gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of heparin-related saccharides by histidine-rich glycoprotein and platelet factor 4. (1986)

Heparin and heparin oligosaccharides prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization were fractionated by affinity chromatography on immobilized antithrombin and by gel chromatography. The anticoagulant activities of high affinity heparin of Mr greater than or equal to 7,800 could be readily neutralized by the plasma protein histidine-rich glycoprotein (see also Lijnen, H.R., Hoylaerts, M., and Collen, D. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3803-3808), whereas oligosaccharides falling below 18 saccharide units (Mr 5,400) became increasingly resistant to neutralization. An octasaccharide with characteristic marked ability to accelerate the inactivation of Factor Xa by antithrombin retained greater than 50% of its activity even at a histidine-rich glycoprotein/oligosaccharide molar ratio of 500:1. Histidine-rich glycoprotein, like the platelet-derived heparin neutralizing protein platelet factor 4 (Lane, D.A., Denton, J., Flynn, A.M., Thunberg, L. and Lindahl, U. (1984) Biochem J. 218, 725-732), therefore requires interaction with saccharide sequences in addition to the antithrombin-binding pentasaccharide of heparin in order to efficiently express its antiheparin activity. Heparan sulfate isolated from pig intestinal mucosa (HS I, Mr approximately 20,000) and from human aorta (HS II, Mr approximately 40,000) exhibited anti-Factor Xa activities of 180 and 20 units/micromol [corrected], respectively. A fraction corresponding to about 5% of HS I bound with high affinity to immobilized antithrombin and contained all of the anticoagulant activity of the starting material. While these heparan sulfates were readily neutralized by platelet factor 4, they were relatively resistant to neutralization by histidine-rich glycoprotein, although complete neutralization could be attained in the presence of molar excess of this protein. These findings may be of importance in relation (a) to the functional role of endogenous anticoagulant polysaccharides at the vascular wall and (b) to clinical situations in which heparin or heparin-related compounds are administered as exogenous anticoagulants.
Industrial electrochemistry. 2nd edition (1990)

This book provides a background in electrochemistry and electrochemical engineering and reviews modern applications of electrochemical technology.
Stabilization and Size Control of Gold Nanoparticles during Laser Ablation in Aqueous Cyclodextrins (2004)

Femtosecond laser radiation has been used to ablate a gold target in aqueous beta-cyclodextrin (CD) solutions to produce stable gold nanoparticle colloids with extremely small size (2 to 2.4 nm) and size dispersion (1 to 1.5 nm). On the basis of XPS and zeta-potential measurements, we propose a model involving chemical interactions between the gold and the CDs. The model includes both the hydrophobic interaction of the Au0 with the interior cavity of the CD and the hydrogen bonding of O- groups on the partially oxidized gold surface with -OH groups of the CDs.
The selective therapeutic apheresis procedures (2013)

Selective apheresis procedures have been developed to target specific molecules, antibodies, or cellular elements in a variety of diseases. The advantage of the selective apheresis procedures over conventional therapeutic plasmapheresis is preservation of other essential plasma components such as albumin, immunoglobulins, and clotting factors. These procedures are more commonly employed in Europe and Japan, and few are available in the USA. Apheresis procedures discussed in this review include the various technologies available for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis, double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), cryofiltration, immunoadsorption procedures, adsorption resins that process plasma, extracorporeal photopheresis, and leukocyte apheresis.
The Current Spectrum of Staphylococcus aureus Infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital (1994)

