gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of residues critical for the human coronavirus 229E receptor function of human aminopeptidase N. (1997)

Aminopeptidase N (APN) is the major cell surface receptor for group 1 coronaviruses. In this study, we have isolated and characterized a feline APN cDNA and shown that the transfection of human embryonic kidney cells with this cDNA renders them susceptible to infection with the feline coronavirus feline infectious peritonitis virus, the human coronavirus (HCV) 229E and the porcine coronavirus porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus. By using chimeric APN genes, assembled from porcine and feline sequences, we have shown that, analogously to the human APN protein, a region within the amino-terminal part of the feline APN protein (encompassing amino acids 132-295) is essential for its HCV 229E receptor function. Furthermore, by comparing the relevant feline, human and porcine APN sequences, we were able to identify a hypervariable stretch of eight amino acids that are more closely related in the feline and human APN proteins than in the porcine APN molecule. Using PCR-directed mutagenesis, we converted this stretch of amino acids within the porcine APN molecule to the corresponding residues of the human APN molecule. These changes were sufficient to convert porcine APN into a functional receptor for HCV 229E and thus define a small number of residues that are critically important for the HCV 229E receptor function of human APN.
Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha inHelicobacter pyloriGastritis in Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1-Deficient Mice (2002)

Increased gastric production of interleukin 8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastroduodenal disease. In the present study we used a mouse model to demonstrate whether loss of the tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF-R1) function leads to differences in gastric inflammation or the systemic immune response in H. pylori infection. Six different clinical isolates of H. pylori (three cytotoxin-positive and three cytotoxin-negative strains) were adapted to C57BL/6 mice. TNF-R1-deficient (TNF-R1(-/-)) mice (n = 19) and isogenetic controls (n = 24) were infected and sacrificed after 4 weeks of infection. Inflammation of the stomach and the humoral immune response to H. pylori were evaluated by histological, immunohistochemical, and serological methods. There was no detectable difference in the grade or activity of gastritis in TNF-R1(-/-) mice when they were compared with wild-type mice, but the number of lymphoid aggregates was slightly reduced in the gastric mucosa of TNF-R1(-/-) mice. Interestingly, total immunoglobulin G (IgG), as well as IgG1, IgG2b, and IgG3, H. pylori-specific antibody titers were significantly higher in wild-type mice. As revealed by immunoblot analysis, the difference in reactivity against H. pylori antigens was not based on a failure to recognize single H. pylori antigens in TNF-R1(-/-) mice. We therefore suggest that TNF-R1-mediated TNF-alpha signals might support a systemic humoral immune response against H. pylori and that the gastric inflammatory response to H. pylori infection seems to be independent of TNF-R1-mediated signals.
Synthesis of Aminomethyl- and Bis-Aminomethyl-Fluorescein Energy Transfer Terminators (2007)

Synthesis of aminomethyl and bis-aminomethylfluorescein derived energy transfer terminators is described.
Detection of pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in Germany (2014)

blaNDM-1 gene and type IV secretion system in clinical isolates of Acinetobacter lwoffii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56: 1698–702. 10 Fu Y, Du X, Ji J et al. Epidemiological characteristics and genetic structure of blaNDM-1 in non-baumannii Acinetobacter spp. in China. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67: 2114–22. 11 Bogaerts P, Huang T, Rezende de Castro R et al. Could Acinetobacter pittii act as an NDM-1 reservoir for Enterobacteriaceae? J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 68: 2414–5. 12 Carattoli A, Bertini A, Villa L et al. Identification of plasmids by PCR-based replicon typing. J Microbiol Methods 2005; 63: 219–28. 13 Yang J, Chen Y, Jia X et al. Dissemination and characterization of NDM-1-producing Acinetobacter pittii in an intensive care unit in China. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18: E506–13. 14 Zhang R, Hu YY, Yang XF et al. Emergence of NDM-producing non-baumannii Acinetobacter spp. isolated from China. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 33: 853–60.
FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS AND ITS REGULATION (1983)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Cytotoxic Prenylxanthones from Garcinia bracteata (2000)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a leaf extract of G. bracteata has yielded six new prenylxanthones, bractatin (1), isobractatin (2), 1-O-methylbractatin (3), 1-O-methylisobractatin (4), 1-O-methyl-8-methoxy-8,8a-dihydrobractatin (5), and 1-O-methylneobractatin (6). The structures of these compounds have been elucidated by spectroscopic means (NMR, MS), literature data, and X-ray crystallographic analysis of 2. These compounds possess significant cytotoxicity against the KB cell line.
Contributions of 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy to the understanding of dilated heart muscle disease (1995)

