gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral, Osmotic Minipump, and Intramuscular Administration to Sheep of the Veratrum Alkaloid Cyclopamine (1989)

Logistic and biologic aspects of three separate means of administration of cyclopamine for experimental induction of terata or embryonic death in sheep were examined. Oral capsule administration of crystalline cyclopamine is logistically simple and biologically effective, but costly in terms of amount of compound required. Embryos were affected in five of seven ewes dosed cyclopamine orally at higher levels (four nonpregnant and one with cyclopia). Intramuscular administration of cyclopamine dissolved in ethanol was logistically simple but without biologic effect at levels tested. Three of three treated ewes had normal offspring. Osmotic minipump administration of powdered cyclopamine suspended in propylene glycol was logistically unsatisfactory with serious delivery complications. Osmotic minipump administration of cyclopamine dissolved in ethanol was logistically very satisfactory, and one ewe among three treated animals was nonpregnant at term. There were no nonpregnant ewes nor deformed offspring in 17 controls.
NMDA Receptor Antagonist Felbamate Reduces Behavioral Deficits and Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability Changes after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in the Rat (2007)

Increased levels of glutamate and aspartate have been detected after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) that correlate with neurological status. The NMDA receptor antagonist felbamate (FBM; 2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate) is an anti-epileptic drug that elicits neuroprotective effects in different experimental models of hypoxia-ischemia. The aim of this dose-response study was to evaluate the effect of FBM after experimental SAH in rats on (1) behavioral deficits (employing a battery of assessment tasks days 1-5 post-injury) and (2) blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability changes (quantifying microvascular alterations according to the extravasation of protein-bound Evans Blue by a spectrophotofluorimetric technique 2 days post-injury). Animals were injected with 400 muL of autologous blood into the cisterna magna. Within 5 min, rats received daily oral administration of FBM (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg) for 2 or 5 days. Results were compared with sham-injured controls treated with oral saline or FBM (15, 30, or 45 mg/kg). FBM administration significantly ameliorated SAH-related changes in Beam Balance scores on days 1 and 2 and Beam Balance time on days 1-3, Beam Walking performance on days 1 and 2, and Body Weight on days 3-5. FBM also decreased BBB permeability changes in frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and cerebellar cortices; subcortical and cerebellar gray matter; and brainstem. This study demonstrates that, in terms of behavioral and microvascular effects, FBM is beneficial in a dose-dependent manner after experimental SAH in rats. These results reinforce the concept that NMDA excitotoxicity is involved in the cerebral dysfunction that follows SAH.
Regulation of T cell autocrine growth. T4+ cells become refractory to interleukin 2. (1986)

During the course of investigating the regulation of IL-2-dependent T cell proliferation, we found that the subset of human T cells expressing the T4 surface glycoprotein become refractory to IL-2 growth promotion earlier than T8+ cells. Since T4+ cells proliferate in an autocrine fashion to endogenous IL-2, whereas most T8+ cells respond in a paracrine fashion to IL-2 derived from T4+ cells, we thought it likely that a unique mechanism was operative to restrict T4+ cell IL-2-dependent autocrine proliferation. Moreover, we anticipated that the T4+ cell IL-2-refractory state related either to suppression by T8+ cells, or to expression of T4+ cell IL-2-R. However, several experimental approaches did not support either of these mechanisms as being responsible for the loss of T4+ cell IL-2 responsiveness. Isolated T4+ cells ceased to respond to IL-2 well before T8+ cells, and before the disappearance of adequate levels of IL-2-R. Moreover, a detailed comparison of IL-2-R expression by T4+ vs. T8+ cells revealed no differences in the number, affinity, rate of expression, or functional activity of high-affinity IL-2-R expressed by the two subsets. Accordingly, T4+ cell autocrine IL-2 responsiveness is restricted by a mechanism that is independent of IL-2-R, and which ultimately results in cessation of both T4+ and T8+ cell IL-2-dependent clonal expansion.
Co‐overexpression of fibroblast growth factor 3 and epidermal growth factor receptor is correlated with the development of nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (2005)

These results suggest that co-overexpression of FGF3 and EGFR may play an important role in the pathogenesis of lung carcinoma.
A humanized model of experimental autoimmune uveitis in HLA class II transgenic mice (2003)

Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a disease of the neural retina induced by immunization with retinal antigens, such as interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP) and arrestin (retinal soluble antigen, S-Ag). EAU serves as a model for human autoimmune uveitic diseases associated with major histocompatibility complex (HLA) genes, in which patients exhibit immunological responses to retinal antigens. Here we report the development of a humanized EAU model in HLA transgenic (TG) mice. HLA-DR3, -DR4, -DQ6, and -DQ8 TG mice were susceptible to IRBP-induced EAU. Importantly, HLA-DR3 TG mice developed severe EAU with S-Ag, to which wild-type mice are highly resistant. Lymphocyte proliferation was blocked by anti-HLA antibodies, confirming that antigen is functionally presented by the human MHC molecules. Disease could be transferred by immune cells with a Th1-like cytokine profile. Antigen-specific T cell repertoire, as manifested by responses to overlapping peptides derived from S-Ag or IRBP, differed from that of wild-type mice. Interestingly, DR3 TG mice, but not wild-type mice, recognized an immunodominant S-Ag epitope between residues 291 and 310 that overlaps with a region of S-Ag recognized by uveitis patients. Thus, EAU in HLA TG mice offers a new model of uveitis that should represent human disease more faithfully than currently existing models.
Determination of interstellar helium parameters from theULYSSES-NEUTRALGAS experiment: Method of data analysis (1996)

The GAS instrument on board the ULYSSES spacecraft has, for the first time, measured directly the interstellar flux of helium atoms in the inner solar system. From the locally measured angular distribution of the flux, the task is to derive the five parameters of the Maxwellian distribution function: density, bulk velocity vector, and temperature describing the state of the interstellar helium outside of the heliosphere, “at infinity". To accomplish this, a new method for the data analysis has been developed that employs Tarantola's approach. In the inverse problem considered a solution is found by optimizing (minimizing) the sum of squared residuals between the measured counts and the count numbers derived from a computer simulation. The mathematical formulation of this method is described in detail. The method proved to be reliable and robust in that it always finds a solution. In two extreme, but still typical cases of actual measurements the power but also the limitations of the method are demonstrated. The solution obtained can either be unique, e.g. for measurements taken in the helium cone at 1.5 AU, or belongs, in cases of larger heliocentric distances and outside of the cone, to a one-dimensional family of equally acceptable helium parameters. To obtain a unique solution in the latter, ill-determined problem, further information is required, which can be achieved by combining measurements that are taken during sufficiently different conditions, e.g. downwind or crosswind with respect to the helium flow (comparable to the tomography problem). Three different approaches to this problem have been investigated. The confidence factor of a solution is estimated by a standard test and the error bars are determined from the covariance matrix. Also, the dependence of the solutions on systematic errors in a number of input parameters, such as background level, ionization rate, spacecraft attitude and efficiency function of the detector is studied.
Transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations or thiol compounds. (1984)

When intact cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were treated with alkali cations or thiol compounds, the cells gained the ability to take up plasmid DNAs. The transformation efficiencies of yeast cells treated with alkali cations was greatly influenced by both the kind and concentration of cation used. The transformation efficiency also varied depending on the yeast strain. Polyethylene glycol was indispensable for the transformation. The uptake of plasmid DNAs into the yeast cells was found only in the presence of this polymer. Based on these results, the properties of transformation of intact yeast cells treated with alkali cations or thiol compounds were discussed.
Orthogonal frequency division multiple access in WiMAX and LTE: a comparison (2012)

Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access has been adopted by both the WiMAX and Long Term Evolution standards, which are the two main contenders in the 4G wireless scenario. In this article, we do a detailed comparison of the implementation of OFDMA in LTE and WiMAX. The multiuser diversity advantage of OFDMA is well used in LTE, whereas the frequency diversity advantage is nicely exploited in WiMAX. The physical layer overhead in LTE is significantly better than in WiMAX. The network entry process of an LTE mobile is simpler than in a WiMAX mobile. In addition, LTE systems are expected to react faster to changes in the traffic and channel conditions due to the smaller frame times. However, the OFDMA design in WiMAX will cater for more extreme channel conditions, which is perhaps more than what is expected in practice as our investigation reveals.
To the Editors (1993)

Senior Consultant, The Poison Center, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA Medical Director, The Poison Center, Associate Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Medical College of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA
Studies on Antiulcer Drugs. V. Synthesis and Antiulcer Activity of Aralkylbenzazoles. (1992)

A series of 2-alkylamino-5- or 6-aralkyl-substituted benzazoles were synthesized and tested for histamine H2-receptor antagonist and anti-stress ulcer activities. These new compounds showed little or no histamine H2-receptor antagonist activity in contrast to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine analogues (I). On antiulcer assay, however, some pyridine derivatives (II) exerted higher activity than the reference compounds, sofalcone, sucralfate and cimetidine. The structure-activity relationships of these compounds are discussed.
2D wavelet transforms with a spatially adaptive 2D low pass filter (2004)

