gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple Logic Gates Based on Electrically Wired Surface-Reconstituted Enzymes (2007)

The electrode functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx) and microperoxidase-11 (MP-11) performs various Boolean logic operations (OR, XOR, AND-OR) upon addition of glucose and/or H2O2 and application of different potentials. The output signal coming from the electrically wired enzymes is electrochemically readable, allowing interfacing of biochemical computing systems with ordinary electronics.
Amino acid and manganese supplementation modulates the glycosylation state of erythropoietin in a CHO culture system (2006)

The manufacture of secreted proteins is complicated by the need for both high levels of expression and appropriate processing of the nascent polypeptide. For glycoproteins, such as erythropoietin (EPO), posttranslational processing involves the addition of oligosaccharide chains. We initially noted that a subset of the amino acids present in the cell culture media had become depleted by cellular metabolism during the last harvest cycle in our batch fed system and hypothesized that by supplementing these nutrients we would improve EPO yields. By increasing the concentration of these amino acids we increased recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) biosynthesis in the last harvest cycle as expected but, surprisingly, we also observed a large increase in the amount of rHuEPO with a relatively low sialic acid content. To understand the nature of this process we isolated and characterized the lower sialylated rHuEPO pool. Decreased sialylation correlated with an increase in N-linked carbohydrates missing terminal galactose moieties, suggesting that beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase may be rate limiting in our system. To test this hypothesis we supplemented our cultures with varying concentrations of manganese (Mn(2+)), a cofactor for beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase. Consistent with our hypothesis we found that Mn(2+) addition improved galactosylation and greatly reduced the amount of rHuEPO in the lower sialylated fraction. Additionally, we found that Mn(2+) addition increased carbohydrate site occupancy and narrowed carbohydrate branching to bi-antennary structures in these lower sialylated pools. Surprisingly Mn(2+) only had this effect late in the culture process. These data indicate that the addition of Mn(2+) has complex effects on stressed batch fed cultures.
Regulation of Wnt signaling by protein-protein interaction and post-translational modifications (2006)

The Wnt signaling pathway is conserved in various species from worms to mammals, and plays important roles in cellular proliferation, differentiation, and migration. Wnt stabilizes cytoplasmic beta-catenin and then the accumulated beta-catenin is translocated into the nucleus, where it activates the transcriptional factor T-cell factor (Tcf)/lymphoid enhancer factor (Lef), and thereby stimulates the expression of genes including c-myc, c-jun, fra-1, and cyclin D1. Tight regulation of this response involves post-translational modifications of the components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Phosphorylation, ubiquitination, and sumoylation have been shown to affect the half-life of beta-catenin and the transcriptional activity of Tcf/Lef. The precise spatio-temporal patterns of these multiple modifications determine the driving force of various cellular responses.
Mice cloned from skin cells (2007)

Adult stem cells represent unique populations of undifferentiated cells with self-renewal capacity. In many tissues, stem cells divide less often than their progeny. It has been widely speculated, but largely untested, that their undifferentiated and quiescent state may make stem cells more efficient as donors for cloning by nuclear transfer (NT). Here, we report the use of nuclei from hair follicle stem cells and other skin keratinocytes as NT donors. When keratinocyte stem cells (KSCs) were used as NT donors, 19 liveborn mice were obtained, 9 of which survived to adulthood. Embryonic keratinocytes and cumulus cells also gave rise to cloned mice. Although cloning efficiencies were similar (<6% per transferred blastocyst), success rates were consistently higher for males than for females. Adult keratinocyte stem cells were better NT donors than so-called transit amplifying (TA) keratinocytes in both sexes (1.6% vs. 0% in females and 5.4% vs. 2.8% in males). Our findings reveal skin as a source of readily accessible stem cells, the nuclei of which can be reprogrammed to the pluripotent state by exposure to the cytoplasm of unfertilized oocytes.
Glucose-assisted synthesis of copper micropuzzles and their application as nonenzymatic glucose sensors (2010)

