gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coding of Speech LSP Parameters Using Tree-Searched Vector Quantization (1990)

The Line Spectrum Pair (LSP) parameters have been established as one of the most efficient methods for representing the short-time speech spectra. The effectiveness of this method is due to two main properties, namely, the intraframe and the interframe correlation of the LSP parameters. In this thesis, several innovative schemes are developed for encoding LSP parameters. These schemes are all based upon tree-searched vector quantization (TSVQ), which exploit the intraframe correlation. When there is no channel noise, a differential coding scheme, called interblock noiseless coding (IBNC), is used with TSVQ to remove the interframe correlation. In order to achieve the desired reproduction fidelity, scalar quantizers are used to further encode the TSVQ error vector. With an encoding delay of only one frame, this technique achieves 1 dB2 spectral distortion at approximately 20 bits/frame, which is a noticeable improvement over previously reported results. In the case where the channel is noisy, two approaches are proposed for encoding the LSP parameters. The first approach (Channel-Optimized TSVQ) is to redesign the TSVQ encoder and decoder for the noisy channel. In the second approach (MAP detection), the interframce correlation is utilized in combating channel errors. Both of these methods have shown to be very effective.
Biomechanics of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Failure (1974)

Anterior cruciate bone-ligament-bone preparations of wild primates tested in tension failed at a higher load and greater elongation, and absorbed more energy, at a fast rate of deformation than at a slow rate. The major mode of specimen failure changed from a predominance of tibial avulsion fractures at the slow rate to ligament disruption at the fast rate. Failure at the two deformation rates commonly occurred by a serial mechanism involving from one to all components of the bone-ligament-bone unit to different degrees. Factors important in ligament-failure properties included: (1) rate-dependent behaviors, (2) geometrical arrangement of collagen fibers, (3) surrounding ground-substance effects, (4) osseous insertion-site effects, and (5) the influence of non-physiological experimental loading conditions and disuse-induced changes in specimens.
Further studies on oestrogenic activity in strains of subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.) in South-western Australia (1965)

The oestrogenic activity of several strains of subterranean clover was measured by the response in uterine weight in ovariectomized ewes. Large differences in oestrogenic activity between strains were found and a tentative ranking of strains is given. There were between-site and between-year differences in activity within any one variety. Oestrogenic activity was maintained when the green clover was dried rapidly in a forced-draught dehydrator. When the same clover was made into hay, there was sometimes a diminution in oestrogenic activity. There was no oestrogenic activity in clover that had set seed and matured in the field. Cobalt either in the rumen or applied as a fertilizer to the pasture did not affect oestrogenic activity.
Identification of a Calmodulin-Binding and Inhibitory Peptide Domain in the HIV-1 Transmembrane Glycoprotein (1993)

A number of studies suggest a critical role of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein in cytopathogenesis, but the detailed mechanisms of cell injury remain to be defined. HIV-1 envelope proteins associate with the host cell membrane, and studies have demonstrated that HIV perturbs membrane structure and function. We describe here a structurally conserved region of the HIV-1 transmembrane protein (TM) that displays functional properties of target regions of proteins that interact directly with calcium-saturated calmodulin as part of cellular response cascades. The synthetic peptide homolog encompassing the carboxyl terminus (amino acid residues 828-855) of HIV-1 TM protein (LLP-1) is shown in standard in vitro assays to bind efficiently to purified calmodulin (CaM) and to inhibit in vitro CaM-mediated stimulation of phosphodiesterase activity. This suggests that this peptide homolog binds to CaM at affinities similar to those reported for a reference CaM-binding peptide. In addition, the CaM-dependent process of phospholipid synthesis can be inhibited in cell cultures by exogenous addition of the LLP-1. Finally, we have shown that the full-length TM protein binds CaM, whereas a truncated TM protein lacking the LLP-1 segment does not bind CaM. These results suggest a novel mechanism of viral cytopathogenesis mediated by the interaction of HIV-1 TM protein with cellular CaM, that could lead to an uncoupling of critical cellular signal transduction pathways.
Intracavitary ultrasound phased arrays for noninvasive prostate surgery (1996)

