gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ganciclovir Prophylaxis To Prevent Cytomegalovirus Disease after Allogeneic Marrow Transplant (1993)

Ganciclovir given prophylactically after engraftment is effective in suppressing CMV infection and disease. Neutropenia is an important side effect of ganciclovir use and is associated with an increased risk for bacterial infection.
Interactions of Model Detail Level and Scattering Coefficients in Room Acoustic Computer Simulation (2004)

A previous study by the author showed that varying the geometric detail level across a normal range for room acoustic computer modeling has little effect on the results of those computer simulations, if major surfaces in the hall are still constructed accurately. Scattering coefficients were kept constant across all detail levels. If one were using lower levels of detail, though, one might assign different material scattering coefficients to compensate for the less mixing geometry. To study the interaction between model detail level and scattering coefficient selection, three performance spaces in Omaha, Nebraska have been modeled in ODEON at varying levels of detail. The lowest level studied represents the spaces simply as six-sided boxes. Each level of detail is tested with five scenarios of scattering coefficients. Of all the objective parameters studied, reverberation time is confirmed to be the most sensitive to scattering coefficient selection, and preliminary results show that it is more so in rooms of lower model detail level. Across the different rooms, however, parameters do not consistently change in an increasing or decreasing manner with varying scattering coefficient; this behavior may depend on the room’s absorption characteristics.
Enhancing the Coherence of a Spin Qubit by Operating it as a Feedback Loop That Controls its Nuclear Spin Bath (2010)

In many realizations of electron spin qubits the dominant source of decoherence is the fluctuating nuclear spin bath of the host material. The slowness of this bath lends itself to a promising mitigation strategy where the nuclear spin bath is prepared in a narrowed state with suppressed fluctuations. Here, this approach is realized for a two-electron spin qubit in a GaAs double quantum dot and a nearly tenfold increase in the inhomogeneous dephasing time T₂* is demonstrated. Between subsequent measurements, the bath is prepared by using the qubit as a feedback loop that first measures its nuclear environment by coherent precession, and then polarizes it depending on the final state. This procedure results in a stable fixed point at a nonzero polarization gradient between the two dots, which enables fast universal qubit control.
Inhibition of Mer and Axl Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Astrocytoma Cells Leads to Increased Apoptosis and Improved Chemosensitivity (2010)

Astrocytomas account for the majority of malignant brain tumors diagnosed in both adult and pediatric patients. The therapies available to treat these neoplasms are limited, and the prognosis associated with high-grade lesions is extremely poor. Mer (MerTK) and Axl receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are expressed at abnormally high levels in a variety of malignancies, and these receptors are known to activate strong antiapoptotic signaling pathways that promote oncogenesis. In this study, we found that Mer and Axl mRNA transcript and protein expression were elevated in astrocytic patient samples and cell lines. shRNA-mediated knockdown of Mer and Axl RTK expression led to an increase in apoptosis in astrocytoma cells. Apoptotic signaling pathways including Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, which have been shown to be activated in resistant astrocytomas, were downregulated with Mer and Axl inhibition whereas poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage was increased. Furthermore, Mer and Axl shRNA knockdown led to a profound decrease of astrocytoma cell proliferation in soft agar and a significant increase in chemosensitivity in response to temozolomide, carboplatin, and vincristine treatment. Our results suggest Mer and Axl RTK inhibition as a novel method to improve apoptotic response and chemosensitivity in astrocytoma and provide support for these oncogenes as attractive biological targets for astrocytoma drug development.
Linear Increases in Carbon Nanotube Density Through Multiple Transfer Technique (2011)

We present a technique to increase carbon nanotube (CNT) density beyond the as-grown CNT density. We perform multiple transfers, whereby we transfer CNTs from several growth wafers onto the same target surface, thereby linearly increasing CNT density on the target substrate. This process, called transfer of nanotubes through multiple sacrificial layers, is highly scalable, and we demonstrate linear CNT density scaling up to 5 transfers. We also demonstrate that this linear CNT density increase results in an ideal linear increase in drain-source currents of carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNFETs). Experimental results demonstrate that CNT density can be improved from 2 to 8 CNTs/μm, accompanied by an increase in drain-source CNFET current from 4.3 to 17.4 μA/μm.
Heterogeneous Sympathetic Innervation in German Shepherd Dogs With Inherited Ventricular Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death (1997)

