gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two‐Dimensional Material Membranes: An Emerging Platform for Controllable Mass Transport Applications (2014)

Two-dimensional materials provide an ideal platform for studying the fundamental properties of atomic-level thickness systems, and are appropriate for lots of engineering applications in various fields. Although 2D materials are the thinnest membranes, they have been revealed to have high impermeability even to the smallest molecule. By the virtue of this high impermeability of the 2D materials in combination with their other unique properties, 2D materials open up a variety of applications that are impossible for conventional membranes. In this review, the latest applications based on high impermeability and selective permeation of these 2D material membranes are overviewed for different fields, including environmental control, chemical engineering, electronic devices, and biosensors. The working mechanism for each kind of application is described in detail. A summary and outlook is then provided on the challenges and new directions in this emerging research field.
Mapping the immunosuppressive environment in uterine tumors: implications for immunotherapy (2014)

The major hurdle for cancer vaccines to be effective is posed by tumor immune evasion. Several common immune mechanisms and mediators are exploited by tumors to avoid immune destruction. In an attempt to shed more light on the immunosuppressive environment in uterine tumors, we analyzed the presence of PD-L1, PDL2, B7-H4, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), galectin- 1, galectin-3, arginase-1 activity and myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) infiltration. IDO, PD-L1, PD-L2 and B7-H4 were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. PDL2 was mostly expressed at low levels in these tumors. We found high IDO expression in 21 % of endometrial carcinoma samples and in 14 % of uterine sarcoma samples. For PD-L1 and B7-H4, we found high expression in 92 and 90 % of endometrial cancers, respectively, and in 100 and 92 % of the sarcomas. Galectin-1 and 3 were analyzed in tissue lysates by ELISA, but we did not find an increase in both molecules in tumor lysates compared with benign tissues. We detected expression of galectin-3 by fibroblasts, immune cells and tumor cells in single-cell tumor suspensions. In addition, we noted a highly significant increase in arginase-1 activity in endometrial carcinomas compared with normal endometria, which was not the case for uterine sarcomas. Finally, we could demonstrate MDSC infiltration in fresh tumor suspensions from uterine tumors. These results indicate that the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction and B7-H4 could be possible targets for immune intervention in uterine cancer patients as well as mediation of MDSC function. These observations are another step toward the implementation of inhibitors of immunosuppression in the treatment of uterine cancer patients.
Mediation of abusive childhood experiences: Depression, dissociation, and negative life outcomes. (1995)

A study of 301 college undergraduates is employed to test a causal model which proposes that dissociation and depression act as mediator variables that develop from child abuse and lead to various negative outcomes. As predicted, child maltreatment was found to be related to negative life experiences, with depression and dissociation differentially mediating the various outcomes.
NON-NEGATIVE MATRIX FACTORIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR FACE RECOGNITION (2005)

Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) is a part-based image representation method which adds a non-negativity constraint to matrix factorization. NMF is compatible with the intuitive notion of combining parts to form a whole face. In this paper, we propose a framework of face recognition by adding NMF constraint and classifier constraints to matrix factorization to get both intuitive features and good recognition results. Based on the framework, we present two novel subspace methods: Fisher Non-negative Matrix Factorization (FNMF) and PCA Non-negative Matrix Factorization (PNMF). FNMF adds both the non-negative constraint and the Fisher constraint to matrix factorization. The Fisher constraint maximizes the between-class scatter and minimizes the within-class scatter of face samples. Subsequently, FNMF improves the capability of face recognition. PNMF adds the non-negative constraint and characteristics of PCA, such as maximizing the variance of output coordinates, orthogonal bases, etc. to matrix factorization. Therefore, we can get intuitive features and desirable PCA characteristics. Our experiments show that FNMF and PNMF achieve better face recognition performance than NMF and Local NMF.
Molecular Pathways: Targeting Diacylglycerol Kinase Alpha in Cancer (2015)

