gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient-controlled analgesia vs. Conventional intramuscular analgesia following colon surgery (1988)

Though patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) has been in use for over a decade, it has been popularized only recently. Conventional techniques of intermittent intramuscular (IM) administration of analgesia have fallen short of meeting the needs of patients following major abdominal surgery. This has prompted a search for methods to improve postoperative pain management. Though PCA has been accepted in many hospitals, few studies comparing conventional IM administration of morphine with PCA have been performed. A prospective randomized study comparing IM- and PCA-administered morphine in 62 patients undergoing colon surgery was performed. A comparison of the efficacy of analgesia and extent of sedation using these approaches shows that PCA allows for analgesia with less sedation and less drug requirement than that of IM administration. No differences were noted in postoperative duration of ileus, duration of hospitalization, and total hospital costs. This study confirms the safety and efficacy of PCA, and should be considered the current optimal method of controlling pain following major colonic surgery.
Novel adeno-associated viruses from rhesus monkeys as vectors for human gene therapy (2002)

Tissues from rhesus monkeys were screened by PCR for the presence of sequences homologous to known adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotypes 1-6. DNA spanning entire rep-cap ORFs from two novel AAVs, called AAV7 and AAV8, were isolated. Sequence comparisons among these and previously described AAVs revealed the greatest divergence in capsid proteins. AAV7 and AAV8 were not neutralized by heterologous antisera raised to the other serotypes. Neutralizing antibodies to AAV7 and AAV8 were rare in human serum and, when present, were low in activity. Vectors formed with capsids from AAV7 and AAV8 were generated by using rep and inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) from AAV2 and were compared with similarly constructed vectors made from capsids of AAV1, AAV2, and AAV5. Murine models of skeletal muscle and liver-directed gene transfer were used to evaluate relative vector performance. AAV7 vectors demonstrated efficiencies of transgene expression in skeletal muscle equivalent to that observed with AAV1, the most efficient known serotype for this application. In liver, transgene expression was 10- to 100-fold higher with AAV8 than observed with other serotypes. This improved efficiency correlated with increased persistence of vector DNA and higher number of transduced hepatocytes. The efficiency of AAV8 vector for liver-directed gene transfer of factor IX was not impacted by preimmunization with the other AAV serotypes. Vectors based on these novel, nonhuman primate AAVs should be considered for human gene therapy because of low reactivity to antibodies directed to human AAVs and because gene transfer efficiency in muscle was similar to that obtained with the best known serotype, whereas, in liver, gene transfer was substantially higher than previously described.
Relation between structure and immunologic properties of the Vi capsular polysaccharide (1991)

The Vi capsular polysaccharide of Salmonella typhi is a linear homopolymer of poly-alpha(1----4)GalNAcp variably O acetylated at the C-3 position. Serum antibodies elicited by this antigen confer protective immunity against typhoid fever. The relation between the immunologic properties and structure of Vi was investigated by carboxyl reduction, O deacetylation, and acid hydrolysis. The immunogenicity of Vi was closely related to its degree of O acetylation. Partial O deacetylation slightly increased immunogenicity; complete O deacetylation eliminated the immunogenicity of Vi. O-deacetylated Vi, however, still reacted with antisera prepared by injection of whole bacteria. Carboxyl reduction, in contrast, had a comparatively slight effect upon both the immunogenicity and antigenicity of Vi. Retention levels of antigenicity after acid treatment were greater for both the native and carboxyl-reduced Vi than for the O-deacetylated product. The Courtauld-Koltun space-filling model of a pentamer of Vi demonstrated that the bulky nonpolar O-acetyls, which protrude in rows on both sides, make up most of the surface. The carboxyls are less exposed and are partially shielded by the O-acetyls. The molecular model thus provides an explantation for the dominant role of the O-acetyls, as well as the lesser effect of carboxyl reduction, upon the immunologic properties of Vi.
Differentiating keratoacanthoma from squamous cell carcinoma by the use of apoptotic and cell adhesion markers (2005)