Glucose was used to synthesize high-quality Cu microplates which underwent in situ large-scale assembly into puzzle-like patterns. The micropuzzles were applied to nonenzymatic glucose sensors. The as-prepared Cu micropuzzle-modified electrode shows good linear dependence and high sensitivity and selectivity to glucose concentration change.
Underwater Oil Capture by a Three‐Dimensional Network Architectured Organosilane Surface (2011)

Nanofibers and microbumps intertwined in 3D networked 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane (FTS)-derived surfaces are synthesized by a phase separation reaction. The surfaces shows super-amphiphobicity in air and super-oleophilicity under water. The special wettablity of the surface is well retained, even after repeated use and flushing. The surfaces are successfully used to capture and collect oil droplets in water. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
互联网经济四大趋势已明显：物流自动化、移动应用化、视频移动化、搜索语音化 (2016)

我们生活在一个捆绑销售的时代。五大消费科技公司——谷歌、苹果、Facebook、亚马逊和微软——早已不满足于经营最初的产品线,他们各自的业务都延伸到各种硬件、软件和服务领域,并在这些有所重叠的领域相互竞争。但是,这些公司的营收和利润仍然在很大程度上依赖于不受自己控制的外部技术。将外部依赖关系形象化的一种办法就是把整个互联网经济的流程画出来,从用户到中间的企业营利行为,在某些情况下还会这个回路再回到用户：评估一个互联网公司的战略定位（用巴菲特的话,
25 Years of Bromine Chemistry in Industrial Water Systems: A Review (2004)

Abstract Bromine chemistry is used to great advantage in nature for fouling control by a number of sessile marine organisms such as sponges, seaweeds, and bryozoans. Such organisms produce small quantities of brominated organic compounds that effectively help keep their surfaces clean of problem bacteria, fungi, and algae. For over two decades, bromine chemistry has been used to similar advantage in the treatment of industrial water systems. The past several years in particular has seen the development of several diverse bromine product forms – one-drum stabilized bromine liquids, all-bromine hydantoin solids, and pumpable gels. The purpose of this paper is to review the development of bromine chemistry in industrial water treatment, discuss characteristics of the new product forms, and speculate on future developments.
Novel Nanosensors for Rapid Analysis of Telomerase Activity (2004)

Elevated telomerase levels are found in many malignancies, offering an attractive target for therapeutic intervention and diagnostic or prognostic purposes. Here we describe the use of a novel nanosensor developed for rapid screens of telomerase activity in biological samples. The technique utilizes magnetic nanoparticles that, on annealing with telomerase synthesized TTAGGG repeats, switch their magnet state, a phenomenon readily detectable by magnetic readers. We tested the efficacy of different telomerase inhibitors in crude human and murine samples and show that phosphorylation of telomerase regulates its activity. High-throughput adaptation of the technique by magnetic resonance imaging allowed processing of hundreds of samples within tens of minutes at ultrahigh sensitivities. Together, these studies establish and validate a novel and powerful tool for rapidly sensing telomerase activity and provide the rationale for developing analogous magnetic nanoparticles for in vivo sensing.
Isolation of Tissue Mast Cells (1992)

Mast cells, unlike other immune effector cells, are not found in the circulation and thus must be obtained from accessible tissues such as gastrointestinal and lung tissue. In this unit, a combination of mechanical fragmentation, enzyme digestion, and centrifugation procedures are used to obtain suspensions enriched for mast cells from gastrointestinal tissue. A support protocol details a procedure for acid toluidine blue staining of mast cells.
Differences in Outcomes for Patients with Bacteremia Due to Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium or Vancomycin-Susceptible E. faecium (1996)

