gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 7/2002 (2002)

The cover picture shows Cu2(μ-O)2 and Fe2(μ-O)2 complexes with the M2(μ-O)2 diamond core motif (the core is shown bottom right, M=green and oxygen=red spheres) and a representative example of a non-heme multimetal enzyme (hydroxylase component of methane monooxygenase, in the background). Although quite a familiar feature in high-valent manganese chemistry, the M2(μ-O)2 diamond core motif has only recently been found in synthetic complexes for M=Cu or Fe. Despite differences in electronic structures that have been revealed through experimental and theoretical studies, Cu2(μ-O)2 and Fe2(μ-O)2 cores exhibit analogously covalent metal–oxo bonding, and similar tendencies to abstract hydrogen atoms from substrates. Our understanding of biocatalysis has been enhanced significantly through the isolation and comprehensive characterization of the Cu2(μ-O)2 and Fe2(μ-O)2 complexes. In particular, it has led to the development of new mechanistic notions about how non-heme multimetal enzymes, such as, methane monooxygenase, fatty acid desaturase, and tyrosinase, may function in the activation of dioxygen to catalyze a diverse array of organic transformations. To find out more see the review by L. Que, Jr. and W. B. Tolman on p.1114 ff.
Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonist, reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis in guinea pigs (2005)

This is the first in vivo study demonstrating that a PPARgamma agonist, pioglitazone, could reduce the severity of experimental OA. This effect was associated with a reduction in the levels of MMP-13 and IL-1beta, which are known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of OA lesions.
ChemInform Abstract: Controlling Solid State Reactions via Rational Design of Superlattice Reactants (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Mass production of nanofibre assemblies by electrostatic spinning (2009)

Abstract Electrospinning is a well‐established and intensively investigated methodology, and is currently the only known technique that can fabricate continuous nanofibres. The major challenge associated with electrospinning is its production rate, compared with that of conventional fibre spinning. However, the understanding of the scale‐up possibility of the electrospinning process is still in its infancy. Substantial up‐scaling of electrospinning may pave the way for applications of nanofibre assemblies ( i.e. yarns) not accessible otherwise in conventional textile processes, such as weaving, knitting and braiding. Here we summarize recent advances regarding the enhancement of electrospinning throughput with special emphasis on multiple jets from multi‐needles and the free surface of polymer solutions. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Threshold for quasicontinuum absorption and reduced luminescence efficiency in CdSe nanocrystals (1994)

Luminescence excitation spectra are employed to study the electronic states of CdSe nanocrystals ranging in size from 9 to 26 Å radius at 77 K. These studies show that all samples have, in addition to the discrete manifold of quantum confined electronic excitations, a threshold for continuum absorption. Absorption into this continuum results in substantially reduced luminescence efficiency.
Comparative Immunogenicity of Heat-Killed and Living Oral Salmonella Vaccines (1972)

CD-1 mice were vaccinated intragastrically or intramuscularly with one or two doses of 200 mug of heat-killed Salmonella enteritidis 5694. Control mice were vaccinated with sublethal doses of living S. enteritidis Se795. The mice were challenged intragastrically with approximately 10(6)S. enteritidis 5694 SM(R) 7 to 14 days later, and the growth of the challenge population in the liver, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, lungs, and intestine was measured quantitatively. Mice receiving two doses of heat-killed vaccine by mouth were able to delay the systemic emergence of a gastrically introduced salmonella infection by 1 to 2 days. The corresponding liver and spleen populations were slightly lower than those seen in the normal controls. On the other hand, mice receiving the living, attenuated vaccine (either intravenously or intragastrically) developed an effective anti-salmonella immunity against subsequent reinfection.
Manipulating early pig embryos. (1993)

