gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wideband Balun-LNA With Simultaneous Output Balancing, Noise-Canceling and Distortion-Canceling (2008)

An inductorless low-noise amplifier (LNA) with active balun is proposed for multi-standard radio applications between 100 MHz and 6 GHz. It exploits a combination of a common-gate (CGH) stage and an admittance-scaled common-source (CS) stage with replica biasing to maximize balanced operation, while simultaneously canceling the noise and distortion of the CG-stage. In this way, a noise figure (NF) close to or below 3 dB can be achieved, while good linearity is possible when the CS-stage is carefully optimized. We show that a CS-stage with deep submicron transistors can have high IIP2, because the nu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</sub> ldr nu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ds</sub> cross-term in a two-dimensional Taylor approximation of the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</sub> , V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> ) characteristic can cancel the traditionally dominant square-law term in the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">GS</sub> ) relation at practical gain values. Using standard 65 nm transistors at 1.2 V supply voltage, we realize a balun-LNA with 15 dB gain, NF < 3.5 dB and IIP2 > +20 dBm, while simultaneously achieving an IIP3 > 0 dBm. The best performance of the balun is achieved between 300 MHz to 3.5 GHz with gain and phase errors below 0.3 dB and plusmn2 degrees. The total power consumption is 21 mW, while the active area is only 0.01 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
<i>Agrobacterium</i> Virulence Gene Induction (2006)

The ability of Agrobacterium to transform plants and other organisms is under highly regulated genetic control. Two Virulence (Vir) proteins, VirA and VirG, function as a two-component regulatory system to sense particular phenolic compounds synthesized by wounded plant tissues. Induction by these phenolic compounds, in the presence of certain neutral or acid sugars, results in activation of other vir genes, leading to the processing of T-DNA from the Ti-plasmid and transfer of T-DNA to recipient host cells. Many plant, and most nonplant, species do not provide sufficient quantities of the correct phenolic compounds to permit efficient Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation to occur. In order to transform these species, phenolic inducing compounds must be added to agrobacteria before and/or during cocultivation of recipient cells with the bacteria. This chapter discusses conditions for efficient induction of Agrobacterium virulence genes by phenolic compounds.
Use of a probiotic to control lactococcosis and streptococcosis in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum) (2005)

From a comparison of 125 bacterial isolates recovered from the digestive tract of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and carp, Cyprinus sp., a culture was obtained which was effective at preventing clinical disease caused by Lactococcus garvieae and Streptococcus iniae when used as a feed additive. The culture, Aeromonas sobria GC2, was incorporated into the feed and fed to rainbow trout (average weight = 20 g) for 14 days at a dose equivalent to 5 x 10(7) cells g(-1) of feed. Whereas the untreated controls experienced losses of 75-100% when challenged intraperitoneally with L. garvieae and S. iniae, the probiotic-treated groups remained healthy with total mortalities of only 0-6%. Formalized and sonicated preparations of GC2 and cell-free supernatant fared less well. The mode of action reflected stimulation of innate immunity, namely an increased number of leucocytes and enhanced phagocytic and respiratory burst activity.
Molecular–Genetic PET Imaging Using an HSV1-tk Mutant Reporter Gene with Enhanced Specificity to Acycloguanosine Nucleoside Analogs (2009)

The FEAU and FHBG substrate discrimination capacity of the wtHSV1-tk and HSV1-tk(A168H) reporter enzymes was validated in vivo by PET of mice with tumor xenografts established from U87 cells expressing these different reporters. Thus, HSV1-tk(A168H) may potentially be used as a second reporter gene in combination with wtHSV1-tk to achieve differential PET.
JAM-L–mediated leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells is regulated in cis by α4β1 integrin activation (2008)

