gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rheological properties of hydrophobically modified alkali‐soluble polymers—effects of ethylene–oxide chain length (1998)

The rheological properties of hydrophobic alkali-soluble associative polymers (HASE) were studied using controlled rate (Mettler LS40) and controlled stress (TA CSL 500) rheometers. The effects of pH and polymer concentrations on the rheological properties of three HASE model polymer systems (i.e., HASE 5141, 5134, and 5142, with a degree of ethoxylation of 2.5, 10, and 40 mol, respectively) and a reference polymer without associative hydrophobes (MAAEA) were examined. As the pH is increased by addition of ammonia to greater than 5–6, the carboxyl groups ionize to carboxylate ions and the polymers become water soluble. The HASE polymers thicken mainly by hydrophobic association. Viscosity can increase by two to three orders of magnitude as pH is raised to 9. The degree of ethoxylation in the macromonomer controls the nature of the hydrophobic association junctions by altering the flexibility and hydrophobicity of the macromonomer. Optimum thickening efficiency is observed in the system with approximately 10 mol of an ethylene–oxide spacer between the polymer backbone and the macromonomer. Viscoelastic study shows that the maximum thickening efficiency also corresponds to the dominant elastic property observed in the system with 10 mol of EO. All the model systems except the control system without hydrophobe exhibit strain thickening of the viscous and elastic components. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. B Polym. Phys. 36: 2275–2290, 1998
Monoclonal antibodies to discrete regions in alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (1987)

Abstract Three monoclonal antibodies to alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor (alpha 2PI) were characterized. The first, JTPI-1, was directed against the reative site of alpha 2PI and inhibited antiplasmin activity by interfering with the formation of alpha 2PI-plasmin complexes. The avidity of JTPI- 1 to the preformed alpha 2PI-plasmin complex was markedly lower than that to free alpha 2PI, which made this antibody useful for measuring the free alpha 2PI in plasma. The second, JTPI-2, recognized an epitope in the C-terminal fragment of alpha 2PI (11,000 daltons [11 K]) that was cleaved from alpha 2PI by plasmin upon complex formation but remained noncovalently attached to the complex. However, binding of JTPI-2 to alpha 2PI was not inhibited by the C-terminal 26-residue peptide containing the plasminogen-binding site and had no effect on the function of alpha 2PI. These data suggested that JTPI-2 recognized an epitope between the C-terminal 26-residue peptide and the reactive site. The third, JTPI-3, bound the alpha 2PI-plasmin complex (150 K) as well as alpha 2PI. Binding was inhibited by the N-terminal 12-residue peptide of alpha 2PI, but factor XIII-catalyzed cross-linking of alpha 2PI to fibrin was not inhibited by JTPI-3. These results suggested that the antibody recognized an epitope near the N terminus. These three monoclonal antibodies were useful for analyzing the mechanism of interaction between alpha 2PI and plasmin.
The Physiologic Basis and Clinical Applications of Cryotherapyand Thermotherapy for the Pain Practitioner (2004)

Cryotherapy and thermotherapy are useful adjuncts for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries. Clinicians treating these conditions should be aware of current research findings regarding these modalities, because their choice of modality may affect the ultimate outcome of the patient being treated. Through a better understanding of these modalities, clinicians can optimize their present treatment strategies. Although cold and hot treatment modalities both decrease pain and muscle spasm, they have opposite effects on tissue metabolism, blood flow, inflammation, edema, and connective tissue extensibility. Cryotherapy decreases these effects while thermotherapy increases them. Continuous low-level cryotherapy and thermotherapy are newer concepts in therapeutic modalities. Both modalities provide significant pain relief with a low side-effect profile. Contrast therapy, which alternates between hot and cold treatment modalities, provides no additional therapeutic benefits compared with cryotherapy or thermotherapy alone. Complications of cryotherapy include nerve damage, frostbite, Raynaud's phenomenon, cold-induced urticaria, and slowed wound healing. With thermotherapy, skin burns may occur, especially in patients with diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, poor circulation, and spinal cord injuries. In individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, deep-heating modalities should be used with caution because increased inflammation may occur. Whirlpool and other types of hydrotherapy have caused infections of the skin, urogenital, and pulmonary systems. Additionally, ultrasound should not be used in patients with joint prostheses.
Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease (1997)

In comparison to the lower depression score group, those with higher depression scores had lower heart rate variability during daily life. These findings may be related to the reported relationship between depression and survival risk in patients with coronary artery disease.
Molecular cloning and transmembrane structure of hCLCA2 from human lung, trachea, and mammary gland (1999)