On the basis of established surgical procedures for embryo recovery and transfer, the early pig embryo can be subjected to various manipulations aimed at a long-term preservation of genetic material, the generation of identical multiplets, the early determination of sex or the alteration of the genetic make-up. Most of these procedures are still at an experimental stage and despite recent considerable progress are far from practical application. Normal piglets have been obtained after cryopreservation of pig blastocysts hatched in vitro, whereas all attempts to freeze embryos with intact zona pellucida have been unsuccessful. Pig embryos at the morula and blastocyst stage can be bisected microsurgically and the resulting demi-embryos possess a high developmental potential in vitro, whereas their development in vivo is impaired. Pregnancy rates are similar (80%) but litter size is reduced compared with intact embryos and twinning rate is approximately 2%. Pig blastomeres isolated from embryos up to the 16-cell stage can be grown in culture and result in normal blastocysts. Normal piglets have been born upon transfer of blastocysts derived from isolated eight-cell blastomeres, clearly underlining the totipotency of this developmental stage. Upon nuclear transfer the developmental capacity of reconstituted pig embryos is low and < 10% develop to morulae or blastocysts in vitro. Pig oocytes can be stimulated parthenogenetically and up to 10% grow to blastocysts in the in vitro culture. Sex determination can be achieved either by separation of X and Y chromosome bearing spermatozoa by flow cytometry or by analysing the expression of the HY antigen in pig embryos from the eight-cell to morula stage. Microinjection of foreign DNA has been successfully used to alter growth and development of transgenic pigs, and to produce foreign proteins in the mammary gland or in the bloodstream, indicating that pigs can be used as donors for valuable human pharmaceutical proteins. Another promising area of gene transfer is the increase of disease resistance in transgenic lines of pigs. Approximately 30% of pig spermatozoa bind considerable amounts of foreign DNA preferably at the post-acrosomal region, suggesting that transgenic animals can be obtained more efficiently than with the usual microinjection procedure. To increase gene transfer efficiency, considerable research efforts have been made to establish embryonic stem (ES) cells, but so far there is no definite proof of totipotency of the generated pig ES-like cells through viable chimaeras. In general, biotechnological procedures are much less advanced in pigs than in cows.
Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhances the release of capsids produced by gag gene constructs of widely divergent retroviruses. (1993)

The Vpu protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 facilitates the release of virus particles from the surface of infected cells. The ability of the Vpu protein to facilitate release of Gag proteins from retroviruses that lack a Vpu-like protein was examined. The results of these experiments show that Vpu significantly increases the release of the Gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2, visna virus, and Moloney murine leukemia virus from HeLa cells. The results indicate that Vpu-mediated enhancement of particle release requires neither amino-terminal myristoylation of the Gag precursor nor cleavage of the Gag precursor by the viral protease. The results raise the possibility that Vpu modifies a cellular pathway common to the release of all retroviruses from the cell surface.
Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) (2002)

During the Internet stock bubble, articles in the trade press frequently said that, in the near future, telephone traffic would be just another application running over the Internet. Such statements gloss over many engineering details that preclude voice from being just another Internet application. This paper deals with the technical aspects of implementing voice over Internet protocol (VoIP), without speculating on the timetable for convergence. First, the paper discusses the factors involved in making a high-quality VoIP call and the engineering tradeoffs that must be made between delay and the efficient use of bandwidth. After a discussion of codec selection and the delay budget, there is a discussion of various techniques to achieve network quality of service. Since call setup is very important, the paper next gives an overview of several VoIP call signaling protocols, including H.323, SIP, MGCP, and Megaco/H.248. There is a section on telephony routing over IP (TRIP). Finally, the paper explains some VoIP issues with network address translation and firewalls.
The tactile touchpad (1997)

A prototype touchpad with embedded tactile feedback is described. Tactile feedback allows the touchpad to mimic the operation of a mouse for basic transactions such as clicking, double-clicking, and dragging. A button click is achieved by increasing the finger pressure applied to the touchpad, instead of using a lift-and-tap strategy or by pressing separate buttons. The result is more natural and less error prone. Pressure thresholds for the button-down and button-up actions are under software control and include hysteresis to minimise inadvertent selections.
Artificial Life (2019)

In September 1987, the first workshop on Artificial Life was held at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Jointly sponsored by the Center for Nonlinear Studies, the Santa Fe Institute, and Apple Computer Inc, the workshop brought together 160 computer scientists, biologists, physicists, anthropologists, and other assorted "-ists," all of whom shared a common interest in the simulation and synthesis of living systems. During five intense days, we saw a wide variety of models of living systems, including mathematical models for the origin of life, self-reproducing automata, computer programs using the mechanisms of Darwinian evolution to produce co-adapted ecosystems, simulations of flocking birds and schooling fish, the growth and development of artificial plants, and much, much more The workshop itself grew out of my frustration with the fragmented nature of the literature on biological modeling and simulation. For years I had prowled around libraries, shifted through computer-search results, and haunted bookstores, trying to get an overview of a field which I sensed existed but which did not seem to have any coherence or unity. Instead, I literally kept stumbling over interesting work almost by accident, often published in obscure journals if published at all.
Determination of Vapor Pressure of Low-Volatility Compounds Using a Method To Obtain Saturated Vapor with Coated Capillary Columns (2001)

