gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
529 km unrepeatered transmission at 2.488 GBit/susing dispersioncompensation, forward error correction, and remote post- andpre-amplifiers pumped by diode-pumped Raman lasers (1995)

Unrepeatered transmission is demonstrated over 501 km at 2.488 Gbit/s. Forward error correction enables a transmission distance of 529 km. A new SBS suppression technique, dispersion compensating fibre, and post- and pre-amplifiers remotely pumped by high power diode-pumped Raman lasers are employed.
Multiplicity and regulation of genes encoding peptide transporters in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2001)

The model eukaryote Saccharomyces cerevisiae has two distinct peptide transport mechanisms, one for di-/tripeptides (the PTR system) and another for tetra-/pentapeptides (the OPT system). The PTR system consists of three genes, PTR1, PTR2 and PTR3. The transporter (Ptr2p), encoded by the gene PTR2, is a 12 transmembrane domain (TMD) integral membrane protein that translocates di-/tripeptides. Homologues to Ptr2p have been identified in virtually all organisms examined to date and comprise the PTR family of transport proteins. In S. cerevisiae, the expression of PTR2 is highly regulated at the cellular level by complex interactions of many genes, including PTR1, PTR3, CUP9 and SSY1. Oligopeptides, consisting of four to five amino acids, are transported by the 12-14 TMD integral membrane protein Opt1p. Unlike Ptr2p, distribution of this protein appears limited to fungi and plants, and there appears to be three paralogues in S. cerevisiae. This transporter has an affinity for enkephalin, an endogenous mammalian pentapeptide, as well as for glutathione. Although it is known that OPT1 is normally expressed only during sporulation, to date little is known about the genes and proteins involved in the regulation of OPT1 expression.
Identification of Biologically Relevant Enhancers in Human Erythroid Cells (2013)

Identification of cell type-specific enhancers is important for understanding the regulation of programs controlling cellular development and differentiation. Enhancers are typically marked by the co-transcriptional activator protein p300 or by groups of cell-expressed transcription factors. We hypothesized that a unique set of enhancers regulates gene expression in human erythroid cells, a highly specialized cell type evolved to provide adequate amounts of oxygen throughout the body. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing, genome-wide maps of candidate enhancers were constructed for p300 and four transcription factors, GATA1, NF-E2, KLF1, and SCL, using primary human erythroid cells. These data were combined with gene expression analyses, and candidate enhancers were identified. Consistent with their predicted function as candidate enhancers, there was statistically significant enrichment of p300 and combinations of co-localizing erythroid transcription factors within 1-50 kb of the transcriptional start site (TSS) of genes highly expressed in erythroid cells. Candidate enhancers were also enriched near genes with known erythroid cell function or phenotype. Candidate enhancers exhibited moderate conservation with mouse and minimal conservation with nonplacental vertebrates. Candidate enhancers were mapped to a set of erythroid-associated, biologically relevant, SNPs from the genome-wide association studies (GWAS) catalogue of NHGRI, National Institutes of Health. Fourteen candidate enhancers, representing 10 genetic loci, mapped to sites associated with biologically relevant erythroid traits. Fragments from these loci directed statistically significant expression in reporter gene assays. Identification of enhancers in human erythroid cells will allow a better understanding of erythroid cell development, differentiation, structure, and function and provide insights into inherited and acquired hematologic disease.
The development of an in vitro flow model of human saphenous vein graft intimal hyperplasia (1996)

The endothelial cell is believed to be the key mediator of haemodynamic effects which influence smooth muscle cell proliferation, and the flow rig developed in this study offers the potential to study inter-cellular interactions within the intact vessel. Furthermore, this method provides the facility to study the effects of different flow conditions on segments of vein from the same patient. This model has scope for further development and sophistication which may ultimately lead to increasing our understanding of the aetiology of vein graft stenoses, and hence formulation of preventative strategies.
Percutaneous Penetration of para-Substituted Phenols in Vitro (1991)