These results support the view that KA has a different pathogenesis and biochemistry from that of SCC, and is a distinct entity. Anti-P2X7 labelling, using routine immunohistochemical techniques, provides a method for differentially diagnosing these conditions.
A Workshop on Pubertal Hormone Replacement Options in the United States (2006)

The use of physiological sex hormone replacement to optimize the induction of puberty in hypogonadal adolescents was recommended. The workshop revealed striking differences between US and European pediatric endocrinologists regarding their practices and attitudes regarding the induction of puberty in hypogonadal females. Detailed studies are necessary to develop more uniform guidelines.
Breaking the speed limit with atomic force microscopy (2006)

High-speed atomic force microscopy (AFM) is important for following processes that occur on sub-second timescales for studies both in biology and materials science, and also for the ability to examine large areas of a specimen at high resolution in a practical length of time. Further developments of the previously reported high-speed contact-mode AFM are described. Two instruments are presented: (i) a high-speed flexure stage arrangement capable of imaging at a video rate of 30 fps, and (ii) an ultra-high speed instrument using a combined tuning fork and flexure-stage scanning system capable of ultra-high-speed imaging in excess of 1000 fps. Results of imaging collagen fibres under ambient conditions at rates of up to 1300 frames s-1 are presented. Despite tipâ€“specimen relative velocities of up to 200 mm s<sup>-1</sup>, no significant damage to the collagen specimen was observed even after tens of thousands of frames were acquired in the same area of the specimen.
Growth Determinants for H5N1 Influenza Vaccine Seed Viruses in MDCK Cells (2008)

H5N1 influenza A viruses are exacting a growing human toll, with more than 240 fatal cases to date. In the event of an influenza pandemic caused by these viruses, embryonated chicken eggs, which are the approved substrate for human inactivated-vaccine production, will likely be in short supply because chickens will be killed by these viruses or culled to limit the worldwide spread of the infection. The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is a promising alternative candidate substrate because it supports efficient growth of influenza viruses compared to other cell lines. Here, we addressed the molecular determinants for growth of an H5N1 vaccine seed virus in MDCK cells, revealing the critical responsibility of the Tyr residue at position 360 of PB2, the considerable requirement for functional balance between hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), and the partial responsibility of the Glu residue at position 55 of NS1. Based on these findings, we produced a PR8/H5N1 reassortant, optimized for this cell line, that derives all of its genes for its internal proteins from the PR8(UW) strain except for the NS gene, which derives from the PR8(Cambridge) strain; its N1 NA gene, which has a long stalk and derives from an early H5N1 strain; and its HA gene, which has an avirulent-type cleavage site sequence and is derived from a circulating H5N1 virus. Our findings demonstrate the importance and feasibility of a cell culture-based approach to producing seed viruses for inactivated H5N1 vaccines that grow robustly and in a timely, cost-efficient manner as an alternative to egg-based vaccine production.
DAMAGE TO PORCINE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS AFTER EXPOSURE TO HUMAN BLOOD IN VITRO, OR AFTER INTRAPORTAL TRANSPLANTATION TO CYNOMOLOGUS MONKEYS (2000)

Exposure of isolated xenogeneic islets of Langerhans to blood, both in vitro and in vivo, resulted in acute islet damage. Complement and platelets seem to have a central role in the reactions described. Strategies to efficiently inhibit these reactions will be crucial for clinical intraportal islet xenotransplantation to be successful.
<title>EUV lithography: main challenges</title> (2004)

No Abstract.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of pDC, recipient Treg, and donor Tregin HSC engraftment (2011)

Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation (HSCT) has been utilized for treatment of many hematologic malignancies, genetic and metabolic disorders, and hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. It also induces donor-specific tolerance to organ and tissue transplants. The widespread success of HSCT is hampered by the toxicities of immunosuppression and development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). The mechanism of induction of transplantation tolerance (reciprocal donor/host) is still an elusive challenge in allogeneic HSCT. An understanding of the mechanisms for induction of tolerance and the critical cells involved in this process has resulted in novel cell-based therapies poised to be translated to clinical application. The focus of this review is those cells of interest. Bone marrow-derived plasmacytoid dendritic cells induce naïve T cells to differentiate to become antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg), creating a milieu for the induction of transplantation tolerance. Recently, CD8+/TCR- facilitating cells (FC), a novel cell population in mouse bone marrow, have been shown to potently enhance engraftment of allogeneic HSC without causing GVHD. The predominant subpopulation of FC resembles plasmacytoid precursor dendritic cells. FC induce antigen-specific Treg in vivo. Notably, FC address one major concern that has prevented the implementation of Treg cell therapy in the clinic: to expand Treg and have them remain tolerogenic in vivo. FC are novel in that they induce an antigen-specific regulatory milieu in vivo. The discovery of FC has opened new alternatives to expanded criteria in bone marrow transplantation that were previously restricted to human leukocyte antigen-matched recipients. The focus of this review is to cover what is currently known about the mechanism of FC action in inducing tolerance and preventing GVHD and host-versus-graft reactivity.
Ursodeoxycholic acid protects against secondary biliary cirrhosis in rats by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress (2004)

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) improves clinical and biochemical indices in primary biliary cirrhosis and prolongs survival free of liver transplantation. Recently, it was suggested that the cytoprotective mechanisms of UDCA may be mediated by protection against oxidative stress, which is involved in the development of cirrhosis induced by chronic cholestasis. The aims of the current study were 1) to identify the mechanisms involved in glutathione depletion, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial impairment during biliary cirrhosis induced by chronic cholestasis in rats; and 2) to determine the mechanisms associated with the protective effects of UDCA against secondary biliary cirrhosis. The findings of the current study indicate that UDCA partially prevents hepatic and mitochondrial glutathione depletion and oxidation resulting from chronic cholestasis. Impairment of biliary excretion was accompanied by decreased steady-state hepatic levels of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase and gamma-cystathionase messenger RNAs. UDCA treatment led to up-regulation of gamma-glutamyl cysteine synthetase in animals with secondary biliary cirrhosis and prevented the marked increases in mitochondrial peroxide production and hydroxynonenal-protein adduct production that are observed during chronic cholestasis. A population of damaged and primarily apoptotic hepatocytes characterized by dramatic decreases in mitochondrial cardiolipin levels and membrane potential as well as phosphatidylserine exposure evolves in secondary biliary cirrhosis. UDCA treatment prevents the growth of this population along with the decreases in mitochondrial cardiolipin levels and membrane potential that are induced by chronic cholestasis. In conclusion, UDCA treatment enhances the antioxidant defense mediated by glutathione; in doing so, this treatment prevents cardiolipin depletion and cell injury in animals with secondary biliary cirrhosis.
Elements of a neurobiological theory of hippocampal function: the role of synaptic plasticity, synaptic tagging and schemas (2006)

