gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Methano[70]fullerene/MDMO‐PPV Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells (2003)

Wegen der starken Absorption von sichtbarem Licht durch [70]Fulleren-Derivate erreicht man mit ihnen als Elektronenacceptor in Polymer-Dünnschichtsolarzellen hohe Photoströme. Ein Poly(p-phenylenvinylen) mit eingelagertem [70]PCBM erzielt bei der Umwandlung einfallender Photonen in Strom eine Effizienz von 66 %. Der Grund für diese hohen Photoströme ist ein ultraschneller Ladungstransfer zwischen Fulleren und Polymer nach der Photoanregung. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2003/z51647_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Polyol pathway along the bovine epididymis (2004)

During the epididymal transit, male gametes acquire new surface proteins necessary for their fertilizing ability. We have previously shown that membranous vesicles, called epididymosomes, interact with sperm surface within the epididymal fluid allowing transfer of some proteins to different subcellular compartments of spermatozoa. We previously showed that one of the major proteins associated with epididymosomes was an aldose reductase (gene: AKR1B5) and confirmed that aldose reductase is located in the epithelial cells bordering the intraluminal compartment of the epididymis. The present study shows that cytosolic aldose reductase activity was maximal in the proximal and middle segments of the epididymis and decreased in the distal epididymis. Western and Northern blot analysis confirmed the distribution pattern of aldose reductase and of the encoding mRNA. The optimal pH of epididymal aldose reductase was 6.0-6.5 when glucose was used as a substrate; this corresponds to the pH of the intraluminal epididymal fluid. In order to evaluate the possible involvement of sorbitol in sperm physiology, Western blot of tissue homogenates were probed with an anti-sorbitol dehydrogenase antibody. The amount of enzyme immunodetected was higher in the proximal and distal segments of the epididymis when compared to the amount detectable in the middle segment of the epididymis. Sorbitol dehydrogenase activity as well as the level of the encoding mRNA showed the same pattern of distribution. Furthermore, immunohistological studies using the anti-sorbitol dehydrogenase revealed that this enzyme was synthesized by the epididymal epithelial cells bordering the intraluminal compartment. Knowing the importance of sorbitol and fructose in sperm metabolism, we hypothesized that the polyol pathway is involved in the modulation of sperm motility within the epididymis.
SMN1 Deletions Among Singaporean Patients With Spinal Muscular Atrophy (2005)

Molecular studies can replace conventional investigations for SMA and have made the option of prenatal diagnosis possible for couples at risk.
The Extracellular Domains of ErbB3 Retain High Ligand Binding Affinity at Endosome pH and in the Locked Conformation (2005)

The extracellular, ligand binding regions of ErbB receptors consist of four domains that can assume at least two alternative conformations, extended and locked. The locked conformation, observed in several crystal structures, is held together by a noncovalent intramolecular tether and is incompatible with current models for receptor dimerization and ligand activation. Based on structures of ligand-receptor complexes in the extended conformation, the high affinity ligand binding pocket between domains I and III is disrupted in the locked conformation. Therefore the biological role of the locked conformation is not clear. To address the impact of the locked conformation on ligand binding, we compared extracellular domains of wild-type ErbB3, mutant domains in a constitutively locked or extended conformation and partial extracellular domain constructs. We found that the constitutively locked receptor domains and truncated constructs carrying only domains I-II or III-IV strongly bind ligand, albeit with reduced affinity compared to wild-type receptor. This suggests that the locked conformation cannot be discounted for ligand binding. The significant binding by both partial interfaces in domains I and III also suggests that "partial bivalency" may be the reason for the low nanomolar and high picomolar binding observed for ErbB3 in the respective "low" and high affinity states. In contrast to EGFR (ErbB1), ErbB3 retains high ligand binding affinity at an endosome-comparable pH in both the extended and locked conformations. Ligand affinity for the locked conformation even improves at low pH. For ErbB3, the contribution of domain I to ligand binding is strong and increases at low pH while its contribution is thought to be minimal for EGFR, regardless of pH. This shift in domain contribution and pH dependency provides a mechanistic explanation for some of the divergent properties of EGFR and ErbB3.
PENICILLIN AND THE CONTROL OF DEEP INTRA-OCULAR INFECTION (1945)

