gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reducing power requirements of instruction scheduling through dynamic allocation of multiple datapath resources (2001)

The one-size-fits-all philosophy used for permanently allocating datapath resources in today's superscalar CPUs to maximize performance across a wide range of applications results in the overcommitment of resources in general. To reduce power dissipation in the datapath, the resource allocations can be dynamically adjusted based on the demands of applications. We propose a mechanism to dynamically, simultaneously and independently adjust the sizes of the issue queue (IQ), the reorder buffer (ROB) and the load/store queue (LSQ) based on the periodic sampling of their occupancies to achieve significant power savings with minimal impact on performance. Resource upsizing is done more aggressively (compared to downsizing) using the relative rate of blocked dispatches to limit the performance penalty. Our results are validated by the execution of SPEC 95 benchmark suite on a substantially modified version of Simplescalar simulator, where the IQ, the ROB, the LSQ and the register files are implemented as separate structures, as is the case with most practical implementations. For the SPEC 95 benchmarks, the use of our technique in a 4-way superscalar processor results in a power savings in excess of 70% within individual components and an average power savings of 53% for the IQ, LSQ and ROB combined for the entire benchmark suite with an average performance penalty of only 5%.
The GDP-fucose:N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferases of LEC11 and LEC12 Chinese hamster ovary mutants exhibit novel specificities for glycolipid substrates. (1987)

Previous studies have shown that the GDP-fucose:N-acetylglucosaminide 3-alpha-L-fucosyltransferase (alpha (1,3) fucosyltransferase (Fuc-T)) activities expressed by the Chinese hamster ovary cell mutants LEC11 (Fuc-TI) and LEC12 (Fuc-TII) are different enzymes and indicated that Fuc-TI might act on sialylated lactosamine sequences (Campbell, C., and Stanley, P. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 11208-11214). In this paper we show that CSLEX-1, a monoclonal antibody specific for NeuNac alpha (2,3)Gal beta (1,4)(Fuc alpha (1,3))GlcNAc beta 1 sequences, bound to LEC11 cells but not to LEC12 cells. Direct evidence that Fuc-TI could act on sialylated substrates was sought with a series of glycolipid acceptors. Optimal assay conditions in crude cell extracts were determined with nLc4, a glycolipid which accepted fucose with both Fuc-TI and Fuc-TII to generate the Lex antigenic determinant. The two enzymes differed in their detergent sensitivities, pH optima, Mn2+ requirements, and apparent Km values for nLc4. When sialylated glycolipids were examined as substrates, Fuc-TI added fucose to IV3NeuNAcnLc4 but not to IV6NeuNAcnLc4, whereas Fuc-TII was unable to utilize either glycolipid as a substrate. Further studies showed that Fuc-TI and Fuc-TII possess novel specificities for glycolipids containing two lactosamine sequences as potential fucose acceptors. Fuc-TI exhibited good activities with VI3NeuNAcnLc6 and VI6NeuNAcnLc6 whereas Fuc-TII had very low activity with both substrates. Glycosidase digestions of the labeled products showed that Fuc-TI added fucose primarily to the internal N-acetylglucosamine of both glycolipids. The same preference for the internal N-acetylglucosamine was shown by Fuc-TI when nLc6 was the acceptor. In contrast, Fuc-TII preferred to transfer fucose to the external acceptor site of nLc6, consistent with the low activities of Fuc-TII with sialylated nLc6 derivatives. Thus the two enzymes preferentially add fucose to different N-acetylglucosamines in the same substrate, nLc6. This indicates that the biosynthetic pathway for fucosylation of polylactosamine sequences in glycolipids and glycoproteins will vary depending upon the particular alpha (1,3)fucosyltransferase present.
Protein phosphorylation sites regulate the function of the bipartite NLS of nucleolin. (1997)

