gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-macrophage migration inhibitory factor reduces transforming growth factor- 1 expression in experimental IgA nephropathy (2004)

Our finding shows that anti-MIF treatment can ameliorate kidney injury and reduce glomerular TGF-beta 1 expression in an experimental model of IgAN.
4‐hydroxy tempo improves mitochondrial and neurobehavioral deficits in experimental model of Huntington's disease (2014)

Mitochondrial dysfunctions have been implicated in the progression of Huntington's disease (HD). To date, several free radical scavengers have been tested in experimental HD, but only a few have shown promise. Although most antioxidants rapidly reduce ROS but in the process they are oxidized, which limits their ability to protect. Therefore, in the present study we employed a potent recycling antioxidant, 4-hydroxy tempo (4-HT), because it can reinstate its reduced state even after its oxidation during scavenging of ROS. Female Wistar rats were administered 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) and/or 4-HT for 21 days, after which animals were subjected to biochemical and behavioral assessments. Our results showed that 4-HT treatment significantly attenuated the 3-NP induced decrease in the activities of mitochondrial electron transport chain enzymes. In addition, 4-HT administration restored the increased nitrite and lipid peroxidation levels. Apart from this, 4-HT also attenuated the 3-NP induced decrease in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. Further, 4-HT administration resulted in significant improvement in 3-NP induced cognitive and motor impairments. Taken together, the results of the study demonstrate that 4-HT is beneficial in 3-NP induced model of HD and thus could be a potential therapeutic agent in management of this disease.
CONVERGENCE ANALYSIS OF CASCADE ERROR PROJECTION - AN EFFICIENT LEARNING ALGORITHM FOR HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION (2000)

In this paper, we present a mathematical foundation, including a convergence analysis, for cascading architecture neural network. Our analysis also shows that the convergence of the cascade architecture neural network is assured because it satisfies Liapunov criteria, in an added hidden unit domain rather than in the time domain. From this analysis, a mathematical foundation for the cascade correlation learning algorithm can be found. Furthermore, it becomes apparent that the cascade correlation scheme is a special case from mathematical analysis in which an efficient hardware learning algorithm called Cascade Error Projection(CEP) is proposed. The CEP provides efficient learning in hardware and it is faster to train, because part of the weights are deterministically obtained, and the learning of the remaining weights from the inputs to the hidden unit is performed as a single-layer perceptron learning with previously determined weights kept frozen. In addition, one can start out with zero weight values (rather than random finite weight values) when the learning of each layer is commenced. Further, unlike cascade correlation algorithm (where a pool of candidate hidden units is added), only a single hidden unit is added at a time. Therefore, the simplicity in hardware implementation is also achieved. Finally, 5- to 8-bit parity and chaotic time series prediction problems are investigated; the simulation results demonstrate that 4-bit or more weight quantization is sufficient for learning neural network using CEP. In addition, it is demonstrated that this technique is able to compensate for less bit weight resolution by incorporating additional hidden units. However, generation result may suffer somewhat with lower bit weight quantization.
Malonyl-coenzyme-A is a potential mediator of cytotoxicity induced by fatty-acid synthase inhibition in human breast cancer cells and xenografts. (2000)

A biologically aggressive subset of human breast cancers and other malignancies is characterized by elevated fatty-acid synthase (FAS) enzyme expression, elevated fatty acid (FA) synthesis, and selective sensitivity to pharmacological inhibition of FAS activity by cerulenin or the novel compound C75. In this study, inhibition of FA synthesis at the physiologically regulated step of carboxylation of acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA by 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA) was not cytotoxic to breast cancer cells in clonogenic assays. FAS inhibitors induced a rapid increase in intracellular malonyl-CoA to several fold above control levels, whereas TOFA reduced intracellular malonyl-CoA by 60%. Simultaneous exposure of breast cancer cells to TOFA and an FAS inhibitor resulted in significantly reduced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. Subcutaneous xenografts of MCF7 breast cancer cells in nude mice treated with C75 showed FA synthesis inhibition, apoptosis, and inhibition of tumor growth to less than 1/8 of control volumes, without comparable toxicity in normal tissues. The data suggest that differences in intermediary metabolism render tumor cells susceptible to toxic fluxes in malonyl-CoA, both in vitro and in vivo.
Nanoporous Block Copolymer Micelle/Micelle Multilayer Films with Dual Optical Properties (2006)

