gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate keyword spotting using strictly lexical fillers (2002)

Our goal is to design an accurate keyword spotter that can deal with any size of keyword set, since the size actually required in a wide range of applications is large (number of airports, number of names in a directory, etc.). This justifies the choice of an architecture based on a large-vocabulary continuous-speech recognizer. In a previous paper we introduced the use of strictly-lexical subword fillers for keyword spotting based on the INRS large-vocabulary continuous-speech recognizer showing that they are, when compared to acoustic fillers, a good compromise between memory and time consumption, keyword choice freedom and task-independence training on one hand and accuracy on the other hand. We propose here two new high-performance designs of individual strictly-lexical subword fillers that perform, this time, better than their acoustic counterparts while still keeping the mentioned advantages.
Mechanism of Transport and Storage of Neurotransmitter (1987)

This review will focus on the bioenergetics, mechanism, and molecular basis of neurotransmitter transport. As indicated in the next section, these processes play an important role in the overall process of synaptic transmission. During the last few years, direct evidence has been obtained that these processes are coupled chemiosmotically, i.e., the accumulation of neurotransmitters is driven by ion gradients. Two types of neurotransmitter transport systems have been identified: sodium-coupled systems located in the synaptic plasma membrane of nerves (and sometimes in the plasma membrane of glial cells) and proton-coupled systems which are part of the membrane of intracellular storage organelles. From a bioenergetic point of view, the sodium-coupled systems are especially interesting, since it has recently been discovered that many systems require other ions in addition to sodium. It has now been demonstrated in several cases that, besides sodium ions, these additional ions, such as chloride and potassium, serve as additional coupling ions. These systems will be reviewed here in considerable detail with emphasis on the role of the additional ions. In the second part of the review we shall focus on neurotransmitter transport into storage organelles. Although both sodium and proton coupled systems have been reviewed in the past, there has been a shift from a kinetic and thermodynamic to a biochemical approach. In fact, a few transporters have been identified and functionally reconstituted. These developments have of course been incorporated in this review.
Plasma levels of osteopontin identify patients at risk for organ damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (2013)

High circulating OPN levels preceded increased cumulative disease activity and organ damage in SLE patients, especially in pSLE, and its value as a predictor of poor outcome should be further validated in large longitudinal cohorts.
Adeno-associated Virus (AAV) Dual Vector Strategies for Gene Therapy Encoding Large Transgenes. (2017)

The use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for gene therapy treatments of inherited disorders has accelerated over the past decade with multiple clinical trials ongoing in varying tissue types and new ones initiating every year. These vectors are exhibiting low-immunogenicity across the clinical trials in addition to showing evidence of efficacy, making it clear they are the current standard vector for any potential gene therapy treatment. However, AAV vectors do have a limitation in their packaging capacity, being capable of holding no more than ~5kb of DNA and in a therapeutic transgene scenario, this length of DNA would need to include genetic control elements in addition to the gene coding sequence (CDS) of interest. Given that numerous diseases are caused by mutations in genes with a CDS exceeding 3.5kb, this makes packaging into a single AAV capsid not possible for larger genes. Due to this problem, yet with the desire to use AAV vectors, research groups have adapted the standard AAV gene therapy approach to enable delivery of such large genes to target cells using dual AAV vector systems. Here we review the AAV dual vector strategies currently employed and highlight the virtues and drawbacks of each method plus the likelihood of success with such approaches.
The Tiger Shark file system (2002)

Tiger Shark is a parallel file system for IBM's AIX operating system. It is designed to support interactive multimedia, particularly large-scale systems such as interactive television (ITV). Tiger Shark scales across the entire RS/6000 product line, from small desktop machines to the SP-2 parallel supercomputer. Tiger Shark's primary features are support for continuous time data, scalability, high availability, and manageability, all of which are crucial in its role in large-scale video servers. Interestingly, most of the features that make Tiger Shark a good video server are important for other large-scale applications such as technical computing, data mining, digital library, and scalable network file servers. This paper briefly describes Tiger Shark: the environment that makes it important, the key technology it embodies, and the efforts to build products based on it.
Increasing recommendation accuracy and diversity via social networks hyperbolic embedding (2014)

Several applications are built around sharing information by leveraging social network connections. For example, in social buying sites like Groupon, a deal is usually forwarded to interested recipients through their social graph. A primary goal is to improve user satisfaction by maximizing the relevance of the shared message to the target audience. In order to suggest more personalized products, one should consider offering not only accurate but also diverse recommendations, since diversification plays an important factor in increasing the users's satisfaction. In this work, we address this problem by proposing a social network hyperbolic embedding that exploits both social connections and user preferences aiming at increasing both the accuracy and the diversity of recommendations.
Host defence and bovine coliform mastitis (1990)

