gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive prenatal chromosomal aneuploidy detection using plasma cell-free nucleic acid (2010)

It has been shown that by the end of the first trimester of pregnancy, a small but significant portion of DNA extracted from maternal plasma is of fetal origin. This knowledge has been utilized for the development of clinical diagnostic assays that are widely used outside the USA for the minimally invasive prenatal determination of, for example, fetal Rhesus antigen status. Such assays that enable the detection of paternally inherited fetal alleles are relatively straightforward, because the fetal sequence of interest is unique to the father and is therefore not masked by any identical maternal alleles. By contrast, maternally inherited traits, including the majority of common human aneuploidies such as trisomy 21, are much harder to detect in plasma because of the overwhelming background of endogenous maternal sequences that are identical to the fetal target alleles. One way to ‘see’ fetal DNA past the veil of maternal genomic DNA is to utilize methods that can selectively amplify or enrich fetal alleles from maternal plasma. Such enrichment can be achieved by taking advantage of either differential DNA methylation or transcription patterns that exist between the first-trimester placenta at its maternal interface and maternal nucleated blood cells. These are the primary sources of fetal and maternal nucleic acids, respectively, in maternal plasma. Methods have recently emerged that combine such targeted strategies with digital genotyping assays using massively parallel nanofluidic devices. More recently, unbiased approaches that utilize high-throughput DNA sequencing have been developed that do not require prior knowledge of the placental or maternal leukocyte transcriptome or DNA methylome. Such methods have the potential to revolutionize the clinical standard of care for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of fetal genetic disease. Recent developments in the field are discussed herein.
guan lian li lun zai wen ti fen xi zhong de ying yong (2006)

关联理论认为语言交际是一个明示推理的交际过程,而文学作品中作者在语音、词汇、句式、修辞及篇章构建层面的不同选择都可以理解为作者对读者的明示手段,读者由此付出推理努力寻找最佳关联,并得到足够的语境效果的这一过程,正是理解作者创作中的特定风格的过程.
Increased levels of superoxide and H2O2 mediate the differential susceptibility of cancer cells versus normal cells to glucose deprivation (2008)

Cancer cells, relative to normal cells, demonstrate increased sensitivity to glucose-deprivation-induced cytotoxicity. To determine whether oxidative stress mediated by O(2)(*-) and hydroperoxides contributed to the differential susceptibility of human epithelial cancer cells to glucose deprivation, the oxidation of DHE (dihydroethidine; for O(2)(*-)) and CDCFH(2) [5- (and 6-)carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate; for hydroperoxides] was measured in human colon and breast cancer cells (HT29, HCT116, SW480 and MB231) and compared with that in normal human cells [FHC cells, 33Co cells and HMECs (human mammary epithelial cells)]. Cancer cells showed significant increases in DHE (2-20-fold) and CDCFH(2) (1.8-10-fold) oxidation, relative to normal cells, that were more pronounced in the presence of the mitochondrial electron-transport-chain blocker, antimycin A. Furthermore, HCT116 and MB231 cells were more susceptible to glucose-deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress, relative to 33Co cells and HMECs. HT29 cells were also more susceptible to 2DG (2-deoxyglucose)-induced cytotoxicity, relative to FHC cells. Overexpression of manganese SOD (superoxide dismutase) and mitochondrially targeted catalase significantly protected HCT116 and MB231 cells from glucose-deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress and also protected HT29 cells from 2DG-induced cytotoxicity. These results show that cancer cells (relative to normal cells) demonstrate increased steady-state levels of ROS (reactive oxygen species; i.e. O(2)(*-) and H(2)O(2)) that contribute to differential susceptibility to glucose-deprivation-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. These studies support the hypotheses that cancer cells increase glucose metabolism to compensate for excess metabolic production of ROS and that inhibition of glucose and hydroperoxide metabolism may provide a biochemical target for selectively enhancing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in human cancer cells.
Chemical studies on the heartwood of Cassia garrettiana Craib. II. Nonanthraquinonic constituents. (1979)

