gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stability of Green Tea Catechins (1997)

Green tea catechins (GTCs), which include (−)-epicatechin (EC), (−)-epicatechin gallate (ECG), (−)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (−)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), possess a variety of biological activities. We have previously studied the effect of dietary GTCs as a mixture on membrane oxidation of red blood cells and found that GTCs were partially absorbed and detected in the blood of rats given an oral ingestion of 100 mg of GTCs. To explain the partial absorption of GTCs and their varying free-radical scavenging capacity at different pH, the present paper was to study further the pH stability of these GTC isomers because there is a sharp increase in pH from the acidic stomach to the slightly alkaline intestine. Longjing GTCs as a mixture in alkaline solutions (pH > 8) were extremely unstable and degraded almost completely in a few minutes, whereas in acidic solutions (pH < 4) they were very stable. For the pH between 4 and 8, the stability of GTCs was pH-dependent, i.e., the lower the pH, the greater the stability. Four epicatechin isomers examined demonstrated varying stability in alkaline solutions with EGCG and EGC being equally instable, and EC and ECG being relatively stable. The present results suggest that part of the mechanism by which GTCs were partially absorbed may be attributed to instability of EGCG and EGC in the intestine where the pH is neutral or alkaline. Keywords: Epicatechin; epicatechin gallate; epigallocatechin gallate; epigallocatechin; longjing tea
Analysis of the sequence and gene products of the transfer region of the F sex factor. (1994)

Bacterial conjugation results in the transfer of DNA of either plasmid or chromosomal origin between microorganisms. Transfer begins at a defined point in the DNA sequence, usually called the origin of transfer (oriT). The capacity of conjugative DNA transfer is a property of self-transmissible plasmids and conjugative transposons, which will mobilize other plasmids and DNA sequences that include a compatible oriT locus. This review will concentrate on the genes required for bacterial conjugation that are encoded within the transfer region (or regions) of conjugative plasmids. One of the best-defined conjugation systems is that of the F plasmid, which has been the paradigm for conjugation systems since it was discovered nearly 50 years ago. The F transfer region (over 33 kb) contains about 40 genes, arranged contiguously. These are involved in the synthesis of pili, extracellular filaments which establish contact between donor and recipient cells; mating-pair stabilization; prevention of mating between similar donor cells in a process termed surface exclusions; DNA nicking and transfer during conjugation; and the regulation of expression of these functions. This review is a compendium of the products and other features found in the F transfer region as well as a discussion of their role in conjugation. While the genetics of F transfer have been described extensively, the mechanism of conjugation has proved elusive, in large part because of the low levels of expression of the pilus and the numerous envelope components essential for F plasmid transfer. The advent of molecular genetic techniques has, however, resulted in considerable recent progress. This summary of the known properties of the F transfer region is provided in the hope that it will form a useful basis for future comparison with other conjugation systems.
Modular Synthesis of Heparin Oligosaccharides (2002)

A general, modular strategy for the first completely stereoselective synthesis of defined heparin oligosaccharides is described. Six monosaccharide building blocks (four differentially protected glucosamines, one glucuronic and one iduronic acid) were utilized to prepare di- and trisaccharide modules in a fully selective fashion. Installation of the alpha-glucosamine linkage was controlled by placing a conformational constraint on the uronic acid glycosyl acceptors thereby establishing a new concept for stereochemical control. Combination of disaccharide modules to form trans-uronic acid linkages was completely selective by virtue of C2 participating groups. Coupling reactions between disaccharide modules exhibited sequence dependence. While the union of many glucosamine uronic acid disaccharide modules did not meet any problems, certain sequences proved not accessible. Elaboration of glucosamine uronic acid disaccharide building blocks to trisaccharide modules by addition of either one additional glucosamine or uronic acid allowed for stereoselective access to oligosaccharides as demonstrated on the example of a hexasaccharide resembling the ATIII-binding sequence. Final deprotection and sulfation yielded the fully synthetic heparin oligosaccharides.
Induction of in vitro and in vivo antigenic modulation by the anti-human T-cell monoclonal antibody T101. (1984)