The vapor pressures of O-ethyl S-2-diisopropylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX), O-isobutyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl methylphosphonothiolate (RVX), and 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT) were determined with the gas saturation method in temperatures ranging from -12 to 103 degrees C. The saturated vapor was generated using a fused-silica column coated with the compound. This column was placed in a gas chromatograph, and the vapor pressure was determined directly from the detector signal or by sampling on Tenax tubes that were subsequently analyzed. From the linear relationships obtained by plotting log P vs 1/T, the enthalpies of vaporization (deltaHvap) and the vapor pressures at selected temperatures were determined. The vapor pressure of VX at 25 degrees C was 0.110 Pa and the deltaHvap 77.9 kJ x mol(-1). The corresponding results for RVX were 0.082 Pa and 76.6 kJ x mol(-1). The vapor pressure of 2,4-DNT at 72 degrees C (melting point) was determined to 6.0 Pa, and the enthalpies of the solid and the liquid state were 94.2 and 75.3 kJ x mol(-1), respectively. Using capillary columns to generate saturated vapors has three major advantages: short equilibrium time, low consumption of sample, and safe handling of toxic compounds.
Different Dynamic Patterns of β-Lactams, Quinolones, Glycopeptides and Macrolides on Mouse Gut Microbial Diversity (2015)

The adverse impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota has attracted extensive interest, particularly due to the development of microbiome research techniques in recent years. However, a direct comparison of the dynamic effects of various types of antibiotics using the same animal model has not been available. In the present study, we selected six antibiotics from four categories with the broadest clinical usage, namely, β-lactams (Ceftriaxone Sodium, Cefoperazone/Sulbactam and meropenem), quinolones (ofloxacin), glycopeptides (vancomycin), and macrolides (azithromycin), to treat BALB/c mice. Stool samples were collected during and after the administration of antibiotics, and microbial diversity was analyzed through Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics analyses using QIIME. Both α and β diversity analyses showed that ceftriaxone sodium, cefoperazone/sulbactam, meropenem and vancomycin changed the gut microbiota dramatically by the second day of antibiotic administration whereas the influence of ofloxacin was trivial. Azithromycin clearly changed the gut microbiota but much less than vancomycin and the β-lactams. In general, the community changes induced by the three β-lactam antibiotics showed consistency in inhibiting Papillibacter, Prevotella and Alistipes while inducing massive growth of Clostridium. The low diversity and high Clostridium level might be an important cause of Clostridium difficile infection after usage of β-lactams. Vancomycin was unique in that it inhibited Firmicutes, mainly the genus Clostridium. On the other hand, it induced the growth of Escherichia and effect lasted for months afterward. Azithromycin and meropenem induced the growth of Enterococcus. These findings will be useful for understanding the potential adverse effects of antibiotics on the gut microbiome and ensuring their better usage.
Chronic Neuropathic Pain (2005)

The rapidly evolving symptom- and mechanism-based approach to the treatment of neuropathic pain holds promise for improving the quality of life of our patients with neuropathic pain.
A renaissance in RNA synthetic biology: new mechanisms, applications and tools for the future (2015)

Since our ability to engineer biological systems is directly related to our ability to control gene expression, a central focus of synthetic biology has been to develop programmable genetic regulatory systems. Researchers are increasingly turning to RNA regulators for this task because of their versatility, and the emergence of new powerful RNA design principles. Here we review advances that are transforming the way we use RNAs to engineer biological systems. First, we examine new designable RNA mechanisms that are enabling large libraries of regulators with protein-like dynamic ranges. Next, we review emerging applications, from RNA genetic circuits to molecular diagnostics. Finally, we describe new experimental and computational tools that promise to accelerate our understanding of RNA folding, function and design.
Chromium Deficiency During Total Parenteral Nutrition (1979)

Chromium is required for maintenance of normal glucose tolerance. After complete bowel resection and five months of total parenteral nutrition, severe glucose intolerance, weight loss, and a metabolic encephalopathylike confusional state developed in a patient. Serum chromium levels were at the lowest normal level. Supplementation of 150 μg of chromium per day reversed the glucose intolerance, reduced insulin requirements, and resulted in weight gain and the disappearance of encephalopathy. The low levels of chromium and response to chromium supplementation suggest that chromium deficiency can arise in long-term total parenteral nutrition. (<i>JAMA</i>241:496-498, 1979)
Document clustering based on non-negative matrix factorization (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel document clustering method based on the non-negative factorization of the term-document matrix of the given document corpus. In the latent semantic space derived by the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF), each axis captures the base topic of a particular document cluster, and each document is represented as an additive combination of the base topics. The cluster membership of each document can be easily determined by finding the base topic (the axis) with which the document has the largest projection value. Our experimental evaluations show that the proposed document clustering method surpasses the latent semantic indexing and the spectral clustering methods not only in the easy and reliable derivation of document clustering results, but also in document clustering accuracies.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells: Characterization and Current Application in Orthopaedic Tissue Repair (2008)

