gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The preimplantation pig embryo: cell number and allocation to trophectoderm and inner cell mass of the blastocyst in vivo and in vitro (1988)

Total cell number as well as differential cell numbers representing the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm were determined by a differential staining technique for preimplantation pig embryos recovered between 5 and 8 days after the onset of oestrus. Total cell number increased rapidly over this time span and significant effects were found between embryos of the same chronological age from different females. Inner cells could be detected in some but not all embryos of 12-16 cells. The proportion of inner cells was low in morulae but increased during differentiation of ICM and trophectoderm in early blastocysts. The proportion of ICM cells then decreased as blastocysts expanded and hatched. Some embryos were cultured in vitro and others were transferred to the oviducts of immature mice as a surrogate in vivo environment and assessed for morphology and cell number after several days. Although total cell number did not reach in vivo levels, morphological development and cell number increase was sustained better in the immature mice than in vitro. The proportion of ICM cells in blastocysts formed in vitro was in the normal range.
Theory and nucleic acid preparation (1993)

1.1 Terms and definitions of assay parameters 1.2 History and development of hybridization 1.3 Organization of this volume. 2. Overview of principles of hybridization and the strategy of nucleic acid probe assays: 2.1 Probability of complementarity of nucleic acid strands 2.2 Stability of nucleic acid duplices 2.3 Kinetics 2.4 Triple helices 2.5 Consequences of theoretical considerations for assay strategies. 3. Nucleic acid purification: 3.1 Basic materials and techniques for nucleic acid purification 3.2 Preparation of DNA suitable for cloning and Southern hybridization 3.3 Purification of RNA for cloning and Northern hybridization 3.4 Rapid isolation of nucleic acids for hybridization or amplification. 4. Production of nucleic acids serving as probes: 4.1 Construction of recombinant DNA molecules and their cloning 4.2 Escherichia coli strains used in molecular cloning 4.3 Vectors used for the production of probes 4.4 Preparation of cDNA 4.5 Insertion of foreign DNA into vectors. 5. Amplification of specific nucleic acids for hybridization: Principles and comparison of amplification systems 5.2 Set-up of a laboratory for in vitro nucleic acid amplification 5.3 Polymer chain reaction 5.4 Isothermal amplification system 5.5 Ligase chain reaction 5.6 QBeta-replication system 5.7 Transcription-based amplification system. 6. Synthetic oligonucleotides: 6.1 Chemical stability of nucleic acids 6.1 Selection of sequence for synthetic oligonucleotide probes 6.3 Chemical oligonucleotide synthesis and purification 6.4 Labelling of oligonucleotides 6.5 Impact of conjugation of oligomers on hybridization properties. Appendix 1 Oligomer-duplex stability: A.1.1. Thermodynamic prediction of oligomer duplex stability A.1.2. Oligomer duplex retention during washing. Appendix 2 Oligomer-duplex stability: A.2.1. Theoretical impact of complexity and length of nucleic acid on the reannealing rate constant A.2.2. Reassociation kinetics of nucleic acid strands at equimolar concentrations A.2.3. Hybridization kinetics A.2.4. Kinetics of competing reactions A.2.5. Hybridization with unique membrane-bound sequences A.2.6. Hybridization with related membrane-bound sequences.
Deletion of a regulatory gene within the cpk gene cluster reveals novel antibacterial activity in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (2010)

Genome sequencing of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) revealed an uncharacterized type I polyketide synthase gene cluster (cpk). Here we describe the discovery of a novel antibacterial activity (abCPK) and a yellow-pigmented secondary metabolite (yCPK) after deleting a presumed pathway-specific regulatory gene (scbR2) that encodes a member of the gamma-butyrolactone receptor family of proteins and which lies in the cpk gene cluster. Overproduction of yCPK and abCPK in a scbR2 deletion mutant, and the absence of the newly described compounds from cpk deletion mutants, suggest that they are products of the previously orphan cpk biosynthetic pathway in which abCPK is converted into the yellow pigment. Transcriptional analysis suggests that scbR2 may act in a negative feedback mechanism to eventually limit yCPK biosynthesis. The results described here represent a novel approach for the discovery of new, biologically active compounds.
NF-κB Signaling Regulates Functional Expression of the MHC Class I-Related Neonatal Fc Receptor for IgG via Intronic Binding Sequences (2007)

