gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Diffractive optical elements in photosensitive inorganic glasses</title> (2001)

High-efficiency Bragg gratings were created in sodium-zinc- aluminum-silicate glass doped with cerium, silver, and fluorine. Recording is a two-step process. The first step is a glass exposure to UV radiation. The second is a thermal development for crystalline phase precipitation in the exposed areas. The relative and absolute diffraction efficiency has been measured at different wavelengths for different doses of irradiation and conditions of thermal development. Refractive index changes in the volume of PTR glass have been measured by using interferometry techniques and by volume Bragg grating characterization. Absolute diffraction efficiency above 96 percent was observed. Spatial frequencies from a few hundred to ten thousand lines per millimeter were achieved. Gratings working both in transmitting and reflecting modes are demonstrated. High photosensitivity allows recording at exposures below 1 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. PTR Bragg gratings are stable up to 400 degrees C. Novel volume holographic elements have been made from Bragg diffractive gratings in PTR glass including transmitting and reflecting volume diffractive elements. The use of such diffractive elements for laser and telecommunication are discussed.
On end-to-end architecture for transporting MPEG-4 video over the Internet (2000)

With the success of the Internet and flexibility of MPEG-4, transporting MPEG-4 video over the Internet is expected to be an important component of many multimedia applications in the near future. Video applications typically have delay and loss requirements, which cannot be adequately supported by the current Internet. Thus, it is a challenging problem to design an efficient MPEG-4 video delivery system that can maximize the perceptual quality while achieving high resource utilization. This paper addresses this problem by presenting an end-to-end architecture for transporting MPEG-4 video over the Internet. We present a framework for transporting MPEG-4 video, which includes source rate adaptation, packetization, feedback control, and error control. The main contributions of this paper are: (1) a feedback control algorithm based on the Real Time Protocol (RTP) and the Real Time Control Protocol (RTCP); (2) an adaptive source-encoding algorithm for MPEG-4 video which is able to adjust the output rate of MPEG-4 video to the desired rate; and (3) an efficient and robust packetization algorithm for MPEG video bit-streams at the sync layer for Internet transport. Simulation results show that our end-to-end transport architecture achieves good perceptual picture quality for MPEG-4 video under low bit-rate and varying network conditions and efficiently utilizes network resources.
Mechanics and energetics of swinging the human leg (2005)

We measured how much metabolic energy is expended to swing a human leg. A previous dynamical model of walking predicted that increasing metabolic costs for walking with step length and step frequency trade-off against each other to determine the optimum step combination at a given speed. Simple pendulum dynamics indicate that the cost of walking at high step frequencies could be associated with driving the legs back and forth relative to the body, at a rate increasing approximately with the fourth power of frequency, possibly due to the low economy of producing muscle force for short durations. A similar cost would be expected for isolated swinging of a leg at faster than its natural frequency. We constructed an apparatus to measure work performed on the leg, and measured metabolic cost as human subjects (N=12) swung one leg at frequencies 0.5-1.1 Hz and fixed amplitude. Rate of mechanical work ranged from 0.02-0.27 W kg(-1) over these frequencies. Net metabolic rate for leg swinging (subtracting that for quiet standing) increased from 0.41-2.10 W kg(-1), approximately with the fourth power of frequency (R(2)=0.92) and in proportion to a hypothesized cost of force production for short durations. The costs of producing force and work could account for the increase. In a crude comparison, moving the legs back and forth at a typical stride frequency of 0.9 Hz, might consume about one-third of the net energy (2.8+/-0.8 W kg(-1)) needed for walking at 1.3 m s(-1).
Polio and rabies vaccines produced in continuous cell lines: a reality for Vero cell line. (1989)

