gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spelling Correction as an Iterative Process that Exploits the Collective Knowledge of Web Users. (2004)

Logs of user queries to an internet search engine provide a large amount of implicit and explicit information about language. In this paper, we investigate their use in spelling correction of search queries, a task which poses many additional challenges beyond the traditional spelling correction problem. We present an approach that uses an iterative transformation of the input query strings into other strings that correspond to more and more likely queries according to statistics extracted from internet search query logs.
Selective modulation by guanine nucleotides of the high affinity subset of plasma membrane receptors for leukotriene B4 on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. (1988)

Isolated human polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte plasma membranes express high affinity (mean Kd = 0.12 nM) and low affinity (mean Kd = 50 nM) receptors for the chemotactic factor leukotriene B4 (5(S),12(R)-dihydroxy-eicosa-6,14 cis-8,10 trans-tetraenoic acid; LTB4) that are similar to those on intact PMN leukocytes. A portion of high affinity LTB4-R on PMN leukocyte membranes were converted to the low affinity state by GTP (mean +/- SE = 28.6 +/- 14.0%) and nonhydrolyzable GTP analogues, such as 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP), in a concentration-dependent, nucleotide-specific, and reversible manner, without altering the intrinsic binding affinities of either class. [3H]GMP-PNP bound specifically to one class of receptors (mean Kd = 13 nM) on PMN leukocyte membranes. The interdependence of the LTB4-binding membrane protein and guanine nucleotide-binding protein was suggested by the capacity of LTB4 to enhance by a maximum of 150% the binding of [3H]GMP-PNP to PMN leukocyte membranes by increasing the number, but not altering the affinity, of receptors for GMP-PNP. Pertussis toxin, but not cholera toxin, reversed the enhancement of binding of [3H]GMP-PNP produced by LTB4. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins and high affinity LTB4-R thus exhibit a mutual regulation that differs mechanistically from that of peptide chemotactic factor receptors on PMN leukocytes.
The Application of Customer Relationship Management in Investment Banks (2010)

Customer Relationship Management was put forward in the 90s by American companies. CRM has been widely applied by the investment banks abroad. The investment banks in China (securities) are in the early stage of CRM. The institutions which carried out CRM successfully and profitably were few .Based on the importance of CRM to the investment banks management, this essay compares the application of CRM between domestic investment banks and the foreign ones, and points out that in applying CRM, domestic investment banks must make clear their cognitional misunderstanding, base themselves on the customers center and customers satisfaction, and their own status and characteristics, take efficient measures to perfect CRM, then realize the maximizing value.
Thermomodulation Spectra of Al, Au, and Cu (1972)

Thermotransmission and thermoreflection measurements were made on semitransparent films of Al, Au, and Cu at about 370 and 120 K in the range 0.5-5 eV. The data yield the thermomodulation spectrum $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ of the imaginary part of the dielectric constant directly, without Kramers-Kronig analysis. A comparison of the interband region of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ for Cu with the piezo-modulation spectrum of a single crystal shows that broadening of the Fermi distribution and volume strain caused by thermal expansion are the principal causes of the $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum. The $\ensuremath{\Delta}{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{2}$ spectrum for Al is particularly simple and can be discussed using closed-form expressions for the optical conductivity. It appears that the temperature dependence of the interband relaxation time for transitions across gaps produced by $|{V}_{111}|$ is smaller than that for transitions across gaps caused by $|{V}_{200}|$, which in turn is smaller than that for the infrared intraband transitions.
Protein crystallography in drug discovery (2004)