The neonatal Fc receptor for IgG (FcRn) functions to transport maternal IgG to a fetus or newborn and to protect IgG from degradation. Although FcRn is expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types, the extent to which FcRn expression is regulated by immunological and inflammatory events remains unknown. Stimulation of intestinal epithelial cell lines, macrophage-like THP-1, and freshly isolated human monocytes with the cytokine TNF-alpha rapidly up-regulated FcRn gene expression. In addition, the TLR ligands LPS and CpG oligodeoxynucleotide enhanced the level of FcRn expression in THP-1 and monocytes. Treatment of TNF-stimulated THP-1 cells with the NF-kappaB-specific inhibitor or overexpression of a dominant negative mutant inhibitory NF-kappaB (IkappaBalpha; S32A/S36A) resulted in down-regulation of FcRn expression. By using chromatin immunoprecipitation we identified three NF-kappaB binding sequences within introns 2 and 4 of the human FcRn gene. An EMSA confirmed the p50/p50 and/or p65/p50 complex (s) bound to intron 2- or 4-derived oligonucleotides containing putative NF-kappaB binding sequences, respectively. The intronic NF-kappaB sequences in combination with the promoter or alone regulated the expression of a luciferase reporter gene in response to TNF-alpha stimulation or overexpression of NF-kappaB p65 and p50. DNA looping interactions potentially occurred after the stimulation between intronic NF-kappaB sequences and the FcRn promoter as shown by a chromosome conformation capture assay. Finally, TNF-alpha stimulations enhanced IgG transport across an intestinal Caco-2 epithelial monolayer. Together, these data provide the first evidence that NF-kappaB signaling via intronic sequences regulates FcRn expression and function.
Regulation of Muscle Mass by Follistatin and Activins (2010)

Myostatin is a TGF-β family member that normally acts to limit skeletal muscle mass. Follistatin is a myostatin-binding protein that can inhibit myostatin activity in vitro and promote muscle growth in vivo. Mice homozygous for a mutation in the Fst gene have been shown to die immediately after birth but have a reduced amount of muscle tissue, consistent with a role for follistatin in regulating myogenesis. Here, we show that Fst mutant mice exhibit haploinsufficiency, with muscles of Fst heterozygotes having significantly reduced size, a shift toward more oxidative fiber types, an impairment of muscle remodeling in response to cardiotoxin-induced injury, and a reduction in tetanic force production yet a maintenance of specific force. We show that the effect of heterozygous loss of Fst is at least partially retained in a Mstn-null background, implying that follistatin normally acts to inhibit other TGF-β family members in addition to myostatin to regulate muscle size. Finally, we present genetic evidence suggesting that activin A may be one of the ligands that is regulated by follistatin and that functions with myostatin to limit muscle mass. These findings potentially have important implications with respect to the development of therapeutics targeting this signaling pathway to preserve muscle mass and prevent muscle atrophy in a variety of inherited and acquired forms of muscle degeneration.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection And Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases In Developing Countries: Public Health Importance And Priorities For Resource Allocation (1996)

The health programs of developing countries have not traditionally given high priority to the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). However the HIV pandemic and the realization that a significant proportion of reproductive and maternal morbidity and mortality result from STDs have generated renewed interest in STD control. The authors develop and apply a population-based analytical approach to modeling the cost-effectiveness of alternative STD interventions. They find that the cost-effectiveness of individual interventions is highly sensitive to the circumstances of implementation. In particular targeting interventions to the subset of the population with the highest rates of sex partner change markedly improves the cost-effectiveness of all interventions analyzed.
Identification of potential target genes for the neuron-restrictive silencer factor. (1996)

The neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) represses transcription of several neuronal genes in nonneuronal cells by binding to a 21-bp element called the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE). We have performed data base searches with a composite NRSE to identify additional candidate NRSF target genes. Twenty-two more genes, 17 of which are expressed mainly in neurons, were found to contain NRSE-like sequences. Many of these putative NRSEs bound NRSF in vitro and repressed transcription in vivo. Most of the neuronal genes identified contribute to the basic structural or functional properties of neurons. However, two neuronal transcription factor genes contain NRSEs, suggesting that NRSF may repress neuronal differentiation both directly and indirectly. Functional NRSEs were also found in several nonneuronal genes, implying that NRSF may play a broader role than originally anticipated.
Piezoelectric Materials Used in Underwater Acoustic Transducers (2012)

Piezoelectric materials have been used in underwater acoustic transducers for nearly a century. In this paper, we reviewed four different types of piezoelectric materials: piezoelectric ceramics, single crystals, composites, and polymers, which are widely used in underwater acoustic transducers nowadays. Piezoelectric ceramics are the most dominant material type and are used as a single-phase material or one of the end members in composites. Piezoelectric single crystals offer outstanding electromechanical response but are limited by their manufacturing cost. Piezoelectric polymers provide excellent acoustic impedance matching and transducer fabrication flexibility although their piezoelectric properties are not as good as ceramics and single crystals. Composites combined the merits of ceramics and polymers and are receiving increased attention. The typical structure and electromechanical properties of each type of materials are introduced and discussed with respect to underwater acoustic transducer applications. Their advantages and disadvantages are summarized. Some of the critical design considerations when developing underwater acoustic transducers with these materials are also touched upon.
Highly efficient electrolytic exfoliation of graphite into graphene sheets based on Li ions intercalation–expansion–microexplosion mechanism (2012)