The CLCA family of Ca2+-activated Cl- channels has recently been discovered, with an increasing number of closely related members isolated from different species. Here we report the cloning of the second human homolog, hCLCA2, from a human lung cDNA library. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses revealed additional expression in trachea and mammary gland. A primary translation product of 120 kDa was cleaved into two cell surface-associated glycoproteins of 86 and 34 kDa in transfected HEK-293 cells. hCLCA2 is the first CLCA homolog for which the transmembrane structure has been systematically studied. Glycosylation site scanning and protease protection assays revealed five transmembrane domains with a large, cysteine-rich, amino-terminal extracellular domain. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of hCLCA2-transfected HEK-293 cells detected a slightly outwardly rectifying anion conductance that was increased in the presence of the Ca2+ ionophore ionomycin and inhibited by DIDS, dithiothreitol, niflumic acid, and tamoxifen. Expression in human trachea and lung suggests that hCLCA2 may play a role in the complex pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis.
Compositional and Grid Orientation Effects in History Matching (2006)

Abstract A method for automatic history matching of a compositional reservoir simulator is presented. By coupling a gradient minimization algorithm with a forward simulator and an adjoint equation solver, permeability and porosity fields may be conditioned to production data and prior geological information, provided the permeability and porosity can be described by Gaussian random fields. However, the validity of permeability and porosity fields obtained from history matching relies on an accurate forward modeling. We have developed an automatic history matching code, based on the adjoint method, with a fully compositional, 3-dimensional, simulator utilizing a general, IMPSAT or fully implicit solver, as well as advanced discretization techniques based on the Multipoint Flux Approximation (MPFA). The compositional IMPSAT formulation reduces to a traditional black-oil formulation when the number of hydrocarbon components is equal to the number of hydrocarbon phases. Application of the simulator to several synthetic history matching cases is presented. It is shown that if the grid is distorted, permeabilities estimated using a simulator based on the traditional two-point flux approximation (TPFA) may be significantly wrong. It is also demonstrated that information about fluid component rates may be useful in the history matching process.
Mode of Action of Long-Term Low-Dose Macrolide Therapy for Chronic Sinusitis in the Light of Neutrophil Recruitment (2002)

Chronic sinusitis is a common inflammatory upper respiratory tract disease. One of the prominent features of this disease is persistent purulent effusion containing numerous emigrated neutrophils in the paranasal sinuses. Recent advances in sinusitis research have revealed two positive feedback mechanisms that explain the chronic neutrophil accumulation in the sinus. First, interleukin (IL)-1beta secreted by monocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts upregulates the expression of E-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in vascular endothelial cells, and thereby induces the extravascular transmigration of neutrophils. The emigrated neutrophils then secrete IL-1beta, which amplifies the expression of E-selectin and ICAM-1, resulting in further neutrophil infiltration. Second, chemoattractants including IL-8 in the sinus effusion initiate neutrophil exudation. Emigrated neutrophils then secrete IL-8, which elicits further neutrophil accumulation in the sinus effusion. Long-term low-dose macrolide therapy was first introduced for the treatment of diffuse panbronchiolitis in the 1980's. In the 1990's it was also shown to be an effective treatment for chronic sinusitis. The inhibitory effect of macrolides on neutrophil infiltration in inflammatory sites has been well documented in these diseases. Several lines of evidence indicate that macrolides do not function simply as a bactericide. In vitro studies have demonstrated various effects of macrolides on immunocompetent cells, inflammatory cells and airway epithelial cells. It has been shown that macrolides inhibit the production of IL-8 and IL-1beta and the expression of ICAM-1, suggesting that macrolides block the aforementioned dual positive feedback system of neutrophil recruitment and thereby exert their clinical efficacy in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. The inhibitory effects of macrolides on multiple steps in the process of neutrophil recruitment are presumably mediated by the inhibition of transcription factors such as nuclear factor-kB and activator protein-1. Further investigation of the mode of action of macrolides at the molecular level would lead to the development of safer and more effective drugs for the treatment of chronic sinusitis. In addition, the possible risk of this therapy such as the occurrence of resistant strains have to be carefully surveyed hereafter.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances on Olefin Metathesis and Its Application in Organic Synthesis. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Compression of correlated binary sources using turbo codes (2001)

We propose the use of punctured turbo codes for compression of correlated binary sources. Compression is achieved because of puncturing. The resulting performance is close to the theoretical limit provided by the Slepian-Wolf (1973) theorem. No information about the correlation between sources is required in the encoding process. The proposed source decoder utilizes iterative schemes, and performs well even when the correlation between the sources is not known in the decoder, since it can be estimated jointly with the iterative decoding process.
Prevention of peritoneal adhesions in the rat with sustained intraperitoneal dexamethasone delivered by a novel therapeutic system. (1987)

