gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addressable Electric Fields for Size-Fractioned Sample Extraction in Microfluidic Devices (2005)

Fraction collection following electrophoresis is of major importance for a variety of biological analyses. These assays typically need to identify specific fractions in the separated sample for further processing and require extraction of one or a group of fragments. In this paper, we have developed and characterized a technique to generate addressable electric fields for improved extraction during electrophoresis in microfluidic devices. The addressable electric field is achieved by applying a low bias voltage (1-2 V) to microelectrode pairs within the electrophoresis microchannel. Theoretical analysis shows the purity of the extracted sample can be improved as much as 30% over extraction without the shaped electric fields, and nearly 100% predicted yield can be achieved. We also describe the theoretical design of shaped electric fields by characterizing the optimal electrode geometry, field strength, channel configuration, and electrophoretic migration behavior needed for efficient band extraction.
Cross-over comparison between captopril and nifedipine. (1986)

In a cross-over study in 26 patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension The antihypertensive efficacy of captopril 25 mg b.i.d., nifedipine 20 mg b.i.d. and the combination both drugs in non-responders to monotherapy was compared. Of 26 captropril-treated patients 7 were non-responders and needed the addition of nifedipine; of 26 nifedipine-treated patients 3 needed additional captopril. Seven out of 26 patients treated with captopril, 22/26 patients given nifedipine and 9/10 patients receiving the combination reported side effects. In 3 nifedipine patients, 1 captopril patient and 1 patient on both drugs, treatment had to be stopped because of side effects. Captopril and nifedipine in these doses are about equally effective both after acute and chronic administration. The response-rate is somewhat higher with nifedipine, but the side effects are significantly less with captopril. There was no significant additive effect with the combination of the two drugs.
Exascale computing - A fact or a fiction? (2013)

Summary form only given. Compute performance increased by orders of magnitude in the last few decades, made possible by continued technology scaling, increasing frequency, providing integration capacity to realize novel architectures, and reducing energy to keep power dissipation within limit. The technology treadmill will continue, and one would expect to reach Exascale level performance this decade; however, it's the same Physics that helped you in the past will now pose some barriers-Business as usual will not be an option. The energy and power will pose as a major challenge-an Exascale machine would consume in excess of a Giga-watt! Memory & communication bandwidth with conventional technology would be prohibitive. Orders of magnitude increased parallelism, let alone explosion of parallelism created by energy saving techniques, would increase unreliability. And programming system will be posed with even severe challenge of harnessing the performance with concurrency. This talk will discuss potential solutions in all disciplines, such as circuit design, test, architecture, system design, programming system, and resiliency to pave the road towards Exascale performance.
Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smoking (1984)

Daily intake of nicotine in 22 subjects was estimated from metabolic clearance data obtained after intravenous infusion of nicotine and from blood and urinary nicotine concentration data obtained over 24 hr when the subjects were smoking cigarettes. Daily intake of nicotine averaged 37.6 mg (+/- 17.7, SD) but varied widely among subjects (10.5 to 78.6 mg). Men metabolized nicotine faster than did women, but daily intake of nicotine did not differ. Intake correlated strongly with cigarettes smoked per day (r = 0.59) but not with machine-determined yield. Nicotine intake per cigarette averaged 1.04 mg (+/- 0.36) but did not correlate with machine-determined yield. Correlations between several commonly used biochemical markers of tobacco smoke and nicotine intake were examined; the afternoon (4:00 P.M.) blood level of nicotine was the best marker.
Growth factor stimulation of adult articular cartilage (1989)

We have examined the effect of peptide growth factors on DNA and proteoglycan synthesis by adult bovine articular cartilage in organ culture. The actions of somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I (Sm-C/IGF-I), insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) from bovine pituitary were investigated individually and in combination. FGF stimulated a 10-fold increase in tritiated thymidine incorporation while other factors used individually did not influence mitotic activity. Used in concert, insulin with EGF and insulin with FGF acted synergistically in stimulating DNA synthesis 20-fold and 40-fold, respectively. All of these growth factors, acting individually, significantly enhanced radiosulfate incorporation. This stimulation was additive for Sm-C/IGF-I in combination with EGF or FGF, but not with insulin. These data indicate that adult bovine articular chondrocytes possess the capacity to augment both mitotic and differentiated cell functions in response to growth factors. The data further suggest that, with the exception of insulin and Sm-C/IGF-I, which appear to share a common mechanism of action, these factors produce their cellular effects via different receptor or postreceptor pathways.
Quinidine Thiourea‐Catalyzed Aldol Reaction of Unactivated Ketones: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐3‐hydroxyindolin‐2‐ones (2010)