In this communication, we report a facile and novel molten salt electrolysis method to prepare high-quality graphene sheets. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) confirmed that the final products exfoliated from the electrolysis of graphite cathode in the molten LiOH medium are mainly graphene sheets (approx. 80 wt% conversion efficiency). Raman spectroscopy revealed that the as-formed graphene sheets have significantly low density of defects. Based on these observations, the exfoliation mechanism of graphite cathode into graphene sheets through lithium intercalation–expansion–microexplosion processes was proposed. The discovery of a molten salt electrolysis method presents us with the possibility for large scale and continuous production of graphene.
Cloning, characterization, and sequence analysis of the clcE gene encoding the maleylacetate reductase of Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 (1997)

A 3,167-bp PstI fragment of genomic DNA from Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 was cloned and sequenced. The gene clcE consists of 1,059 nucleotides encoding a protein of 352 amino acids with a calculated mass of 37,769 Da which showed maleylacetate reductase activity. The protein had significant sequence similarities with the polypeptides encoded by tcbF of pP51 (59.4% identical positions), tfdF of pJP4 (55.1%), and tftE of Burkholderia cepacia AC1100 (53.1%). The function of TcbF as maleylacetate reductase was established by an enzyme assay.
Carbon Dioxide in Anaerobic Spermatozoan Metabolism (1968)

The mechanism of CO~ effects in mammalian spermatozoan metabolism is little understood. The demonstration of a need for CO~ in anaerobic metabolisnl of epididymal-like bovine spermatozoa presented an opportunity for further study of CO~ effects on glycolysis. A PCO~ of 2 to 3% was optimum for maximum glycolysis, while levels above and below this narrow optimum range progressively depressed glyeolysis. An initial PCO~ of 1% or greater maintained spermatozoan motility, but lower levels did not. Sperm cells deprived of CO~ for 2 hr or longer did not recover metabolism or motility when regassed with 5% CO~ 95% N~, whereas cells first subjetted to 5% CO~ demonstrated inhibited metabolism resulting from the removal of CO~ only after the first hour. With fructose as substrate, a study of the addition of several substances revealed that only the complex material egg yolk replaced CO~ in initiating glycolysis. Carbon dioxide was necessary for the anaerobic cellular conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The addition of NADH caused an early, marked uptake of CO~, which could be completely inhibited by :e-(3,4-ureleneeyclohexyl) butyric acid, a biotin antagonist.
The variable C-terminal region of the Mycobacterium leprae 70-kilodalton heat shock protein is the target for humoral immune responses (1992)

The 70-kDa heat shock protein of Mycobacterium leprae has a high degree of homology with the human hsp70 protein, yet it still elicits T-lymphocyte responses in subjects infected with M. leprae or vaccinated with the related Mycobacterium bovis BCG. We examined the serological responses to this protein by using recombinant protein fragments expressed from mutants with deletions of the M. leprae p70 gene. Monoclonal antibodies raised against either M. bovis or M. leprae p70 reacted with the C-terminal fragments but not the N-terminal fragments in a solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and an immunoblot assay. Inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays confirmed that two separate epitopes were defined by these monoclonal antibodies. Murine polyclonal sera also showed stronger binding to the C-terminal fragments. Sera from 33 and 48% of lepromatous leprosy patients reacted with M. leprae and M. bovis p70. This reactivity was mycobacterium specific, since few sera from control subjects in the same leprosy-endemic region were seropositive. The levels of anti-mycobacterial hsp70 antibodies were higher in patients with lepromatous leprosy than in those with tuberculoid leprosy or tuberculosis. The reactivity of sera from patients with leprosy was maximal with the C-terminal fragments. Therefore the C-terminal portion of M. leprae hsp70, which includes the region of maximum divergence from human hsp70, is the major target for the humoral immune response to the protein.
Model Studies Directed toward a General Triplex DNA Recognition Scheme: A Novel DNA Base That Binds a CG Base-Pair in an Organic Solvent (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModel Studies Directed toward a General Triplex DNA Recognition Scheme: A Novel DNA Base That Binds a CG Base-Pair in an Organic SolventSteven C. Zimmerman and Philippe SchmittCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 43, 10769–10770Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00148a030https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00148a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views245Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Post-Transcriptional Cosuppression of b-1,3-Glucanase Genes Does Not Affect Accumulation of Transgene Nuclear mRNA (1995)