Lipid kinases have largely been neglected as targets in cancer, and an increasing number of reports suggest diacylglycerol kinase alpha (DGKα) may be one with promising therapeutic potential. DGKα is one of 10 DGK family members that convert diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), and both DAG and PA are critical lipid second messengers in the plasma membrane. A host of important oncogenic proteins and pathways affect cancer cells in part through DGKα, including the c-Met and VEGF receptors. Others partially mediate the effects of DGKα inhibition in cancer, such as mTOR and HIF-1α. DGKα inhibition can directly impair cancer cell viability, inhibits angiogenesis, and notably may also boost T-cell activation and enhance cancer immunotherapies. Although two structurally similar inhibitors of DGKα were established decades ago, they have seen minimal in vivo usage, and it is unlikely that either of these older DGKα inhibitors will have utility for cancer. An abandoned compound that also inhibits serotonin receptors may have more translational potential as a DGKα inhibitor, but more potent and specific DGKα inhibitors are sorely needed. Other DGK family members may also provide therapeutic targets in cancer, but require further investigation.
TNF-α and insulin, alone and synergistically, induce plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in adipocytes (1999)

Obesity is associated with hyperinsulinemia and elevated concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in adipose tissue. TNF-alpha has been implicated as an inducer of the synthesis of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), the primary physiological inhibitor of fibrinolysis, mediated by plasminogen activators in cultured adipocytes. To identify mechanism(s) through which TNF-alpha induces PAI-1, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were differentiated into adipocytes and exposed to TNF-alpha for 24 h. TNF-alpha selectively increased the synthesis of PAI-1 without increasing activity of plasminogen activators. Both superoxide (generated by xanthine oxidase plus hypoxanthine) and hydrogen peroxide were potent inducers of PAI-1, and hydroxyl radical scavengers completely abolished the TNF-alpha induction of PAI-1. Exposure of adipocytes to TNF-alpha or insulin alone over 5 days increased PAI-1 production. These agonists exert synergistic effects. Results obtained suggest that TNF-alpha stimulates PAI-1 production by adipocytes, an effect potentiated by insulin, and that adipocyte generation of reactive oxygen centered radicals mediates the induction of PAI-1 production by TNF-alpha. Because induction of PAI-1 by TNF-alpha is potentiated synergistically by insulin, both agonists appear likely to contribute to the impairment of fibrinolytic system capacity typical in obese, hyperinsulinemic patients.
Parameters affecting susceptibility of PCR contamination to UV inactivation. (1991)

Contamination of reagents used for PCR is a serious problem. We have recently reported the remarkable effectiveness of UV light in successful decontamination of PCR reagents when the reagents were contaminated with a 6-kb plasmid, followed by amplification of 750-bp segment from the insert. However, further investigation reveals that segment size, sequence and hydration can have a dramatic effect on the efficiency of UV inactivation. Despite some limitations, UV remains a highly effective means of decontamination.
Contents, Vol. 18, 1983 (1983)

The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage
Ending Piracy of Integrated Circuits (2010)

An effective technique to combat IC piracy is to render infringement impractical by making physical tampering unprofitable and attacks computationally infeasible. EPIC accomplishes this using a novel low-overhead combinational chip-locking system and a chip-activation protocol based on public-key cryptography.
RNPC1, an RNA-binding protein and a target of the p53 family, is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 transcript (2006)

p21, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is transcriptionally regulated by the p53 family to induce cell cycle arrest. p21 is also regulated post-transcriptionally upon DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner, but the mechanism is uncertain. Here, we found that RNPC1, an RNA-binding protein and a target of the p53 family, is required for maintaining the stability of the basal and stress-induced p21 transcript. Specifically, we showed that RNPC1 is induced by the p53 family and DNA damage in a p53-dependent manner. The RNPC1 gene encodes at least two alternative spliced isoforms, RNPC1a and RNPC1b, both of which contain an intact RNA recognition motif. Interestingly, we found that RNPC1a, but not RNPC1b, induces cell cycle arrest in G1, although both isoforms are expressed in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In addition, we found that while both isoforms directly bind to the 3' untranslated region in p21 transcript, only RNPC1a is able to stabilize both the basal and stress-induced p21 transcripts. Conversely, RNPC1a knockdown destabilizes p21 transcript. Finally, we found that RNPC1a is required to maintain the stability of p21 transcript induced by p53.
Effects of the sampling pulse width on the frequency characteristics of a sample-and-hold circuit (1994)

