currently used in medical practice which is not electromagnetic and is known to be one of the few medical imaging modalities that use nonionizing energy. The most successful qualitative ultrasound imaging method is the B-scan technique which obtains two-dimensional images whose contrast is related to basic tissue properties. Since B-scan of ultrasound imaging does not utilize scattering information in all directions, the numerical aperture is small, hence the resolution is limited even though it is popular because of its simplicity of operation and low cost. The development of a method of solving for the exact Helmholtz wave equation would permit imaging of objects with large attenuation and index of refraction changes. Solutions to exact Helmholtz wave equation provided by the multisource method of moments with sinc basis function have been proposed in greater detail [l-31. These solve the integral equation
RESILIENT: Study of irinotecan liposome injection (nal-IRI) in patients with small cell lung cancer—Preliminary findings from part 1 dose-defining phase. (2019)

8562 Background: Nal-IRI is investigated as monotherapy in patients with SCLC who progressed on or after platinum regimen. The RESILIENT study is a Part 1 study of a Phase 2/3 trial to assess safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Irinotecan Liposome Injection in patients with SCLC. Methods: Nal-IRI is evaluated in patients ≥18 yrs with advanced SCLC with an ECOG performance status ≤1 and adequate organ function; prior exposure to immunotherapy is allowed. Safety and tolerability at dose levels of 85 mg/m 2 and 70 mg/m 2 are the primary endpoints, with assessment of exploratory efficacy signal. Results: At 24 Dec 2018 safety cutoff 12 patients in Part 1 received ≥1 dose of nal-IRI (Cohort 1 [C-1] at 85 mg/m 2 dose n=4; Cohort 2 [C-2] at 70 mg/m 2 dose n=8; median age 60.0 yrs; range 49–73 yrs). Three patients experienced ≥1 DLT (Cohort 1 n=3/4; Cohort 2 n=0/8). Most frequent treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) were gastrointestinal (GI) disorders (any grade): diarrhea (91.7%), nausea (58.3%), vomiting (41.7%), decreased appetite (58%), abdominal pain (33%) manageable by antidiarrheal regimen and antiemetics; as well as fatigue (50%) and asthenia (37.5%). Overall, hematologic toxicity was neutropenia (any grade) at 16.7% and anemia (any grade) at 16.7%. At 11 Dec 2018 efficacy cutoff the best objective response was partial response (PR) at 33.3% in 4/12 patients (C-1 n=1/4; C-2 n=3/8), median time to response was 6 wks. Overall disease control rate (DCR) was 58.3%; progressive disease (PD) was observed in 2 patients (16.7%), and 3 patients were non-evaluable (25%). Conclusions: Initial assessment suggests that nal-IRI at 70 mg/m 2 dose given bi-weekly is well-tolerated and has promising antitumor activity in patients with SCLC who progressed on or after platinum regimen. Part 1 dose expansion is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCTN03088813. [Table: see text]
microPrimer: the biogenesis and function of microRNA (2005)

Discovered in nematodes in 1993, microRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that are related to small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), the small RNAs that guide RNA interference (RNAi). miRNAs sculpt gene expression profiles during plant and animal development. In fact, miRNAs may regulate as many as one-third of human genes. miRNAs are found only in plants and animals, and in the viruses that infect them. miRNAs function very much like siRNAs, but these two types of small RNAs can be distinguished by their distinct pathways for maturation and by the logic by which they regulate gene expression.
Solid phase synthesis and opioid receptor binding activities of (D-Ala2,D-Leu5)enkephalin analogs containing a fluorinated aromatic amino acid. (1990)

Five [D-Ala2, D-Leu55]enkephalin (DADLE) analogs containing fluorinated Tyr1 or Phe4 residue, that is, [Phe(2F)4] (I), [Phe(3F)4] (II), [Phe(4F)4] (III), [Tyr(3F)1] (IV) and [Tyr(2F)1] (V), were synthesized by the solid phase method and their opioid receptor affinities were examined. Affinity profiles of five derivatives for the mu- and delta-receptor were similar to those of DADLE, and the affinity for kappa-receptor was zero or negligible.
Managing Ambiguous Policies in China's Telecommunications Market: Network Navigation Insights and Techniques (2005)

ABSTRACT The Chinese telecommunications market is undergoing fundamental changes as it moves from state ownership to privatization. These changes have resulted in numerous ambiguous policies being announced, often by the same regulatory body. A key question is how management deals with these ambiguous policies. The answer depends on how the firm conceptualizes its network. In turn, this affects the firm's network positioning actions. These actions link the firm up with significant network counterparts, acting as information and knowledge guardian and processor. This article presents a framework for examining the connections between these ambiguities, network conceptualization, and network positioning actions. The article concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and managerial implications, and of future research needs.
Lumbar Motoneurons of Man: I) Number and Diameter Histogram of Alpha and Gamma Axons of Ventral Root (1977)

