gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of refractive index on near-infrared tomography of the breast (2005)

Near infrared (NIR) optical tomography is an imaging technique in which internal images of optical properties are reconstructed with the boundary measurements of light propagation through the medium. Recent advances in instrumentation and theory have led to the use of this method for the detection and characterization of tumors within the female breast tissue. Most image reconstruction approaches have used the diffusion approximation and have assumed that the refractive index of the breast is constant, with a bulk value of approximately 1.4. We have applied a previously reported modified diffusion approximation, in which the refractive index for different tissues can be modeled. The model was used to generate NIR data from a realistic breast geometry containing a localized anomaly. Using this simulated data, we have reconstructed optical images, both with and without correct knowledge of the refractive-index distribution to show that the modified diffusion approximation can accurately recover the anomaly given a priori knowledge of refractive index. But using a reconstruction algorithm without the use of correct a priori information regarding the refractive-index distribution is shown as recovering the anomaly but with a degraded quality, depending on the degree of refractive index mismatch. The results suggest that provided the refractive index of breast tissue is approximately 1.3-1.4, their exclusion will have minimal effect on the reconstructed images.
Myofibrillar Architecture in Engineered Cardiac Myocytes (2008)

Morphogenesis is often considered a function of transcriptional synchrony and the spatial limits of diffusing mitogens; however, physical constrainment by the cell microenvironment represents an additional mechanism for regulating self-assembly of subcellular structures. We asked whether myocyte shape is a distinct signal that potentiates the organization of myofibrillar arrays in cardiac muscle myocytes. We engineered the shape of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes by culturing them on microfabricated fibronectin islands, where they spread and assumed the shape of the island. Myofibrillogenesis followed, both spatially and temporally, the assembly of unique actin networks whose architecture was predictable given the shape of the island. Subsequently, the z lines of the sarcomeres aligned and registered in distinct patterns in different regions of the myocytes in such a way that orthogonal axes of contraction could be distinctly engineered. These data suggest that physical constrainment of muscle cells by extracellular matrix may be an important regulator of myofibrillar organization.
Adaptive insertion policies for high performance caching (2007)

The commonly used LRU replacement policy is susceptible to thrashing for memory-intensive workloads that have a working set greater than the available cache size. For such applications, the majority of lines traverse from the MRU position to the LRU position without receiving any cache hits, resulting in inefficient use of cache space. Cache performance can be improved if some fraction of the working set is retained in the cache so that at least that fraction of the working set can contribute to cache hits. We show that simple changes to the insertion policy can significantly reduce cache misses for memory-intensive workloads. We propose the LRU Insertion Policy (LIP) which places the incoming line in the LRU position instead of the MRU position. LIP protects the cache from thrashing and results in close to optimal hitrate for applications that have a cyclic reference pattern. We also propose the Bimodal Insertion Policy (BIP) as an enhancement of LIP that adapts to changes in the working set while maintaining the thrashing protection of LIP. We finally propose a Dynamic Insertion Policy (DIP) to choose between BIP and the traditional LRU policy depending on which policy incurs fewer misses. The proposed insertion policies do not require any change to the existing cache structure, are trivial to implement, and have a storage requirement of less than two bytes. We show that DIP reduces the average MPKI of the baseline 1MB 16-way L2 cache by 21%, bridging two-thirds of the gap between LRU and OPT.
Experimental analysis of oligonucleotide microarray design criteria to detect deletions by comparative genomic hybridization (2008)

We have determined experimentally the effects of varying several key oligonucleotide microarray design criteria for detection of deletions in C. elegans and humans with NimbleGen's CGH technology. Our oligonucleotide design recommendations should be applicable for CGH analysis in most species.
The Orthogonal Approximation of an Oblique Structure in Factor Analysis (1952)

A procedure is derived for obtaining an orthogonal transformation which most nearly transforms one given matrix into another given matrix, according to some least-squares criterion of fit. From this procedure, three analytic methods are derived for obtaining an orthogonal factor matrix which closely approximates a given oblique factor matrix. The case is considered of approximating a specified subset of oblique vectors by orthogonal vectors.
I mmunological M emory to V iral I nfections (2004)

The purpose of immunological memory is to protect the host from reinfection, to control persistent infections, and, through maternal antibody, to protect the host's immunologically immature offspring from primary infections. Immunological memory is an exclusive property of the acquired immune system, where in the presence of CD4 T cell help, T cells and B cells clonally expand and differentiate to provide effector systems that protect the host from pathogens. Here we describe how T and B cell memory is generated in response to virus infections and how these cells respond when the host is infected again by similar or different viruses.
Scatter from particulate-contaminated mirrors. part 1: theory and experiment for polystyrene spheres and lambda=0.6328 um (1992)