Junctional adhesion molecules (JAMs) are endothelial and epithelial adhesion molecules involved in the recruitment of circulating leukocytes to inflammatory sites. We show here that JAM-L, a protein related to the JAM family, is restricted to leukocytes and promotes their adhesion to endothelial cells. Cis dimerization of JAM-L is required to engage in heterophilic interactions with its cognate counter-receptor CAR (coxsackie and adenovirus receptor). Interestingly, JAM-L expressed on neutrophils binds CAR independently of integrin activation. However, on resting monocytes and T lymphocytes, which express the integrin VLA-4, JAM-L molecules engage in complexes with VLA-4 and mainly accumulate in their monomeric form. Integrin activation is required for the dissociation of JAM-L-VLA-4 complexes and the accumulation of functional JAM-L dimers, which indicates that the leukocyte integrin VLA-4 controls JAM-L function in cis by controlling its dimerization state. This provides a mechanism through which VLA-4 and JAM-L functions are coordinately regulated, allowing JAM-L to strengthen integrin-dependent adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells.
The tribe Ehrlichieae and ehrlichial diseases (1991)

The tribe Ehrlichieae consists of gram-negative minute cocci that are obligate intracellular parasites classified in the family Rickettsiaceae. Although ehrlichial organisms have been observed in leukocytes for many years, only a few species have been cultured in quantities sufficient for biochemical and molecular analyses. Recents studies on 16S-rRNA sequence analysis and energy metabolism showed that the genus Ehrlichia is closely related to the genus Rickettsia. There is, however, no antigenic cross-reactivity between these genera. Ehrlichial organisms cause a disease called "ehrlichiosis," a noncontagious infectious disease known to be transmitted by a tick in several cases and by a fluke in one case. Ehrlichia spp. infect dogs, ruminants, horses, and humans. Recently, two new ehrlichial diseases, Potomac horse fever and human ehrlichiosis, were discovered in the United States. The etiologic agent of Potomac horse fever, Ehrlichia risticii, is closely related to the known human pathogen Ehrlichia sennetsu. The etiologic agent of human ehrlichiosis is related to Ehrlichia canis, a canine pathogen. In contrast to the genus Rickettsia, members of the tribe Ehrlichieae reside primarily in the cytoplasmic vacuoles of monocytes or granulocytes and cause hematologic abnormalities, lymphadenopathy, and other pathologic changes in the host. However, the actual mechanisms whereby Ehrlichia spp. infect leukocytes, multiply in them, and produce various forms of systemic disease have not been defined. Depending on the ehrlichial species involved, serologic or direct microscopic observation of stained blood smears is currently used to diagnose ehrlichial disease.
Distribution of glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase in selected bacterial species (1979)

The distribution of glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase in selected bacterial species was examined. Enzyme activity was demonstrated in cell-free growth media from all members of the family Vibrionaceae which were tested except Plesiomonas shigelloides. In each case, enzyme was produced in exponential to early stationary phase and was excluded from Sepharose 6B, indicating a complex of high molecular weight. In a limited survey of other families, Stahylococcus aureus was the only organism outside the Vibrionaceae which was shown to produce the enzyme. In this case, however, the enzyme exhibited much less activity against erythrocyte membranes and appeared to have a lower molecular weight. The reasons for these differences and the importance of the acyltransferase as a biochemical identification tool are discussed.
Treatment of chronic skin ulcers in individuals with anemia of chronic disease using recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO): a review of four cases. (2004)

Patients with hemoglobin greater than or equal to 100 g/L may have difficulty healing pressure ulcers because of impaired tissue oxygenation. Decreased hemoglobin is often anemia of chronic disease and may be due to the effects of inflammatory cytokines on erythroid progenitor cells. Recombinant human erythropoietin has been found to reverse anemia of chronic disease and may act as a growth factor in wound healing. To review the effect of 6 weeks of subcutaneous recombinant human erythropoietin 75 IU/kg administered 3 times weekly to resolve refractory anemia of chronic disease and heal Stage IV pressure ulcers, a retrospective chart review was conducted of four spinal cord injured patients (all men, mean age 59 years +/- 19) with Stage IV pressure ulcers and multiple comorbid conditions. The patients received recombinant human erythropoietin either through an inpatient spinal cord rehabilitation unit or an outpatient wound management clinic as part of interdisciplinary care. Mean hemoglobin increased from 88 +/- 7.4 g/L to 110 +/- 3.7 g/L. Mean ulcer surface area decreased from 42.3 cm2 (+/- 40.2) to 37.3 cm2 (+/- 44.3) despite extensive deroofing of one ulcer and subsequent increase in size. Mean ulcer depth decreased from 2.3 cm (+/- 1.2) to 1.2 cm (+/- 1.0). Human recombinant erythropoietin shows promise in resolving the refractory anemia of chronic disease associated with Stage IV pressure ulcers. Further study is suggested.
PTEN blocks insulin-mediated ETS-2 phosphorylation through MAP kinase, independently of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway (2002)

