gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Causes and Consequences of Early Life Health (2010)

We examine the consequences of child health for economic and health outcomes in adulthood, using height as a marker of childhood health. After reviewing previous evidence, we present a conceptual framework that highlights data limitations and methodological problems that complicate the study of this topic. We then present estimates of the associations between height and a range of outcomes--including schooling, employment, earnings, health, and cognitive ability--measured in five data sets from early to late adulthood. These results indicate that, on average, taller individuals attain higher levels of education. Height is also positively associated with better economic, health, and cognitive outcomes. These associations are only partially explained by the higher average educational attainment of taller individuals. We then use data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults survey to document the associations between health, cognitive development, and growth in childhood. Even among children with the same mother, taller siblings score better on cognitive tests and progress through school more quickly. Part of the differences found between siblings arises from differences in their birth weights and lengths attributable to mother's behaviors while pregnant. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that childhood health influences health and economic status throughout adulthood.
Transcriptional induction by interferon. New protein(s) determine the extent and length of the induction. (1986)

Interferon (IFN) treatment of human fibroblasts induces the transcription of two genes, IFN-IND-1 and -2, to a maximal level between 30 min and 2 h. Continued exposure to IFN results in a "desensitization" characterized by a return to pretreatment levels of transcription and the inability of further IFN treatment to reinduce the transcription of these genes. The imposition and the maintenance of desensitization apparently requires continuous protein synthesis because both can be reversed by cycloheximide. Thus a regulatory circuit of transcription for IFN-IND-1 and -2 includes a prompt IFN-induced transcriptional increase followed shortly by a negative regulatory response requiring a labile protein(s) that limits the duration of the increased transcriptional response.
Ultimate Permeation Across Atomically Thin Porous Graphene (2014)

A two-dimensional (2D) porous layer can make an ideal membrane for separation of chemical mixtures because its infinitesimal thickness promises ultimate permeation. Graphene--with great mechanical strength, chemical stability, and inherent impermeability--offers a unique 2D system with which to realize this membrane and study the mass transport, if perforated precisely. We report highly efficient mass transfer across physically perforated double-layer graphene, having up to a few million pores with narrowly distributed diameters between less than 10 nanometers and 1 micrometer. The measured transport rates are in agreement with predictions of 2D transport theories. Attributed to its atomic thicknesses, these porous graphene membranes show permeances of gas, liquid, and water vapor far in excess of those shown by finite-thickness membranes, highlighting the ultimate permeation these 2D membranes can provide.
Microangiopathy of Split-Skin Grafts in Venous Ulcers (2004)

BACKGROUND In patients with chronic venous insufficiency, microangiopathy of blood and lymph capillaries caused by venous hypertension plays a major role in the development of venous ulceration. Conservative treatment of venous leg ulcers often fails, and split-skin grafting is sometimes performed. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the microcirculation and especially the regeneration and function of lymphatic vessels in skin grafts in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. METHODS The microcirculation of 15 split-skin grafts was studied by fluorescence microlymphography and measurement of transcutaneous oxygen tension (tcpO2) in 13 patients. RESULTS The mean age of the skin grafts was 70.9 months. In only two skin grafts were a few intact lymph meshes found. In all other cases, only fragments of lymphatic capillaries have been detected. In seven skin grafts, cutaneous backflow of dye through insufficient deeper lymph channels was observed. The maximal spread of the dye in the lymphatic network was increased in the skin grafts (17.6±22.9 mm). The mean value of tcpO2 was only 27.1±18.1 mm Hg. CONCLUSIONS In split-skin grafts of patients with venous ulcers, severe microcirculatory changes are present and characterized by hypoxia and abnormal regeneration and function of lymphatic vessels.
Measurement-Based Entanglement under Conditions of Extreme Photon Loss (2008)

The act of measuring optical emissions from two remote qubits can entangle them. By demanding that a photon from each qubit reaches the detectors, one can ensure that no photon was lost. But retaining both photons is rare when loss rates are high, as in Moehring et al. where 30 successes occurred per 10(9) attempts. We describe a means to exploit the low grade entanglement heralded by the detection of a lone photon: A subsequent perfect operation is quickly achieved by consuming this noisy resource. We require only two qubits per node, and can tolerate both path length variation and loss asymmetry. The impact of photon loss upon the failure rate is then linear; realistic high-loss devices can gain orders of magnitude in performance and thus support quantum computing.
Osteogenesis in cranial defects and diffusion chambers: Comparison in rabbits of bone matrix, marrow, and collagen implants (1989)