The scattered light resulting from polystyrene spheres residing on mirrors was measured at λ = 0.6328 μm, and results are compared to that predicted by a modified Mie theory. The method for cleaning the samples, counting and measuring particles, the measurement procedure, and the theoretical model employed to predict the scatter from contaminants on mirrors are discussed. The comparisons between theory and experiment indicate that the theory predicts the forward scatter, but the backscatter predictions are not as successful. The indication is that the developed model can accurately predict the scatter from dust on mirrors.
Synthetic routes to new polypyridyl complexes of osmium(II) (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic routes to new polypyridyl complexes of osmium(II)Edward M. Kober, Jonathan V. Caspar, B. Patrick Sullivan, and Thomas J. MeyerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1988, 27, 25, 4587–4598Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00298a017https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00298a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2767Altmetric-Citations311LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
K-252a: a specific inhibitor of the action of nerve growth factor on PC 12 cells (1988)

K-252a, a kinase inhibitor isolated from the culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp., selectively inhibits the actions of nerve growth factor (NGF) on PC 12 cells. At a concentration of 200 nM, K-252a prevents neurite generation initiated by NGF, but not neurite generation produced by fibroblast growth factor or outgrowth produced by dibutyryl cAMP. K-252a also inhibits the induction of ornithine decarboxylase by NGF, but stimulates ornithine decarboxylase induction by epidermal growth factor. Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol breakdown by NGF was similarly inhibited by K-252a, while stimulation by epidermal growth factor was enhanced. The NGF-induced decrease in the phosphorylation of a soluble protein, Nsp 100, was prevented by K-252a. K-252a blocks the NGF-induced heterodown-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor, but not the epidermal growth factor-induced homodown-regulation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. K-252a, then, provides a new tool for the dissection and study of NGF-requiring processes.
Principles, Techniques, and Applications of T2*-based MR Imaging and Its Special Applications (2009)

T2* relaxation refers to decay of transverse magnetization caused by a combination of spin-spin relaxation and magnetic field inhomogeneity. T2* relaxation is seen only with gradient-echo (GRE) imaging because transverse relaxation caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities is eliminated by the 180 degrees pulse at spin-echo imaging. T2* relaxation is one of the main determinants of image contrast with GRE sequences and forms the basis for many magnetic resonance (MR) applications, such as susceptibility-weighted (SW) imaging, perfusion MR imaging, and functional MR imaging. GRE sequences can be made predominantly T2* weighted by using a low flip angle, long echo time, and long repetition time. GRE sequences with T2*-based contrast are used to depict hemorrhage, calcification, and iron deposition in various tissues and lesions. SW imaging uses phase information in addition to T2*-based contrast to exploit the magnetic susceptibility differences of the blood and of iron and calcification in various tissues. Perfusion MR imaging exploits the signal intensity decrease that occurs with the passage of a high concentration of gadopentetate dimeglumine through the microvasculature. Change in oxygen saturation during specific tasks changes the local T2*, which leads to the blood oxygen level-dependent effect seen at functional MR imaging. The basics of T2* relaxation, T2*-weighted sequences, and their clinical applications are presented, followed by the principles, techniques, and clinical uses of four T2*-based applications, including SW imaging, perfusion MR imaging, functional MR imaging, and iron overload imaging.
Calcium cycling proteins and heart failure: mechanisms and therapeutics (2013)

Ca2+-dependent signaling is highly regulated in cardiomyocytes and determines the force of cardiac muscle contraction. Ca2+ cycling refers to the release and reuptake of intracellular Ca2+ that drives muscle contraction and relaxation. In failing hearts, Ca2+ cycling is profoundly altered, resulting in impaired contractility and fatal cardiac arrhythmias. The key defects in Ca2+ cycling occur at the level of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), a Ca2+ storage organelle in muscle. Defects in the regulation of Ca2+ cycling proteins including the ryanodine receptor 2, cardiac (RyR2)/Ca2+ release channel macromolecular complexes and the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a)/phospholamban complex contribute to heart failure. RyR2s are oxidized, nitrosylated, and PKA hyperphosphorylated, resulting in "leaky" channels in failing hearts. These leaky RyR2s contribute to depletion of Ca2+ from the SR, and the leaking Ca2+ depolarizes cardiomyocytes and triggers fatal arrhythmias. SERCA2a is downregulated and phospholamban is hypophosphorylated in failing hearts, resulting in impaired SR Ca2+ reuptake that conspires with leaky RyR2 to deplete SR Ca2+. Two new therapeutic strategies for heart failure (HF) are now being tested in clinical trials: (a) fixing the leak in RyR2 channels with a novel class of Ca2+-release channel stabilizers called Rycals and (b) increasing expression of SERCA2a to improve SR Ca2+ reuptake with viral-mediated gene therapy. There are many potential opportunities for additional mechanism-based therapeutics involving the machinery that regulates Ca2+ cycling in the heart.
Speciation of Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Diesel by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (2003)

