gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunization with cross-conserved H1N1 influenza CD4+T-cell epitopes lowers viral burden in HLA DR3 transgenic mice (2013)

The emergence of the pandemic H1N1 strain of influenza in 2009 was associated with a unique w-shaped age-related susceptibility curve, with higher incidence of morbidity and mortality among young persons and lower incidence among older persons, also observed during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Pre-existing H1N1 antibodies were not cross-reactive with the prior seasonal vaccine, forcing influenza experts to scramble to develop a new vaccine specific for the pandemic virus. We hypothesized that response to T-cell epitopes that are cross-conserved between pandemic H1N1 and the 2008 seasonal influenza vaccine strains might have contributed to partial protection from clinical illness among older adults, despite the lack of cross-reactive humoral immunity. Using immunoinformatics tools, we previously identified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes that were highly conserved between seasonal and pandemic H1N1. Here, we validated predicted CD4(+) T-cell epitopes for their ability to bind HLA and to stimulate interferon-γ production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a cohort of donors presenting with influenza-like illness during the 2009 pandemic and a separate cohort immunized with trivalent influenza vaccine in 2011. A limited-epitope heterologous DNA-prime/peptide-boost vaccine composed of these sequences stimulated immune responses and lowered lung viral loads in HLA DR3 transgenic mice challenged with pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza. Cross-priming with conserved influenza T-cell epitopes such as these may be critically important to T cell-mediated protection against pandemic H1N1 in the absence of cross-protective antibodies.
The - and -subunits are required for expression of catalytic activity in the hetero-dimeric glucosidase II complex from human liver (2000)

The alpha- and beta-subunits of the hetero-dimeric glucosidase II complex from human liver were cloned and expressed in COS-1 cells. The 4106 bp full-length cDNA for the alpha-subunit contained a 2835 bp ORF encoding a 107 kDa polypeptide. The 2095 bp cDNA for the beta-subunit encodes a approximately 60 kDa protein in a continuous 1605 bp ORF. The alpha- and beta-subunits each contain two potential Asn-Xaa-Thr/Ser acceptor sites, with only one site in the alpha-subunit (Asn97) being glycosylated. Additional lambda-clones were isolated for each subunit containing in-frame insertions/deletions within the coding region, indicating alternative splicing. Analysis of different human tissues revealed approximately 4.4 kb and approximately 2.4 kb transcripts for alpha- and beta-subunit, respectively, consistent with their full-length cDNA. Coexpression of the alpha- and beta-subunits in COS-1 cells resulted in >4-fold increase of glucosidase II activity. An inactive protein was obtained, however, after transfection with the alpha-subunit alone, showing that both subunits are essential for expression of active glucosidase II. The observation that the enzyme, previously purified from pig liver and lacking the beta-subunit, was catalytically active indicates that the beta-subunit is involved in alpha-subunit maturation rather than being required for enzymatic activity once the alpha-subunit has acquired its mature form. The alpha-subunit is expressed in COS-1 cells as an ER-located protein, whether inactive or part of a catalytically active complex. This suggests that ER-localization of the alpha-subunit, when associated with the dimeric enzyme complex, is mediated by the C-terminal HDEL-signal in the beta-subunit, whereas the apparently incompletely folded form of the inactive alpha-subunit could be retained in the ER by the putative "glycoprotein-specific quality control machinery. "
DRYING OILS AND RESINS (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDRYING OILS AND RESINSTheodore F. Bradley and William B. JohnstonCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1940, 32, 6, 802–809Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50366a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50366a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views142Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Is genotype 3 of the hepatitis C virus the new villain? (2013)

Currently available data suggest that we should increase our efforts to understand the virology and pathogenesis of HCV genotype 3, aiming at better and more potent, genotype-targeted treatments.
Expansion of Protective CD8+T-Cell Responses Driven by Recombinant Cytomegaloviruses (2004)

CD8(+) T cells are critical for the control of many persistent viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus (CMV). In most infections, large CD8(+)-T-cell populations are induced early but then contract and are maintained thereafter at lower levels. In contrast, CD8(+) T cells specific for murine CMV (MCMV) have been shown to gradually accumulate after resolution of primary infection. This unique behavior is restricted to certain epitopes, including an immunodominant epitope derived from the immediate-early 1 (IE1) gene product. To explore the mechanism behind this further, we measured CD8(+)-T-cell-mediated immunity induced by recombinant MCMV-expressing epitopes derived from influenza A virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus placed under the control of an IE promoter. We observed that virus-specific CD8(+)-T-cell populations were induced and that these expanded gradually over time. Importantly, these CD8(+) T cells provided long-term protection against challenge without boosting. These results demonstrate a unique pattern of accumulating T cells, which provide long-lasting immune protection, that is independent of the initial immunodominance of the epitope and indicates the potential of T-cell-inducing vaccines based on persistent vectors.
The quantitative analysis of mammographic densities (1994)