Percutaneous Penetration of &lt;it&gt;para&lt;/it&gt;-Substituted Phenols &lt;it&gt;in Vitro&lt;/it&gt; HINZ, R. S., LORENCE, C. R., HODSON, C. D., HANSCH, C., HALL, L. L., AND Guy, R. H. (1991). &lt;it&gt;Fundam Appl Toxicol&lt;/it&gt; 17, 575–583. The percutaneous penetration of II &lt;it&gt;para&lt;/it&gt;-substituted phenols has been measured across full-thickness hairless mouse skin &lt;it&gt;in vitro&lt;/it&gt; The phenols, which spanned more than a 1000-fold range in octanol&amp;sol;water partition coefficient (&lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt;), were applied (14C-radiolabeled) to the skin surface in a small volume of volatile organic solvent. Permeation kinetics were continuously monitored and were characterized by the maximum observed flux (&lt;it&gt;J&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;max&lt;/inf&gt;). The linear correlation of log &lt;it&gt;J&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;max&lt;/inf&gt; with log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt; was very poor. However, inclusion of molecular volume (MV) in a multiple regression analysis considerably improved the relationship between the measured transport parameter and the physicochemical descriptors. Furthermore, significant parabolic (log &lt;it&gt;J&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;max&lt;/inf&gt; &amp;equals; −0.18 &amp;plus; l.35 log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt; − 0.30.[log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt;]2) and bilinear(log &lt;it&gt;J&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;max&lt;/inf&gt;, −0.17 &amp;plus; 1.08·log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt; − 1.95·[log(β·10log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt; &amp;plus; 1)]) dependencies were obtained, suggesting a change in the rate-limiting transport step (for compounds of high log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt;) from diffusion across the stratum corneum (SC) to partitioning at the SC-viable epidermis interface. Addition of a term in MV (or molar refractivity) further improved the absolute correlations, but with marginal statistical significance. A wider range of molecular size is necessary to unequivocally define the role of permeant dimensions in percutaneous permeability for this group of compounds. The quadratic log &lt;it&gt;J&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;max&lt;/inf&gt; correlation with log &lt;it&gt;P&lt;/it&gt; was compared to the previously reported steady-state permeability coefficients (&lt;it&gt;K&lt;/it&gt;&lt;inf&gt;p&lt;/inf&gt;) of a different set of phenol analogs through human epidermis. Despite the different methodologies, different compounds, and different skin membranes employed, the patterns of behavior in the two data sets were consistent, and suggest that the form of this correlation may be a suitable description of phenol permeability under a range of experimental conditions.
Immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in the equine pituitary. (1998)

Gonadotropin-specific primary antisera and gold-conjugated secondary antibodies were used to immunocytochemically localize gonadotropins in the anterior pituitary of intact pony mares. Electron microscopy was then used to characterize the ultrastructure and immunoreactive staining characteristics of equine gonadotropes. Cells containing LH were morphologically indistinguishable from those containing FSH. Gonadotropes were relatively large and commonly had eccentric nuclei. The rough endoplasmic reticulum was well developed and dilated. Secretory granules were present in two morphologically distinct forms. Large polymorphic granules were generally located in perinuclear cytoplasmic areas, whereas small and uniformly shaped granules were in the peripheral cytoplasm, close to the cell membrane. Double-labeling revealed cells with granules that stained for both LH and FSH as well as cells that stained for either LH or FSH. Gonadotropes constituted 15 to 32% of all pituitary cells in the anterior pituitaries from the three mares included in this study. Cells that stained for only LH constituted 2 to 16% of all pituitary cells, cells that stained for only FSH ranged from 1 to 4.5%, and cells staining for both hormones constituted 6.2 to 24% of the pituitary cells. These results indicate that there are in fact three distinct subclasses of gonadotropes in the equine anterior pituitary based on immunocytochemical staining, which is similar to the situation described for several other mammalian species.
Synthesis and Properties of Polymers Derived from Substituted Lactic Acids (2001)

The preparation of substituted glycolides can greatly expand the pool of monomers available for the synthesis of polyglycolides, and provide a broader range of physical properties for degradable polymers. Ethyl-, hexyl-, isobutyl-, and benzylglycolide were prepared and converted to high molecular weight polymers by ring opening polymerization in solution and using melt techniques. The polymers were clear amorphous materials with glass transition temperatures ranging from 55 to -22 °C. For alkyl-substituted poly(glycolide)s, increasing the length of a linear alkyl chain decreased Tg, while introducing branches in the alkyl chain increased Tg. Above 320 °C, the polymers thermally degrade to monomer by depolymerization. Preliminary degradation studies at 55 °C in H2O at pH 7.4 show that substituted poly(glycolide)s degrade slower than polylactide, with poly(isobutylglycolide) the most stable polymer toward hydrolysis.
Wavelength division multiplexing all-fiber hybrid devices based on Fabry-Perot's and gratings (1999)