Because of its implications for the therapeutic application of monoclonal antibodies, we have studied antigenic modulation in vitro and in vivo in patients receiving T101 monoclonal antibody. Incubation of normal peripheral blood T-cells, chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells with an excess of T101 at 37 degrees induced modulation of the T65 antigen. When assayed by indirect immunofluorescence, a change in cellular reactivity with T101 was seen after 1 hr. After 24 hr, normal T-cells showed a 94 +/- 4% (S.D.) decrease in fluorescence, compared to an 82 +/- 6% decrease for chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and a 56 +/- 4% decrease for cutaneous T-cell lymphoma cells. When T101 was removed from the culture, the cells reexpressed T65. Modulation was inhibited by cold temperatures, suggesting that it is energy dependent. Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, or T-cell lymphoma have received 24-hr infusions of 3 to 500 mg T101 in therapeutic trials. After infusion, in vivo binding of T101 was observed in 39 of 43 treatments not associated with endogenous host anti-T101 antibodies. T65-target cells were seen in all 39 treatments associated with in vivo bound T101, suggesting that modulation had occurred. When cultured in vitro for 24 hr, these cells reexpressed T65. In vivo, reexpression of T65 occurred following disappearance of the serum T101 titer. The extent and duration of in vivo modulation were related to both the T101 dose and the tumor burden. These data suggest that the rapid rate of antigenic modulation may prevent potential target cell destruction by antibody-mediated cytotoxicity. However, if the process of modulation involves internalization of the antibody:antigen complex, it would be an advantage for the use of cytotoxic immunoconjugates.
Identification of Staphylococcus aureus genes expressed during growth in milk: a useful model for selection of genes important in bovine mastitis? The GenBank accession numbers for the sequences determined in this work are AF223893–AF223920. (2000)

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of bovine mastitis. Since gene expression of many bacteria is known to be regulated by the environment, milk may play an important role in the regulation of the early steps in the pathogenesis of bovine mastitis by S. aureus. To get insight into the response of S. aureus to the milk environment, a Tn917-lacZ mutant library was generated and screened for genes specifically expressed during growth in milk. Twenty-eight mutants were identified and analysed. Four groups of genes were found, involved in cell-wall synthesis, nucleotide synthesis, transcriptional regulation and carbohydrate metabolism. A fifth group contained genes with hypothetical or unknown functions. Many of the genes identified belonged to biosynthetic pathways of S. aureus and other bacterial species which have also been shown to play a role in vivo as determined in murine infection models. Therefore, growth on milk may be an attractive model for the identification of genes preferentially expressed during bovine mastitis.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Organoboron Derivatives with Organic Electrophiles, 1995—1998 (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Genetic absence of PD-1 promotes accumulation of terminally differentiated exhausted CD8+ T cells (2015)

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) has received considerable attention as a key regulator of CD8(+) T cell exhaustion during chronic infection and cancer because blockade of this pathway partially reverses T cell dysfunction. Although the PD-1 pathway is critical in regulating established "exhausted" CD8(+) T cells (TEX cells), it is unclear whether PD-1 directly causes T cell exhaustion. We show that PD-1 is not required for the induction of exhaustion in mice with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. In fact, some aspects of exhaustion are more severe with genetic deletion of PD-1 from the onset of infection. Increased proliferation between days 8 and 14 postinfection is associated with subsequent decreased CD8(+) T cell survival and disruption of a critical proliferative hierarchy necessary to maintain exhausted populations long term. Ultimately, the absence of PD-1 leads to the accumulation of more cytotoxic, but terminally differentiated, CD8(+) TEX cells. These results demonstrate that CD8(+) T cell exhaustion can occur in the absence of PD-1. They also highlight a novel role for PD-1 in preserving TEX cell populations from overstimulation, excessive proliferation, and terminal differentiation.
Bulk segregant analysis with molecular markers and its use for improving drought resistance in maize (1999)

The usual method to locate and compare loci regulating quantitative traits (QTLs) requires a segregating population of plants with each one genotyped with molecular markers. However, plants from such segregating populations can also be grouped according to phenotypic expression of a trait and tested for differences in allele frequency between the population bulks: bulk segregant analysis (BSA). The same probes used for making a genetic map (e.g. isozyme, RFLP, RAPD, etc) can be used for BSA. A molecular marker showing polymorphism between the parents of the population and which is closely-linked to a major QTL regulating a particular trait will mainly co-segregate with that QTL, i.e. segregate according to the phenotype if the QTL has a large effect. Thus, if plants are grouped according to expression of the trait and extreme groups tested with that polymorphic marker, the frequency of the two marker alleles present within each of the two bulks should deviate significantly from the ratio of 151 expected for most populations. As chromosomal locations of many molecular markers have now been determined in many species, the map location of closely-linked QTLs can therefore be deduced without having to genotype every individual in a segregating population. This has been used successfully with composite populations of maize to locate QTLs associated with yield under severe drought. An inbred line derived from one of the populations selected for higher drought yield has been crossed with a drought-susceptible inbred line to produce a mapping population for QTL analysis of physiological and developmental traits likely to regulate yield under drought. Future work to identify traits having QTLs with flanking markers showing significant allele frequency differences in the BSA studies will indicate those traits likely to be important in determining yield under drought.
Transmission properties of multilayer films composed of magneto-optical and dielectric materials (1999)