Quantitative classification of mammographic parenchyma based on radiological assessment has been shown to provide one of the strongest estimates of the risk of developing breast cancer. Existing classification schemes, however, are limited by coarse category scales. In addition, subjectivity can lead to sizeable interobserver and intraobserver variations. Here, we propose an interactive thresholding technique applied to digitized film-screen mammograms, which assesses the proportion of the mammographic image representing radiographically dense tissue. Observers viewed images on a CRT display and selected grey-level thresholds from which the breast and regions of dense tissue in the breast were identified. The proportion of radiographic density was then calculated from the image histogram. The technique was evaluated for the mammograms of 30 women and is well correlated (R > 0.91, Spearman coefficient) with a six-category subjective classification of radiographic density by radiologists. The technique was found to be very reliable with an intraclass correlation coefficient between observers typically R > 0.9. This technique may have a role in routine mammographic analysis for the purpose of assessing risk categories and as a tool in studies of the etiology of breast cancer, in particular for monitoring changes in breast parenchyma during potential preventive interventions.
Mechanism of Action of Alpha-Methylene-Gamma-Lactone Derivatives of Substituted Nucleic Acid Bases in Tumour Cells (1989)

Some alpha-methylene-gamma-lactone derivatives of substituted nucleic acid bases, which showed significant antitumour activity against experimental tumours, were tested for their possible mechanism of action. Derivatives 1, 4 and 7 strongly inhibit active transport of uridine through sarcoma-180 ascites tumour cells. Derivatives 1, 7 and 10 strongly inhibit a translation process in these cells, besides apparent inhibition in transcription. It appears that active transport and translation might be the primary steps inhibited by these drugs.
Understanding opioid tolerance in cancer pain. (2002)

Nursing knowledge of tolerance is important to provide the basis for accurate patient assessment, education, and pain management.
Biocatalytic Conversion of Avermectin to 4"-Oxo-Avermectin: Heterologous Expression of the ema1 Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase (2005)

The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Ema1 from Streptomyces tubercidicus R-922 and its homologs from closely related Streptomyces strains are able to catalyze the regioselective oxidation of avermectin into 4"-oxo-avermectin, a key intermediate in the manufacture of the agriculturally important insecticide emamectin benzoate (V. Jungmann, I. Molnár, P. E. Hammer, D. S. Hill, R. Zirkle, T. G. Buckel, D. Buckel, J. M. Ligon, and J. P. Pachlatko, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:6968-6976, 2005). The gene for Ema1 has been expressed in Streptomyces lividans, Streptomyces avermitilis, and solvent-tolerant Pseudomonas putida strains using different promoters and vectors to provide biocatalytically competent cells. Replacing the extremely rare TTA codon with the more frequent CTG codon to encode Leu4 in Ema1 increased the biocatalytic activities of S. lividans strains producing this enzyme. Ferredoxins and ferredoxin reductases were also cloned from Streptomyces coelicolor and biocatalytic Streptomyces strains and tested in ema1 coexpression systems to optimize the electron transport towards Ema1.
Cell autonomy of expression of neurogenic genes of Drosophila melanogaster. (1987)

In embryos of Drosophila melanogaster the development of a pluripotent cell in the neurogenic ectoderm as a member of either a neural or an epidermal lineage depends on its interactions with neighboring cells. Certain genes, designated neurogenic, participate in this process in that there is a deficiency of epidermal histotypes in mutant embryos lacking neurogenic gene functions. To test the cell autonomy of expression of the neurogenic phenotype, individual cells were transplanted from the neurogenic ectoderm of mutant donor embryos into wild-type host embryos. Cells transplanted from donors homozygous for any of several mutant alleles of the neurogenic genes amx, N, bib, mam, neu, and Dl were found to give rise to clones exhibiting a distribution of neural and epidermal histotypes similar to that of the wild type. By contrast, cells transplanted from donors homozygous for loss of the neurogenic E(spl) gene gave rise exclusively to clones of neural histotypes. Thus, only the expression of E(spl) is autonomous, with that of all of the other tested neurogenic genes being nonautonomous. These results are consistent with the inference that the nonautonomous genes provide a source and the autonomous gene provides a receptor of a hypothetical intercellular regulatory signal that is necessary for cell commitment to an epidermal rather than neural fate.
Ultrafine fibers electrospun from biodegradable polymers (2003)

