gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clay‐catalyzed reactions of olefins. II. Catalyst acidity and mechanism (1964)

Abstract Evidence is presented for the heterogeneity of olefin reactions on acid clay surfaces and for the inherent acidity of the catalyst. Catalyst activity was shown to be due to an active proton probably associated with tetrahedral aluminum. Deactivation of catalyst was observed with proton accepting contaminants such as water, amines, and basic olefins. Surface acidities and total exchangeable hydrogen in the catalyst were determined by gas phase absorption and by deuterium analysis, respectively. The measurements were correlated with previous acidity measurements, styrene polymerization rates, and polymerization mechanism. Polymerization rates were measured by time‐temperature observations and by analyses of monomer. Exchangeable hydrogen was determined by deuterium exchange and density measurements. Exchange was 90% complete before polymerization began. The equilibration of a classical carbonium ion from styrene by a sorption–desorption process was definitely indicated and we propose that these ions are the active intermediates in the initiation, propagation, transfer, and solvent termination processes.
Cystic fibrosis decreases the apical membrane chloride permeability of monolayers cultured from cells of tracheal epithelium. (1985)

The tracheal mucosa from a 12-year-old girl was digested with collagenase 4 hr after her death from cystic fibrosis. Forty million viable cells were obtained. The cells, plated at 10(6) per cm2 onto four Nuclepore filters coated with human placental collagen, formed confluent monolayers after 1 day. Their ultrastructure was similar to that of normal human cells. They were studied in conventional Ussing chambers or with intracellular microelectrodes on days 5-7 after plating. The monolayers displayed resistance of 380 +/- 50 omega X cm2 and short-circuit current (Isc) of 1.8 +/- 0.4 microA X cm-2. This resistance is similar to that obtained for dog or normal human monolayers. The Isc is less than normal human (approximately 3 microA X cm-2) or dog (approximately 10 microA X cm-2) cells. The cystic fibrosis cells resembled normal monolayers in that serosal ouabain and mucosal amiloride inhibited Isc, while mucosal ouabain or serosal amiloride had no effect. They differed from normal human or dog cells in that Isc was not inhibited by bumetanide and the stimulation of Isc by isoproterenol or prostaglandin E2 was greatly reduced or abolished. Addition of isoproterenol depolarized apical membrane potential (psi a) and decreased fractional resistance (fR) in normal human and dog but had no effect on psi a or fR in cystic fibrosis cells. Reduction of mucosal chloride from 120 to 5 mM by replacement with gluconate increased fR of dog and normal human monolayers and depolarized psi a by 22 (dog) or 30 (human) mV. In cystic fibrosis monolayers, chloride replacement hyperpolarized psi a by 2 mV and had little effect on fR. These results suggest that the primary defect in cystic fibrosis is reduced apical membrane chloride conductance.
Steroids and Steroid-Sparing Agents in Asthma (1988)

Asthma is a disease characterized by an increase in airway reactivity together with a propensity for the airways to constrict in response to a variety of stimuli.1 The cumulative prevalence of this disorder in America is estimated to be between 5 and 7 percent.2 Prompt, regular, and aggressive therapy with inhaled beta-adrenergic agents, theophylline, cromolyn, or any combination of these is the cornerstone of treatment. If symptoms or changes in airway function persist despite administration of these agents in an appropriate dosage, systemic corticosteroids may be indicated. Fortunately, the majority of patients may be successfully treated either without systemic corticosteroids . . .
IFN-α–Induced Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Involves Promyelocytic Leukemia Protein and TRAIL Independently of p53 (2009)

IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines that have been shown to be important regulators of cell growth. IFN-alpha has recently been recognized to harbor therapeutic potential in prevention and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, HCC cells respond differentially to IFN treatment, the mechanism of which is largely unknown. To address this issue, we analyzed the effect of IFN-alpha on different liver tumor cell lines. We found that growth inhibiting effects of IFN-alpha in hepatoma cells require PML-NB induction and, moreover, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression on the mRNA and protein level. RNAi silencing of PML down-regulates TRAIL expression in hepatoma cells and correspondingly blocks IFN-alpha-induced apoptosis. In addition, PML-deficient primary hepatocytes fail to up-regulate TRAIL upon IFN-alpha-treatment in contrast to their wild-type counterparts. These data identify TRAIL as a novel downstream transcriptional target of PML-mediated apoptosis in hepatomas and suggest that PML and TRAIL play important roles in IFN-regulated apoptosis in HCC. Furthermore, the mechanism is independent of the p53 status of the tumor cells. In summary, our results identify central molecules mediating IFN-alpha induced apoptosis in liver tumors, shed light on the differential response of hepatoma cells to IFN exposure and, thus, may contribute to an efficient application of this substance in the treatment of liver cancer.
Rules for automated performance of ensemble music (1989)

Recently developed parts of a computer program are presented that contain a rule system which automatically converts music scores to musical performance, and which, in a sense, can be regarded as a model of a musically gifted player. The development of the rule system has followed the analysis-by-synthesis strategy; various rules have been formulated according to the suggestions of a professional string quartet violinist and teacher of ensemble playing. The effects of various rules concerning synchronization and timing and also tuning, in performance of ensemble music are evaluated by a listening panel of professional musicians. Further support for the notion of melodic charge, previously introduced and playing a prominent rule in the performance rules, is found in a correlation with fine tuning of intervals.
Fabrication, Mechanical Properties, and Biocompatibility of Graphene-Reinforced Chitosan Composites (2010)

Few-layered graphene sheets, synthesized by direct current arc-discharge method using NH(3) as one of the buffer gases, were dispersed in chitosan/acetic acid solutions. FTIR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups on the surface of graphene sheets that may assist the good dispersion of graphene in chitosan solution. Graphene/chitosan films were produced by solution casting method. The mechanical properties of composite films were tested by nanoindentation method. With the addition of a small amount of graphene in chitosan (0.1-0.3 wt %), the elastic modulus of chitosan increased over ∼ 200%. The biocompatibility of graphene/chitosan composite films was checked by tetrazolium-based colorimetric assays in vitro. The cell adhesion result showed that the L929 cell can adhere to and develop on the graphene/chitosan composite films as well as on pure chitosan film, indicating that graphene/chitosan composites have good biocompatibility. Because there is no metallic impurity in graphene raw materials, the time-consuming purification process for removing metal nanoparticles entrapped in carbon nanotubes is thus avoided when graphene is used to prepare biomedical materials. Graphene/chitosan composites are potential candidates as scaffold materials in tissue engineering.
MECHANISM OF SAXITOXIN AND TETRODOTOXIN POISONING (1969)

Journal Article MECHANISM OF SAXITOXIN AND TETRODOTOXIN POISONING Get access M. H. EVANS, B.Sc. Ph.D. M. H. EVANS, B.Sc. Ph.D. Agricultural Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology BabrahamCambridge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 25, Issue 3, September 1969, Pages 263–267, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a070715 Published: 01 September 1969
A novel human gamma-globin gene vector for genetic correction of sickle cell anemia in a humanized sickle mouse model: critical determinants for successful correction (2009)

