gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The significance of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, its inhibitors, and its receptor in ascites of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (1995)

Secreted uPAR/uPA appears to measure tumor burden and predicts prolonged DFI and survival, but was not found to be an independent prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. High levels of PAI-1 in ascites were independently associated with prolonged DFI among Stage 3 patients. Therefore, secreted uPAR and PAI-1 may modulate uPA activity and lead to improved outcome. This contrasts with the finding that secreted PAI-2 is an independent factor indicating poor prognosis, which may relate in part to the actions of CSF-1. This study emphasizes the importance of uPA, its receptor, and its inhibitors in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer.
Different expression of protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunits in normal and neoplastic thyroid tissues. (2015)

The four regulatory subunits (R1A, R1B, R2A, R2B) of protein kinase A (PKA) are differentially expressed in several cancer cell lines and exert distinct roles in both cell growth and cell differentiation control. Mutations of the PRKAR1A gene have been found in patients with Carney complex and in a minority of sporadic anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate the expression of different PKA regulatory subunits in benign and non benign human thyroid tumours and to correlate their expression with clinical phenotype. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significant increase in PRKAR2B expression in both differentiated and undifferentiated (anaplastic) thyroid tumors in comparison with normal thyroid tissues. Conversely, a significant increase in PRKAR1A expression was only demonstrated in undifferentiated thyroid carcinomas in comparison with normal thyroid tissue and differentiated thyroid tumors. In thyroid cancers without lymph nodal metastases PRKAR1A expression was higher in tumours of more than 2 cm in size (T2 and T3) compared to smaller ones (T1). In conclusion, our data shows that an increased PRKAR1A expression is associated with aggressive and undifferentiated thyroid tumors.
Robust Flexible Capacitive Surface Sensor for Structural Health Monitoring Applications (2012)

Early detection of possible defects in civil infrastructure is vital to ensuring timely maintenance and extending structure life expectancy. The authors recently proposed a novel method for structural health monitoring based on soft capacitors. The sensor consisted of an off-the-shelf flexible capacitor that could be easily deployed over large surfaces, the main advantages being cost-effectiveness, easy installation, and allowing simple signal processing. In this paper, a capacitive sensor with tailored mechanical and electrical properties is presented, resulting in greatly improved robustness while retaining measurement sensitivity. The sensor is fabricated from a thermoplastic elastomer mixed with titanium dioxide and sandwiched between conductive composite electrodes. Experimental verifications conducted on wood and concrete specimens demonstrate the improved robustness, as well as the ability of the sensing method to diagnose and locate strain.
Extracellular Matrix Degradation and the Role of Hepatic Stellate Cells (2001)

Following liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) become activated and express a combination of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific tissue inhibitors (TIMPs). In the early phases of liver injury (and primary cell culture), HSCs transiently express MMP-3, MMP-13, and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) and exhibit a matrix-degrading phenotype. In the later stages of liver injury and HSC activation, the pattern changes and the cells express a combination of MMPs that have the ability to degrade normal liver matrix, while inhibiting degradation of the fibrillar collagens that accumulate in liver fibrosis. This pattern is characterized by the combination of pro-MMP-2 and membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP expression, which drive pericellular generation of active MMP-2 and local degradation of normal liver matrix. In addition there is a marked increase in expression of TIMP-1 leading to a more global inhibition of degradation of fibrillar liver collagens by interstitial collagenases (MMP-1/MMP-13). These pathways play a significant role in the progression of liver fibrosis. Following cessation of liver injury, the pattern reverses and TIMP-1 in particular is rapidly downregulated. This phase is characterized by increasing activity of collagenases, degradation of liver matrix, and regression of liver fibrosis.
Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease (2006)

This study describes important differences in the development of the humoral immune response between pigs that get subclinically infected with PCV2 and pigs that experience a high level of PCV2-replication which in 3 of 4 experiments led to the development of PMWS. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of a PCV2-infection.
Fluorescent Charge-Neutral Analogue of Xanthosine:  Synthesis of a 2‘-Deoxyribonucleoside Bearing a 5-Aza-7-deazaxanthine Base (2001)

A concise route is described to prepare the 5-aza-7-deazapurine 2'-deoxyriboside (4), which presents the puADA hydrogen-bonding pattern, analogous to the hydrogen-bonding pattern presented by 2'-deoxyxanthosine (2). The route begins with the commercially available 1-alpha-chloro-2-deoxy-3-5-bistoluoyloxyribofuranose (10), which proves to be a versatile point of entry to beta-2'-deoxyribofuranosides. In the first step, 2-nitroimidazole (8) is coupled with 10 to yield intermediate 11. Reduction of the nitro group to an amino group yields 12, which is treated with phenyl isocyanatoformate to complete the nucleobase to yield 13. Removal of the toluoyloxy protecting groups of 13 yields the target nucleoside 4 in 40% overall yield in four steps. In an alternative strategy, convergent coupling of 14 with 10 under basic conditions was attempted but found to yield the heterocycle glycosylated at the undesired position. Compound 13 displays potentially useful fluorescence properties. After excitation at 250 nm, a solution of 13 in MeCN shows a fluorescence emission with a maximum at 410 nm. Furthermore, 13 is neutral at physiological pH, a property that it shares with natural nucleobases but not xanthosine itself, which is an acid with a pK(a) of ca. 5.6. Furthermore, as part of the design, 4 is made capable of presenting an unshared pair of electrons to the DNA minor groove.
Circular dichroism spectra and molecular geometry of six-membered ring anhydrides and imides (1988)

Several six-membered ring anhydrides and imides of known absolute configuration have been synthesized and their c.d. spectra measured. It has been established that the shape of the c.d. curves of anhydrides is generally similar to those of the corresponding imides. The Cotton effect sign of relatively rigid bicyclic compounds is correctly predicted by the octant rule. The c.d. spectra of substituted glutaric anhydrides and imides are discussed in terms of the conformational equilibria between half-boat and twist-boat conformers. The geometries and relative energies of these forms have been calculated by the molecular mechanics method.
Haemopoietic growth factors (1988)

Erythropoietin, GM-colony-stimulating factor and G-colony-stimulating factor are the first recombinant haemopoietic growth factors to reach clinical use. There are a number of additional haemopoietic regulators that have now been cloned and are being mass-produced with a view to clinical use. The next decade should witness exciting advances in the clinical treatment of haematological diseases and infections that will be comparable with those that were seen last with the introduction of effective treatments for pernicious anaemia.
Aligning and attaching a lens to an optical fiber using light pressure force (1993)

We demonstrate two simple and inexpensive methods of using the force exerted by the light transmitted through an optical fiber to center a lens on the fiber core with submicrometer accuracy. By choosing the appropriate lens one can either focus, collimate, or defocus the light emerging from the fiber. We discuss extensions of this technique to a wider variety of lenses and light sources, including semiconductor lasers.
RNA Vaccines in Cancer Treatment (2010)

The Cancer Report from the World Health Organization states that in the year 2000 12% of all death cases worldwide were caused by cancer. In the western world, the cancer death rates are often devastating, being at about 25%. This fact stresses the urgency to find effective cures against malignant diseases. New approaches in the treatment of cancer focus on the development of immunotherapies to fight the disease. Besides other methods, the usage of tumor-specific RNA as part of vaccines is investigated lately. RNA, administered alone or used for transfection of dendritic cells, shows several advantages as a vaccine including feasibility, applicability, safeness, and effectiveness when it comes to the generation of immune responses. This review concentrates on results from in vitro experiments and recent trials using RNA vaccines to present an overview about this specific strategy.
Images—Images—Images (1991)

We are all aware thai we live in an age of information technology and thai pictorial images form a large part of that new technology.Photography todays means colour prints—about 45 billion colour prints every year world-wide, in the UK the figure is about six million pictures every day. But this, it small compared with the number of frames taken on motion picture film and we can double the number if we include the frames nken with electronic video cameras. The number of pictures amateurs take each day is tiny compared to the number of photo-copies made each day. It is also small compared to the number of microfilm images thai are taken. In fact the number of images made every day is mind boggling!This paper is an outline of the history of information imaging on film, it considers the way in which electronics, and especially computers, are providing additional facilities in the quest for higher quality images and it concludes by looking at some of the complex systems now available lo capture, store, manipulate and reproduce image electronically.
Functional properties of an agouti signaling protein variant and characteristics of its cognate radioligand (2001)

Agouti signaling protein (ASIP), the human (h) homolog of agouti, is an endogenous melanocortin peptide antagonist. To date, characterization of this protein has been performed with recombinant protein only and without the availability of an ASIP/agouti radioligand. In this report we describe the functional characteristics of a chemically synthesized truncated ASIP variant, ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)], and the binding characteristics of its cognate radioligand, (125)I-ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)]. Similar to full-length recombinant ASIP/agouti, ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)] was a potent inhibitor of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone cAMP generation at the cloned human melanocortin receptor (hMCR) subtypes hMC1R and hMC4R. It also displayed a lesser degree of inhibition at the hMC3R and hMC5R. However, ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)] was found to be less potent than full-length recombinant ASIP and, surprisingly, only exhibited weak inhibitory activity at the hMC2R. In competition binding assays with the radioligand (125)I-ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)], ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)] displayed a hierarchy of binding affinity that roughly paralleled its rank order of inhibitory potency at the various MCR subtypes, i.e., hMC1R approximately hMC4R > hMC3R approximately hMC5R > hMC2R. Structure-activity studies revealed that ASIP-[90-132 (L89Y)] possessed greater pharmacological potency than either the further truncated ASIP variants ASIP-(116-132) or cyclo(CRFFRSAC). Interestingly, the latter molecules were both weak agonists at the hMC1R. These studies further support the concept that ASIP/agouti inhibits melanocortin action by directly binding to target MCRs and provide additional insight into the structural requirements for maximal inhibitory potency.
Resonant cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetectors (1991)

The photosensitivity characteristics of resonant cavity-enhanced (RCE) photodetectors are investigated. The photodetectors were formed by integrating the active absorption region into a resonant cavity composed of top and bottom (buried) mirrors. A general expression for quantum efficiency for RCE photodetectors was derived taking the external losses into account. Drastic enhancement in quantum efficiency is demonstrated at resonant wavelengths for a high quality factor Q cavity with a very thin absorption layer. An improvement by a factor of four in the bandwidth-efficiency product for RCE p-i-n detectors is predicted. Molecular beam epitaxy grown RCE-heterojunction phototransistors (RCE-HPT) were fabricated and measured demonstrating good agreement between experiment and theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
S1 of Distinct IBV Population Expressed from Recombinant Adenovirus Confers Protection Against Challenge (2014)

Protective properties of three distinct infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Ark Delmarva poultry industry (ArkDPI) S1 proteins encoded from replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vectors were investigated. Using a suboptimal dose of each recombinant virus, we demonstrated that IBV S1 amino acid sequences showing > or = 95.8% amino acid identity to the S1 of the challenge strain differed in their ability at conferring protection. Indeed, the S1 sequence of the IBV population previously designated C4 (AdIBVS1.C4), which protected the most poorly, differs from the S1 sequence of population C2 (AdIBVS1.C2), which provided the highest protection, only at amino acid position 56. The fact that a change in one amino acid in this region significantly altered the induction of a protective immune response against this protein provides evidence that the first portion of S1 displays relevant immunoprotective epitopes. Use of an optimal dose of AdIBVS1.C2 effectively protected chickens from clinical signs and significantly reduced viral load after IBV Ark virulent challenge. Moreover, increased numbers of both IgA and IgG IBV-specific antibody secreting lymphocytes were detected in the spleen after challenge. The increased response detected for both IgA and IgG lymphocytes after challenge might be explained by vaccine-induced B memory cells. The fact that a single vaccination with Ad/IBVS1.C2 provides protection against IBV challenge is promising, because Ad-vectored vaccines can be mass delivered by in ovo inoculation using automated in ovo injectors.
NCoR1 Mediates Papillomavirus E8^E2C Transcriptional Repression (2010)

The papillomavirus E2 open reading frame encodes the full-length E2 protein as well as an alternatively spliced product called E8;E2C. E8;E2C has been best studied for the high-risk human papillomaviruses, where it has been shown to regulate viral genome levels and, like the full-length E2 protein, to repress transcription from the viral promoter that directs the expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes. The repression function of E8;E2C is dependent on the 12-amino-acid N-terminal sequence from the E8 open reading frame (ORF). In order to understand the mechanism by which E8;E2C mediates transcriptional repression, we performed an unbiased proteomic analysis from which we identified six high-confidence candidate interacting proteins (HCIPs) for E8;E2C; the top two are NCoR1 and TBLR1. We established an interaction of E8;E2C with an NCoR1/HDAC3 complex and demonstrated that this interaction requires the wild-type E8 open reading frame. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown studies demonstrated the involvement of NCoR1/HDAC3 in the E8;E2C-dependent repression of the viral long control region (LCR) promoter. Additional genetic work confirmed that the papillomavirus E2 and E8;E2C proteins repress transcription through distinct mechanisms.
[Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1) in vaginal secretion as a marker of premature rupture of amniotic membranes]. (1999)

Diagnosis of premature rupture of amniotic membranes in premature pregnancy allows to estimate dangers which threaten foetus and pregnant woman and helps to put into practice the most accurate therapeutics procedures. The aim of this study was to prove the clinical usefulness of test detecting insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in vaginal secretion for diagnose of premature rupture of amniotic membranes and compare the sensiviteness and specificity the above test with Gram stained vaginal smears. We examined group of 50 pregnant women between 25 and 42 week of pregnancy treated in Department of Fertility and Obstetrics Medical University of Wrocław. Pregnant women were divided into 3 groups. In each of them both tests were performed to diagnose premature rupture of amniotic membranes. Achieved scores shows that Amni Check is specific and sensitive test detecting even insignificant premature rupture of amniotic membranes and has higher sensitivity comparing with common method used until now for detection of premature rupture of amniotic membranes based on Gramm stained vaginal secretion.
PEG-Detachable Polyplex Micelles Based on Disulfide-Linked Block Catiomers as Bioresponsive Nonviral Gene Vectors (2008)

PEG-based polyplex micelles, which can detach the surrounding PEG chains responsive to the intracellular reducing environment, were developed as nonviral gene vectors. A novel block catiomer, PEG-SS-P[Asp(DET)], was designed as follows: (i) insertion of biocleavable disulfide linkage between PEG and polycation segment to trigger PEG detachment and (ii) a cationic segment based on poly(aspartamide) with a flanking N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl group, P[Asp(DET)], in which the Asp(DET) unit acts as a buffering moiety inducing endosomal escape with minimal cytotoxicity. The polyplex micelles from PEG-SS-P[Asp(DET)] and plasmid DNA (pDNA) stably dispersed in an aqueous medium with a narrowly distributed size range of approximately 80 nm due to the formation of hydrophilic PEG palisades while undergoing aggregation by the addition of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) at the stoichiometric charge ratio, indicating the PEG detachment from the micelles through the disulfide cleavage. The PEG-SS-P[Asp(DET)] micelles showed both a 1-3 orders of magnitude higher gene transfection efficiency and a more rapid onset of gene expression than PEG-P[Asp(DET)] micelles without disulfide linkages, due to much more effective endosomal escape based on the PEG detachment in endosome. These findings suggest that the PEG-SS-P[Asp(DET)] micelle may have promising potential as a nonviral gene vector exerting high transfection with regulated timing and minimal cytotoxicity.
Methotrexate and emerging therapies. (2000)

More publications in the medical literature have described the clinical efficacy and toxicity of methotrexate (MTX) than of any other drug ever used for rheumatic diseases. A knowledgeable clinical can thus rely on evidence-based medicine to guide the use of this agent. Because MTX is not remission-inducing, many new therapies are being combined with it in order to achieve a greater therapeutic response. This trend will likely continue and expand as more novel agents are introduced.
Failure of differentiation of the nuclear-perinuclear skeletal complex in the round-headed human spermatozoa. (1990)

Acrosomeless round-headed spermatozoa from three men were studied under electron microscopy and indirect immunofluorescene microscopy using the anti-calicin antibody that recognizes a basic protein of the sperm perinuclear theca (Longo et al., 1987). Electron microscopy revealed the existence of anomalies of the nuclear envelope, the nuclear matrix underlying the nuclear envelope, and the perinuclear layer. The absence of sperm labeling with the anti-calicin antibody confirmed that the formation of the perinuclear theca was impaired. Data obtained from both mature spermatozoa and ejaculated spermatids suggest that i) round-headed sperm head anomalies result from a failure of differentiation of the sperm-specific skeletal complex related to the nucleus, and ii) the acrosome spreading over the nucleus, the nuclear elongation and the post-acrosomal sheath formation are dependent on such nuclear-perinuclear differentiations. In contrast, chromatin condensation, cytokinesis and some events of the acrosomal shaping appear not to depend on those nuclear-related differentiations. The possible processes allowing the maintenance of the sperm head structures and their subsequent morphogenesis are discussed.
The measurement of textual coherence with latent semantic analysis (1998)

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) is used as a technique for measuring the coherence of texts. By comparing the vectors for 2 adjoining segments of text in a high‐dimensional semantic space, the method provides a characterization of the degree of semantic relatedness between the segments. We illustrate the approach for predicting coherence through reanalyzing sets of texts from 2 studies that manipulated the coherence of texts and assessed readers’ comprehension. The results indicate that the method is able to predict the effect of text coherence on comprehension and is more effective than simple term‐term overlap measures. In this manner, LSA can be applied as an automated method that produces coherence predictions similar to propositional modeling. We describe additional studies investigating the application of LSA to analyzing discourse structure and examine the potential of LSA as a psychological model of coherence effects in text comprehension.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Isoprene from Dimethylallyl Diphosphate in Aspen Leaf Extracts (1991)

Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) leaf extracts contain a newly discovered enzyme activity that catalyzes the magnesium ion-dependent elimination of diphosphate from dimethylallyl diphosphate with rearrangement to form isoprene (2-methyl, 1-3-butadiene). This isoprene synthase activity has been partially purified. The nonenzymatic reaction of dimethylallyl diphosphate to isoprene, known to be acid catalyzed, may be insignificant at physiological pH. In contrast, the enzymatic reaction may be responsible for the majority of light-dependent isoprene production by isoprene-emitting plants.