Staphylococcus aureus remains a prominent cause of community- and hospital-acquired infection. This study reviewed 162 cases of S. aureus infection occurring in 120 adults who were hospitalized at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center and referred for consultation to the Infectious Disease Service. There were 37 cases of skin and soft tissue infection, 5 pyomyositis, 34 osteomyelitis, 13 septic arthritis, 19 pneumonia, 3 empyema, 5 pyelonephritis, 37 vascular infection, 3 epidural abscess, and 6 miscellaneous infections. Bacteremia was documented in 56 of 119 (47%) cases in which blood cultures were obtained, indicating the serious nature of the infections in many cases. Staphylococcus aureus is widely prevalent in healthy persons. Given its ubiquity and the capacity to cause a broad array of infections, an effective host response must play an important role in preventing infection. This host response is immunologically nonspecific, in that it depends upon the effectiveness of mechanical barriers to invasion and, once invasion takes place, the interaction of PMN, complement, and antibody that is probably present in serum of all immunologically competent adults rather than sensitization of B or T lymphocytes by any identifiable antigens specific to S. aureus. Analysis of the present cases calls attention to S. aureus as an opportunistic pathogen, 1 that only infrequently causes serious infection in otherwise healthy persons. Nearly every patient in this series had 1 or more medical condition thought to predispose to infection; 279 such conditions were identified, representing an average of 2.3 per person. A break in the natural barrier to infection was also present in the majority of cases, for example, trauma, wound, or pre-existing decubitus ulcer in skin and soft tissue infections; endotracheal tube in pneumonia; and a catheter bypassing urethra or skin in urinary and vascular infections, respectively. The tendency for patients to be infected with S. aureus repeatedly (mean number of infections, 1.4 per patient) reflects the chronicity of many predisposing factors and, perhaps, of colonization as well. Staphylococcus aureus has a special predilection to cause infections involving prosthetic devices, perhaps related to its affinity for fibronectin, laminin, and other serum proteins that can mediate attachment to foreign material; 46 of 162 (28%) infections were associated with the presence of a foreign body. Such infections are difficult to eradicate with antibiotic therapy alone, perhaps because of a change in the metabolic state of adherent bacteria, and removal of the foreign body is generally required for cure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Miniature atomic scalar magnetometer for space based on the rubidium isotope 87Rb (2016)

A miniature atomic scalar magnetometer based on the rubidium isotope <sup>87</sup>Rb was developed for operation in space. The instrument design implements both <i>M<sub>x</sub></i> and <i>M<sub>z</sub></i> mode operation and leverages a novel microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabricated vapor cell and a custom silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit. The vapor cell has a volume of only 1 mm<sup>3</sup> so that it can be efficiently heated to its operating temperature by a specially designed, low-magnetic-field-generating resistive heater implemented in multiple metal layers of the transparent sapphire substrate of the SOS-CMOS chips. The SOS-CMOS chip also hosts the Helmholtz coil and associated circuitry to stimulate the magnetically sensitive atomic resonance and temperature sensors. The prototype instrument has a total mass of fewer than 500 g and uses less than 1 W of power, while maintaining a sensitivity of 15 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz, comparable to present state-of-the-art absolute magnetometers.
Signal synthesis from modified discrete short-time transform (1988)

The discrete short-time transform (DSTT) is a generalization of the discrete short-time Fourier transform (DSTFT). The necessary and sufficient conditions on the analysis filter, under which perfect reconstruction of the input signal is possible (when the DSTT is not modified), are presented. The class of linear modifications for which the original input can be reconstructed when the modification is applied is characterized. The synthesis of an optimal (in the minimum-mean-square-error sense) signal from a modified DSTT (MDSTT) of finite duration is presented. It is shown that for an analysis filter length that does not exceed a given value, the optimal synthesis scheme is independent of the duration of the given MDSTT and is an extension of the weighted overlap add (WOLA) synthesis method. For longer analysis filters, the optimal synthesis scheme becomes quite cumbersome, and therefore, a steady-state solution (as the duration of the MDSTT approaches infinity) is presented for this case. It is shown that this solution can be approximated with arbitrarily small reconstruction error.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Anti‐interleukin‐31‐antibodies ameliorate scratching behaviour in NC/Nga mice: a model of atopic dermatitis (2008)

IL-31 antibody reduces scratching behaviour in an atopic dermatitis-like murine model during the onset of clinical skin manifestations. Our findings suggest IL-31 antibody as a new potential therapeutic approach for pruritus in atopic dermatitis and other pruritic diseases.
Preclinical antitumor activity of temozolomide in mice: efficacy against human brain tumor xenografts and synergism with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. (1994)