Frequency characteristics, especially at high frequency, are important in applications such as sample-and-hold circuits for LCD driver ICs where the required signal bandwidth is much wider than the Nyquist rate. The frequency characteristics of a sample-and-hold circuit using analogue switches have hitherto been estimated from the frequency characteristics of a simple RC circuit comprising a storage capacitor and the on-resistance of the analogue switch. However, the effects of sampling pulse width and storage capacitor resetting are not taken into account. By giving an exact frequency-domain analysis of sample-and-hold circuits, the paper clarifies the limitations of conventional RC estimates. It also reveals the effects of storage capacitor resetting. A narrower pulse causes more ripples in the frequency characteristics. Storage capacitor resetting alleviates these ripples although the DC gain deteriorates for a narrow sampling pulse. This analysis was verified by simple experiments. A design for an LCD driver IC is also described as an application example.
Volatile Products of the Lipoxygenase Pathway Evolved from Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) Leaves Inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola (1993)

Activation of the "lipoxygenase pathway" in plants gives rise to a series of products derived from fatty acids. Analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy of volatile products produced by Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) cv Red Mexican leaves during a hypersensitive resistance response (HR) to the plant pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola showed evolution of several lipid-derived volatiles, including cis-3-hexenol and trans-2-hexenal, which arise from the 13-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid. These compounds were not produced in detectable amounts by buffer-inoculated leaves, nor did they evolve to such a high degree during comparable stages of the susceptible response. The absence of trans-2,cis-6-nonadienal, a product expected from 9-hydroperoxide of linolenic acid, suggests that lipid peroxidation during the HR proceeded primarily enzymically via bean lipoxygenase, which produces the 13-hydroperoxide, and not via autoxidative processes. The effects of trans-2-hexenal, cis-3-hexenol, and traumatic acid on P.s pv phaseolicola were investigaed. trans-2-Hexenal appeared to be highly bactericidal at low concentrations, whereas cis-3-hexenol was bactericidal only at much higher concentrations. Traumatic acid appeared to have no effect on P.s. pv. phaseolicola at the concentrations tested. These results demonstrate that during plant defense responses against microbial attack, several lipid-derived compounds are produced by the plant, some of which possess antimicrobial activity and conceivably are involved in plant disease resistance. The time of production of these substances, in amounts that would be expected to be antibacterial in vitro, correlated with a slowing down of the growth rate of bacteria in the leaves and was seen at a time before the accumulation of isoflavonoid phytoalexins in the host.
Author Identifcation in Short Texts (2010)

