gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerotic Plaque Tissue: Noninvasive Quantitative Assessment of Characteristics with Software-aided Measurements from Conventional CT Angiography (2017)

Purpose To (a) evaluate whether plaque tissue characteristics determined with conventional computed tomographic (CT) angiography could be quantitated at higher levels of accuracy by using image processing algorithms that take characteristics of the image formation process coupled with biologic insights on tissue distributions into account by comparing in vivo results and ex vivo histologic findings and (b) assess reader variability. Materials and Methods Thirty-one consecutive patients aged 43-85 years (average age, 64 years) known to have or suspected of having atherosclerosis who underwent CT angiography and were referred for endarterectomy were enrolled. Surgical specimens were evaluated with histopathologic examination to serve as standard of reference. Two readers used lumen boundary to determine scanner blur and then optimized component densities and subvoxel boundaries to best fit the observed image by using semiautomatic software. The accuracy of the resulting in vivo quantitation of calcification, lipid-rich necrotic core (LRNC), and matrix was assessed with statistical estimates of bias and linearity relative to ex vivo histologic findings. Reader variability was assessed with statistical estimates of repeatability and reproducibility. Results A total of 239 cross sections obtained with CT angiography and histologic examination were matched. Performance on held-out data showed low levels of bias and high Pearson correlation coefficients for calcification (-0.096 mm<sup>2</sup> and 0.973, respectively), LRNC (1.26 mm<sup>2</sup> and 0.856), and matrix (-2.44 mm<sup>2</sup> and 0.885). Intrareader variability was low (repeatability coefficient ranged from 1.50 mm<sup>2</sup> to 1.83 mm<sup>2</sup> among tissue characteristics), as was interreader variability (reproducibility coefficient ranged from 2.09 mm<sup>2</sup> to 4.43 mm<sup>2</sup>). Conclusion There was high correlation and low bias between the in vivo software image analysis and ex vivo histopathologic quantitative measures of atherosclerotic plaque tissue characteristics, as well as low reader variability. Software algorithms can mitigate the blurring and partial volume effects of routine CT angiography acquisitions to produce accurate quantification to enhance current clinical practice. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02143102 <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article. An earlier incorrect version of this article appeared online. This article was corrected on September 15, 2017.
Modeling high‐pressure gas–polymer mixtures using the sanchez‐lacombe equation of state (1988)

Abstract The Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state was used to model the sorption of high‐pressure gases into solid, amorphous polymers and molten polymers. Only one adjustable parameter per binary pair, δ 12 , was used in the mixing rules to correct the deviation of the characteristic pressure of the mixture, P 12 * , from the geometric mean. The values of δ 12 which gave the best fit of the available literature data for the carbon dioxide–polymethyl methacrylate, carbon dioxide–silicone rubber, ethylene–low density polyethylene, methane–polyisobutylene, methane–low‐density and high‐density polyethylene, and methane–polystyrene systems ranged from −0.019 to 0.136. In all cases, the calculated sorption isotherms were in reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. The resultant swelling of polymethyl methacrylate and silicone rubber was also well represented by the Sanchez‐Lacombe equation of state. Because the Sanchez‐Lacombe theory is based on lattice‐fluid theory, the sorption calculations are limited to polymers which are noncrystalline, not cross‐linked or slightly crosslinked, above their glass transition temperature, or above their melting temperature. The sorption data for the amorphous polymers considered in this study were either at temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the polymer or were at sufficiently high pressures that the temperature was above the effective glass transition temperature as predicted from a theoretical relation presented by Chow.
Retroviral vector silencing during iPS cell induction: An epigenetic beacon that signals distinct pluripotent states (2008)

Retroviral vectors are transcriptionally silent in pluripotent stem cells. This feature has been potently applied in studies that reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. By delivering the four Yamanaka factors in retroviral vectors, high expression is obtained in fibroblasts to induce the pluripotent state. Partial reprogramming generates Class I iPS cells that express the viral transgenes and endogenous pluripotency genes. Full-reprogramming in Class II iPS cells silences the vectors as the endogenous genes maintain the pluripotent state. Thus, retroviral vector silencing serves as a beacon marking the fully reprogrammed pluripotent state. Here we review known silencer elements, and the histone modifying and DNA methylation pathways, that silence retroviral and lentiviral vectors in pluripotent stem cells. Both retroviral and lentiviral vectors are influenced by position effects and often exhibit variegated expression. The best vector designs facilitate full-reprogramming and subsequent retroviral silencing, which is required for directed-differentiation. Current retroviral reprogramming methods can be immediately applied to create patient-specific iPS cell models of human disease, however, future clinical applications will require novel chemical or other reprogramming methods that reduce or eliminate the integrated vector copy number load. Nevertheless, retroviral vectors will continue to play an important role in genetically correcting patient iPS cell models. We anticipate that novel pluripotent-specific reporter vectors will select for isolation of high quality human iPS cell lines, and select against undifferentiated pluripotent cells during regenerative medicine to prevent teratoma formation after transplantation.
Cellular dimensions affecting the nucleocytoplasmic volume ratio. (1991)