The feasibility of using intracavitary ultrasound phased arrays for thermal surgery of the prostate was investigated. A simulation study was performed which demonstrated the ability of phased arrays to generate necrosed tissue volumes over anatomically appropriate ranges (2-6 cm deep and >6 cm axially) and investigated the effects of varying frequency, sonication time, maximum temperature, and blood perfusion on the necrosed tissue volume. An advantage that phased arrays have over geometrically focused transducers is that they are able to electronically scan a single focus over a specified range very quickly. This study demonstrated that the necrosed tissue volume may be increased by more than a factor of 100 by using electronic scanning. Scan parameters that were investigated included foci spacing, scan width, perfusion, maximum temperature, and unequal weighting of the foci. An optimization was performed to select the foci weighting parameters such that a uniform thermal dose was achieved at the focal depth, providing a more uniformly heated target volume. Finally, the ability of linear ultrasound phased arrays to create necrosed tissue lesions was demonstrated experimentally in fresh beef liver using a single stationary focus and single focus scans generated by an aperiodic 0.83-MHz 57-element linear ultrasound phased array.
Nursing Time to Program and Assess Deep Brain Stimulators in Movement Disorder Patients (2005)

The use of deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia is increasing. Although some published literature describes the methods for DBS programming, the time and nursing requirements to run a DBS surgical program have not been examined previously. For this study, we prospectively recorded the time required for both assessments and programming of the DBS from the preoperative period to 1 year after surgery in a variety of patients. Results showed that the mean total time spent programming the stimulator and assessing these patients ranged from 18.0-36.2 hours per patient. It took twice as long to program the stimulator in patients with Parkinson's disease as it did in patients with essential tremor or dystonia. When setting up a program for movement disorders surgery, nursing time spent on patient assessment and programming should be considered in the workload.
Feasibility of Intranasal Dexmedetomidine in Treatment of Postoperative Restlessness, Agitation, and Pain in Geriatric Orthopedic Patients (2021)

These preliminary findings suggest that intranasal dexmedetomidine reduces opioid consumption without causing respiratory depression and may be used to treat postoperative restlessness, agitation, and pain in geriatric patients. However, hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine may require close observation for 3 hours following administration in older adult patients.
Angiotensin II upregulates type-1 angiotensin II receptors in renal proximal tubule. (1995)

Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important regulator of proximal tubule salt and water reabsorption. Recent studies indicate that rabbit proximal tubule angiotensin II receptors are the type-1 (AT1R) subtype. We studied the effect of Ang II on proximal tubule receptor expression. Rabbits were treated with either angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or a low salt diet to modulate endogenous Ang II levels. In captopril-treated rabbits, liver and glomerular AT1R mRNA levels increased 242 +/- 125 and 141 +/- 60%, respectively (n = 6-7; P < 0.05), as determined by quantitative PCR. In contrast, proximal tubule AT1R mRNA levels decreased 40 +/- 11% (n = 6; P < 0.05). Binding of 125I Ang II to renal cortical basolateral membranes of captopril-treated rabbits decreased from 2.9 +/- 0.55 to 1.4 +/- 0.17 fmol/mg protein (n = 6; P < 0.025). In rabbits fed a sodium chloride-deficient diet for 4 wk, AT1R mRNA levels decreased 52 +/- 11% in liver and 43 +/- 7% in glomeruli (n = 4-5; P < 0.05), whereas they increased 141 +/- 85% (n = 5; P < 0.05) in proximal tubule. In basolateral membranes from rabbits on the sodium chloride-deficient diet, specific binding of 125I Ang II increased from 2.1 +/- 0.2 to 4.3 +/- 1.1 fmol/mg protein (n = 7; P < 0.05). To determine whether Ang II directly regulates expression of proximal tubule AT1 receptors, further studies were performed in cultured proximal tubule cells grown from microdissected S1 segments of rabbit proximal tubules and immortalized by transfection with a replication-defective SV40 vector. Incubation of these cells with Ang II (10(-11) to 10(-7) M) led to concentration-dependent increases in both AT1R mRNA levels and specific 125I Ang II binding. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin inhibited Ang II stimulation of AT1R mRNA. AT1R mRNA expression was decreased by either forskolin or a nonhydrolyzable cAMP analogue (dibutryl cAMP). Simultaneous Ang II administration overcame the inhibitory effect of forskolin but not dibutryl cAMP. These results indicate that proximal tubule AT1R expression is regulated by ambient Ang II levels, and Ang II increases AT1R mRNA at least in part by decreasing proximal tubule cAMP generation through a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Upregulation of proximal tubule AT1R by Ang II may be important in mediating enhanced proximal tubule sodium reabsorption in states of elevated systemic or intrarenal Ang II.
Performance pathologies in hardware transactional memory (2007)