Most research on author identification considers large texts. Not many research is done on author identification for short texts, while short texts are commonly used since the rise of digital media. The anonymous nature of internet applications offers possibilities to use the internet for illegitimate purposes. In these cases, it can be very useful to be able to predict who the author of a message is. Van der Knaap and Grootjen [28] showed that authors of short texts can be identified using single words (word unigrams) with Formal Concept Analysis. In theory, grammatical information can also be used as an indication of the author of the text. Grammatical information can be captured by word bigrams. Word bigrams are pairs of successive words, so they reveal some information on the sentence structure the author used. For this thesis I performed experiments using word bigrams as features for author identification to determine whether performance increases compared to using word unigrams as features. In most languages many grammatical relations within a sentence are between words that are not successive. The DUPIRA parser, a natural language parser for Dutch, produces dependency triplets that represent relations between non successive words, based on the Dutch grammar. I used these triplets as features, either alone or in combination with unigrams or bigrams. People often use smileys when communicating with someone using digital media. Therefore, I also examined the influence of smileys on author identification. The messages used for the experiments are obtained from the subsection ‘Eurovision Songfestival 2010’ of the fok.nl message board. With these messages the data files for 7 feature sets were constructed: word unigrams excluding smileys, word unigrams including smileys, word bigrams excluding smileys, word bigrams including smileys, only dependency triplets, triplets+word unigrams, triplets+word bigrams. A support vector machine algorithm (SVM) was used as the classification method. This is a commonly used algorithm for author identification. There are different implementations of SVM. In this thesis SMO, LibSVM and LibLINEAR are compared. The LibLINEAR algorithm gave the best results. The results revealed that in all conditions the performance is above chance level. So all reveal some information about the author. The performance for the word unigrams including smileys showed the best results, while the performance using the dependency triplets is the lowest. Results also revealed that when smileys are considered the performance increases, so smileys provide additional information about the author.
Clinical Comparison of the Treponema pallidum CAPTIA Syphilis-G Enzyme Immunoassay with the Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorption Immunoglobulin G Assay for Syphilis Testing (1999)

Recently, a treponema-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme immunoassay (EIA), the CAPTIA Syphilis-G (Trinity Biotech, Jamestown, N.Y.), has become available as a diagnostic test for syphilis. A total of 89 stored sera previously tested by the fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) IgG assay were evaluated by the CAPTIA EIA. The FTA-ABS IgG procedure was performed by technologists unblinded to results of rapid plasmid reagin (RPR) testing of the same specimens. Borderline CAPTIA-positive samples (antibody indices of >/=0.650 and </=0.900) were retested; if the second analysis produced an index of >0.900, the sample was considered positive. Thirteen of 89 (15%) samples had discrepant results. Compared to the FTA-ABS assay, the CAPTIA EIA had a sensitivity and specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 70.7, 97.9, 96.7, and 79.7%, respectively. In another analysis, discrepancies between results were resolved by repeated FTA-ABS testing (technologists were blinded to previous RPR results) and patient chart reviews. Seven CAPTIA-negative samples which were previously interpreted (unblinded) as minimally reactive by the FTA method were subsequently interpreted (blinded) as nonreactive. One other discrepant sample (CAPTIA negative and FTA-ABS positive [at an intensity of 3+], unblinded) was FTA negative with repeated testing (blinded). For the five remaining discrepant samples, chart reviews indicated that one patient (CAPTIA negative and FTA-ABS positive [minimally reactive], blinded) had possible syphilis. These five samples were also evaluated and found to be negative by another treponema-specific test, the Treponema pallidum microhemagglutination assay. Therefore, after repeated testing and chart reviews, 2 of the 89 (2%) samples had discrepant results; the adjusted sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 96.7, 98.3, 96.7, and 98.3%, respectively. This study demonstrates that the CAPTIA IgG EIA is a reliable method for syphilis testing and that personnel performing tests which require subjective interpretation, like the FTA-ABS test, may be biased by RPR test results.
Isolation of the cDNA encoding rat skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase. Sequence and tissue distribution. (1988)

A cDNA clone encoding skeletal muscle myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) was isolated from a rat skeletal muscle library using oligonucleotide probes. The total length of the rat skeletal muscle MLCK cDNA was 2823 base pairs with an open reading frame of 1830 base pairs. The deduced sequence of the 610-amino acid protein exhibited 96% amino acid identity to rabbit skeletal muscle MLCK in the carboxyl-terminal portion of the molecule, which contains the catalytic and the calmodulin-binding domains, and 58% identity in the amino-terminal region. Analysis of total rat mRNA revealed a single mRNA species of 3.4 kilobases that was unique to skeletal muscle. Further analysis of skeletal muscle tissue using fast-twitch glycolytic, fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic, and slow-twitch oxidative fibers isolated from rat leg revealed that the mRNA level for MLCK varied among the three fiber types. The results of kinase assays performed on the fibers showed that MLCK activity levels paralleled the MLCK mRNA levels found in each of the three types of skeletal muscle fibers studied. Fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (gastrocnemius red) and slow-twitch oxidative (soleus) exhibited 60 and 13%, respectively, of the enzymatic activity present in fast-twitch glycolytic (gastrocnemius white) fibers.
Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma (PMA) Shows Significant Differences in Gene Expression vs. Pilocytic Astrocytoma (PA) and Variable Tendency Toward Maturation to PA (2014)