In rabbits, we compared calcification and bone formation by bone marrow, acid-demineralized bone matrix and glutaraldehyde-cross-linked Type I collagen implanted in intramuscular diffusion chambers or in trephine skull defects. The rabbits were killed 4 weeks postimplantation and calcification and osteogenesis were evaluated radiographically and histologically, and by calcium and alkaline phosphatase assays. Bone marrow produced bone and fibrous tissue within the chambers and had high alkaline phosphatase levels. Bone matrix in chambers with intact filters failed to induce bone formation within and outside the chambers, while glutaraldehyde-cross-linked collagen produced only scant calcific deposits following implantation in either diffusion chambers or skull defects. Central areas of skull defects implanted with bone marrow were partially repaired with new bone and had high calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels, but not as high as defects implanted with demineralized bone matrix.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Pt and Pt Bimetallic Surfaces: A Selective Review (2001)

In this review we selectively summarize recent progress, primarily from our laboratory, in the development of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysis on well-defined surfaces. The focus is on two type of metallic surfaces: platinum single crystals and bimetallic surfaces based on platinum. The single crystal results provide insight into the effects of the platinum structure on the kinetics of the ORR, and create a fundamental link between the specific activity of Pt (rate per unit area) and particle size (for various particle shapes). The results show that the structure sensitive kinetics of the ORR arise primarily due to structure sensitive adsorption of anions. In the absence of specific adsorption, such as in Nafion polymer electrolyte, no particle size effect is expected. The knowledge of the electrocatalysis of the ORR on model bimetallic surfaces on Pt-Ni and Pt-Co bulk alloys was used to resolve the enhanced ORR kinetics on supported Pt-Ni and Pt-Co catalysts. Finally, we show that the ORR on platinum modified with pseudomorphic Pd metal film in alkaline solution is the best catalysts ever used in O2 reduction. For both bimetallic systems, we demonstrated that the ability to make a controlled and well characterized arrangement of two elements in the electrode surface region presage a new era of advances in the ORR electrocatalysis.
Sox17 and Sox4 Differentially Regulate β-Catenin/T-Cell Factor Activity and Proliferation of Colon Carcinoma Cells (2007)

The canonical Wnt pathway is necessary for gut epithelial cell proliferation, and aberrant activation of this pathway causes intestinal neoplasia. We report a novel mechanism by which the Sox family of transcription factors regulate the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. We found that some Sox proteins antagonize while others enhance beta-catenin/T-cell factor (TCF) activity. Sox17, which is expressed in the normal gut epithelium but exhibits reduced expression in intestinal neoplasia, is antagonistic to Wnt signaling. When overexpressed in SW480 colon carcinoma cells, Sox17 represses beta-catenin/TCF activity in a dose-dependent manner and inhibits proliferation. Sox17 and Sox4 are expressed in mutually exclusive domains in normal and neoplastic gut tissues, and gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrate that Sox4 enhances beta-catenin/TCF activity and the proliferation of SW480 cells. In addition to binding beta-catenin, both Sox17 and Sox4 physically interact with TCF/lymphoid enhancer factor (LEF) family members via their respective high-mobility-group box domains. Results from gain- and loss-of-function experiments suggest that the interaction of Sox proteins with beta-catenin and TCF/LEF proteins regulates the stability of beta-catenin and TCF/LEF. In particular, Sox17 promotes the degradation of both beta-catenin and TCF proteins via a noncanonical, glycogen synthase kinase 3beta-independent mechanism that can be blocked by proteasome inhibitors. In contrast, Sox4 may function to stabilize beta-catenin protein. These findings indicate that Sox proteins can act as both antagonists and agonists of beta-catenin/TCF activity, and this mechanism may regulate Wnt signaling responses in many developmental and disease contexts.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: state of the art 2013 (2013)

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is currently an established device therapy for heart failure (HF) patients. Cumulated knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms, implantation techniques, advancement of device-based technologies, and clinical trial experience has impacted on this evolving therapy significantly in the last few years. This article will address the updated CRT guideline and potentially new indications of CRT such as patients with New York Heart Association Class I, normal QRS duration, and non-HF patients with pacing indications. Furthermore, important but unresolved issues will also be discussed which include the impact of QRS morphology and QRS duration on CRT response, new approaches for placement of left ventricular (LV) lead, multisite LV pacing, and the role of HF disease monitoring program.
Comparisons of standard curve-fitting methods to quantitate Neisseria meningitidis group A polysaccharide antibody levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1991)

We examined several of the more commonly used models (log-log, two forms of the logit-log, and the four-parameter logistic-log transformations) for forming standard or calibration curves by using a standardized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Assay range, accuracy, and error for each function were measured and compared. Antibody levels to Neisseria meningitidis group A polysaccharide were estimated by calculating antibody concentrations of a serially diluted standard reference serum of known concentration. Each function achieved a high squared correlation coefficient (r2 greater than 0.97), indicating a high degree of accuracy in forming the standard curves. However, when predicted antibody concentrations were compared with the known values, the log-log function exhibited the least precision, with extreme percentages of error occurring at several dilutions. A partially specified logit-log transformation performed better than the log-log model over a reduced range of standard dilutions. This indicated that a high r2 alone was not a reliable measure of the accuracy of the standard curve. Of the methods surveyed, the logistic-log and fully specified logit-log functions were the most accurate models for forming standard curves and for interpolating antibody concentrations from the standard curve. The accuracy of the fully specified logit-log function is highly dependent on the precise specification of two unknown quantities, the optical densities at zero and infinite concentrations, prior to fitting the model to a typical set of calibration data. The four-parameter logistic-log function was the preferred choice for quantitating N. meningitidis group A total polysaccharide antibody by using a standardized ELISA. The function does not require prespecification of any parameters before estimating the standard curve, and the four parameters are readily interpretable in terms of identifiable physical quantities. This model also has the advantage that it is easiest to visualize since it does not incorporate complex transformations of the optical density scale.
Stabilizing effect of water/alcohol solvents towards autoxidation of human haemoglobin (1993)

The stabilization of haemoglobin (Hb) in water/alcohol solvents (ethanol, butan-1-ol, ethylene glycol and glycerol) against autoxidation, a major barrier to the successful use of Hb in biological and medical engineering was studied, with these solvents, a large decrease in the autoxidation rate is observed over a range of concentrations. Studies on the effect of Hb concentration on autoxidation showed that, irrespective of the Hb concentration, oxyHb is more stabilized in water/alcohol solvents than in water. In these solvents, at the concentration exhibiting the maximal stabilizing effect, the oxygen affinity of Hb was little disturbed, but the changes in enthalpy and entropy of activation increased with the stabilization effect of alcohol. The impact of alcohols on the thermal denaturation of metHb was studied. We observed that metHb is less stable in ethanol and butan-1-ol than in water, whereas the opposite is observed with glycerol and ethylene glycol. The strong stability of oxyHb observed with these solvents could result both from an increase in water structure and an increase of viscosity. Finally, e.p.r. has shown that alcohols lead to an increase of the global distance between the nitrogens of proximal histidine (F8) and nitric oxide in the nitrosyl Hb.
An unusual complication of Vacuum Assisted Closure in the treatment of a pressure ulcer (2004)

A patient with a non-healing sacral pressure ulcer underwent exploratory surgery. During the procedure a piece of polyurethane sponge was found to have been left in situ. This unusual case highlights the importance of vigilance at dressing changes.
Expression of bovine herpesvirus 1 glycoproteins gI and gIII in transfected murine cells (1988)

Genes encoding two of the major glycoproteins of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1), gI and gIII, were cloned into the eucaryotic expression vectors pRSVcat and pSV2neo and transfected into murine LMTK- cells, and cloned cell lines were established. The relative amounts of gI or gIII expressed from the two vectors were similar. Expression of gI was cell associated and localized predominantly in the perinuclear region, but nuclear and plasma membrane staining was also observed. Expression of gI was additionally associated with cell fusion and the formation of polykaryons and giant cells. Expression of gIII was localized predominantly in the nuclear and plasma membranes. Radioimmunoprecipitation in the presence or absence of tunicamycin revealed that the recombinant glycoproteins were proteolytically processed and glycosylated and had molecular weights similar to those of the forms of gI and gIII expressed in BHV-1-infected bovine cells. However, both recombinant glycoproteins were glycosylated to a lesser extent than were the forms found in BHV-1-infected bovine cells. For gI, a deficiency in N-linked glycosylation of the amino-terminal half of the protein was identified; for gIII, a deficiency in O-linked glycosylation was implicated. The reactivity pattern of a panel of gI- and gIII-specific monoclonal antibodies, including six which recognize conformation-dependent epitopes, was found to be unaffected by the glycosylation differences and was identical for transfected or BHV-1-infected murine cells. Use of the transfected cells as targets in immune-mediated cytotoxicity assays demonstrated the functional recognition of recombinant gI and gIII by murine antibody and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunization of mice with the transfected cells elicited BHV-1-specific virus-neutralizing antibody, thus verifying the antigenic authenticity of the recombinant glycoproteins and the important role of gI and gIII as targets of the immune response to BHV-1 in this murine model system.
Evaluation of the kinetics and mechanism of action of anti‐integration host factor‐mediated disruption of bacterial biofilms (2014)