Although it has long been appreciated that larger eukaryotic cells have larger nuclei, little is known about how this size relationship is maintained. Here we describe a method for measuring the aqueous volume ratio of nucleus to cytoplasm, two compartments which are interconnected via the pores in the nuclear envelope. We then use that method to identify proportional cellular dimensions in variously treated cells and in different cell types. Cells were scrape loaded with a mixture of fluorescent dextrans: Texas red dextran, average mol wt = 10,000 (TRDx10), and fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran, average mol wt = 70,000 (FDx70). After introduction into the cytoplasmic space, the TRDx10 distributed into both the nucleus and cytoplasm, whereas the FDx70 was restricted to cytoplasm, due to size exclusion by the nuclear pores. The aqueous nucleocytoplasmic volume ratio (RN/C) was determined by measuring, from fluorescence images of spread cells, total cellular fluorescence of each of the two probes and the fluorescence ratio of those probes in the cytoplasm. RN/C was unaffected by the measurement procedure or by varying temperatures between 23 degrees and 37 degrees C. Loading excess unlabeled dextrans had little effect on RN/C, with the single exception that high concentrations of large dextrans could lower RN/C in endothelial cells. Expanding intracellular membranous compartments of macrophages by phagocytosis of latex beads decreased RN/C. Expanding the same compartment by pinocytosis of sucrose, which nearly doubled total cell volume, had little effect on RN/C, indicating that nuclear volume was more closely linked to the cytoplasmic volume, exclusive of vesicular organelles, than to total cell volume. RN/C was the same in mononucleate and binucleate endothelial cells. Finally, measurements of RN/C in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, bovine aortic endothelial cells, Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts, PtK2 cells, and CV-1 cells revealed that nuclear volume scaled allometrically with cell volume. The allometric relationship indicated that cell volume was proportional to nuclear surface area.
Bleeding complications of intracoronary fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. Assessment of risk in a randomised trial. (1985)

The risk of bleeding associated with intracoronary infusion of streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction was determined in a randomised controlled trial containing 302 patients under the age of 70. Intracoronary streptokinase infusion was given to 152 patients and 150 patients were treated conventionally. Bleeding was seen in 24 (16%) patients in the streptokinase group and in two of the conventionally treated patients. Bleeding was most common (28%) in patients over the age of 60 years. The groin was the site of bleeding in all patients except one. In the first 48 hours after admission the haematocrit in streptokinase treated patients with manifest bleeding fell by 0.07 (0.04) (mean (SD)). The fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase treated patients without manifest bleeding was 0.05 (0.04) and in the conventionally treated patients it fell by 0.03 (0.04). Sixty six units of packed cells were transfused in the streptokinase group (50 units to those who bled); the control group required only 17 units. There were no deaths due to bleeding. The occurrence of bleeding and the fall in haematocrit in the streptokinase group correlated with the occurrence of systemic fibrinolysis but not with the dose of streptokinase given. Thus, in about 15% of patients treatment with intracoronary streptokinase resulted in significant non-fatal bleeding from the femoral puncture site that required substantial transfusion support. Furthermore, there was a significant drop in haematocrit in patients without manifest bleeding. These results emphasise the need for more specific fibrinolytic agents.
神灵之手(续一)——一个被红军释放的外国传教士见闻录 (1989)