Abstract Biodegradable poly( l ‐lactide) (PLLA) and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) were electrospun into ultrafine fibers. The technological parameters influencing the spinning process and morphology of the fibers obtained were examined. These parameters included solvent composition, addition of certain organic salts, molecular weight and concentration of the polymers, capillary diameter, air ventilation, and pressure imposed on the surface of the solution as well as electrostatic field. By properly choosing and adjusting these parameters, submicron PLLA and PCL fibers with a narrow diameter distribution were prepared. Scanning electronic microscopy was used to observe the morphology and diameter size of the fibers. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 1085–1092, 2003
Principles of Optical Disc Systems (1986)

"Principles of Optical Disc Systems." Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics, 33(6), p. 687
Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling (2012)

Mononuclear phagocyte plasticity includes the expression of functions related to the resolution of inflammation, tissue repair and remodelling, particularly when these cells are set in an M2 or an M2-like activation mode. Macrophages are credited with an essential role in remodelling during ontogenesis. In extraembryonic life, under homeostatic conditions, the macrophage trophic and remodelling functions are recapitulated in tissues such as bone, mammary gland, decidua and placenta. In pathology, macrophages are key components of tissue repair and remodelling that occur during wound healing, allergy, parasite infection and cancer. Interaction with cells bearing stem or progenitor cell properties is likely an important component of the role of macrophages in repair and remodelling. These properties of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage may represent a tool and a target for therapeutic exploitation.
Panoptic Segmentation (2019)

We propose and study a task we name panoptic segmentation (PS). Panoptic segmentation unifies the typically distinct tasks of semantic segmentation (assign a class label to each pixel) and instance segmentation (detect and segment each object instance). The proposed task requires generating a coherent scene segmentation that is rich and complete, an important step toward real-world vision systems. While early work in computer vision addressed related image/scene parsing tasks, these are not currently popular, possibly due to lack of appropriate metrics or associated recognition challenges. To address this, we propose a novel panoptic quality (PQ) metric that captures performance for all classes (stuff and things) in an interpretable and unified manner. Using the proposed metric, we perform a rigorous study of both human and machine performance for PS on three existing datasets, revealing interesting insights about the task. The aim of our work is to revive the interest of the community in a more unified view of image segmentation. For more analysis and up-to-date results, please check the arXiv version of the paper: https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00868.
Cytokines in acute and chronic inflammation (1997)

Inflammation is mediated by a variety of soluble factors, including a group of secreted polypeptides known as cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines can be divided into two groups: those involved in acute inflammation and those responsible for chronic inflammation. This review describes the role played in acute inflammation by IL-1, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-11, IL-8 and other chemokines, G-CSF, and GM-CSF. It also describes the involvement of cytokines in chronic inflammation. This latter group can be subdivided into cytokines mediating humoral responses such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, and IL-13, and those mediating cellular responses such as IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, interferons, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha and beta. Some cytokines, such as IL-1, significantly contribute to both acute and chronic inflammation. This review also summarizes features of the cell-surface receptors that mediate the inflammatory effects of the described cytokines.
(20$ \bar 2 $1) MOVPE and HVPE GaN grown on 2″ patterned sapphire substrates (2014)

Abstract (20‐21) GaN was grown on (22‐43) patterned sapphire substrates by MOVPE and subsequently overgrown in a HVPE growth step. By using fairly c‐plane growth conditions and adjusting the reactor temperature of the particular layers, GaN stripes free of any parasitic islands were grown by MOVPE. X‐ray measurements confirmed a very promising crystal quality. It turned out, that the stripes are formed by (10‐11) and (0001) facets, which seems to be the most stable facets during growth. Via HVPE overgrowth, the single stripes coalesce and form a flaky surface. A fairly high growth rate of about 142 μm per hour was achieved. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transcription pausing by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase is modulated by downstream DNA sequences. (1990)

Escherichia coli RNA polymerase pauses immediately after transcription of certain sequences that can form stable secondary structures in the nascent RNA transcript; pausing appears to be essential for several types of bacterial transcription attenuation mechanisms. Because base changes that weaken the RNA secondary structures reduce the half-life of pausing by RNA polymerase, nascent transcript RNA hairpins are thought to cause pausing at these sites. We show here that, for the well characterized trpL pause site, the determinants of transcription pausing are not limited to the RNA hairpin, but include the not-yet-transcribed sequence of DNA immediately downstream from the pause site. We show that this effect extends to bases up to fourteen nucleotides downstream from the pause site, that placement of a oligo(dT) tract in the nontranscribed strand in this region does not convert the pause site to a termination site, and that shifting the position of pausing by one nucleotide downstream almost eliminates pausing. From an analysis of many variants of this downstream sequence, we argue that the effect of downstream sequence is not related simply to its GC content. We suggest that these effects are mediated by altered interactions between RNA polymerase and the DNA template downstream from the enzyme's active site.
Influence of supplementation on behavior of grazing cattle (1993)