DEEP infections of the eye due to penetrating wounds present to military ophthalmologists a major problem, the solution of which would go far in limiting-the total blindness which so often results.
Rifampicin Nanoprecipitation using Flow Focusing Microfluidic Device (2013)

We present the nanoprecipitation of rifampicin performed in a microfluidic device as a means to reduce the particle size and enhance the dissolution rate. The microfluidic device was microfabricated in glass substrate with a 45° flow-focusing geometry. The dimensions of the central and side channels are 100 µm and 110 µm in width, respectively, and 85 µm in depth. We analyze the influence of different parameters in the rifampicin particles size, such as: rifampicin concentration, the presence of surfactant, the total fluid flow and solvent to anti-solvent flow rate ratio. The processed rifampicin was evaluated not only in terms of size, but also morphology, crystallinity, thermal characteristics and dissolution rate. We produce particle sizes in a controlled manner with sizes ranging from 100 nm to 1.2 µm. The particles present an amorphous profile and enhanced dissolution rate as compared to commercial raw rifampicin. These results are promising and have enabled us to better understand the rifampicin self-assembly process in microfluidic device .
Lymphocyte homing and clinical behavior of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (1991)

Lymphocyte homing receptors (HRs) defined by Hermes antibodies (anti-CD44) and lymphocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1, CD11a/CD18) are involved in lymphocyte binding to endothelial cells of high endothelial venules (HEVs) at sites where lymphocytes exit the blood. Their expression was correlated to the clinical behavior of 245 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas followed up for the median of 87 mo after the diagnosis. Lymphomas that showed no or weak staining intensity for HRs were more often of stage I (P = 0.005), disseminated less frequently hematogenously (P = 0.003), and had more favorable prognosis than lymphomas with intensive staining for HRs (P less than 0.0001) despite that they were more often histologically of high grade malignancy (P = 0.002). Expression of LFA-1 beta chain (CD18) did not correlate significantly with stage or survival, but had prognostic value in a subgroup of HR expression negative lymphomas (P = 0.03). HR staining intensity was an independent prognostic factor in a multivariate analysis. These findings indicate that Hermes/CD44 molecule is associated to the determination of the metastatic potential and prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. They also reveal a new entity among non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, because lymphomas that express low levels of HR have favorable prognosis despite their often highly malignant histological appearance.
Reduced androgen levels in adult Turner syndrome: influence of female sex steroids and growth hormone status (1999)

The present study shows that many adults with Turner syndrome have reduced levels of circulating androgens, compared with an age-matched group of normal women. Conditions associated with Turner syndrome such as increased prevalence of sexual problems, reduced bone mineral content, osteoporosis, and an increased incidence of fractures and alterations in body composition could perhaps be alleviated or abolished by substitution with a low dose of androgens. Treatment with female hormonal replacement therapy is associated with a decrease in testosterone, free testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, possibly mediated by the androgenic effect of norethisterone. Furthermore significant differences in sex steroid levels, GH status and indices of body composition can be compatible with comparable levels of IGF-I in two very different groups of individuals.
Altered Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 Is Related to Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer (2007)

Our results suggest possible roles of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 in CRC.
Effect of AlN Buffer Layer on AlGaN/α-Al2O3Heteroepitaxial Growth by Metalorganic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (1988)

Al x Ga 1- x N(0≦ x ≦0.4) films grown on sapphires are found to be composed of many mosaic crystallites with various orientations by means of double-crystal X-ray diffractometry. This fluctuation of orientation can be considerably reduced and the surface morphology (smoothness and uniformity) of the film can be remarkably improved by the preceding deposition of the AlN buffer layers. A phenomenological model, which can explain the effect of the AlN buffer layer on the surface morphology and the crystalline quality of AlGaN films, is proposed.
Mars Global Digital Dune Database: MC2-MC29 (2007)

