gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Control of established experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity within the central nervous system using monoclonal antibodies and TNF receptor‐immunoglobulin fusion proteins (1994)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity was inhibited during the development of actively-induced, chronic relapsing experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (CREAE) in Biozzi AB/H mice, using a mouse TNF-specific (TN3.19.12) antibody and bivalent human p55 and p75 TNF receptor-immunoglobulin (TNFR-Ig) fusion proteins. The development of disease could be inhibited when repeated doses of antibody were administered prior to the anticipated onset. It has now also been shown that a therapeutic effect is evident even when antibody is administered after the onset of clinical signs, further indicating an important role for TNF in pathogenic effector mechanisms in CREAE. Although biologically-active TNF was not detected in the circulation, TNF-alpha was detected in lesions within the central nervous system (CNS). This suggested that the CNS may be the main site for TNF-specific immunomodulation and was supported by the observation that intracranial injection was significantly more potent than that administered systemically, for both antibody and TNFR-Ig fusion proteins. The fusion proteins were as effective as antibody at doses 10-100-fold lower than that used for antibody, reflecting their higher neutralizing capacity in vitro. Although treatment was not curative and relapse inevitably occurred in this model if treatment was not sustained, the data indicate that anti-TNF immunotherapy, especially within the CNS, can inhibit CREAE and may, therefore, be useful in the control of human neuroimmunological diseases.
Effect of low intensity laser irradiation on surgically created bony defects in rats (2006)

Low intensity lasers have been used by clinicians to improve healing and reduce pain in humans. Lasing also results in new bone formation around hydroxyapatite implants and a significant increase in the total bone area. However, the exact mechanism of cell biostimulation by laser is still unclear. This study biochemically assessed the effects of low intensity laser (Gallium-Arsenide) using 4 and 22.4 mW cm(-2) power density on the bone healing process after surgically creating bony cavities in rat mandibles. Rats (n = 24) were divided into two groups each treated with specific energy, 4 or 22.4 mW cm(-2), for 3 min each day post-surgery. Surgical cavities were created on both sides of the mandible: the left served as an untreated control, the right was treated with laser. All rats were sacrificed after 1, 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. In the newly formed callus, accumulation of radiocalcium and alkaline phosphatase activity was measured to indicate osteogenic activity. One-way anova with repeated measures showed that the low intensity laser using 4 mW cm(-2) power density significantly increased radiocalcium accumulation from 2 weeks post-surgery, whereas 22.4 mW cm(-2) had no effect. No changes were noted in the activity of alkaline phosphatase with the laser treatment. These results suggest that laser therapy of low power density is effective on the bone healing process in artificially created osseous cavities by affecting calcium transport during new bone formation.
Immunoglobulin heavy-chain switching may be directed by prior induction of transcripts from constant-region genes. (1988)

Immunoglobulin heavy-chain switching is effected by a DNA recombination event that replaces the C mu gene with one of the other heavy-chain constant-region (CH) genes located 3' to the C mu gene. How the specificity of this event is controlled is unknown. However, it has been shown that IgM+ cells capable of switching to specific isotypes have the corresponding unrearranged CH genes in an accessible or active chromatin state, as demonstrated by the fact that these specific CH genes are hypomethylated and are transcriptionally active. We now report that the RNAs transcribed from specific unrearranged CH genes are induced prior to switching under conditions that promote switching to these specific CH genes. For example, we find that bacterial lipopolysaccharide, which induces the IgM+ cell line I.29 mu to switch to IgA, induces transcripts from the germ-line C alpha gene(s) in I.29 mu cells prior to switch recombination. Two preparations of T-cell lymphokines (recombinant interleukin 4 and supernatant from the T-cell line 2.19, which contains interleukins 4 and 5) that promote switching to specific isotypes by lipopolysaccharide-treated spleen cells induce transcripts from the corresponding germ-line CH genes prior to expression of the new isotypes. For example, interleukin 4, which appears to be necessary for switching to IgE in vitro and in vivo, induces within 2 days large increases in germ-line C epsilon transcripts in lipopolysaccharide-treated spleen cells and in I.29 mu cells. The most straightforward interpretation of our data is that these lymphokines direct switching to specific isotypes by activating specific CH genes, making them accessible to the putative switch recombinase.
Immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of the rat: striking homology to mouse antibody genes. (1986)