The numbers of large and intermediate diameter myelinated fibers of 17 ventral lumbar (L3, L4 and L5) spinal roots (vsr) of man (ages 17-81 years) have been evaluated using the improved methods of histologic processing and morphometry now available, semi-automatic methods of measurement and programmed calculation and plotting. A population of small diameter myelinated fibers as found in thoracic (T11) vsr, which are presumed to be preganglionic sympathetic fibers, were essentially absent from L3, L4 and L5 roots. On the average, there were 5716 (70%) large diameter fibers and 2625 (30%) intermediate diameter fibers in the L3 ventral spinal root. Comparable figures for L4 vsr were 4900 (70%) and 2152 30%) and for L5 vsr were 5043 (75%) and 1559 (25%). On the assumption that these lumbar roots contain few if any small diameter myelinated pre-ganglionic sympathetic axons, the large diameter fibers correspond to alpha motoneuron axons and the small diameter fibers to gamma motoneuron axons. With age, a decrease in the number of myelinated fibers was estimated to be 350 fibers per decade (approximately 5% per decade).
Sodium butyrate induction of milk-related antigens in human MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells. (1984)

We have monitored the effects of sodium butyrate on expression of a human breast tumor-associated antigen defined by a murine monoclonal antibody designated DF3. This cell surface antigen has a molecular weight of approximately 300,000 and is related to a higher-molecular-weight antigen detectable in human milk. The results demonstrate that butyrate increases the membrane expression of the DF3 tumor-associated antigen. Further, butyrate treatment specifically enhances production of the DF3-related milk antigen. These effects occur at butyrate concentrations lower than that required for maximal expression of carcinoembryonic antigen and occur in the absence of changes in the expression of nonspecific cross-reacting antigen. The results suggest that butyrate induces a more differentiated MCF-7 phenotype and that this model may be useful in studying maturation of human breast cancer cells.
Interactive Voice Technology Applications (1990)

Voice, data, and video information can be delivered to our homes or businesses using today's technology. But the U.S. market for multimedia information services is in its infancy, and interactive-voice services are merely the first step on the evolutionary path. Applications that use interactive voice fall into four categories: information delivery, entertainment, voice messaging, and transactions. All share a common trait — a person interacts with a machine over telephone lines by sending Touch-Tone signals in response to stored voice messages. AT&T's interactive-voice service offerings are based on a common network platform — the Enhanced Services Complex (ESC). An ESC is a collection of switching, speech processing, and computer equipment networked together to provide enhanced voice and data services over the public switched telecommunications network. Currently, these services enable callers to interact with and manipulate stored audio information. Soon, the ESC will include capabilities for speaker verification, speech recognition, and facsimile transmission.
Removal of Parvovirus B19 from Hemoglobin Solution by Nanofiltration (2000)

Parvovirus B19 (B19), which may contaminate red cell components for blood transfusion, is known to be resistant to several viral inactivation methods. To increase the safety of hemoglobin solutions as a source of red cell substitutes, we investigated the removal of parvovirus B19 from hemoglobin solution using nanofiltration. The hemoglobin solution spiked with parvovirus B19 was tangentially filtered using the BMM-35 filter (mean pore size of 35 nm) followed by BMM-15. The parvovirus B19 of 10(8.5) PT50 (median PCR titer)/10 microL was not changed after the BMM-35 filtration. However, the BMM-15 filtration decreased the parvovirus B19 from 10(8.3-8.7) PT50 to 10(1.3-2.2) PT50, indicating more than 6 log10 reduction. When the initial parvovirus B19 of 10(6.0) PT50 was subjected to the BMM-15 filtration, the residual virus was 10(-0.3-0.5) PT50 orundetected in some fraction of the filtrate. Hemoglobin recovery was 70.4 +/- 3.4%. The ratio of methemoglobin was not changed during the filtration. These findings indicate that the BMM-15 filtration is a promising approach to prepare a safer hemoglobin solution for red cell substitutes.
Target antigens of transmission blocking immunity of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Characterization and polymorphism in natural parasite isolates. (1990)