第四章行行重行行在队伍行军过程中,经常要为许多大小河流所阻,渡河的方式是多种多样的,从搭浮桥以至到跳过那令人战战兢兢的石磴。情况好时,我们会遇到典型的中国摆渡,船在河水冲击下摇摇摆摆,险象环生。而船上的人心惊胆战,诚惶诚恐,这通常也是我们与卫兵寸步不离而使船超载有关。一次,摆渡的小船被卫兵和我们塞得满满当当后,才摇摇晃晃驶向河中,在接近对岸时,由于掌舵的同志惊慌失误,船撞到石头上,舱中涌进了河水,当时唯一的选择是让人跳水逃命,但卫兵这时仍试图观望。船又一次撞上石头,即刻沉入水中,船中的人挤着向船外跳,当我落到河中拚命游到对岸时,船已漂到下游水流湍急的地方。海曼没能爬出
Iniparib, a PARP1 inhibitor for the potential treatment of cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer. (2010)

PARP inhibitors are a promising, novel class of anticancer agents. Iniparib (BSI-201) is an intravenously administered PARP1 inhibitor under development by BiPar Sciences Inc, a subsidiary of sanofi-aventis, under license from Octamer Inc, for the potential treatment of cancer. Iniparib, either alone or in combination with chemotherapy, had significant antitumor activity in preclinical studies in vitro and in vivo. Phase I clinical trials in patients with solid tumors demonstrated that treatment with iniparib was associated with minimal toxicity. Encouraging results were observed in a randomized phase II clinical trial, which demonstrated that the addition of iniparib to gemcitabine and carboplatin led to an improvement in clinical benefit rate, progression-free survival and overall survival in patients with metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) compared with gemcitabine and carboplatin alone. A phase III clinical trial to test the survival benefit of iniparib in combination with gemcitabine and carboplatin in metastatic TNBC has completed accrual. Another phase III clinical trial will evaluate the overall survival of patients with newly diagnosed stage IV squamous NSCLC treated with gemcitabine and carboplatin with or without iniparib. Several phase II clinical trials of iniparib as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy are ongoing in other tumor types, such as ovarian and uterine cancer, NSCLC and glioblastoma. These trials will clarify the role of iniparib in the treatment of cancer, including TNBC.
Essentials of Antimicrobial Pharmacology: A Guide to Fundamentals for Practice (2001)

For many medical students and physicians, the task of quickly obtaining sufficient, accurate, and up-to-date information about the pharmacology of antimicrobials often involves consulting either lengthy textbooks or inadequate tabular guides. In Essentials of Antimicrobial Pharmacology: A Guide to Fundamentals for Practice, Dr. Axelsen superbly addresses this problem by concisely summarizing the essential medical data concerning the leading antimicrobials used in fighting infectious diseases and clearly illustrating their mechanisms of action. The agents described range from antibacterial and antifungal to antiparasitic and antiviral agents, and include immunomodulators and immunizing agents. For each drug discussed, the book allows rapid access to the essential facts concerning its structure and mechanism of action, the spectrum of its activity, its pharmacokinetics, its adverse effects, and its resistance. Background discussions explain the fundamentals of measuring antibiotic effect, administering antibiotics, distribution and elimination, sensitivity testing, and dose-response relationships. Essentials of Antimicrobial Pharmacology: A Guide to Fundamentals for Practice provides medical students, physicians, and allied health professionals with rapid access to the core principles of antimicrobial pharmacology, and a foundation for decisions about the use of antimicrobials in daily practice
Enzymatic synthesis of cyclosporin A. (1987)

An enzyme fraction, isolated from crude extracts of the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum, strain 7939/F, is able to synthesize the undecapeptide cyclosporin A. The formation of cyclosporin A was monitored by incorporation of the radiolabeled constituent amino acids of cyclosporin A or by using S-adenosyl-L-[14C-methyl] methionine. The structure of cyclosporin A, synthesized enzymatically in vitro, was confirmed by chromatographic comparison with the authentic compound and by amino acid analyses. Replacement of L-2-aminobutyric acid in the reaction mixture by L-alanine, L-threonine, L-valine, or L-norvaline yields the naturally occurring cyclosporins B, C, D, and G. Also, D-alanine could be replaced by D-serine to yield [D-Ser8]cyclosporin A.
Pomalidomide (Pomalyst<sup>®</sup> capsule 1 mg/2 mg/3 mg/4 mg): pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical study outcome (2016)