Nonanthraquinonic constituents isolated from the heartwood of Cassia garrettiana CRAIB. (Leguminosae) together with several anthraquinones were shown to be betulic acid, rhamnocitrin, rhamnetin, protocatechuic aldehyde, quercetin, 3, 3'-dihydroxybibenzyl, 3, 3', 4-trihydroxybibenzyl, 3, 3', 4, 5'-tetrahydroxybibenzyl, 3, 3', 4, 5'-tetrahydroxystilbene, and 2, 3, 5, 7-tetrahydroxy-9, 10-dihydrophenanthrene (which was isolated and identified as tetraacetate).
Measurement site and photodetector size considerations in optimizing power consumption of a wearable reflectance pulse oximeter (2004)

Site selection and power consumption play a crucial role in optimizing the design of a wearable pulse oximeter for long-term telemedicine application. In this study we investigated the potential power saving in the design of a reflectance pulse oximeter taking into consideration measurement site and sensor configuration. In-vivo experiments suggest that battery longevity could be extended considerably by employing a wide annularly shaped photodetector ring configuration and performing SpO/sub 2/ measurements from the forehead region.
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors for cancer therapy: a patent review (2009 – 2014) (2015)

Introduction: Cell cycle deregulation is a common characteristic of cancer cells. Progression through the cell cycle is controlled by enzymes known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activity can be upregulated by a wide range of molecular mechanisms. Based on these observations, small molecule CDK inhibitors are being developed as potential cancer therapeutics. Some of these compounds have entered Phase III clinical trials and one of them, palbociclib, recently received accelerated approval from the FDA. However, the complexity of CDK biology and the undesired side effects of the existing inhibitors mean that the hunt for new CDK-targeting drug candidates continues.Areas covered: This article reviews patent applications related to small molecule CDK inhibitors published between 2009 and 2014.Expert opinion: Clinical trials with pan-specific inhibitors have generally yielded unambiguously positive outcomes. However, better results have been achieved with highly specific inhibitors of CDK4/CDK6. This may be due to several factors and has generated considerable interest in the discovery of new mono-specific CDK inhibitors. The development of such compounds is challenging because all CDKs have very similar active sites. Aside from this issue of selectivity, another key challenge is the identification of patients who will benefit from specific therapies.
Detection of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri in feces by immunomagnetic isolation and polymerase chain reaction (1992)

A combination of immunomagnetic separation (IMS) and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was used for direct isolation and identification of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 and Shigella flexneri from feces. Immunomagnetic particles were coated with monoclonal antibody MASFB, which is specific for a common epitope of the O polysaccharides of S. dysenteriae type 1 and S. flexneri. Bacteria bound to the beads were boiled in water, and target DNA was amplified with a primer pair specific for a gene coded on the invasion-associated locus (ial) of the large virulence plasmid of all four Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive strains of Escherichia coli. A 320-bp DNA fragment was generated and detected by an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated probe. Nonviable cells were also captured and detected by this technique. The method is simple and fast (7 h) and has a detection limit of ca. 10 Shigella organisms per g in fecal samples. The combined IMS-PCR assay correctly identified all 57 samples carrying S. dysenteriae type 1 and 68 samples carrying S. flexneri from 238 fecal specimens and also permitted detection of 17 samples carrying Shigella spp. from 113 specimens from diarrheal patients in whom shigellae were not detected by conventional culture.
Pediatric gastrointestinal disease : pathophysiology, diagnosis, management (1993)

