gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Foodborne Pread of Hepatitis A: Recent Studies on Virus Survival, Transfer and Inactivation (2000)

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible for considerable morbidity and economic losses worldwide, and is the only reportable, foodborne viral pathogen in Canada. Outbreaks caused by it occur more frequently in settings such as hospitals, daycare centres, schools, and in association with foods and food service establishments. In recent years, the incidence of hepatitis A has increased in Canada. Many factors, including changing lifestyles and demographics, faster and more frequent travel, and enhanced importation of foods from hepatitis A-endemic regions, may be behind this increase. Despite its increasing significance as a human pathogen, not much was known until recently about the survival and inactivation of HAV, and even less was understood about the effectiveness of measures to prevent and control its foodborne spread. Studies conducted in the past decade have shown that HAV can survive for several hours on human hands and for several days on environmental surfaces indoors. The virus can also retain its infectivity for several days on fruits and vegetables which are often consumed raw, and such imported items have already been incriminated in disease outbreaks. Casual contact between contaminated hands and clean food items can readily lead to a transfer of as much as 10% of the infectious virus. HAV is also relatively resistant to inactivation by heat, gamma irradiation and chemical germicides. In view of these findings, better approaches to prevent the contamination of foods with HAV and more effective methods for its inactivation in foods, on environmental surfaces and on the hands of food handlers are needed.
Inhibitory Effects of B Cells on Antitumor Immunity (2006)

Abstract B-cell functions in antitumor immunity are not well understood. In this study, we evaluated the role of B cells in the development of antitumor immunity using Friend murine leukemia virus gag-expressing mouse EL-4 (EL-4 gag), D5 mouse melanoma, or MCA304 mouse sarcoma cells. To screen tumors for susceptibility to B-cell-deficient immune environments, spleen cells from naive C57BL/6 [wild-type (WT)] and B-cell knockout (BKO) mice were cultured with irradiated tumor cells in vitro. When cells were stimulated with EL-4 gag or D5 (but not MCA304 tumors), IFN-γ production from CD8 T cells and natural killer cells was markedly decreased in WT compared with BKO cultures. IFN-γ production was correlated with CD40 ligand expression on the tumor and inversely with interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by B cells. Sorted WT B cells produced more IL-10 than CD40 knockout (CD40KO) B cells when cocultured with EL-4 gag or D5 (but not MCA304). IFN-γ production by BKO cells was reduced by the addition of sorted naive WT B cells (partially by CD40KO B cells) or recombinant mouse IL-10. In vivo tumor progression mirrored in vitro studies in that WT mice were unable to control tumor growth whereas EL-4 gag and D5 tumors (but not MCA304) were eliminated in BKO mice. Robust in vivo antitumor CTLs developed only in BKO tumor-challenged mice. Our studies provide the first mechanistic basis for the concept that B-cell depletion could therapeutically enhance antitumor immune responses to certain tumors by decreasing IL-10 production from B cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(15): 7741-7)
Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods (2011)

Preface ix 1 An Overview of Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods 1 2 An Overview of Micronutrient Adequacy 53 3 The Individual Vitamins 83 4 The Minerals 119 5 Free Radicals and Antioxidants 145 6 Natural Fats and Oils 161 7 Non-Essential 'Nutrients' that are Used as Dietary Supplements 187 8 Natural Products and Extracts 213 9 Functional Foods 263 References 289 Index 313
Colour Transfer by Feature Based Histogram Registration (2007)

This paper addresses the problem of automatically eliminating unwanted colour variation between similar image pairs. We propose a feature-based registration method to align colour histograms without any spatial processing of the image content or assumptions about the scene contents. We use the method for the colour transfer problem. The features are histogram maxima that persist through the scale space, so they are robust to large changes in the sizes of objects in the scene. The algorithm seeks the best matches between features and aligns the histograms via a polynomial warp. We construct a set of image pairs that exhibit variation in object scale and lighting and use it to show that the method produces better colour space alignments than simple alignments of histogram moments.
Three-Dimensional In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Intraocular Vasculature during Development and Disease (2005)

This in vivo vascular imaging approach is valuable in monitoring normal development, disease progression, and efficacy of experimental treatments in mouse models of ocular vascular disease and may have broader applications to the field of angiogenesis by using the readily visualized ocular vascular bed as a surrogate to test pro- and antiangiogenic compounds.
Identification of a novel constitutive enhancer element and an associated binding protein: implications for human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer regulation (1989)

