gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effective Translation of the Second Cistron in Two Drosophila Dicistronic Transcripts Is Determined by the Absence of In-frame AUG Codons in the First Cistron (2005)

The novel dicistronic transcript encoded by the Drosophila melanogaster stoned gene was recognized as being unusual in that the protein encoded by the first open reading frame, stoned-A (STNA), contains no internal methionine residues in a protein of 93 kDa. The dicistronic nature of the stoned locus and the lack of methionine residues in STNA is conserved across dipteran species. A second methionine-free cistron, encoding Snapin, was identified in Drosophila and also found to be dicistronic, the second open reading frame (ORF) encoding a methyltransferase. We have replaced the methyltransferase cistron with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and used this dicistronic construct to show that the GFP cistron is translated in Drosophila S2 cells. The insertion of in-frame AUG codons into the snapin ORF attenuates the translation of GFP, and the level of attenuation correlates with the number of inserted AUGs. Increasing the efficiency of translation-initiation of the Snapin cistron also attenuates the translation of GFP. This indicates that failure to initiate translation at the first AUG allows ribosomes to scan through the Snapin ORF and to initiate translation of the second cistron, unless new AUG codons are inserted. These data are used to interpret the expression of the stoned locus and in particular, to explain the altered stoned protein levels in the stoned-temperature-sensitive mutant allele, which replaces a lysine with a methionine codon early in the first, stonedA, cistron.
Interleukin-1β and TNF-α Act in Synergy to Inhibit Longitudinal Growth in Fetal Rat Metatarsal Bones (2004)

We show that IL-1beta and TNF-alpha act in synergy to locally suppress longitudinal growth, an effect that can be partially reversed by IGF-I. Although growth hormone (GH)/IGF-I may improve longitudinal growth in children with chronic inflammatory diseases, our results suggest that the inflammatory process itself must be targeted to achieve normal growth.
Selective destabilization of short-lived mRNAs with the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor AU-rich 3' noncoding region is mediated by a cotranslational mechanism. (1993)

The 3' noncoding region element (AUUUA)n specifically targets many short-lived mRNAs for degradation. Although the mechanism by which this sequence functions is not yet understood, a potential link between facilitated mRNA turnover and translation has been implied by the stabilization of cellular mRNAs in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitors. We therefore directly investigated the role of translation on mRNA stability. We demonstrate that mRNAs which are poorly translated through the introduction of stable secondary structure in the 5' noncoding region are not efficiently targeted for selective destabilization by the (AUUUA)n element. These results suggest that AUUUA-mediated degradation involves either a 5'--&gt;3' exonuclease or is coupled to ongoing translation of the mRNA. To distinguish between these two possibilities, we inserted the poliovirus internal ribosome entry site, which promotes internal ribosome initiation, downstream of the 5' secondary structure. Translation directed by internal ribosome binding was found to fully restore targeted destabilization of AUUUA-containing mRNAs despite the presence of 5' secondary structure. This study therefore demonstrates that selective degradation mediated by the (AUUUA)n element is coupled to ribosome binding or ongoing translation of the mRNA and does not involve 5'-to-3' exonuclease activity.
Effects of Azithromycin on Glutathione S-Transferases in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Cells (2008)

Anti-inflammatory properties of azithromycin (AZM) have been proposed as possible mechanisms of clinical beneficial effects in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Altered glutathione (GSH) transport in cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR)-deficient cells leads to the occurrence of oxidative stress that finally induces glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity. The present investigation was aimed to verify the effects of AZM on GST activity and expression in CF airway cells in vitro and in vivo. AZM exposure significantly decreased GSTT1 and GSTM1 mRNA and protein expression in IB3-1, restoring the levels to those observed in non-CF C38 cells, which also express lower levels of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity than IB3-1. In another CF cell line, 2CFSMEo-, AZM produced 45% reduction in GSTT1 and GSTM1 mRNA levels. AZM reduced GST activity by approximately 25% and 40% in IB3-1 and 2CFSMEo- cells, respectively. GSTP1 was similarly expressed in all CF and non-CF cells and was unaffected by AZM. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 down-modulated GST activity at similar levels, supporting a link between GST inhibition and anti-inflammatory properties of AZM. In bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of CF mice homozygous for the F508 del mutation, GSTM1 protein levels were undetectable after AZM treatment. The association between increased GST expression and activity, together with its reversal by AZM treatment in vitro and in vivo, suggest novel antioxidant properties for this drug. The issue whether decreased GST activity may directly concur to anti-inflammatory properties of AZM or is rather a marker of the oxidative status of CF cells will require additional studies.
VXA: a virtual architecture for durable compressed archives (2005)