DNA encoding the rat diversity segment (D), joining segment (JH), and constant (C) region mu, gamma 2a, gamma 1, gamma 2b, epsilon and alpha of the Ig heavy chain has been isolated from a cosmid library. Restriction mapping allowed us to identify two gene clusters: D-JH-C mu and C gamma 1-C gamma 2b-C epsilon-C alpha in addition to a single C gamma 2a gene. Analysis of genomic DNA by Southern blotting permitted identification of the C gamma 2c gene and led to the proposal of the following gene order for the rat Ig heavy chain locus: D-JH-C mu-C delta-(C gamma 2c, C gamma 2a)-C gamma 1-C gamma 2b-C epsilon-C alpha. There is striking homology between the rat and mouse Ig heavy chain loci as regards gene order and distance between CH genes. Partial DNA sequencing confirms this homology and shows that exon sequences are more conserved than are intron sequences. One of the most conserved intron regions between rat and mouse is that spanning the Ig heavy chain enhancer (91% homology). However, the relationship between the different C gamma subclasses in rat differs from that in mouse. Comparison of the C gamma CH3 domains shows that the rat C gamma 2b gene is most homologous to mouse C gamma 2a/b, whereas the rat C gamma 1 and C gamma 2a genes, both very similar to each other, are most homologous to the mouse C gamma 1 gene.
Thermochromic liquid crystals (2011)

Thermochromic liquid crystals have been exploited in novelties and in high-technology applications alike since the earliest years of liquid crystal technology. They have also played a central role in the elucidation of the structures of liquid crystal phases and their inter-relationship, the optics of mesophases, the nature of phase transitions and their static and dynamic continuum theory. Despite this long history, many of the materials and applications have been continually exploited for several decades, indicating an early achievement of maturity in this area of liquid crystal technology. This article briefly reviews the main materials, applications and devices, and attempts to place them in the context of related developments in liquid crystal science.
Protective action of hepatocyte growth factor for acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine in transgenic mice (1997)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been reported to be a potent mitogen for hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Recent reports have shown that HGF has cytoprotective actions in acute liver injury models, but its mechanisms remain to be resolved. In the present study, we investigated whether HGF could work as an anti-hepatitis agent for acute liver injury caused by D-galactosamine (D-GalN) using transgenic (TG) mice expressing HGF in hepatocytes, compared with wild-type (WT) mice of their siblings. After administration of 3 g/kg body weight of D-GalN, elevated serum transaminase levels and severe liver damage that were observed in WT mice were significantly improved in TG mice. In TG mice, the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive hepatocytes was high at 0 hours after D-GalN treatment, and increased at 24 hours. The percentage of PCNA-positive cells in WT mice was very low at 0 hours and 24 hours after treatment, but increased at 48 hours. To clarify the mechanisms via which HGF acts, we measured hepatic HGF and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) contents after D-GalN administration by an enzyme immunoassay. Total hepatic HGF contents, which were composed of murine (endogeneous) and human (derived from transgene) HGF, in TG mice were higher than those in WT mice at 0, 12, and 24 hours after administration of 3 g/kg body weight of D-GalN. Hepatic PGE2 contents in TG mice were also significantly higher than those in WT mice. Hepatic PGE2 contents had a positive correlation with total HGF contents at both 12 hours and 24 hours after the treatment. Moreover, an administration of 0.5 microg of anti-HGF antibody into the portal vein suppressed hepatic PGE2 contents of mice, compared with saline-injected mice in acute liver injury. Anti-PGE2 antibody administration caused more severe liver damage than saline solution. A survival rate of TG mice that were given 6 g/kg body weight of D-GalN-a lethal dose of D-GalN-was improved compared with WT mice. These results provided direct evidences that HGF worked as an anti-hepatitis agent against acute liver injury caused by D-GalN, and that this action might be exerted through accelerated hepatic PGE2 production.
CD81 (TAPA-1): A MOLECULE INVOLVED IN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND CELL ADHESION IN THE IMMUNE SYSTEM (1998)