A panel of 20 anti-Plasmodium vivax female gamete mAb has been established and was characterized with respect to their transmission-blocking properties in membrane-feeding experiments and their target Ag identified. Seven mAb suppressed the infectivity of P. vivax parasites to Anopheles tesselatus mosquitoes. The m.w. of the Ag recognized by these mAb were ascertained by SDS-PAGE and Western blots. Three sets of polypeptides of low Mr--20, 24, and a doublet of 37/42 kDa--have been defined as target Ag of transmission-blocking antibodies of P. vivax. All epitopes of these target Ag were found to be dependent on the tertiary conformational structure of the Ag. Polymorphism of target Ag of transmission-blocking immunity was investigated in over 30 natural isolates of P. vivax in Sri Lanka based on the reactivity of a mAb with an isolate as assessed by the indirect immunofluorescent test with the use of live extracellular female gametes, and in Western blots with the use of extracted gametes. The functional consequences of antigenic polymorphism on immunity was investigated in transmission-blocking assays by using membrane-feeding experiments. A majority of target Ag of transmission-blocking immunity were found to be polymorphic, exhibiting size as well as epitope polymorphism. Results indicate that failure of a mAb to affect the infectivity of a parasite isolate of P. vivax to mosquitoes can be caused by polymorphism of the target Ag among isolates.
Glucose Sensing in L Cells: A Primary Cell Study (2008)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an enteric hormone that stimulates insulin secretion and improves glycaemia in type 2 diabetes. Although GLP-1-based treatments are clinically available, alternative strategies to increase endogenous GLP-1 release from L cells are hampered by our limited physiological understanding of this cell type. By generating transgenic mice with L cell-specific expression of a fluorescent protein, we studied the characteristics of primary L cells by electrophysiology, fluorescence calcium imaging, and expression analysis and show that single L cells are electrically excitable and glucose responsive. Sensitivity to tolbutamide and low-millimolar concentrations of glucose and alpha-methylglucopyranoside, assessed in single L cells and by hormone secretion from primary cultures, suggested that GLP-1 release is regulated by the activity of sodium glucose cotransporter 1 and ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, consistent with their high expression levels in purified L cells by quantitative RT-PCR. These and other pathways identified using this approach will provide exciting opportunities for future physiological and therapeutic exploration.
Sequence Specific Fluorescence Detection of Double Strand DNA (2003)

Methods for the fluorescent detection of specific sequences of double strand DNA in homogeneous solution may be useful in the field of human genetics. A series of hairpin polyamides with tetramethyl rhodamine (TMR) attached to an internal pyrrole ring were synthesized, and the fluorescence properties of the polyamide-fluorophore conjugates in the presence and absence of duplex DNA were examined. We observe weak TMR fluorescence in the absence of DNA. Addition of >/=1:1 match DNA affords a significant fluorescence increase over equimolar mismatch DNA for each polyamide-TMR conjugate. Polyamide-fluorophore conjugates offer a new class of sensors for the detection of specific DNA sequences without the need for denaturation. The polyamide-dye fluorescence-based method can be used to screen in parallel the interactions between aromatic ring pairs and the minor groove of DNA even when the binding site contains a non-Watson-Crick DNA base pair. A ranking of the specificity of three polyamide ring pairs-Py/Py, Im/Py, and Im/Im-was established for all 16 possible base pairs of A, T, G, and C in the minor groove. We find that Im/Im is an energetically favorable ring pair for minor groove recognition of the T.G base pair.
K‐Ras and microsatellite marker analysis of fine‐needle aspirates from intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas (2006)

Preoperative diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions is difficult despite the combination of cytomorphology, radiographic imaging characteristics, and fluid tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen. Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) represent a subset of preinvasive pancreatic cystic neoplasms and are associated with accumulated genetic mutations, especially K-ras and tumor suppressor genes such as p53. Application of molecular techniques to cyst fluid obtained by endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration (EUSFNA) may contribute to preoperative assessment. Sixteen patients with pancreatic cystic lesions had cyst fluid obtained by preoperative pancreatic EUSFNA or intraoperative aspiration. All patients subsequently underwent surgical resection of the pancreas and IPMN was documented in all (6 adenomas, 6 borderline tumors, and 4 carcinomas). DNA was extracted from the cyst fluids and mutational analysis for K-ras point mutations and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) analysis using a preselected panel of genomic loci were performed. LOH was observed in 3 of 4 carcinomas as compared to 4 of 11 adenomas and borderline lesions (1 was QNS). LOH and K-ras mutations were both acquired in 2 of 4 carcinomas and in 1 of 12 adenoma/borderline lesions. Although the study is small, molecular analysis for LOH and K-ras mutations is useful in the preoperative evaluation of cystic pancreatic lesions. Increasing degree of neoplasia appears to correlate with increased genetic abnormality using a panel of selected genomic markers.
An assay for coagulation factor VII using factor VII-depleted bovine plasma. (1974)

Abstract Bovine plasma in which factor VII was inhibited by diisopropylphosphorofluoridate has been shown to be a suitable substrate for the assay of human factor VII. The results using this assay agree well with those obtained using human plasma from patients congenitally deficient in factor VII.
Experimental Model of Lacunar Infarction in the Gyrencephalic Brain of the Miniature Pig (2007)

This new model of lacunar infarction induces a reproducible infarct in subcortical white matter with a measurable functional deficit and evidence of penumbral tissue acutely.