New catalysis mechanism! The asymmetric aldol reaction of unactivated ketones and activated carbonyl compounds is realized with a quinidine-derived thiourea catalyst (see scheme), and involves an enolate mechanism instead of the widely used enamine mechanism. With isatins as the substrate, the reaction can be applied to the enantioselective synthesis of biologically active 3-hydroxyindolin-2-ones.
Detection of bacteria from biological mixtures using immunomagnetic separation combined with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (2001)

A rapid method for identifying specific bacteria from complex biological mixtures using immunomagnetic separation coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry has been developed. The technique employs commercially available magnetic beads coated with polycolonal antibodies raised against specific bacteria and whole cell analysis by MALDI-MS. A suspension of a bacterial mixture is mixed with the immunomagnetic beads specific for the target microorganism. After a short incubation period (20 mins) the bacteria captured by the beads are washed, resuspended in deionized H(2)O and directly applied onto a MALDI probe. Liquid suspensions containing bacterial mixtures can be screened within 1 h total analysis time. Positive tests result in the production of a fingerprint mass spectrum primarily consisting of protein biomarkers characteristic of the targeted microorganism. Using this procedure, Salmonella choleraesuis was isolated and detected from standard bacterial mixtures and spiked samples of river water, human urine, and chicken blood.
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke (2009)

Based on analysis of total intent-to-treat and per-protocol populations only, this is a negative trial that also raises safety concerns, particularly in patients receiving systemic thrombolysis.
Mitochondrial transplantation for therapeutic use (2016)

Mitochondria play a key role in the homeostasis of the vast majority of the body's cells. In the myocardium where mitochondria constitute 30 % of the total myocardial cell volume, temporary attenuation or obstruction of blood flow and as a result oxygen delivery to myocardial cells (ischemia) severely alters mitochondrial structure and function. These alterations in mitochondrial structure and function occur during ischemia and continue after blood flow and oxygen delivery to the myocardium is restored, and significantly decrease myocardial contractile function and myocardial cell survival. We hypothesized that the augmentation or replacement of mitochondria damaged by ischemia would provide a mechanism to enhance cellular function and cellular rescue following the restoration of blood flow. To test this hypothesis we have used a model of myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Our studies demonstrate that the transplantation of autologous mitochondria, isolated from the patient's own body, and then directly injected into the myocardial during early reperfusion augment the function of native mitochondria damaged during ischemia and enhances myocardial post-ischemic functional recovery and cellular viability. The transplanted mitochondria act both extracellularly and intracellularly. Extracellularly, the transplanted mitochondria enhance high energy synthesis and cellular adenosine triphosphate stores and alter the myocardial proteome. Once internalized the transplanted mitochondria rescue cellular function and replace damaged mitochondrial DNA. There is no immune or auto-immune reaction and there is no pro-arrhythmia as a result of the transplanted mitochondria. Our studies and those of others demonstrate that mitochondrial transplantation can be effective in a number of cell types and diseases. These include cardiac and skeletal muscle, pulmonary and hepatic tissue and cells and in neuronal tissue. In this review we discuss the mechanisms leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and the effects on cellular function. We provide a methodology for the isolation of mitochondria to allow for clinical relevance and we discuss the methods we and others have used for the uptake and internalization of mitochondria. We foresee that mitochondrial transplantation will be a valued treatment in the armamentarium of all clinicians and surgeons for the treatment of varied ischemic disorders, mitochondrial diseases and related disorders.
Free radical oxidation of cardiolipin: chemical mechanisms, detection and implication in apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases (2012)

Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid and is critical for maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function. CL also plays an active role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by interacting with cytochrome c (cyt c), tBid and other important Bcl-2 proteins. The unique structure of CL with four linoleic acid side chains in the same molecule and its cellular location make it extremely susceptible to free radical oxidation by reactive oxygen species including free radicals derived from peroxidase activity of cyt c/CL complex, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. The free radical oxidation products of CL have been emerged as important mediators in apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the free radical chemical mechanisms that lead to CL oxidation, recent development in detection of oxidation products of CL by mass spectrometry and the implication of CL oxidation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases.
Zwitter-Wettability and Antifogging Coatings with Frost-Resisting Capabilities (2013)

Antifogging coatings with hydrophilic or even superhydrophilic wetting behavior have received significant attention due to their ability to reduce light scattering by film-like condensation. However, under aggressive fogging conditions, these surfaces may exhibit frost formation or excess and nonuniform water condensation, which results in poor optical performance of the coating. In this paper, we show that a zwitter-wettable surface, a surface that has the ability to rapidly absorb molecular water from the environment while simultaneously appearing hydrophobic when probed with water droplets, can be prepared by using hydrogen-bonding-assisted layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). An additional step of functionalizing the nano-blended PVA/PAA multilayer with poly(ethylene glycol methyl ether) (PEG) segments produced a significantly enhanced antifog and frost-resistant behavior. The addition of the PEG segments was needed to further increase the nonfreezing water capacity of the multilayer film. The desirable high-optical quality of these thin films arises from the nanoscale control of the macromolecular complexation process that is afforded by the LbL processing scheme. An experimental protocol that not only allows for the exploration of a variety of aggressive antifogging challenges but also enables quantitative analysis of the antifogging performance via real-time monitoring of transmission levels as well as image distortion is also described.
Human Bocavirus as the Cause of a Life-Threatening Infection (2011)