Data compression algorithms change frequently, and obsolete decoders do not always run on new hardware and operating systems, threatening the long-term usability of content archived using those algorithms. Re-encoding content into new formats is cumbersome, and highly undesirable when lossy compression is involved. Processor architectures, in contrast, have remained comparatively stable over recent decades. VXA, an archival storage system designed around this observation, archives executable decoders along with the encoded content it stores. VXA decoders run in a specialized virtual machine that implements an OS-independent execution environment based on the standard x86 architecture. The VXA virtual machine strictly limits access to host system services, making decoders safe to run even if an archive contains malicious code. VXA's adoption of a native processor architecture instead of type-safe language technology allows reuse of existing hand-optimized decoders in C and assembly language, and permits decoders access to performance-enhancing architecture features such as vector processing instructions. The performance cost of VXA's virtualization is typically less than 15% compared with the same decoders running natively. The storage cost of archived decoders, typically 30-130KB each, can be amortized across many archived files sharing the same compression method.
Genetic Analysis of Cytoprotective Functions Supported by Graded Expression of Keap1 (2010)

Keap1 regulates Nrf2 activity in response to xenobiotic and oxidative stresses. Nrf2 is an essential regulator of cytoprotective genes. Keap1-null mice are lethal by weaning age due to malnutrition caused by severe hyperkeratosis of the upper digestive tract. Analysis of Keap1::Nrf2 double mutant mice revealed that currently recognizable phenotypes of Keap1-null mice are all attributable to constitutive activation of Nrf2. We previously reported that hepatocyte-specific Keap1 knockout (Keap1(flox/-)::Albumin-Cre) mice are viable and more resistant to acute toxicity of acetaminophen (APAP). In the current study, we found that the floxed Keap1 allele is hypomorphic and that Keap1 expression was decreased in all examined tissues of Keap1(flox/-) mice. Taking advantage of the hypomorphic phenotype of Keap1(flox/-) mice, we examined the effects of graded reduction of Keap1 expression in adult mice. When challenged with APAP, Keap1(flox/-) mice were more protected from mortality than wild-type and even Keap1(flox/-)::Albumin-Cre mice. In contrast, a decrease in Keap1 levels to less than 50% resulted in increased mortality in a study of 2-year-old mice. These results support our contention that the benefits of Nrf2 activation in acute toxicity are hormetic and that constitutive Nrf2 activation beyond a certain threshold is rather disadvantageous to long-term survival.
A 65-nm low power ECG feature extraction system (2015)

This paper presents a real-time adaptive ECG detection and delineation algorithm alongside an architecture based on time-domain signal processing of the ECG signal. The algorithm is enhanced to detect large number of different P-QRS-T waveform morphologies using adaptive search windows and adaptive threshold levels. The proposed architecture has been implemented in the state-of-the-art 65-nm CMOS technology. It occupied 0.03416 mm2 area and consumed 0.614 mW power. Furthermore, the non-complex nature of the architecture resulted with a realization using smaller number of computation and higher performance. The design of the QRS detector was tested on ECG records obtained from the Physionet QT database and achieved a sensitivity of Se =99.83% and a positive predictivity of P <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> = 98.65%. Similarly, the mean error values of the T peak, T offset, P peak and P offset were found to be -1.367, 6.36, 5.5 and -2.59 milliseconds, respectively, using the same database. The small area, low power, and high performance of our architecture makes it suitable for inclusion in System On Chips (SOCs) targeting wearable mobile medical devices.
AN EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE FOR REDUCING PAPR OF OFDM SYSTEM IN THE PRESENCE OF NONLINEAR HIGH POWER AMPLIFIER (2008)

Peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the serious problems in any wireless communication system using multicarrier modulation technique like OFDM, which reduces the efficiency of the transmit high power amplifier. In this paper, proposed scheme will be introduced that combines interleaving method with peak windowing method. With the proposed scheme, the simulation results show that, the PAPR is reduced by 3.5 dB. Moreover Eb/N0, is decreased more than 3 dB at bit error rate (BER)=10mnplus3 in the presence of nonlinear power amplifier.
Immunohistochemical study of basement membrane proteins and type III procollagen in myelofibrosis (1986)