This paper reviews the microbial properties that underlie the virulence of coliform microorganisms causing bovine mastitis. The interaction between the coliform bacteria and teat-duct defence, humoral defence and phagocytic cells is discussed. The functioning of these host-defence mechanisms seems to exert a major role in the course of a coliform infection of the udder.
Syntheses of the fungicide/insecticide allosamidin and a structural isomer (1994)

A synthesis of the naturally occurring inhibitor of chitin metabolism, allosamidin 1, involves, as the key step, condensation between the allosamizoline derivative 39, prepared following oxyamination of the cyclopentene 19, and the disaccharide glycosylating agent 54 which was synthesised from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The structural isomer 59 of allosamidin is also reported. Brief biological test results obtained using isomers 1 and 59 are recorded.
A Study on the Il-ja-ock in Northeast Region of China during the Qing Dynasty - Focused on the Writings in Yeon-haeng-rok - (1999)

The purpose of this study is to analyze the historical and environmental background of the straight-line-shaped plan emerged in northeast region of China during the Qing dynasty. This raper is mainly based on the writings in Yeon-haeng-rok. The results are summarized as follows: First the necessity of a lot of sunshine due to the cold climate in that region made the people select the plan that rooms to be added side by side. Second, it was not necessary to build the house with non-straight-line-shaped plan due to the reason that the northeast region of China is so vast and the size of the house lot was not limited. Third, the condition of family income somewhat affect the shape of plan to be straight-line-shaped, which is much economical to construct a house than other shape of plan. Fourth, the way of living of the people in that region during the Qing dynasty made the house plan straight-line-shaped which is convenient to sit either on the floor or on the chair within a room. Fifth, straight-line-shaped plan became an adequate means to represent the hierarchy of the use of inner space of a house and eventually became an architectural norm of this region.
Sequence to Sequence Learning with Neural Networks (2014)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are powerful models that have achieved excellent performance on difficult learning tasks. Although DNNs work well whenever large labeled training sets are available, they cannot be used to map sequences to sequences. In this paper, we present a general end-to-end approach to sequence learning that makes minimal assumptions on the sequence structure. Our method uses a multilayered Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) to map the input sequence to a vector of a fixed dimensionality, and then another deep LSTM to decode the target sequence from the vector. Our main result is that on an English to French translation task from the WMT'14 dataset, the translations produced by the LSTM achieve a BLEU score of 34.8 on the entire test set, where the LSTM's BLEU score was penalized on out-of-vocabulary words. Additionally, the LSTM did not have difficulty on long sentences. For comparison, a phrase-based SMT system achieves a BLEU score of 33.3 on the same dataset. When we used the LSTM to rerank the 1000 hypotheses produced by the aforementioned SMT system, its BLEU score increases to 36.5, which is close to the previous best result on this task. The LSTM also learned sensible phrase and sentence representations that are sensitive to word order and are relatively invariant to the active and the passive voice. Finally, we found that reversing the order of the words in all source sentences (but not target sentences) improved the LSTM's performance markedly, because doing so introduced many short term dependencies between the source and the target sentence which made the optimization problem easier.
Opportunities for Biorenewables in Oil Refineries (2005)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential for using biorenewable feedstocks in oil refineries. Economic analyses were conducted, with support from process modeling and proof of principle experiments, to assess a variety of potential processes and configurations. The study considered two primary alternatives: the production of biodiesel and green diesel from vegetable oils and greases and opportunities for utilization of pyrolysis oil. The study identified a number of promising opportunities for biorenewables in existing or new refining operations.
Preparation of Nano- and Microstructured Garnet Li7La3Zr2O12 Solid Electrolytes for Li-Ion Batteries via Cellulose Templating (2016)

Lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) is a promising Li+ ion conductor for applications as a ceramic solid electrolyte in all-solid-state lithium batteries. However, the tetragonal and cubic phases of LLZO differ in lithium ionic conductivity by several orders of magnitude with extrinsic dopants or nanostructuring often required to stabilize the high conductivity cubic phase at room temperature. Here, we show that nanostructured LLZO can be prepared by templating onto various cellulosic fibers, including laboratory Kimwipes, Whatman filter paper, and nanocellulose fibrils, followed by calcination at 700–800 °C. The effect of templating material, calcination temperature, calcination time, and heating ramp rate on the LLZO crystal structure and morphology were thoroughly investigated. Templating was determined to be an effective method for controlling the LLZO size and morphology, and low calcination times and ramp rates were found to favor the formation of small ligaments. Furthermore, it was verified that cubic phase stabilization occurred for LLZO with ligaments of size less than 1 μm on average without the use of extrinsic dopants. This work provides more information regarding the size dependence of cubic LLZO stabilization that was not previously investigated in detail, and cellulosic templating is shown to be a viable route toward the scalable, sustainable synthesis of LLZO solid electrolytes.
The Salmonella typhimurium mar locus: molecular and genetic analyses and assessment of its role in virulence (1997)

The marRAB operon is a regulatory locus that controls multiple drug resistance in Escherichia coli. marA encodes a positive regulator of the antibiotic resistance response, acting by altering the expression of unlinked genes. marR encodes a repressor of marRAB transcription and controls the production of MarA in response to environmental signals. A molecular and genetic study of the homologous operon in Salmonella typhimurium was undertaken, and the role of marA in virulence in a murine model was assessed. Expression of E. coli marA (marAEC) present on a multicopy plasmid in S. typhimurium resulted in a multiple antibiotic resistance (Mar) phenotype, suggesting that a similar regulon exists in this organism. A genomic plasmid library containing S. typhimurium chromosomal sequences was introduced into an E. coli strain that was deleted for the mar locus and contained a single-copy marR'-'lacZ translational fusion. Plasmid clones that contained both S. typhimurium marR (marRSt) and marA (marASt) genes were identified as those that were capable of repressing expression of the fusion and which resulted in a Mar phenotype. The predicted amino acid sequences of MarRSt, MarASt, and MarBSt were 91, 86, and 42% identical, respectively, to the same genes from E. coli, while the operator/promoter region of the operon was 86% identical to the same 98-nucleotide-upstream region in E. coli. The marRAB transcriptional start sites for both organisms were determined by primer extension, and a marRABSt transcript of approximately 1.1 kb was identified by Northern blot analysis. Its accumulation was shown to be inducible by sodium salicylate. Open reading frames flanking the marRAB operon were also conserved. An S. typhimurium marA disruption strain was constructed by an allelic exchange method and compared to the wild-type strain for virulence in a murine BALB/c infection model. No effect on virulence was noted. The endogenous S. typhimurium plasmid that is associated with virulence played no role in marA-mediated multiple antibiotic resistance. Taken together, the data show that the S. typhimurium mar locus is structurally and functionally similar to marRABEc and that a lesion in marASt has no effect on S. typhimurium virulence for BALB/c mice.
A Selective Assay to Detect Chitin and Biologically Active Nano-Machineries for Chitin-Biosynthesis with Their Intrinsic Chitin-Synthase Molecules (2010)

A new assay system for chitin has been developed. It comprises the chitin-binding protein ChbB in fusion with a His-tag as well as with a Strep-tag, the latter of which was chemically coupled to horseradish peroxidase. With the resulting complex, minimal quantities of chitin are photometrically detectable. In addition, the assay allows rapid scoring of the activity of chitin-synthases. As a result, a refined procedure for the rapid purification of yeast chitosomes (nano-machineries for chitin biosynthesis) has been established. Immuno-electronmicroscopical studies of purified chitosomes, gained from a yeast strain carrying a chitin-synthase gene fused to that for GFP (green-fluorescence protein), has led to the in situ localization of chitin-synthase-GFP molecules within chitosomes.
An improved back-projection algorithm for electrical impedance tomography (2008)

The dynamic algorithm of back-projection has been widely used in electrical impedance tomography (EIT) systems due to its simplicity and feasibility. However, the impedance images produced by back-projection algorithm have some clear artefacts. A modified mean back-projection algorithm for reconstructing image in electrical impedance tomography by introducing the rough length of projection region is presented to reduce partial artefacts especially the asteroid trace. The realization and experiment verification of the algorithm have been conducted. Simulation experiments show that the artefacts in image reconstructed by mean back-projection algorithm are lower than that of back-projection algorithm, the modified mean back-projection algorithm is efficient and effective than back-projection algorithm.
Value of Serial Quantification of Fungal DNA by a Real-Time PCR-Based Technique for Early Diagnosis of Invasive Aspergillosis in Patients with Febrile Neutropenia (2008)

A study was designed to assess the reliability of the serial detection of Aspergillus sp. DNA to diagnose invasive aspergillosis (IA) in patients with febrile neutropenia. Two blood and two serum samples were taken weekly from 83 patients. A total of 2,244 samples were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. Twelve (14.4%) patients were diagnosed with IA. Taking two consecutive positive results as the diagnostic criterion, PCR detected 11 cases, with 4 false positives, giving sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values of 91.6%, 94.4%, 73.3%, and 98.5%, respectively. On analyzing in conjunction with high-resolution chest tomography (HRCT) and galactomannan (GM) testing, the combination of serial PCR and GM detected 100% of aspergillosis cases, with a positive predictive value of 75.1%. This diagnostic strategy presented, according to CART analysis, a receiver-operator curve with an area under the curve of 0.97 (95% confidence interval, 0.895 to 1.032; P < 0.01), with a relative risk of IA 6.92 times higher than the control population and with predictive success of 95.2%. As regards early diagnosis, the serial detection of Aspergillus DNA took on average 21 days less than HRCT and 68 days less than GM. The serial detection of Aspergillus DNA using real-time quantitative PCR has great diagnostic applicability, which increases when combined with GM quantification.
The super elongation complex (SEC) and MLL in development and disease (2011)

