gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidermal Regulation of Dermal Fibroblast Activity (1998)

Although the association between delayed burn wound healing and subsequent hypertrophic scar formation is well-established, the mechanism for this relationship is unknown. Unhealed burn wounds lack an epidermis, suggesting a possible regulatory role for the epidermis in controlling dermal fibroblast matrix synthesis. Therefore, we examined the effect of epidermal cells and media conditioned by epidermal cells on fibroblast collagen synthesis and replication. Purified fibroblast and keratinocyte cell strains were developed from discarded normal adult human skin. Conditioned media were created by incubation of cytokine-free and serum-free medium with either confluent fibroblast or keratinocyte cultures for 18 hours (n = 3). Nearly confluent fibroblast cultures were exposed for 48 hours to graded concentrations of either unconditioned medium (control), conditioned medium, or varying numbers of keratinocytes. Replication was quantified by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. Collagen synthesis was measured by the incorporation of 3H-proline into collagenase-sensitive protein. Data were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression. Keratinocyte conditioned medium induced a significant increase in replication (n = 3) (p = 0.004) and a decrease in collagen synthesis (n = 6) (p < 0.001). In contrast, neither fibroblast conditioned medium nor control medium had an effect on fibroblast replication or collagen synthesis. Co-culture of fibroblast with a graded number of keratinocytes similarly decreased collagen synthesis (n = 6) (p < 0.001). Dermal fibroblast collagen synthesis appears to be regulated by a soluble keratinocyte product. This result suggests a mechanism for the clinical observation that unhealed burn wounds, which lack the epidermis, demonstrate excess collagen production and scar. Clinical strategies to decrease hypertrophic scar should include an attempt at early wound closure with skin grafting or the application of cultured epithelial autografts.
[Protective effects of edaravone on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. (2008)

Edaravone has protective effects on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.
Liposome‐associated retinoic acid (1990)

The activity of liposome-associated retinoic acid was analyzed on in vitro cultured tumor cell lines and compared to the antiproliferative effects of free retinoic acid. It was found that liposome-associated retinoic acid is about 300 times more active than free retinoic acid in inhibiting in vitro cell growth of leukemic and melanoma cell lines. An increased activity of retinoic acid (10-20 times) was also obtained after premixing of this compound with empty liposomes, demonstrating that the retinoic acid efficiently interacts with liposomes which may facilitate solubility and cell uptake of retinoids.
Enhanced Droplet Control by Transition Boiling (2012)

A droplet of water on a heated surface can levitate over a film of gas produced by its own evaporation in the Leidenfrost effect. When the surface is prepared with ratchet-like saw-teeth topography, these droplets can self-propel and can even climb uphill. However, the extent to which the droplets can be controlled is limited by the physics of the Leidenfrost effect. Here, we show that transition boiling can be induced even at very high surface temperatures and provide additional control over the droplets. Ratchets with acute protrusions enable droplets to climb steeper inclines while ratchets with sub-structures enable their direction of motion to be controlled by varying the temperature of the surface. The droplets' departure from the Leidenfrost regime is assessed by analysing the sound produced by their boiling. We anticipate these techniques will enable the development of more sophisticated methods for controlling small droplets and heat transfer.
Interleukin-32, CCL2, PF4F1 and GFD10 are the only cytokine/chemokine genes differentially expressed by in vitro cultured rheumatoid and osteoarthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes. (2005)

Since cytokines and chemokines are important actors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the aim of this study was to compare the gene expression profiles in cultured fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) obtained from patients with either RA, or osteoarthritis (OA), focusing our analysis on genes for cytokines and chemokines, and their respective receptors. Gene expression in cultured FLS (third passage) from eight patients with RA (RA-FLS) were compared with gene expression in cultured FLS from nine patients with OA (OA-FLS) using Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array microarray, allowing analysis of over 54,000 transcripts. Among the 171 genes studied (241 probes), limiting the selection of differentially expressed genes to a significant value (p < 0.05), and a differential ratio of expression > 1.6, only four genes, namely IL-32, CCL2, PF4F1 and GDF10 were found to be differentially expressed. Out of these four genes, only higher expression of CCL2 has been reported previously in RA. The newly described cytokine IL-32 was the most prominently differentially expressed gene in the present study, with higher expression in RA-FLS than in OA-FLS (p < 0.0073). IL-32 might have a previously unidentified pivotal role in RA.
The unilateral 6‐OHDA rat model of Parkinson's disease revisited: an electromyographic and behavioural analysis (2005)