Pilomyxoid astrocytomas (PMAs) manifest a more aggressive clinical course than pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs). Development of effective therapies demands a better biological understanding of PMA. We first conducted gene expression microarray analysis of 9 PMA and 13 PA from infra- and supratentorial sites. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering analysis demonstrated that tumors are grouped according to anatomic site, not diagnosis. Gene expression profiles were then contrasted between eight PMAs and six PAs, all supratentorial/hypothalamic/chiasmal. Clinical outcome of PMAs varied, with four out of four patients with diencephalic syndrome succumbing to disease, one of whom showed bulky metastatic leptomeningeal spread at autopsy, with bimodal maturation to PA in some areas and de-differentiation to glioblastoma in others. A surviving child has undergone multiple surgical debulking, with progressive maturation to PA over time. Ontology-enrichment analysis identified overexpression in PMAs of extracellular matrix and mitosis-related genes. Genes overexpressed in PMA vs. PA, ranked according to fold-change, included developmental genes H19, DACT2, extracellular matrix collagens (COL2A1; COL1A1) and IGF2BP3 (IMP3), the latter previously identified as an adverse prognostic factor in PMA and PA.
Unsubstituted phenoxo-derivatives of copper(II) and p-benzoquinone adducts of copper(I) chloride and bromide (1979)

The reaction of [CuCl2L][L = 2,2′-bipyridyl (bipy) or ethylenediamine (en)] with sodium phenoxide in tetrahydrofuran yields the extremely moisture-sensitive diphenoxo-derivatives [Cu(OPh)2(bipy)](1) and [Cu(OPh)2(en)]·PhOH (2). The reaction of CuX (X = Cl or Br) with p-benzoquinone in pyridine gives the diamagnetic adducts [CuX(py)]2·C6H4O2(3); i.r. data suggest that (3) are olefin complexes.
Graft copolymers of lignin from straw with 1-ethenylbenzene: Synthesis and characterization (2000)

The synthesis of copolymers between lignin from steam-exploded straw and 1-ethenylbenzene is described. Beforehand, lignin from steam-exploded straw was fully characterized by using elemental analysis, ultraviolet spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and both 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Using a previously described procedure utilizing calcium chloride and hydrogen peroxide as reagents the synthesis of the copolymers was performed. FTIR of the copolymers showed the presence of both lignin and polystyrene. GPC analysis showed the presence of a fraction with high molecular weights. These results were confirmed from both viscosity data and differential calorimetry. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 72–79, 2001
Glucose regulates preproinsulin messenger RNA levels in a clonal cell line of simian virus 40‐transformed B cells (1987)

In HIT-T15 cells grown in the absence of glucose, Northern blot analysis of total RNA revealed a major 0.5 kb preproinsulin (ppI) mRNA transcript which co-migrated with the mature transcript from a human insulinoma. In 4 h tissue cultures, glucose (2-20 mM) stimulated HIT cell ppI mRNA levels in a markedly dose-dependent manner. Glucose-stimulated ppI mRNA was (i) inhibited by actinomycin D, suggesting that regulation may be in part transcriptional, and (ii) potentiated by agents known to activate B cell protein kinases. HIT cells represent a unique model for investigating long term regulation of insulin gene expression and biosynthesis.