To determine the differences in outcome in cases of enterococcal bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant organisms, we compared consecutive patients on a liver transplant service who had clinically significant bacteremia due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) (n = 54) with a contemporaneous cohort of patients who had vancomycin-susceptible E. faecium (VSEF) bacteremia (n = 48). VREF bacteremia occurred significantly later in the hospitalization than did VSEF bacteremia (43 days vs. 24 days, respectively; P < .01); in addition, VREF was more frequently the sole blood pathogen isolated (91% of patients) than was VSEF (56% of patients) (P = .0002). Invasive interventions for intraabdominal and intrathoracic infection were required more often in the VREF cohort than in the VSEF cohort (34 of 45 patients vs. 20 of 41 patients, respectively; P = .01). Vancomycin resistance more frequently resulted in recurrent bacteremia (22 of 54 patients infected with VREF vs. 7 of 48 patients infected with VSEF; P = .006), persistent isolation of Enterococcus species at the primary site (27 of 33 patients infected with VREF vs. 7 of 18 patients infected with VSEF; P = .005), and endovascular infection (4 patients infected with VREF vs. none infected with VSEF). The decrement in patient survival, as measured from the last bacteremic episode, was greater in the VREF cohort (P = .02). Vancomycin resistance, shock, and liver failure were independent risk factors for Enterococcus-associated mortality. Higher rates of refractory infection, serious morbidity, and attributable death occurred in the VREF cohort and were partially mediated by the lack of effective antimicrobial therapy.
Analysis of Genomic and Proteomic Data Using Advanced Literature Mining (2003)

High-throughput technologies, such as proteomic screening and DNA micro-arrays, produce vast amounts of data requiring comprehensive analytical methods to decipher the biologically relevant results. One approach would be to manually search the biomedical literature; however, this would be an arduous task. We developed an automated literature-mining tool, termed MedGene, which comprehensively summarizes and estimates the relative strengths of all human gene-disease relationships in Medline. Using MedGene, we analyzed a novel micro-array expression dataset comparing breast cancer and normal breast tissue in the context of existing knowledge. We found no correlation between the strength of the literature association and the magnitude of the difference in expression level when considering changes as high as 5-fold; however, a significant correlation was observed (r = 0.41; p = 0.05) among genes showing an expression difference of 10-fold or more. Interestingly, this only held true for estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors, not ER negative. MedGene identified a set of relatively understudied, yet highly expressed genes in ER negative tumors worthy of further examination.
REAL-TIME 3D FINITE-DIFFERENCE TIME-DOMAIN SIMULATION OF LOW- AND MID-FREQUENCY ROOM ACOUSTICS (2010)

Modern graphics processing units (GPUs) are massively parallel computing environments. They make it possible to run certain tasks orders of magnitude faster than what is possible with a central processing unit (CPU). One such case is simulation of room acoustics with wave-based modeling techniques. In this paper we show that it is possible to run room acoustic simulations with a finite-difference time-domain model in real-time for a modest-size geometry up to 7kHz sampling rate. For a 10% maximum dispersion error limit this means that our system can be used for realtime auralization up to 1.5kHz. In addition, the system is able to handle several simultaneous sound sources and a moving listener with no additional cost. The results of this study include performance comparison of different schemes showing that the interpolated wideband scheme is able to handle in real-time 1.4 times the bandwidth of the standard rectilinear scheme with the same maximum dispersion error.
Light-controlled metal deposition on photochromic polymer films (2010)

Fine metal patterning with a small work function is indispensable to the high integration of organic electronics devices including organic light-emitting devices and organic memories. Selective metal deposition on photochromic surfaces is a promising method to prepare such metal patterns. We found that the surface physical properties of polymer films for metal deposition changed depending on their drying temperature and the photoisomerization state of the doped-photochromic diarylethene (DAE). The Mg deposition property on the DAE-doped polystyrene (PS) film was dramatically switched by light irradiation. Light-controlled selective Mg deposition for poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) was also achieved. Fine metal patterning with a width of 15 μm on DAE5%-doped polymer film with maskless vacuum evaporation was successfully demonstrated. Light-controlled selective metal deposition will contribute to the large scale integration of polymer electronics.
Unifying theory of tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy (2002)

We propose a general method for describing tapping-mode atomic-force microscopy. The combined participation of attractive and repulsive interactions determines the multivalued nature of the resonance curve. This, in turn, implies the coexistence of two different stable oscillations for some excitation frequencies. The coexistence of two stable oscillations depends on the driving force and tip-surface separation. Increasing the driving force inhibits the low-amplitude oscillation state. Because resolution depends on the oscillation state, we propose that the absence of the low amplitude solution is responsible for the inconsistencies observed in high-resolution imaging of biomolecules.
Synthesis and Characterization of Amphiphilic Lipopolymers for Micellar Drug Delivery (2010)