Orthopaedic tissues, such as bone, cartilage, intervertebral disc and tendon, contain cells that are difficult to culture and stimulate in vitro for repair of damaged tissue. Stem cells have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into many tissue types. Recent progress in stem cell research has led to an enthusiastic effort to utilize stem cells for orthopaedic tissue regeneration. Due to ease of harvest and abundance, adipose-derived mesenchymal cells (ASC) are an attractive, readily available adult stem cell that has become increasingly popular for use in many stem cell applications. Recent progress has been made in characterizing ASC and looking mechanistically at gene expression and cellular pathways involved in differentiation. This review focuses on (i) the characterization of ASC through expression of appropriate surface markers; (ii) modulation of in vitro differentiation of ASC through different scaffolds, growth factors, and media; and (iii) the use of ASC in orthopaedic tissue repair. Strategies for repair involve the use of differentiated or undifferentiated, fresh or passaged ASC, in conjunction with appropriate choice of media, growth factors and scaffolds. Recent in vivo studies utilizing ASC are discussed giving results on defect repair and potential for clinical orthopaedic tissue regeneration.
Immunogenicity of Heterologous Recombinant Adenovirus Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimens Is Enhanced by Circumventing Vector Cross-Reactivity (2006)

The high prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in human populations has led to the development of recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vectors derived from rare Ad serotypes as vaccine candidates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens. Vaccine vectors have been constructed from Ad subgroup B, including rAd11 and rAd35, as well as from Ad subgroup D, including rAd49. However, the optimal combination of vectors for heterologous rAd prime-boost vaccine regimens and the extent of cross-reactive vector-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remain poorly defined. We have shown previously that the closely related vectors rAd11 and rAd35 elicited low levels of cross-reactive NAbs. Here we show that these cross-reactive NAbs correlated with substantial sequence homology in the hexon hypervariable regions (HVRs) and suppressed the immunogenicity of heterologous rAd prime-boost regimens. In contrast, vectors with lower hexon HVR homology, such as rAd35 and rAd49, did not elicit detectable cross-reactive vector-specific NAbs. Consistent with these findings, rAd35-rAd49 vaccine regimens proved more immunogenic than both rAd35-rAd5 and rAd35-rAd11 regimens in mice with anti-Ad5 immunity. These data suggest that optimal heterologous rAd prime-boost regimens should include two vectors that are both rare in human populations to circumvent preexisting antivector immunity as well as sufficiently immunologically distinct to avoid cross-reactive antivector immunity.
Immunologic considerations for generating memory CD8 T cells through vaccination (2011)

Following infection or vaccination, naïve CD8 T cells that receive the appropriate integration of antigenic, co-stimulatory and inflammatory signals undergo a programmed series of biological changes that ultimately results in the generation of memory cells. Memory CD8 T cells, in contrast to naïve cells, more effectively limit or prevent pathogen re-infection because of both qualitative and quantitative changes that occur following their induction. Unlike vaccination strategies aimed at generating antibody production, the ability to generate protective memory CD8 T cells has proven more complicated and problematic. However, recent experimental results have revealed important principles regarding the molecular and genetic basis for memory CD8 T cell formation, as well as identified ways to manipulate their development through vaccination, resulting in potential new avenues to enhance protective immunity.
Denosumab for the treatment of bone metastases in breast cancer: evidence and opinion (2011)

In conclusion, denosumab appears to be an effective and safe treatment option in patients with bone metastases from breast cancer with the potential of also preventing CTIBL.
Engineering Subtilisin for Peptide Coupling: Studies on the Effects of Counterions and Site-Specific Modifications on the Stability and Specificity of the Enzyme (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEngineering Subtilisin for Peptide Coupling: Studies on the Effects of Counterions and Site-Specific Modifications on the Stability and Specificity of the EnzymePamela Sears, Matthias Schuster, Peng Wang, Krista Witte, and Chi-Huey WongCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 15, 6521–6530Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00094a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00094a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views281Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts