gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Urinary N-Acetyl-β-Glucosaminidase Activity in Type I Diabetes Mellitus (1995)

A commercial method for N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (NAG) is described for use on a discrete analyser. Timed overnight urine was obtained from 20 healthy volunteers and 60 Type I diabetic patients for estimation of NAG (expressed in relation to creatinine) and albumin excretion rate (AER). The upper reference limit for NAG excretion in the control patients was found to be 0.25 U/mmol creatinine but was abnormally raised in 60% of Type I diabetic patients before any increase in AER (greater than 20 micrograms/min), and in 82% of patients with AER greater than 200 micrograms/min. A positive correlation was found between NAG excretion and AER in Type I diabetes (r = 0.61, p < 0.01), but not with glycaemic control as measured by serum fructosamine levels. We conclude that measurement of NAG excretion in diabetes indicates renal tubular dysfunction or damage before any significant change in albumin excretion rate.
Learning Virtual Equilibrium Trajectories for Control of a Robot Arm (1990)

The cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) (Albus 1975) is applied for learning the inverse dynamics of a simulated two joint, planar arm. The actuators were antagonistic muscles, which acted as feedback controllers for each joint. We use this example to demonstrate some limitations of the control paradigm used in earlier applications of the CMAC (e.g., Miller et al. 1987, 1990): the CMAC learns dynamics of the arm and not those of the feedback system. We suggest an alternate approach, one in which the CMAC learns to manipulate the feedback controller's input, producing a virtual trajectory, rather the controller's output, which is torque. Several experiments are performed that suggest that the CMAC learns to compensate for the dynamics of the plant, as well as the controller.
Automatically indexing documents (2002)

Authors cite other work in many types of documents. Notable among these are research papers and web pages. Recently, several researchers have proposed using the text surrounding citations (references) as a means of automatically indexing documents for search engines, claiming that this technique is superior to indexing documents based on their content [1,2]. While we ourselves have made this claim, we acknowledge that little empirical data has been presented to support it. Therefore, in the limited space available we present a terse overview of a study comparing reference to content as bases for indexing documents. This study indicates that reference identifies the value of documents more accurately and with a greater diversity of language than content.
Secreted Klotho and FGF23 in chronic kidney disease Stage 1 to 5: a sequence suggested from a cross-sectional study (2012)

Soluble Klotho and 1,25D levels decrease and FGF23 levels increase at early CKD stages, whereas PTH levels increase at more advanced CKD stages.
Treatment of Transformed Mycosis Fungoides with Intermittent Low-Dose Gemcitabine (2007)

The malignant helper T cells of mycosis fungoides, a type of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, are capable of transforming into large cerebriform cells. Large cell transformation usually renders the disease more resistant to treatment and prone to relapse. Currently investigated treatment modalities for transformed mycosis fungoides are few and include phototherapy, chemotherapy, biologic response modification, targeted molecular therapy and combinations thereof. A tolerable and reliable modality has yet to be identified. Gemcitabine, a novel purine analogue, is gaining recognition as a potent agent for advanced nontransformed cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Here we present a brief review of the literature with 3 illustrative cases that additionally reveal gemcitabine monotherapy to be a practical, safe and efficacious option for mycosis fungoides that has undergone large cell transformation.
Columbia-Presbyterian nursing alumni: a case study in American social history. (1995)

Using survey data obtained from 2,601 undergraduate nursing alumni, this descriptive study demonstrates the ways nursing's development has reflected America's social history.
A theory of attributed equivalence in databases with application to schema integration (1989)

The authors present a common foundation for integrating pairs of entity sets, pairs of relationship sets, and an entity set with a relationship set. This common foundation is based on the basic principle of integrating attributes. Any pair of objects whose identifying attributes can be integrated can themselves be integrated. Several definitions of attribute equivalence are presented. These definitions can be used to specify the exact nature of the relationship between a pair of attributes. Based on these definitions, several strategies for attribute integration are presented and evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Microwave inductors and capacitors in standard multilevel interconnect silicon technology (1996)