Abnormal heterogeneous sympathetic innervation exists in these dogs with inherited ventricular arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Mechanisms relating the presence and extent of regional denervation to the incidence of ventricular arrhythmia remain to be defined.
Fibroblast growth factor and its implications for developing and regenerating neurons (1996)

FGF is a multifunctional heparin-binding protein which was characterized by its mitogenic and angiogenic action outside the nervous system. Recent data confirm this multifunctionality also with regard to the nervous system. The distribution of FGF and its receptors seems not to be in agreement with the idea of a single function for one population but argues for a more complex action, which might be dependent on the development stage and cell type. FGF and its receptors are widely distributed in the nervous system. In brainstem and spinal cord motoneurons and in sensory ganglia the FGF-2 staining pattern is developmentally regulated suggesting a functional change during embryonic and postnatal development. In addition, after nerve lesion the FGF-2 expression is altered in sensory and motoneurons. Administration of FGF-2 reveals trophic effects on survival and transmitter metabolism in vivo and in vitro. According to a more general neurotrophic factor concept, a physiological role of FGF for distinct neuron populations during development is likely. In the motor system, for example, FGF could act synergistically with certain neurotrophins, CNTF, or other non-identified co-factors. In the sensory system, a possible non-neurotrophic role for at least postnatal and adult sensory neurons has to be further addressed in the future. In order to further define and characterize the actions of the FGFs a mapping of the different family members and their respective receptor molecules during development and in the adult has to be done.
HOW THE POWER GRID BEHAVES (1999)

The nation's electric power grid is an interconnected network of generation groups called control areas. Each control area has the responsibility to serve power to its residential, commercial, and industrial customers, even in the event of unforeseen disturbances. A control area must fulfill this responsibility in both a reliable and a cost-effective manner: reliably, so that its customers don't wind up in the dark; and inexpensively, so that it can remain competitive in an increasingly competitive deregulated marketplace. The high-voltage transmission system ties each control area to its neighbor, enabling the control area to buy and sell power with its neighbors. Transacting power with its neighbors helps a control area fulfill its responsibilities.



This presentation explains many of the fundamental issues surrounding the operation of the interconnected power system. It identifies the various components of the system, including the generators, loads, and transmission lines that comprise each control area, and demonstrates how automatic generation control is employed to keep pace with changing power demand. Furthermore, the presentation emphasizes the variety of issues associated with transacting power between areas, identifying the reliability and economic issues and indicators that may shape a control area's decision to engage in a power transaction. The highly graphical and interactive PowerWorld Simulator software package is used to communicate these lessons clearly and effectively.
MRI plaque imaging reveals high-risk carotid plaques especially in diabetic patients irrespective of the degree of stenosis (2010)

DM 2 seems to represent a predictor for the development of vulnerable carotid plaques irrespective of the degree of stenosis and other risk factors. MRI-plaque imaging represents a new tool for risk stratification of diabetic patients.
Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor Treatment of Lupus Autoimmune Disease in MRL- lpr/lpr Mice (1999)