The characteristic locomotor disturbances of Parkinson's disease (PD) include shuffling gait, short steps and low walking velocity. In this study we investigated features of walking and turning in a rat model of PD caused by unilateral infusion of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). We assessed gait and electromyographic (EMG) patterns of the ankle flexor tibialis anterior and the knee extensor vastus lateralis of the hindlimb, and triceps brachii of the forelimb, during overground locomotion, spontaneous rotation (turning) and apomorphine-induced rotation. When compared with control rats, rats with unilateral dopamine depletion displayed a shuffling gait and short stride lengths. This locomotor pattern was accompanied by prolonged ankle flexor activity on the ipsilateral side, and prolonged activity of knee extensors on the contralateral side. The dopamine depletion also led to enhanced contraversive rotations after an apomorphine challenge. The EMG recordings during drug-induced rotation suggested that hindlimb stepping was a reflective response to an active drive produced by forelimbs. The EMG recordings of the contralateral side during rotation were marked by reduced ankle flexor activity and increased knee extensor activity. Furthermore, EMG recordings indicated that dopamine-agonists induce rotational bias by altering the coupling between ipsi- and contralateral hindlimbs, and between forelimbs. In straight walking, however, the gait of 6-OHDA lesion animals reflected normal, coupled hindlimb stepping as controlled by spinal pattern generators. The data suggest that the unilateral rat model of PD resembles key features of human parkinsonian gait, and that asymmetric descending input may underlie the observed changes in gait patterns.
Cannabinoids synergize with carfilzomib, reducing multiple myeloma cells viability and migration (2016)

Several studies showed a potential anti-tumor role for cannabinoids, by modulating cell signaling pathways involved in cancer cell proliferation, chemo-resistance and migration. Cannabidiol (CBD) was previously noted in multiple myeloma (MM), both alone and in synergy with the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, to induce cell death. In other type of human cancers, the combination of CBD with Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was found to act synergistically with other chemotherapeutic drugs suggesting their use in combination therapy. In the current study, we evaluated the effects of THC alone and in combination with CBD in MM cell lines. We found that CBD and THC, mainly in combination, were able to reduce cell viability by inducing autophagic-dependent necrosis. Moreover, we showed that the CBD-THC combination was able to reduce MM cells migration by down-regulating expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and of the CD147 plasma membrane glycoprotein. Furthermore, since the immuno-proteasome is considered a new target in MM and also since carfilzomib (CFZ) is a new promising immuno-proteasome inhibitor that creates irreversible adducts with the β5i subunit of immuno-proteasome, we evaluated the effect of CBD and THC in regulating the expression of the β5i subunit and their effect in combination with CFZ. Herein, we also found that the CBD and THC combination is able to reduce expression of the β5i subunit as well as to act in synergy with CFZ to increase MM cell death and inhibits cell migration. In summary, these results proved that this combination exerts strong anti-myeloma activities.
Involvement of TFIID and USA Components in Transcriptional Activation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Promoter by NF-κB and Sp1 (1998)