We introduce a novel and versatile approach for preparing self-assembled nanoporous multilayered films with tunable optical properties. Protonated polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) and anionic polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) block copolymer micelles (BCM) were used as building blocks for the layer-by-layer assembly of BCM multilayer films. BCM film growth is governed by electrostatic and hydrogen-bonding interactions between the opposite BCMs. Both film porosity and film thickness are dependent upon the charge density of the micelles, with the porosity of the film controlled by the solution pH and the molecular weight (M(w)) of the constituents. PS(7K)-b-P4VP(28K)/PS(2K)-b-PAA(8K) films prepared at pH 4 (for PS(7K)-b-P4VP(28K)) and pH 6 (for PS(2K)-b-PAA(8K)) are highly nanoporous and antireflective. In contrast, PS(7K)-b-P4VP(28K)/PS(2K)-b-PAA(8K) films assembled at pH 4/4 show a relatively dense surface morphology due to the decreased charge density of PS(2K)-b-PAA(8K). Films formed from BCMs with increased PS block and decreased hydrophilic block (P4VP or PAA) size (e.g., PS(36K)-b-P4VP(12K)/PS(16K)-b-PAA(4K) at pH 4/4) were also nanoporous. This is attributed to a decrease in interdigitation between the adjacent corona shells of the low M(w) BCMs, thus creating more void space between the micelles. Multilayer films with antireflective and photochromic properties were obtained by incorporating a water-insoluble photochromic dye (spiropyran) into the hydrophobic PS core of the BCMs assembled in the films. The optical properties of these films can be modulated by UV irradiation to selectively and reversibly control the transmission of light. Light transmission of higher than 99% was observed with accompanying photochromism in the (PS(7K)-b-P4VP(28K)/PS(2K)-b-PAA(8K)) multilayer films assembled at pH 4/6. Our approach highlights the potential to incorporate a range of materials, ranging from conventional hydrophilic materials with specific interactions to hydrophobic compounds, into the assembled BCMs to yield multifunctional nanoporous films.
Using an elastomeric phase mask for sub-100 nm photolithography in the optical near field (1997)

Bringing an elastomeric phase mask into conformal contact with a layer of photoresist makes it possible to perform photolithography in the near field of the mask. This technique provides an especially simple method for forming features with sizes of 90–100 nm in photoresist: straight lines, curved lines, and posts, on both curved and planar surfaces. It combines experimental convenience, new optical characteristics, and applicability to nonplanar substrates into a new approach to fabrication. Nanowire polarizers for visible light illustrate one application for this technique.
Endothelial progenitor cell culture and differentiation in vitro: a methodological comparison using human umbilical cord blood (2003)

Putative EPC can be obtained from human umbilical cord blood. When selected for CD34, cells can be differentiated in culture to express markers of mature endothelial cells, while keeping progenitor markers. In contrast, short-term culture of unselected mononuclear cells leads to an endothelioid-monocytoid phenotype devoid of progenitor markers. Thus, the outgrowth from CD34-selected cells appears to be superior to short-term culture of unselected mononuclear cells with regard to endothelial cell-lineage specific differentiation of cells with a progenitor marker profile.
Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease-a true paradigm of success? (2012)