Preface.A Personal Foreword.List of Contributors.1. Molecular Recognition of Nuclear Hormone Receptor-Ligand Complexes (Robert E. Babine).2. Kinases (Jerry L. Adams, James Veal, and Lisa Shewchuk).3. The Proteasome as a Drug Target (Tsunehiro Mizushima and Tomitake Tsukihara).4. Antibiotics and the Ribosome (Jeffrey L. Hansen).5. Structure-Based Design of Cathepsin K Inhibitors (Daniel F. Veber and Maxwell D. Cummings).6. Structure-Based Design of Potent and Selective Cdk4 Inhibitors (Teruki Honma).7. Crystallization and Analysis of Serine Proteases with Ecotin (Sandra M. Waugh and Robert J. Fletterick).8. X-ray Crystallography in the Development of Orthogonal Ligand-Receptor Pairs (Donald F. Doyle and Lauren J. Schwimmer).9. Engineering Proteins to Promote Crystallization (Lei Jin and Robert E. Babine).10. High-throughput Crystallography (Harren Jhoti).11. Micro-Crystallization (Carl L. Hansen, Morten Sommer, Kyle Self, James M. Berger, and Stephen R. Quake).Subject Index.
Mid-wave infrared target source characteristics for focal plane applications (2002)

The U.S. Army is currently investigating the differences between various bands in the midwave and long wave infrared spectrum. A holistic approach to quantifying scene information is used in previous research. That is, both natural backgrounds and vehicles are present in scenes when correlation analyses are performed. Similar research has also been performed using hyperspectral imagers. Hyperspectral imagers inherently have poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this research, a mid-wave infrared broadband sensor was cold-filtered to provide four sub-bands in the mid wave region. A multi-waveband sensor as used to collect midwave infrared imagery of military vehicles and natural backgrounds. Three blackbody sources were placed at the same range as the vehicles for radiometric calibration. The goals were to collect radiometrically corrected data of various targets and process this data for comparative analysis. The images were segmented to remove all unwanted imagery from the images under observation. Correlations were performed to assess the differences in information content.
Percutaneous absorption of 5α‐dihydrotestosterone in man (1982)

The distribution of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone to the blood following application of a solution of this androgen to the skin in a hydro-alcoholic gel was studied in order to evaluate the adequacy of the percutaneous route in correcting androgen deficiencies. In 14 adult men, daily percutaneous administration of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (125 mg in 5 g gel) increases, on the average, 4 to 5 times its initial concentration in plasma. On the 14th day of treatment, repeated evaluations of plasma 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, between 2 and 21 h after final administration of gel, demonstrated the stability of diurnal 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels and showed the regular distribution of the steroid from a presumably cutaneous reservoir. Plasma 5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol levels evolve parallel to those of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Plasma testosterone and luteinizing hormone, on the contrary, decrease considerably. No variation of follicle-stimulating-hormone is observed during treatment. The percutaneous absorption represents an interesting method for administration of a natural androgen in men, particularly because one avoids the deleterious effects of supra-physiological levels in the liver achieved with oral administration.
Medicare expands preventive screening benefits. (2001)

Starting on July 1, 2001, Medicare coverage of preventive medicine services will be expanded to include biennial screening pap smears and pelvic exams (currently, coverage is limited to once every three years) and coverage for screening colonoscopies for all beneficiaries (currently only individuals at high risk receive this coverage). The article explains what physicians need to know to get reimbursed for these services.
Potent Antitumor Activity of Interleukin-27 (2004)

Although much promising data that interleukin (IL)-12 could be a powerful therapeutic agent against cancer were reported in animal models, its excessive toxicity has become a problem for its clinical application. IL-27 is a novel IL-12 family member that plays a role in the early regulation of T helper cell 1 initiation, including induction of T-bet and IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression. In the present study, we have evaluated the antitumor activity of IL-27 against a murine tumor model of colon carcinoma C26. C26 cells, which were transduced with the single-chain IL-27 cDNA and became secreting IL-27 (C26-IL-27), exhibited minimal tumor growth in vivo, and all of the mice inoculated with these cells survived healthily with complete tumor remission. Inoculation of mice with C26-IL-27 induced enhanced IFN-gamma production and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity against C26 tumor in spleen cells. Recovered mice from the inoculation showed a tumor-specific protective immunity to the following challenge with parental C26 tumor. The antitumor activity of IL-27 was almost diminished in nude mice, and depletion of CD8(+) T cells and neutralization of IFN-gamma in immunocompetent mice reduced greatly the antitumor activity. Moreover, the antitumor activity was abolished in T-bet-deficient mice, whereas it was observed unexpectedly in mice deficient of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 4. These results suggest that IL-27 has potent abilities to induce tumor-specific antitumor activity and protective immunity and that the antitumor activity is mediated mainly through CD8(+) T cells, IFN-gamma, and T-bet but not through STAT4.
Design, total synthesis, and functional overexpression of the Candida rugosa lipl gene coding for a major industrial lipase (1998)