Temozolomide, a methylating agent with clinical activity against brain tumors, demonstrated excellent antitumor activity following p.o. administration to athymic mice bearing human brain tumor xenografts. In the early stage s.c. implanted SNB-75 astrocytoma model, a 400-mg/kg dose administered on Day 5 produced 10 of 10 Day 54 tumor-free mice. In later staged s.c. U251 and SF-295 glioblastoma models, a single 600-mg/kg dose produced 9 of 10 Day 86 and 2 of 10 Day 40 tumor-free mice, respectively. In the latter group, a tumor growth delay of > 315% was attained. Similar levels of activity were attained with equal total doses on schedules of daily for 5 doses and every fourth day for 3 doses. A single 40-mg/kg i.v. dose of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) also demonstrated excellent activity, producing 9 of 10 tumor-free mice in the SNB-75 model and growth delays of 283 and 301% in the U251 and SF-295 models, respectively. Temozolomide was also highly effective against intracerebral implants of the U251 and SF-295 glioblastomas. Administration of either 600 mg/kg on Day 1 or 200 mg/kg on Days 1, 5, and 9 produced 7 of 9 Day 90 tumor-free mice in the U251 model. In the SF-295 model, a single 400-mg/kg dose or three 200-mg/kg doses produced 3 and 4 of 10 Day 90 tumor-free mice, respectively, and prolonged survival by 127%. A single 40-mg/kg i.v. dose of BCNU was more effective than temozolomide in the intracerebral SF-295 model, and less effective in the intracerebral U251 model. The synergistic potential of temozolomide and BCNU in combination was evaluated in an advanced stage s.c. implanted SF-295 model. When temozolomide was administered 2 h after BCNU on a single treatment day, a dramatic synergistic therapeutic effect was observed in two experiments. For example, single agent doses of temozolomide (600 mg/kg) and BCNU (60 mg/kg) and a combination (400 mg/kg + 27 mg/kg) demonstrating equivalent toxicity produced growth delays of 190, 258, and > 492% (includes 5 of 10 Day 51 tumor-free mice), respectively. Analysis of the data by a quadratic dose response model indicated synergism with significance at P = 0.0001 in both experiments. Synergism also was demonstrated by the isobole method. The reverse sequence was more toxic, but at lower combination doses a synergistic effect was still observed (P = 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Low-level psoralen-deoxyribonucleic acid crosslinks induced by single laser pulses (1981)

While many intercalated psoralens require a 1.3-mus relaxation time between absorption of the first and second photons for cross-link formation to occur, some psoralens can form cross-links within the lifetime of a 10-ns laser pulse. This effect is largely or completely oxygen independent. Structural, kinetic, and energetic considerations suggest that the 1.3-mus delay may be due to a conformational change in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at the intercalation site which could be required for proper alignment of the double bonds which react in the second photoreaction. The cross-links which can form with single pulses of light may result from intercalation complexes which are already in a conformation such that, within 20 ns after absorption of an initial photon, a monoadduct is formed which can absorb a second photon and thence result in a cross-link. These intercalation sites may be distinguished by the type and sequence of base pairs at the site or, alternatively, at the moment of the pulse, random motions of the DNA may have brought those sites into a conformation which allows cross-linking without the 1.3-mus delay. Unlike "ordinary" cross-links, these rapidly forming cross-links appear to be monophotonic; i.e., they increase linearly with laser pulse energy. This suggests that the second photostep for these adducts effectively saturates at much lower laser intensities than is the case for ordinary cross-links.
Functional Parsing of Driver Mutations in the Colorectal Cancer Genome Reveals Numerous Suppressors of Anchorage-Independent Growth (2011)

