gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Models in Anti-Infective Drug Development: Focus on TB (2010)

For rapid anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug development in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are useful in evaluating the direct interaction between the drug and the bacteria, thereby guiding the selection of candidate compounds and the optimization of their dosing regimens. Utilizing in vivo drug-clearance profiles from animal and/or human studies and simulating them in an in vitro PK/PD model allows the in-depth characterization of antibiotic activity of new and existing antibacterials by generating time–kill data. These data capture the dynamic interplay between mycobacterial growth and changing drug concentration as encountered during prolonged drug therapy. This review focuses on important PK/PD parameters relevant to anti-TB drug development, provides an overview of in vitro PK/PD models used to evaluate the efficacy of agents against mycobacteria and discusses the related mathematical modeling approaches of time–kill data. Overall, it provides an introduction to in vitro PK/PD models and their application as critical tools in evaluating anti-TB drugs.
cDNA clone for the alpha-chain of human beta-hexosaminidase: deficiency of alpha-chain mRNA in Ashkenazi Tay-Sachs fibroblasts. (1984)

We have isolated a cDNA clone containing sequences complementary to mRNA encoding the alpha-chain of the lysosomal enzyme beta-hexosaminidase. RNA from a human lung fibroblast strain, IMR90, was enriched for beta-hexosaminidase messenger by polysome immunoselection with antiserum against beta-hexosaminidase A. This preparation was used to construct cDNA recombinant plasmids by the Okayama-Berg vector primer procedure. After transformation of Escherichia coli, 385 ampicillin-resistant colonies were obtained, 44 of which contained inserts in the plasmid DNA. Differential hybridization, with cDNA probes prepared from polysomal RNA enriched or depleted for beta-hexosaminidase messenger, was used to screen the recombinant plasmids for sequences encoding beta-hexosaminidase. One clone, p beta H alpha-1, containing a cDNA insert of approximately equal to 240 base pairs, was identified in this manner. The plasmid hybrid-selected a messenger from placental RNA that programed a translation system to synthesize the alpha-chain of beta-hexosaminidase. p beta H alpha-1 hybridized to an mRNA of approximately equal to 1.9 kilobases in preparations enriched separately in messenger for the alpha-chain or for both alpha- and beta-chains (by polysome immunoselection with antiserum against isolated alpha-chain or against beta-hexosaminidase A, respectively). It did not hybridize to an RNA preparation enriched for messenger of beta-chain by immunoselection with antiserum against beta-hexosaminidase B. The 1.9-kilobase mRNA was observed in poly(A)+ RNA preparations from control fibroblasts and from fibroblasts of a Tay-Sachs patient that synthesize an altered alpha-chain; however, it was not seen in similar preparations from fibroblasts of four Ashkenazi Tay-Sachs patients.
Full Motor Recovery Despite Striatal Neuron Loss and Formation of Irreversible Amyloid-Like Inclusions in a Conditional Mouse Model of Huntington's Disease (2005)

The primary mechanism responsible for Huntington's disease remains unknown. Postulated early pathogenic events include the following: impaired protein folding, altered protein degradation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and transcriptional dysregulation. Although related therapies can delay disease progression in mouse models, they target downstream and probably indirect effects of mutant-huntingtin expression. Accordingly, in case they prove beneficial in humans, they might only palliate some aspects of disease. Our previous studies in the Tet/HD94 conditional model and the recently reported efficacy of RNA interference against mutant huntingtin in another mouse model support silencing mutant-huntingtin expression as a valid therapeutic approach that has the advantage of targeting toxicity at its root. Here, we address whether gene silencing can still be beneficial in the late stages of disease with detectable striatal neuron loss. Stereological analysis was applied to determine an age at which Tet/HD94 mice show a decrease in the number of striatal neurons. Then, progression of neuropathology and motor phenotype were analyzed in mice that were allowed to continue expressing mutant huntingtin and in mice that no longer expressed it. Neuronal loss did not revert in gene-off mice, but the additional loss that takes place in gene-on mice was prevented. The total number of huntingtin-containing inclusions dramatically reverted, but a small fraction of inclusions positive for the amyloid dye thioflavin-S remained. Interestingly, despite a 20% decrease in striatal neurons and the presence of amyloid-like irreversible inclusions, gene-off mice fully recover from their motor deficit, thus ruling out amyloid-like huntingtin inclusions as the main toxic species and suggesting that gene-silencing therapies might work in late stages of disease.
Gender Presentation and Membership Bias in Greek Organizations (2006)

