gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two Hepatic Enhancers, HCR.1 and HCR.2, Coordinate the Liver Expression of the Entire Human Apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II Gene Cluster (1997)

We show that the liver-specific expression of all four genes in the human apolipoprotein (apo) E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster in transgenic mice is determined by the coordinate action of two distinct hepatic control regions (HCR). These enhancers are positioned 15 kilobases (kb) (HCR.1) and 26 kb (HCR.2) downstream of the apoE gene. To investigate the action of each HCR, transgenic mice were generated with a 70-kb human genomic fragment that contained the complete apoE gene cluster or with this fragment modified by the specific deletion of HCR.1, HCR.2, or both HCR domains. Hepatic expression of all four apolipoprotein genes was observed in transgenic mice in which either HCR.1 or HCR.2 was deleted, but no transgene expression was found in the liver in the absence of both HCR domains. The overall patterns of transgene expression suggested that HCR.2 was the dominant element for apoC-IV and apoC-II expression and that HCR.1 was dominant for the apoE/C-I expression. No liver-specific transcriptional activity was identified for the proximal promoter of any gene in the cluster; all liver-specific activity was associated with HCR.1 and HCR.2. Thus, the HCRs of the apoE gene cluster constitute unique regulatory domains for determining the requirements for apolipoprotein gene expression in the liver.
Siastatin B, a potent neuraminidase inhibitor: the total synthesis and absolute configuration (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSiastatin B, a potent neuraminidase inhibitor: the total synthesis and absolute configurationYoshio. Nishimura, Wenmei. Wang, Shinichi. Kondo, Takaaki. Aoyagi, and Hamao. UmezawaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 21, 7249–7250Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00229a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00229a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views488Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Genetic Background Strongly Influences the Bone Phenotype of P2X7 Receptor Knockout Mice (2012)

The purinergic P2X7 receptor is expressed by bone cells and has been shown to be important in both bone formation and bone resorption. In this study we investigated the importance of the genetic background of the mouse strains on which the P2X7 knock-out models were based by comparing bone status of a new BALB/cJ P2X7 −/− strain with a previous one based on the C57BL/6 strain. Female four-month-old mice from both strains were DXA scanned on a PIXImus densitometer; femurs were collected for bone strength measurements and serum for bone marker analysis. Bone-related parameters that were altered only slightly in the B6 P2X7 −/− became significantly altered in the BALB/cJ P2X7 −/− when compared to their wild type littermates. The BALB/cJ P2X7 −/− showed reduced levels of serum C-telopeptide fragment (s-CTX), higher bone mineral density, and increased bone strength compared to the wild type littermates. In conclusion, we have shown that the genetic background of P2X7 −/− mice strongly influences the bone phenotype of the P2X7 −/− mice and that P2X7 has a more significant regulatory role in bone remodeling than found in previous studies.
Nitric oxide mediates angiogenesis in vivo and endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro promoted by substance P. (1994)

We evaluated the effects of nitric oxide (NO) generators and endogenous production of NO elicited by substance P (SP) in the angiogenesis process. Angiogenesis was monitored in the rabbit cornea in vivo and in vitro by measuring the growth and migration of endothelial cells isolated from coronary postcapillary venules. The angiogenesis promoted in the rabbit cornea by [Sar9]-SP-sulfone, a stable and selective agonist for the tachykinin NK1 receptor, and by prostaglandin E1 (PGE1), was potentiated by sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Conversely, the NO synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), given systemically, inhibited angiogenesis elicited by [Sar9]-SP-sulfone and by PGE1. Endothelial cells exposed to SNP exhibited an increase in thymidine incorporation and in total cell number. Exposure of the cells to NO generating drugs, such as SNP, isosorbide dinitrate, and glyceryl trinitrate, produced a dose-dependent increase in endothelial cell migration. Capillary endothelial cell proliferation and migration produced by SP were abolished by pretreatment with the NO synthase inhibitors N omega-mono-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA), N omega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA), and L-NAME. Exposure of the cells to SP activated the calcium-dependent NO synthase. Angiogenesis and endothelial cell growth and migration induced by basic fibroblast growth factor were not affected by NO synthase inhibitors. These data indicate that NO production induced by vasoactive agents, such as SP, functions as an autocrine regulator of the microvascular events necessary for neovascularization and mediates angiogenesis.
Mechanics of Epidermal Electronics (2012)

Epidermal electronic system (EES) is a class of integrated electronic systems that are ultrathin, soft, and lightweight, such that it could be mounted to the epidermis based on van der Waals interactions alone, yet provides robust, intimate contact to the skin. Recent advances on this technology will enable many medical applications such as to monitor brain or heart activities, to monitor premature babies, to enhance the control of prosthetics, or to realize human-machine interface. In particular, the contact between EES and the skin is key to high-performance functioning of the above applications and is studied in this paper. The mechanics concepts that lead to successful designs of EES are also discussed. The results, validated by finite element analysis and experimental observations, provide simple, analytical guidelines for design and optimization of EES with various possible functionalities.
Effects of Combination Lipid Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2010)