The 2004 EJN Lecture was an attempt to lay out further aspects of a developing neurobiological theory of hippocampal function [Morris, R.G.M., Moser, E.I., Riedel, G., Martin, S.J., Sandin, J., Day, M. & O'Carroll, C. (2003) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci., 358, 773-786.] These are that (i) activity-dependent synaptic plasticity plays a key role in the automatic encoding and initial storage of attended experience; (ii) the persistence of hippocampal synaptic potentiation over time can be influenced by other independent neural events happening closely in time, an idea with behavioural implications for memory; and (iii) that systems-level consolidation of memory traces within neocortex is guided both by hippocampal traces that have been subject to cellular consolidation and by the presence of organized schema in neocortex into which relevant newly encoded information might be stored. Hippocampal memory is associative and, to study it more effectively than with previous paradigms, a new learning task is described which is unusual in requiring the incidental encoding of flavour-place paired associates, with the readout of successful storage being successful recall of a place given the flavour with which it was paired. NMDA receptor-dependent synaptic plasticity is shown to be critical for the encoding and intermediate storage of memory traces in this task, while AMPA receptor-mediated fast synaptic transmission is necessary for memory retrieval. Typically, these rapidly encoded traces decay quite rapidly over time. Synaptic potentiation also decays rapidly, but can be rendered more persistent by a process of cellular consolidation in which synaptic tagging and capture play a key part in determining whether or not it will be persistent. Synaptic tags set at the time of an event, even many trivial events, can capture the products of the synthesis of plasticity proteins set in train by events before, during or even after an event to be remembered. Tag-protein interactions stabilize synaptic potentiation and, by implication, memory. The behavioural implications of tagging are explored. Finally, using a different protocol for flavour-place paired associate learning, it is shown that rats can develop a spatial schema which represents the relative locations of several different flavours of food hidden at places within a familiar space. This schema is learned gradually but, once acquired, enables new paired associates to be encoded and stored in one trial. Their incorporation into the schema prevents rapid forgetting and suggests that schema play a key and hitherto unappreciated role in systems-level memory consolidation. The elements of what may eventually mature into a more formal neurobiological theory of hippocampal memory are laid out as specific propositions with detailed conceptual discussion and reference to recent data.
A versatile one-step CRISPR-Cas9 based approach to plasmid-curing (2017)

As a fast and freely available plasmid-curing system, targeting virtually all vectors used for cloning and expression purposes, we believe that pFREE has the potential to eliminate the need for individualized vector suicide solutions in molecular biology. We envision the application of pFREE to be especially useful in methodologies involving multiple plasmids, used sequentially or simultaneously, which are becoming increasingly popular for genome editing or combinatorial pathway engineering.
Aptamers as Therapeutics (2017)

Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acid molecules that bind to and inhibit proteins and are commonly produced by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Aptamers undergo extensive pharmacological revision, which alters affinity, specificity, and therapeutic half-life, tailoring each drug for a specific clinical need. The first therapeutic aptamer was described 25 years ago. Thus far, one aptamer has been approved for clinical use, and numerous others are in preclinical or clinical development. This review presents a short history of aptamers and SELEX, describes their pharmacological development and optimization, and reviews potential treatment of diseases including visual disorders, thrombosis, and cancer.
Usefulness of repeated direct intratumoral gene transfer using hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome method for cytosine deaminase suicide gene therapy. (2001)

To investigate the feasibility of repeated gene transfection in suicide gene therapy against human solid tumors by a combination of 5- fluorocytosine (5-FC) and its converting enzyme, cytosine deaminase (CD), we repeatedly transfected the yeast CD gene into the human pancreatic cancer cell line BXPC3 using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome in a new gene transfer method. The in vivo growth of the s.c. transplanted BXPC3 tumor in nude mice given CD-gene transfection was significantly suppressed by i.p. injection of 5-FC when compared with tumors treated with the control vector. Furthermore, the tumor transfected with the CD gene during a 7-day interval was suppressed much more than that of a single transfection. These results suggest that repeated transfection of the suicide gene together with the combination of 5-FC and the yeast CD gene using the hemagglutinating virus of Japan-liposome gene transfer method may be useful for the treatment of human solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer.
EpCAM and the biology of hepatic stem/progenitor cells (2014)