Introduction The Mars Global Digital Dune Database presents data and describes the methodology used in creating the database. The database provides a comprehensive and quantitative view of the geographic distribution of moderate- to large-size dune fields from 65? N to 65? S latitude and encompasses ~ 550 dune fields. The database will be expanded to cover the entire planet in later versions. Although we have attempted to include all dune fields between 65? N and 65? S, some have likely been excluded for two reasons: 1) incomplete THEMIS IR (daytime) coverage may have caused us to exclude some moderate- to large-size dune fields or 2) resolution of THEMIS IR coverage (100m/pixel) certainly caused us to exclude smaller dune fields. The smallest dune fields in the database are ~ 1 km2 in area. While the moderate to large dune fields are likely to constitute the largest compilation of sediment on the planet, smaller stores of sediment of dunes are likely to be found elsewhere via higher resolution data. Thus, it should be noted that our database excludes all small dune fields and some moderate to large dune fields as well. Therefore the absence of mapped dune fields does not mean that such dune fields do not exist and is not intended to imply a lack of saltating sand in other areas. Where availability and quality of THEMIS visible (VIS) or Mars Orbiter Camera narrow angle (MOC NA) images allowed, we classifed dunes and included dune slipface measurements, which were derived from gross dune morphology and represent the prevailing wind direction at the last time of significant dune modification. For dunes located within craters, the azimuth from crater centroid to dune field centroid was calculated. Output from a general circulation model (GCM) is also included. In addition to polygons locating dune fields, the database includes over 1800 selected Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) infrared (IR), THEMIS visible (VIS) and Mars Orbiter Camera Narrow Angle (MOC NA) images that were used to build the database. The database is presented in a variety of formats. It is presented as a series of ArcReader projects which can be opened using the free ArcReader software. The latest version of ArcReader can be downloaded at http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/arcreader/download.html. The database is also presented in ArcMap projects. The ArcMap projects allow fuller use of the data, but require ESRI ArcMap? software. Multiple projects were required to accommodate the large number of images needed. A fuller description of the projects can be found in the Dunes_ReadMe file and the ReadMe_GIS file in the Documentation folder. For users who prefer to create their own projects, the data is available in ESRI shapefile and geodatabase formats, as well as the open Geographic Markup Language (GML) format. A printable map of the dunes and craters in the database is available as a Portable Document Format (PDF) document. The map is also included as a JPEG file. ReadMe files are available in PDF and ASCII (.txt) files. Tables are available in both Excel (.xls) and ASCII formats.
The Effect of the kVp Level on EMI Values (1976)

A variety of materials and tissues as well as 3 patients were studied with the EMI scanner using the 100-, 120-, and 140-kVp settings. There was little shift in the EMI value for most tissues over this range, but significant shifts occurred with materials whose effective atomic number was moderately different from that of water. Use of the highest kVp setting may improve visualization of low-contrast images by decreasing the noise caused by statistical fluctuations. This shift in EMI values can be used to determine the approximate amount of material of high atomic number present, such as calcium or iodine.
Loss of SFRP1 is associated with breast cancer progression and poor prognosis in early stage tumors (2004)

Aberrant activation of the Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of solid tumors such as breast and colon cancer. Secreted Frizzled-related protein 1 (SFRP1) is a negative regulator of the Wnt pathway. It has been described that SFRP1 mRNA is strongly down-regulated in breast cancer and a putative tumor suppressor function has been postulated. We have generated and characterized an SFRP1 specific antibody to analyze its expression on protein level and to investigate the association of SFRP1 expression with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival. Analysis of >2000 invasive breast tumors and 56 carcinoma in situ revealed similar frequencies of SFRP1 loss in these tumors (46% and 43% respectively). Therefore, we propose that loss of SFRP1 expression is an early event in breast tumorigenesis. SFRP1 expression was inversely correlated with tumor stage (p<0.001) but not with tumor grade (p=0.14) or lymph node status (p=0.84). Performing a multivariate analysis we could confirm the association between tumor stage and SFRP1 expression (p=0.029). In particular, loss of SFRP1 expression in early stage breast tumors (pT1) was associated with poor prognosis (p=0.04). In conclusion, expression of SFRP1 is commonly lost in breast cancer. SFRP1 expression might be useful as a novel prognostic marker in early stage breast cancer.
Expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator from a novel adeno-associated virus promoter. (1993)