The rat caecal crush model for the production of intraperitoneal adhesions was optimized with respect to an objective adhesion grading system based on the determination of the incidence of adhesions and the caecal adherent surface area. Intraperitoneal saline solution given before closure of the peritoneum significantly reduced the severity but not the incidence of adhesions. The addition of dexamethasone crystal suspension led to somewhat lower incidence of adhesions but the mean adherent surface area values were not different from the saline regimen. However, sustained release of dexamethasone by use of intraperitoneal biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microparticles as a novel therapeutic system further reduced both the incidence and the severity of adhesions. Despite of the differences in therapeutic effects glucocorticoid-associated local and systemic adverse effects were similar in both regimens. As effective adhesion prophylaxis with glucocorticoids appears to be a balance between benefit and adverse reactions, optimal drug delivery is mandatory. The novel biodegradable therapeutic system is superior to the intraperitoneal crystal suspension regimen in the rat and should be tested further in clinical trials.
Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptides Block Dendritic Cell TLR4 Activation and Allergic Contact Sensitization (2007)

Cathelicidins are antimicrobial peptides of the innate immune system that establish an antimicrobial barrier at epithelial interfaces and have been proposed to have a proinflammatory function. We studied the role of cathelicidin in allergic contact dermatitis, a model requiring dendritic cells of the innate immune response and T cells of the adaptive immune response. Deletion of the murine cathelicidin gene Cnlp enhanced an allergic contact response, whereas local administration of cathelicidin before sensitization inhibited the allergic response. Cathelicidins inhibited TLR4 but not TLR2 mediated induction of dendritic cell maturation and cytokine release, and this inhibition was associated with an alteration of cell membrane function and structure. Further analysis in vivo connected these observations because inhibition of sensitization by exogenous cathelicidin was dependent on the presence of functional TLR4. These observations provide evidence that cathelicidin antimicrobial peptides mediate an anti-inflammatory response in part by their activity at the membrane.
Mutational Pathways, Resistance Profile, and Side Effects of Cyanovirin Relative to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains with N-Glycan Deletions in Their gp120 Envelopes (2006)

Limited data are available on the genotypic and phenotypic resistance profile of the alpha-(1-2)mannose oligomer-specific prokaryotic lectin cyanovirin (CV-N). Therefore, a more systematic investigation was carried out to obtain a better view of the interaction between CV-N and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120. When HIV-1-infected CEM cell cultures were exposed to CV-N in a dose-escalating manner, a total of eight different amino acid mutations exclusively located at N-glycosylation sites in the envelope surface gp120 were observed. Six of the eight mutations resulted in the deletion of high-mannose type N-glycans (i.e., at amino acid positions 230, 332, 339, 386, 392, and 448). Two mutations (i.e., at position 136 and 160) deleted a complex type N-glycan in the variable V1/V2 domain of gp120. The level of phenotypic resistance of the mutated virus strains against CV-N generally correlated with the number of glycan deletions in gp120, although deletion of the glycans at N-230, N-392, and N-448 generally afforded a more pronounced CV-N resistance than other N-glycan deletions. However, the extent of the decrease of antiviral activity of CV-N against the mutated virus strains was markedly less pronounced than observed for alpha(1-3)- and alpha(1-6)-mannose-specific plant lectins Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA), which points to the existence of a higher genetic barrier for CV-N. This is in agreement with a more consistent suppression of a wider variety of HIV-1 clades by CV-N than by HHA and GNA. Whereas the antiviral and in vitro antiproliferative activity of CV-N can be efficiently reversed by mannan, the pronounced mitogenic activity of CV-N on peripheral blood mononuclear cells was unaffected by mannan, indicating that some of the observed side effects of CV-N are unrelated to its carbohydrate specificity/activity.
Which fMRI clustering gives good brain parcellations (2014)

Analysis and interpretation of neuroimaging data often require one to divide the brain into a number of regions, or parcels, with homogeneous characteristics, be these regions defined in the brain volume or on on the cortical surface. While predefined brain atlases do not adapt to the signal in the individual subjects images, parcellation approaches use brain activity (e.g. found in some functional contrasts of interest) and clustering techniques to define regions with some degree of signal homogeneity. In this work, we address the question of which clustering technique is appropriate and how to optimize the corresponding model. We use two principled criteria: goodness of fit (accuracy), and reproducibility of the parcellation across bootstrap samples. We study these criteria on both simulated and two task-based functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging datasets for the Ward, spectral and K-means clustering algorithms. We show that in general Ward’s clustering performs better than alternative methods with regards to reproducibility and accuracy and that the two criteria diverge regarding the preferred models (reproducibility leading to more conservative solutions), thus deferring the practical decision to a higher level alternative, namely the choice of a trade-off between accuracy and stability.
Nuclear magnetic resonance titration curves of histidine ring protons. Human metmyoglobin and the effects of azide on human, horse, and sperm whale metmyoglobins. (1975)