The purified Rel/NF-kappaB (p50/p65) complex and Sp1 markedly activate transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) promoter in a highly purified HeLa reconstituted transcription system. Transcriptional activation by NF-kappaB and Sp1 requires both TFIID and the USA fraction. The USA-derived coactivators PC2 and PC4 fully reconstitute the USA coactivator activity, both by repressing the basal level of transcription and by potentiating activator function to yield large increases in the levels of transcription induction. Under limiting concentrations, PC2 and PC4 also show synergistic effects. The C-terminal portion (amino acids 416 to 550) of the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB is a potent activator when assayed as a Gal fusion in the reconstituted transcription system and interacts both with TATA-binding protein (TBP) and with several human TBP-associated factors (TAFs) that include TAFII250. The p65 activation domain mediates transcription activation in the presence of partially reconstituted TFIID species that include a minimal complex containing only TBP and TAFII250. These studies also show that, like USA components, TAFs can serve both to repress TBP-mediated transcription and, following activator interactions, to reverse the repression and effect a net increase in activity. Taken together, these data underscore the importance of both TAFs and specific USA-derived coactivators for optimal activation of the HIV-1 promoter, as well as certain parallels in their overall mechanisms of action.
Regioregular polythiophene/gold nanoparticle hybrid materials (2004)

We report a one-pot synthesis of regioregular polythiophene stabilized gold nanoparticles with narrow size distributions that can form fibril-like structures due to the self-assembly of regioregular polythiophene.
A retinoic acid receptor agonist tamibarotene suppresses iron accumulation in the liver (2013)

These results suggest that tamibarotene is a promising alternative for the treatment of insulin resistance associated with HIO.
Reconstructing a B-Cell Clonal Lineage. II. Mutation, Selection, and Affinity Maturation (2014)

Affinity maturation of the antibody response is a fundamental process in adaptive immunity during which B-cells activated by infection or vaccination undergo rapid proliferation accompanied by the acquisition of point mutations in their rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and selection for increased affinity for the eliciting antigen. The rate of somatic hypermutation at any position within an Ig gene is known to depend strongly on the local DNA sequence, and Ig genes have region-specific codon biases that influence the local mutation rate within the gene resulting in increased differential mutability in the regions that encode the antigen-binding domains. We have isolated a set of clonally related natural Ig heavy chain-light chain pairs from an experimentally infected influenza patient, inferred the unmutated ancestral rearrangements and the maturation intermediates, and synthesized all the antibodies using recombinant methods. The lineage exhibits a remarkably uniform rate of improvement of the effective affinity to influenza hemagglutinin (HA) over evolutionary time, increasing 1000-fold overall from the unmutated ancestor to the best of the observed antibodies. Furthermore, analysis of selection reveals that selection and mutation bias were concordant even at the level of maturation to a single antigen. Substantial improvement in affinity to HA occurred along mutationally preferred paths in sequence space and was thus strongly facilitated by the underlying local codon biases.
Measurements of Kelvin-Equivalent Size Distributions of Well-Defined Aerosols with Particle Diameters > 13 nm (1984)

During the 1979 workshop of the working group on ultrafine aerosols, different experimental techniques for measuring the number concentration and size of ultrafine aerosol particles were compared. In the present paper we report on a comparison of different particle size measuring techniques for ultrafine aerosols. Well-defined monodisperse aerosols with electrical mobility particle diameters ranging from 13 to 100 nm were generated using an electrical aerosol classifier. Kelvin-equivalent size distributions of these aerosols were determined by means of a process-controlled expansion chamber, the size-analyzing nuclei counter (SANC). To this end the considered aerosol was humidified and the number concentration of the droplets growing in the expansion chamber was measured for stepwise increase in supersaturation. At a quite well defined critical supersaturation, a significant increase in the measured droplet concentration, and thus the onset of heterogeneous nucleation, was observed. By means of the Kelvin-Gibbs equation this critical supersaturation is related to the Kelvin-equivalent diameter of the aerosol particles. Measurements were made on NaCl and dioctyl phthalate (DOP) aerosols. For NaCl particles the Kelvin diameter was found to be larger by a factor of about 4 than the electrical mobility diameter, as determined by the electrostatic aerosol classifier. This is explained by the solubility of the NaCl particles. For DOP particles, however, the Kelvin diameter agrees quite well with the electrical mobility diameter. The Kelvin size distributions were found to be quite narrow, indicating a high monodispersity of the generated aerosol as well as a satisfactory size resolution of the SANC. Thus different experimental techniques, based on completely different principles, yielded similar measurement results.
Protocol service decomposition for high-performance networking (1993)