Human bocavirus is a recently described respiratory pathogen. A case of a life-threatening human bocavirus infection of a previously healthy pediatric patient is described. An initial clinical presentation of acute bronchiolitis developed into an extremely severe course of disease characterized by pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, and acute respiratory failure with pronounced air-leak syndrome.
Expression of Immunoglobulin Superfamily Cell Adhesion Molecules on Murine Embryonic Stem Cells1 (1997)

The expression of cell adhesion molecules of the Ig superfamily (Ig-CAM) were examined on embryonic stem (ES) cells during culture in vitro. ES cells maintained an undifferentiated phenotype when cultured in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or with fibroblast feeder cells; > 90% of cells reacted positively to an antibody (ECMA-7) that marks undifferentiated ES cells. Using flow cytometry, high concentrations of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and NCAM antigens were detected on undifferentiated ES cells, but their specific receptors, Mac-1, LFA-1, and VLA-4, were not detected. There was also no class I or II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen expression. The ICAM-1 expressed was functional, since anti-ICAM-1 significantly (p < 0.0001) blocked ES cell-lymphocyte binding. Ig-CAM and MHC-1 expression on undifferentiated ES cells was not up-regulated by treatment of cells with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha, or flavivirus infection, agents that up-regulate these molecules in other embryonic cell types. Twelve hours after LIF withdrawal, ICAM-1 and NCAM expression decreased significantly, while VCAM-1 was undetectable. However, morphology and ECMA-7 expression remained unchanged. Similar patterns of expression were seen on ES cells maintained on fibroblast feeder cells. This suggests that LIF or other cytokines may maintain the expression of Ig-CAMs on undifferentiated cells. Differentiation was induced by dimethyl sulfoxide treatment for 14 days. Cells changed from a colony-forming to a monolayer morphology, and approximately 60% of the cell population no longer expressed ECMA-7. In these cells, VCAM-1 was undetectable and ICAM-1 and NCAM had declined to low levels. In these differentiated cells, ICAM-1 and MHC-1 were inducible by IFN-gamma. This study suggests that the pattern of expression of the Ig-CAMs in ES cells may have a role in defining the phenotype of differentiated and undifferentiated cells.
Two populations of Ia-like molecules on a human B cell line. (1980)

Evidence is presented for two populations of Ia-like molecules on the human B cell line Raji. Two monoclonal antibodies, L203 and L227, are described. Both recognize nonpolymorphic determinants on B cell antigens. Both immunoprecipitate 34,000- and 28,000-dalton material from 125I-labeled extracts of Raji, but L227 precipitates 25,000-dalton material as well. Immunodepletion experiments confirm that the antibodies react with two different populations of molecules.
Health-seeking behaviour of new smear-positive TB patients under a DOTS programme in Tamil Nadu, India, 2003. (2007)

Community awareness of TB needs to be increased. Greater private sector involvement in the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme is essential to reduce provider delay. Referral and sputum transportation to the diagnostic facility should be given priority.
Libraries of Multifunctional RNA Conjugates for the Selection of New RNA Catalysts (1997)

An in vitro selection system was developed for the selection of RNA molecules catalyzing bimolecular reactions between small reactants. The system is based on the direct selection protocol and involves libraries of multifunctional RNA conjugates rather than unmodified RNA transcripts. For the preparation of RNA conjugate libraries, a dinucleotide analog has been designed and synthesized containing a poly(ethylene glycol) linker with an embedded photocleavage site and a terminal attachment site for coupling potential reactants. Reactants are first coupled to the dinucleotide analog by activated ester chemistry and then ligated to the 3'-ends of enzymatically prepared RNA pool molecules, giving libraries of complex conjugates. Species that become attached to biotin on incubation with a biotinylated partner are isolated using streptavidin-derivatized matrices and then subjected to a photocleavage step. Selective cleavage of the linker releases only those RNA species in which reaction has taken place at the linker-coupled reactant, while products with the biotin attached to internal positions of the RNA part remain immobilized. Efficient photocleavage is achieved by laser irradiation at 355 nm, and the released RNAs are intact and amplifiable by reverse transcription. All steps are shown to be compatible with the overall selection procedure, as was shown by performing a model selection cycle. Besides allowing a broader scope of reaction types to be selected for, the strategy relieves the RNA from the requirement to possess substrate properties as well as catalytic activity, and the use of a cleavable linker will suppress the selection of catalysts for side reactions.
Structural Characterization of PNA-DNA Duplexes by NMR. Evidence for DNA in a B-like Conformation (1994)