In this paper, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a series of new all-fiber, tunable, and highly selective filters based on fiber gratings and Fabry-Perot's. The structures combine high fiber Fabry-Perot (FFP) selectivity and fiber Bragg grating (FBG) bandpass nature and presents high flexibility in the response by using nonuniform gratings. An ultraselective filter (a few MHz in range) is also addressed by cascading two FFP.
Complexity Results on Election of Multipoint Relays in Wireless Networks (1998)

The election of multipoint relays allows to decrease the cost of broadcasting in wireless networks. For each source, the fewer elements the set has, the greater the gain is. In this paper, we prove that the computation of a multipoint relay set with minimal size is NP-complete. We also make the analysis of a heuristic proposed by A. Qayyum.
[Effect of megestrol acetate compound (injectable contraceptive) on human blood coagulation, anticoagulation activity, fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation]. (1988)

The authors studied the effect of a new injectable contraceptive, a megestrol acetate compound, on blood coagulation, anticoagulation activity, fibrinolysis, platelet count, and its aggregation. The results indicate that after the administration of this contraceptive for over 1 year, VII:C and VIIIR:Ag were significantly increased and PT was shortened. Fibrinogen antigen decreases were seen within 6 months of administration, and then these returned to normal. Antithrombin III activity and antigen levels did not change during the time this contraceptive was in use. Plasminogen and fibrinolytic activity were significantly increased after the administration of the contraceptive for more than 3 years. Platelet aggregation induced by ADP increased after the contraceptive was in use for more than 1 year. (author's modified)
N- and COD-removal in vertical-flow systems (1997)

Examination of COD-degradation and N-conversion within vertical flow systems and determination of influencing factors was done on constructed wetlands as well as on unplanted soil columns at laboratory scale. Topics of investigation were influent and effluent concentrations and removal efficiency of vertical flow beds, soil water composition at different depths and N-conversion activity with different operating methods, different hydraulic loadings (50, 100, 150 mm/d) and different soil materials. The extent of degradation and conversion are especially determined by O2-supply which can be influenced by operating method, hydraulic loading and soil material. COD-degradation and N-conversion take mainly place in soil depths down to 20 cm depending on the O2-supply and soil material. In general a sufficient O2-supply in an intermittently loaded vertical flow bed leads to a COD- and NH4-reduction ≥ 90% and prevents a Ntot-degradation of more than 50%. The determination of N-conversion activities of different soil samples has shown that nitrification activity as well as nitrate reductase activity have their maximum in soil depths down to 10 cm.
Timelines: An interactive system for the collection and visualization of temporal data (1994)

Human--Computer Interaction (HCI) researchers collect, analyze, and interpret information about user behavior in order to make inferences about the systems they are designing. This paper describes four paradigm shifts in HCI research and discusses how each influences data collection and analysis. Based on these trends the implications for tool design are outlined. We then describe the Timelines system, which was created to address both these paradigm shifts and two years of user testing results from the VANNA system [4, 5, 6]. The Timelines system is an interactive data collection and visualization tool which supports both quantitative and qualitative analysis, and exploratory sequential data analysis. It accepts many diverse types of temporal data and provides the user with powerful data manipulation and color, graphical visualization tools. We summarize four representative case studies which reflect different methodological approaches and research goals, typical of our user community. From this the implications for the design of our system (and for data collection and analysis tools in general) are described.
Correction of non–24‐hour sleep/wake cycle by melatonin in a blind retarded boy (1991)

A 9-year-old, blind boy with severe mental retardation with a chronic sleep/wake disturbance had a circadian rhythm of 24.75 hours and an internal desynchronization of the endogenous rhythms. Treatment with oral melatonin given at 6 PM induced a regular sleep/wake pattern. Melatonin, in this patient, convincingly entrained the endogenous rhythm to the appropriate chronological 24-hour day.
Are the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines effective? Meta-analysis of the prospective trials (2000)