Landmark cancer genome resequencing efforts are leading to the identification of mutated genes in many types of cancer. The extreme diversity of mutations being detected presents significant challenges to subdivide causal from coincidental mutations to elucidate how disrupted regulatory networks drive cancer processes. Given that a common early perturbation in solid tumor initiation is bypass of matrix-dependent proliferation restraints, we sought to functionally interrogate colorectal cancer candidate genes (CAN-genes) to identify driver tumor suppressors. We have employed an isogenic human colonic epithelial cell (HCEC) model to identify suppressors of anchorage-independent growth by conducting a soft agar-based short hairpin RNA (shRNA) screen within the cohort of CAN-genes. Remarkably, depletion of 65 of the 151 CAN-genes tested collaborated with ectopic expression of K-RAS(V12) and/or TP53 knockdown to promote anchorage-independent proliferation of HCECs. In contrast, only 5 of 362 random shRNAs (1.4%) enhanced soft agar growth. We have identified additional members of an extensive gene network specifying matrix-dependent proliferation, by constructing an interaction map of these confirmed progression suppressors with approximately 700 mutated genes that were excluded from CAN-genes, and experimentally verifying soft agar growth enhancement in response to depletion of a subset of these genes. Collectively, this study revealed a profound diversity of nodes within a fundamental tumor suppressor network that are susceptible to perturbation leading to enhanced cell-autonomous anchorage-independent proliferative fitness. Tumor suppressor network fragility as a paradigm within this and other regulatory systems perturbed in cancer could, in large part, account for the heterogeneity of somatic mutations detected in tumors.
Adipose-specific Expression, Phosphorylation of Ser794 in Insulin Receptor Substrate-1, and Activation in Diabetic Animals of Salt-inducible Kinase-2 (2003)

Salt-inducible kinase (SIK), first cloned from the adrenal glands of rats fed a high salt diet, is a serine/threonine protein kinase belonging to an AMP-activated protein kinase family. Induced in Y1 cells at an early stage of ACTH stimulation, it regulated the initial steps of steroidogenesis. Here we report the identification of its isoform SIK2. When a green fluorescent protein-fused SIK2 was expressed in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, it was mostly present in the cytoplasm. When coexpressed in cAMP-responsive element-reporter assay systems, SIK2 could repress the cAMP-responsive element-dependent transcription, although the degree of repression seemed weaker than that by SIK1. SIK2 was specifically expressed in adipose tissues. When 3T3-L1 cells were treated with the adipose differentiation mixture, SIK2 mRNA was induced within 1 h, the time of induction almost coinciding with that of c/EBPbeta mRNA. Coexpressed with human insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in COS cells, SIK2 could phosphorylate Ser(794) of human IRS-1. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of SIK2 in adipocytes elevated the level of phosphorylation at Ser(789), the mouse equivalent of human Ser(794). Moreover, the activity and content of SIK2 were elevated in white adipose tissues of db/db diabetic mice. These results suggest that highly expressed SIK2 in insulin-stimulated adipocytes phosphorylates Ser(794) of IRS-1 and, as a result, might modulate the efficiency of insulin signal transduction, eventually causing the insulin resistance in diabetic animals.
Kernel Sink Capacity in Maize: Genotypic and Maternal Regulation (1996)

Previous research has shown that kernel sink capacity, the potential of maize ( Zea mays L.) kernels to achieve maximal mass, is established during the early stages of kernel development and is a function of the number of endosperm cells and starch granules formed. In this study, the genetic regulation of endosperm cell and starch granule number was investigated. Kernel growth was characterized in four disparate inbred lines (which differed in relative maturity and kernel size) and their reciprocal crosses. Relative maturity affected the pattern of kernel development (i.e., when endosperm cell division and starch granule formation was initiated) but not the maximum number of endosperm or starch granules formed nor the mature kernel mass obtained. Kernel growth rate and mature kernel mass of the large kernel inbreds were nearly twofold higher than that of the small kernel inbreds, regardless of relative maturity. Comparison of F~ kernels from reciprocal crosses revealed a strong maternal influence on mature kernel mass. However, in reciprocal crosses between A619 (large kernel) and W64A (small kernel), the maternal effects on mature kernel mass were due to changes in the number of endosperm cells formed, whereas in reciprocal crosses between Mo17 (large kernel) and B73 (small kernel), it was due to modulation of the number of starch granules. The results confirm that the number of endosperm cells and/or starch granules are good indicators of kernel sink capacity in maize. Moreover, the data show a strong maternal influence on kernel sink capacity and mature kernel mass. However, whether the number of endosperm cells or the number of starch granules is the more important determinant of mature kernel mass is genotype dependent.
Synthetic turn mimetics and hairpin nucleators: Quo Vadimus? (2014)