The human papillomavirus type 11 enhancer, when linked to the minimal simian virus 40 early promoter, has been dissected into two domains in monkey kidney CV-1 cells, one being constitutive (designated CEI) and the other inducible by trans-acting E2 proteins encoded by homologous and heterologous papillomaviruses (H. Hirochika, T.R. Broker, and L.T. Chow, J. Virol. 61:2599-2606, 1987; H. Hirochika, R. Hirochika, T.R. Broker, and L.T. Chow, Genes Dev. 2:54-67, 1988). We have demonstrated that the natural promoter regulated by this enhancer is located immediately upstream of the E6 open reading frame (the E6 promoter). We have mapped the cap site to nucleotide 99 by RNase protection. We further demonstrate a second constitutive enhancer element, CEII, which is required for transcription from the E6 promoter in the human cervical carcinoma cell lines C-33A and HeLa but not in CV-1 cells. By deletion mapping, we have localized this cell type-specific domain to 71 base pairs by using chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assays. Deletion of either CEI or CEII dramatically decreased the constitutive activity of the enhancer and the E6 promoter, whereas multimerization of either domain in the absence of the other could independently restore expression. Furthermore, when either of these elements was deleted, the full-length E2 protein of human papillomavirus type 11 abolished the remaining basal E6 promoter activity, demonstrating for the first time that the enhancer-activating E2 protein of human papillomaviruses can also function as a transcriptional repressor for the homologous E6 viral promoter. The presence of multiple copies of each element in tandem overcomes the repression by the E2 protein. The effects of CEII are at the level of transcription, without changing the cap site. By gel shift assay, we have shown that a protein present in nuclear extracts of C-33A and HeLa cervical carcinoma cells binds to the newly identified constitutive element II. This protein did not bind the simian virus 40 enhancer, nor did it bind to the enhancer region of many other papillomaviruses tested. UV cross-linking experiments revealed major 44-kilodalton and minor 34-kilodalton proteins that bound specifically to CEII. These two proteins are either related or bind to CEII with high cooperativity. We conclude that transcriptional activities directed by the enhancer and E6 promoter reflect an intricate balance among viral and cellular factors. We present a model on the regulation of the E6 promoter by host and viral transcription factors.
A low-jitter 125-1250-MHz process-independent and ripple-poleless 0.18-μm CMOS PLL based on a sample-reset loop filter (2001)

This paper describes a low-jitter phase-locked loop (PLL) implemented in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process. A sample-reset loop filter architecture is used that averages the oscillator proportional control current which provides the feedforward zero over an entire update period and hence leads to a ripple-free control signal. The ripple-free control current eliminates the need for an additional filtering pole, leading to a nearly 90/spl deg/ phase margin which minimizes input jitter peaking and transient locking overshoot. The PLL damping factor is made insensitive to process variations by making it dependent only upon a bandgap voltage and ratios of circuit elements. This ensures tracking between the natural frequency and the stabilizing zero. The PLL has a frequency range of 125-1250 MHz, frequency resolution better than 500 kHz, and rms jitter less than 0.9% of the oscillator period.
Normal aggregations of glycoprotein IV (CD36)‐deficient platelets from seven healthy Japanese donors (1992)

Since glycoprotein IV (GPIV) has been shown to play an important role in the interaction of platelets with collagen and thrombospondin, the aggregation and secretion of GPIV-deficient platelets were examined. Using a binding assay with monoclonal 125I-OKM5 antibody against CD36 antigen and crossed immunoelectrophoresis of the solubilized platelets against anti-GPIV antibody, the platelets from seven (4.1%) out of 170 healthy Japanese donors were found to be deficient in GPIV. The GPIV-deficient platelets showed normal aggregations in response to collagen as well as ADP, epinephrine, arachidonic acid and thrombin in comparison with GPIV-positive platelets. Polyclonal anti-GPIV antibody aggregated GPIV-positive platelets but not the GPIV-negative ones. The F(ab')2 fragments of the anti-GPIV antibody competitively inhibited the anti-GPIV-induced aggregation, but did not affect the collagen-induced aggregation of GPIV-positive platelets. These results suggest that the deficiency of GPIV does not affect platelet aggregability.
Photodynamic therapy of human cancer (1992)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is currently an investigational therapy for human cancer. PDT is performed in two steps: (a) the injection of a photosensitizer, followed by a period of time during which it is cleared from most normal tissues; and (b) activation of the photosensitizer by exposure to light. Singlet oxygen is thought to be the agent produced by photoactivation most responsible for tumor destruction. Over 3000 patients have been treated with PDT and reported in the literature. The published results of clinical PDT in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer, gynecological cancer, endobronchial malignancies, gastrointestinal cancer, intracranial cancer, ocular cancer, and cutaneous and subcutaneous cancers are critically reviewed in the present work. The current laser types used for clinical PDT are reviewed, as well as light delivery devices which have been recently developed. In situ light dosimetry devices and their use in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer and for intraoperative therapy are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adversarial Feature Matching for Text Generation (2017)

The Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) has achieved great success in generating realistic (real-valued) synthetic data. However, convergence issues and difficulties dealing with discrete data hinder the applicability of GAN to text. We propose a framework for generating realistic text via adversarial training. We employ a long short-term memory network as generator, and a convolutional network as discriminator. Instead of using the standard objective of GAN, we propose matching the high-dimensional latent feature distributions of real and synthetic sentences, via a kernelized discrepancy metric. This eases adversarial training by alleviating the mode-collapsing problem. Our experiments show superior performance in quantitative evaluation, and demonstrate that our model can generate realistic-looking sentences.
A comparison of the antigen‐presenting capabilities of class II MHC‐expressing human lung epithelial and endothelial cells (1997)

Human lung alveolar epithelial cells constitutively express class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Human lung microvascular endothelial and small airway epithelial cells can be induced to express class II MHC by stimulation with the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma. The levels of class II MHC on lung epithelial and endothelial cells were comparable to those seen on an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-transformed B-cell line. However, the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 were not expressed. The ability of the class II MHC expressing human lung parenchymal cells to present alloantigen to CD4+ T lymphocytes was investigated. Freshly isolated human alveolar epithelial cells (type II pneumocytes) and monolayers of interferon-gamma-stimulated small airway epithelial and lung microvascular endothelial cells were co-cultured with allogeneic CD4+ T lymphocytes and proliferation determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation. A clear difference was observed between effects of the epithelial and endothelial cells on CD4+ T-lymphocyte activation. Alveolar and small airway epithelial cells failed to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic CD4+ T lymphocytes whereas lung microvascular endothelial cells did stimulate proliferation. This difference could not be explained by the levels of class II MHC or the lack of B7-1 and B7-2 solely. Microvascular endothelial cells, and not alveolar or small airway epithelial cells, possess B7-independent costimulatory pathways.
Physiopathological Significance of Catalytic Phospholipids in the Generation of Thrombin (1996)

Thrombin generation is the culminating event of the coagulation cascade. It is initiated after the expression of tissue factor by endothelial cells and monocytes exposed to thrombogenic stimuli. Anionic phospholipids, chiefly phosphatidylserine, are necessary for the optimal activity of tissue factor and completion of the clotting process. They display a catalytic potential by allowing the formation of the characteristic enzyme complexes at the membrane surface. Platelets are viewed as the main source of procoagulant phospholipid referred to as platelet factor 3. The plasma membrane of resting cells presents an asymmetrical distribution of phospholipids, aminophospholipids being sequestered in the inner leaflet. Procoagulant phospholipids become available at the outer surface after cell stimulation. The collapse of the membrane asymmetry is thought to promote a phospholipid scrambling accompanied by the shedding of microparticles. The plasma membranes of such vesicles bear irreversibly externalized procoagulant phosphatidylserine and contain glycoproteins that testify to their tissue origin. Hence, microparticles could disseminate a dual procoagulant and adhesive potential. Thrombin autoamplification is exerted through feedback activation loops involving either coagulation factors or platelets. This article details the mechanisms by which procoagulant phospholipids promote the generation of an excess of thrombin. A new pharmacological approach of thrombosis is presented, based on the control of the exposure of procoagulant phospholipids and membrane microparticle shedding.
Implementation of In-vehicle Multi-sensor Information Fusion Gateway for Cooperative Driving (2011)

Active safety is an important feature of a modern vehicle to provide precaution warning or compensatory control before the pre-crash stage of vehicle safety. All vehicle signals and information are acquired by several in-vehicle sensors on ECUs or surrounding vehicles, and integrated in vehicle gateway through in-vehicle or vehicle-to-vehicle communications. The information exchanged among the host and surrounding vehicles provides comprehensive vehicle and driving status of each vehicle, so the driver can drive more safely with the cooperative driving mechanism. The demonstration system consists of a vehicle gateway, which is based on a heterogeneous multi-core processor, consisting of one ARM core for I/O control and system management and two DSP cores for intensive computation of information fusion. After reaching within the communication limit, the vehicles set up time synchronization and then exchange vehicle information. The acquired sensor data and received vehicle information are time aligned and fed into PAC DSPs for information fusion, which consists of four phases, signal processing, location mapping, trajectory prediction and risk assessment. The risk assessment evaluates the probability of car crash and broadcast the warning message to its surrounding vehicles, if the risk level is raised beyond a threshold. The cooperative driving is fulfilled by sharing the vehicle information and emergency warning through wireless communication, so a driver can be aware of the dangerous situation and also be suggested an adequate response earlier.
Diverse Pathways for the Palladium(II)-Mediated Oxidation of Olefins by tert-Butylhydroperoxide (2002)

[reaction: see text] New procedures are described for the palladium-catalyzed oxidation of olefins by tert-butylhydroperoxide under slightly basic conditions in CH(2)Cl(2) solution at 0-25 degrees C.
Characterizing submicron vesicles with wavelength-resolved fluorescence in flow cytometry (1996)