CD81 (TAPA-1) is a widely expressed cell-surface protein involved in an astonishing variety of biologic responses. It has been cloned independently several times for different functional effects and is reported to influence adhesion, morphology, activation, proliferation, and differentiation of B, T, and other cells. On B cells CD81 is part of a complex with CD21, CD19, and Leu13. This complex reduces the threshold for B cell activation via the B cell receptor by bridging Ag specific recognition and CD21-mediated complement recognition. Similarly on T cells CD81 associates with CD4 and CD8 and provides a costimulatory signal with CD3. In fetal thymic organ culture, mAb to CD81 block maturation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes, and expression of CD81 on CHO cells endows those cells with the ability to support T cell maturation. However, CD81-deficient mice express normal numbers and subsets of T cells. These mice do exhibit diminished antibody responses to protein antigens. CD81 is also physically and functionally associated with several integrins. Anti-CD81 can activate integrin alpha 4 beta 1 (VLA-4) on B cells, facilitating their adhesion to tonsilar interfollicular stroma. Similarly, anti-CD81 can activate alpha L beta 2 (LFA-1) on human thymocytes. CD81 can also affect cognate B-T cell interactions because anti-CD81 increases IL-4 synthesis by T cells responding to antigen presented by B cells but not by monocytes. The tetraspanin superfamily (or TM4SF) includes CD81, CD9, CD37, CD53, CD63, CD82, CD151, and an increasing number of additional proteins. Like CD81, several tetraspanins are involved in cell adhesion, motility, and metastasis, as well as cell activation and signal transduction.
Self-Assembling Organic Nanotubes (2001)

Hollow tubular structures of molecular dimensions perform diverse biological functions in nature. Examples include scaffolding and packaging roles played by cytoskeletal microtubules and viral coat proteins, respectively, as well as the chemical transport and screening activities of membrane channels. In the preparation of such tubular assemblies, biological systems make extensive use of self-assembling and self-organizing strategies. Owing to numerous potential applications in areas such as chemistry, biology, and materials science considerable effort has recently been devoted to preparation of artificial nanotubular structures. This article reviews design principles and the preparation of synthetic organic nanotubes, with special emphasis on noncovalent processes such as self-assembly and self-organization.
Mapping of calf muscle oxygenation and haemoglobin content during dynamic plantar flexion exercise by multi-channel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy (2004)

A compact and fast multi-channel time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy system for tissue oximetry was developed. It employs semiconductor laser and fibre optics for delivery of optical signals. Photons are collected by eight 1 mm fibres and detected by a multianode photomultiplier. A time-correlated single photon counting board is used for the parallel acquisition of time-resolved reflectance curves. Estimate of the reduced scattering coefficient is achieved by fitting with a standard model of diffusion theory, while the modified Lambert-Beer law is used to assess the absorption coefficient. In vivo measurements were performed on five healthy volunteers to monitor spatial changes in calf muscle (medial and lateral gastrocnemius; MG, LG) oxygen saturation (SmO2) and total haemoglobin concentration (tHb) during dynamic plantar flexion exercise performed at 50% of the maximal voluntary contraction. At rest SmO2 was 73.0 +/- 0.9 and 70.5 +/- 1.7% in MG and LG, respectively (P = 0.045). At the end of the exercise, SmO2 decreased (69.1 +/- 1.8 and 63.8 +/- 2.1% in MG and LG, respectively; P < 0.01). The LG desaturation was greater than the MG desaturation (P < 0.02). These results strengthen the role of time-resolved near-infrared spectroscopy as a powerful tool for investigating the spatial and temporal features of muscle SmO2 and tHb.
Higher Levels of Albuminuria within the Normal Range Predict Incident Hypertension (2008)