Sulfur-containing compounds in diesel have been speciated by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with a sulfur chemiluminescence detector (SCD). The advantages of GCxGC technique are higher resolution and greater sensitivity. GCxGC-SCD can achieve the class separation of sulfur-containing compounds with an appropriate separation column combination. The major classes of sulfur-containing compounds in diesel are benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes. Relative concentration of each class as well as each carbon number family can be quantitated by the summation of the integrated areas corresponding to the individual group(s) in the GCxGC space. In practical applications, GCxGC-SCD can be used to characterize different diesels and to reflect desulfurization process efficiency. In this study, GCxGC-SCD has demonstrated its value in speciation of sulfur-containing compounds classes, which is difficult to accomplish by any other single technique.
Spatially resolved NMR in polymer science (1999)

Abstract Selected applications of spatially resolved NMR are presented, which demonstrate the use of the method for investigating applied topics relevant to polymer and materials science. Examples are given for imaging of rigid, soft, and fluid matter. They include characterization and interpretation of electrical aging in poly(ethylene), cross‐link density at the interface of covulcanized elastomer sheets, and cross‐filtration in hollow‐fiber filter modules. A novel NMR detector, the NMR‐MOUSE, has been developed for process and quality control by relaxation measurements. Its use for non‐destructive determination of the glass‐transition temperature by room temperature measurements on elastomer samples is demonstrated.
Merging sequence stratigraphy and geomechanics for unconventional gas shales (2011)

The recent revelation of vast global quantities of potentially gas- (and oil-) productive shales has paved the way for rapid advancements in understanding their geological properties, many of which affect their geomechanical properties, and ultimately reservoir operations and performance. Because of shale's unique and very intricate geological, physical and mechanical properties at all scales (from nano- to macro-scale (Abousleiman et al., 2010) compared with sandstones and carbonates, the ad-jective “unconventional” has often been applied to their characterization. Although many shale characteristics are different than those of sandstones and carbonates, and require new technologies to measure them, other characteristics, mentioned below, are similar. As such, customized conventional methodologies and concepts can be applied to exploration and production of shale gas (and oil).
The role of arrestin and retinoids in the regeneration pathway of rhodopsin. (1992)

Phototransduction results from a cascade of reactions that culminate in a neuronal signal. Photoisomerization of rhodopsin's chromophore, 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal, leads to the formation of the activated photoproduct metarhodopsin II (Meta II). Subsequently, Meta II initiates the excitation events by activating many copies of the rod cell-specific G-proteins (Gt or transducin). To terminate the signal, the long-lived Meta II must be quenched. Deactivation of Meta II involves phosphorylation by rhodopsin kinase followed by the binding of arrestin. In order to recycle rhodopsin for phototransduction, arrestin must dissociate, and the chromophore must be replaced. In this study, we show that the reduction of the photolyzed chromophore all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol is essential for recycling photoactivated rhodopsin. Once this reduction has occurred, the arrestin blockade of the receptor is removed, the chromophore site becomes accessible for regeneration, and the phosphates can be hydrolyzed. If the reduction does not occur, we demonstrate that free all-trans-retinal can react with the apoprotein to form pseudo-photoproducts that are spectrally identical to the photoinduced metarhodopsin species (Meta I/II/III). The Meta II-like product, M380, interacts tightly with arrestin and kinase, however, it does not measurably interact with Gt. The persistent blockade by arrestin and the low affinity for Gt together prevent activation of the visual cascade. Therefore, any insufficiency in the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans-retinol may lead to the accumulation of M380-arrestin in situ, which may effect adaptational processes.
Patterns of Membrane Antigen Expression by AML Blasts: Quantitation and Histogram Analysis (1991)