Transcriptional regulation at the level of elongation is vital for the control of gene expression and metazoan development. The mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) protein and its Drosophila homolog, Trithorax, which exist within COMPASS (complex of proteins associated with Set1)-like complexes, are master regulators of development. They are required for proper homeotic gene expression, in part through methylation of histone H3 on Lys 4. In humans, the MLL gene is involved in a large number of chromosomal translocations that create chimeric proteins, fusing the N terminus of MLL to several proteins that share little sequence similarity. Several frequent translocation partners of MLL were found recently to coexist in a super elongation complex (SEC) that includes known transcription elongation factors such as eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia (ELL) and P-TEFb. Importantly, the SEC is required for HOX gene expression in leukemic cells, suggesting that chromosomal translocations involving MLL could lead to the overexpression of HOX and other genes through the involvement of the SEC. Here, we review the normal developmental roles of MLL and the SEC, and how MLL fusion proteins can mediate leukemogenesis.
Prospective evaluation of angiogenic, hypoxic and EGFR‐related biomarkers in recurrent glioblastoma multiforme treated with cetuximab, bevacizumab and irinotecan (2010)

Several recent studies have demonstrated a beneficial effect of anti-angiogenic treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor-neutralizing antibody bevacizumab in recurrent high-grade glioma. In the current study, immunohistochemical evaluation of biomarkers involved in angiogenesis, hypoxia and mediators of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway were investigated. Tumor tissue was obtained from a previous phase II study, treating recurrent primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients with the EGFR inhibitor cetuximab in combination with bevacizumab and irinotecan. Of the 37 patients with available tumor tissue, 29 were evaluable for response. We concurrently performed immunohistochemical stainings on tumor tissue from 21 GBM patients treated with bevacizumab and irinotecan. We found a tendency of correlation between the hypoxia-related markers, indicating that they share the same regulatory mechanisms. None of the EGFR-related biomarkers showed any significant correlations with each other. None of the biomarkers tested alone or in combination could identify a patient population likely to benefit from bevacizumab and irinotecan, with or without the addition of cetuximab. There is still an urgent need for one or more reliable and reproducible biomarkers able to predict the efficacy of anti-angiogenic therapy.
The Thyroidea Ima Artery: An Unusual Collateral Vessel (1969)

Case Report In mid-1963 a 35-year-old electrician who had suffered from headaches for many years had a sudden unexplained episode of unconsciousness from which he recovered rather promptly. He had another sudden episode of unconsciousness in June 1965 and upon recovery complained of pain over one eye. On admission to a hospital, carotid angiography demonstrated an aneurysm at the junction of the anterior cerebral and anterior communicating arteries on the right side. Left carotid angiography showed only the left middle cerebral circulation. A Selverstone clamp was applied to the right common carotid artery and gradually occluded. The headaches persisted, however, and a bruit was heard over the neck. Early in September 1965, the carotid artery was again exposed, and operative angiography revealed incomplete closure of the clamp. The artery was then occluded with a ligature placed below the clamp, and the bruit disappeared. In November 1966, follow-up angiography showed persistence of the aneurysm. No treatment was carried out at that time, but in June 1967 the patient was admitted to the hospital for re-evaluation and treatment. No abnormal neurological signs were present on examination. Two days after admission the aortic arch was catheterized following a femoral puncture. Selected injections were made into the innominate, both the vertebral, and the left carotid arteries. The stump of the right carotid artery was also catheterized. The aneurysm, measuring 17 × 9 × 6 mm, was identified in the region of the anterior communicating artery and was seen to fill from the right vertebral artery by anterograde passage of contrast material through the posterior communicating artery and also by opacification of the right internal carotid artery via the occipitovertebral anastomosis (Fig. 1). The aneurysm was also opacified through an anastomosis between the thyroidea ima artery and the superior thyroid artery, with subsequent retrograde opacification of the external carotid artery and then filling of the internal carotid artery (Fig. 2). Neither the left vertebral nor the left carotid artery injections demonstrated the aneurysm. The aneurysm was coated with plastic resin, and the patient was discharged. Discussion We feel that the collateral artery represents a thyroidea ima artery. According to Adachi (as quoted by Blum, 1) any thyroid artery originating from the arch of the aorta, innominate artery, right common carotid, or internal mammary artery is a thyroidea ima artery. Adachi maintained that the artery never originates on the left side, but Gruber (as quoted by Blum) described in 1872 a thyroidea ima artery originating from the left side in a 12-year-old boy. The incidence of the thyroidea ima artery in normal people has been assessed in the anatomy books as 4 to 10 per cent (5).