In this paper we describe a new approach to implementing network protocols that enables them to have high performance and high flexibility, while retaining complete conformity to existing application programming interfaces. The key insight behind our work is that an application's interface to the network is distinct and separable from its interface to the operating system. We have separated these interfaces for two protocol implementations, TCP/IP and UDP/IP, running on the Mach 3.0 operating system and UNIX server. Specifically, library code in the application's address space implements the network protocols and transfers data to and from the network, while an operating system server manages the heavyweight abstractions that applications use when manipulating the network through operations other than send and receive. On DECstation 5000/200 systems connected by 10Mb/sec Ethernet, this approach to protocol decomposition achieves TCP/IP throughput of 1088 KB/second, which is comparable to that of a high-quality in-kernel TCP/IP implementation, and substantially better than a server-based one. Our approach achieves small-packet UDP/IP round trip latencies of 1.23 ms, again comparable to a kernel-based implementation and more than twice as fast as a server-based one.
High-Yield Plasma Synthesis of Luminescent Silicon Nanocrystals (2005)

Light emission from silicon based on quantum confinement in nanoscale structures has sparked intense research into this field ever since its discovery about 15 years ago. A barrier to the widespread utilization of luminescent silicon nanocrystals in such diverse application areas as optoelectronics, solid-state lighting for general illumination, or fluorescent agents for biological applications has been the lack of a simple, high-yield synthesis approach. Here we report a scaleable single-step synthesis process for luminescent silicon nanocrystals based on a low-pressure nonthermal plasma.
Specific RNA aptamers to NS3 protease domain of hepatitis C virus. (1997)

In order to isolate RNA aptamers that bind specifically to NS3 protease domain (delta NS3) of hepatitis C virus, we carried out in vitro selection procedure using RNA pool that had 30 N random core region. After repeating nine cycles of selections and amplifications, a pool of RNAs that bind specifically to the delta NS3 were selected. A comparative analysis of 45 clones that were isolated from 9th cycle revealed three main classes that contain the conserved loop sequences GANUGGGAC. Moreover, the predominant class of aptamer (class I and III) appear to inhibit the protease activity efficiently.
Expression of the interleukin 6 receptor and interleukin 6 in prostate carcinoma cells. (1990)

We have probed for the presence of interleukin 6 (IL6) receptors in prostatic carcinoma cell lines (LNCaP, DU 145, and PC3) by examining their sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of a chimeric toxin composed of IL6 and Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE). All three cell lines were killed by IL6-PE66(4)Glu, a version of IL6-PE in which the binding domain of native PE has been mutated to debilitate PE binding to its own receptor. This cytotoxic activity confirmed the presence of IL6 receptors on prostatic carcinoma cells. We have measured the number of IL6 receptors found on these cells and have further determined that they secrete IL6. These data provide evidence that IL6 and its receptor may play an important role in human prostate cancer.
Chemically enhanced focused ion beam etching of deep grooves and laser-mirror facets in GaAs under Cl2 gas irradiation using a fine nozzle (1987)

Chlorine-enhanced GaAs maskless etching has been performed with a novel focused ion beam etching (FIBE) system. The system is composed of an air-locked ultrahigh vacuum chamber, a 30-keV Ga+ FIB column, and a fine nozzle. The nozzle irradiates a high-density Cl2 flux on a desired, small area of the sample while retaining a sufficiently low surrounding gas pressure for stable Ga+ FIB emission. Condensed Ga residues, appearing on the etched surface with no Cl2 gas, could be suppressed under Cl2 gas irradiation. Highly chemically enhanced sputtering yields (up to 50 GaAs molecules per incident ion) were obtained by selecting the optimum relationship between scanning time and Cl2 gas pressure. At the maximum yield, a deep groove (about 6 μm) with a smooth surface was obtained by line-scanning FIBE. The etching was applied to laser-mirror formation of an AlGaAs laser. A vertical mirror facet, fabricated in advance by a reactive ion beam etching, was trimmed about one micron thick by line-scanning FIBE. Light output versus current characteristics did not change before and after FIBE and the etching has been shown to be useful for laser-mirror formation.
Combined source and channel coding with JPEG2000 and rate-compatible low-density Parity-check codes (2006)