Structural mimicry of peptides has witnessed perceptible progress in the last three decades. Reverse turn and β-hairpin units are the smallest secondary structural motifs that are some of the most scrutinized functional cores of peptides and proteins. The practice of mimicking, without altering the function of the bioactive core, ranges from conformational locking of the basic skeleton to total replacement of structural architecture using synthetic analogues. Development of heterogeneous backbones--using unnatural residues in place of natural ones--has broadened further opportunities for efficient structural rigidification. This feature article endeavours to trail the path of progress achieved hitherto and envisage the possibilities that lie ahead in the development of synthetic turn mimetics and hairpin nucleators.
Blood Substitutes (2014)

The toxic side effects of early generations of red blood cell substitutes have stimulated development of more safe and efficacious high-molecular-weight polymerized hemoglobins, poly(ethylene glycol)-conjugated hemoglobins, and vesicle-encapsulated hemoglobins. Unfortunately, the high colloid osmotic pressure and blood plasma viscosity of these new-generation materials limit their application to blood concentrations that, in general, are not sufficient for full restoration of oxygen-carrying and -delivery capacity. However, these materials may serve as oxygen therapeutics for treating tissues affected by ischemia and trauma, particularly when the therapeutics are coformulated with antioxidants. These new oxygen therapeutics also possess additional beneficial effects owing to their optimal plasma expansion properties, which induce systemic supraperfusion that increases endothelial nitric oxide production and improves tissue washout of metabolic wastes, further contributing to their therapeutic role.
The Wnt agonist R-spondin1 regulates systemic graft-versus-host disease by protecting intestinal stem cells (2011)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT), and damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in amplifying systemic disease. Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) play a pivotal role not only in physiological tissue renewal but also in regeneration of the intestinal epithelium after injury. In this study, we have discovered that pretransplant conditioning regimen damaged ISCs; however, the ISCs rapidly recovered and restored the normal architecture of the intestine. ISCs are targets of GVHD, and this process of ISC recovery was markedly inhibited with the development of GVHD. Injection of Wnt agonist R-spondin1 (R-Spo1) protected against ISC damage, enhanced restoration of injured intestinal epithelium, and inhibited subsequent inflammatory cytokine cascades. R-Spo1 ameliorated systemic GVHD after allogeneic BMT by a mechanism dependent on repair of conditioning-induced GI tract injury. Our results demonstrate for the first time that ISC damage plays a central role in amplifying systemic GVHD; therefore, we propose ISC protection by R-Spo1 as a novel strategy to improve the outcome of allogeneic BMT.
Architectures for MPEG compressed bitstream scaling (1996)

The idea of moving picture expert group (MPEG) bitstream scaling relates to altering or scaling the amount of data in a previously compressed MPEG bitstream. The new scaled bitstream conforms to constraints that are not known nor considered when the original preceded bitstream was constructed. Numerous applications for video transmission and storage are being developed based on the MPEG video coding standard. Applications such as video on demand, trick-play track on digital video tape recorders (VTR's) and extended-play recording on VTR's motivate the idea of bitstream scaling. In this paper, we present several bitstream scaling methods for the purpose of reducing the rate of constant bit rate (CBR) encoded bitstreams. The different methods have varying hardware implementation complexity and associated trade-offs in resulting image quality. Simulation results on MPEG test sequences demonstrate the typical performance trade-offs of the methods.
How many words? (1987)

It is often said that the English language is particularly rich in vocabulary, but to make such a statement we need to know what words to count and what counts as a word.
Study of the Etch‐Stop Mechanism in Silicon (1982)

Potentiostatic electrochemical, ellipsometric, and etch‐rate measurements have been made on boron‐ and phosphorus‐doped {100} and {111} silicon wafers in order to study the well‐known etch‐stop phenomenon observed when using orientation‐dependent etching solutions. The current‐voltage curves indicate that as the doping density increases, the separation of the open‐circuit potential and the passivation potential decreases sharply near a doping density of 1019 cm−3. These data indicate that a prepassive monolayer forms at open‐circuit conditions promoted by the high density of dopant impurities. A model for this etch‐stop phenomenon is proposed.