ABSTRACT: The study objective was to explore the possibility of discrimination and bias based on perceived gender presentation. In this study, subjects were female and male undergraduate students of both Greek and non-Greek affiliations at a university in the Southeastern United States. Subjects were asked to rate the probability of extending group membership to others based on perceived visual gender appearance. In the pilot study, 150 University of Central Florida students were polled to assess three categories of visual gender presentation in pictures: average gender presentation (typical female or male), extreme gender presentation (extremely feminine or extremely masculine) and non-traditional gender presentation (masculine females or effeminate males). Three pictures of each gender presentation category were then chosen for the final study. In both studies, The Crowne-Marlowe (1964) Social Desirability Scale (CMDS) was administered. Results indicated no difference in the ratings between Greek and non-Greek participants. However, the results did show a statistically significant bias against individuals of average and non-traditional gender presentation versus individuals who represented extreme gender presentation. Hence, subjects were more likely to extend membership to individuals who appeared to be extremely feminine or extremely masculine. There was also a statistically significant bias favoring average over non-traditional gender presentation individuals. Additionally, social desirability bias played a significant role in how subjects made their selection. The study not only shows significant relationships between gender presentation and discrimination, but also provides evidence that male students prefer hyper-masculine males and female students prefer hyper-feminine females. Republication not permitted without written consent of the author.
Chemistry of A83543A Derivatives. 1. Oxidations and Reductions of A83543A Aglycon (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of A83543A Derivatives. 1. Oxidations and Reductions of A83543A AglyconJacek G. Martynow and Herbert A. KirstCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 6, 1548–1560Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00085a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00085a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Is vestibular papillomatosis associated with human papillomavirus? (1991)

The origin and clinical significance of vestibular papillae were evaluated by comparing histological features with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6/11 and 16/18, as revealed by Southern blot DNA hybridization. Twenty women with vestibular papillomatosis underwent clinical evaluation and follow-up. When available, male partners were also examined. Histological changes suggestive of HPV infection were present in all the 20 specimens. Sixteen cases (80%) contained DNA sequences homologous to the viral probes. In particular, 12 cases (60%) reacted with the HPV 16/18 probe. Follow-up for more than 18 months revealed no variation in the distribution and appearance of vestibular papillae. No male partner showed signs of HPV lesions. The study shows that HPV 16 is frequently associated with vestibular papillae but does not support a productive infection. Therefore the most appropriate management of these patients should be evaluated clinically in each individual case.
Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs) With Subthreshold Swing (SS) Less Than 60 mV/dec (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We have demonstrated a 70-nm n-channel tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) which has a subthreshold swing (SS) of 52.8 mV/dec at room temperature. It is the first experimental result that shows a sub-60-mV/dec SS in the silicon-based TFETs. Based on simulation results, the gate oxide and silicon-on-insulator layer thicknesses were scaled down to 2 and 70 nm, respectively. However, the <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">on</emphasis>/ <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">off</emphasis> current ratio of the TFET was still lower than that of the MOSFET. In order to increase the <emphasis emphasistype="smcaps">on</emphasis> current further, the following approaches can be considered: reduction of effective gate oxide thickness, increase in the steepness of the gradient of the source to channel doping profile, and utilization of a lower bandgap channel material. </para>
Toward garnet electrolyte–based Li metal batteries: An ultrathin, highly effective, artificial solid-state electrolyte/metallic Li interface (2017)

Solid-state batteries are a promising option toward high energy and power densities due to the use of lithium (Li) metal as an anode. Among all solid electrolyte materials ranging from sulfides to oxides and oxynitrides, cubic garnet-type Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>3</sub>Zr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LLZO) ceramic electrolytes are superior candidates because of their high ionic conductivity (10<sup>-3</sup> to 10<sup>-4</sup> S/cm) and good stability against Li metal. However, garnet solid electrolytes generally have poor contact with Li metal, which causes high resistance and uneven current distribution at the interface. To address this challenge, we demonstrate a strategy to engineer the garnet solid electrolyte and the Li metal interface by forming an intermediary Li-metal alloy, which changes the wettability of the garnet surface (lithiophobic to lithiophilic) and reduces the interface resistance by more than an order of magnitude: 950 ohm·cm<sup>2</sup> for the pristine garnet/Li and 75 ohm·cm<sup>2</sup> for the surface-engineered garnet/Li. Li<sub>7</sub>La<sub>2.75</sub>Ca<sub>0.25</sub>Zr<sub>1.75</sub>Nb<sub>0.25</sub>O<sub>12</sub> (LLCZN) was selected as the solid-state electrolyte (SSE) in this work because of its low sintering temperature, stabilized cubic garnet phase, and high ionic conductivity. This low area-specific resistance enables a solid-state garnet SSE/Li metal configuration and promotes the development of a hybrid electrolyte system. The hybrid system uses the improved solid-state garnet SSE Li metal anode and a thin liquid electrolyte cathode interfacial layer. This work provides new ways to address the garnet SSE wetting issue against Li and get more stable cell performances based on the hybrid electrolyte system for Li-ion, Li-sulfur, and Li-oxygen batteries toward the next generation of Li metal batteries.
Resurfacing of Goat Articular Cartilage by Chondrocytes Derived From Bone Marrow (1996)