G-CSF not only functions as an endogenous hemopoietic growth factor for neutrophils, but also displays pro-Th2 and antiinflammatory properties that could be of therapeutic benefit in autoimmune settings. We evaluated the effect of treatment with G-CSF in a murine model of spontaneous systemic lupus erythematosus, a disease in which G-CSF is already administered to patients to alleviate neutropenia, a common complication. Chronic treatment of lupus-prone MRL-lpr/lpr mice with low doses (10 microg/kg) of recombinant human G-CSF, despite the induction of a shift toward the Th2 phenotype of the autoimmune response, increased glomerular deposition of Igs and accelerated lupus disease. Conversely, high-dose (200 microg/kg) treatment with G-CSF induced substantial protection, prolonging survival by >2 mo. In the animals treated with these high doses of G-CSF, neither the Th1/Th2 profile nor the serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-10 were modified. Despite the presence of immune complexes in their kidney glomeruli, no inflammation ensued, and serum IL-12 and soluble TNF receptors remained at pre-disease levels. This uncoupling of immune complex deposition and kidney damage resulted from a local down-modulation of FcgammaRIII (CD16) expression within the glomeruli by G-CSF. Our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of high doses of G-CSF in the prevention of lupus nephritis that may hold promise for future clinical applications, provided caution is taken in dose adjustment.
Detection of oxygen by fluorescence quenching (1985)

The incorporation of an aromatic hydrocarbon fluorescent compound into silicone allows utilization of fluorescence quenching as a mechanism to measure molecular oxygen concentration in the composite matrix. Excitation and emission spectra of the aromatics change in agreement with the Franck-Condon model when the universal solvent is benzene. Fluorescence intensity was measured as a function of fluorophor concentration in several solvents: benzene; silicone fluids of different viscosities; and fully polymerized silicone. The relative fluorescence intensity of 9,10-diphenyl anthracene in poly(dimethyl siloxane) and silicone fluids was measured as a function of oxygen concentration, fluorophor concentration, and fluid viscosity. This results in a linear relationship between relative fluorescence intensity and concentration of oxygen.
Kinetic energy measurements of molecular ions ejected into an electric field by matrix‐assisted laser desorption (1992)

Measurements of kinetic energy distributions of molecular ions ejected into an extraction field by matrix-assisted laser desorption are reported. The measurements were made in a time-of-flight mass spectrometer with an electrostatic mirror by measuring the reflected signal as a function of the difference between the accelerating voltage and the voltage applied to the mirror. The molecular ions were found to have less kinetic energy than the extraction field alone would normally provide, i.e., we observed an energy deficit. Under conditions typical for a matrix-assisted laser desorption experiment, the deficit is about 24 eV for molecular ions of insulin. The size of the deficit increases with the intensity of the molecular ion signal, and the molecular weight of the protein; it is also larger for negative molecular ions than for positive molecular ions.
High-performance GaAs switch ICs fabricated using MESFETs with two kinds of pinch-off voltages [for handy phone] (2002)

GaAs MESFET switch ICs operating at low control voltages of 0V/-3V and +3V/0V have been developed for use in the personal handy phone using 1.9 GHz band. The switch ICs have excellent RF characteristics, and have no need for external circuit installation. The unique points of these ICs are the use of GaAs MESFETs with two kinds of pinch-off voltages and a symmetrical source and drain pattern configuration with respect to the gate. The 0V/-3V IC had a low insertion loss of 0.55 dB and 0.65 dB, and high isolation of 31 dB and 24 dB at receiving and transmitting operation, respectively. The +3V/0V IC also had excellent characteristics such as insertion loss of 0.73 dB and 0.95 dB, and isolation of 27 dB and 23 dB, respectively. Both ICs had an output power at 1 dB gain compression point of 25.4 dBm and third-order intercept point of more than 46 dBm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Modified Taxols, 4. Synthesis and Biological Activity of Taxols Modified in the Side Chain (1988)

A number of taxol derivatives substituted at the 2' position of the side chain have been prepared and their biological activities determined in KB cell culture and/or the P-388 in vivo assay. The 2'-(t-butyldimethylsilyl)taxol 5 is essentially inactive, indicating the need for a free hydroxyl group at the 2' position for activity. Epimerization of the 2' position occurred on treatment of 2'-acetyltaxol derivatives with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, but treatment of 2'-(2,2,2-trichloroethyloxycarbonyl) taxol derivatives with DBU yielded the novel cyclization products 11 and 12 and, after deprotection at the 7 position, 13. The derivative 13 is also essentially inactive in the KB test system. Two taxols with increased H2O solubility were prepared, the 2'-(beta-alanyl) derivative 15 and the 2'-succinyl derivative 16. Although both these derivatives were active in vivo and in vitro, the former was too unstable and the latter not active enough to make suitable H2O-soluble derivatives of taxol.
Combinatorial chemistry: Polymer supported synthesis of peptide and non-peptide libraries (1999)

