gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE PARTICULATE HYDROLASES OF MACROPHAGES (1963)

The contents of selected hydrolytic enzymes of oil-induced peritoneal, normal alveolar, and BCG-induced alveolar macrophages have been studied. On a per cell or nitrogen basis the normal alveolar cells contained considerably more acid phosphatase, cathepsin, acid ribonuclease, lysozyme, and lipase than peritoneal cells. The BCG-induced alveolar macrophage exhibited increased levels of acid phosphatase, lysozyme, and lipase as compared to alveolar macrophages from unstimulated rabbits. The morphological differences between these cells was discussed and electron micrographs of the BCG-induced macrophage presented. Fractionation of the BCG-induced macrophage by differential centrifugation showed that 60 to 80 per cent of the total cell content of acid phosphatase, cathepsin, beta glucuronidase, acid ribonuclease, acid deoxyribonuclease, aryl sulfatase, lysozyme, and lipase were localized in a postnuclear fraction which sedimented at 15,000 g. This fraction also contained the majority of the mitochondria as evidenced by its content of cytochrome oxidase. Non-specific esterase was not localized to this fraction. A separation of the hydrolase-containing particles and mitochondria was achieved by isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation. Under the conditions employed, the mitochondria distributed at densities of 1.19 to 1.20, whereas the hydrolase particles sedimented to a density of 1.26 to 1.27. Each of the hydrolases including acid phosphatase, beta glucuronidase, cathepsin, lysozyme, and acid ribonuclease exhibited maximum activities in the same gradient fraction. The isolated granules exhibited enzymatic latency, and activation could be achieved by cycles of freezing and thawing or surface active agents. The majority of each of the hydrolytic enzymes could be liberated in a non-particulate form by mechanical trauma. Macrophages which had been stained supravitally with neutral red were fractionated by differential and gradient centrifugation. More than 70 per cent of the dye could be recovered in the particulate hydrolase fraction. The isolated, stained granules resembled those seen in the intact cell.
Anterior segment fluorescein angiography of the normal canine eye using a dSLR camera adaptor (2012)

This study demonstrated that quality high resolution ASFA images were obtainable using a novel dSLR camera adaptor. ASFA of the normal canine eye is limited to irises, which are moderately to poorly pigmented. Use of general anesthesia produced higher quality images and is recommended for ASFA in the dog.
Inducing multilingual text analysis tools via robust projection across aligned corpora (2001)

This paper describes a system and set of algorithms for automatically inducing stand-alone monolingual part-of-speech taggers, base noun-phrase bracketers, named-entity taggers and morphological analyzers for an arbitrary foreign language. Case studies include French, Chinese, Czech and Spanish.Existing text analysis tools for English are applied to bilingual text corpora and their output projected onto the second language via statistically derived word alignments. Simple direct annotation projection is quite noisy, however, even with optimal alignments. Thus this paper presents noise-robust tagger, bracketer and lemmatizer training procedures capable of accurate system bootstrapping from noisy and incomplete initial projections.Performance of the induced stand-alone part-of-speech tagger applied to French achieves 96% core part-of-speech (POS) tag accuracy, and the corresponding induced noun-phrase bracketer exceeds 91% F-measure. The induced morphological analyzer achieves over 99% lemmatization accuracy on the complete French verbal system.This achievement is particularly noteworthy in that it required absolutely no hand-annotated training data in the given language, and virtually no language-specific knowledge or resources beyond raw text. Performance also significantly exceeds that obtained by direct annotation projection.
Near-infrared-emissive polymersomes: Self-assembled soft matter for in vivo optical imaging (2005)

We demonstrate that synthetic soft materials can extend the utility of natural vesicles, from predominantly hydrophilic reservoirs to functional colloidal carriers that facilitate the biomedical application of large aqueous-insoluble compounds. Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes (50-nm- to 50-microm-diameter polymer vesicles) were generated through cooperative self assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymers and conjugated multi(porphyrin)-based NIR fluorophores (NIRFs). When compared with natural vesicles comprised of phospholipids, polymersomes were uniquely capable of incorporating and uniformly distributing numerous large hydrophobic NIRFs exclusively in their lamellar membranes. Within these sequestered compartments, long polymer chains regulate the mean fluorophore-fluorophore interspatial separation as well as the fluorophore-localized electronic environment. Porphyrin-based NIRFs manifest photophysical properties within the polymersomal matrix akin to those established for these high-emission dipole strength fluorophores in organic solvents, thereby yielding uniquely emissive vesicles. Furthermore, the total fluorescence emanating from the assemblies gives rise to a localized optical signal of sufficient intensity to penetrate through the dense tumor tissue of a live animal. Robust NIR-emissive polymersomes thus define a soft matter platform with exceptional potential to facilitate deep-tissue fluorescence-based imaging for in vivo diagnostic and drug-delivery applications.
Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens by DNA amplification (1990)