Nucleolin is a major component of the nucleolus. In Xenopus laevis, a maternal store of nucleolin is accumulated in the multiple nucleoli generated during oogenesis. This maternal nucleolin is distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the egg during oocyte maturation and after fertilization it is gradually reaccumulated in the nuclei of the embryo. Cytoplasmic localization of nucleolin coincides with massive phosphorylation by p34cdc2 kinase, and nuclear translocation is accompanied by net dephosphorylation. Multiple phosphorylation consensus sites for the cell cycle-dependent p34cdc2 kinase and for protein kinase CK2 are clustered in the N-terminal domain of nucleolin. To assess the efficiency of the bipartite nuclear localization signal, we have constructed fusion proteins consisting of maltose binding protein (MBP) and the nuclear localization signal of nucleolin. In addition, either an acidic domain of nucleolin without phosphorylation sites, or an acidic domain containing 4 CK2 sites, or a cluster of 5 cdc2 sites was fused to the MBP-nuclear localization signal (MBP-NLS). Nuclear translocation of these constructs was tested in an in vitro system consisting of Xenopus egg extract and sperm nuclei. Nuclear targetting of MBP by the bipartite nuclear localization signal of nucleolin became significantly more efficient after addition of either CK2 sites or cdc2 sites to the MBP-NLS construct. Yet the cdc2 sites play a dual role. They enhance nuclear translocation exclusively in their dephosphorylated state and promote cytoplasmic localization when phosphorylated, thereby providing a powerful cell cycle-dependent regulatory element of the nuclear localization signal.
Development of ligand-targeted liposomes for cancer therapy (2004)

The continued evolution of targeted liposomal therapeutics has resulted in new agents with remarkable antitumour efficacy and relatively mild toxicity profiles. A careful selection of the ligand is necessary to reduce immunogenicity, retain extended circulation lifetimes, target tumour-specific cell surface epitopes, and induce internalisation and subsequent release of the therapeutic substance from the liposome. Methods for assembling targeted liposomes, including a novel micellar insertion technology, for incorporation of targeting molecules that efficiently transforms a non-targeted liposomal therapeutic to a targeted one, greatly assist the translation of targeted liposome technology into the clinic. Targeting strategies with liposomes directed at solid tumours and vascular targets are discussed. The authors believe the development of ligand-targeted liposomes is now in the advanced stage and offers unique and important advantages among other targeted therapies. Anti-HER2 immunoliposomal doxorubicin is awaiting Phase I clinical trials, the results of which should provide new insights into the promise of ligand-targeted liposomal therapies.
p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) in Rheumatoid Arthritis (2006)

The importance of p38 MAPK inhibitors as new drug for rheumatoid arthritis is reflected by the large number of compounds that has been developed over the last years. In this review new insights such as non-stressful activation of p38 MAPK, and the role of p38 MAPK in regulation of NF-kappaB recruitment are also discussed.
Relationship between rearrangement and transcription of the T-cell receptor alpha, beta, and gamma genes in B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (1989)

Transcription of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-gamma, beta, and alpha genes has been analyzed in 29 patients with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) by northern blotting analysis. In addition, the configuration of the TCR-alpha gene was examined using newly developed genomic J alpha probes capable of detecting TCR-alpha gene rearrangements involving joining (J)alpha regions up to 85 kilobase (kb) from constant (C)alpha. In this study, TCR-alpha gene rearrangements were detected in 16 of the 29 patients. Thus, the frequency of TCR-alpha gene rearrangements in B precursor ALL was as high as with TCR-gamma (15 of 29) and was higher than observed for TCR-beta (nine of 29). Truncated transcripts were frequently observed in cells with rearrangements of the TCR-beta or alpha gene. In contrast, TCR-gamma transcripts were detected in only one patient despite the high incidence of TCR-gamma gene rearrangements. Results presented here suggest that although expression of TCR genes was weak in B-precursor ALL cells compared with T-lineage cells, these genes experience both transcriptional and recombinational crossover in B-precursor ALL. The results also suggest that neither transcription nor gene rearrangement, when examined alone, are sufficient to assign T or B lymphocyte lineage in lymphoblastic leukemia.
Regeneration of the Human Heart — No Chimera? (2002)

In ancient Greece, chimeras were mythical monsters — part lion, part goat, and part snake. In addition to these interspecies animal chimeras, human–animal hybrids were common in Greek mythology; the centaurs, the sirens, and the Minotaur are famous examples. It is from this fascinating and mysterious mixture of animal and human that the scientific term originated. In biology, a chimera is an organism formed from aggregates of genetically different groups of cells derived from the same or different species. Only a few decades ago, we would have thought of these creatures exclusively as figments of our imagination. As is often . . .
Purification and some properties of water-soluble phospholipase B from Torulaspora delbrueckii. (1988)