Individual synthetic vesicles 0.1-1.0 micron in diameter are sized by using single-particle fluorescence emission spectra obtained in a custom sheath flow cell with an imaging spectrograph and a charge-coupled device. Data are acquired at 1 Hz, with limits of detection (3 sigma) less than 6.0 x 10(3) and 1.0 x 10(4) molecules of free sulforhodamine 101 and fluorescein, respectively, and with a spectral range for fluorescence emission collection from 350 to 800 nm (0.45 nm/pixel resolution). The system is used for small-particle population analysis by analyzing a suspension of submicron, unilamellar, synthetic vesicles prepared by standard procedures with phosphatidylserine and Texas red- or fluorescein head-group-conjugated dihydropalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine. The submicron particles are individually identified, sized, and discriminated based on single-particle fluorescence emission spectra. Excellent agreement is found between fluorescence sizing data and transmission electron microscopic measurements.
Progress in research on fungal cellulases for lignocellulose degradation (2008)

Fungal cellulases offer advantages of a secreted enzyme complex and relative easiness and economy of producing enzyme. Considerable amount of work has been done on fungal cellulases, especially with resurgence of interest in biomass-ethanol and concept ofbio-refineries. Significant information has also been gained on basic biology of organisms producing cellulases, and in process development for enzyme production and biomass saccharification. This review addresses developments in the field of fungal cellulases for lignocellulose degradation.
The Maize Invertase-Deficient miniature-1 Seed Mutation Is Associated with Aberrant Pedicel and Endosperm Development (1992)

Michael E. Miller, Prem S. Chourey, The Maize Invertase-Deficient miniature-1 Seed Mutation Is Associated with Aberrant Pedicel and Endosperm Development, The Plant Cell, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Mar., 1992), pp. 297-305
Pedestrian detection with convolutional neural networks (2005)

This paper presents a novel pedestrian detection method based on the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) classifier. Our method achieves high accuracy by automatically optimizing the feature representation to the detection task and regularizing the neural network. We evaluate the proposed method on a difficult database containing pedestrians in a city environment with no restrictions on pose, action, background and lighting conditions. The false positive rate (FPR) of the proposed CNN classifier is less than 1/5-th of the FPR of a support vector machine (SVM) classifier using Haar-wavelet features when the detection rate is 90%. The accuracy of the SVM classifier using the features learnt by the CNN is equivalent to the accuracy of the CNN, confirming the importance of automatically optimized features. The computational demand of the CNN classifier is, however, more than an order of magnitude lower than that of the SVM, irrespective of the type of features used.
Sequence conservation in field and experimental isolates of Borna disease virus (1994)

Coding and noncoding sequences were analyzed from field and experimental isolates of Borna disease virus. For a 24-kDa protein, maximum divergence was 1.5% at the predicted amino acid level and 3.1% at the nucleotide level. For a 40-kDa protein, maximum divergence was 1.1% at the predicted amino acid level and 4.1% at the nucleotide level. The highest variability in sequence (10%) was found in a 40-nucleotide stretch of genomic RNA between coding sequences for the 40- and 24-kDa proteins. The degree of sequence conservation in these isolates, passaged in various host species in vivo and in vitro over a period of 64 years, is unusual for negative-strand RNA viruses.
Investigation of extraction systems with low aberrations (1992)

The extraction of ions from a plasma source suffers from the aberrations due to the fact that electrodes are not infinitely thin and/or the aspect ratio is not correct. These aberrations are shown by experiment and computer simulation using the interactive axcel-gsi code. The experiments are made using a pepperpot device for the emittance measurement. This device is ideally suited for making measurements that can be compared with emittances calculated by computer simulations.
pH‐dependent permeabilization of the plasma membrane of mammalian cells by anthrax protective antigen (1993)

Protective antigen (PA) of anthrax toxin forms ion-conductive channels in planar lipid bilayers and liposomes under acidic pH conditions. We show here that PA has a similar permeabilizing action on the plasma membranes of CHO-K1 and three other mammalian cell lines (J774A.1, RAW264.7 and Vero). Changes in membrane permeability were evaluated by measuring the efflux of the K+ analogue, 86Rb+, from prelabelled cells, and the influx of 22Na+. The permeabilizing activity of PA was limited to a proteolytically activated form (PAN) and was dependent on acidic pH for membrane insertion (optimal at pH 5.0), but not for sustained ion flux. The flux was reduced in the presence of several known channel blockers: tetrabutyl-, tetrapentyl-, and tetrahexylammonium bromides. PAN facilitated the membrane translocation of anthrax edema factor under the same conditions that induced changes in membrane permeability to ions. These results indicate that PAN permeabilizes cellular membranes under conditions that are believed to prevail in the endosomal compartment of toxin-sensitive cells; and they provide a basis for more detailed studies of the relationship between channel formation and translocation of toxin effector moieties in vivo.