The extracellular polymeric substance produced by many human pathogens during biofilm formation often contains extracellular DNA (eDNA). Strands of bacterial eDNA within the biofilm matrix can occur in a lattice-like network wherein a member of the DNABII family of DNA-binding proteins is positioned at the vertex of each crossed strand. To date, treatment of all biofilms tested with antibodies directed against one DNABII protein, Integration Host Factor (IHF), results in significant disruption. Here, using non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae as a model organism, we report that this effect was rapid, IHF-specific and mediated by binding of transiently dissociated IHF by anti-IHF even when physically separated from the biofilm by a nucleopore membrane. Further, biofilm disruption fostered killing of resident bacteria by previously ineffective antibiotics. We propose the mechanism of action to be the sequestration of IHF upon dissociation from the biofilm eDNA, forcing an equilibrium shift and ultimately, collapse of the biofilm. Further, antibodies against a peptide positioned at the DNA-binding tips of IHF were as effective as antibodies directed against the native protein. As incorporating eDNA and associated DNABII proteins is a common strategy for biofilms formed by multiple human pathogens, this novel therapeutic approach is likely to have broad utility.
Interpolation of combined head and room impulse response for audio spatialization (2011)

Audio spatialization is becoming an important part of creating realistic experiences needed for immersive video conferencing and gaming. Using a combined head and room impulse response (CHRIR) has been recently proposed as an alternative to using separate head related transfer functions (HRTF) and room impulse responses (RIR). Accurate measurements of the CHRIR at various source and listener locations and orientations are needed to perform good quality audio spatialization. However, it is infeasible to accurately measure or model the CHRIR for all possible locations and orientations. Therefore, low-complexity and accurate interpolation techniques are needed to perform audio spatialization in real-time. In this paper, we present a frequency domain interpolation technique which naturally interpolates the interaural level difference (ILD) and interaural time difference (ITD) for each frequency component in the spectrum. The proposed technique allows for an accurate and low-complexity interpolation of the CHRIR as well as allowing for a low-complexity audio spatialization technique which can be used for both headphones as well as loudspeakers.
Inactivation of porcine endogenous retrovirus in pigs using CRISPR-Cas9 (2017)

Xenotransplantation is a promising strategy to alleviate the shortage of organs for human transplantation. In addition to the concerns about pig-to-human immunological compatibility, the risk of cross-species transmission of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) has impeded the clinical application of this approach. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of inactivating PERV activity in an immortalized pig cell line. We now confirm that PERVs infect human cells, and we observe the horizontal transfer of PERVs among human cells. Using CRISPR-Cas9, we inactivated all of the PERVs in a porcine primary cell line and generated PERV-inactivated pigs via somatic cell nuclear transfer. Our study highlights the value of PERV inactivation to prevent cross-species viral transmission and demonstrates the successful production of PERV-inactivated animals to address the safety concern in clinical xenotransplantation.
Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Moieties of Glycoproteins by High-Resolution <SUP>1</SUP>H-NMR Spectroscopy (2003)

The biochemical/biomedical research community, the pharmaceutical industry, and, indeed, molecular biologists generally are faced with the increasing need for characterization of carbohydrate structures of recombinant glycoproteins and natural analogs. Cultured mammalian cells (such as Chinese hamster ovary [CHO] cells) are used to produce glycoproteins for therapeutic and diagnostic use because of their ability to perform glycosylation. The presence of oligosaccharide moieties is often compulsory to define several biological activities of glycoproteins, including clearance rate, immunogenicity, and specific biological activity. Since a number of factors that influence glycosylation still elude our control (such as culture environment and age of the cells), the same gene expressed in the same type of cell may not always yield a product with exactly the same glycosylation pattern, presenting drug batch quality-control problems for the pharmaceutical industry. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provides a powerful nondestructive means to characterize glycoprotein carbohydrates structurally and is an indispensable part of the current methodology of glycosylation site mapping.
Low-Cost Carriers and High-Tech Barriers - User Views on Questionable Web Design Practices in Ireland (2011)

That information systems/information technology (IS/IT) practitioners should use best practice in information systems development is universally agreed. We expect systems to enhance the user experience and allow them to engage in a satisfying, productive interaction. This paper posits all is not well with this hypothesis and suggests many firms in the low-cost carrier (LCC) sector are using web technologies to inhibit or avoid customer service and to construct IS-enabled barriers behind which firms profit from their distance. The emergence of the LCC model is explored before a study is presented that scrutinises LCC web practices. Participants were found to be wary in online interactions and cynical about problematic or omitted features. Teaching of good practice is suggested and improved ethics in IS design is merited.