Part 1 Biological aspects of gastrointestinal function: development of the gastrointestinal tract basic aspects of digestion and absorption bile acids and the enterohepatic circulation indigenous flora gastrointestinal motility immunology and gastrointestinal disease neurology of the gut gastrointestinal hormones. Part 2 Clinical signs and symptoms: eating disorders and obesity regurgitation, vomiting and dysphagia ascites caustic ingestion foreign bodies & bezoars abdominal pain diarrhoea constipation and encopresis the acute abdomen abdominal abscess intestinal obstruction, pseudo-obstruction, and ileus gastrointestinal bleeding failure to thrive abdominal masses jaundice. Part 3 The esophagus: anatomy and physiology developmental anomalies gastroesophageal reflux esophageal varices achalasia and other motor disorders. Part 4 The stomach: anatomy and physiology hypertrophic pyloric stenosis & developmental anomalies heliobacter pylori gastritis ulcers. Part 5 The small and large intestine: anatomy and physiology developmental abnormalities, malrotation hernias abdominal wall defects maldigestion and malabsorption bacterial overgrowth protein losing enteropathy celia sprue allergic gastroenteropathy celiac sprue allergic gastroenteropathy eosinophilic gastroenteritis short bowel syndrome lymphangiectasia infectious diarrhoea intussusception intestinal pseud-obstruction parasites Meckel's diverticulum pseudomembranous enterocolitis neoplasms appendicitus Hirschsprung's disease anal rectal malformations aquired immune deficiency irritable bowel syndrome polyps and polypsis syndromes Crohn's disease ulcerative colitus necrotizing enterocolitis intractable diarrhoea of infancy other diseases of the small bowel and colon - ischemic bowel disease, radiation enteritis, hemolytic uremic syndrome, Henoch-Schonlein purpura, etc. Part 6 The pancreas and bile ducts: anatomy and physiology pancreatic function testing cystic fibrosis Schwachmann diamond syndrome acute pancreatitis chronic pancreatitis secretory tumours of the pancreas abnormalities of the bile ducts cholelithiasis and cholecystitis. Part 7 Gastrointestinal procedures: intestinal biopsy upper gastrointestinal endoscopy & colonoscopy and ileoscopy encoscopic retrograde cholangiography and pancreatography esophageal, gastroduodenal and rectal motility breath testing gastrointestinal imaging interpretation of mucosal biopsies. Part 8 Nutritional management: the practical use of infant formulas nutritional assessment (nutritional requirements - protein, fats & carbohydrates) vitamin & trace elements enteral nutrition parenteral nutrition management of diarrhoea.
Carotid Artery Plaque Morphology and Composition in Relation to Incident Cardiovascular Events: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) (2014)

The identification of vulnerable plaque characteristics with MR imaging aids in cardiovascular disease prediction and improves the reclassification of baseline cardiovascular risk.
Cell-free Tumor DNA in Blood Plasma As a Marker for Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer (2009)

These findings show, for the first time, a relationship between the occurrence of CTCs and circulating tumor-associated DNA in blood, which, therefore, might become a valuable new source for monitoring metastatic progression in cancer patients.
Reoptimization of MDL Keys for Use in Drug Discovery (2002)

For a number of years MDL products have exposed both 166 bit and 960 bit keysets based on 2D descriptors. These keysets were originally constructed and optimized for substructure searching. We report on improvements in the performance of MDL keysets which are reoptimized for use in molecular similarity. Classification performance for a test data set of 957 compounds was increased from 0.65 for the 166 bit keyset and 0.67 for the 960 bit keyset to 0.71 for a surprisal S/N pruned keyset containing 208 bits and 0.71 for a genetic algorithm optimized keyset containing 548 bits. We present an overview of the underlying technology supporting the definition of descriptors and the encoding of these descriptors into keysets. This technology allows definition of descriptors as combinations of atom properties, bond properties, and atomic neighborhoods at various topological separations as well as supporting a number of custom descriptors. These descriptors can then be used to set one or more bits in a keyset. We constructed various keysets and optimized their performance in clustering bioactive substances. Performance was measured using methodology developed by Briem and Lessel. "Directed pruning" was carried out by eliminating bits from the keysets on the basis of random selection, values of the surprisal of the bit, or values of the surprisal S/N ratio of the bit. The random pruning experiment highlighted the insensitivity of keyset performance for keyset lengths of more than 1000 bits. Contrary to initial expectations, pruning on the basis of the surprisal values of the various bits resulted in keysets which underperformed those resulting from random pruning. In contrast, pruning on the basis of the surprisal S/N ratio was found to yield keysets which performed better than those resulting from random pruning. We also explored the use of genetic algorithms in the selection of optimal keysets. Once more the performance was only a weak function of keyset size, and the optimizations failed to identify a single globally optimal keyset. Instead multiple, equally optimal keysets could be produced which had relatively low overlap of the descriptors they encoded.
Convoluted dipole array elements (1991)