Spiral inductors and metal-to-metal capacitors for microwave applications, which are integrated on a silicon substrate by using standard 0.8 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology, are described. Optimization of the inductors has been achieved by tailoring the vertical and lateral dimensions and by shunting several interconnect metal layers together. Lumped element models of inductors and capacitors provide detailed understanding of the important geometry and technological parameters on the device characteristics. The high quality factors of nearly 10 for the inductors are among the best results in silicon, particularly when using standard silicon technology.
Decomposed SCOPF for Improving Efficiency (2008)

This letter describes an approach using Benders decomposition to decompose security-constrained optimal power flow (DSCOPF). It provides a complexity analysis to give insight into the improved computing speeds obtained using the approach. The method is illustrated on two six-bus test systems and on the IEEE reliability test system.
Measurement and correction of transmitter and receiver induced nonuniformities in vivo (2005)

Signal intensity nonuniformities in high field MR imaging limit the ability of MRI to provide quantitative information and can negatively impact diagnostic scan quality. In this paper, a simple method is described for correcting these effects based on in vivo measurement of the transmission field B1+ and reception sensitivity maps. These maps can be obtained in vivo with either gradient echo (GE) or spin echo (SE) imaging sequences, but the SE approach exhibits an advantage over the GE approach for correcting images over a range of flip angles. In a uniform phantom, this approach reduced the ratio of the signal SD to its mean from around 30% before correction to approximately 6% for the SE approach and 9% for the GE approach after correction. The application of the SE approach for correcting intensity nonuniformities is demonstrated in vivo with human brain images obtained using a conventional spin echo sequence at 3.0 T. Furthermore, it is also shown that this in vivo B1+ and reception sensitivity mapping can be performed using segmented echo planar imaging sequences providing acquisition times of less than 2 min. Although the correction presented here is demonstrated with a simultaneous transmit and receive volume coil, it can be extended to the case of separate transmission and reception coils, including surface and phase array coils.
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Their Characteristics and Their Roles in Tumor Growth (2015)

Cancer tissues are composed of cancer cells and the surrounding stromal cells (e.g., fibroblasts, vascular endothelial cells, and immune cells), in addition to the extracellular matrix. Most studies investigating carcinogenesis and the progression, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis of cancer have focused on alterations in cancer cells, including genetic and epigenetic changes. Recently, interactions between cancer cells and the stroma have attracted considerable attention, and increasing evidence has accumulated on this. Several researchers have gradually clarified the origins, features, and roles of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the cancer stroma. CAFs function in a similar manner to myofibroblasts during wound healing. We previously reported the relationship between CAFs and angiogenesis. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine, plays a central role in regulating inflammatory and immune responses, and important roles in the progression, including proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis, of several cancers. We showed that CAFs are an important IL-6 source and that anti-IL-6 receptor antibody suppressed angiogenesis and inhibited tumor-stroma interactions. Furthermore, CAFs contribute to drug-resistance acquisition in cancer cells. The interaction between cancer cells and the stroma could be a potential target for anti-cancer therapy.
First experience with the use of vacuum assisted closure in the treatment of skin defects at the burn center. (2005)

Morykwas and Argenta developed Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) in the early 90s for the treatment of tissue defects. In 2004, for the first time at our workplace, we used this method in the treatment of six patients between 54 and 91 years of age. Two of the patients were treated for a varicose ulcer on a lower extremity, two patients for loss of skin after an inflammation secondary to infection, one high-risk patient for deep burns, and one patient for a deep defect caused by an inappropriate medical care. We observed blood circulation improvement in all patients, which permitted an early dermo-epidermal graft.
The Pathophysiology of Diabetic Complications: How Much Does the Glucose Hypothesis Explain? (1996)

The level of chronic glycemia is the best established concomitant factor associated with diabetic complications. The mechanism by which hyperglycemia might cause complications remains unknown, and evidence for a uniform pathogenetic mechanism is far from established.
<title>Semiconductor nanowire array</title> (2002)