Hardware Transactional Memory (HTM) systems reflect choices from three key design dimensions: conflict detection, version management, and conflict resolution. Previously proposed HTMs represent three points in this design space: lazy conflict detection, lazy version management, committer wins (LL); eager conflict detection, lazy version management, requester wins (EL); and eager conflict detection, eager version management, and requester stalls with conservative deadlock avoidance (EE). To isolate the effects of these high-level design decisions, we develop a common framework that abstracts away differences in cache write policies, interconnects, and ISA to compare these three design points. Not surprisingly, the relative performance of these systems depends on the workload. Under light transactional loads they perform similarly, but under heavy loads they differ by up to 80%. None of the systems performs best on all of our benchmarks. We identify seven performance pathologies -interactions between workload and system that degrade performance-as the root cause of many performance differences: FriendlyFire, StarvingWriter, SerializedCommit, FutileStall, StarvingElder, RestartConvoy, and DuelingUpgrades. We discuss when and on which systems these pathologies can occur and show that they actually manifest within TM workloads. The insight provided by these pathologies motivated four enhanced systems that often significantly reduce transactional memory overhead. Importantly, by avoiding transaction pathologies, each enhanced system performs well across our suite of benchmarks.
THE IODINATION OF FOLLICLE-STIMULATING AND OTHER HORMONES FOR RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (1972)

The radioiodination of proteins by the chloramine-T method (Greenwood, Hunter & Glover, 1963) is widely used in radioimmunoassays. Various modifications have been introduced and new methods described because some hormones are easily damaged during the procedure. Enzymic oxidation of the iodine by lactoperoxidase instead of by chloramine-T has been recommended and has given good results with several hormones (Marchalonis, 1969; Miyachi & Chrambach, 1972; Miyachi, Vaitukaitis, Nieschlag & Lipsett, 1972; Thorell & Johansson, 1972). It is desirable that no oxidizing agent should be added, and with this end in view the alternative procedures of electrolysis (Pennisi & Rosa, 1969; Donabedian, Levine & Seligson, 1972) and distillation of the iodine (Heideman, Levy, McGuire & Shipley, 1965) have been suggested. These methods are rather elaborate and have not been widely applied. A simple method making use of the volatility of iodine has been developed which has given excellent results with pituitary follicle-stimulating
Content management tools. Do you need them? How should you use them? (2001)

Content management tools are often recommended for management of the text and media used in healthcare Web sites--internally and externally. At first glance, this seems like a no-brainer. But in real life, how do the tools work out?
Embedding structured contour and location prior in siamesed fully convolutional networks for road detection (2017)

Road detection from the perspective of moving vehicles is a challenging issue in autonomous driving. Recently, many deep learning methods spring up for this task because they can extract high-level local features to find road regions from raw RGB data, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Fully Convolutional Networks (FCN). However, how to detect the boundary of road accurately is still an intractable problem. In this paper, we propose a siamesed fully convolutional network (named as “s-FCN-loc”) based on VGG-net architecture, which is able to consider RGB-channel, semantic contour and location prior simultaneously to segment road region elaborately. To be specific, the s-FCN-loc has two streams to process original RGB images and contour maps respectively. At the same time, the location prior is directly appended to the last feature map to promote the final detection performance. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed s-FCN-loc can learn more discriminative features of road boundaries and converge 30% faster than the original FCN during the training stage. Finally, the proposed approach is evaluated on KITTI road detection benchmark, and achieves a competitive result.
Selenium in diabetes: Effects of selenium on nephropathy in type I streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (1999)