Mucosal healing is gaining more acceptance as a measure of disease activity in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and it is also gaining acceptance as an endpoint in clinical trials. Recent publications have correlated achievement of mucosal healing with good outcomes. Currently, there is no validated definition of what constitutes mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease. In clinical trials of ulcerative colitis, mucosal healing has been achieved with 5-aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, azathioprine, and infliximab. For Crohn's disease, mucosal healing has been achieved with corticosteroids, infliximab, and adalimumab, and mucosal healing has been maintained with infliximab. Achievement of long-term mucosal healing has been associated with a decreased risk of colectomy and colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis patients, a decreased need for cortico-steroid treatment in Crohn's disease patients, and a trend toward a decreased need for hospitalization in Crohn's disease patients. Unfortunately, assessment of mucosal healing requires regular use of endoscopy, which is associated with increased costs, patient discomfort, and side effects. Biomarkers such as fecal calprotec-tin, fecal lactoferrin, serum C-reactive protein, and fecal S1 00A1 2 have been shown to correlate with disease activity in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; in the future, these biomarkers might be used as surrogate markers for mucosal healing. Newer clinical trials are incorporating mucosal healing as an endpoint for evaluation of efficacy. However, before mucosal healing will be sufficient to guide therapy, clinicians need a standard definition of mucosal healing and a consistently used, prospectively validated scale with good interobserver agreement.
Quantitative Measurements of Cardiac Phosphorus Metabolites in Coronary Artery Disease by 31 P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1995)

Compared with healthy control subjects, PCr content decreased significantly in patients with both reversible and fixed 201Tl defects, and ATP content decreased significantly in subjects with fixed thallium defects. These results suggest that the measurement of ATP content in the human heart by 31P MRS is a clinically important method for the evaluation of myocardial viability.
Virtualizing I/O Devices on VMware Workstation's Hosted Virtual Machine Monitor (2001)

Virtual machines were developed by IBM in the 1960’s to provide concurrent, interactive access to a mainframe computer. Each virtual machine is a replica of the underlying physical machine and users are given the illusion of running directly on the physical machine. Virtual machines also provide benefits like isolation and resource sharing, and the ability to run multiple flavors and configurations of operating systems. VMwareWorkstation brings such mainframe-class virtual machine technology to PC-based desktop and workstation computers. This paper focuses on VMware Workstation’s approach to virtualizing I/O devices. PCs have a staggering variety of hardware, and are usually pre-installed with an operating system. Instead of replacing the pre-installed OS, VMware Workstation uses it to host a user-level application (VMApp) component, as well as to schedule a privileged virtual machine monitor (VMM) component. The VMM directly provides high-performance CPU virtualization while the VMApp uses the host OS to virtualize I/O devices and shield the VMM from the variety of devices. A crucial question is whether virtualizing devices via such a hosted architecture can meet the performance required of high throughput, low latency devices. To this end, this paper studies the virtualization and performance of an Ethernet adapter on VMware Workstation. Results indicate that with optimizations, VMware Workstation’s hosted virtualization architecture can match native I/O throughput on standard PCs. Although a straightforward hosted implementation is CPU-limited due to virtualization overhead on a 733 MHz Pentium R III system on a 100 Mb/s Ethernet, a series of optimizations targeted at reducing CPU utilization allows the system to match native network throughput. Further optimizations are discussed both within and outside a hosted architecture.
A New Telerobotic Application: Remote Laparoscopic Surgery Using Satellites and Optical Fiber Networks for Data Exchange (1996)

This article describes the significance in human, scientific, and technical terms of the first experiment in telerobotic surgery carried out between the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, and the Telerobotics Laboratory of the Politecnico di Milano on 7 July 1993. An Italian robot in the Telerobotics Laboratory was remotely controlled by an Italian surgeon in the United States. The robot's task was to perform a surgical operation on a model containing a pig's organs, involving execution of a biopsy, aspi ration of organic material, and two incisions in preparation of laparoscopy. Transmission was effected by means of a double satellite link, with three transceiver stations: one in Italy, one close to New York, and one in Pasadena, and two geostation ary satellites, the first over the Atlantic and the second over the United States. The route length of the signals was 150,000 km in each direction, and the two centers are 10,000 km apart.
<title>Investigating the nonlinear optical properties of molten organic materials</title> (1997)