We show that lentiviral delivery of human gamma-globin gene under beta-globin regulatory control elements in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) results in sufficient postnatal fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression to correct sickle cell anemia (SCA) in the Berkeley "humanized" sickle mouse. Upon de-escalating the amount of transduced HSCs in transplant recipients, using reduced-intensity conditioning and varying gene transfer efficiency and vector copy number, we assessed critical parameters needed for correction. A systematic quantification of functional and hematologic red blood cell (RBC) indices, organ pathology, and life span was used to determine the minimal amount of HbF, F cells, HbF/F-cell, and gene-modified HSCs required for correcting the sickle phenotype. We show that long-term amelioration of disease occurred (1) when HbF exceeded 10%, F cells constituted two-thirds of the circulating RBCs, and HbF/F cell was one-third of the total hemoglobin in sickle RBCs; and (2) when approximately 20% gene-modified HSCs repopulated the marrow. Moreover, we show a novel model using reduced-intensity conditioning to determine genetically corrected HSC threshold that corrects a hematopoietic disease. These studies provide a strong preclinical model for what it would take to genetically correct SCA and are a foundation for the use of this vector in a human clinical trial.
Detailed structural elucidation of polyesters and acrylates using Fourier transform mass spectrometry (2008)

The detailed structural characterization of complex polymer architectures, like copolymers and polymer mixtures, by mass spectrometry presents a challenge. Even though soft ionization analyses revolutionized the characterization of large molecules and provided a means for determining the polymer's molecular weight distribution, polydispersity, and end groups, full microstructure elucidation and monomer sequencing by soft ionization alone is not possible. The combination of high-resolution Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(n)) provides a powerful analytical tool for addressing these challenges. This tool was used in our work to separate and identify the products of polymerization between 12-hydroxystearic acid (HSA) and stearic acid (SA), to provide precise information about the exact location of caprolactones on the Tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate (THEIC) molecule, and to sequence a glycidyl methacrylate/methyl methacrylate (GMA/MMA) copolymer. The results highlight the value of ultrahigh resolution and tandem mass spectrometry for fine structural characterization and sequencing of polymers.
Statistical Analyses and Theoretical Models of Single-Molecule Enzymatic Dynamics (1999)

Real-time observation of enzymatic turnovers of single molecules has revealed non-Markovian dynamical behavior. Although chemical kinetics (such as the Michaelis−Menten mechanism) are sufficient to describe the average behavior of an ensemble of molecules, statistical analysis of the single-molecule fluorescence time trace reveals fluctuations in the rate of the activation step. These fluctuations are attributed to slow fluctuations of protein conformations. In this paper, we discuss models of the dynamical disorder behavior and relate them to observables of single molecule experiments. Simulations based on a discrete multistate model and a diffusive model are compared with experiment data. The role of various correlation functions, including higher order time correlation functions, in the interpretation of the underlying dynamics is discussed.
Revolutionizing plant biology: multiple ways of genome engineering by CRISPR/Cas (2016)

The precise manipulation of plant genomes relies on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks by site-specific nucleases to initiate DNA repair reactions that are either based on non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homologous recombination (HR). Recently, the CRISPR/Cas system emerged as the most important tool for genome engineering due to its simple structure and its applicability to a wide range of organisms. Here, we review the current status of its various applications in plants, where it is used for the successful generation of stable mutations in a steadily growing number of species through NHEJ. Furthermore, tremendous progress in plant genome engineering by HR was obtained by the setup of replicon mediated and in planta gene targeting techniques. Finally, other complex approaches that rely on the induction of more than one DNA lesion at a time such as paired nickases to avoid off-site effects or controlled genomic deletions are beginning to be applied routinely.
The NIST Real-time Control System (RCS) An Applications Survey (1995)

Opioid ligands were investigated for their effect on hCG release from trophoblast tissue obtained from term human placenta. Data obtained indicate that opiate agonists stimulate in vitro basal hCG release from trophoblast tissue. The potency of these opioid agonists correspond to their kappa receptor selectivity, i.e., the greater the selectivity the lower is the effective concentration causing maximum stimulation. Opioid antagonists inhibit the release of hCG due to their reversal of the stimulation caused by endogenous opioid peptides. Potency of the antagonists correspond also to their kappa receptor selectivity. Antagonists reverse the stimulation of hCG release caused by agonists indicating that the ligand's action is mediated by the placental kappa opioid receptors. The bell shaped response curves for agonists and antagonists suggest that opioids play a role in the regulation of hCG release from trophoblast tissue, but other mechanism(s) may also exist.
Single amino acid substitutions of alpha 1-antitrypsin that confer enhancement in thermal stability (1994)

A recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin variant which increased thermal stability was obtained from random mutagenesis followed by screening. The clone was identified as having a single mutation of Phe51-->Cys. Heat deactivation of purified recombinant alpha 1-antitrypsin produced in Escherichia coli revealed that the mutation slowed down the deactivation rate 10-fold at 57 degrees C, increasing thermal stability of recombinant protein to almost that of natural glycosylated plasma form. The mutant protein also exhibited increased stability against denaturant. The urea-induced unfolding monitored by the changes in fluorescence intensity at 360 nm showed that the mutation shifted midpoint of the transition from 1.9 M to 2.8 M. The mutation site is particularly interesting in that some genetic variants mapped at adjacent positions were shown previously to cause aggregation of the polypeptides, while the Phe51-->Cys mutation decreased aggregation rate significantly during heat deactivation. The association rate constant with porcine pancreatic elastase revealed that the mutation did not affect inhibitory activity significantly. The site identified may be critical for regulating stability of alpha 1-antitrypsin. Characterization of various single amino acid substitutions at position 51 suggests that volume and flexibility of hydrophobic side chain at the site are critical factors for enhancing the stability of alpha 1-antitrypsin.
Gold Nanoparticles Capped with Polyethyleneimine for Enhanced siRNA Delivery (2009)

An efficient and safe delivery system for small interfering RNA (siRNA) is required for clinical application of RNA interfering therapeutics. Polyethyleneimine (PEI)-capped gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are successfully manufactured using PEI as the reductant and stabilizer, which bind siRNA at an appropriate weight ratio by electrostatic interaction and result in well-dispersed nanoparticles with uniform structure and narrow size distribution. With siRNA binding, PEI-capped AuNPs induce more significant and enhanced reduction in targeted green fluorescent protein expression in MDA-MB-435s cells, though more internalized PEI/siRNA complexes in cells are evidenced by confocal laser scanning microscopy observation and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analyses. PEI-capped AuNPs/siRNA targeting endogenous cell-cycle kinase, an oncogene polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1), display significant gene expression knockdown and induce enhanced cell apoptosis, whereas it is not obvious when the cells are treated with PLK1 siRNA using PEI as the carrier. Without exhibiting cellular toxicity, PEI-capped AuNPs appear to be suitable as a potential carrier for intracellular siRNA delivery.
The Drosophila neurogenic locus mastermind encodes a nuclear protein unusually rich in amino acid homopolymers. (1990)

The neurogenic loci of Drosophila are required for proper partitioning of ectodermal cells into epidermal versus neural lineages. The loci appear to encode components of a developmental pathway involving cellular communication. In an effort to understand the role of the neurogenic locus mastermind in these processes, we have characterized its expression and sequence. The locus produces a number of transcripts that accumulate ubiquitously during early embryogenesis but more specifically in the central nervous system during later stages. Sequence analysis of a major cDNA product predicts an unusual protein containing an abundance of amino acid homopolymers and charge clusters typical of regulatory molecules. Nearly half of the mass of the predicted protein derives from only three amino acids: glutamine, glycine, and asparagine. Immunohistochemical studies of the protein in cell culture and early embryos show that the protein accumulates predominantly in the nucleus.
Dual frequency resonant base station antennas for PDC systems in Japan (2003)

Cellular mobile communication systems are being successfully developed all over the world. To accommodate the increase in the number of mobile phone subscribers, multiple systems accessing different frequency bands are being employed. In 1993, PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) systems started operation in the frequency bands of 800 MHz and 1500 MHz in Japan. The PDC systems of NTTDoCoMo in Japan also use dual frequency bands. Accordingly, the base station antennas used in the PDC system must be dual frequency resonant to reduce the cost and space required for the antenna. This paper presents a commercial dual frequency resonant base station antenna and an operation mechanism for a remote controlled beam tilting system in the vertical plane.
Biodiesel production using Chlorella sorokiniana a green microalga (2023)