The objective of this study was to design lipopolymers for hydrophobic drug delivery. Poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-carboxyl-propylene carbonate-graft-dodecanol) (PEG-PCD) lipopolymers were synthesized and characterized by (1)H NMR, FT-IR, GPC, and DSC. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of PEG-PCD micelles was around 10(-8) M and decreased with increasing length of hydrophobic block. PEG-PCD micelles could efficiently load a model drug embelin into its hydrophobic core and significantly improve its solubility. The loading capacity was dependent on the polymer core structure, but the length of hydrophobic core had little effect. PEG-PCD formed both spherical and cylindrical micelles, which were dependent on the copolymer structure and composition. PEG-PCD lipopolymers with various hydrophobic core lengths showed similar drug release profiles, which were slower than that of poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl-2-benzoxycarbonyl-propylene carbonate) (PEG-PBC) micelles. Embelin loaded PEG-PCD micelles showed significant inhibition of C4-2 prostate cancer cell proliferation, while no obvious cellular toxicity was observed for blank micelles.
Sequential biocatalytic resolution of (±)-trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of an optically active polyamine (1996)

Candida antarctica lipase-catalysed double monoaminolysis of dimethyl malonate by (±)-trans-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine allows the sequential resolution of the latter compound, affording an enantiopure bis(amidoester), (R,R)-3, which is subsequently transformed into an optically active polyamine, (R,R)-9.
Mutations in the 915 region ofEscherichia coli16S ribosomal RNA reduce the binding of streptomycin to the ribosome (1991)

The nine possible single-base substitutions were produced at positions 913 to 915 of the 16S ribosomal RNA of Escherichia coli, a region known to be protected by streptomycin [Moazed, D. and Noller, H.F. (1987) Nature, 327, 389-394]. When the mutations were introduced into the expression vector pKK3535, only two of them (913A----G and 915A----G) permitted recovery of viable transformants. Ribosomes were isolated from the transformed bacteria and were assayed for their response to streptomycin in poly(U)- and MS2 RNA-directed assays. They were resistant to the stimulation of misreading and to the inhibition of protein synthesis by streptomycin, and this correlated with a decreased binding of the drug. These results therefore demonstrate that, in line with the footprinting studies of Moazed and Noller, mutations in the 915 region alter the interaction between the ribosome and streptomycin.
Human Polymorphism in Drug Metabolism: Mutation in the Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Gene Results in Exon Skipping and Thymine Uracilurea (1995)

A condition called thymine uracilurea has been described that is due to a lack of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity. Cancer patients experiencing acute 5-fluorouracil toxicity also have lower-than-normal DPD activities. However, to date, the molecular basis of this disorder has not been addressed. In this study, the phenotype and genotype of a family that presents a patient showing no DPD activity was determined. Fibroblast mRNAs from the patient and four family members were subjected to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using primers generated from the human DPD cDNA sequence. DPD mRNA from the patient was found to lack a segment of 165 nucleotides that results from exon skipping. DPD mRNA from the parents and a sibling were found to be heterozygous for the deleted and the normal mRNA, while a brother had two normal transcripts. DPD activities and levels of DPD protein correlated with genotype; the deficient patient had no detectable DPD protein. PCR analysis of the genomic DNA from this family revealed that the defective mRNA is not due to a deletion of a portion of the gene that contains the exon, thus implying that the mutation is the result of an as yet nonidentified point mutation that causes faulty splicing.
IgG subclass response and protection against challenge following immunisation of mice with various influenza A vaccines (1994)