In the present work, we studied clinical and haemodynamic correlates of impaired cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Myocardial 31P-magnetic resonance (MR) spectra were obtained at 1.5 T in 14 volunteers and 23 patients with DCM (mean ejection fraction 34%) in order to quantify the creatine phosphate (CP)/ATP ratio. In addition, patients underwent cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Compared to volunteers (2.02 +/- 0.11), CP/ATP ratios were significantly reduced in DCM patients (1.54 +/- 0.10; P < 0.05), indicating impaired high-energy phosphate metabolism. CP/ATP ratios correlated with the clinical severity of heart failure estimated from the NYHA class (r = 0.47, P < 0.01); also, CP/ATP correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (r = 0.54, P < 0.01) and left ventricular end-diastolic wall thickness (r = 0.51, P < 0.01). Thus, 31P-MR spectroscopy can detect abnormal cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with heart failure due to DCM. These abnormalities correlate with clinical and haemodynamic parameters. Future studies will have to determine whether 31P-MR spectroscopy can contribute to the routine clinical evaluation of patients with heart failure.
Therapy of human solid tumor xenografts with CD74-targeted milatuzumab-SN-38 immunoconjugates. (2012)

3091 Background: CD74 is commonly considered to be an antigen present in hematopoietic cancers, but it is also expressed in a number of solid tumors. The humanized anti-CD74 antibody, milatuzumab (hLL1), was previously shown to have exquisite internalization properties, making it an attractive carrier for drug delivery. In this study, we evaluated hLL1 conjugates of a potent topo I inhibitor, SN-38, for treating solid tumors. Methods: Two hLL1-SN-38 conjugates, possessing either a pH-sensitive linker (‘CL2A’ form) or a cathepsin-B-cleavable linker ("CL2E" form), were examined. In vitro analyses were carried out in the A-375 human melanoma cell line, and therapy experiments were performed in female athymic nude mice bearing established s.c. A-375 or s.c. human pancreatic adenocarcinoma (Capan-1) xenografts using specified doses (i.p.) at a twice weekly × 4 wks schedule; animals were sacrificed when tumor volumes (TVs) reached 1 cm 3 . Results: Both A-375 and Capan-1 cell lines tested positive for CD74 expression by IHC. In vitro, both SN-38 derivatives liberated free drug at the same rate when exposed to cathepsin-B at pH 5, while serum stabilities for CL2A and CL2E forms of the conjugates were ~ 1 d and &gt;10 d, respectively. In the A-375 melanoma cell line, IC 50 for the hLL1-SN-38 conjugates of CL2A and CL2E forms were 5 nM and 34 nM, respectively. In the aggressive A-375 s.c. model of melanoma, in nude mice (n =8; TV: 0.23 ± 0.06 cm 3 ) treated with 12.5 mg/kg protein dose (total 1.7 mg/kg SN-38 eq.) of specific or non-specific SN-38 conjugates of CL2A and CL2E forms, only hLL1-CL2A-SN-38 conjugate was efficacious (Log-rank: P&lt;0.009 vs. all controls), with a median survival time of 28 d vs. 10.5 d for untreated. Likewise, in mice bearing Capan-1 xenografts (n = 8-10; TV=0.27 ± 0.05 cm 3 ), two low doses of hLL1-CL2A-SN-38 (12.5 or 5 mg/kg) significantly improved survival in comparison to saline control mice (p&lt;0.035), whereas the CL2E form and a non-specific control demonstrated no efficacy. Conclusions: These results indicate the therapeutic potential of hLL1-CL2A-SN-38 conjugate and the importance of linker chemistry, and encourage additional testing in other CD74-positive solid cancers.
NAD-Specific 6-Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase in Lactic Acid Bacteria (1996)