The combination of fenofibrate and simvastatin did not reduce the rate of fatal cardiovascular events, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke, as compared with simvastatin alone. These results do not support the routine use of combination therapy with fenofibrate and simvastatin to reduce cardiovascular risk in the majority of high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00000620.)
<title>Hydrophobic microfluidics</title> (1999)

Hydrophobic microfluidics is a method for controlling fluid flow in microfluidic systems using restrictions that act as passive valves. Many different fluid processing components can be designed, such as mixers, sample dividers, sample consolidators, and others, all in a passive and reliable manner. This method of fluid control is excellent for highly parallel sample analysis, such as in DNA processing and immuno-diagnostics.
Herpes encephalitis presenting as mild aphasia: Case report (2006)

The case is instructive for general practitioners and other clinicians to maintain vigilance for central nervous system (CNS) infections which may present atypically.
Transgenic expression of mammalian heparanase uncovers physiological functions of heparan sulfate in tissue morphogenesis, vascularization, and feeding behavior (2004)

We have generated homozygous transgenic mice (hpa-tg) overexpressing human heparanase (endo-beta-D-glucuronidase) in all tissues and characterized the involvement of the enzyme in tissue morphogenesis, vascularization, and energy metabolism. Biochemical analysis of heparan sulfate (HS) isolated from newborn mice and adult tissues revealed a profound decrease in the size of HS chains derived from hpa-tg vs. control mice. Despite this, the mice appeared normal, were fertile, and exhibited a normal life span. A significant increase in the number of implanted embryos was noted in the hpa-tg vs. control mice. Overexpression of heparanase resulted in increased levels of urinary protein and creatinine, suggesting an effect on kidney function, reflected also by electron microscopy examination of the kidney tissue. The hpa-tg mice exhibited a reduced food consumption and body weight compared with control mice. The effect of heparanase on tissue remodeling and morphogenesis was best demonstrated by the phenotype of the hpa-tg mammary glands, showing excess branching and widening of ducts associated with enhanced neovascularization and disruption of the epithelial basement membrane. The hpa-tg mice exhibited an accelerated rate of hair growth, correlated with high expression of heparanase in hair follicle keratinocytes and increased vascularization. Altogether, characterization of the hpa-tg mice emphasizes the involvement of heparanase and HS in processes such as embryonic implantation, food consumption, tissue remodeling, and vascularization.
Benefits of Introducing Universal Umbilical Cord Blood Gas and Lactate Analysis Into an Obstetric Unit (2011)

Current data suggest that umbilical arterial pH analysis is the most sensitive diagnostic indicator of birth asphyxia. Essential criteria for the diagnosis of birth asphyxia include metabolic acidosis (pH <7.0 and base deficit ≥12 mmol/L) in cord arterial blood. However, it is unclear whether umbilical cord blood gas analysis (UC-BGA) should be performed selectively or at all deliveries. Although many investigators believe that universal use of UC-BGA can improve neonatal outcomes, no studies have evaluated this contention. This observational study investigated the effect of universal UC-BGA at delivery on neonatal outcomes. Between 2003 and 2006, data were obtained for 19,646 live births ≥20 weeks' gestational age at a tertiary level obstetric hospital. Blood gas and lactate analyses were performed on paired umbilical arterial and venous blood samples collected at all deliveries. Interyear UC-BGA differences and the likelihood of metabolic acidosis and other perinatal outcomes were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis, with adjustments for possible confounders. The univariate and adjusted data demonstrated significant improvement in arterial pH, pO2, and pCO2, as well as values for base deficit and lactate levels (P ≤ 0.001 for umbilical blood gas and lactate values). The likelihood of newborns with an arterial pH <7.10 and lactate value >6.1 mmol/L was decreased (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.71; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.53–0.95 and aOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.30–0.46; respectively). Using population-specific fifth and 95th percentiles, a reduction was found in newborns with arterial pH less than the fifth percentile (pH 7.12: aOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.59–0.96) and lactate levels more than the 95th percentile (6.7 mmol/L: aOR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.29–0.49). Reductions were observed both in term (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.54–0.78) and overall (aOR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64–0.87) nursery admissions. Improved perinatal outcomes after universal introduction of UC-BGA were independent of intervention rates. These findings show that introduction of universal UC-BGA is associated with improvements in umbilical artery pH, lactate values, and other perinatal outcomes, which are independent of obstetric intervention.
An associative analysis of gene expression array data (2003)