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein, which is frequently and highly expressed on carcinomas, tumor-initiating cells, selected tissue progenitors, and embryonic and adult stem cells. During liver development, EpCAM demonstrates a dynamic expression, since it can be detected in fetal liver, including cells of the parenchyma, whereas mature hepatocytes are devoid of EpCAM. Liver regeneration is associated with a population of EpCAM-positive cells within ductular reactions, which gradually lose the expression of EpCAM along with maturation into hepatocytes. EpCAM can be switched on and off through a wide panel of strategies to fine-tune EpCAM-dependent functional and differentiative traits. EpCAM-associated functions relate to cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, maintenance of a pluripotent state, regulation of differentiation, migration, and invasion. These functions can be conferred by the full-length protein and/or EpCAM-derived fragments, which are generated upon regulated intramembrane proteolysis. Control by EpCAM therefore not only depends on the presence of full-length EpCAM at cellular membranes but also on varying rates of the formation of EpCAM-derived fragments that have their own regulatory properties and on changes in the association of EpCAM with interaction partners. Thus spatiotemporal localization of EpCAM in immature liver progenitors, transit-amplifying cells, and mature liver cells will decisively impact the regulation of EpCAM functions and might be one of the triggers that contributes to the adaptive processes in stem/progenitor cell lineages. This review will summarize EpCAM-related molecular events and how they relate to hepatobiliary differentiation and regeneration.
Time-dependent visual adaptation for fast realistic image display (2000)

Human vision takes time to adapt to large changes in scene intensity, and these transient adjustments have a profound effect on visual appearance. This paper offers a new operator to include these appearance changes in animations or interactive real-time simulations, and to match a user's visual responses to those the user would experience in a real-world scene.
Isolation and characterization of the actin gene from Tetrahymena thermophila (1986)

The macronucleus of Tetrahymena thermophila contains a single actin gene. We have isolated this gene from a partial plasmid library by using the yeast actin gene as a probe. The nucleotide sequence of the gene has been determined and the amino acid sequence of the potential protein deduced. The encoded protein is 375 amino acids long, one amino acid longer than the yeast actin. It is one of the most divergent actins sequenced to date, being only 75% homologous to yeast actin. Unlike the actin genes from most other organisms, it does not contain introns. The coding region contains TAA and TAG codons; the translation termination codon is TGA. Comparison of the amino acid sequence of the Tetrahymena actin with that of actins from other organisms suggests that TAG may code for glutamic acid. The gene is transcribed from multiple initiation sites between 57 and 98 nucleotides upstream of the translation start codon. The 5' flanking region is very A+T-rich and contains numerous "TATA-like" sequences upstream of the transcription start sites.
Magnetic Tagging of Therapeutic Cells for MRI (2009)

Transplantation of stem cells or immune cells has shown promise for the treatment of several diseases. Monitoring magnetically labeled cells with MRI has furthered our understanding of cellular migration and the pathophysiology of diseases in experimental models. These studies should pave the way for guiding clinical trials using cell-based therapies. This review briefly describes the various methods used to label and track cells with MRI and the potential for such methods to translate to human applications.
A comparison by rhinomanometry of beclomethasone and terfenadine in the treatment of seasonal rhinitis (1987)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Natural History of Major Venous Thrombosis of the Upper Extremity (1970)

Forty-eight cases of thrombosis of major veins of the upper extremity have been studied. In 17 patients primary thrombosis occurred following effort, prolonged compression, or without recognized cause. Thirty-one patients experienced venous thrombosis secondary to thrombophlebitis of varying etiology, or underlying systemic disease. On various nonoperative treatments, all acute manifestations of the disorder disappeared within a few days of treatment. Late follow-up information on 31 patients showed residual disability in 74%. Late venography demonstrated continuing occulsion of the major trunks in ten of 11 patients examined an average of 6.6 years following the initial episode. Venous pressure was elevated significantly in symptomatic patients, but not in asymptomatic ones. Because of the long-term disability experienced by the affected patients, new therapeutic approaches should be considered.
Isolation and characterization of an RNA-proteolipid complex associated with the malignant state in humans. (1985)

An RNA-proteolipid complex was isolated from sera of patients with a variety of malignant disorders as well as from culture media of malignant cell lines. The complex, characterized by a relatively constant composition, contains 27S poly(A)+ RNA and Mr 1250 oligopeptide(s) and is rich in phospholipids and glycosphingolipids. Serum lipoproteins (low and high density) differ from this complex in density, chemical composition, and immunological reactivity. The complex was detected in 94 of 96 cases of malignancy tested but not in any of 58 patients with nonmalignant disorders or in 46 healthy individuals.