In recent years, combinatorial chemistry has emerged as a powerful tool for accelerating drug discovery. While industry is rapidly embracing the technology, researchers continue to develop novel library methods including resins, linkers, tagging and deconvolution techniques. Newer strategies involving computer-customized combinatorial libraries offer enormous potential for the design of more "focused" and "smart" chemical libraries with maximal diversity. In addition, miniaturized systems for synthesizing chemical libraries are also being developed, which has made it possible to carry out reactions at submicroliter volumes.
Chemical sensors for portable, handheld field instruments (2001)

A review of three commonly used classes of chemical sensor technologies as applicable to implementation in portable, handheld field instruments is presented. Solid-state gas and chemical sensors have long been heralded as the solution to a wide variety of portable chemical sensing system applications. However, advances in optical sensing technology have reduced the size of supporting infrastructure to be competitive with their solid-state counterparts. Optical, solid-state, and hybrid arrays of sensors have application for portable instruments, but issues of insufficient selectivity and sensitivity continue to hamper the widespread introduction of these miniaturized sensors for solving chemical sensing problems in environments outside the laboratory. In this article, we evaluate three of the major classes of compact chemical sensors for portable applications: (solid-state) chemiresistors, (solid-state) CHEMFETs, and (optical) surface plasmon resonance sensors (SPR). These sensors are evaluated and reviewed, according to the current state of research, in terms of their ability to operate at low-power, small-size, and relatively low-cost in environments, with numerous interferents and variable ambient conditions.
Dendrimers as Carriers for siRNA Delivery and Gene Silencing: A Review (2013)

RNA interference (RNAi) was first literaturally reported in 1998 and has become rapidly a promising tool for therapeutic applications in gene therapy. In a typical RNAi process, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are used to specifically downregulate the expression of the targeted gene, known as the term "gene silencing." One key point for successful gene silencing is to employ a safe and efficient siRNA delivery system. In this context, dendrimers are emerging as potential nonviral vectors to deliver siRNA for RNAi purpose. Dendrimers have attracted intense interest since their emanating research in the 1980s and are extensively studied as efficient DNA delivery vectors in gene transfer applications, due to their unique features based on the well-defined and multivalent structures. Knowing that DNA and RNA possess a similar structure in terms of nucleic acid framework and the electronegative nature, one can also use the excellent DNA delivery properties of dendrimers to develop effective siRNA delivery systems. In this review, the development of dendrimer-based siRNA delivery vectors is summarized, focusing on the vector features (siRNA delivery efficiency, cytotoxicity, etc.) of different types of dendrimers and the related investigations on structure-activity relationship to promote safe and efficient siRNA delivery system.
Lack of Clinical Significance of Early Ischemic Changes on Computed Tomography in Acute Stroke (2001)

Our analysis suggests that EICs are prevalent within 3 hours of stroke onset and correlate with stroke severity. However, EICs are not independently associated with increased risk of adverse outcome after rt-PA treatment. Patients treated with rt-PA did better whether or not they had EICs, suggesting that EICs on CT scan are not critical to the decision to treat otherwise eligible patients with rt-PA within 3 hours of stroke onset.
Structure of fructan oligomers in cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) * (1993)