Wavelet transforms that have an adaptive low pass filter are useful in applications where it requires the signal singularities, sharp transitions and image edges to be left intact in low pass subbands. In such applications it is vital to have low pass subbands that are not affected with smoothing artifacts associated with uniform low pass filtering. Previously, we presented a framework for designing 1D wavelets that have a spatially adaptive low pass filter using the prediction first lifting scheme, in which the adaptivity decisions are computed using wavelet (high pass) coefficients and no bookkeeping is required for the perfect reconstruction. In this paper, we extend the 1D scheme to design 2D wavelets that have a spatially adaptive low pass filter. We use 2D polyphase matrix of the corresponding 2D separable transform and compute the 2D lifting factorization steps. This scheme leads to non separable 2D adaptivity decisions, which is the preferred case for images, as opposed to the separable 2D realization using 1D transforms.
A Handheld Texel Camera for Acquiring Near-Instantaneous 3D Images (2007)

A Texel camera is a device which synchronously captures depth information via a ladar and digital imagery of the same scene. The ladar and digital camera are co-boresighted to eliminate parallax. This configuration fuses the ladar data to the digital image at the pixel level, eliminating complex post-processing to register the datasets. This paper describes a handheld version of a Texel Camera which can be used to create near-instantaneous 3D imagery. The hardware configuration of the Texel Camera, issues and method associated with ladar/camera calibration, and representative imagery are presented.
Fast proton spectroscopic imaging of human brain using multiple spin‐echoes (1993)

We introduce a multi-echo multi-slice MR proton spectroscopic imaging method, which allows for a dramatic reduction of the measurement time by acquiring multiple spin-echoes within a single repetition time. In the multi-echo multi-slice experiment discussed in this paper, a threefold reduction in measurement time is obtained by sacrificing some spectral resolution. Signal-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution are preserved. Metabolite images of N-acetyl aspartate, and total choline+total creatine from multiple slices through the human brain are presented and compared with images obtained with a conventional single-echo multi-slice method.
Higher Than Normal Plasma Interleukin-6 Concentrations in Cancer Patients With Depression: Preliminary Findings (2001)

Higher than normal plasma IL-6 concentrations were associated with a diagnosis of major depression in cancer patients. IL-6 may contribute to sickness behavior that has overlapping symptoms with major depression.
The Hippocampus Codes the Uncertainty of Cue–Outcome Associations: An Intracranial Electrophysiological Study in Humans (2009)

Learning to predict upcoming outcomes based on environmental cues is essential for adaptative behavior. In monkeys, midbrain dopaminergic neurons code two statistical properties of reward: a prediction error at the outcome and uncertainty during the delay period between cues and outcomes. Although the hippocampus is sensitive to reward processing, and hippocampal-midbrain functional interactions are well documented, it is unknown whether it also codes the statistical properties of reward information. To address this question, we recorded local field potentials from intracranial electrodes in human hippocampus while subjects learned to associate cues of slot machines with various monetary reward probabilities (P). We found that the amplitudes of negative event-related potentials covaried with uncertainty at the outcome, being maximal for P = 0.5 and minimal for P = 0 and P = 1, regardless of winning or not. These results show that the hippocampus computes an uncertainty signal that may constitute a fundamental mechanism underlying the role of this brain region in a number of functions, including attention-based learning, associative learning, probabilistic classification, and binding of stimulus elements.
Paracrine induction of angiogenesis in vitro by Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts (1993)

During angiogenesis, normally quiescent endothelial cells that line existing microvessels are induced to invade the surrounding extracellular matrix and to form capillary sprouts in response to paracrine factors released by neighboring cell types. In an attempt to mimic the physiological conditions under which angiogenesis is triggered in vivo, we have designed two co-culture systems that are suitable for the study of paracrine interactions between microvascular endothelial cells and cell types that might produce angiogenic factors. In the first model, cells to be co-cultured with endothelial cells were suspended within a collagen gel and overlaid with an additional collagen gel devoid of cells, onto which bovine microvascular endothelial cells were subsequently seeded and grown to confluence. In the second model, a small collagen gel disc containing a suspension of endothelial cells was embedded into a larger, cell-free collagen gel disc, which in turn was surrounded by an annular collagen gel containing other cell types. We show that Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and their 3T3-L1 substrain induce the formation of capillary-like tubes by endothelial cells in these co-culture systems, whereas Balb 3T3 cells, as well as a number of other fibroblasts and epithelial cells, lack this ability. Thus, endothelial cells grown on a collagen gel containing Swiss 3T3 or 3T3-L1 cells invaded the underlying matrix to form a network of interconnecting tubules. In addition, Swiss 3T3 and 3T3-L1 cells stimulated extensive radial outgrowth of tubular sprouts from the periphery of endothelial-cell-containing collagen discs. Conditioned medium from Swiss 3T3 cells mimicked the effect of co-culture by inducing formation of capillary-like tubes, and also increased plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells. Conditioned medium from Balb 3T3 cells, in contrast, lacked these activities. Preliminary evidence suggests that the factor(s) in Swiss 3T3 conditioned medium that induces tubule formation by endothelial cells may be different from a number of well-characterized angiogenic cytokines. The co-culture systems described here should prove to be useful for the identification of physiological regulators of angiogenesis produced by various cell types.
Control of lipase-mediated glycerolysis reactions with butter oil in dual liquid phase media devoid of organic solvent (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTControl of lipase-mediated glycerolysis reactions with butter oil in dual liquid phase media devoid of organic solventBaokang. Yang, W. James. Harper, and Kirk L. ParkinCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1993, 41, 11, 1905–1909Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00035a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00035a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views61Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quorum Sensing in Bacteria (2001)