The tumor suppressor PTEN possesses lipid and protein phosphatase activities. It has been well established that the lipid phosphatase activity is essential for its tumor-suppressive function via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt pathways. The precise role of the protein phosphatase activity is still unclear. In the current study, we demonstrate that overexpression of wild-type PTEN in the MCF-7 breast cancer line results in phosphatase activity-dependent decreases in the phosphorylation of ETS-2, which is a transcription factor whose DNA-binding ability is controlled by phosphorylation. Exposure of MCF-7 cells to insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) can lead to the phosphorylation of ETS-2, Akt and ERK1/2. The MEK inhibitor PD590089 abrogates insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of ETS-2. In contrast, the PI3K inhibitor LY492002 has no effect on insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of ETS-2, despite the fact that it diminishes insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt. Interestingly, overexpression of PTEN in MCF-7 leads to blockade of insulin-stimulated, but not EGF-stimulated, phosphorylation of ERK, accompanied by dramatic decreases in ETS-2 phosphorylation. We further show that the relationship of PTEN and ETS-2 has functional significance by demonstrating that PTEN abrogates activation of the uPA Ras-responsive enhancer, a target of ETS-2 action, in a phosphatase-dependent manner, irrespective of the presence or absence of insulin. Our observations, therefore, suggest that PTEN blocks insulin-stimulated ETS-2 phosphorylation through inhibition of the ERK members of the MAP kinase family independently of PI3K, and that the PTEN effect on the phosphorylation status of ETS-2 may be mediated through PTEN's protein phosphatase activity.
Adaptive tuning for handheld transmitters (2009)

This paper presents a closed loop impedance tuner for a WCDMA handset power amplifier, with the goal of increasing overall efficiency by reducing the reflected power when the antenna is mismatched. A self-assessment circuit provides the feedback signal. A directional coupler between the amplifier and the antenna routes the reflected power to a detector where it is compared to the incident power. The output signal from the detector is digitized and fed to a FPGA containing the control algorithm for impedance tuning. The tuner is a simple varactor double-stub design and provides VSWR ≪ 3 at 1.95 GHz for loads with a mismatch up to VSWR = 81. The tuner exhibits loss as low as 0.3 dB and uses two separate control voltages between 0 and 6V.
In Vitro Expansion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Choice of Serum Is a Determinant of Cell Proliferation, Differentiation, Gene Expression, and Transcriptome Stability (2005)

Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) represent an appealing source of adult stem cells for cell therapy and tissue engineering, as they are easily obtained and expanded while maintaining their multilineage differentiation potential. All current protocols for in vitro culture of hMSCs include fetal bovine serum (FBS) as nutritional supplement. FBS is an undesirable additive to cells that are expanded for therapeutic purposes in humans because the use of FBS carries the risk of transmitting viral and prion diseases and proteins that may initiate xenogeneic immune responses. In the present study, we have therefore investigated if autologous serum (AS) or allogeneic human serum (alloHS) could replace FBS for the expansion of hMSCs in vitro. We discovered that the choice of serum affected hMSCs at several different levels. First, hMSCs in AS proliferated markedly faster than hMSCs in FBS, whereas use of alloHS resulted in hMSC growth arrest and death. Second, hMSCs in FBS differentiated more rapidly toward mesenchymal lineages compared with hMSCs in AS. Interestingly, genome-wide microarray analysis identified several transcripts involved in cell cycle and differentiation that were differentially regulated between hMSCs in FBS and AS. Finally, several transcripts, including some involved in cell cycle inhibition, were upregulated in hMSCs in FBS at a late passage, whereas the hMSC transcriptome in AS was remarkably stable. Thus, hMSCs may be expanded rapidly and with stable gene expression in AS in the absence of growth factors, whereas FBS induces a more differentiated and less stable transcriptional profile.
Efficacy and safety of everolimus in Chinese metastatic HR positive, HER2 negative breast cancer patients: a real-world retrospective study (2017)