The Vero cell line was applied to the production of Enhanced-Inactivated Polio Vaccine (E-IPV), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and Rabies Vaccine, also called Purified Vero Rabies Vaccine (PVRV) for humans. The cell line was expanded through the cell bank systems. Using a microcarrier culture technique, a large-scale production combined with an efficient purification process was developed. An extensive study of purity and biological safety was applied to the cell line to validate several Manufacturer's Working Cell Banks. Special emphasis was laid on the absence of any virus in the cells or any trace of viral sequence included in the Vero cell genome. Sensitive tests were applied to check that residual cellular DNA was as low as possible per dose of vaccine. E-IPV was licensed in July 1982 and since 1983 more than 20 million doses have been inoculated into children, without any side-effects. The production capacity of this E-IPV is presently more than 60 million doses per year. For PVRV, the license was delivered in June 1985 and over 350,000 doses have been injected without any problem. For the OPV, 27 monovalent lots were produced, 9 lots for each serotype. The studies of RNA sequences in variable regions and viral proteins gave results similar to the OPV produced from primary monkey kidney cells. All the other tests, and especially the neurovirulence tests in live monkeys showed that the OPV produced in Vero cell lines was acceptable. Since the completion of clinical studies, the license has been pending. The quality of the Vero cell line, as produced and tested by the "Institut Mérieux", combined with the safety afforded by the virus purification, has helped to prevent potential problems.
Synthesis, structural study and electrochemical properties of copper(II) complexes derived from benzene- and p-toluenesulphonylhydrazone (2003)

The synthesis and characterization of benzene- and p-toluenesulphonylhydrazones derived from salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthaldehyde and their Cu(II) complexes are reported. The compounds were characterized on the basis of elemental analyses, electronic and IR spectra, magnetic moments, and conductance measurements. The electrochemical behavior of the Cu(II) complexes was investigated in DMSO by cyclic voltammetry (CV), rotating disc electrode (RDE) and coulometry. The oxidative polymerization of the copper complexes on a glassy carbon electrode was carried out in DMSO.
Photoplethysmography for Quantitative Assessment of Sympathetic Nerve Activity (SNA) During Cold Stress (2019)

The differences in the degree of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) over cutaneous blood vessels, although known to be more prominent in the periphery than the core vasculature, has not been thoroughly investigated quantitatively. Hence, two studies were carried out to investigate the differences in SNA between the periphery and the core during the cold pressor test (CPT) (right-hand immersion in ice water) and cold exposure (whole body exposed to cold air) using photoplethysmography (PPG). Two methods utilizing PPG, namely differential multi-site PTT measurements and low-frequency spectral analysis were explored for quantitative determination of SNA. Each study involved 12 healthy volunteers, and PPG signals were acquired from the right index finger (RIF), left index finger (LIF) (periphery) and the ear canal (core). During CPT, Pulse Transit Time (PTT) was measured to the respective locations and the mean percentage change in PTT during ice immersion at each location was used as an indicator for the extent of SNA. During cold exposure, the low-frequency spectral analysis was performed on the acquired raw PPGs to extract the power of the sympathetic [low-frequency (LF): 0.04-0.15 Hz] and parasympathetic components [high-frequency (HF): 0.15-0.4 Hz]. The ratio of LF/HF components was then used to quantify the differences in the influence of SNA on the peripheral and core circulation. PTT measured from the EC, and the LIF has dropped by 5 and 7%, respectively during ice immersion. The RIF PTT, on the other hand, has dropped significantly (<i>P</i> < 0.05) by 12%. During the cold exposure, the LF/HF power ratio at the finger has increased to 86.4 during the cold exposure from 19.2 at the baseline (statistically significant <i>P</i> = 0.002). While the ear canal LF/HF ratio has decreased to 1.38 during the cold exposure from 1.62 at baseline (<i>P</i> = 0.781). From these observations, it is evident that differential PTT measurements or low-frequency analysis can be used to quantify SNA. The results also demonstrate the effectiveness of the central auto-regulation during both short and long-term stress stimulus as compared to the periphery.
Automatic generation of concise summaries of spoken dialogues in unrestricted domains (2001)

Automatic summarization of open domain spoken dialogues is a new research area. This paper introduces the task, the challenges involved, and presents an approach to obtain automatic extract summaries for multi-party dialogues of four different genres, without any restriction on domain. We address the following issues which are intrinsic to spoken dialogue summarization and typically can be ignored when summarizing written text such as newswire data: (i) detection and removal of speech disfluencies; (ii) detection and insertion of sentence boundaries; (iii) detection and linking of cross-speaker information units (question-answer pairs). A global system evaluation using a corpus of 23 relevance annotated dialogues containing 80 topical segments shows that for the two more informal genres, our summarization system using dialogue specific components significantly outperforms a baseline using TFIDF term weighting with maximum marginal relevance ranking (MMR).
Podiatric biomechanics. An historical appraisal and discussion of the Root model as a clinical system of approach in the present context of theoretical uncertainty. (2001)