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV) vectors have been used for gene expression in respiratory epithelial cells and may be useful in gene therapy for diseases like cystic fibrosis (CF) which affect the airways. The AAV p5 promoter together with the AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) forms a 263-base pair cassette which mediated efficient expression in a CF bronchial epithelial cell line. We report here that the ITR itself can mediate gene expression. In stable transfection assays, AAV-CF vectors expressing the full-length cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) cDNA from either the p5 promoter or the ITR restored cAMP regulation of the chloride efflux characteristic of CFTR function. An AAV-ITR-CF vector deleted for the amino terminus of CFTR was also functional. This vector was packaged into AAV particles and used to transduce cells without selection. Transduced cells also exhibited cAMP-regulated Cl- efflux. The complemented cell lines showed increased levels of CFTR protein immunofluorescence, and the presence of intact AAV-CF vector sequence was confirmed by Southern blot analysis of rescued vector sequences. These studies provide novel insights into AAV gene expression, and this newly described promoter allows for the production of AAV vectors expressing CFTR in those differentiated cells affected in CF.
Selective precipitation‐assisted recovery of immunoglobulins from bovine serum using controlled‐fouling crossflow membrane microfiltration (2008)

Efficient and economic recovery of immunoglobulins (Igs) from complex biological fluids such as serum, cell culture supernatant or fermentation cell lysate or supernatant, represents a substantial challenge in biotechnology. Methods such as protein A affinity chromatography and anion exchange chromatography are limited by cost and selectivity, respectively, while membrane chromatography is limited by low adsorptive area, flow distribution problems and scale-up difficulties. By combining the traditional salt-assisted precipitation process for selective removal of Igs from serum followed by constant-permeate flux membrane microfiltration for low fouling, we demonstrate an exciting new, efficient and economic hybrid method. The high selectivity of an ammonium sulfate-induced precipitation step was used to precipitate the Igs leaving the major undesirable impurity, the bovine serum albumin (BSA), in solution. Crossflow membrane microfiltration in diafiltration mode was then employed to retain the precipitate, while using axial flow rates to optimize removal of residual soluble BSA to the permeate. The selectivity between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and BSA obtained from the precipitation step was approximately 36, with 97% removal of the BSA with diafiltration in 5 diavolumes with resulting purity of the IgG of approximately 93% after the membrane microfiltration step. Complete resolubilization of the IgG was obtained without any aggregation at the concentrations of ammonium sulfate employed in this work. Further, membrane pore size and axial Reynolds number (recirculation rate) were shown to be important for minimizing fouling and loss of protein precipitate.
c-fos Proto-oncogene Expression in Bronchial Biopsies of Asthmatics (1992)

c-fos, a proto-oncogene regulating the transcription of many genes, plays a critical role in the cell cycle and differentiation and may be involved in the regulation of inflammation in asthma. Very low levels of c-fos are detectable in most human cells, and its expression is rapidly and transiently increased by multiple factors, some of which are involved in the airways inflammation of asthma (histamine, eicosanoids, and cytokines). The presence of c-fos protein, as detected by immunofluorescence, and the immunoreactivity of PCNA, a cell proliferation marker, were examined in bronchial biopsies obtained from 12 asthmatics and 10 normal subjects. Biopsies of eight of 12 asthmatics expressed c-fos versus none of 10 normal subjects. The expression was heterogeneous and localized to cells positive for anti-cytokeratin monoclonal antibody, indicating their epithelial origin. On the other hand, PCNA immunoreactivity was only observed in one asthmatic and one control subject but it was not related with c-fos expression. This study demonstrates the induction of c-fos in epithelial cells of asthmatics, suggesting a role for this proto-oncogene in activation rather than in proliferation.
Unilateral left-sided thoracoscopic sympathectomy for visceral pain control: a pilot study. (1997)