The serum total IgG and IgG subclass and nasal wash IgA and IgG antibody responses of mice to influenza virus A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) subunit preparations administered parenterally as a single dose, incorporated either in immune stimulatory compounds (ISCOMs) or liposomes with Freund's Complete Adjuvant, or as an aqueous material, as well as to live, infectious virus were measured by ELISA at 10 days and 3, 5, 7 and 22 weeks after immunisation. The protection of the upper and lower respiratory tracts provided by these preparations against homologous and heterologous challenge infection was assessed. Of the four variously-presented subunit preparations, influenza subunit ISCOMs induced relatively high and persisting levels of each of the different IgG subclasses, particularly IgG2a, throughout the study, and most nearly approached those observed after intranasal infection of mice with infectious virus. Furthermore, nasal wash IgA and IgG antibody levels, particularly at 5 or 7 weeks after immunisation, were also significantly greater in mice given the subunit ISCOM preparation than those induced by other subunit preparations with adjuvant or subunits given alone, and provided protection of both the upper and lower respiratory tracts against challenge as similar to that elicited by infectious virus.
Fuel Ethanol from Cellulosic Biomass (1991)

Ethanol produced from cellulosic biomass is examined as a large-scale transportation fuel. Desirable features include ethanol's fuel properties as well as benefits with respect to urban air quality, global climate change, balance of trade, and energy security. Energy balance, feedstock supply, and environmental impact considerations are not seen as significant barriers to the widespread use of fuel ethanol derived from cellulosic biomass. Conversion economics is the key obstacle to be overcome. In light of past progress and future prospects for research-driven improvements, a cost-competitive process appears possible in a decade.
A novel description of handwritten characters for use with generalised fourier descriptors (1992)

Abstract A new description is developed for handwritten character recognition for Western style characters. Character recognition here is based on Generalised Fourier Descriptors (GFDs). The characters are described by sections which are either straight line pieces or arcs of circles. Analytical expressions exist for the GFDs of these two types of curves. In order to apply these expressions on handwritten characters, these characters are first curve‐fitted into straight line‐pieces and arcs of circles. After this description the GFDs can easily be calculated. Experiments were performed and preliminary, qualitative remarks on these are made.
TileBars (1995)

The field of information retrieval has traditionally focused on textbases consisting of titles and abstracts. As a consequence, many underlying assumptions must be altered for retrieval from full-length text collections. This paper argues for making use of text structure when retrieving from full text documents, and presents a visualization paradigm, called TileBars, that demonstrates the usefulness of explicit term distribution information in Boolean-type queries. TileBars simultaneously and compactly indicate relative document length, query term frequency, and query term distribution. The patterns in a column of TileBars can be quickly scanned and deciphered, aiding users in making judgments about the potential relevance of the retrieved documents.
Synthesis of Macrocycles: The Design of Selective Complexing Agents (1987)

Ligands Designed for Inclusion Complexes: From Template Reactions for Macrocyclic Ligand Synthesis to Superstructured Ligands for Dioxygen and Substrate Binding Heavy Metal Chemistry of Mixed Donor Macrocyclic Ligands: Strategies for Obtaining Metal Ion Recognition Calixarenes and the Art of Molecular Basket Making Design of Cation and Anion Receptors, Catalysts, and Carriers Biomimetic Macrocyclic Molecules: An Interactive Theoretical-Experimental Approach More Than Twofold Bridged Phanes Crystalline Uncharged-Molecule Inclusion Compounds of Unintended and Designed Macrocyclic Hosts.
Laser speckle contrast imaging of blood flow in rat retinas using an endoscope (2013)

Laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) offers a cost-effective means to image blood flow in vivo. However, it is not commonly used to image rodent retinas because of the challenges associated with imaging through the curved cornea and delivering light through the highly scattering lens. A solution to overcome these problems by using LSCI in conjunction with an endoscope to obtain high spatiotemporal blood flow images is described. Its utility is demonstrated by imaging blood flow changes in rat retinas using hyperoxic, hypercapnic, and visual (flicker) stimulations. Hypercapnia increases blood flow, hyperoxia decreases blood flow, and visual stimulation increases blood flow in the retina relative to basal conditions. The time-to-peak of the LSCI response to visual stimulation is also measured. This approach may prove useful to investigate dysregulation in blood flow-evoked responses in retinal diseases and to evaluate treatment strategies in rodents.