In this paper, we investigated the transmission properties of multilayer films composed of magneto-optical and dielectric materials, in relation to layer stacking structure. The basic structures are made of alternating layers of these materials having a conventional symmetric periodicity with the center of the structure. Films with these basic structures exhibit an enhanced Faraday rotation effect. The rotation increases to an angle close to 45/spl deg/, which is required for an optical isolator, as the repetition number of alternating layers increases. However, the transmittance decreases in these films as the rotation increases. To clarify the possibility of improving the transmittance, we also investigated films composed of multiple stacks of the basic structures. We found that, by using the multiple stacks, the transmittance can be improved without degrading the rotation characteristics.
Photoacoustic observation of nonradiative decay of surface plasmons in silver (1981)

Photoacoustic observation of nonradiative decay of surface plasmons was made on the plasmons excited at a silver-air interface by the attenuated-total-reflection method. Analysis made in conjunction with simultaneously measured optical absorptance data allowed us to separate the radiative and nonradiative relaxations and determine their relative probabilities.
Bone Histomorphometry in Hypogonadal and Eugonadal Men with Spinal Osteoporosis* (1987)

We present iliac bone histomorphometric data after in vivo double tetracycline labeling and related biochemical data from 14 nonalcoholic men referred for evaluation of symptomatic spinal osteoporosis. Six patients had previously undiagnosed hypogonadism, and 8 had normal gonadal function and no evident etiology for osteoporosis. Bone histomorphometry revealed no differences in structural measurements or resorption indices between the 2 groups. However, compared to reference values for normal postmenopausal women, osteoblast surface, mineralizing surface, and formation rate were normal or modestly increased in the hypogonadal men and significantly reduced in the idiopathic group. There were significant corresponding differences between the 2 groups in the fasting urinary hydroxyproline to creatinine ratio, an index of bone resorption, and serum total alkaline phosphatase, an index of bone formation. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels did not differ between the 2 groups and were above 10 ng/mL in all patients. Plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] levels were normal in the hypogonadal group and significantly reduced in the idiopathic group, but did not correlate with any histological measurements. The formation indices fell substantially in 3 of 4 hypogonadal men after 7-14 months of therapy with testosterone and a calcium supplement. We conclude the following. In vitamin D-replete hypogonadal men with osteoporosis, 1,25-(OH)2D synthesis is normal, and bone remodeling is modestly increased and correctable by hormone replacement therapy, as in normal postmenopausal women. In middle-aged men with idiopathic osteoporosis, there is impairment of 1,25-(OH)2D synthesis and of the recruitment and activity of teams of osteoblasts, as in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
On the Critical Role of RAFT Agent Design in Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization (2011)

There are a certain number of precautions a polymer chemist should take before undertaking a reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization with a view of obtaining a polymer with controlled macromolecular characteristics (, PDI) and little or no change of rate of polymerization in comparison with conventional radical polymerization. Among them, a proper selection of the so-called R and Z groups borne by the thiocarbonyl thio skeleton of the RAFT agent is essential and is strongly dependent on the considered monomer. In this review, we introduce the basic concepts associated with the RAFT process like its mechanism and kinetics, and how the RAFT agent structure can strongly influence its reactivity and sometimes lead to undesired kinetic behaviors.
Reformasi program pensiun dan tabungan hari tua (THT) pegawai negeri sipil (2012)

Indonesia's civil service pension program and endowment savings program Tunjangan Hari Tua (THT) are stand-alone retirement programs, distinct from retirement income programs covering other segments of the labor force. The pension program provides civil servants with a lifetime annuity following retirement and is fully funded by the government through the annual budget. The THT program provides lump-sum benefits at retirement as well as pre- and post-retirement death benefits and is supposed to be fully funded by employee contributions. The current programs, which date back to 1969, reflect obsolete objectives and are inconsistent with current Indonesian administrative reforms. The programs no longer meet important, basic objectives for any retirement scheme, such as fairness, adequacy, affordability, sustainability, and efficiency. Aside from that, the political and economic environments of Indonesia have changed dramatically since 1969. This requires a better educated and more professional civil service work force. The Government of Indonesia (GOI) is currently reviewing the design of its civil service pension and THT programs. But to make informed decisions, the GOI needs better knowledge of the factors driving pension costs and the financial impact of changes in system design. This Policy Brief provides an overview of the current programs, major design and equity issues surrounding current programs and recommendations for immediate government actions for program reforms.
The effect of atrial septostomy on the concentration of brain-type natriuretic peptide in patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (2007)