Convoluting the conductors of dipole FSS while retaining the unit cell dimensions produces a major reduction in the resonant frequency and in the sensitivity of the reflection band to angle of incidence. The separation of this band from the onset of grating responses is correspondingly increased.
Red blood cells are a sink for interleukin 8, a leukocyte chemotaxin. (1991)

IL-8 (also known as neutrophil-activating peptide 1) is recognized as a potent effector of neutrophil functions. Several different cell types that contact blood, namely T lymphocytes, monocytes, and endothelial cells, secrete this polypeptide following stimulation by cytokines, or lipopolysaccharide. Here we show that when IL-8 is added to blood it rapidly partitions from the plasma fluid to the blood cells and that erythrocytes account for the vast majority of this binding. Analysis of 125I-IL-8 binding [( ala-IL-8]77 form) to human red cells indicates a single, 5 nM Kd affinity class of binding sites, present at approximately 2,000 per red cell representing approximately 15 nmol of red cell IL-8 binding sites per liter of blood. These sites are protease sensitive. Their binding of IL-8 is rapidly reversible and does not result in receptor internalization, although bound IL-8 is resistant to extraction by pH 3 buffer at 5 degrees C. 125I-IL-8 binding to red cells was not inhibited by epidermal growth factor or interleukin 1, but was inhibited by monocyte chemotactic peptide-1, which is not a neutrophil chemotaxin, but is a member of the same family of polypeptides as IL-8. FACS analysis of IL-8-mediated mobilization of Ca2+ in neutrophils indicates that the IL-8 bound to red cells is incapable of stimulating neutrophils. Thus, red cell absorption of IL-8 may function to limit stimulation of leukocytes by IL-8 released into blood.
Altered p-STAT3 (tyr705) expression is associated with histological grading and intratumour microvessel density in hepatocellular carcinoma (2006)

The results showed that p-STAT3 (tyr705) expression was closely correlated with histological grading and intratumour MVD in HCC. Thus, the potential role of p-STAT3 (tyr705) in HCC development may be through these correlations.
Widespread Gene Delivery and Structure-Specific Patterns of Expression in the Brain after Intraventricular Injections of Neonatal Mice with an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector (2001)

Developing a system for widespread somatic gene transfer in the central nervous system (CNS) would be beneficial for understanding the global influence of exogenous genes on animal models. We injected an adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV2) vector into the cerebral lateral ventricles at birth and mapped its distribution and transduction pattern from a promoter capable of expression in multiple targets. The injections resulted in structure-specific patterns of expression that were maintained for at least 1 year in most regions, with efficient targeting of some of the major principal neuron layers. The patterns of transduction were explained by circulation of the viral vector in the subarachnoid space via CSF flow, followed by transduction of underlying structures, rather than by progenitor cell infection and subsequent migration. This study demonstrates that gene transfer throughout the CNS can be achieved without germ line transmission and establishes an experimental strategy for introducing genes to somatic cells in a highly predictable manner.
Genetic linkage of the human gene for phenylethanol-amine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, to DNA markers on chromosome 17q21–q22 (1992)

We have determined the genetic location of the human gene encoding phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the terminal enzyme of the catecholamine pathway catalyzing the synthesis of epinephrine (adrenaline) from norepinephrine. This gene is linked to DNA markers on the long arm of chromosome 17, q21-q22, most closely to the DNA markers MFD15 (D17S250) (Zmax = 15.0, theta = 0.065) and fLB17.1 (Zmax = 14.6, theta = 0.045). Multipoint linkage analysis placed the PNMT locus in the interval fLB17.1-CMM86 (D17S74), at 4 centiMorgans (cM) distal to fLB17.1, and at 17 cM proximal to CMM86. Mapping of the PNMT gene will provide the basis for genetic linkage studies in families with disease which might pathogenetically involve this enzyme. The human chromosomal region 17q21-22 identified here to harbour the PNMT gene may be syntenic to the chromosomal region in the stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR-SP) recently linked to blood-pressure regulation. As an increase of PNMT activity has been associated with the development of hypertension in SHR-SP, it will be of interest to perform comparative mapping of the PNMT gene.
Resolution of Uniform Resource Identifiers using the Domain Name System (1997)

Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) are the foundation of the World Wide Web, and are a vital Internet technology. However, they have proven to be brittle in practice. The basic problem is that URLs typically identify a particular path to a file on a particular host. There is no graceful way of changing the path or host once the URL has been assigned. Neither is there a graceful way of replicating the resource located by the URL to achieve better network utilization and/or fault tolerance. Uniform Resource Names (URNs) have been hypothesized as a adjunct to URLs that would overcome such problems. URNs and URLs are both instances of a broader class of identifiers known as Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
The anti-angiogenic isoforms of VEGF in health and disease (2009)

Anti-angiogenic VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) isoforms, generated from differential splicing of exon 8, are widely expressed in normal human tissues but down-regulated in cancers and other pathologies associated with abnormal angiogenesis (cancer, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, the Denys-Drash syndrome and pre-eclampsia). Administration of recombinant VEGF(165)b inhibits ocular angiogenesis in mouse models of retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration, and colorectal carcinoma and metastatic melanoma. Splicing factors and their regulatory molecules alter splice site selection, such that cells can switch from the anti-angiogenic VEGF(xxx)b isoforms to the pro-angiogenic VEGF(xxx) isoforms, including SRp55 (serine/arginine protein 55), ASF/SF2 (alternative splicing factor/splicing factor 2) and SRPK (serine arginine domain protein kinase), and inhibitors of these molecules can inhibit angiogenesis in the eye, and splice site selection in cancer cells, opening up the possibility of using splicing factor inhibitors as novel anti-angiogenic therapeutics. Endogenous anti-angiogenic VEGF(xxx)b isoforms are cytoprotective for endothelial, epithelial and neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting both an improved safety profile and an explanation for unpredicted anti-VEGF side effects. In summary, C-terminal distal splicing is a key component of VEGF biology, overlooked by the vast majority of publications in the field, and these findings require a radical revision of our understanding of VEGF biology in normal human physiology.
Angiogenesis Is Impaired by Hypercholesterolemia (2000)

The derangement of the NO synthase pathway that occurs in hypercholesterolemia is associated with an impairment of angiogenesis. The lipid-induced impairment of angiogenesis can be reversed by oral administration of L-arginine and can be mimicked in normocholesterolemic animals by administration of an NO synthase antagonist. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that ADMA is an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction: Comparison of Plasmid, Adenovirus, and Adenovirus-Transduced Myoblast Vectors (2001)

Myoblast-mediated gene therapy was more successful in delivering iNOS into the corpus cavernosum than were the direct adenovirus or plasmid transfection methods. Gene therapy of NOS may open new avenues of treatment for erectile dysfunction. Control of NOS expression would be necessary to prevent priapism.
Thermal Stability of Proton Conducting Acid Doped Polybenzimidazole in Simulated Fuel Cell Environments (1996)

Recently, polybenzimidazole membrane doped with phosphoric acid (PBI) was found to have promising properties for use as a polymer electrolyte in a high temperature (ca. 150 to 200°C) proton exchange membrane direct methanol fuel cell. However, operation at 200°C in strongly reducing and oxidizing environments introduces concerns of the thermal stability of the polymer electrolyte. To simulate the conditions in a high temperature fuel cell, PBI samples were loaded with fuel cell grade platinum black, doped with ca. 480 mole percent phosphoric acid (i.e., 4.8 molecules per PBI repeat unit) and heated under atmospheres of either nitrogen, 5% hydrogen, or air in a thermal gravimetric analyzer. The products of decomposition were taken directly into a mass spectrometer for identification. In all cases weight loss below 400°C was found to be due to loss of water. Judging from the results of these tests, the thermal stability of PBI is more than adequate for use as a polymer electrolyte in a high temperature fuel cell.