gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Effects of Tetrahydroaminoacridine and Lithium on Cholinergic Function After Excitotoxic Basal Forebrain Lesions in Rat (1999)

Effects of lithium and tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), either alone or in combination, were tested in an animal model of excitotoxic cholinergic deafferentation of the cerebral cortex. Rats received ibotenic acid lesions of cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei resulting in a 30% to 40% depletion of both cortical choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Lithium as well as THA, given separately either prior or subsequently to the development of the lesion, had small but significant effects on the recovery of cortical ChAT and AChE activity. Applied in combination, these drugs clearly showed synergistic effects. These potentiating actions might be due to neuroprotective/ neurotrophic mechanisms as well as to effects on acetylcholine turnover and muscarinic receptor-coupled phosphoinositide turnover. Similar approaches of combination therapy might prove useful for the management of mental disorders associated with cholinergic dysfunction.
Preparation and properties of bovine factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) (1980)

Factor VIII has been purified approximately 300000-fold from bovine plasma by ammonium sulfate fractionation, glycine precipitation, DEAE-Sephadex column chromatography, sulfate--Sepharose column chromatography, Sephadex G-200 gel filtration, and factor X--Sepharose column chromatography. The highly purified preparation migrated as a triplet on sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with apparent molecular weights of 93000, 88000, and 85000. The coagulant activity of the purified preparations was inhibited by antibodies raised in rabbits against either the purified factor VIII protein or a preparation of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor. Antibodies to the purified protein also inhibited the coagulant activity of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor preparations. The purified factor VIII contained no platelet-aggregating activity, as measured in human platelet-rich plasma. The purified preparation of factor VIII was required for the activation of factor X in the presence of factor IXa, calcium, and phospholipid. It was activated about 30-fold by thrombin or factor Xa plus calcium and phospholipid, and each of these reactions was accompanied by a change in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of the protein. Factor VIII was rapidly inactivated by bovine-activated protein C in a reaction requiring calcium and phospholipid. This reaction was also associated with a change in the sodium dodecyl sulfate/urea--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern of the highly purified protein. These experiments involving three highly specific serine proteases support the conclusion that the triplet observed on polyacrylamide gels is factor VIII.
DirekteN-Arylierung von Amiden: Eine Verbesserung der Goldberg-Reaktion (1985)

Direct N-Arylation of Amides: An Improvement of the Goldberg-Reaction: The copper-catalyzed N-arylation of amides, the Goldberg reaction, usually requires drastic reaction conditions and produces only moderate yields of the desired products. Much better results can be achieved by modifying the reaction conditions, We used copper on silica as a catalyst and potassium acetate as a base and continuously removed the resulting acetic acid from the reaction mixture. In this way we gained high, in some cases nearly quantitative yields of the arylated or heteroarylated products.
Effects of repetitive bursts of vagal activity on atrioventricular junctional rate in dogs (1979)

A stable atrioventricular (AV) junctional rhythm was produced in open-chest dogs by injecting pentobarbital into the sinus node artery. When the cervical vagus nerves were stimulated repetitively, the junctional pacemaker cells tended to become synchronized with the vagal activity. During such synchronization, the junctional rate varied directly rather than inversely with the frequency of vagal stimulation. The magnitude of the chronotropic response depended on the timing of the vagal stimuli within the cardiac cycle. In 9 dogs, when the mean heart periods were plotted as a function of the R-st intervals (i.e., the time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization to the beginning of the stimulus burst), the mean heart periods varied from a maximum of 1,815 ms to a minimum of 1,160 ms, depending on the R-st interval. A small change in the R-st interval was capable of evoking a relatively large change in cycle length. Therefore, the impulses from various efferent vagal fibers to the AV junction must arrive almost synchronously, the released acetylcholine must be removed rapidly, and the sensitivity of the pacemaker cells to acetylcholine must change rapidly at some critical time during the cardiac cycle.
Jammed hard-particle packings: From Kepler to Bernal and beyond (2010)

Understanding the characteristics of jammed particle packings provides basic insights into the structure and bulk properties of crystals, glasses, and granular media and into selected aspects of biological systems. This review describes the diversity of jammed configurations attainable by frictionless convex nonoverlapping (hard) particles in Euclidean spaces and for that purpose it stresses individual-packing geometric analysis. A fundamental feature of that diversity is the necessity to classify individual jammed configurations according to whether they are locally, collectively, or strictly jammed. Each of these categories contains a multitude of jammed configurations spanning a wide and (in the large system limit) continuous range of intensive properties, including packing fraction $\ensuremath{\phi}$, mean contact number $Z$, and several scalar order metrics. Application of these analytical tools to spheres in three dimensions (an analog to the venerable Ising model) covers a myriad of jammed states, including maximally dense packings (as Kepler conjectured), low-density strictly jammed tunneled crystals, and a substantial family of amorphous packings. With respect to the last of these, the current approach displaces the historically prominent but ambiguous idea of ``random close packing'' with the precise concept of ``maximally random jamming.'' Both laboratory procedures and numerical simulation protocols can and, frequently, have been used for creation of ensembles of jammed states. But while the resulting distributions of intensive properties may individually approach narrow distributions in the large system limit, the distinguishing varieties of possible operational details in these procedures and protocols lead to substantial variability among the resulting distributions, some examples of which are presented here. This review also covers recent advances in understanding jammed packings of polydisperse sphere mixtures, as well as convex nonspherical particles, e.g., ellipsoids, ``superballs,'' and polyhedra. Because of their relevance to error-correcting codes and information theory, sphere packings in high-dimensional Euclidean spaces have been included as well. Some remarks are also made about packings in (curved) non-Euclidean spaces. In closing this review, several basic open questions for future research to consider have been identified.
Comparison of contrast sensitivity and color discrimination after clear and yellow intraocular lens implantation (2005)

The use of blue-light filtering IOLs is more advisable because they are capable of protecting the retina against ultraviolet light without disturbance of contrast sensitivity and chromatic vision, which produces subjective impairment in visual function.
Reduce and Boost: Recovering Arbitrary Sets of Jointly Sparse Vectors (2008)

The rapid developing area of compressed sensing suggests that a sparse vector lying in a high dimensional space can be accurately and efficiently recovered from only a small set of nonadaptive linear measurements, under appropriate conditions on the measurement matrix. The vector model has been extended both theoretically and practically to a finite set of sparse vectors sharing a common sparsity pattern. In this paper, we treat a broader framework in which the goal is to recover a possibly infinite set of jointly sparse vectors. Extending existing algorithms to this model is difficult due to the infinite structure of the sparse vector set. Instead, we prove that the entire infinite set of sparse vectors can be recovered by solving a single, reduced-size finite-dimensional problem, corresponding to recovery of a finite set of sparse vectors. We then show that the problem can be further reduced to the basic model of a single sparse vector by randomly combining the measurements. Our approach is exact for both countable and uncountable sets, as it does not rely on discretization or heuristic techniques. To efficiently find the single sparse vector produced by the last reduction step, we suggest an empirical boosting strategy that improves the recovery ability of any given suboptimal method for recovering a sparse vector. Numerical experiments on random data demonstrate that, when applied to infinite sets, our strategy outperforms discretization techniques in terms of both run time and empirical recovery rate. In the finite model, our boosting algorithm has fast run time and much higher recovery rate than known popular methods.
Mechanisms for High Selectivity in the Hydrodeoxygenation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural over PtCo Nanocrystals (2016)

Carbon-supported, Pt and PtCo nanocrystals (NCs) with controlled size and composition were synthesized and examined for hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Experiments in a continuous flow reactor with 1-propanol solvent, at 120 to 160 °C and 33 bar H2, demonstrated that reaction is sequential on both Pt and PtCo alloys, with 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) formed as an intermediate product. However, the reaction of DMF is greatly suppressed on the alloys, such that a Pt3Co2 catalyst achieved DMF yields as high as 98%. XRD and XAS data indicate that the Pt3Co2 catalyst consists of a Pt-rich core and a Co oxide surface monolayer whose structure differs substantially from that of bulk Co oxide. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the oxide monolayer interacts weakly with the furan ring to prevent side reactions, including overhydrogenation and ring opening, while providing sites for effective HDO to the desired product, DMF. We demonstrate that control over metal nanoparticle size and composition, along with operating conditions, is crucial to achieving good performance and stability. Implications of this mechanism for other reactions and catalysts are discussed.
Activation of resting T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 (T3) antibodies in the absence of monocytes. (1985)

The antigen receptor molecules on human T lymphocytes are noncovalently associated on the cell surface with the CD3 (T3) molecular complex. Perturbation of this complex with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies induces T cell activation. Previous studies have demonstrated that this process requires the participation of monocytes. In the present report, we demonstrate that purified, resting (G0 phase) T cells incubated with monoclonal anti-CD3 antibodies proliferate in response to purified interleukin 2 (IL 2), in a lymphokine dose-dependent fashion. Anti-CD3 antibody or IL 2 alone did not trigger cell division. The effect was specific for anti-CD3 antibodies because monoclonal antibodies reactive with other surface molecules (OKT4, OKT8, L368) were inactive. Furthermore, the same phenomenon was observed when anti-CD3 antibody Leu-4 (IgG1) was incubated with cells of individuals whose monocytes cannot process antibodies of the IgG1 subclass (Leu-4 nonresponders). In addition, both F(ab')2 and Fab fragments of anti-CD3 antibody OKT3 were also capable of rendering T cells receptive to the IL 2 growth signal. These data indicate that neither monocytes nor CD3 receptor cross-linking are required absolutely for resting T cell activation, provided that IL 2 is supplied exogenously. T lymphocytes treated with anti-CD3 antibodies proliferated in response to both purified mitogen-induced and recombinant IL 2. Antibodies to the IL 2 receptor (anti-Tac) inhibited the proliferation. Thus, the most likely mechanism for anti-CD3 antibody-mediated triggering is induction of IL 2 receptors.
Urinary Infection and Complications During Clean Intermittent Catheterization Following Spinal Cord Injury (1984)

A total of 50 patients with recent spinal cord injury secondary to trauma participated in a prospective study of urinary complications during an interval of clean intermittent catheterization at initial hospitalization in a spinal cord injury unit. Patients were assigned randomly to groups receiving or not receiving a prophylactic antibacterial preparation. Both groups were divided further into subgroups in which laboratory infections (bacteriuria more than 100,000 organisms per ml.) were treated with definitive antibiotics or in which antibiotic treatment was given only for clinical infections (fever more than 100F or urethral discharge and bacteriuria). Antibacterial prophylaxis significantly reduced the probability of laboratory infection but not the probability of clinical infection, although a trend was noted toward fewer clinical infections. No significant reduction was noted in the probability of clinical infection in subgroups treated promptly for laboratory infection.
Self-Assembled Monolayer of a Pepstatin Fragment as a Sensing Element for Aspartyl Proteases (2005)

A novel disulfide, which carried two pepstatin fragments at both ends, was prepared by the coupling of 11,11'-dithiobisundecanoic acid (DTUA) with a fragment (Val-Val-Sta) carrying a n-hexyl end (Pepsta(h)). The compound obtained (DTUA-Pepsta(h)) formed a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on a gold electrode and vacuum-evaporated gold thin film as proven by cyclic voltammetry and reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy, respectively. When the SAM-modified gold electrode was incubated with a solution of aspartyl protease, pepsin, a decrease in both anodic and cathodic peak currents and an increase in potential difference were observed in the cyclic voltamogram of hydroquinone as a probe, whereas a coexistence of free pepstatin fragment inhibited these phenomena, indicating the specific binding of pepsin to the fragment at the exterior of the SAM. The binding rate of the enzyme to the SAM was largely dependent on the surface density of the fragment moiety in the SAM. Furthermore, when the SAM of DTUA-Pepsta(h) on a gold colloid array deposited on an amino group-modified glass plate was immersed in a pepsin solution, absorption of the glass plate at 550 nm corresponding to a localized surface plasmon resonance of the gold colloid abruptly increased and slightly red-shifted, and a further addition of pepstatin A gradually decreased the absorbance. From the increasing and decreasing profiles of absorbance, the association constant (K(assoc)) for pepsin with the fragment on the SAM was determined. Similar phenomena were observed upon immersion of the fragment-modified SAM in a solution of HIV-1 protease, suggesting a usability of the pepstatin fragment SAM for the detection and removal of the enzyme from biological fluids.
Rheological Studies of Thermosensitive Triblock Copolymer Hydrogels (2006)

Hydrogel formation by physical cross-linking is a developing area of research toward materials suitable for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Polymers exhibiting lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior in aqueous solution are used in this study to prepare hydrogels. Four triblock copolymers (ABA) with thermosensitive poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide lactate) A-blocks and a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) B-block have been synthesized. The molecular weight of the hydrophilic PEG block was fixed at 10 kDa, whereas the molecular weight of the pHPMAm-lactate block was varied between 10 and 20 kDa. The rheological characteristics of these polymer hydrogels were studied as a function of temperature, concentration, and the length of the thermosensitive blocks. Gelation occurred rapidly upon increasing the temperature to 37 degrees C, which makes this system suitable as an injectable formulation. The gels became stronger with increasing temperature and concentration, and moreover they behaved as critical gels, which means that G' and G' ' follow power laws over the entire frequency range. Surprisingly, with increasing length of the thermosensitive blocks, weaker hydrogels were formed. This trend can be explained by the cross-link density of the physical network, which increases with decreasing length of the thermosensitive blocks.
Matrix Metalloproteinases: Potential Therapeutic Target in Spinal Cord Injury (2001)

Mediators of extracellular matrix proteins degradation, the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), involved in inflammation as well as facilitation of process outgrowth of oligodendrocytes are interesting targets for neural repair. Recent data reported their activation after seizures, cerebral ischemia and spinal cord injury. The present study was designed to localize at cellular level the gelatinase activity by in situ zymography in a rat spinal cord contusion model. The kinetic of gelatinase activation was monitored by in situ zymography on 20 microm cryostat sections. The fluorescein-quenched DQ gelatin digestion yielded cleaved fluorescent peptides enabling the detection of gelatinase activity at cellular level. Twenty four hours and 48 h after injury, a strong gelatinase activity was detected at the lesion site in and around vascular structures and infiltrated cells. A preincubation with either MMP-2 or MMP-9 antibodies significantly decreases the gelatinase activity pattern, suggesting the involvement of at least both MMPs. Our results are consistent with a role for MMPs in the blood spinal barrier disruption, the leukocytes infiltration, the disruption of the extracellular matrix and the clearance of debris.
Trophoblast Differentiation in Embryoid Bodies Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells (2003)

Trophoblast differentiation and early placental development are essential for the establishment of pregnancy, yet these critical events are not readily investigated in human pregnancy. We used embryoid bodies (EBs) prepared from human embryonic stem (hES) cells as an in vitro model of early human development. The levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estradiol-17beta in medium from hES cell-derived EBs grown in suspension culture for 1 wk were higher than unconditioned culture medium or medium from undifferentiated hES cells or spontaneously differentiated hES cell colonies. EBs were explanted into Matrigel (MG) "rafts" and cultured for up to 53 d. During the first 7-10 d of three-dimensional growth in MG, small protrusions appeared on the outer surface of EBs, some of which subsequently extended into multicellular outgrowths. The secretion of hCG, progesterone, and estradiol-17beta began to increase on approximately d 20 of MG culture and remained dramatically elevated over the next 30 d. EBs maintained in suspension culture failed to demonstrate this elevation in hormone secretion. Suspension-cultured and MG-embedded EBs exhibited widespread expression of cytokeratins 7/8, demonstrating extensive epithelial differentiation as well as consistent hCG expression. We propose that hES cell-derived EBs may be a useful model for investigation of human trophoblast differentiation and placental morphogenesis.
Creation of entangled states of distant atoms by interference (1999)

We propose a scheme to create distant entangled atomic states. It is based on driving two (or more) atoms with a weak laser pulse, so that the probability that two atoms are excited is negligible. If the subsequent spontaneous emission is detected, the entangled state is created. We have developed a model to analyze the fidelity of the resulting state as a function of the dimensions and location of the detector, and the motional properties of the atoms.
The Immunoregulatory Protein Human B7H3 is a Tumor-Associated Antigen that Regulates Tumor Cell Migration and Invasion (2008)

The monoclonal antibody (mAb) 376.96 has been used for detection of micrometastatic tumor cells due to its high binding specificity for a wide range of tumor cells, but the identity and function of its target antigen have not been known. Here, using immunoprecipitation and siRNA technology, we demonstrate that the antigen is the human 4Ig-B7H3 (4Ig-hB7H3) protein, previously known as an immunoregulatory protein in immune cells. Immunoblots of whole cell lysates, subcellular fractionation and tunicamycin treatment of human tumor cells indicated that 4Ig-hB7H3 is a approximately 100-kDa N-linked glycosylated membrane protein. The tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) enhanced the expression of 4Ig-hB7H3 in FEMX-I (melanoma), MA11 (breast cancer), and OHS (osteosarcoma) cells, suggesting that 4Ig-hB7H3 may be implicated in tumorigenesis. Most importantly, siRNA-downregulation of hB7H3 reduced cell adhesion to fibronectin of melanoma and breast cancer cells by up to 50 %, and migration and matrigel-invasion by more than 70 %, but surprisingly had no apparent impact on cell proliferation. In conclusion, our data present 4Ig-hB7H3 as a tumor-associated antigen and suggests a novel biological role of 4Ig-hB7H3 in tumor progression and metastasis.
Click Nucleic Acid Ligation: Applications in Biology and Nanotechnology (2012)

Biochemical strategies that use a combination of synthetic oligonucleotides, thermostable DNA polymerases, and DNA ligases can produce large DNA constructs up to 1 megabase in length. Although these ambitious targets are feasible biochemically, comparable technologies for the chemical synthesis of long DNA strands lag far behind. The best available chemical approach is the solid-phase phosphoramidite method, which can be used to assemble DNA strands up to 150 bases in length. Beyond this point, deficiencies in the chemistry make it impossible to produce pure DNA. A possible alternative approach to the chemical synthesis of large DNA strands is to join together carefully purified synthetic oligonucleotides by chemical methods. Click ligation by the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne (CuAAC) reaction could facilitate this process. In this Account, we describe the synthesis, characterization, and applications of oligonucleotides prepared by click ligation. The alkyne and azide oligonucleotide strands can be prepared by standard protocols, and the ligation reaction is compatible with a wide range of chemical modifications to DNA and RNA. We have employed click ligation to synthesize DNA constructs up to 300 bases in length and much longer sequences are feasible. When the resulting triazole linkage is placed in a PCR template, various DNA polymerases correctly copy the entire base sequence. We have also successfully demonstrated both in vitro transcription and rolling circle amplification through the modified linkage. This linkage has shown in vivo biocompatibility: an antibiotic resistance gene containing triazole linkages functions in E. coli . Using click ligation, we have synthesized hairpin ribozymes up to 100 nucleotides in length and a hammerhead ribozyme with the triazole linkage located at the substrate cleavage site. At the opposite end of the length scale, click-ligated, cyclic mini-DNA duplexes have been used as models to study base pairing. Cyclic duplexes have potential therapeutic applications. They have extremely high thermodynamic stability, have increased resistance to enzymatic degradation, and have been investigated as decoys for regulatory proteins. For potential nanotechnology applications, we have synthesized double stranded DNA catenanes by click ligation. Other researchers have studied covalently fixed multistranded DNA constructs including triplexes and quadruplexes.