Several commercial applications of microalgae are identified. They can be used to enhance the nutritional value of food owing their chemical composition, they play a crucial role in aquaculture and they can be incorporated into cosmetics. Currently, they are cultivated as a source of renewable energy. Indeed, biodiesel, one form of biofuels can be produced by microalgae. This biofuel has attracting increasing attention worldwide as a clean energy for the future to substitute conventional fuel. However, their production derived from conventional ways that are so expensive and polluant because they used fossil fuels and oilseeds (vegetable oils) or animal fats. In this paper, wild/type strains of chlorella “green microalgae” isolated from Algerian Sahara soil are tested for their ability to produce biodiesel. The results show that Chlorella sorokiniana strain Ce, under different culture conditions, accumulates some fatty acids which make the most suitable for the production of good quality biodiesel.
Central Memory and Effector Memory T Cell Subsets: Function, Generation, and Maintenance (2004)

The memory T cell pool functions as a dynamic repository of antigen-experienced T lymphocytes that accumulate over the lifetime of the individual. Recent studies indicate that memory T lymphocytes contain distinct populations of central memory (TCM) and effector memory (TEM) cells characterized by distinct homing capacity and effector function. This review addresses the heterogeneity of TCM and TEM, their differentiation stages, and the current models for their generation and maintenance in humans and mice.
Telaah Historis Perkembangan Orientalisme Abad XVI-XX (2007)

Studies on relationship between West and Islam are still important to do till the recent times. The two cultures have been interacting one another for long time and will always do so in the future. To some Muslims point of view, West (Christianity) and East (Islam) become “eternal enemy” to each other. It can be traced in many biased view of orientalist about Islam and Muslims’ hatred against them. In this article I explore background of Islamic studies taken by orientalists. At first, orientalists transformed knowledge from Islam world to West through translating Muslim works into Western languages. As effect of Crusade 1, some orientalists do Islamic studies in order to criticize and weaken Islam through their misinterpretation and negative description about Islam. The come of Enlightenment turned some orientalits’ views on Islam into more neutral and likeable to Muslim. Their motivation to study Islam is only for the sake of knowledge development.&#x0D; Studies on relationship between West and Islam are still important to do till the recent times. The two cultures have been interacting one another for long time and will always do so in the future. To some Muslims point of view, West (Christianity) and East (Islam) become “eternal enemy” to each other. It can be traced in many biased view of orientalist about Islam and Muslims’ hatred against them. In this article I explore background of Islamic studies taken by orientalists. At first, orientalists transformed knowledge from Islam world to West through translating Muslim works into Western languages. As effect of Crusade 1, some orientalists do Islamic studies in order to criticize and weaken Islam through their misinterpretation and negative description about Islam. The come of Enlightenment turned some orientalits’ views on Islam into more neutral and likeable to Muslim. Their motivation to study Islam is only for the sake of knowledge development.
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis 65-kilodalton antigen is a heat shock protein which corresponds to common antigen and to the Escherichia coli GroEL protein (1988)

Monoclonal hybridoma antibodies directed against a 65-kilodalton (kDa) mycobacterial protein could detect similarly sized antigens in many other bacterial species. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the cross-reacting protein corresponded to a 62-kDa antigen that has been called Common Antigen. The mycobacterial 65-kDa antigen and Common Antigen are similar in that both (i) are highly immunoreactive molecules, (ii) contain species-specific and genus-specific epitopes in addition to the broadly cross-reactive epitopes, (iii) can be isolated as homomultimers of greater than 240 kDa, and (iv) have similar amino acid compositions. In Escherichia coli, the cross-reactive protein corresponded to the GroEL protein. Both the GroEL protein and the mycobacterial 65-kDa protein are expressed as heat shock proteins.