The dimorphic yeast Candida rugosa has an unusual codon usage that hampers the functional expression of genes derived from this yeast in a conventional heterologous host. Commercial samples of C. rugosa lipase (CRL) are widely used in industry, but contain several different isoforms encoded by the lip gene family, among which the isoform encoded by the gene lip1 is the most prominent. In a first laborious attempt, the lip1 gene was systematically modified by site-directed mutagenesis to gain functional expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. As alternative approach, the gene (1647 bp) was completely synthesized with an optimized nucleotide sequence in terms of heterologous expression in yeast and simplified genetic manipulation. The synthetic gene was functionally expressed in both hosts S. cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, and the effect of heterologous leader sequences on expression and secretion was investigated. In particular, using P. pastoris cells, the synthetic gene was functionally overexpressed, allowing for the first time to produce recombinant Lipl of high purity at a level of 150 U/mL culture medium. The physicochemical and catalytic properties of the recombinant lipase were compared with those of a commercial, nonrecombinant C. rugosa lipase preparation containing lipase isoforms.
Modification of glycoproteins by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V is greatly influenced by accessibility of the enzyme to oligosaccharide acceptors. (1994)

The formation of tri- and tetraantennary complex-type N-linked oligosaccharides in animal glycoproteins is partly regulated by UDP-N-acetylglucosamine:beta-6-D-mannoside beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.155) (GlcNAc-T V), which generates 2,6-branched mannose. In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells we found that 2,6-branched mannosyl structures are preferentially contained on lysosome-associated membrane proteins (LAMPs) and are generally low or absent in other cellular glycoproteins (Do, K.-Y. and Cummings, R.D. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22028-22035). To determine the mechanism by which GlcNAc-T V appears to preferentially recognize glycoproteins, we examined the activity of purified GlcNAc-T V toward a variety of glycoprotein acceptors. Because GlcNAc-T V requires as acceptors oligosaccharides lacking outer galactosyl and sialyl residues, we utilized two classes of acceptor preparations. The first class of acceptor was enzymatically desialylated (DS) and degalactosylated (DG) preparations of bovine fetuin, human transferrin, and human fibrinogen. The second class was glycoproteins in extracts of the mutant CHO cell line, Lec8 CHO, which cannot add galactose or sialic acid to N-linked oligosaccharides. GlcNAc-T V was highly active toward DSDG-fetuin, -transferrin, and -fibrinogen (Km values ranged between 30 and 74 microM), and the catalytic efficiencies (Vmax/Km) of the enzyme toward different acceptors were comparable. In the case of fetuin, each of its three sites for attachment of N-linked oligosaccharides were shown to be utilized equally well by GlcNAc-T V. Notably, the enzyme exhibited a 2-3-fold higher rate of transfer toward DSDG-transferrin when it was further denatured by reduction and S-carboxymethylation. When extracts of Lec8 CHO cells were used as acceptors, GlcNAc-T V preferentially transferred to LAMPs, and only low level transfer was observed to other cell-derived glycoproteins, thus demonstrating specificity of GlcNAc-T V toward native glycoprotein acceptors. When the cell-derived glycoproteins were denatured by reduction and S-carboxymethylation prior to use as acceptors for Glc-NAc-T V, significant transfer occurred to other glycoproteins. These results demonstrate that the mechanism of glycoprotein-specific branching by GlcNAc-T V is determined primarily by its accessibility to available bi/triantennary oligosaccharides on glycoproteins and not by its recognition of peptide determinants or conformation-specific determinants.
Salmonella SirA is a global regulator of genes mediating enteropathogenesis (1999)