The nonlinear absorption of two substituted thiophene compounds containing benzithiazole units was investigated using the Z-scan technique. The experiments were performed using a Nd:YAG laser frequency doubled to 532nm with 24ps laser pulses. The samples were prepared as solutions in THF and as melts by heating above their melting points into the isotropic liquid phase. Both compounds show strong nonlinear absorption under all conditions. Solutions of these materials show little or no linear absorption at the laser wavelength. However, the melts do show significant linear absorption. The nonlinear absorption observed has been analyzed using methods for two-photon absorption and two-photon assisted excited state absorption and two-photon absorption cross-sections are reported.
Isolation and Characterization of Acid-Tolerant, Thermophilic Bacteria for Effective Fermentation of Biomass-Derived Sugars to Lactic Acid (2006)

Biomass-derived sugars, such as glucose, xylose, and other minor sugars, can be readily fermented to fuel ethanol and commodity chemicals by the appropriate microbes. Due to the differences in the optimum conditions for the activity of the fungal cellulases that are required for depolymerization of cellulose to fermentable sugars and the growth and fermentation characteristics of the current industrial microbes, simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of cellulose is envisioned at conditions that are not optimal for the fungal cellulase activity, leading to a higher-than-required cost of cellulase in SSF. We have isolated bacterial strains that grew and fermented both glucose and xylose, major components of cellulose and hemicellulose, respectively, to l(+)-lactic acid at 50 degrees C and pH 5.0, conditions that are also optimal for fungal cellulase activity. Xylose was metabolized by these new isolates through the pentose-phosphate pathway. As expected for the metabolism of xylose by the pentose-phosphate pathway, [(13)C]lactate accounted for more than 90% of the total (13)C-labeled products from [(13)C]xylose. Based on fatty acid profile and 16S rRNA sequence, these isolates cluster with Bacillus coagulans, although the B. coagulans type strain, ATCC 7050, failed to utilize xylose as a carbon source. These new B. coagulans isolates have the potential to reduce the cost of SSF by minimizing the amount of fungal cellulases, a significant cost component in the use of biomass as a renewable resource, for the production of fuels and chemicals.
Pressure–Frequency Sensing Subxiphoid Access System for Use in Percutaneous Cardiac Electrophysiology: Prototype Design and Pilot Study Results (2008)

We have designed, built, and tested an early prototype of a novel subxiphoid access system intended to facilitate epicardial electrophysiology, but with possible applications elsewhere in the body. The present version of the system consists of a commercially available insertion needle, a miniature pressure sensor and interconnect tubing, read-out electronics to monitor the pressures measured during the access procedure, and a host computer with user-interface software. The nominal resolution of the system is < 0.1 mmHg, and it has deviations from linearity of < 1%. During a pilot series of human clinical studies with this system, as well as in an auxiliary study done with an independent method, we observed that the pericardial space contained pressure-frequency components related to both the heart rate and respiratory rate, while the thorax contained components related only to the respiratory rate, a previously unobserved finding that could facilitate access to the pericardial space. We present and discuss the design principles, details of construction, and performance characteristics of this system.
Effects of Holder Pasteurization on Human Milk Oligosaccharides (2008)

The benefits of human milk have been confirmed for preterm infants, due to its nutritional aspects and to its biologically active compounds. Oligosaccharides play an emerging leading role among these compounds. Mother's milk can sometimes be lacking for preterm infants; pasteurized donor milk represents therefore an important alternative. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of Holder pasteurization on the concentration and pattern of oligosaccharides in preterm human milk. Our results indicate that pasteurization does not affect the concentration or pattern of analyzed oligosaccharides.
Molecular and functional analysis indicates a mosaic structure of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (1999)