The objective was to review the evidence of effectiveness of the polyvalent polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine from prospective properly randomised controlled trials comparing pneumococcal vaccines with placebo in subjects who are immunocompetent and those likely to have an impaired immune system. Databases searched included the Cochrane Library, (issue 2, 2000), MEDLINE (1966-August 2000), PubMed (to August 2000) and EMBASE ( to August 2000). Reference lists of reports and reviews were also searched. To be included in the analysis, a study had to have been a prospective randomised comparison of a polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine (any valency) and to have a placebo or no treatment comparison group. Papers had to report important clinical outcomes, such as rates of pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia, lower respiratory tract infections, pneumonia deaths or bacteraemia. Serological outcomes were not sought. Thirteen randomised comparisons with over 45,000 subjects were identified in an extensive literature review. Eight studies had a quality score of 3 or more on a scale of 1 to 5. In three comparisons with 21,152 immunocompetent subjects (South African gold miners, New Guinea highlanders) pneumococcal vaccination was effective in reducing the incidence of all-cause pneumonia (relative risk 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.47 to 0.66), pneumococcal pneumonia (0.16; 0.11 to 0.23), pneumonia deaths (0.70; 0.50 to 0.96) and bacteraemia (0.18; 0.09 to 0.34). In ten comparisons in over 24,000 people who were elderly or likely to have impaired immune systems, pneumococcal vaccination was without effect for any outcome. Present guidelines recommend pneumococcal vaccination for "high-risk" groups. There is no evidence from randomised trials that this is of any benefit.
Synthetic peptide probe folding initiation sites in platelet factor-4: stable chain reversal found within the hydrophobic sequence LIATLKNGRKISL (1994)

Platelet factor-4 (PF4) is a 70-residue protein which contains a 3-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet domain on to which is folded a C-terminal alpha-helix and an aperiodic N-terminal region. In this study, three peptides derived from the beta-sheet (residues 24-46 and 38-57) and helix (residues 57-70) domains have been synthesized and studied in aqueous solution by CD and NMR. While peptides 24-46 and 56-70 demonstrate some weak conformational preferences, peptide 38-57 maintains a relatively well-defined, NOE-rich chain reversal sequence, L45-K46-N47-G48-R49-K50, which apparently is stabilized by hydrophobic side-chain interactions from the flanking sequences L41-L45 and I51-L53. Some helix-like conformational populations are noted in the native PF4 I42-A43-T44-L45 beta-strand segment. NOE-based distance geometry calculations yield native-like conformations within the L45-K50 sequence. Among 40 structures, backbone RMS deviations range from 0.5 to 1.2 A, and compared to the same sequence in native PF4, the average RMS deviation is 1.1 A. These results suggest that beta-sheet/turn residues L41-L53 present a folding initiation site on the PF4 folding pathway.
TGFB1 disrupts the angiogenic potential of microvascular endothelial cells of the corpus luteum (2011)

Cyclical formation and regression of the ovarian corpus luteum is required for reproduction. During luteal regression, the microvasculature of the corpus luteum is extensively disrupted. Prostaglandin F2α, a primary signal for luteal regression, induces the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFB1) in the corpus luteum. This study determined the actions of TGFB1 on microvascular endothelial cells isolated from the bovine corpus luteum (CLENDO cells). We hypothesized that TGFB1 participates in the disruption of the microvasculature during luteal regression. TGFB1 activated the canonical SMAD signaling pathway in CLENDO cells. TGFB1 (1 ng/ml) significantly reduced both basal and fetal-calf-serum-stimulated DNA synthesis, without reducing cell viability. TGFB1 also significantly reduced CLENDO cell transwell migration and disrupted the formation of capillary-like structures when CLENDO cells were plated on Matrigel. By contrast, CLENDO cells plated on fibrillar collagen I gels did not form capillary-like structures and TGFB1 induced cell death. Additionally, TGFB1 caused loss of VE-cadherin from cellular junctions and loss of cell-cell contacts, and increased the permeability of confluent CLENDO cell monolayers. These studies demonstrate that TGFB1 acts directly on CLENDO cells to limit endothelial cell function and suggest that TGFB1 might act in the disassembly of capillaries observed during luteal regression.
The role of JAK/STAT signalling in the pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment of solid tumours (2015)