SirA of Salmonella typhimurium is known to regulate the hilA and prgH genes within Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI1). To identify more members of the SirA regulon, we screened 10,000 random lacZY fusions (chromosomal MudJ insertions) for regulation by SirA and identified 10 positively regulated fusions. Three fusions were within the SPI1 genes hilA (an SPI1 transcriptional regulator), spaS (a component of the SPI1 type III export apparatus) and sipB (a substrate of the SPI1 export apparatus). Two fusions were within the sopB gene (also known as sigD). sopB is located within SPI5, but encodes a protein that is exported via the SPI1 export apparatus. In addition, five fusions were within genes of unknown function that are located in SPI4. As spaS and sipB were likely to be hilA dependent, we tested all of the fusions (except hilA) for hilA dependence. Surprisingly, we found that all of the fusions require hilA for expression and that plasmid-encoded SirA cannot bypass this requirement. Therefore, SirA regulates hilA, the product of which regulates genes within SPI1, SPI4 and SPI5. Both sirA and hilA mutants are dramatically attenuated in a bovine model of gastroenteritis, but have little or no effect in the mouse model of typhoid fever. This study establishes the SirA/HilA regulatory cascade as the primary regulon controlling enteropathogenic virulence functions in S. typhimurium. Because S. typhimurium causes gastroenteritis in both cattle and humans, we believe that this information may be directly applicable to the human disease.
Characterization of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-2 as a Vehicle for Gene Delivery and Expression into Vascular Cells (1997)

These data provide the first evidence that rAAV may be adapted for directed high-level transgene delivery and expression into normally quiescent vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Constant Envelope OFDM (2008)

This paper describes a transformation technique aimed at solving the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) problem associated with OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing). Constant envelope OFDM (CE-OFDM) transforms the OFDM signal, by way of phase modulation, to a signal designed for efficient power amplification. At the receiver, the inverse transformation - phase demodulation - is applied prior to the conventional OFDM demodulator. The performance of CE-OFDM is analyzed in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels. CE-OFDM is shown to achieve good performance in dense multipath with the use of cyclic prefix transmission in conjunction with a frequency- domain equalizer (FDE). By way of computer simulation and hardware realization, CE-OFDM is shown to compare favorably to conventional OFDM.
Construction of a lethal mutation in the synthesis of the major acidic phospholipids of Escherichia coli. (1987)

In order to determine if the major acidic phospholipids of Escherichia coli are essential to the organism, we constructed a null allele (pgsA30) of the pgsA gene thus rendering the organism incapable of synthesizing phosphatidylglycerol or cardiolipin.In strains carrying the pgsA30 allele cell viability, synthesis of gene product and the ability to synthesize the two major acidic phospholipids were dependent on the presence of a functional copy of the pgsA gene carried on a plasmid which was temperature-sensitive for replication.Growth ceased at the temperature restrictive for plasmid replication when the acidic phospholipid content dropped to about 10% of wild type levels which is slightly higher than the level reported in cells carrying thepgsA3 allele in a genetic background derived from strain SD12; the latter cells, which are capable of synthesizing low levels of acidic phospholipids, were previously shown to have no abnormal growth phenotype (Miyazaki, C.,
CTCF, a Conserved Nuclear Factor Required for Optimal Transcriptional Activity of the Chicken c- myc Gene, Is an 11-Zn-Finger Protein Differentially Expressed in Multiple Forms (1993)