近年，多発性骨髄腫では新規薬剤が開発され，治療成績が向上している．しかし，現在のKey drugであるプロテアソーム阻害薬ボルデゾミブおよび免疫調整薬（Immunomodulatory drugs：IMiDs®）レナリドミドの2剤に治療抵抗性・不応性になった患者に対する有効な治療選択肢は極めて限られており，新たな薬剤が求められている．ポマリドミドは，米国セルジーン社が創製したサリドマイド，レナリドミドに続く新規のIMiDs®であり，主作用として直接的殺腫瘍作用，免疫調整作用，骨髄微小環境への作用を示す．また，経口カプセル剤のため，骨髄腫患者にとって治療に伴う負担が軽く，利便性が高い．非臨床試験からは，in vitroでは同じIMiDs®のレナリドミド耐性株においても腫瘍増殖抑制やアポトーシス促進が示され，in vivoではレナリドミドと交差耐性を示さないことが確認された．ポマリドミドの標的は442個のアミノ酸から成るセレブロン（Cereblon：CRBN）であり，CRBNは催奇形性の主要な原因因子であることが分かっている．最近の研究結果から，このようなCRBNを介したIMiDs®の作用機序が解明されている．臨床においては，米国で行われた第Ⅰ/Ⅱ相試験（MM-002）でデキサメタゾンとの併用効果が認められ，欧州で行われた第Ⅲ相試験（MM-003）でデキサメタゾンとの併用によりボルテゾミブおよびレナリドミド抵抗性の患者にも有効性が確認された．本邦では2012年より日本人対象の治験を開始した．日本人再発難治骨髄腫患者を対象とした第Ⅰ相試験（MM-004）では，ポマリドミドの薬物動態学的パラメータは海外試験の結果と類似し，安全性プロファイルも同様であった．再発難治骨髄腫日本人患者でのデキサメタゾンとの併用におけるポマリドミド4 mgの有効性および安全性については，後の第Ⅱ相試験（MM-011）にて確認された．2014年6月には希少疾病医薬品の指定を受け，海外での臨床試験成績および国内臨床試験の結果を踏まえ，2015年3月に「再発又は難治性の多発性骨髄腫」に対する製造販売承認を取得した．ポマリドミドは，レナリドミドやボルテゾミブによる治療にもかかわらず再発・進行した難治性の多発性骨髄腫に有効な薬剤であり，骨髄腫疾患領域のアンメット・メディカル・ニーズを満たす画期的な新薬である．なお，本剤は催奇形性を有する可能性があるため，レブラミド®・ポマリスト®適正管理手順（Revmate®：レブメイト）の下での使用が承認条件として定められている．
Increased sulfation of glycoconjugates by cultured nasal epithelial cells from patients with cystic fibrosis. (1989)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory epithelia exhibit abnormal anion transport that may be linked to abnormal lung defense. In these studies, we investigated whether primary cultures of CF respiratory epithelial cells regulate abnormally the sulfate content of high molecular weight glycoconjugates (HMG) participating in airways' mucosal defense. HMG, including glycosaminoglycans and mucin-type glycoproteins released spontaneously into medium and HMG released from cell surfaces by trypsin, were metabolically labeled with 35SO4- and [6-3H]-glucosamine (GlcN) or 35SO4- and [3H]serine. All three classes of HMG from CF cells exhibited 35S/3H labeling ratios 1.5-4-fold greater than HMG from normal or disease control cells. Differences for labeling ratios of HMG from CF cells were shown to be the consequence of increased 35SO4- incorporation rather than decreased peptide synthesis and release or HMG glycosylation. The buoyant density of CF mucin-type HMG also was increased, consistent with increased sulfation. These observations suggest that oversulfation of a spectrum of HMG is a genetically determined characteristic of CF epithelial cells and may play an important pathophysiological role by altering the properties of mucous secretions and/or the interactions between selected bacteria and HMG at the airways' surface.
<title>Content-based integrity protection of digital images</title> (1999)

The increasing availability of digitally stored information and the development of new multimedia broadcasting services, has recently motivated research on copyright protection and authentication schemes for these services. Possible solutions range from low-level systems based upon header description associated with the bit-stream (labelling), up to high level, holographically inlayed, non-deletable systems (watermarking). This paper is focused on authentication, using the labeling approach; a generic framework is firstly presented and two specific methods are then proposed for the particular cases of still images and videos. The resistance of both methods to JPEG and MPEG2 compression, as well as its sensitivity to image manipulations, are evaluated.
Digital holographic microscopy: a noninvasive contrast imaging technique allowing quantitative visualization of living cells with subwavelength axial accuracy (2005)