Leukaemic myeloid blasts from non-monocytic (M1-M3, n = 36) and monocytic (M4 and M5, n = 21) AML cases were examined for the expression of 12 different membrane determinants by flow cytometry. Data analyses for each antigen included the determination of (a) the mean fluorescence intensity for the whole blast cell population, (b) the relative levels of membrane fluorescence for individual events (cells), and (c) a conventional assessment of the proportion of cells staining positively (i.e. exceeding a pre-defined level of fluorescence). Three main types of staining histogram were observed and, of these, the most commonly seen (348/432 and 176/252 of non-monocytic and monocytic AML histograms respectively) was characterised by an homogenous distribution of staining intensities which did not exceed two log decades of fluorescence (S-type). The second staining pattern was characterised by a continuous spectrum of fluorescence which exceeded two log decades of fluorescence (SE-type), and the third pattern showed evidence of two leukaemic populations with different levels of fluorescent staining (BI-type). With the exception of occasional AML cases which expressed CD7 or CD19 with low staining intensity, the expression of lymphoid-associated membrane CD3, CD10, and CD22 by AML blasts was insignificant. For comparison, analysing the histogram patterns of expression for the myeloid and non-lineage associated membrane determinants revealed that CD11c, CD13, CD14, and CD38 were mainly of S- or SE-type for the non-monocytic AML variants, with a minor but significant proportion of such cases expressing CD33 (7/36), CD34 (6/36) and HLA-Dr (6/36) with a BI-type staining pattern. Similarly, histogram patterns for CD13, CD33, CD34 and CD38 expression by the monocytic AML variants were predominantly of S- or SE- type, with minor proportions of cases expressing CD11c (7/21), CD14 (10/21), and HLA-Dr with BI-type staining. Comparisons between the mean fluorescence staining intensities for the whole blast cell population and conventional positive versus negative delineations for each antigen studied further suggested that semi-quantitative measurements of fluorescent staining were more informative and potentially of greater relevance to the study and diagnostic assessment of acute myeloid leukaemia subtypes.
Reactivity of monoclonal antibody F36/22 with human ovarian adenocarcinomas. (1984)

Monoclonal antibody F36/22 recognizes high-molecular-weight glycoprotein components associated with neoplastic development of the ovary. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining techniques were performed on a panel of nonmalignant ovarian tissues, primary ovarian tumors, exfoliated ascitic tumor cells, and metastatic lesions. Normal ovarian tissue components (n = 20) failed to exhibit detectable levels of antigen, whereas benign ovarian tissues show a low incidence of immunostaining (three of 26) restricted to some ductal elements. One hundred % (19 of 19) of the immunopositive primary malignant tumors were histologically classified as adenocarcinomas. Each of the predominant adenocarcinoma histotypes consistently showed expression of the antigen with 30 to 100% of the tumor cells scored as immunopositive. Ascitic tumor cells obtained from all of the ovarian adenocarcinoma patients examined (47 of 47) displayed immunopositive reactions, whereas normal mesothelial cells in these specimens exhibited undetectable staining. In addition, ovarian adenocarcinoma metastases (12 of 12) exhibited very intense immunoreaction products. No detectable antigen was expressed by nonadenocarcinoma ovarian tumor cells.
Quadratic form of stable sub‐manifold for power systems (2004)

Abstract The stable sub‐manifold of type‐1 unstable equilibrium point is fundamental in determining the region of attraction of a stable working point for power systems, because such sub‐manifolds form the boundary of the region ( IEEE Trans. Automat. Control 1998; 33 (1):16–27; IEEE Trans. Circuit Syst. 1988; 35 (6):712–728). The quadratic approximation has been investigated in some recent literatures ( Automatica 1997; 33 (10):1877–1883; IEEE Trans. Power Syst . 1997; 12 (2):797–802). First, the paper reports our recent result: a precise formula is obtained, which provides the unique quadratic approximation with the error of 0(∣∣x∣∣ 3 ). Then the result is applied to differential–algebraic systems. The real form of practical large scale power systems are of this type. A detailed algorithm is obtained for the quadratic approximation of the stable sub‐manifold of type‐1 unstable equilibrium points of such systems. Some examples are presented to illustrate the algorithm and the application of the approximation to stability analysis of power systems. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
A Warm-up and Underfloor Converter Parametric Study (1993)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Parametric studies were performed to determine the effects and interactions between aged warm-up and underfloor converters with respect to 1) catalyst volume, 2) precious metal loading and 3) catalyst technology. All the converters were dynamometer aged appropriately with respect to their intended position in the exhaust system prior to emission testing. FTP emissions were measured using a 2.3L engine on an auto-driver dynamometer stand. Catalyst volumes of the warm-up and underfloor converters varied from 0.00 to 1.03 and 1.34 to 2.67 liters, respectively. Precious metal loading of the warm-up converters varied from 50 to 300 g/ft3 of palladium (Pd). The underfloor converters used both platinum/rhodium (Pt/Rh) and Pd precious metal combinations. Pt/Rh loadings varied from 25 to 50 g/ft3 at a 14/1 ratio. Pd loadings varied from 50 to 100 g/ft3. The underfloor catalyst technologies varied in base metal content and/or high temperature stabilizers. The Pd warm-up catalyst technology is a high temperature stabilized ceria containing washcoat. The FTP results indicate significant reduction in HC emissions can be achieved with a Pd containing warm-up converter. However, CO tailpipe emissions increased when a more active warm-up converter was used with the large underfloor converters.&lt;/div&gt;