6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was screened in for cell-free extracts from seventeen strains of lactic acid bacteria. Three types of the enzyme could be classified according to the coenzyme specificity: NAD-specific, NADP-specific, and non-specific types. The two strains that had a heterofermentative pathways had an NAD-specific 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase. This type had higher enzyme activity per proteins in the cell-free extracts, and more specificity to NAD compared to the other types of the enzyme in the lactic acid bacteria studied.
Substance P Activation of Rheumatoid Synoviocytes: Neural Pathway in Pathogenesis of Arthritis (1987)

Several clinical features are consistent with nervous system involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The neuropeptide substance P is one possible mediator of this interaction, since it can be released into joint tissues from primary sensory nerve fibers. The potential effects of the peptide on rheumatoid synoviocytes were examined. The results show that substance P stimulates prostaglandin E2 and collagenase release from synoviocytes. Furthermore, synoviocyte proliferation was increased in the presence of the neuropeptide. Similar effects were observed with a truncated form of substance P. Synoviocytes were sensitive to very small doses of the neuropeptide (10(-9) M), and its effects were inhibited by a specific antagonist. Thus, the specific stimulation of synoviocytes by the neuropeptide substance P represents a pathway by which the nervous system might be directly involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.
Escherichia coli DnaX product, the tau subunit of DNA polymerase III, is a multifunctional protein with single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. (1987)

The dnaZX gene of Escherichia coli directs the synthesis of two proteins, DnaZ and DnaX. These products are confirmed as the gamma and tau subunits of DNA polymerase III because antibody to a synthetic peptide present in both the DnaZ and DnaX proteins reacts also with the gamma and tau subunits of holoenzyme. To characterize biochemically the tau subunit, for which there has been no activity assay, the dnaZX gene was fused to the beta-galactosidase gene to encode a fusion product in which the 20 C-terminal amino acids of the DnaX protein (tau) were replaced by beta-galactosidase lacking only 7 N-terminal amino acids. The 185-kDa fusion protein, which retained beta-galactosidase activity, was overproduced to the level of about 5% of the soluble cellular protein by placing the gene fusion under control of the tac promoter and Shine-Dalgarno sequence. The fusion protein was isolated in one step by affinity chromatography on p-aminobenzyl 1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside-agarose. The purified fusion protein also had ATPase (and dATPase) activity that was dependent on single-stranded DNA. This activity copurified with the beta-galactosidase activity not only through the affinity column but also through a subsequent gel filtration. We conclude that the DnaX protein function involves binding to single-stranded DNA and hydrolysis of ATP or dATP, in addition to binding to other DNA polymerase III holoenzyme components, increasing the processivity of the core enzyme, and serving as a substrate for the production of the gamma subunit.
Use of digitized video microscopy with a fluorogenic enzyme substrate to demonstrate cell‐ and compartment‐specific gene expression in Salmonella enteritidis and Bacillus subtilis (1994)

A rapid and sensitive method for detection of cell- and compartment-specific gene expression in individual cells of both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms is described. The method combines the use of gene fusions to lacZ, and a fluorogenic beta-galactosidase substrate, fluorescein-di-(beta-D-galactopyranoside), with digitized video microscopy. All of the reporter constructs tested were successfully detected. Secondary staining of the cells with a nucleic acid-specific dye, propidium iodide, allowed cells devoid of nucleic acid to be identified, while cell nucleoid shape and the morphological stage of development could be correlated with the location of beta-galactosidase activity. The double-staining procedure was used to show that gene expression can be induced in non-culturable cells of Salmonella enteritidis produced by carbon/nitrogen starvation. The resolution was sufficient to distinguish between cells at different morphological stages of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. This highly sensitive and rapid method may have many other applications in basic and applied microbiology.
Education (1990)