A novel vapor-liquid-solid epitaxy (VLSE) process has been developed to synthesize high-density semiconductor nanowire arrays. The nanowires generally are single crystalline and have diameters of 10-200 nm and aspect ratios of 10-100. The areal density of the array can be readily approach 10<SUP>10</SUP> cm<SUP>-2</SUP>. Results based on Si and ZnO nanowire systems are reported here.
Emerging treatments for asthma (2003)

AbstractDespite the availability of a great number of medications, the asthma epidemic is continuing to increase. It is obvious that a high, unmet medical need remains and innovative therapeutic agents are urgently required. Existing therapies, such as β-agonists and corticosteroids, provide relief for sufferers of mild-to-moderate asthma, reversing the acute bronchoconstriction and decreasing the inflammation. However, these therapies provide little relief for chronic asthmatics. Asthma is a manifestation of an imbalance in cytokine and signalling pathways that mediate inflammatory and structural changes within the lung. New therapies need to be developed to target these changes. Emerging treatments for asthma include strategies to alter the cytokine/chemokine balance, to skew the cytokine profile away from a T helper (Th)2 response and towards a Th1 response. Strategies designed to do this include therapeutic antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeted towards IL-13, IL-4 or their receptors, and the Th1 cytokine IL-12. Much interest has focused on the signalling pathways involved in asthma. Among these, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway members c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 have gathered much interest, in addition to the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-6. This review aims to summarise the emerging treatments for chronic asthma, from early discovery, to late clinical stages, and discuss the therapeutic rationale behind these treatments. Much is still to be learned about the mechanisms involved in the development and treatment of chronic asthma; however, much promise lies in the future of these new therapeutics.Keywordsasthmaintracellular signallingsmall molecule inhibitors
Significant antitumor effect from bone-seeking, alpha-particle-emitting (223)Ra demonstrated in an experimental skeletal metastases model. (2002)

The therapeutic efficacy of the alpha-particle-emitting radionuclide (223)Ra (t(1/2) = 11.4 days) in the treatment against experimental skeletal metastases in rats was addressed. Biodistribution studies, involving measurement of (223)Ra in bone marrow samples, were performed in rats after i.v. injection. To study the therapeutic effect of (223)Ra, an experimental skeletal metastases model in nude rats was used. Animals that had received 10(6) MT-1 human breast cancer cells were treated with (223)Ra doses in the range of 6-30 kBq after 7 days. The biodistribution experiment demonstrated that (223)Ra was selectively concentrated in bone as compared with soft tissues. The femur content of (223)Ra was 800 +/- 56% of injected dose per gram tissue times gram body weight (b.w.; mean +/- SD) 1 day after the injection and 413 +/- 23% of injected dose per gram tissue times gram b.w. at 14 days. The femur:kidney ratio increased from (5.9 +/- 2.0).10(2) at 1 day to (7.2 +/- 3.0).10(2) at 14 days, whereas the femur:liver ratio increased from (6.2 +/- 0.2).10(2) to (9.1 +/- 6.6).10(2). Femur:spleen ratio increased from (8.1 +/- 0.3).10(2) at 1 day to (6.4 2.2).10(3) at 14 days. The femoral bone:marrow ratio was 6.5 +/- 2.1 after day 1 and larger than 15 at day 14. All of the tumor-bearing control animals had to be sacrificed because of tumor-induced paralysis 20-30 days after injection with tumor cells, whereas the rats treated with > or =10 kBq of (223)Ra had a significantly increased symptom-free survival (P < 0.05). Also 36% (5 of 14) of rats treated with 11 kBq and 40% (2 of 5) of rats treated with 10 kBq were alive beyond the 67-day follow-up period. No signs of bone marrow toxicity or b.w. loss were observed in the groups of treated animals. The significant antitumor effect of (223)Ra at doses that are tolerated by the bone marrow is most likely linked to the intense and highly localized radiation dose from alpha-particles at the bone surfaces. The results of this study indicate that (223)Ra should be additionally studied as a potential bone marrow-sparing treatment of cancers involving the skeleton.
A gene for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy maps to chromosome 15 by linkage. (1991)

Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD) is inherited as a monogenic, autosomal recessive trait. A genetically homogeneous group of families from the Isle of La Réunion, comprising individuals at high risk for this disorder, was systematically analysed using a panel of 85 polymorphic markers spanning approximately 30% of the human genome. Linkage was detected between the LGMD gene and the marker D15S25, uncovered with the probe pTHH114 and restriction enzyme RsaI (lod score = 5.52 at a 0 = 0.0), localising this gene onto chromosome 15. Such a lod score corresponds to odds of 3.3 x 105 in favor of linkage versus absence of linkage. Additional families from other populations will need to be examined before the role of this newly identified locus can be understood.
The Taverna Interaction Service: enabling manual interaction in workflows (2008)

Taverna, the Interaction Service plug-in and web application are available as open source and can be downloaded from http://taverna.sourceforge.net/
Fabry-Perot interferometers with three mirrors (1986)

The properties of two-mirror Fabry-Perot interferometers can be improved by adding one or more partially reflecting mirrors. In this paper we show how three-mirror Fabry-Perot interferometers provide better control on the shape of the transmission band, the bandwidth, and the suppression of sidebands. We present measurements on three-mirror Fabry-Perot interferometers in the submillimeter wavelength region for λ = 0.64 mm.
Cortisol Hypersecretion and Cognitive Impairment in Depression (1984)

We attempted to investigate the relationship between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity and cognitive function by measuring mean urinary free cortisol (MUFC) excretion and performance on the Halstead Category Test in depressed patients and normal controls. We observed a significant relationship between category test errors and MUFC in the depressed patients, but not in the controls. While an even more robust correlation was observed between age and category test errors in the patients, it appeared that age and depression interacted to produce severe cognitive impairment. Depression-related cortisol hypersecretion or its underlying determinants may contribute to depression-related cognitive dysfunction.
1,2-Diarylimidazoles as Potent, Cyclooxygenase-2 Selective, and Orally Active Antiinflammatory Agents (1997)

Series of 1,2-diarylimidazoles has been synthesized and found to contain highly potent and selective inhibitors of the human COX-2 enzyme. The paper describes a short synthesis of the target 1,2-diarylimidazoles starting with aryl nitriles. Different portions of the diarylimidazole (I) were modified to establish SAR. Systematic variations of the substituents in the aryl ring B have yielded very potent (IC50 = 10-100 nm) and selective (1000-12500) inhibitors of the COX-2 enzyme. The study on the influence of substituents in the imidazole ring established that a CF3 group at position 4 gives the optimum oral activity. A number of the diarylimidazoles showed excellent inhibition in the adjuvant induced arthritis model (e.g., ED50 = 0.02 mpk for 22 and 34). The diarylimidazoles are also potent inhibitors of carrageenan-induced edema (ED50 = 9-30 mpk) and hyperalgesia (ED50 = 11-40 mpk). Several orally active diarylimidazoles show no GI toxicity in the rat and mouse up to 200 mpk.
Fuzzy Insurance (1990)

Abstract Fuzzy set theory is a recently developed field of mathematics, that introduces sets of objects whose boundaries are not sharply defined. Whereas in ordinary Boolean algebra an element is either contained or not contained in a given set, in fuzzy set theory the transition between membership and non-membership is gradual. The theory aims at modelizing situations described in vague or imprecise terms, or situations that are too complex or ill-defined to be analysed by conventional methods. This paper aims at presenting the basic concepts of the theory in an insurance framework. First the basic definitions of fuzzy logic are presented, and applied to provide a flexible definition of a “preferred policyholder” in life insurance. Next, fuzzy decision-making procedures are illustrated by a reinsurance application, and the theory of fuzzy numbers is extended to define fuzzy insurance premiums.
Anti–IL-17 Therapy Restricts and Reverses Late-Term Corneal Allorejection (2015)