A polymerase chain reaction assay was developed for the amplification of a 336-bp repetitive fragment in the chromosome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The assay is specific for M. tuberculosis and can be used to detect the amount of DNA present in less than 10 organisms. It was used to demonstrate M. tuberculosis DNA in 14 of 26 clinical specimens (from cerebrospinal fluids, pleural fluid aspirates and biopsies, pericardial fluid aspirates, and an open lung biopsy), and it was shown to be at least as sensitive as conventional culture techniques with these specimens.
Synthesis of Bromo‐iodo‐hydroquinone Monoalkyl Ethers (1997)

Abstract Two methods for the preparation of 2‐bromo‐5‐iodo‐ p ‐alkoxyphenols and the isomeric 5‐bromo‐2‐iodo‐ p ‐alkoxyphenols are reported in detail. In both cases the key to successful synthesis is the use of the difference in ortho‐directing power of phenols, phenolethers and phenolesters. During the bromination of 2‐iodo‐4‐propyloxyphenyl acetate ( 5 ) an unexpected “iodo‐effect” was observed, which can be attributed to the high polarisibility of iodine.
The Epidemiology of Community-Acquired Clostridium difficile Infection: A Population-Based Study (2011)

In this population-based cohort, a significant proportion of cases of CDI occurred in the community. These patients were younger and had less severe infection than those with hospital-acquired infection. Thus, reports of CDI in hospitalized patients likely underestimate the burden of disease and overestimate severity.
6,11-Dihydroacridizinium derivatives having a 6,11-etheno bridge (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT6,11-Dihydroacridizinium derivatives having a 6,11-etheno bridgeW. S. Burnham and C. K. BradsherCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 3, 355–358Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00968a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00968a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views45Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Features associated with reproductive ageing in female rhesus monkeys (2002)

Similarities between female rhesus monkeys and women in several features associated with reproductive ageing, in conjunction with our ability to perform IVF and other assisted reproductive techniques in monkeys, demonstrate the suitability of these animals for studies on human reproductive ageing and maternal age-related infertility. Although maternal age-related impairments in oocytes were not evident prior to implantation, further studies may reveal more subtle impairments, manifested during post-implantation development.
Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium Containing Interleukin-2 Decreases MC-38 Hepatic Metastases: A Novel Anti-tumor Agent (1996)

Currently, there is no long-term effective treatment for unresectable hepatic malignancies. Salmonella sp. are known to naturally track to the liver during active infection. To develop a biological vector for delivery of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) to the liver for anti-tumor purposes, the avirulent and highly immunogenic chi 4550 strain of Salmonella typhimurium was used as a vector for IL-2. The gene for human IL-2 was cloned into plasmid pYA292 (renamed pIL-2) and inserted into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium and renamed [chi 4550 (pIL-2)]. This transformant was found to produced biologically active IL-2 demonstrated by NK cell activation in a 4 hour chromium release cytotoxicity assay. To determine anti-tumor potential, MCA-38 murine adenocarcinoma cells were injected intrasplenically into C57BL/6 mice to produce hepatic metastases and metastases were subsequently enumerated after 12 days. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA with Fisher's test for significance. Hepatic metastases enumerated by blinded observers revealed that the mean number of metastases was 106.4 in control mice, 103.7 in mice gavage fed attenuated salmonella without IL-2 [chi 4550(pYA292)], and 44.3 in mice fed the chi 4550(pIL2); (ANOVA: p < 0.01). Culture of livers and spleens in mice administered a single gavage dose of salmonella demonstrated persistent colonization for up to 4 weeks. No observable toxicity was seen to either IL-2 or salmonella. These studies demonstrate that the chi 4550(pIL2) is a novel form of in vivo biotherapy which produces biologically active IL-2 and employs the oral route of administration to stimulate an immune response against malignancy in the liver.
Wavelets and signal processing (1991)

A simple, nonrigorous, synthetic view of wavelet theory is presented for both review and tutorial purposes. The discussion includes nonstationary signal analysis, scale versus frequency, wavelet analysis and synthesis, scalograms, wavelet frames and orthonormal bases, the discrete-time case, and applications of wavelets in signal processing. The main definitions and properties of wavelet transforms are covered, and connections among the various fields where results have been developed are shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Direct Labeling of 5-Methylcytosine and Its Applications (2007)