Dormant grasses are usually deficient in nutrients needed to meet cattle requirements. Research results indicate that grazing activities are sensitive to some environmental variables and vegetative (sward) characteristics; however, minimal information is available on the influence of supplementation regimens on cattle grazing activities. Supplementation studies reviewed had forage N levels that ranged from .9 to 1.2% and forage intakes that ranged from 12.3 to 31.0 g of OM/kg of BW. Protein supplementation affected (P < .05) time spent grazing: unsupplemented (NS) cattle grazed approximately 1.5 h/d more than did supplemented (S) cattle. Type of supplemental protein and time of daily feeding did not affect (P > .10) this response. Different types and timing of starch-based supplements produced variable results; however, increasing the level of supplemental starch decreased (P < .05) daily grazing time. Protein supplementation increased (P < .05) harvesting efficiency (HE; grams of forage intake.kilogram of BW-1.minute spent grazing-1); however, high-starch supplements either did not alter (P > .10) or decreased (P < .05) HE compared with NS. Progressive defoliation can influence grazing behavior in both sheep and cattle grazing actively growing forage; however, evaluation of vegetative characteristics of dormant forage and the corresponding effect on grazing behavior are not known. The effects of various grazing management strategies on cattle behavior are inconclusive and deserve additional attention. Methods and (or) management practices that modify behaviors to control feed intake, improve efficiency, or reduce stress could be major contributions to the livestock industry.
Cervicomedullary compression in achondroplasia (1994)

Six patients with achondroplasia and symptoms suggestive of cervicomedullary junction compression are reviewed; these included three females and three males, with an average age of 8 years (range 7 months to 30 years). The mean duration of symptoms prior to intervention was 1.9 years. Symptoms included occipitocervical pain, ataxia, incontinence, apnea, and respiratory arrest. Radiological investigations consisted of plain films with flexion and extension views, pluridirectional tomography, thin-section computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Typical findings included marked foramen magnum stenosis, ventrolateral cervicomedullary junction compression secondary to central and paramesial basilar invagination, and dorsal cervicomedullary junction compression secondary to ligamentous hypertrophy and invagination of the posterior atlantal arch. All patients underwent posterior fossa decompression and atlantal laminectomy. Surgery consistently revealed marked dorsal and paramesial overgrowth of the rim of the rim of the foramen magnum, with thickening and invagination of the atlantal posterior arch and a dense fibrotic epidural band resulting in dorsal cervicomedullary compression. Intraoperative ultrasonography was used to determine the extent of decompression required. Three patients required duraplasty. Three patients had concurrent hydrocephalus, two of whom had undergone ventriculoperitoneal shunting prior to surgical decompression of the posterior fossa. One patient developed a pseudomeningocele postoperatively, requiring serial lumbar punctures before it resolved. No patient developed craniovertebral instability following decompression. Improvement or resolution of symptoms was noted in all patients, with an average follow-up period of 4.8 years. Thus, cervicomedullary compression in patients with achondroplasia can be successfully treated with dorsal decompression of the craniovertebral junction. Dense epidural fibrotic bands are frequently noted in these cases and must be aggressively released to ensure satisfactory decompression.
PTEN deficiency: a role in mammary carcinogenesis (2001)

The PTEN gene is often mutated in primary human tumors and cell lines, but the low rate of somatic PTEN mutation in human breast cancer has led to debate over the role of this tumor suppressor in this disease. The involvement of PTEN in human mammary oncogenesis has been implicated from studies showing that germline PTEN mutation in Cowden disease predisposes to breast cancer, the frequent loss of heterozygosity at the PTEN locus, and reduced PTEN protein levels in sporadic breast cancers. To assay the potential contribution of PTEN loss in breast tumor promotion, Li et al. [1] crossed Pten heterozygous mice with mouse mammary tumor virus-Wnt-1 transgenic (Wnt-1 TG, Pten+/-) mice. Mammary ductal carcinoma developed earlier in Wnt-1 TG, Pten+/- mice than in mice bearing either genetic change alone, and showed frequent loss of the remaining wild-type PTEN allele. These data indicate a role for PTEN in breast tumorigenesis in an in vivo model.