Education is best defined as the 'methodical socialisation of the young generation'. Thus family and kinship networks, apprenticeships, patterns of child employment all have a part to play in the educative process, alongside any provision of a formal or semi-formal kind for schooling. It would be impossible to treat all of these adequately in one chapter; and indeed family, kinship and work are all themselves subjects for separate extended treatment. This chapter will therefore focus primarily on the development of provision for formal schooling, but not to the exclusion of all other aspects of the process. For one of the chapter's most important themes is the rise of formal schooling. In 1750 this was a relatively insignificant and brief part of the educative process and one not necessarily encountered by all children. By 1950 it was central and it was what most people, adults and children alike, meant when they spoke of education.
Comparative Study of <i>in vitro</i> Flow Characteristics between a Human Aortic Valve and a Designed Aortic Valve and Six Corresponding Types of Prosthetic Heart Valves (1976)

A model of a pulsatile cardiovascular system is described including an electronic control, a hydraulic driving unit, a volume storage, a peripheral resistance and measuring equipment. Six different artificial heart valves, a designed aortic valve (Aachen pockett valve II) and a human aortic valve have been tested in the outflow position of the pump. Three of them are presently being used in clinical applications. Measurements of pressure and volume flow have been obtained for different frequencies n, pump volumes Vp and time ratios between pressure and suction phase. From the experimental results a comparative evaluation was deducted for different working conditions. In comparison to natural human aortic valve (NK) large volume flow is verified by the Aachen pocket valve II (AT), the Gott-Dagget value (GD), the Starr-Edwards valve (SE) and the Lillehei-Kaster valve (LK). The Gott-Daggett valve has the smallest back flow volume. The Smeloff-Cutter and in particular the Wada-Cutter valve have the largest regurgitation. This is to be expected since the Cutter valves are purposely so designed that they do not close tightly in order to avoid blood sedimentation. The human aortic valve, the Gott-Daggett valve and the Aachen pocket valve demonstrate the most favourable opening-closing characteristics. The human aortic valve achieves a negligible pressure loss, followed by the Björk-Shiley and the Lillehei-Kaster valve.
The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics (1942)

The usefulness of the electrical resistivity log in determining reservoircharacteristics is governed largely by:the accuracy with which the trueresistivity of the formation can be determined;the scope of detailed dataconcerning the relation of resistivity measurements to formationcharacteristics;the available information concerning the conductivity ofconnate or formation waters;the extent of geologic knowledge regardingprobable changes in facies within given horizons, both vertically andlaterally, particularly in relation to the resultant effect on the electricalproperties of the reservoir. Simple examples are given in the following pagesto illustrate the use of resistivity logs in the solution of some problemsdealing with oil and gas reservoirs. From the available information, it isapparent that much care must be exercised in applying to more complicated casesthe methods suggested. It should be remembered that the equations given are notprecise and represent only approximate relationships. It is believed, however, that under favorable conditions their application falls within useful limits ofaccuracy. Introduction The electrical log has been used extensively in a qualitative way tocorrelate formations penetrated by the drill in the exploitation of oil and gasreservoirs and to provide some indication of reservoir content. However, itsuse in a quantitative way has been limited because of various factors that tendto obscure the significance of the electrical readings obtained. Some of thesefactors are the borehole size, the resistivity of the mud in the borehole, theeffect of invasion of the mud filtrate into the formation, the relation of therecorded thickness of beds to electrode spacing, the heterogeneity of geologicformations, the salinity or conductivity of connate water, and, perhaps ofgreatest importance, the lack of data indicating the relationship of theresistivity of a formation in situ to its character and fluid content. On the Gulf Coast it is found that the effects of the size of the boreholeand the mud resistivity are generally of little importance, except when dealingwith high formational resistivities or extremely low mud resistivities.Fortunately, little practical significance need be attached to the exact valuesof the higher resistivities recorded. Low mud resistivities are not common, butwhen this condition is encountered it may be corrected by replacing the mudcolumn. With the present advanced knowledge of mud control, invasion of mudfiltrate into sands can be minimized, thereby increasing the dependability ofthe electrical log. The effect of electrode spacing on the recorded thicknessof a bed is often subject to compensation or can be sufficiently accounted forto provide an acceptable approximation of the true resistivity of theformation. T.P. 1422
Confocal laser scanning microscopic observation of glycocalyx production by Staphylococcus aureus in skin lesions of bullous impetigo, atopic dermatitis and pemphigus foliaceus (2003)