The feasibility of using cartilaginous implants containing bone marrow derived chondrocytes in biological resurfacing procedures for correcting defects in articular cartilage was examined in goats. The experimental protocol included bone marrow aspiration, mesenchymal cell culturing, cell proliferation, favorable conditions inducing chondrogenic differentiation, and implantation of autogeneic and allogeneic cells. Autogeneic implant transplantations proved to be the best source for regeneration and repair of defective articular surfaces with use of densitometric computed image analysis of histochemical and immunohistochemical parameters on tissue sections. Allogeneic chondrocyte enriched cultures derived from bone marrow evoke a typical immune response in the host, expressed by the formation of fibrosis and progressive joint arthrosis. In the current study, a biological resurfacing procedure is described in detail for large mammals of similar weight and size as humans. Autogeneic mesenchymal cells derived from a bone marrow aspiration are the best cell source and when embedded in hyaluronic acid based adhesive glue make an excellent cartilaginous implant. The reparative regenerated cartilaginous tissue outcome within the defects appear different than neighboring normal articular cartilage shortly after surgery. Whether in the long term the cartilaginous remodeling process will shape the cartilage such that it more closely resembles the original articular cartilage is not known.
Monoclonal antibodies that target pathological assemblies of Aβ (2006)

Amyloid beta (Abeta) immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease has shown initial success in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and in human patients. However, because of meningoencephalitis in clinical trials of active vaccination, approaches using therapeutic antibodies may be preferred. As a novel antigen to generate monoclonal antibodies, the current study has used Abeta oligomers (amyloid beta-derived diffusible ligands, ADDLs), pathological assemblies known to accumulate in Alzheimer's disease brain. Clones were selected for the ability to discriminate Alzheimer's disease from control brains in extracts and tissue sections. These antibodies recognized Abeta oligomers and fibrils but not the physiologically prevalent Abeta monomer. Discrimination derived from an epitope found in assemblies of Abeta1-28 and ADDLs but not in other sequences, including Abeta1-40. Immunoneutralization experiments showed that toxicity and attachment of ADDLs to synapses in culture could be prevented. ADDL-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation was also inhibited, establishing this response to be oligomer-dependent. Inhibition occurred whether ADDLs were prepared in vitro or obtained from Alzheimer's disease brain. As conformationally sensitive monoclonal antibodies that selectively immunoneutralize binding and function of pathological Abeta assemblies, these antibodies provide tools by which pathological Abeta assemblies from Alzheimer's disease brain might be isolated and evaluated, as well as offering a valuable prototype for new antibodies useful for Alzheimer's disease therapeutics.
Adhesion of Water Droplets in Organic Solvent (1998)

We measure contact angles between adhesive water droplets which are stabilized in oil mixtures by amphiphilic molecules. The energy of adhesion, deduced from the contact angles, depends strongly on the solvent quality; this is controlled by changing the ratio of two different oils. In particular, the energy of adhesion sharply rises when the amphiphiles become insoluble within the oil mixture.
Immune Response to Sheep Red Blood Cells in Mice Pretreated with Mycobacterial Fractions (1971)

Ten micrograms of trehalose-6,6' -dimycolate (cord factor) injected into the footpads of mice increased the antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) subsequently injected into the same sites. There is a relationship between the antibody response and the cellular reaction induced locally and in the draining lymph nodes by cord factor, as judged by a much weaker response when antigen is injected into the contralateral footpads. The time intervals between injection of cord factor and antigen were from 5 to 20 days. A similar increased antibody response to SRBC was evident after preliminary administration of Freund's complete adjuvant or living BCG bacilli into the footpads. There was no increased antibody response in mice pretreated with living BCG or Freund's adjuvant to SRBC injected into the contralateral footpads. Administration of wax D from human strains Peurois and Test was without any effect. Administration of SRBC emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing 5 mug of cord factor induced a very strong antibody response in the mice as compared to that after injection of the same amount of antigen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant containing wax D or mycobacteria. The results are discussed.
Induction of DT-diaphorase in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. (1997)

DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2) is a flavoprotein that catalyses two-electron reduction of quinones, quinone imines, and nitrogen oxides. It is a Phase II detoxifying enzyme that can detoxify chemically reactive metabolites, and may be important in an early cellular defense against tumorigenesis. DT-diaphorase is also an activating enzyme for bioreductive antitumor agents like mitomycin C (MMC) and EO9. DT-diaphorase is induced in many tissues by a wide variety of compounds including dithiolethiones and isothiocyanates. Dithiolethiones are chemoprotective agents against a variety of chemical carcinogens in animal models, and the dithiolethione analogue, oltipraz, is currently in Phase I and Phase II clinical chemoprevention trials. Similarly, the isothiocyanate derivative, sulforaphane, blocks the formation of carcinogen-induced mammary tumors in rats. The low toxicity of these inducers of DT-diaphorase makes them suitable for use as chemopreventive agents in high-risk individuals. Cells with elevated DT-diaphorase levels are generally more sensitive to bioreductive antitumor agents. Thus, we suggested that the antitumor efficacy of bioreductive agents can be enhanced by selective induction of DT-diaphorase in tumor cells compared with normal cells. We showed that 1,2-dithiole-3-thione (D3T) can increase the level of DT-diaphorase activity and the cytotoxic activity of bioreductive agents in mouse lymphoma cells without increasing these activities in normal mouse marrow cells. D3T also increased DT-diaphorase activity in 24 of 33 human tumor cell lines representing nine tissue types with no obvious relationships between the tumor type, or the base level of DT-diaphorase activity, and the ability to increase enzyme activity. A series of dithiolethione analogues and dietary components were also shown to be good inducers of DT-diaphorase in human tumor cells. D3T increased DT-diaphorase activity in normal human bone marrow and kidney cells but the increases were small in these cells. Combination treatment with D3T and EO9 increased cell kill in HL-60 human leukemia cells compared with EO9 alone, but had no effect on EO9 toxicity in normal human kidney cells. Similarly, D3T increased tumor cell kill by EO9 in H661 human lung cancer cells and by MMC in T47D human breast cancer cells. Thus, inducers of DT-diaphorase may play an important role in cancer chemoprevention programs and may also be useful in enhancing the antitumor efficacy of bioreductive agents.
Plasmonic nanoparticle scattering for enhanced performance of photovoltaic and photodetector devices (2008)

A variety of approaches are examined for exploiting the optical properties of metal or dielectric nanoparticles, particularly those associated with surface plasmon polariton resonances, to improve the performance of semiconductor photodetectors and photovoltaic devices. Early and recent concepts for employing optical absorption and local electromagnetic field amplitude increases associated with surface plasmon polariton excitation to improve photocurrent generation in organic photovoltaic devices are briefly reviewed. The application of optical scattering properties of nanoparticles to improve transmission of optical power into, and consequently photocurrent response in, Si and a-Si:H photodiodes is then described, and effects related to scattered-wave phase shifts and interference effects between scattered and directly transmitted wave components in producing either enhancement or suppression of photocurrent response at different wavelengths are discussed. Coupling of photons incident normal to the surface of a semiconductor thin-film device into lateral, optically confined paths within waveguide structures formed by refractive index contrast either within the semiconductor structure, or between the semiconductor and surrounding dielectric material, is discussed in the context of early and recent studies of such coupling in silicon-on-insulator photodetectors, and recent work on engineering of photon propagation paths in III-V compound semiconductor quantum well solar cells.
Smart-Its - communication and sensing technology for UbiComp environments (2003)

More and more Ubiquitous computing scenarios arise where computers are embedded into everyday objects as secondary ariefacts. The need for a generic platform to enhance such artifacts is addressed by the Smart-Its project. TecOs Smart- Its are small-scale embedded computer devices that can be easily attached to everyday objects and simply programmed for a special task. Just like paper Post-Its are able to add some information to an object a Smart-Its could add some computing, perception and communication capability to an object. All this capability was integrated into the tiny Smart-Its board itself that is able to operate without any additional infrastructure. This paper introduces the architecture of the Smart-Its hardware, the design decisions for the hardware itself and presents experiences we made while constructing and operating these devices; some of these experience are also based on the deployment and use of the first 160 Smart-Its devices.
Use of Highly-Ordered TiO2 Nanotube Arrays in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2005)

We describe the use of highly ordered transparent TiO(2) nanotube arrays in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Highly ordered nanotube arrays of 46-nm pore diameter, 17-nm wall thickness, and 360-nm length were grown perpendicular to a fluorine-doped tin oxide-coated glass substrate by anodic oxidation of a titanium thin film. After crystallization by an oxygen anneal, the nanotube arrays are treated with TiCl(4) to enhance the photogenerated current and then integrated into the DSC structure using a commercially available ruthenium-based dye. Although the negative electrode is only 360-nm-thick, under AM 1.5 illumination the generated photocurrent is 7.87 mA/cm(2), with a photocurrent efficiency of 2.9%. Voltage-decay measurements indicate that the highly ordered TiO(2) nanotube arrays, in comparison to nanoparticulate systems, have superior electron lifetimes and provide excellent pathways for electron percolation. Our results indicate that remarkable photoconversion efficiencies may be obtained, possibly to the ideal limit of approximately 31% for a single photosystem scheme, with an increase of the nanotube-array length to several micrometers.