Oxidative stress is involved in diabetes mellitus and its complications. Selenium is a nutritional antioxidant, especially because it is required for the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase. Selenium also may have insulin-like properties and improve insulin sensitivity. However, its effects are not sufficiently documented in diabetes and its complications. Thus we supplemented type I diabetic rats with a selenium-rich yeast, selenomethionine and selenomethionine + vitamin E for 24 weeks. Selenium supplementations increased selenium levels in plasma. Selenium and more efficiently Sm + vitamin E decreased plasma glucose level and glycated hemoglobin. Supplementations increased selenium levels in kidney and double supplementation increased renal vitamin E level. However, no differences were observed in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in kidneys in the different groups. Selenium decreased or normalized the increased arachidonic acid content observed in diabetic kidneys and so may reduce the level of thromboxane involved in nephropathy. Glomerular hyperfiltration is common in early stages of diabetic nephropathy. We observed an increased renal creatinine clearance in diabetic rats, indicating renal hyperfiltration. Nevertheless, this hyperfiltration was corrected by selenium supplementations. Renal lesions were markedly increased in diabetic rats, but very significantly reduced or corrected by supplementations. Thus we concluded that selenium supplementation could be a useful additive therapeutic to delay diabetic nephropathy. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12:379–392, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Self recognition by T cells. I. Bystander killing of target cells bearing syngeneic MHC antigens. (1989)

Activated CTL can kill any cell to which they bind or by which they are bound. This observation has been used to determine whether alloreactive CTL can recognize cells bearing self-MHC. When activated by their specific targets, 19 CTL clones of 4 different specificities and origins killed bystander targets bearing syngeneic but not third-party MHC antigens. Using target cells derived from MHC-recombinant animals, syngeneic bystander killing was shown to be restricted to a single self MHC-encoded molecule. These results provide the first clear demonstration that T cells, or more precisely CTL, are capable of self recognition in the absence of their specific antigen. Our findings support the model that T cell repertoire selection occurs as a result of positive selection during maturation in the thymus of precursor cells whose antigen receptors have low but real affinity for self-MHC.
Expression of Multidrug Resistance GenesMVP,MDR1, andMRP1Determined Sequentially Before, During, and After Hyperthermic Isolated Limb Perfusion of Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Melanoma Patients (2002)

This study is the first to analyze the expression of MDR-associated genes sequentially during ILP of patients and demonstrates that treatment might lead to increased levels of MVP, whereas enhanced levels of MDR1 and MRP1 remain rare events.
An Egyptian Prospero (1998)

Coupled chaotic oscillators can exhibit intermittent synchronization in the weakly coupling regime, as characterized by the entrainment of their dynamical variables in random time intervals of finite duration. We find that the transition to intermittent synchronization can be characteristically distinct for geometrically different chaotic attractors. In particular, for coupled phase-coherent chaotic attractors such as those from the Rössler system, the transition occurs immediately as the coupling is increased from zero. For phase-incoherent chaotic attractors such as those in the Lorenz system, the transition occurs only when the coupling is sufficiently strong. A theory based on the behavior of the Lyapunov exponents and unstable periodic orbits is developed to understand these distinct transitions.
THE ISOLATION OF PECTIC SUBSTANCES FROM WOOD (1936)

Pectin is considered by many investigators to be the tetramethyl ester of an acid composed of 4 molecules of d-galacturonic acid, 1 molecule of d-galactose, and 1 molecule of Larabinose (1).However, experimental work described by Morell, Baur, and Link (2) indicates that the pectin molecule is more complex and contains between 8 and 10 molecules of d-galacturonic acid.The data obtained by repeatedly crystallizing calcium pectate and analyzing the various crops support the view of Link and his collaborators.Pectic substances readily lose a part of their combined sugar during purification.As a result, the data obtained on analysis of a pectate will depend on the previous treatment of the material.Several explanations have been given for the origin of pectic substances, hemicelluloses, and lignin in plants.Candlin and Schryver (3) suggested that the hemicelluloses are formed from pectic substances.Other workers believe that lignin is formed from pectin.Buston (4) has discussed the relation among these classes of compounds.He concludes that they are not formed from each other.The present investigation supports the conclusions of Buston.It is possible that pectic substances, hemicelluloses, lignin, and perhaps some phenolic bodies are formed from carbohydrates by a process of intermolecular oxidation and reduction whereby energy is liberated for use by the growing plant.
Sensitivity of the circadian system to evening bright light in preschool-age children (2018)