Cytosine methylation is one of the most important epigenetic events, and much effort has been directed to develop a simple reaction for methylcytosine detection. In this paper, we describe the design of tag-attachable ligands for direct methylcytosine labeling and their application to fluorescent and electrochemical assays. The effect of the location of bipyridine substituents on the efficiency of osmium complexation at methylcytosine was initially investigated. As a result, a bipyridine derivative with a substituent at the C4 position showed efficient complexation at the methylcytosine residue of single-stranded DNA in a reaction mixture containing potassium osmate and potassium hexacyanoferrate(III). On the basis of this result, a bipyridine derivative with a tag-attachable amino linker at the C4 position was synthesized. The efficiency of metal complex formation in the presence of the osmate and the synthetic ligand was clearly changed by the presence/absence of a methyl group at the C5 position of cytosine. The succinimidyl esters of functional labeling units were then attached to the bipyridine ligand fixed on the methylcytosine. These labels attached to methylcytosine enabled us to detect the target methylcytosine in DNA both fluorometrically and electrochemically. For example, we were able to fluorometrically obtain information on the methylation status at a specific site by means of fluorescence resonance energy transfer from a hybridized fluorescent DNA probe to a fluorescent label on methylcytosine. In addition, by the combination of electrochemically labeled methylcytosine and an electrode modified by probe DNAs, a methylcytosine-selective characteristic current signal was observed. This direct labeling of methylcytosine is a conceptually new methylation detection assay with many merits different from conventional assays.
C-Alkylation of α-Amidoketones (1970)

C-Alkylations of some N-acetonyl- and N-phenacylamides were effected with alkyl halides by means of sodium ethoxide in ethanol or potassium amide in liquid ammonia. The present paper deals with its scope and structural limitation for these alkylation reactions.
Theory of remote entanglement via quantum-limited phase-preserving amplification (2016)

We show that a quantum-limited phase-preserving amplifier can act as a which-path information eraser when followed by heterodyne detection. This ``beam splitter with gain'' implements a continuous joint measurement on the signal sources. As an application, we propose heralded concurrent remote entanglement generation between two qubits coupled dispersively to separate cavities. Dissimilar qubit-cavity pairs can be made indistinguishable by simple engineering of the cavity driving fields providing further experimental flexibility and the prospect for scalability. Additionally, we find an analytic solution for the stochastic master equation, a quantum filter, yielding a thorough physical understanding of the nonlinear measurement process leading to an entangled state of the qubits. We determine the concurrence of the entangled states and analyze its dependence on losses and measurement inefficiencies.
Development of an Enantiodivergent Strategy for the Total Synthesis of (+)- and (−)-Dragmacidin F from a Single Enantiomer of Quinic Acid (2005)

An enantiodivergent strategy for the total chemical synthesis of both (+)- and (-)-dragmacidin F beginning from a single enantiomer of quinic acid has been developed and successfully implemented. Although unique, the synthetic routes to these antipodes share a number of key features, including novel reductive isomerization reactions, Pd(II)-mediated oxidative carbocyclization reactions, halogen-selective Suzuki couplings, and high-yielding late-stage Neber rearrangements.
Diagnostic Criteria for Nonviable Pregnancy Early in the First Trimester (2013)

Determining the viability of a pregnancy is a major challenge, especially with a pregnancy of unknown location. This review provides specific guidance, including stringent criteria for nonviability, that can reduce the risk of inadvertent harm to a potentially normal pregnancy.
Verification of hardware descriptions by retargetable code generation (1989)

This paper proposes a new method for hardware verification. The basic idea is the application of a retargetable compiler as verification tool. A retargetable compiler is able to compile programs into the machine code of a specified hardware (target). If the program is the complete behavioural specification of the target, the compiler can be used to verify that a properly programmed structure implements the behaviour. Methods, algorithms and applications of an existing retargetable compiler are described.
Nerve excitation using an amplitude-modulated signal with kilohertz-frequency carrier and non-zero offset (2016)

Taken together, these results suggest that a TAMS with carrier frequencies >20 kHz does not offer any advantage over conventional pulses, even with larger amplitudes of the carrier, and this has implications for design of waveforms for efficient and effective transcutaneous stimulation.
BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS OF VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR (1998)

Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a blood glycoprotein that is required for normal hemostasis, and deficiency of VWF, or von Willebrand disease (VWD), is the most common inherited bleeding disorder. VWF mediates the adhesion of platelets to sites of vascular damage by binding to specific platelet membrane glycoproteins and to constituents of exposed connective tissue. These activities appear to be regulated by allosteric mechanisms and possibly by hydrodynamic shear forces. VWF also is a carrier protein for blood clotting factor VIII, and this interaction is required for normal factor VIII survival in the circulation. VWF is assembled from identical approximately 250 kDa subunits into disulfide-linked multimers that may be > 20,000 kDa. Mutations in VWD can disrupt this complex biosynthetic process at several steps to impair the assembly, intracellular targeting, or secretion of VWF multimers. Other VWD mutations impair the survival of VWF in plasma or the function of specific ligand binding sites. This growing body of information about VWF synthesis, structure, and function has allowed the reclassification of VWD based upon distinct pathophysiologic mechanisms that appear to correlate with clinical symptoms and the response to therapy.
Confidence measures for dialogue management in the CU Communicator system (2002)

This paper provides improved confidence assessment for detection of word-level speech recognition errors and out-of-domain user requests using language model features. We consider a combined measure of confidence that utilizes the language model back-off sequence, language model score, and phonetic length of recognized words as indicators of speech recognition confidence. The paper investigates the ability of each feature to detect speech recognition errors and out-of-domain utterances as well as two methods for combining the features contextually: a multi-layer perceptron and a statistical decision tree. We illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm by considering utterances from the ATIS airline information task as either in-domain and out-of-domain for the DARPA Communicator task. Using this hand-labeled data, it is shown that 27.9% of incorrectly recognized words and 36.4% of out-of-domain phrases are detected at a 2.5% false alarm rate.
Preparation of Structurally Well-Defined Polymer−Nanoparticle Hybrids with Controlled/Living Radical Polymerizations (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTPreparation of Structurally Well-Defined Polymer−Nanoparticle Hybrids with Controlled/Living Radical PolymerizationsTimothy von Werne and Timothy E. PattenView Author Information Department of Chemistry University of California at Davis One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616-5295 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 32, 7409–7410Publication Date (Web):July 27, 1999Publication History Received7 April 1999Published online27 July 1999Published inissue 1 August 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja991108lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja991108lrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5935Altmetric-Citations499LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Aromatic compounds,Nanoparticles,Polymers,Radical polymerization,Silica Get e-Alerts
The5ESSSwitching System: Factory System Testing (1985)

This paper describes factory system testing for the 5ESS™ switch. Factory system testing is performed using standard maintenance and diagnostic features of the 5ESS switch. The design of the factory system testing process is based on the distributed architecture of the 5ESS switch and is described in this paper. The system-level requirements that each 5ESS switch must meet before shipment to the field are also discussed.
Microstructure‐property relationships in a tissue‐engineering scaffold (2007)

Abstract Electrospinning can produce tissue‐engineering scaffolds possessing appropriate strength, biomimetic structure, economic appeal, and biocompatibility. To investigate how microstructural changes could potentially affect adherent mammalian cells, tensile samples were strained to 10, 40, and 80% extension, and adhered to double‐sided carbon tape to maintain specific states of strain. While establishing the stress–strain response, we invoked polymer sintering to help verify that the “point bonding” concept is more significant than previously realized at both the macroscopic and microscopic length scales. Sintering successfully established the effects of deliberate, extensive point bonding/localized “notch” generation on mechanical properties and microstructural response without requiring chemical changes within the structure. We also found that fibers experience significant hysteresis in terms of their orientation following exposure to high values of strain. Aligned fibers provide higher strengths (σ ave = 2.8 ± 0.3 MPa vs. σ ave = 1.29 ± 0.04 MPa for unaligned fibers) but considerably lower elongation [ε ave = (30 ± 2)% vs. ε ave = (102 ± 6)%]. Conversely, when strain occurs perpendicular to the aligned fiber direction total strain increases [ε ave = (188 ± 6)%] while strength decreases (σ ave = 0.38 ± 0.01 MPa). Elastic response to low strains appears to estimate ultimate tensile strength. In many ways, electrospun fibers behave similarly to classic interpretations of polymer chains in that when strained in both cases elements can rearrange and translate to align along the direction of loading. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Gene silencing of HIF-2α disrupts glioblastoma stem cell phenotype (2020)

HIF-2α silencing under hypoxia inhibited CSC phenotypes while promoting differentiated cell phenotypes and is complementary to existing DNA alkylating treatments in inhibiting glioma CSC activity.