This article attempts to review comprehensively the development of the established Root Model and to appraise dispassionately its place and role in today's field of clinical podiatric biomechanics. It also discusses several important emergent models (the models of Dananberg, Kirby, Fuller, McPoil, Hunt, and Demp) that have gained increasing popularity among the podiatric and nonpodiatric clinical communities over the last 10 to 15 years. All of these models (the Root model and emergent models) have been analyses against the background of the Kuhnian concepts of "paradigm" and "preparadigm." Discussion has been provided as to whether the domain of podiatric biomechanics presently resides in a paradigm driven normal science phase, or whether it is still functioning within a preparadigm phase with its defining hallmark of community nonconsensus. Suggestions are then made as to possible ways for research to progress within the present ferment of debate and theoretic uncertainty.
Two regulatory levels of transcriptional gene silencing in Arabidopsis (2002)

In mammals, some fungi, and plants, DNA methylation plays a central role in the epigenetic control of gene transcription. Recently, however, a subclass of Arabidopsis mutants revealed that the release of transcriptional gene silencing (TGS) does not necessarily require DNA demethylation. Here, we address the fundamental question of whether these mutants delineate a previously uncharacterized, methylation-independent level of epigenetic regulation, or whether they just act downstream of DNA methylation signals. Two mutants described earlier, ddm1 and mom1, reactivate previously silent loci: ddm1 impairs TGS by reducing chromosomal DNA methylation, and mom1 releases TGS without affecting DNA methylation. We examined the epistatic relationship between ddm1 and mom1 by constructing double mutant strains. The synergistic release of TGS revealed by gene expression patterns from silent loci, drastic developmental abnormalities, and characteristic changes in nuclear architecture in these double mutants implies that DDM1 and MOM are likely to operate at independent levels in TGS control. Our results indicate that the methylation-independent silencing mechanism reinforces the methylation-based system and prevents extremely rapid epigenetic deregulation in plants with DNA methylation deficiencies.
Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts (2002)

We present a novel approach to measuring similarity between shapes and exploit it for object recognition. In our framework, the measurement of similarity is preceded by: (1) solving for correspondences between points on the two shapes; (2) using the correspondences to estimate an aligning transform. In order to solve the correspondence problem, we attach a descriptor, the shape context, to each point. The shape context at a reference point captures the distribution of the remaining points relative to it, thus offering a globally discriminative characterization. Corresponding points on two similar shapes will have similar shape contexts, enabling us to solve for correspondences as an optimal assignment problem. Given the point correspondences, we estimate the transformation that best aligns the two shapes; regularized thin-plate splines provide a flexible class of transformation maps for this purpose. The dissimilarity between the two shapes is computed as a sum of matching errors between corresponding points, together with a term measuring the magnitude of the aligning transform. We treat recognition in a nearest-neighbor classification framework as the problem of finding the stored prototype shape that is maximally similar to that in the image. Results are presented for silhouettes, trademarks, handwritten digits, and the COIL data set.
Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers (2012)

Abstract Solid‐state organic amplifiers and lasers are attractive for hybrid integration due to their compatibility with different material platforms, straightforward processing, and possibility to optimize easily their optical and electronic properties by molecular engineering. Advances in the gain medium design and synthesis in combination with new resonator architectures led to tremendous improvements in temporal and spectral properties, lifetime stability, gains produced and operating threshold powers, which triggered interest in their use for a broad range of integrated photonic applications. In this contribution, the current state‐of‐the‐art in the field of organic solid‐state amplifiers and lasers is reviewed from the aspects of fabrication technology, gain materials, and device performance. Furthermore, examples of the progress of this technology from a laboratory curiosity to one that demonstrates practical integrated photonic applications are highlighted. An outlook is also provided on research areas and applications that are likely to shape further developments of this technology. (Figure reprinted from [296], ©2000, with permission from Elsevier.)
Fourier Transform Spectroscopic Imaging Using an Infrared Focal-Plane Array Detector (1995)