Higher levels of albumin excretion within the normal range are associated with cardiovascular disease in high-risk individuals. Whether incremental increases in urinary albumin excretion, even within the normal range, are associated with the development of hypertension in low-risk individuals is unknown. This study included 1065 postmenopausal women from the first Nurses' Health Study and 1114 premenopausal women from the second Nurses' Health Study who had an albumin/creatinine ratio <25 mg/g and who did not have diabetes or hypertension. Among the older women, 271 incident cases of hypertension occurred during 4 yr of follow-up, and among the younger women, 296 incident cases of hypertension occurred during 8 yr of follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to examine prospectively the association between the albumin/creatinine ratio and incident hypertension after adjustment for age, body mass index, estimated GFR, baseline BP, physical activity, smoking, and family history of hypertension. Participants who had an albumin/creatinine ratio in the highest quartile (4.34 to 24.17 mg/g for older women and 3.68 to 23.84 mg/g for younger women) were more likely to develop hypertension than those who had an albumin/creatinine ratio in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio 1.76 [95% confidence interval 1.21 to 2.56] and hazard ratio 1.35 [95% confidence interval 0.97 to 1.91] for older and younger women, respectively). Higher albumin/creatinine ratios, even within the normal range, are independently associated with increased risk for development of hypertension among women without diabetes. The definition of normal albumin excretion should be reevaluated.
Somatotopic Organization of Human Secondary Somatosensory Cortex (2001)

This fMRI study investigated the human somatosensory system, especially the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), with respect to its potential somatotopic organization. Eight subjects received electrical stimulation on their right second finger, fifth finger and hallux. Within SII, the typical finding for both fingers was a representation site within the contralateral parietal operculum roughly halfway between the lip of the lateral sulcus and its fundus, whereas the representation site of the hallux was found more medially to this position at the fundus of the lateral sulcus, near the posterior pole of the insula. Somatotopy in SII seems to be less fine-grained than in primary somatosensory cortex (SI), as, in contrast to SI, no separate representations of the two fingers in SII were observed. A similar somatotopic representation pattern between fingers and the hallux was also observed within ipsilateral SII, indicating somatotopy of contra- as well as ipsilateral SII using unilateral stimulation. Further areas exhibiting activation were found in the superior and inferior parietal lobule, in the supplementary and cingulate motor area, and in the insula.
Evidence-Based Use of Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy in Clinical Plastic Surgery (2009)

This review shows that plastic surgeons have at hand a powerful tool with no known side effects for the adjunctive, noninvasive, nonpharmacologic management of postoperative pain and edema. Given the recent rapid advances in development of portable and economical PEMF devices, what has been of most significance to the plastic surgeon is the laboratory and clinical confirmation of decreased pain and swelling following injury or surgery.
New 1,4-Benzodiazepin-2-one Derivatives as Gastrin/Cholecystokinin-B Antagonists. (1995)

A novel series of 1-aroylmethyl-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivatives was prepared and evaluated for activity as gastrin/cholecystokinin (CCK)-B receptor antagonists. In vitro binding studies showed that some derivatives exhibited potent affinity for gastrin CCK-B receptor and high selectivity over peripheral CCK(CCK-A) receptor. Furthermore these compounds potently inhibited pentagastrin-induced gastric acid secretion upon intravenous administration in an in vivo model in rats. Structure-activity relationship studies of this series suggested that 1-[(R)-2,3-dihydro-1-(2,3-dihydro-1-(2-methylphenacyl)-2-oxo-5-phe nyl-1H-1,4-benzodiazepin-3-yl]-3-(3-methylphenyl)urea (35b, YM022) was the optimal compound with IC50 values of 0.17, 0.11 and 150 nM for gastrin, CCK-B and CCK-A receptors, respectively, and an ED50 value of 9.5 nmol/kg (i.v.) in rats. The absolute configuration of the precursor of YM022, an (R)-3-amino-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one derivative ((R)-25), was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis of its (S) mandelate. It would be expected that YM022, a potent and selective gastrin CCK-B receptor antagonist, inhibits gastric acid secretion without inducing gastrin-mediated side effects such as hypergastrinemia and hyperplasia of oxyntic mucosa.
Functional screening and complex traits: human 21q22.2 sequences affecting learning in mice (1997)