Atrial septostomy has improved haemodynamics and clinical symptoms in selected patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. We found that, in 5 patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension, septostomy resulted in decreased levels of brain-type natriuretic peptide, and improvement in symptoms of cardiac failure, suggesting that serial measurements of the peptide may have clinical utility.
Perforated patch recording of L-type calcium current with beta-escin in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. (2003)

Using beta-escin 25 micromol/L can easily obtain stable PPR in isolated guinea-pig ventricular myocytes, and this method is useful in dealing with channels, which show run-down under normal WCR such as L-type Ca channel.
Reduction of oximes, oxime ethers, and oxime esters with diborane. Novel synthesis of amines (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of oximes, oxime ethers, and oxime esters with diborane. Novel synthesis of aminesHenry Feuer and D. M. BraunsteinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 6, 1817–1821Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01258a062https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01258a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3112Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The fms -Like Tyrosine Kinase, a Receptor for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (1992)

The fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt) is a transmembrane receptor in the tyrosine kinase family. Expression of flt complementary DNA in COS cells conferred specific, high-affinity binding of vascular endothelial growth factor, also known as vascular permeability factor (VEGF-VPF), a factor that induces vascular permeability when injected in the guinea pig skin and stimulates endothelial cell proliferation. Expression of Flt in Xenopus laevis oocytes caused the oocytes to release calcium in response to VEGF-VPF. These findings show that flt encodes a receptor for VEGF-VPF.
Effect of pH on the Pore Forming Activity and Conformational Stability of Ostreolysin, a Lipid Raft-Binding Protein from the Edible MushroomPleurotus ostreatus, (2005)

Ostreolysin, a pore-forming protein from the edible oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus), is a member of the aegerolysin protein family, a novel group of small acidic proteins found in bacteria, molds, mushrooms, and plants. It binds to lipid rafts and interacts specifically with cholesterol-rich lipid domains. In this study, ostreolysin was classified as a single-domain all-beta-structured protein on the basis of cDNA sequencing. pH-induced and thermally induced unfolding of ostreolysin was studied by means of CD, UV absorption, and intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence to characterize conformational transitions associated with its functional properties, i.e., binding to lipid membranes, pore forming activity on lipid vesicles, and hemolysis. At 25 degrees C and between pH 6 and 9, ostreolysin adopted a monomeric and thermodynamically stable nativelike conformation, characterized by rigid tertiary structure and predominantly beta-sheet secondary structure. Between pH 2 and 3, the protein underwent an irreversible transition to a partially unfolded, molten globule-like state which bound ANS, and exhibited disrupted tertiary structure and enhanced non-native alpha-helical structure. Functional studies showed that, unlike colicins and some other bacterial pore-forming toxins, the acid-induced molten globule-like state of ostreolysin is not relevant for lipid binding and pore formation. Instead, the compact native state was necessary for binding to cholesterol/sphingomyelin multilamellar vesicles, optimally in the pH range from 6 to 7, and for pore formation and hemolysis, maximally between pH 7 and 8.
Membrane Technology and Applications (2004)

Overview of membrane science and technology membrane transport theory membrane and modules concentration polarization reverse osmosis ultrafiltration microfiltration gas separation pervaporation ion exchange membrane processes - electrodialysis carrier facilitated transport medical applications of membranes other membranes processed.
A New Ribosome Structure (1984)

Ribosomes derived from the sulfur-dependent archaebacteria are structurally distinct from those types found in ribosomes from eubacteria, eukaryotes, and other archaebacteria. All four ribosome types share a common structural core, but each type also has additional independent structural features. In the smaller subunit derived from sulfur-dependent archaebacteria ("eocytes"), lobes, similar to those found at the base of the eukaryotic small subunits, and an archaebacterial bill, similar to those found on the smaller subunit of archaebacteria and eukaryotes, are present. On the larger subunit from sulfur-dependent archaebacteria, an eocytic lobe, eocytic gap, and eocytic bulge are present. These features, with the exception of the eocytic gap, are found in a slightly modified form on eukaryotic large subunits. These novel ribosomal properties are in general consistent with other molecular biological properties peculiar to these organisms.