In this study the distribution of type IV collagen in the marrow is compared with that of laminin, another basement membrane protein. In addition, incompletely processed type III procollagen is identified with specific antibodies. In normal bone marrow the distribution of the type III procollagen antigen closely resembles that of reticulin staining. In all the myelofibrotic samples, representing both early and advanced disease, the fibrous tissue stains heavily for this antigen. Thus type III procollagen which has not completely lost its aminoterminal propeptide is a genuine component of the extracellular matrix fibres in human bone marrow. Laminin is found with type IV collagen in continuous basement membranes in arterial walls, whereas only discontinuous strips of staining are seen along the sinusoids in normal marrow. In myelofibrosis the dilated or obliterated sinusoids have thickened or continuous basement membranes, visible with both stainings. Neovascularization also increases the extent of basement membrane staining in fibrotic marrow. With respect of these antigens, there is no difference between primary and secondary myelofibrosis. These changes warrant the use of serum antigens related to type IV collagen and to type III procollagen as markers for developing myelofibrosis.
Photochromic polyphosphazenes with spiropyran units (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotochromic polyphosphazenes with spiropyran unitsHarry R. Allcock and Chulhee KimCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 10, 2846–2851Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00010a032https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00010a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views613Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Substrate specificity of protein kinase C (1986)

Although the Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent protein kinase, protein kinase C, has a broad substrate specificity in vitro, the enzyme appears considerably less promiscuous in vivo. To date only a handful of proteins have been identified as physiological substrates for this protein kinase. In order to determine the basis for this selectivity for substrates in intact cells, we have probed the substrate primary sequence requirements of protein kinase C using synthetic peptides corresponding to sites of phosphorylation from four of the known physiological substrates. We have also identified the acetylated N-terminal serine of chick muscle lactate dehydrogenase as an in vitro site of phosphorylation for this protein kinase. These comparative studies have demonstrated that, in vivo, the enzyme exhibits a preference for one basic residue C-terminal to the phosphorylatable residue, as in the sequence: Ser/Thr-Xaa-Lys/Arg, where Xaa is usually an uncharged residue. Additional basic residues, both N and C-terminal to the target amino acid, enhance the Vmax and Km parameters of phosphorylation. None of the peptides based on physiological phosphorylation sites of protein kinase C was an efficient substrate of cAMP-dependent protein kinase, emphasizing the distinct site-recognition selectivities of these two pleiotropic protein kinases. The favorable kinetic parameters of several of the synthetic peptides, coupled with their selectivity for phosphorylation by protein kinase C, will facilitate the assay of this enzyme in the presence of other protein kinases in tissue and cell extracts.
An Introduction to Sonoelectrochemistry (2012)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction to Ultrasound and Sonochemistry Applications of Power Ultrasound through Direct Vibrations Applications of Power Ultrasound through Cavitation Electrochemistry Sonoelectrochemistry – The Application of Ultrasound in Electrochemistry Examples of the Effect of Ultrasound on Electrochemical Processes under Mass Transport Conditions Experimental Methods for Sonoelectrochemistry References
Model Team in the ICU: does the implementation of intensive care assistants affect ICU nursing activity? (2011)

The healthcare workforce shortage is a global phenomenon, especially in the ICU. Use of a register nurse-unlicenced assistive personal model is an undeniable reality that fills the void created. Model Team is a structured training program for healthcare assistants to expand their role, facilitating them to perform nursing tasks that require nursing skill and knowledge. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether the Model Team approach could reduce bedside nursing activities.
LCSTS: A Large Scale Chinese Short Text Summarization Dataset (2015)

Automatic text summarization is widely regarded as the highly difficult problem, partially because of the lack of large text summarization data set. Due to the great challenge of constructing the large scale summaries for full text, in this paper, we introduce a large corpus of Chinese short text summarization dataset constructed from the Chinese microblogging website Sina Weibo, which is released to the public 1 . This corpus consists of over 2 million real Chinese short texts with short summaries given by the author of each text. We also manually tagged the relevance of 10,666 short summaries with their corresponding short texts. Based on the corpus, we introduce recurrent neural network for the summary generation and achieve promising results, which not only shows the usefulness of the proposed corpus for short text summarization research, but also provides a baseline for further research on this topic.
Vectors for cancer gene therapy (1998)

In recent years there has been a dramatic increase in developing gene therapy approaches for the treatment of cancer. In principle, gene therapy involves the transfer of foreign genetic material into a patient in an effort to treat a particular disease (Mulligan, 1993). The two events which have permitted the formulation of the concept of cancer gene therapy are the new understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying oncogenesis and the development of the DNA-delivery vehicles, or vectors. It was initially thought that successful gene therapy would require that pre-existing defects be corrected in every cancer cell. However, in recent years it has become clear that a high level of transient gene expression in even a limited number of the target cells could also be potentially beneficial. Many approaches to cancer gene therapy have been proposed, and many viral and nonviral vectors have been utilized. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the biology, construction and unique characteristics of some of the commonly used vectors, and some of the preclinical studies that have been performed with them. The problems associated with these vectors, and future considerations pertaining to vector development for the gene therapy of cancer are also discussed. The clinical protocols utilizing these vectors are discussed in various chapters throughout the book.
Objective clinical assessment of motor function after experimental spinal cord injury in the rat (1977)