Quorum sensing is the regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density. Quorum sensing bacteria produce and release chemical signal molecules called autoinducers that increase in concentration as a function of cell density. The detection of a minimal threshold stimulatory concentration of an autoinducer leads to an alteration in gene expression. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria use quorum sensing communication circuits to regulate a diverse array of physiological activities. These processes include symbiosis, virulence, competence, conjugation, antibiotic production, motility, sporulation, and biofilm formation. In general, Gram-negative bacteria use acylated homoserine lactones as autoinducers, and Gram-positive bacteria use processed oligo-peptides to communicate. Recent advances in the field indicate that cell-cell communication via autoinducers occurs both within and between bacterial species. Furthermore, there is mounting data suggesting that bacterial autoinducers elicit specific responses from host organisms. Although the nature of the chemical signals, the signal relay mechanisms, and the target genes controlled by bacterial quorum sensing systems differ, in every case the ability to communicate with one another allows bacteria to coordinate the gene expression, and therefore the behavior, of the entire community. Presumably, this process bestows upon bacteria some of the qualities of higher organisms. The evolution of quorum sensing systems in bacteria could, therefore, have been one of the early steps in the development of multicellularity.
Studies on deprotection of cysteine and selenocysteine side‐chain protecting groups (2006)

We present here a simple method for deprotecting p-methoxybenzyl groups and acetamidomethyl groups from the side-chains of cysteine and selenocysteine. This method uses the highly elecrophilic, aromatic disulfides 2,2'-dithiobis(5-nitropyridine) (DTNP) and 2,2'-dithiodipyridine (DTP) dissolved in TFA to effect removal of these heretofore difficult-to-remove protecting groups. The dissolution of these reagents in TFA, in fact, serves to 'activate' them for the deprotection reaction because protonation of the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring makes the disulfide bond more electrophilic. Thus, these reagents can be added to any standard cleavage cocktail used in peptide synthesis.The p-methoxybenzyl group of selenocysteine is easily removed by DTNP. Only sub-stoichiometric amounts of DTNP are required to cause full removal of the p-methoxybenzyl group, with as little as 0.2 equivalents necessary to effect 70% removal of the protecting group. In order to remove the p-methoxybenzyl group from cysteine, 2 equivalents of DTNP and the addition of thioanisole was required to effect removal. Thioanisole was absolutely required for the reaction in the case of the sulfur-containing amino acids, while it was not required for selenocysteine. The results were consistent with thioanisole acting as a catalyst. The acetamidomethyl group of cysteine could also be removed using DTNP, but required the addition of > 15 equivalents to be effective. DTP was less robust as a deprotection reagent. We also demonstrate that this chemistry can be used in a simultaneous cyclization/deprotection reaction between selenocysteine and cysteine residues protected by p-methoxybenzyl groups to form a selenylsulfide bond, demonstrating future high utility of the deprotection method.
Nucleotide sequence and replication characteristics of RepFIB, a basic replicon of IncF plasmids (1989)

A second autonomous replicon of P307, RepFIB, has been isolated that has significant homology with other replicons in IncFI group plasmids. Eleven homologous repeats of 21 base pairs are present on the sequence and flank an open reading frame capable of coding for a protein of about Mr = 40,000. This protein was identified by maxicell analysis of cloned RepFIB. A series of deletion mutations of RepFIB were inserted into a DNA polymerase I-dependent vector and examined for their replication proficiency in a polA1 strain. These experiments defined a minimal replication region of 1.6 kilobases which includes the three repeats immediately upstream and downstream of the open reading frame. Deletion of a second set of repeats further downstream doubled the copy number of a chimeric plasmid replicating under RepFIB control. It was concluded that these repeats control the copy number of the replicon. Incompatibility tests showed that all three sets of repeats could express incompatibility with a resident RepFIB plasmid.