Corneal allograft rejection has been described as a Th1-mediated process involving IFN-γ production. However, recent evidence also implicated IL-17 as being involved in acute corneal allograft responses. Our data support that IL-17 is involved in early acute corneal allograft acceptance. However, we decided to extend these studies to include a later phase of rejection in which there is a peak of IL-17 production that is >15-fold higher than that seen during acute rejection and occurs >45 d postengraftment at the onset of late-term rejection. We demonstrate that neutralizing IL-17A at this time significantly reduced corneal graft rejection. Surprisingly, when corneal grafts that are undergoing this later phase of rejection are treated with anti-IL-17A, there is a reversal of both opacity and neovascularization. Compared with the early phase of rejection, the cellular infiltrate is significantly less, with a greatly reduced presence of Gr-1(+) neutrophils and a relative increase in CD4(+) T cells and macrophages. We went on to identify that the cells expressing IL-17 were CD4(+) IL-17(+) T cells and, somewhat surprisingly, IL-17(+) F4/80(+) macrophages within the rejecting corneal allografts. Taken together, these findings describe a distinct late phase of corneal allograft rejection that is likely mediated by Th17 cells; therapeutic neutralization of IL-17A reverses this rejection. This further suggests that IL-17 might serve as an excellent therapeutic target to reduce this form of corneal allograft rejection.
ME3277, a GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist Reduces Cerebral Infarction without Enhancing Intracranial Hemorrhage in Photothrombotic Occlusion of Rabbit Middle Cerebral Artery (2000)

GPIIb/IIIa antagonists are expected to have a beneficial effect on acute cerebral infarction, however, the occurrence of intracranial hemorrhage has not been as widely investigated. A rabbit focal thrombotic occlusion model of the middle cerebral artery was established by creating a photochemical reaction between green light and Rose Bengal. Hemorrhagic transformation was common in the area of cerebral infarction. Using this model, the effect of a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, ME3277 (low dose, (L); 0.15 mg/kg + 0.125 mg/kg x h, middle dose, (M); 0.3 mg/kg + 0.25 mg/kg x h and high dose, (H); 0.6 mg/kg + 0.5 mg/kg x h), aspirin (20 mg/kg) and sodium ozagrel (thromboxane A2 synthase inhibitor, 1 mg/kg + 2 mg/ kg x h) were evaluated. Drugs were intravenously administrated 30 minutes after the photochemical reaction for 24 hours. Aspirin inhibited the ex vivo platelet aggregation induced by arachidonic acid and collagen but not by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), while sodium ozagrel only inhibited the arachidonic acid-induced aggregation. ME3277 dose-dependently inhibited the platelet aggregation induced by all the inducers (approximately 60% in L, 80% in M, and 90% in H). At 24 hours of middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion, infarct volume was significantly reduced by aspirin and each dose of ME3277. These agents improved neurologic deficits, with ME3277 being more potent than aspirin. Sodium ozagrel did not alter the infarct volume nor neurologic deficits. No drug was found to worsen hemorrhage volume despite increasing bleeding time (2-3 fold) in the skin. In this model, the occluded artery was spontaneously recanalized and re-thrombosed frequently. One mechanism by which antiplatelet agents reduced infarct volume was inhibition of rethrombosis of the MCA. These results suggest that treatment with a GPIIb/IIIa antagonist is a useful intervention for acute cerebral infarction prolonging dose bleeding time to 3 times the basal value.
A Novel Dinuclear Species in the Aqueous Distribution of Aluminum in the Presence of Citrate (2002)

The chemistry of aluminum was explored in the presence of the physiological ligand citric acid and in low-pH aqueous media. As a result, the first dinuclear aluminum-citrate complex (NH4)4[Al2-(C6H4O7)(C6H5O7)2].4H2O was isolated at low pH (approximately 3.5), and was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography. The structural analysis reveals the presence of a dinuclear assembly of two aluminum ions octahedrally coordinated to three citrate ligands of differing protonation state. The NMR solution behavior of this complex emphasizes its time-dependent transformation into a number of variable nature species, ultimately leading to the thermodynamically stable trinuclear species. It also establishes the participation of the dinuclear complex as a viable component of the aqueous Al(III)-citrate speciation. The chemical and structural features of this novel low molecular mass species provide considerable insight into citrate's ability, as a natural ligand, to influence the chemistry of aluminum in a pH-dependent fashion, and potentially affect aluminum's (bio)distribution, absorption, accumulation, and biotoxicity at sensitive biological sites.