We present a multistep procedure for analysis of mRNA expression data obtained from cDNA array methods. To identify and classify differentially expressed genes, results from standard paired t-test of normalized data are compared with those from a novel method, denoted an associative analysis. This method associates experimental gene expressions presented as residuals in regression analysis against control averaged expressions to a common standard-the family of similarly computed residuals for low variability genes derived from control experiments. By associating changes in expression of a given gene to a large family of equally expressed genes of the control group, this method utilizes the large data sets inherent in microarray experiments to increase both specificity and sensitivity. The overall procedure is illustrated by tabulation of genes whose expression differs significantly between Snell dwarf mice (dw/dw) and their phenotypically normal littermates (dw/+, +/+). Of the 2,352 genes examined only 450-500 were expressed above the background levels observed in nonexpressed genes and of these 120 were established as differentially expressed in dwarf mice at a significance level that excludes appearance of false positive determinations.
Transcription and translation of foreign genes in Bacillus subtilis by the aid of a secretion vector (1985)

Expression levels of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase, Escherichia coli TEM-beta-lactamase, and Semliki Forest virus glycoprotein E1 genes were compared in Bacillus subtilis. All three model genes were expressed by using a secretion vector, constructed by joining the B. amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase promoter and signal sequence with plasmid pUB110 (I. Palva, M. Sarvas, P. Lehtovaara, M. Sibakov, and L.Kääriäinen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79:5582-5586, 1982). When transformed B. subtilis cells were grown to early stationary phase, the amount of beta-lactamase in the culture medium was ca. 10% and that of E1 was ca. 0.01% of the amount of alpha-amylase. The amounts of specific, full-length transcripts of the cloned genes were estimated by Northern blot hybridization to be roughly equal. The half-lives of these transcripts in B. subtilis were also similar. Pulse-chase experiments with [35S]methionine showed that alpha-amylase and beta-lactamase were translated and secreted at comparable rates but that beta-lactamase was degraded during the chase periods. In transformed minicells from B. subtilis, the products of alpha-amylase, beta-lactamase, and E1 genes accumulated at similar rates. We conclude that the expression of the three genes cloned in the secretion vector was similar at the levels of transcription and translation in B. subtilis. In the case of beta-lactamase, the low-yield could be explained by proteolytic degradation of the secreted product by B. subtilis exoproteases, whereas with E1 we could not determine whether the low yield was due to proteolytic degradation, inefficient secretion, or both.
The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of liquid water (1980)

The absorptivities of carefully purified water have been measured at 1 nm intervals in the wavelength range 196 to 320 nm. The measured absorptivities fell monotonically from a value of (1.26±0.03) m−1 at 196 nm, to a value of (0.0100±0.0006) m−1 at 320 nm. The water was purified by ion–exchange, followed by four subsequent distillations, the first being carried out under mild oxidizing conditions, and the last being performed in all-silica apparatus, the water vapor being heated to a temperature of 870 K in the presence of oxygen to remove residual organic impurities. The absorptivities were measured using a differential pathlength method and a correction for the effect of double reflections in the absorption cells was derived and applied to the data. The measured absorptivities were much lower than all previously reported values in the 200–300 nm region, but gave considerably better agreement with theory and aligned well with the edge of a set of recent vacuum UV measurements on high purity water. It appears that previously reported absorptivities of liquid water in the 200–300 nm region are too large by up to two orders of magnitude, due to the presence of oxygen and of persistent absorbing impurities. The small absorption peak reported around 275 nm by Larzul et al. [C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 261, 4701 (1965)] and which has often been cited to corroborate electron impact evidence for the existence of a low-lying 3B1 state of the water molecule, was not observed, despite adequate sensitivity and stability. The broad and unstructured absorption observed across the 200–300 nm region was only slightly in excess of that attributable to the aggregate of Rayleigh scattering and the tail of the well known ? 1A1→1B1 absorption of water.
New nematicidal metabolites from a fungus, Irpex lacteus. (1981)

Manyhigher plants and fungal species have been found to posses characteristics which were detrimental in populations of specific nematodes.1 ~3) Recently, the authors5~7) and
Diesel Production from Fischer−Tropsch: The Past, the Present, and New Concepts (2009)

Fischer−Tropsch synthesis is technically classified into two categories, the high-temperature Fischer−Tropsch (HTFT) and the low-temperature Fischer−Tropsch (LTFT) processes. The criterion for this classification is the operating temperature of the synthesis, which ranges between 310−340 °C for the HTFT process and 210−260 °C for the LTFT process. A Fischer−Tropsch facility can be divided into roughly three sections, synthesis gas (syngas) generation, FT synthesis, and refining of the synthetic crude (syncrude). Fischer−Tropsch refineries differ regarding the product upgrading, and both transportation fuels and chemicals can be produced. Regarding the FT refinery history, the configuration of each refinery also reflects the requirements of the fuel specification at that time. This paper gives a condensed overview of how Fischer−Tropsch facilities changed during the last 70 years and focuses in particular on the diesel fuel produced. Some conceptual flow schemes are additionally presented with emphasis on the combined upgrading of the high boiling part of the FT product spectrum with liquids derived from coal pyrolysis.
Correlating the Crystal Structure of A Thiol-Protected Au25 Cluster and Optical Properties (2008)

The total structure determination of thiol-protected Au clusters has long been a major issue in cluster research. Herein, we report an unusual single crystal structure of a 25-gold-atom cluster (1.27 nm diameter, surface-to-surface distance) protected by eighteen phenylethanethiol ligands. The Au25 cluster features a centered icosahedral Au13 core capped by twelve gold atoms that are situated in six pairs around the three mutually perpendicular 2-fold axes of the icosahedron. The thiolate ligands bind to the Au25 core in an exclusive bridging mode. This highly symmetric structure is distinctly different from recent predictions of density functional theory, and it also violates the empirical golden rule "cluster of clusters", which would predict a biicosahedral structure via vertex sharing of two icosahedral M13 building blocks as previously established in various 25-atom metal clusters protected by phosphine ligands. These results point to the importance of the ligand-gold core interactions. The Au25(SR)18 clusters exhibit multiple molecular-like absorption bands, and we find the results are in good correspondence with time-dependent density functional theory calculations for the observed structure.
Eosinophil-mediated mammalian tumor cell cytotoxicity: role of the peroxidase system. (1980)

Abstract Guinea pig eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) had a potent cytotoxic effect on a line of mouse ascites lymphoma cells designated LSTRA when combined with hydrogen peroxide and a halide. Cytotoxic activity, as measured by 51Cr release, was dependent on each component of the EPO-H2O2-halide system, was completely inhibited by catalase, azide, and aminotriazole, and was partially inhibited by cyanide and gelatin under our experimental conditions. The EPO system was more effective at pH 6.0 than at pH 7.0. At pH 7.0 and with added gelatin (0.005%) to reduce background 51Cr release, iodide was the only effective halide with 10-5 M required. Chloride (0.1 M), although ineffective alone under these conditions, significantly increased cytotoxic activity at otherwise ineffective iodide concentrations (10-6 and 10-7 M). At pH 6.0, iodide, bromide, chloride, or thiocyanate ions could be employed as the halide cofactor. Intact guinea pig eosinophils (96% purity), when stimulated by preopsonized zymosan or phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), were cytotoxic to the LSTRA cells. A chloride-containing medium at pH 7.4 was employed; the further addition of iodide was required for optimum cytotoxic activity with both stimuli and was an absolute requirement when zymosan was used. The cytotoxic effect was inhibited by catalase, azide, and aminotriazole but not by cyanide under our experimental conditions. When PMA-stimulated human neutrophils were employed as the effector cells, the effect on the LSTRA cells was comparable to that of eosinophils except that the addition of iodide to the chloride-containing medium did not significantly increase cytotoxicity; and cyanide, like azide, aminotriazole, and catalase, was completely inhibitory. These findings indicate that eosinophils, like neutrophils, are cytotoxic to mammalian tumor cells when appropriately stimulated and suggest that this cytotoxicity can be mediated by the EPO-H2O2-halide system.
Absolute Hydration Free Energy of the Proton from First-Principles Electronic Structure Calculations (2001)

The absolute hydration free energy of the proton, ΔGhyd298(H+), is one of the fundamental quantities for the thermodynamics of aqueous systems. Its exact value remains unknown despite extensive experimental and computational efforts. We report a first-principles determination of ΔGhyd298(H+) by using the latest developments in electronic structure theory including solvation effects. High level ab initio calculations have been performed with a supermolecule-continuum approach based on a recently developed self-consistent reaction field model known as surface and volume polarization for electrostatic interaction (SVPE) or fully polarizable continuum model (FPCM). In the supermolecule-continuum approach, part of the solvent surrounding the solute is treated quantum mechanically and the remaining bulk solvent is approximated by a dielectric continuum medium. With this approach, the calculated results can systematically be improved by increasing the number of quantum mechanically treated solvent molecules. ΔGhyd298(H+) is accurately predicted to be −262.4 kcal/mol based on high-level, first-principles solvation-included electronic structure calculations. The absolute hydration free energies of other ions can be obtained by using appropriate available thermodynamic data in combination with this value. The high accuracy of the predicted absolute hydration free energy of proton is confirmed by applying the same protocol to predict ΔGhyd298(Li+).