Fernanda de Carvalho Niebel, Pierre Frendo, Marc Van Montagu, Marc Cornelissen, Post-Transcriptional Cosuppression of β-1,3-Glucanase Genes Does Not Affect Accumulation of Transgene Nuclear mRNA, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Mar., 1995), pp. 347-358
Novel strategies for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease: Selective inhibition of cytokines and adhesion molecules (2006)

The etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has not yet been clarified and immunosuppressive agents which non-specifically reduce inflammation and immunity have been used in the conventional therapies for IBD. Evidence indicates that a dysregulation of mucosal immunity in the gut of IBD causes an overproduction of inflammatory cytokines and trafficking of effector leukocytes into the bowel, thus leading to an uncontrolled intestinal inflammation. Such recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD created a recent trend of novel biological therapies which specifically inhibit the molecules involved in the inflammatory cascade. Major targets for such treatment are inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, and adhesion molecules. A chimeric anti-TNF-alpha monoclonal antibody, infliximab, has become a standard therapy for CD and it is also likely to be beneficial for UC. Several anti-TNF reagents have been developed but most of them seem to not be as efficacious as infliximab. A humanized anti-TNF monoclonal antibody, adalimumab may be useful for the treatment of patients who lost responsiveness or developed intolerance to infliximab. Antibodies against IL-12 p40 and IL-6 receptor could be alternative new anti-cytokine therapies for IBD. Anti-interferon-gamma and anti-CD25 therapies were developed, but the benefit of these agents has not yet been established. The selective blocking of migration of leukocytes into intestine seems to be a nice approach. Antibodies against alpha4 integrin and alpha4beta7 integrin showed benefit for IBD. Antisense oligonucleotide of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) may be efficacious for IBD. Clinical trials of such compounds have been either recently reported or are currently underway. In this article, we review the efficacy and safety of such novel biological therapies for IBD.
[Spontaneous rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks of amenorrhea. Obstetrical and perinatal outcome. Apropos of 28 cases]. (1991)

The authors studied the outcome of pregnancies after spontaneous rupture of the membranes before 28 weeks of amenorrhoea in a series of 28 women. The mean time of the rupture was at 25 1/2 weeks. The duration of the time of rupture was a mean of 10 days and deliveries occurred between the 19th and the 32nd weeks. In 5 cases with an average term of 22 1/2 weeks the pregnancy was terminated. Caesarean operation was carried out in 4 cases and spontaneous vaginal delivery occurred between the 26th and 30th weeks of amenorrhoea in 19 cases. Chorio-amnionitis was the most common maternal complication (32.1%). Maternal morbidity was high (82%) without important sequelae. Thirty infants were born out of these 28 pregnancies (two sets of twins). 33% of the infants were stillborn, 46.6% died in the neonatal period, all of these from respiratory complications. 20% of the children are still alive, and all of these weighed at least 1,000 grams and were born after 28 weeks. A child that was born at 27 weeks amenorrhoea has serious neurological deficits. Having studied the bibliography on the subject and their own personal experience the authors suggest a routine to carry out in these cases. Although the prognosis is poor, the totality of these factors could encourage obstetrical teams to be conservative so long as they watch very carefully under well defined conditions.
Exogenous expression of mouse interferon gamma cDNA in mouse neuroblastoma C1300 cells results in reduced tumorigenicity by augmented anti-tumor immunity. (1989)

To examine the influence of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) on tumorigenicity, we established constitutively IFN-gamma-producing cell lines from a malignant mouse neuroblastoma, C1300, by retroviral transfer of a mouse IFN-gamma cDNA. The gene-transferred cells generally showed an enhanced high-level expression of the major histocompatibility complex class I antigens at the cell surface and the transcription levels, irrespective of their IFN-gamma-producing potential. Although in vitro cell growth of these cells was unaffected by the IFN-gamma production, their s.c. tumor growth in syngeneic A/J mice was dependent upon levels of IFN-gamma production; tumors induced by a low-producer line grew well at a rate similar to those induced by the parental one, but tumor growth of a high-producer line was strongly suppressed. This apparent tumor suppression was abolished by simultaneous i.p. injection of anti-Lyt2.2 and/or anti-IFN-gamma monoclonal antibodies, and subsequently large tumors of the high producer were generated. Anti-asialoganglioside GM1 antibodies allowed the high-producer line to induce a substantial but only transient tumor growth, whereas other antibodies, such as anti-Lyt2.1, anti-IFN-beta, and anti-activated macrophage, had no such effect. The mice immunized with the high-producer line were resistant to tumor growth of the parental cells but permitted another kind of A/J tumor line, Sa-1, to induce remarkable tumors. These results indicate that the reduced tumorigenicity of the IFN-gamma high-producer line was due to the augmented specific anti-tumor immunity, in which cytotoxic T lymphocytes seemed to play a decisive role, probably as a result of the immunomodulatory effects of the IFN-gamma derived from the tumor.