We have developed a digital holographic microscope (DHM), in a transmission mode, especially dedicated to the quantitative visualization of phase objects such as living cells. The method is based on an original numerical algorithm presented in detail elsewhere [Cuche et al., Appl. Opt. 38, 6994 (1999)]. DHM images of living cells in culture are shown for what is to our knowledge the first time. They represent the distribution of the optical path length over the cell, which has been measured with subwavelength accuracy. These DHM images are compared with those obtained by use of the widely used phase contrast and Nomarski differential interference contrast techniques.
The Measurement of Broadband Ultrasonic Attenuation in Cancellous Bone (1984)

We have carried out measurements of the frequency dependence of ultrasonic attenuation in the range 0.2–1 MHz in in vitro samples of bovine cancellous bone and in vivo os calcis heel bones. A comparison of the results allows us to infer that the in vivo measurements are dependent on the bone mineral content of the os calcis. The bone mineral content has been determined in this way for three female populations and indicates that the technique allows determination of bone loss and the study of the onset and progress of osteoporosis. The technique has the great advantage of health safety over radiographic and neutron activation analysis. It may also prove to be more sensitive to small changes in bone mineral content.
DTS-108, A Novel Peptidic Prodrug of SN38: In vivo Efficacy and Toxicokinetic Studies (2008)

DTS-108 is able to deliver significantly higher levels of SN38 than irinotecan, without the associated toxicity of irinotecan, resulting in an increased therapeutic window for DTS-108 in preclinical models. These encouraging data merit further preclinical and clinical investigation.
FLAASH, a MODTRAN4-based atmospheric correction algorithm, its application and validation (2003)

Terrain categorization and target detection algorithms applied to Hyperspectral Imagery (HSI) typically operate on the measured reflectance (of Sun and sky illumination) by an object or scene. Since the reflectance is a non-dimensional ratio, the reflectance by an object is nominally not affected by variations In lighting conditions. Atmospheric Correction (also referred to as Atmospheric 'Compensation', 'Characterization', etc.) Algorithms (ACAs) are used in applications of remotely sensed HSI data to correct for the effects of atmospheric propagation on measurements acquired by air and space-borne systems. The Fast Line-of-sight Atmospheric Analysis of Spectral Hypercubes (FLAASH) algorithm is an ACA created for HSI applications in the visible through shortwave infrared (Vis-SWIR) spectral regime. FLAASH derives its 'physics-based' mathematics from MODTRAN4.
The α‐toxin of Clostridium septicum is essential for virulence (2005)

Clostridium septicum is the causative agent of spontaneous gas gangrene or atraumatic myonecrosis, a sudden and frequently fatal infection that is increasingly associated with malignancy of the colon. Little is known about the disease process although the focus of virulence studies has been the alpha-toxin, a pore-forming cytolysin that is encoded by the csa gene and secreted as an inactive protoxin. Until now a lack of techniques for the genetic manipulation of C. septicum has hindered the use of molecular approaches to understand pathogenesis. By introducing plasmids by conjugation from Escherichia coli, we have developed methods for the genetic manipulation of C. septicum and constructed a chromosomal csa mutant by allelic exchange. Virulence testing of an isogenic series of strains consisting of the wild type, the csa mutant, and a csa mutant complemented with the wild-type csa gene revealed that the development of fulminant myonecrosis in mice was dependent on the ability to produce a functional haemolytic alpha-toxin. Furthermore, the inhibition of leukocyte influx into the lesion, which is very typical of clostridial myonecrosis, was also dependent on the ability to produce alpha-toxin. This study represents the first definitive identification of a virulence factor in this organism and opens the way for further studies that will delineate the role of other putative virulence factors in this significant pathogen.
Circulating Endothelial Cells (2009)

Irreversible PAH in congenital heart disease is associated with endothelial damage and with increased circulating endothelial cell counts. The present study suggests that CECs could be a valuable tool to define therapeutic strategies in congenital heart disease patients with PAH.
A Tangled Web: Issues of I18N, Domain Names, and the Other Internet protocols (2000)

The goals of the work to "internationalize" Internet protocols include providing all users of the Internet with the capability of using their own language and its standard character set to express themselves, write names, and to navigate the network.This impacts the domain names visible in e-mail addresses and so many of today's URLs used to locate information on the World Wide Web, etc.However, domain names are used by Internet protocols that are used across national boundaries.These services must interoperate worldwide, or we risk isolating components of the network from each other along locale boundaries.This type of isolation could impede not only communications among people, but opportunities of the areas involved to participate effectively in e-commerce, distance learning, and other activities at an international scale, thereby retarding economic development.