The nucleic acid analogues PNA (peptide nucleic acids) hybridize with DNA of complementary sequence. The solution structures of two PNA-DNA duplexes, H-(GCTATGTC)-NH2.d(GACATAGC) and H-(GTAGATCACT)-NH2.d(AGTGATCTAC), have been studied by 1H NMR. It was found that the PNA-DNA hybrids are base paired by hydrogen bonds, most likely of the Watson-Crick type. From two-dimensional NOESY and COSY results it is concluded that the DNA strand in the PNA-DNA complex adopts a B-like structure with the deoxyribose sugars in the C2'-endo conformation.
Video segmentation with the Support of Audio Segmentation and classification (2000)

Video structure extraction is essential to automatic and content-based organization, retrieval and browsing of video. However, while many robust shot segmentation algorithms have developed, it is still difficult to extract scene structures or group shots into scenes. In this paper, we present a novel audio assisted video segmentation scheme, in which audio and color information is integrated in video scene extraction. A novel audio segmentation scheme is developed to segment audio tracks into speech, music, environmental sound and silence segments. A robust algorithm for shot grouping based on correlation analysis is also developed to further enhance the scene extraction accuracy.
Local production of B lymphocyte stimulator protein and APRIL in arthritic joints of patients with inflammatory arthritis (2003)

BLyS protein and APRIL are locally produced in inflamed joints. Their respective SF levels are differentially regulated, suggesting that they serve different functions. Together, their local production may foster survival and/or expansion of B cells that produce pathogenic autoantibodies and/or promote local T cell activation and consequent joint destruction.
Cobalamin and Folate Evaluation: Measurement of Methylmalonic Acid and Homocysteine vs Vitamin B12 and Folate (2000)

Vitamin B(12) and folate are two vitamins that have interdependent roles in nucleic acid synthesis. Deficiencies of either vitamin can cause megaloblastic anemia; however, inappropriate treatment of B(12) deficiency with folate can cause irreversible nerve degeneration. Inadequate folate nutrition during early pregnancy can cause neural tube defects in the developing fetus. In addition, folate and vitamin B(12) deficiency and the compensatory increase in homocysteine are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Laboratory support for the diagnosis and management of these multiple clinical entities is controversial and somewhat problematic. Automated ligand binding measurements of vitamin B(12) and folate are easiest to perform and widely used. Unfortunately, these tests are not the most sensitive indicators of disease. Measurement of red cell folate is less dependent on dietary fluctuations, but these measurements may not be reliable. Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid are better metabolic indicators of deficiencies at the tissue level. There are no "gold standards" for the diagnosis of these disorders, and controversy exists regarding the best diagnostic approach. Healthcare strategies that consider the impact of laboratory tests on the overall costs and quality of care should consider the advantages of including methylmalonic acid and homocysteine in the early evaluation of patients with suspected deficiencies of vitamin B(12) and folate.
Mechanisms of CD47-induced caspase-independent cell death in normal and leukemic cells: link between phosphatidylserine exposure and cytoskeleton organization (2002)

Dying cells, apoptotic or necrotic, are swiftly eliminated by professional phagocytes. We previously reported that CD47 engagement by CD47 mAb or thrombospondin induced caspase-independent cell death of chronic lymphocytic leukemic B cells (B-CLL). Here we show that human immature dendritic cells (iDCs) phagocytosed the CD47 mAb-killed leukemic cells in the absence of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9 activation in the malignant lymphocytes. Yet the dead cells displayed the cytoplasmic features of apoptosis, including cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure, and decreased mitochondrial transmembrane potential (DeltaPsim). CD47 mAb-induced cell death also occurred in normal resting and activated lymphocytes, with B-CLL cells demonstrating the highest susceptibility. Importantly, iDCs and CD34(+) progenitors were resistant. Structure-function studies in cell lines transfected with various CD47 chimeras demonstrated that killing exclusively required the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the CD47 molecule. Cytochalasin D, an inhibitor of actin polymerization, and antimycin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial electron transfer, completely suppressed CD47-induced phosphatidylserine exposure. Interestingly, CD47 ligation failed to induce cell death in mononuclear cells isolated from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) patients, suggesting the involvement of Cdc42/WAS protein (WASP) signaling pathway. We propose that CD47-induced caspase-independent cell death be mediated by cytoskeleton reorganization. This form of cell death may be relevant to maintenance of homeostasis and as such might be explored for the development of future therapeutic approaches in lymphoid malignancies.