S. aureus cells generally produce glycocalyx in skin lesions of bullous impetigo, atopic dermatitis and pemphigus foliaceus, which accounts for the difficulty of removing S. aureus cells from these skin lesions. The glycocalyx may collapse during dehydration and most of the S. aureus cells may be carried away during preparation of routine light microscope sections.
Effective protection against acute respiratory distress syndrome/sepsis injury by combined adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and preactivated disaggregated platelets (2017)

This study assessed whether combining adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC) with preactivated, disaggregated shape-changed platelets (PreD-SCP) was superior to either therapy alone for protecting rat lung from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) complicated by sepsis. ARDS and sepsis were induced through 100% oxygen inhalation and peritoneal administration of 1.5 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. Adult-male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40) were randomized into sham-control (SC), ARDS-LPS, ARDS-LPS-ADMSC (1.2x10<sup>6</sup> cells), ARDS-LPS-PreD-SCP (3.0x10<sup>8</sup>, intravenous administration), and ARDS-LPS-ADMS/PreD-SCP groups, and were sacrificed 72 h after 48 h ARDS induction. Lung injury scores (LIS) and collagen deposition were highest in ARDS-LPS, lowest in SC, higher in ARDS-LPS+ADMSC than in ARDS-LPS+PreD-SCP and ARDS-LPS+ADMS/PreD-SCP, and higher in ARDS-LPS+PreD-SCP than in ARDS-LPS+ADMS/PreD-SCP (all p<0.0001). Alveolar-sac numbers, oxygen saturation, endothelial marker levels, and mitochondrial cytochrome-C levels exhibited opposite patterns with respect to LIS (all p<0.001). Levels of inflammatory, oxidative-stress, apoptosis, mitochondrial/DNA damage, and MAPK and Akt signaling markers exhibited patterns identical to that of LIS (all p<0.001). Anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory protein levels increased progressively from SC to ARDS-LPS+ADMS/PreD-SCP (all p<0.0001). These findings indicate combined ADMSC/PreD-SCP was superior to either therapy alone for protecting rat lung from ARDS-sepsis injury.
A cooperative internet backup scheme (2003)

Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes.
Transcription factor AP-1 activity is required for initiation of DNA synthesis and is lost during cellular aging. (1992)

Activation of the AP-1 complex of transcription factors is one of the earliest nuclear responses to mitogenic stimuli. We demonstrate directly that AP-1 activity is required for human cells to proliferate in response to serum. We also find that activity of the AP-1 complex is selectively reduced in old human fibroblasts prior to their entering a fully senescent state. Levels of Fos protein induced through diverse signal transduction pathways, the amount of AP-1 DNA binding activity in vitro, and the activity of an AP-1-dependent reporter gene in vivo are substantially decreased as fibroblasts age. Moreover, the composition of the AP-1 complex changes, so that old cells produce predominantly Jun-Jun homodimers instead of Fos-Jun heterodimers. Changes in AP-1 activity may be due in part to changes in posttranslational modification of Fos protein that impair its ability to form active DNA-binding heterodimers with Jun. These data suggest that changes in AP-1 activity may contribute to the inability of senescent cells to proliferate in response to mitogens.