Two large virulence loci encoding type III secretion systems are present on the chromosome of Salmonella typhimurium. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) is important for the survival of S. typhimurium in host organs and forms an insertion of about 40 kb at the tRNA(Val) gene. However, several indications suggested that SPI2 was not the result of a single event of horizontal gene transfer. We characterized the portion of SPI2 towards the 30 cs boundary and performed mutational analysis to investigate the contribution of this region to S. enterica virulence. This analysis indicates that SPI2 may be composed of at least two different genetic elements. About 15 kb of the 40 kb of SPI2 contain genes without a significant contribution to systemic infections in the model of murine salmonellosis. Our study allowed us to define genes in SPI2 important for virulence further and indicated that this locus has a complex mosaic structure.
[Efficacy of dexmedetomidine for controlling delirium in intensive care unit patients]. (2007)

Dexmedetomidine is effective for controlling delirium and provides sufficient sedation without respiratory adverse effects in patients in the intensive care unit. It is also effectively and safely used in patients with respiratory failure.
Alternative splicing of the RBP1 gene clusters in an internal exon that encodes potential phosphorylation sites. (1993)

We have isolated cDNA and genomic clones for the human retinoblastoma binding protein 1 (RBP1) gene, and have identified alternative splicing of RBP1 clustered within a 207-nucleotide internal exon. Three of the predicted RPB1 peptides share amino-terminal and carboxy-terminal domains, while a fourth species encodes a distinct carboxy-terminal domain. Functional analysis of these peptides demonstrated that they are capable of precipitating retinoblastoma (RB) protein in vitro from K562 cell lysates, but cannot bind to mutant RB protein. However, each of the RBP1 peptides differed within an internal exon that contains potential casein kinase II and p34cdc2 phosphorylation sites. Immunoblot analysis using polyclonal alpha-RBP1 antiserum revealed that the RBP1 protein is expressed in a wide range of cell lines of differing histologic type and migrates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis predominantly as a 200-kDa protein. Immunohistochemical analysis using the alpha-RBP1 antiserum demonstrated a distinct nuclear staining pattern that was eliminated when the antiserum was preabsorbed with RBP1 peptide. The RBP1 gene encodes a widely expressed 200-kDa nuclear protein and undergoes alternative splicing that predicts a family of RB-binding peptides.
Psychosocial and clinical predictors of response to pharmacotherapy for depression (2002)

A more complete understanding of the psychosocial and clinical predictors of response to pharmacotherapy would be of great value to both patients and physicians. Most demographic and clinical factors have not been found to be useful predictors of response. Although comorbid illness affects quality of life, there is confounding evidence about its importance when predicting response to antidepressant therapy. Some social support factors appear to be positive predictors of outcome in most trials. There is evidence to suggest that comorbid anxiety disorders and panic-agoraphobic spectrum symptoms are negative predictors of response to treatment. Substance abuse has been associated with a poorer response to antidepressant therapy, and recovery from substance abuse problems has been shown to be poorer among patients with comorbid depression. Assessment of personality dimensions may be a useful predictor of clinical course and outcome, but personality disorders present a complicated picture, with significant interaction among variables. A number of variables are significantly related to clinical course, but few factors have been clearly linked to treatment response. The challenge is to determine if any of these factors are indeed independent predictors of response and whether it is possible to match choice of antidepressant therapy and patient type.
Hair breakage—How to measure and counteract (2010)

A system to determine the efficacy of hair treatments in terms of anti-breakage and split end prevention was developed which involves the repeated combing of hair strands. The device allows ten hair strands to be combed simultaneously. First, the influences of chemical hair treatments like bleaching on hair breakage were examined. In a next step, the protective effects of benchmark products from the market were studied. Since nearly all commercial products with anti-breakage claims contain silicones combined with cationic polymers, alternative actives were searched. In a test series with different waxes in shampoo formulations with a variable number of parameters, the particle size was found to be the factor with the strongest influence on the amount of wax deposited on the shampooed hair. Therefore, a targeted development was started, resulting in a combination of several ethers dispersed in sodium laureth sulfate. Excellent conditioning, anti-breakage and split ends protection properties of the compound were found, showing also a dosage dependency. The latter could be explained by analyzing the amounts of waxes applied on treated hair. In these experiments, a dependency on the concentration in the shampoo was found.