A powerful new mid-infrared spectroscopic chemical imaging technique combining step-scan Fourier transform Michelson interferometry with indium antimonide focal-plane array (FPA) image detection is described. The coupling of an infrared focal-plane array detector to an interferometer provides an instrumental multiplex/multichannel advantage. Specifically, the multiple detector elements enable spectra at all pixels to be collected simultaneously, while the interferometer portion of the system allows all the spectral frequencies to be measured concurrently. With this method of mid-infrared spectroscopic imaging, the fidelity of the generated spectral images is limited only by the number of pixels on the FPA detector, and only several seconds of starting time is required for spectral image acquisition. This novel, high-definition technique represents the future of infrared chemical imaging analysis, a new discipline within the chemical and material sciences, which combines the capability of spectroscopy for molecular analysis with the power of visualization. In particular, chemical imaging is broadly applicable for noninvasive, molecular characterization of heterogeneous materials, since all solid-state materials exhibit chemical nonuniformity that exists either by design or by development during the course of material preparation or fabrication. Imaging, employing Raman and infrared spectroscopy, allows the precise characterization of the chemical composition, domain structure, and chemical architecture of a variety of substances. This information is often crucial to a wide range of activities, extending from the fabrication of new materials to a basic understanding of biological samples. In this study, step-scan imaging principles, instrument design details, and infrared chemical imaging results are presented. Since the prospect of performing high-resolution and high-definition mid-infrared chemical imaging very rapidly has been achieved with the step-scan approach, the implications for the chemical analysis of materials are many and varied.
Radar-Based Breast Cancer Detection Using a Hemispherical Antenna Array—Experimental Results (2009)

In this contribution, an ultrawideband (UWB) microwave system for breast cancer detection is presented. The system is based on a novel hemispherical real-aperture antenna array, which is employed in a multi-static radar-based detection system. The array consists of 16 UWB aperture-coupled stacked-patch antennas located on a section of a hemisphere. The radar system is designed to be used with realistic three-dimensional (3D) breast phantoms, which have been developed, as well as with real breast cancer patients during initial clinical trials. Images are formed using two different beamforming algorithms and the performance of these algorithms is firstly compared through numerical simulation. Experimental results for the same beamforming techniques are then presented, demonstrating the successful detection of 4 and 6 mm diameter spherical tumors in the curved breast phantom.
Microfluidic Extreme PCR: &lt;1 Minute DNA Amplification in a Thin Film Disposable (2017)

Point-of-care diagnostic testing using PCR requires a device that is fast, economical, and practical. Sub-minute amplification has been demonstrated using high concentrations of primers and polymerase in glass capillaries, but its platform is limited to research use. A system using heated copper blocks to clamp a microfluidic flow-through PCR card fabricated from thin film polycarbonate was modeled, fabricated, and tested. Models show that fluid flowing through a thin-film device clamped between temperature-controlled copper blocks equilibrates to a temperature change in 250 milliseconds. A 2-step, 35 cycle PCR with 1.06 second cycles specifically amplified a 69-base pair fragment from a 450-base pair synthetic DNA template of random sequence with the same performance as the glass capillary system. This system demonstrates the feasibility of <1 minute PCR in an inexpensive, disposable sample container.
Vibrational Imaging with High Sensitivity via Epidetected Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy (2001)

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally a novel epidetection scheme for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy that significantly improves the detection sensitivity. Calculations show that epidetected CARS (E-CARS) signals are present for scatterers smaller than the wavelength of light, whereas the large background signals from the surrounding bulk solvent are suppressed by destructive interference. E-CARS microscopy is capable of revealing small intracellular features that are otherwise buried by the strong water CARS signal.
Multivariate analysis applied to near-infrared spectra of milk (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultivariate analysis applied to near-infrared spectra of milkPaul. Robert, Dominique. Bertrand, Marie Francoise. Devaux, and Rene. GrappinCite this: Anal. Chem. 1987, 59, 17, 2187–2191Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00144a038https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00144a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views307Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Large Free Volume in Maximally Interpenetrating Networks:  The Role of Secondary Building Units Exemplified by Tb2(ADB)3[(CH3)2SO]4·16[(CH3)2SO]1 (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTLarge Free Volume in Maximally Interpenetrating Networks: The Role of Secondary Building Units Exemplified by Tb2(ADB)3[(CH3)2SO]4·16[(CH3)2SO]1Theresa M. Reineke, Mohamed Eddaoudi, David Moler, M. O'Keeffe, and O. M. YaghiView Author Information Materials Design and Discovery Group Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 19, 4843–4844Publication Date (Web):May 2, 2000Publication History Received1 February 2000Published online2 May 2000Published inissue 1 May 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja000363zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja000363zrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3227Altmetric-Citations366LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemical structure,Crystal structure,Crystals,Ligands,Metal organic frameworks Get e-Alerts