Unilateral thoracoscopic sympathectomy induces adequate and lasting relief of pain caused by benign as well as malignant diseases originating from the pancreatic region.
Combined treatment with 2′-nor-cGMP and ganciclovir against cytomegalovirus infection in a guinea pig model (1992)

The combination 2'-nor-cGMP/DHPG at fixed ratios 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 showed synergistic antiviral effects against GPCMV replication in vitro with CI value < 1. In vivo, a fixed ratio of 1:10 at three different dosage levels of 1.25/12.5 mg, 2.5/25 mg and 5/50 mg/kg/day 2'-nor-cGMP/DHPG combination showed only additive results when compared with each drug alone. However, synergistic antiviral effects were obtained when infected guinea pigs were treated with 2'-nor-cGMP/DHPG combination 2.5/10 mg/kg/day (1:4). A significantly lower GPCMV infectivity titer was noted in the salivary gland, lung and spleen of infected guinea pigs treated with the combination of 2'-nor-cGMP/DHPG 2.5/10 mg/kg/day, as compared to animals treated with a corresponding dose of each drug alone. In addition, GPCMV-infected animals treated with the latter combination showed increased body weight than when either drug was used alone. Histopathologically, each drug alone reduced the viral induced changes in the lung and spleen, but the combination therapy reduced these changes still further. Toxic changes seen in the kidney and bone marrow of infected animals treated with 2'-nor-cGMP, 2.5 mg/kg/day were not significantly increased when DHPG 10 mg/kg/day was added to the regimen. Therefore, combined treatment with 2'-nor-cGMP/DHPG in appropriate concentration is more helpful for acute cytomegalovirus infection in guinea pigs than when either drug was used alone.
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE ANTIBODY RESPONSE (1967)

CBA and C57 mice were tested for their ability to make an immune response to a related series of branched, multichain synthetic polypeptide antigens in which the antigenic determinants on the amino termini of the branched side chains were systematically varied. Neither strain responded to the polyglutamic acid determinant. Both strains responded well and equally to the poly(phenylalanine, glutamic acid) determinants. CBA mice responded poorly, and C57 mice responded well to two different antigens bearing poly(tyrosine, glutamic acid) determinants. CBA mice responded well, and CS7 mice responded poorly to two different antigens bearing poly(histidine, glutamic acid) determinants. The genetic control of the immune response to (H,G)-A--L appears to be dominant and polygenic, as it has been shown to be for (T,G)-A--L. The related antigens used in this study show extensive cross-reactions with antisera against other members of the related series.
Acetate Utilization and Butyryl Coenzyme A (CoA):Acetate-CoA Transferase in Butyrate-Producing Bacteria from the Human Large Intestine (2002)

Seven strains of Roseburia sp., Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Coprococcus sp. from the human gut that produce high levels of butyric acid in vitro were studied with respect to key butyrate pathway enzymes and fermentation patterns. Strains of Roseburia sp. and F. prausnitzii possessed butyryl coenzyme A (CoA):acetate-CoA transferase and acetate kinase activities, but butyrate kinase activity was not detectable either in growing or in stationary-phase cultures. Although unable to use acetate as a sole source of energy, these strains showed net utilization of acetate during growth on glucose. In contrast, Coprococcus sp. strain L2-50 is a net producer of acetate and possessed detectable butyrate kinase, acetate kinase, and butyryl-CoA:acetate-CoA transferase activities. These results demonstrate that different functionally distinct groups of butyrate-producing bacteria are present in the human large intestine.