Water-soluble phospholipase B was purified to homogeneity from Torulaspora delbrueckii cell washings. The washings were concentrated by ultrafiltration, and then a fraction with phospholipase B activity was precipitated with ammonium sulfate, and purified by sequential column chromatographies on Octyl-Sepharose CL-4B, DEAE-Sephacel, and Sepharose 6B. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 170, 000 - 200, 000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by gel filtration with a Sephadex G-200 column. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 4.0. The purified enzyme had two pH optima at pH 2.5 and pH 7.5. The activity at acidic pH was greatly stimulated by the divalent metal ions tested, but the activity at alkaline pH was stimulated mainly by Ca2+ and Fe2+. The purified enzyme had both lysophospholipase activity and phospholipase B activity in a ratio of 37:1 at acidic pH and 73:1 at alkaline pH. The amino acid composition of the enzyme was characterized by high contents of Asp, Ser, Leu, and Gly.
Click and photo-unclick chemistry of aminoacrylate for visible light-triggered drug release (2012)

"Click and Photo-unclick Chemistry" of aminoacrylates is proposed for a new photo-labile linker. Adducts are built in 2 steps with good yields and cleaved rapidly by tissue penetrable visible light (690 nm) with a photosensitizer. Facile synthesis, release of mother drug, and stability and cleavage in medium are demonstrated.
Location estimation in multipath environments with unsynchronized base stations (2016)

Position estimation of a target node based on time-of-flight measurements in multipath environments is challenging, especially when the signal bandwidth is limited, such as is the case in WIFI 802.11. Furthermore, the availability of location-based services in today's wireless networks is still limited, since it requires either the overhead of synchronizing the base stations (BSs) or applying modification in the BSs protocols to support round trip delay measurements. In this paper, an algorithm for location estimation of a target node in a multipath environment based on one-way transmission of OFDM signals from unsynchronized base stations is developed. The solution approach is based on using a reference node with known position, which also receives the BSs transmission, and deriving an approximate maximum likelihood position estimation of the target node based on the collected samples at both the target and the reference nodes. We demonstrate the algorithm's performance with off-the-shelf WIFI 802.11g routers, which are unsynchronized and do not include any dedicated protocol for range or location estimation. The novel algorithm attains a position root mean square error of 1.7m and a position norm error that is smaller than 3m in 90%.
Speech-Specific Tuning of Neurons in Human Superior Temporal Gyrus (2013)

How the brain extracts words from auditory signals is an unanswered question. We recorded approximately 150 single and multi-units from the left anterior superior temporal gyrus of a patient during multiple auditory experiments. Against low background activity, 45% of units robustly fired to particular spoken words with little or no response to pure tones, noise-vocoded speech, or environmental sounds. Many units were tuned to complex but specific sets of phonemes, which were influenced by local context but invariant to speaker, and suppressed during self-produced speech. The firing of several units to specific visual letters was correlated with their response to the corresponding auditory phonemes, providing the first direct neural evidence for phonological recoding during reading. Maximal decoding of individual phonemes and words identities was attained using firing rates from approximately 5 neurons within 200 ms after word onset. Thus, neurons in human superior temporal gyrus use sparse spatially organized population encoding of complex acoustic-phonetic features to help recognize auditory and visual words.
GRAMPS (2009)

We introduce GRAMPS, a programming model that generalizes concepts from modern real-time graphics pipelines by exposing a model of execution containing both fixed-function and application-programmable processing stages that exchange data via queues. GRAMPS allows the number, type, and connectivity of these processing stages to be defined by software, permitting arbitrary processing pipelines or even processing graphs. Applications achieve high performance using GRAMPS by expressing advanced rendering algorithms as custom pipelines, then using the pipeline as a rendering engine. We describe the design of GRAMPS, then evaluate it by implementing three pipelines, that is, Direct3D, a ray tracer, and a hybridization of the two, and running them on emulations of two different GRAMPS implementations: a traditional GPU-like architecture and a CPU-like multicore architecture. In our tests, our GRAMPS schedulers run our pipelines with 500 to 1500KB of queue usage at their peaks.
Overexpression of human topoisomerase I in baby hamster kidney cells: hypersensitivity of clonal isolates to camptothecin. (1992)