A novel sequence-specific DNA-binding protein, CTCF, which interacts with the chicken c-myc gene promoter, has been identified and partially characterized (V. V. Lobanenkov, R. H. Nicolas, V. V. Adler, H. Paterson, E. M. Klenova, A. V. Polotskaja, and G. H. Goodwin, Oncogene 5:1743-1753, 1990). In order to test directly whether binding of CTCF to one specific DNA region of the c-myc promoter is important for chicken c-myc transcription, we have determined which nucleotides within this GC-rich region are responsible for recognition of overlapping sites by CTCF and Sp1-like proteins. Using missing-contact analysis of all four nucleotides in both DNA strands and homogeneous CTCF protein purified by sequence-specific chromatography, we have identified three sets of nucleotides which contact either CTCF or two Sp1-like proteins binding within the same DNA region. Specific mutations of 3 of 15 purines required for CTCF binding were designed to eliminate binding of CTCF without altering the binding of other proteins. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay of nuclear extracts showed that the mutant DNA sequence did not bind CTCF but did bind two Sp1-like proteins. When introduced into a 3.3-kbp-long 5'-flanking noncoding c-myc sequence fused to a reporter CAT gene, the same mutation of the CTCF binding site resulted in 10- and 3-fold reductions, respectively, of transcription in two different (erythroid and myeloid) stably transfected chicken cell lines. Isolation and analysis of the CTCF cDNA encoding an 82-kDa form of CTCF protein shows that DNA-binding domain of CTCF is composed of 11 Zn fingers: 10 are of C2H2 class, and 1 is of C2HC class. CTCF was found to be abundant and conserved in cells of vertebrate species. We detected six major nuclear forms of CTCF protein differentially expressed in different chicken cell lines and tissues. We conclude that isoforms of 11-Zn-finger factor CTCF which are present in chicken hematopoietic HD3 and BM2 cells can act as a positive regulator of the chicken c-myc gene transcription. Possible functions of other CTCF forms are discussed.
The Use of Therapeutic Peptides to Target and to Kill Cancer Cells (2012)

Peptide therapeutics is a promising field for emerging anti-cancer agents. Benefits include the ease and rapid synthesis of peptides and capacity for modifications. An existing and vast knowledge base of protein structure and function can be exploited for novel peptide design. Current research focuses on developing peptides that can (1) serve as tumor targeting moieties and (2) permeabilize membranes with cytotoxic consequences. A survey of recent findings reveals significant trends. Amphiphilic peptides with clusters of hydrophobic and cationic residues are features of anti-microbial peptides that confer the ability to eradicate microbes and show considerable anti-cancer toxicity. Peptides that assemble and form pores can disrupt cell or organelle membranes and cause apoptotic or necrotic death. Cell permeable and tumor-homing peptides can carry biologically active cargo to tumors or tumor vasculature. The challenge lies in developing the clinical application of therapeutic peptides. Improving delivery to tumors, minimizing non-specific toxic effects and discerning pharmacokinetic properties are high among the needs to produce a powerful therapeutic peptide for cancer treatment.
Treatment of colon cancer based on biochemical modulation of fluoropyrimidines by hydroxyurea. (1992)

Preclinical studies have indicated that hydroxyurea leads to enhancement of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) activity when given after 5-FU. This is presumably due to hydroxyurea's actions resulting in maintaining low levels of deoxyuridine monophosphate pools. The combination of hydroxyurea and 5-FU has been tested in several inconclusive clinical trials in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. However, pharmacodynamic studies have been lacking, and the schedules tested have not usually tried to follow preclinical findings. With the current renewed interest in 5-FU, a role for hydroxyurea as part of its biochemical modulation is worthy of further study.
Structural Investigations on a Peptide Regulating Hemopoiesis in vitro and in vivo (1984)

Clonal growth in agar of myeloid committed stem cells (CFU-c) is inhibited by a specifically acting "hemoregulatory peptide" which had been isolated from human leukocytes. The inhibitory peptide is composed of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, cysteine and possibly glycine. It was [3H]carboxymethylated with [3H]iodoacetic acid. From the electrophoretic behaviour of this derivative at pH 1.9 a single positive charge and a molecular mass of about 600-650 Da could be inferred. This positive charge is lost after acetylation and is identified as the epsilon-amino group in the side chain of a lysine residue since the N-terminal group is a pyroglutamic residue. Electrophoresis of the native peptide at pH 6.5 reveals the presence of three carboxyl groups, two of which were localized in the N-terminal part of the molecule, while cysteine and lysine were located in the C-terminal portion. Lysine was identified as the C-terminal residue by a double labeling technique applied to the Cys-[(3H]Cm)-containing fission peptide after partial hydrolysis. Uncertainties in the molecular mass determinations allow for the possible presence of a small residue without reactive side chain (glycine?) in the C-terminal portion of the molecule. The structure of the inhibitory peptide was thus determined as less than Glu-(Asp/Glu)-(Asp/Glu)-Cys-(Gly?)-Lys. This structure is supported by comparison with synthetic peptides. The analogue less than Glu-Glu-Asp-Cys-Lys has properties which are similar to those of the natural inhibitor.