The combination of everolimus and endocrine therapy proved to be effective in Chinese population. The safety profiles were similar to previous studies but incidences were lower. In conclusion, everolimus combined with endocrine therapy provides a reasonable option for Chinese HR+/HER2- metastatic breast cancer patients.
Mutational analysis of the DST element in tobacco cells and transgenic plants: identification of residues critical for mRNA instability. (1996)

DST (downstream element), an approximately 40-base sequence derived from the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of SAUR (small auxin up RNA) genes, represents one of only a few sequence elements that have been demonstrated directly to target transcripts for rapid decay in plant cells. Substitution mutations were made in conserved regions of the DST element containing the sequences ATAGAT and GTA, which are invariant among several SAUR genes. The mutant DST elements were inserted into the 3' UTR of a beta-globin reporter gene and then assessed for their ability to destabilize the reporter transcript in stably transformed BY-2 tobacco cells. Their effect on reporter mRNA accumulation in both intact transgenic tobacco plants and stably transformed BY-2 cells was also measured. Five- and six-base substitutions in the ATAGAT and GTA regions of DST, respectively, resulted in inactivation of the element as an instability determinant in all systems tested. Smaller, two-base substitution mutations within the ATAGAT and GTA regions had varying effects on DST function in BY-2 cells, ranging from little or no effect to significant increases in reporter mRNA half-life and accumulation. In contrast, all two-base substitution mutations tested resulted in inactivation of DST in intact tobacco leaves. Together, these results indicate that bases within both the ATAGAT and GTA regions of DST are required for its function as an mRNA instability determinant in both BY-2 cells and leaves of transgenic plants, and that the sequence requirements for DST to function in leaves are more stringent.
Effects of pH and free Mg2+ on the Keq of the creatine kinase reaction and other phosphate hydrolyses and phosphate transfer reactions. (1979)

The observed equilibrium constants (Kobs) of the creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), myokinase (EC 2.7.4.3), glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9), and fructose-1,6-diphosphatase (EC 3.1.3.11) reactions have been determined at 38 degrees C, pH 7.0, ionic strength 0.25, and varying free magnesium concentrations. The equilibrium constant (KCK) for the creatine kinase reaction defined as: KCK = [sigma ATP] [sigma creatine] divided by ([sigma ADP] [sigma creatine-P] [H+]) was measured at 0.25 ionic strength and 38 degrees C and was shown to vary with free [Mg2+]. The value was found to be 3.78 x 10(8) M-1 at free [Mg2+] = 0 and 1.66 x 10(9) M-1 at free [Mg2+] = 10(-3) M. Therefore, at pH 7.0, the value of Kobs, defined as Kobs = KCK[H+] = [sigma ATP] [sigma creatine] divided by ([sigma ADP] [sigma creatine-P] was 37.8 at free [Mg2+] = 0 and 166 at free [Mg2+] = 10(-3) M. The Kobs value for the myokinase reaction, 2 sigma ADP equilibrium sigma AMP + sigma ATP, was found to vary with free [Mg2+], being 0.391 at free [Mg2+] = 0 and 1.05 at free [Mg2+] = 10(-3) M. Taking the standard state of water to have activity equal to 1, the Kobs of glucose-6-P hydrolysis, sigma glucose-6-P + H2O equilibrium sigma glucose + sigma Pi, was found not to vary with free [Mg2+], being 110 M at both free [Mg2+] = 0 and free [Mg2+] = 10(-3) M. The Kobs of fructose-1,6-P2 hydrolysis, sigma fructose-1,6-P2 equilibrium sigma fructose-6-P + sigma Pi, was found to vary with free [Mg2+], being 272 M at free [Mg2+] = 0 and 174 M at free [Mg2+] = 0.89 x 10(-3) M.
Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) as a functional material for microfluidic chips (2008)

Polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) has been investigated as a candidate material for microfluidic chips. The ability to modify the surface of PMHS by hydrosilation is particularly advantageous for separation processes. The chemical modification of PMHS is verified by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform (DRIFT) analysis, and the modified PMHS is shown to be stable when exposed to extreme pH conditions between 2 and 9. Spectrophotometer measurements show that PMHS exhibits over 40% transmittance for ultraviolet (UV) wavelength as low as 220 nm, indicating viability for sensor applications based on UV absorption. The UV transmittance is furthermore observed to be insensitive to thickness for specimens tested between 1.6 mm and 6.4 mm thick. Full curing of PMHS liquid resin occurs between 48 and 72 h at 110 °C with no secondary additives. Casting of microscale features is achieved by using soft lithography methods similar to established techniques for fabrication based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Microchannels approximately 100 µm wide and 50 µm deep are also demonstrated by carbon dioxide laser ablation, with uniform channels produced using an energy dose of 0.2 mJ mm−1 with respect to line length. Other basic functional requirements for microfluidic chips are discussed, including the ability to bond PMHS substrates by plasma treatment.
An Endogenous Inhibitor of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Human Lymphocytes Is Overcome by the Viral Vif Protein (1998)

The vif gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) encodes a basic Mr 23,000 protein that is necessary for production of infectious virions by nonpermissive cells (human lymphocytes and macrophages) but not by permissive cells such as HeLa-CD4. It had been proposed that permissive cells may contain an unidentified factor that functions like the viral Vif protein. To test this hypothesis, we produced pseudotyped wild-type and vif-deleted HIV gpt virions (which contain the HIV-1 genome with the bacterial mycophenolic acid resistance gene gpt in place of the viral env gene) in permissive cells, and we used them to generate nonpermissive H9 leukemic T cells that express these proviruses. We then fused these H9 cells with permissive HeLa cells that express the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120-gp41, and we asked whether the heterokaryons would release infectious HIV gpt virions. The results clearly showed that the vif-deleted virions released by the heterokaryons were noninfectious whereas the wild-type virions were highly infectious. This strongly suggests that nonpermissive cells, the natural targets of HIV-1, contain a potent endogenous inhibitor of HIV-1 replication that is overcome by Vif.
Induction of Immunologic Refractoriness in Adults by Meningococcal C Polysaccharide Vaccination (1998)

Thirty-four adults were vaccinated with 1/50 of the usual dose of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (1 microg of A, C, Y, and W135 polysaccharides, given intramuscularly). This dose was selected as a probe to assess B cell memory. The probe elicited meningococcal C bactericidal antibody responses in all 18 adults who had been vaccinated 4 years earlier with an investigational meningococcal A and C oligosaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine and in the majority of the 11 subjects vaccinated for the first time. In contrast, the responses of the 5 adults given a full dose of licensed polysaccharide vaccine 4 years earlier were <1/10 of those of the other 2 groups. Thus, adults previously given a full dose of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine show evidence of immunologic refractoriness to group C polysaccharide, whereas refractoriness is not observed after conjugate vaccination. These findings have implications for the use of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine when the risk of disease is low.
Near shot-noise limited performance of an open loop laser-driven interferometric fiber optic gyroscope (2011)

We report for the first time experimental evidence of near shot-noise limited performance for an open loop interferometric fiber optic gyroscope interrogated with a narrowband laser instead of a broadband source. Using a highly coherent laser source (&utri;f = 2.2 kHz), the measured gyroscope noise is 350 nrad/Hz for an average returning power of 20 &mu;W, while the measured noise for the same gyro operated with a broadband source (&utri;&lambda; &asymp; 30 nm) was 850 nrad/&radic;Hz. This measured noise is only ~2 dB above the calculated shot noise for this power. This result was made possible by using a very narrow linewidth, which greatly reduces the laser phase noise and thus the phase-noise-mitigated coherent backscattering. This excellent noise performance has applications for future fiber gyroscope technologies as well as other sensors utilizing a Sagnac interferometer. The bias drift of the laser-driven gyroscope was higher than anticipated but could be reduced to roughly Earth-rate using a frequency sweeping technique. In addition to improved sensitivity, the benefits of using a laser include much higher scale factor stability, lower power consumption, and lower component cost.
CDK 4/6 Inhibitor Palbociclib (PD0332991) in Rb+ Advanced Breast Cancer: Phase II Activity, Safety, and Predictive Biomarker Assessment (2014)

Single-agent palbociclib is well tolerated and active in patients with endocrine-resistant, HR(+), Rb-positive breast cancer. Cytopenias were uncomplicated and easily managed with dose reduction.