The 3645-base pair human topoisomerase I complementary DNA (cDNA) clone isolated by D'Arpa et al. (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85:2543-2547, 1988) and a mutated version of the cDNA encoding a protein with phenylalanine instead of tyrosine at position 723 have been overexpressed 2- to 5-fold in stably transfected baby hamster kidney cells. The overexpressed proteins are the same size as the topoisomerase I present in Hela cells, indicating that the cDNA clone contains the complete topoisomerase I coding sequence. Some human colon carcinoma cells have increased levels of topoisomerase I and are hypersensitive to the drug camptothecin. The overexpressed wild-type topoisomerase I does not affect the cell growth or morphology of the baby hamster kidney cells, suggesting that elevated levels of topoisomerase I alone are not sufficient to cause cell transformation. However, the overexpressed wild-type protein is active, as shown by the hypersensitivity of clonal cell lines to camptothecin. The mutant form of topoisomerase I is enzymatically inactive by two criteria. First, extracts of Escherichia coli cells carrying the mutant cDNA contain no activity capable of relaxing superhelical DNA under conditions where activity is easily detectable in extracts from cells containing the wild-type cDNA. Second, baby hamster kidney cells stably transfected by the mutant cDNA are no more sensitive to camptothecin than control untransfected cells. These results indicate that tyrosine 723 is essential for enzyme activity and are consistent with predictions based on homology comparisons with the yeast enzymes, that this is the active-site tyrosine in the human topoisomerase I.
Boring Deep Cylindrical Nanoholes in Silicon Using Silver Nanoparticles as a Catalyst (2005)

Cylindrical nanoholes reaching 500 μm in depth can be generated in Si(100) by immersing the wafer in a solution containing HF and H2O2 after loading the wafer with Ag nanoparticles. At the bottom of the holes, Ag particles are observed (see Figure). This suggests that the Ag particles bore into the wafer and that the pattern of the holes can be controlled by the deposition pattern of the Ag particles.
A 12-Bit, 10-MHz Bandwidth, Continuous-Time $\Sigma\Delta$ ADC With a 5-Bit, 950-MS/s VCO-Based Quantizer (2008)

The use of VCO-based quantization within continuous-time (CT) SigmaDelta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) structures is explored, with a custom prototype in 0.13 mum CMOS showing measured performance of 86/72 dB SNR/SNDR with 10 MHz bandwidth while consuming 40 mW from a 1.2 V supply and occupying an active area of 640 mum times 660 mum. A key element of the ADC structure is a 5-bit VCO-based quantizer clocked at 950 MHz which achieves first-order noise shaping of its quantization noise. The quantizer structure allows the second-order CT SigmaDelta ADC topology to achieve third-order noise shaping, and direct connection of the VCO-based quantizer to the internal DACs of the ADC provides intrinsic dynamic element matching of the DAC elements.
Phase I/IIa Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy Trial of NYVAC‐Pf7, a Pox‐Vectored, Multiantigen, Multistage Vaccine Candidate forPlasmodium falciparumMalaria (1998)

Candidate malaria vaccines have failed to elicit consistently protective immune responses against challenge with Plasmodium falciparum. NYVAC-Pf7, a highly attenuated vaccinia virus with 7 P. falciparum genes inserted into its genome, was tested in a phase I/IIa safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy vaccine trial in human volunteers. Malaria genes inserted into the NYVAC genome encoded proteins from all stages of the parasite's life cycle. Volunteers received three immunizations of two different dosages of NYVAC-Pf7. The vaccine was safe and well tolerated but variably immunogenic. While antibody responses were generally poor, cellular immune responses were detected in >90% of the volunteers. Of the 35 volunteers challenged with the bite of 5 P. falciparum-infected Anopheles mosquitoes, 1 was completely protected, and there was a significant delay in time to parasite patency in the groups of volunteers who received either the low or high dose of vaccine compared with control volunteers.
Biology and therapeutic response of a mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (16/C) and its potential as a model for surgical adjuvant chemotherapy. (1978)