Libraries of the mammalian genome have generally been propagated in single cells and have been used for gene discovery through in vitro analyses. We have expanded upon this concept by the creation of panels of YAC transgenic mice propagating targeted megabase regions of the genome. Such a panel of mice can be called an 'in vivo library' and genes can be identified based on functional screens of members of the library. To test this approach, we created a 2 Mb in vivo library of human chromosome 21q22.2. Analysis of the library has revealed that one 570 kb YAC, in two separate founder lines, was associated with distinct learning deficits compared with the other 21q22 YAC transgenics and non-transgenic control animals. We have localized the gene on the YAC that causes the deficits by taking advantage of fragmentation of the YAC during the process of microinjection. The responsible gene is the human minibrain gene, and the homolog of the gene in Drosophila is also associated with learning defects. These results suggest that altered dosage of minibrain is associated with abnormal neural development in flies and mice and, in humans, may also be involved in the molecular pathology of Down syndrome.
Transmission electron microscopy investigation of texture development in magnesium oxide buffer layers. (2000)

No abstract prepared.
Enhancement of verticillium wilt resistance in tomato transplants by in vitro co-culture of seedlings with a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium (<i>Pseudomonas</i> sp. strain PsJN) (1998)

The potential utilization of a plant growth promoting rhizobacterium, Pseudomonas sp. strain PsJN, to enhance the resistance of tomato transplants to verticillium wilt was investigated. Plant growth and disease development were tested on the disease-susceptible cultivar Bonny Best after Verticillium dahliae infection of tissue culture plantlets bacterized in vitro (by co-culturing with the bacterium) and seedlings bacterized in vivo (after 3 weeks growth in the greenhouse). Significant differences in both disease suppression and plant growth were obtained between in vitro bacterized and nonbacterized (control) plants. The degree of protection afforded by in vitro bacterization depended on the inoculum density of V. dahliae; the best and worst protection occurred at the lowest (103 conidia ·mL-1) and highest (106 conidia ·mL-1) levels, respectively. In contrast, the in vivo bacterized tomatoes did not show plant growth promotion when compared to the nonbacterized control plants. When challenged with Vertic...
Identification of a Clostridium perfringens Enterotoxin Region Required for Large Complex Formation and Cytotoxicity by Random Mutagenesis (1999)

Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE), a single polypeptide of 319 amino acids, has a unique multistep mechanism of action. In the first step, CPE binds to claudin proteins and/or a 50-kDa eukaryotic membrane protein receptor, forming a small ( approximately 90-kDa) complex. This small complex apparently then associates with a 70-kDa eukaryotic membrane protein, resulting in formation of a large complex that induces the onset of membrane permeability alterations. To better define the boundaries of CPE functional regions and to identify specific amino acid residues involved in various steps of CPE action, in this study we subjected the cloned cpe gene to random mutagenesis in XL-1 Red strains of Escherichia coli. Seven CPE random mutants with reduced cytotoxicity for Vero cells were phenotypically characterized for the ability to complete each step in CPE action. Five of these seven recombinant CPE (rCPE) random mutants (G49D, S59L, R116S, R137G, and S167P) exhibited binding characteristics similar to those of rCPE or native CPE, while the Y310C and W226Stop mutants showed reduced binding and no binding, respectively, to brush border membranes. Interestingly, two completely nontoxic mutants (G49D and S59L) were able to bind and form small complex but they did not mediate any detectable large complex formation. Another strongly attenuated mutant, R116S, formed reduced amounts of an anomalously migrating large complex. Collectively, these results provide further support for large complex formation being an essential step in CPE action and also identify the CPE region ranging from residues approximately 45 to 116 as important for large complex formation. Finally, we also report that limited removal of extreme N-terminal CPE sequences, which may occur in vivo during disease, stimulates cytotoxic activity by enhancing large complex formation.
Nitrosyl-Hemoglobin Formation in the Blood of Animals Exposed to Nitric Oxide (1975)

Animals were exposed to nitric oxide (NO) in order to study its biological effect. First a method was developed to exclude nitrogen dioxide formed during exposure of NO. Nitrosyl-hemoglobin (NOHb) in the blood of mice, rats, and rabbits exposed to NO was determined by electron spin resonance spectrometry at -100C. The content of NOHb in the blood of the mouse reached the maximum (0.13% of the total hemoglobin) 20 minutes after the exposure was begun and thereafter a state of equilibrium was maintained. The NOHv level decreased to one half in several minutes after the mouse was removed to a filtered air environment. Dose-response relationship was observed between gas concentrations and the maximum NOHb level.