Rate-compatible low-density parity-check (RC-LDPC) codes are used to provide unequal error protection for the robust and efficient transmission of JPEG2000 compressed images over noisy channels. The total bit budget is partitioned between the source and the channel coding by using a Viterbi algorithm (VA) applied to a search trellis, and appropriate channel code rates are assigned to the source blocks. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated on binary symmetric channels (BSCs). Experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme compares favorably with other combined source/channel coding schemes over a variety of channel conditions and transmission bit rates. In particular, the proposed scheme outperforms similar schemes based on turbo codes and irregular repeat-accumulate codes by up to about 1.1 and 1 dB in the expected peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of reconstructed images, respectively.
Evidence for nonrandom hydrophobicity structures in protein chains. (1996)

The question of whether proteins originate from random sequences of amino acids is addressed. A statistical analysis is performed in terms of blocked and random walk values formed by binary hydrophobic assignments of the amino acids along the protein chains. Theoretical expectations of these variables from random distributions of hydrophobicities are compared with those obtained from functional proteins. The results, which are based upon proteins in the SWISS-PROT data base, convincingly show that the amino acid sequences in proteins differ from what is expected from random sequences in a statistically significant way. By performing Fourier transforms on the random walks, one obtains additional evidence for nonrandomness of the distributions. We have also analyzed results from a synthetic model containing only two amino acid types, hydrophobic and hydrophilic. With reasonable criteria on good folding properties in terms of thermodynamical and kinetic behavior, sequences that fold well are isolated. Performing the same statistical analysis on the sequences that fold well indicates similar deviations from randomness as for the functional proteins. The deviations from randomness can be interpreted as originating from anticorrelations in terms of an Ising spin model for the hydrophobicities. Our results, which differ from some previous investigations using other methods, might have impact on how permissive with respect to sequence specificity protein folding process is-only sequences with nonrandom hydrophobicity distributions fold well. Other distributions give rise to energy landscapes with poor folding properties and hence did not survive the evolution.
Comparison between the comet assay and pimonidazole binding for measuring tumour hypoxia (2000)

Pimonidazole is finding increasing use in histochemical analyses of hypoxia in tumours. Whether it can identify every hypoxic cell in a tumour, and whether the usual subjective criteria used to define 'positive' cells are optimal, are less certain. Therefore, our aim was to develop an objective flow cytometry procedure for quantifying pimonidazole binding in tumours, and to validate this method by using a more direct indicator of radiobiologic hypoxia, the comet assay. SCCVII tumours in C3H mice were analysed for pimonidazole binding using flow cytometry and an iterative curve-fitting procedure, and the results were compared to the comet assay for the same cell suspensions. On average, cells defined as anoxic by flow analysis (n = 43 tumours) bound 10.8 +/- 0.95 times more antibody than aerobic cells. In samples containing known mixtures of aerobic and anoxic cells, hypoxic fractions as low as 0.5% could easily be detected. To assess the flow cytometry assay under a wider range of tumour oxygen contents, mice were injected with hydralazine to reduce tumour blood flow, or allowed to breathe various gas mixtures during the 90 min exposure to pimonidazole. Hypoxic fraction estimated by the pimonidazole binding method agreed well with the hypoxic fraction measured using the comet assay in SCCVII tumours (r2 = 0.87, slope = 0.98), with similar results in human U87 glioma cells and SiHa cervical carcinoma xenografts. We therefore conclude that this objective analysis of pimonidazole labelling by flow cytometry gives a convenient and accurate estimate of radiobiological hypoxia. Preliminary analyses of biopsies from 3 patients given 0.5 g m-2 pimonidazole also suggest the suitability of this approach for human tumours.