During high-temperature growing of titanomagnetite single crystals (Fe2.8-¿Ti0.2O4, ¿ &amp;lt;0.005) in oxygen enriched atmospheres, specific Ti4+- and vacancy-based defect configurations are induced, giving rise to magnetic after-effect (MAE) spectra with peaks near 450, 200 and 65 K. The atomistic mechanisms of these relaxations are checked by exposing the crystals to low-temperature (80 K) electron (e-) irradiation and subsequent analysis of the interactions between radiation-induced and lattice-inherent defects on annealing over the range 80 K
Skin toxicity determined in vitro by three-dimensional, native-state histoculture. (1991)

We describe a gel-supported in vitro system for culturing skin samples in a three-dimensional native state. All the cell types of skin remain viable and maintain their native architecture for at least 10 days. The culture system is used for toxicity measurements by ascertaining cell viability using two fluorescent dyes: 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and -6)carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester, specific for living cells, and propidium iodide, specific for dead cells. Cell staining with the dyes is measured throughout the tissue block by confocal scanning fluorescence microscopy. The dose-response to three agents--ethanol, doxorubicin, and sodium hypochlorite--is shown and, in the case of sodium hypochlorite, compared to in vivo skin toxicity with a high correlation. We also demonstrate that the end point of [3H]thymidine incorporation measured by histological autoradiography can be used to measure toxicity. Our results with the [3H]thymidine end point demonstrate that the hair follicle cells are the most sensitive to doxorubicin. The native-state model for skin may be an effective replacement for animal systems and superior to the dispersed skin cell systems used previously. It can allow rapid, inexpensive measurements of the effect of manufactured products, drugs, and pollutants on skin.
SOME COMMON DENOMINATORS IN 1200 CASES OF CARDIAC ARREST (1953)

Stephenson, Hugh E. Jr. M.D.; Reid, L. Corsan M.D.; Hinton, J. William M.D. Author Information
Regulation of Skeletal Progenitor Differentiation by the Bmp and Retinoid Signaling Pathways (2000)

The generation of the paraxial skeleton requires that commitment and differentiation of skeletal progenitors is precisely coordinated during limb outgrowth. Several signaling molecules have been identified that are important in specifying the pattern of these skeletal primordia. Very little is known, however, about the mechanisms regulating the differentiation of limb mesenchyme into chondrocytes. Overexpression of RARalpha in transgenic animals interferes with chondrogenesis and leads to appendicular skeletal defects (Cash, D.E., C.B. Bock, K. Schughart, E. Linney, and T.M. Underhill. 1997. J. Cell Biol. 136:445-457). Further analysis of these animals shows that expression of the transgene in chondroprogenitors maintains a prechondrogenic phenotype and prevents chondroblast differentiation even in the presence of BMPs, which are known stimulators of cartilage formation. Moreover, an RAR antagonist accelerates chondroblast differentiation as demonstrated by the emergence of collagen type II-expressing cells much earlier than in control or BMP-treated cultures. Addition of Noggin to limb mesenchyme cultures inhibits cartilage formation and the appearance of precartilaginous condensations. In contrast, abrogation of retinoid signaling is sufficient to induce the expression of the chondroblastic phenotype in the presence of Noggin. These findings show that BMP and RAR-signaling pathways appear to operate independently to coordinate skeletal development, and that retinoid signaling can function in a BMP-independent manner to induce cartilage formation. Thus, retinoid signaling appears to play a novel and unexpected role in skeletogenesis by regulating the emergence of chondroblasts from skeletal progenitors.
Radiosensitization by Pan ErbB Inhibitor CI-1033 in Vitro and in Vivo (2004)

These findings suggest that CI-1033 can increase the effectiveness of radiation therapy. The extent of suppression of tyrosine kinase activity by CI-1033, rather than the amount of activity in untreated cells, seemed to be more closely associated with the efficacy of combination treatment.
Regeneration of Segmental Diaphyseal Defects in Sheep Tibiae Using Resorbable Polymeric Membranes: A Preliminary Study (1999)

The resorbable polymeric implant consisting of two concentric perforated membranes (the tube-in-tube implant) used in combination with cancellous bone graft to treat segmental diaphyseal defects in sheep tibiae allows for the reconstitution of the "neocortex" with well-defined thickness. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)