Aberrant activation of intracellular signalling pathways confers malignant properties on cancer cells. Targeting intracellular signalling pathways has been a productive strategy for drug development, with several drugs acting on signalling pathways already in use and more continually being developed. The JAK/STAT signalling pathway provides an example of this paradigm in haematological malignancies, with the identification of JAK2 mutations in myeloproliferative neoplasms leading to the development of specific clinically effective JAK2 inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib. It is now clear that many solid tumours also show activation of JAK/STAT signalling. In this review, we focus on the role of JAK/STAT signalling in solid tumours, examining the molecular mechanisms that cause inappropriate pathway activation and their cellular consequences. We also discuss the degree to which activated JAK/STAT signalling contributes to oncogenesis. Studies showing the effect of activation of JAK/STAT signalling upon prognosis in several tumour types are summarised. Finally, we discuss the prospects for treating solid tumours using strategies targeting JAK/STAT signalling, including what can be learned from haematological malignancies and the extent to which results in solid tumours might be expected to differ.
Polling watchdog (1996)

Parallel systems supporting multithreading, or message passing in general, have typically used either polling or interrupts to handle incoming messages. Neither approach is ideal; either may lead to excessive overheads or message-handling latencies, depending on the application. This paper investigates a combined approach--- Polling Watchdog, where both are used depending on the circumstances. The Polling Watchdog is a simple hardware extension that limits the generation of interrupts to the cases where explicit polling fails to handle the message quickly. As an added benefit, this mechanism also has the potential to simplify the interaction between interrupts and the network accesses performed by the program.We present the resulting performance for the EARTH-MANNA-S system, an implementation of the EARTH ( Efficient Architecture for Running THreads ) execution model on the MANNA multiprocessor. In contrast to the original EARTH-MANNA system, this system does not use a dedicated communication processor. Rather, synchronization and communication tasks are performed on the same processor as the regular computations. Therefore, an efficient message-handling mechanism is essential to good performance. Simulation results and performance measurements show that the Polling Watchdog indeed performs better than either polling or interrupts alone. In fact, this mechanism allows the EARTH-MANNA-S system to achieve the same level of performance as the original EARTH-MANNA multithreaded system.
ABCB5-Mediated Doxorubicin Transport and Chemoresistance in Human Malignant Melanoma (2005)

Enhanced drug efflux mediated by ABCB1 P-glycoprotein and related ATP-binding cassette transporters is one of several mechanisms of multidrug resistance thought to impair chemotherapeutic success in human cancers. In malignant melanoma, its potential contribution to chemoresistance is uncertain. Here, we show that ABCB5, which functions as a determinant of membrane potential and regulator of cell fusion in physiologic skin progenitor cells, is expressed in clinical malignant melanoma tumors and preferentially marks a subset of hyperpolarized, CD133+ stem cell phenotype-expressing tumor cells in malignant melanoma cultures and clinical melanomas. We found that ABCB5 blockade significantly reversed resistance of G3361 melanoma cells to doxorubicin, an agent to which clinical melanomas have been found refractory, resulting in a 43% reduction in the LD50 from 4 to 2.3 micromol/L doxorubicin (P < 0.05). Our results identified ABCB5-mediated doxorubicin efflux transport as the underlying mechanism of resistance, because ABCB5 blockade significantly enhanced intracellular drug accumulation. Consistent with this novel ABCB5 function and mechanism in doxorubicin resistance, gene expression levels of the transporter across a panel of human cancer cell lines used by the National Cancer Institute for drug screening correlated significantly with tumor resistance to doxorubicin (r = 0.44; P = 0.016). Our results identify ABCB5 as a novel drug transporter and chemoresistance mediator in human malignant melanoma. Moreover, our findings show that ABCB5 is a novel molecular marker for a distinct subset of chemoresistant, stem cell phenotype-expressing tumor cells among melanoma bulk populations and indicate that these chemoresistant cells can be specifically targeted via ABCB5 to enhance cytotoxic efficacy.