Four titrating histidine ring C2 and C4 proton resonances are observed in 220 MHz proton NMR spectra of human metmyoglobin as a function of pH. Values of ionization constants determined from the NMR titration data using an equation describing a simple proton association-dissociation equilibrium are curves (1) 6.6, (2) 7.0, (3) 5.8, and (4) 7.4. Four histidine residues have also been found to be solvent-accessible in human metmyoglobin by carboxymethylation studies (Harris, C.M., and Hill, R.L. (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2195-2203). Two of the titration curves (3 and 4) deviate significantly from the chemical shift values normally observed for histidine C2 proton resonances. Curve 3, with a low pKa, is shifted downfield at high values of pH and also exhibits a second minor inflection with a pKa value of 8.8. On the other hand, the high pKa curve, 4, is shifted upfield at all values of pH. The characteristics of the NMR titration curves with the lowest and highest pKa values (3 and4) are very similar to curves observed previously with sperm whale and horse metmyoglobins (Cohen, J.S., Hagenmaier, H., Pollard, H., and Schechter, A.N. (1972) J. Mol. Biol. 71, 513-519). These results indicate that the histidine residues from which these curves are derived have unusual and characteristic environments in this series of homologous proteins. The NMR spectra of all three metmyoglobins are changed extensively as a result of azide ion binding, indicating conformational changes affecting the environments of several imidazole side chains. The presence of azide ion causes a selective downfield chemical shift for the low pKa curve and a selective upfield chemical shift for the high pKa curve in all three proteins. Azide also abolishes the second inflection seen in the low pKa curve at high pH. In addition to these effects, the presence of azide ion permits the observation of two additional titrating proton resonances for all three metmyoglobins. Increasing the azide to protein ratio at several fixed values of pH yields results which show that a slow exchange process is occurring with each of the metmyoglobins. In the azide titration studies the maximum changes in the NMR spectra occurred at approximately equimolar concentrations. The NMR results for these proteins in the absence and presence of azide ion are related to x-ray crystallographic studies of sperm whale metmyoglobin and the known alkylation properties of the histidine residues. Tentative assignments of the titrating resonances observed are suggested.
New frontiers of vascular grafting. (1989)

Vascular grafting can be a very rewarding surgical technique: following surgery, most patients will maintain their autonomy and, in many cases, will be able to return to work. Should small diameter calibre substitutes be required, the autologous saphenous vein is the gold standard. If not available, the expanded PTFE is probably the best choice. For medium and large diameters, the polyesters (Dacron) are recommended provided they have a structure adapted to the needs of patients. However, progress in the last few years is not related to improvements in the grafts themselves. The only breakthrough has come with the success of graft seeding. This is the reason why other approaches have been proposed to restore or improve blood flow in atherosclerotic arteries: medication, sympathectomy, dilatation, laser endarterectomy, stent and spinal cord stimulation. All those approaches have more and more precise indications: they can supplement vascular grafting.
Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice (2001)

Adipocyte complement-related protein (30 kDa) (Acrp30), a secreted protein of unknown function, is exclusively expressed in differentiated adipocytes; its mRNA is decreased in obese humans and mice. Here we describe novel pharmacological properties of the protease-generated globular head domain of Acrp30 (gAcrp30). Acute treatment of mice with gAcrp30 significantly decreased the elevated levels of plasma free fatty acids caused either by administration of a high fat test meal or by i.v. injection of Intralipid. This effect of gAcrp30 was caused, at least in part, by an acute increase in fatty acid oxidation by muscle. As a result, daily administration of a very low dose of gAcrp30 to mice consuming a high-fat/sucrose diet caused profound and sustainable weight reduction without affecting food intake. Thus, gAcrp30 is a novel pharmacological compound that controls energy homeostasis and exerts its effect primarily at the peripheral level.
Not for Women Only? Sex Differential Effects of Occupational Hazards (1977)

American Occupational Medical Association 62nd Annual Meeting: April 25–28, 1977 Boston, Mass: Abstracts of Scientific Presentations: Thursday, April 28: 8: 30 to 12: 00 noon CONCURRENT SESSION NO. 1—Constitution: PDF Only
Language identification through large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (2005)

In recent years, automatic language identification has become an increasingly important component in practical spoken language systems, and much attention has been devoted to various competing approaches. In this paper, we are concerned with the automatic identification of languages that may be highly similar in nature, such as the various dialects of Chinese. Our approach differs from many recent successful systems by exploiting a fusion of feature scores readily available from a large vocabulary speech recognition system. We show that such features are able to distinguish among the similar sounding dialects of Chinese, and experiments on a nine language corpus show promising performance on a three way identification task.