Although the light-induced melatonin suppression response is well characterized in adults, studies examining the dynamics of this effect in children are scarce. The purpose of this study was to quantify the magnitude of evening light-induced melatonin suppression in preschool-age children. Healthy children (n = 10; 7 females; 4.3 ± 1.1 years) participated in a 7-day protocol. On days 1-5, children followed a strict sleep schedule. On day 6, children entered a dim light environment (<15 lux) for 1-h before providing salivary samples every 20- to 30-min from the afternoon until 50-min after scheduled bedtime. On day 7, subjects remained in dim light conditions until 1-h before bedtime, at which time they were exposed to a bright light stimulus (~1000 lux) for 1-h and then re-entered dim light conditions. Saliva samples were obtained before, during, and after bright light exposure and were time anchored to samples taken the previous evening. We found robust melatonin suppression (87.6 ± 10.0%) in response to the bright light stimulus. Melatonin levels remained attenuated for 50-min after termination of the light stimulus (P < 0.008). Furthermore, melatonin levels did not return to 50% of those observed in the dim light condition 50-min after the light exposure for 7/10 children. Our findings demonstrate a robust light-induced melatonin suppression response in preschool-age children. These findings have implications for understanding the role of evening light exposure in the development of evening settling difficulties and may serve as experimental evidence to support recommendations regarding light exposure and sleep hygiene practices in early childhood.
A survey of heterobasidiomycetous yeasts for the presence of the genes homologous to virulence factors of Filobasidiella neoformans, CNLAC1 and CAP59 b bThe GenBank accession numbers for the sequences determined in this work are AF337642, L22866, AF337643, AF337644 and AF337645. (2001)

Among species of the heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, Filobasidiella neoformans is the only serious pathogen that causes fatal infections in both immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients. Three phenotypic characteristics, including growth at 37 degrees C, extracellular polysaccharide capsule and laccase activity, of F. neoformans are known to play major roles in the pathogenicity of the fungus. Several CAP genes involved in polysaccharide capsule formation, as well as the CNLAC1 gene encoding a laccase, have previously been cloned and characterized. To analyse the presence of these Cryptococcus neoformans virulence factors in other heterobasidiomycetous yeasts, numerous species of heterobasidiomycetous yeasts were screened for the presence of laccase activity and a polysaccharide capsule. Species exhibiting laccase activity and possessing a glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) capsule were screened for homologues of both the CAP59 gene and the CNLAC1 gene of F. neoformans. Southern blots of genomic DNA from GXM capsule-producing species exhibited no discernible hybridization to the CAP59 DNA sequence except for the two varieties of F. neoformans and Cryptococcus podzolicus. Although discernible, the hybridization band observed with the DNA of C. podzolicus was faint. Oligonucleotide primers constructed using the CAP59 gene sequence also failed to yield PCR products from DNAs of these yeasts except for the two varieties of F. neoformans. These results, coupled with the absence of a CAP59 homologue in the database, suggested the CAP59 gene to be unique to F. neoformans. C. podzolicus was the only species besides F. neoformans that possessed a capsule and expressed strong laccase activity on various media containing phenolic compounds. A CNLAC1 homologue was isolated from C. podzolicus while it was not detected in the species producing beige to faint tan colonies on media with phenolic compounds. Compared to the CNLAC1 sequence of four serotypes of F. neoformans, the CNLAC1 homologue of C. podzolicus showed the highest homology to that of serotype B/C strains and the lowest homology to that of serotype A strains.