A new method was developed for the clinical assessment of motor function in rats after experimental spinal cord injury. The method consists of placing the animal on an inclined plane which can be adjusted to provide a slope of varying grade, and then assessing the maximum angle of the plane at which the animal can maintain its position without falling. The method was used to quantitate motor function in normal rats and in rats subjected to myelectomy, and consistently showed major differences between the two groups. The method has many positive features: the plane is easy to construct and of low cost; and the test is rapid, non-invasive, repeatable, and consistent.
The human growth hormone receptor. Secretion from Escherichia coli and disulfide bonding pattern of the extracellular binding domain. (1990)

A gene fragment encoding the extracellular domain of the human growth hormone (hGH) receptor from liver was cloned into a plasmid under control of the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase promoter and the heat-stable enterotoxin (StII) signal peptide sequence. Strains of E. coli expressing properly folded hGH binding protein were identified by blotting colonies with 125I-hGH. The E. coli strain capable of highest expression (KS330) secreted 10 to 20 mg/liter of culture of properly processed and folded hGH receptor fragment into the periplasmic space. The protein was purified to near homogeneity in 70 to 80% yield (in tens of milligram amounts) using ammonium sulfate precipitation, hGH affinity chromatography, and gel filtration. The unglycosylated extracellular domain of the hGH receptor has virtually identical binding properties compared to its natural glycosylated counterpart isolated from human serum, suggesting glycosylation is not important for binding of hGH. The extracellular binding domain codes for 7 cysteines, and we show that six of them form three disulfide bonds. Peptide mapping studies show these disulfides are paired sequentially to produce short loops (10-15 residues long) as follows: Cys38-Cys48, Cys83-Cys94, and Cys108-Cys122. Cys241 is unpaired, and mutagenic analysis shows that the extreme carboxyl end of the receptor fragment (including Cys241) is not essential for folding or binding of the protein to hGH. High level expression of this receptor binding domain and its homologs in E. coli will greatly facilitate their detailed biophysical and structural analysis.
Combination of Two but Not Three Current Targeted Drugs Can Improve Therapy of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2009)

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a cancer of the hematopoietic system and has been treated with the drug Imatinib relatively successfully. Drug resistance, acquired by mutations, is an obstacle to success. Two additional drugs are now considered and could be combined with Imatinib to prevent resistance, Dasatinib and Nilotinib. While most mutations conferring resistance to one drug do not confer resistance to the other drugs, there is one mutation (T315I) that induces resistance against all three drugs. Using computational methods, the combination of two drugs is found to increase the probability of treatment success despite this cross-resistance. Combining more than two drugs, however, does not provide further advantages. We also explore possible combination therapies using drugs currently under development. We conclude that among the targeted drugs currently available for the treatment of CML, only the two most effective ones should be used in combination for the prevention of drug resistance.
CMOS-compatible surface-micromachined suspended-spiral inductors for multi-GHz silicon RF ICs (2002)

Fully CMOS-compatible, highly suspended spiral inductors have been designed and fabricated on standard silicon substrates (1/spl sim/30 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm in resistivity) by surface micromachining technology (no substrate etch involved). The RF characteristics of the fabricated inductors have been measured and their equivalent circuit parameters have been extracted using a conventional lumped-element model. We have achieved a high peak Q-factor of 70 at 6 GHz with inductance of 1.38 nH (at 1 GHz) and a self-resonant frequency of over 20 GHz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest Q-factor ever reported on standard silicon substrates. This work has demonstrated that the proposed microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) inductors can be a viable technology option to meet the today's strong demands on high-Q on-chip inductors for multi-GHz silicon RF ICs.
In situ oxidation of a thin layer of Ge on Si(001): Observation of GeO to SiO2 transition (1993)

A thin layer of Ge grown on Si(001) surface is oxidized in situ and investigated using XPS, AES, RHEED, and MEIS. The samples used are, Ge layer formed by deposition at room temperature and SiGe mixed layer formed by deposition at 550 °C. Oxidation at 250 °C of the RT grown layer leads to the formation of GeO and on heating the surface to 360 °C, oxygen bonds with Si forming SiO2, thereby reducing GeO to elemental Ge. In the epitaxially grown layer (grown at 550 °C), after oxidation, SiO2 and a small amount of GeO are formed. Similar reaction takes place on this surface also, forming SiO2 as the final product on the surface. In the RT grown layer, after oxidation, MEIS shows evidence for the diffusion of Si through the Ge layer towards the surface.