SUMMARY Leaves of field‐grown cheatgrass ( Bromus tectorum L.) plants were sampled during early spring when day‐ and night‐time temperatures were relatively cool. Fructan oligomers with a degree of polymerization (DP) 3–6 were extracted and purified using gel and anion‐exchange chromatography. The structures of 13 cheatgrass fructans were established. They included two trisaccharides [1‐kestotriose (1‐kestose) and 6‐kestotriose (6‐kestose)], four tetrasaccharides [(1.1)‐kestotetraose (nystose), (1&amp;6)‐kestotetraose (bifurcose), (6,1)‐kestotetraose and (6,6)‐kestotetraose], three pentasaccharides [(1,1&amp;6)‐kestopentaose, (1&amp;6,6)‐kestopentaose and (6;1&amp;6)‐kestopentaose] plus four hexasaccharides [(1,1,1&amp;6)‐kestohexaose (1&amp;6,6,6)‐kestohexaose, (6;1&amp;6,6)‐kestohexaose and (6;1,6&amp;6)‐kestohexaose]. All fructans larger then DP 4 contained a branch point. Each member of the dominant series(1&amp;6)‐kestotetraose, (1&amp;6,6)‐kestopentaose and (1&amp;6,6,6)‐kestohexaose, is a branched fructan in which two fructose moieties are linked to the fructose subunit of each sucrose molecule. Thus the dominant series is built upon (1&amp;6)‐kestotetraose. Fructans larger than DP 3 with exclusively 2→1‐ or 2→6‐linkages were absent except for a very small amount of (6,6)‐kestotetraose. The unique fructan structures synthesized in cheatgrass, wheat and oats illustrate diversity in the enzymology of fructan biosynthesis among grass species.
Salicylates inhibit I kappa B-α phosphorylation, endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, and neutrophil transmigration (1996)

The expression of leukocyte adhesion molecules on endothelial cells is induced by TNF-alpha and other inflammatory cytokines. This induction of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 requires the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B). Recent work has suggested that some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, including sodium salicylate and aspirin, can inhibit NF-kappa B-dependent gene activation. We studied the effects of salicylates on expression of adhesion molecules in HUVECs. We found that sodium salicylate inhibited activation of NF-kappa B (p50/p65 and p65/p65) by preventing phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of the inhibitor 1 kappa B-alpha. Salicylate treatment had no effect on TNF-alpha-induced phosphorylation of the transcription factor ATF-2. Salicylate blocked the TNF-alpha-induced increase in mRNA levels of adhesion molecules and gave a dose-dependent inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced surface expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 with higher doses required to inhibit endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 expression. Indomethacin, a nonsalicylate cyclooxygenase inhibitor, had no effect on surface expression of adhesion molecules, suggesting that the effects were not due to inhibition of cyclooxygenase. Treatment of endothelial cell monolayers with sodium salicylate inhibited transendothelial migration of neutrophils but had no significant effect on neutrophil adhesion under flow conditions. The clinical importance of high-dose salicylates in inflammation may be due, in part, to the ability to prevent expression of inducible adhesion molecules and recruitment of leukocytes.
Cloning and sequencing of a c-myc oncogene in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line that is translocated to a germ line alpha switch region. (1985)

We have cloned and sequenced the translocated c-myc gene from the Burkitt's lymphoma CA46 cell line that carries a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 8 and 14. The breakpoint lies within the first intron of c-myc, so that the first noncoding exon of the gene remains on the 8q- chromosome. The second and third coding exons are translocated to the 14q+ chromosome into the switch region of C-alpha 1. The orientation of the c-myc gene with relationship to alpha 1 is 5' to 5', with directions of transcription in opposite orientation. DNA sequencing studies predict five changes in the amino acid sequence of the myc protein, two of which occur in a region within the second exon which is highly conserved in evolution. Southern blotting data indicate that the first exon of c-myc is rearranged 3' to 3' with the pseudo-epsilon gene. Because CA46 cells contain two rearranged mu genes, the translocation must have occurred after immunoglobulin rearrangement. The position of the breakpoint in CA46 occurs within a 20-base-pair region of the first intron of c-myc to which breakpoints have been mapped for two additional B-cell lymphomas with the t(8;14) translocation, ST486 and the Manca cell line. The region of the heavy chain locus to which c-myc has translocated is different in each case. Comparisons have been made of the levels of transcripts of the translocated c-myc gene in ST486 and CA46, where the gene is not associated with the heavy chain enhancer, with its expression in the Manca cell, in which it is. The c-myc gene is transcribed at similar levels in all three cases.