gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Subunit Composition of Synaptic NMDA Receptors in the Amygdala: NR2B Synapses in the Adult Central Amygdala (2003)

NMDA receptors are well known to play an important role in synaptic development and plasticity. Functional NMDA receptors are heteromultimers thought to contain two NR1 subunits and two or three NR2 subunits. In central neurons, NMDA receptors at immature glutamatergic synapses contain NR2B subunits and are largely replaced by NR2A subunits with development. At mature synapses, NMDA receptors are thought to be multimers that contain either NR1/NR2A or NR1/NR2A/NR2B subunits, whereas receptors that contain only NR1/NR2B subunits are extrasynaptic. Here, we have studied the properties of NMDA receptors at glutamatergic synapses in the lateral and central amygdala. We find that NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents in the central amygdala in both immature and mature synapses have slow kinetics and are substantially blocked by the NR2B-selective antagonists (1S, 2S)-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxy-4-phenylpiperidino)-1-propano and ifenprodil, indicating that there is no developmental change in subunit composition. In contrast, at synapses on pyramidal neurons in the lateral amygdala, whereas NMDA EPSCs at immature synapses are slow and blocked by NR2B-selective antagonists, at mature synapses their kinetics are faster and markedly less sensitive to NR2B-selective antagonists, consistent with a change from NR2B to NR2A subunits. Using real-time PCR and Western blotting, we show that in adults the ratio of levels of NR2B to NR2A subunits is greater in the central amygdala than in the lateral amygdala. These results show that the subunit composition synaptic NMDA receptors in the lateral and central amygdala undergo distinct developmental changes.
Evaluation of Sumatriptan‐Naproxen in the Treatment of Acute Migraine: A Placebo‐Controlled, Double‐Blind, Cross‐Over Study Assessing Cognitive Function (2012)

There is a significant decline in global cognitive efficiency at the onset of an attack of migraine. The use of Treximet allows a significantly faster recovery time in some measures of cognitive efficiency compared with placebo. Decline of cognitive efficiency may be independent of headache severity.
Anomalous Diffusion of B and P in Si Directly Masked with Si3N4 (1982)

Diffusion of B and P in Si directly masked with Si 3 N 4 films is found to have anomalous characteristics depending on temperature, time, and Si crystal growing method. The discrepancy in diffusion between CZ and FZ substrates under Si 3 N 4 films is explained well assuming the Si–SiO 2 interface acts as a sink for super-saturated interstitials. The Si–Si 3 N 4 interface does not have such an effect. It is also found that super-saturated interstitials enhance the diffusion of B and P in CZ Si crystals directly masked with Si 3 N 4 films.
Multidrug sensitivity phenotype of human lung cancer cells associated with topoisomerase II expression. (1992)

Patterns of drug sensitivities in relation to topoisomerase II gene expression and activity were studied in eight human lung cancer cell lines not selected in vitro for drug resistance. The cytotoxicities of doxorubicin, etoposide, teniposide, cisplatin, camptothecin, and 5-fluorouracil were measured and, remarkably, these unselected cell lines were shown to have a common pattern of multidrug sensitivity, i.e., a multidrug sensitivity phenotype. In fact, drug sensitivities were significantly correlated with each other in the studied cell lines, the correlation being best for the topoisomerase II-targeted agents and cisplatin, less strong with camptothecin, and weak with 5-fluorouracil. Almost 1-log range difference of topoisomerase II gene expression was found in these cell lines, and this was not explained by the cell-doubling time or cell cycle distribution. The level of topoisomerase II gene expression was positively and highly correlated with the cell sensitivity to epipodophyllotoxins, doxorubicin, and cisplatin in seven cell lines. Although weaker, an association was also observed between topoisomerase II gene expression and camptothecin cytotoxicity, while no association was observed with 5-fluorouracil. However, a non-small cell lung cancer cell line with neuroendocrine properties had very low levels of expression of the topoisomerase II gene, despite being highly sensitive to all drugs tested. The levels of topoisomerase I gene expression were not found to be correlated with the cytotoxicity of any drug tested. A specific enzymatic activity assay and a teniposide-stimulated DNA cleavage assay showed that the extent of active topoisomerase II present in nuclear extracts paralleled the level of topoisomerase II gene expression. Furthermore, in addition to the normal transcript, an abnormally sized topoisomerase II message and a rearrangement of the topoisomerase II gene were detected in a poorly sensitive small cell lung cancer cell line. Therefore, low levels of topoisomerase II gene expression, and possibly mutations, may predict a reduced sensitivity of unselected human lung cancer cell lines to several drugs, including agents with a cellular target other than topoisomerase II. It is hypothesized that topoisomerase II might be involved in a common pathway of cell death induced by drugs in tumor cell lines which present a multidrug sensitivity phenotype.
Identification of the 1 H-NMR Spectra of Complex Oligosaccharides with Artificial Neural Networks (1991)

Artificial networks can be used to identify hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra of complex oligosaccharides. Feed-forward neural networks with back-propagation of errors can distinguish between spectra of oligosaccharides that differ by only one glycosyl residue in twenty. The artificial neural networks use features of the strongly overlapping region of the spectra (hump region) as well as features of the resolved regions of the spectra (structural reporter groups) to recognize spectra and efficiently recognized 1H-NMR spectra even when the spectra were perturbed by minor variations in their chemical shifts. Identification of spectra by neural network-based pattern recognition techniques required less than 0.1 second. It is anticipated that artificial neural networks can be used to identify the structures of any complex carbohydrate that has been previously characterized and for which a 1H-NMR spectrum is available.
Impact of STI-induced stress, inverse narrow width effect, and statistical V/sub TH/ variations on leakage currents in 120 nm CMOS (2004)

Leakage currents in 120 nm CMOS technology are dependent on STI-induced stress (STIS), inverse narrow-width effect (INWE), and statistical threshold voltage variations. In this paper, we analyze the impact of these effects on the gate-width dependence of the device off-current density. A threshold voltage model is proposed to describe the observed off-current minimum. STIS dominates the device behavior for large gate widths while INWE determines the off-current for gate widths below 1 /spl mu/m. Statistical threshold voltage variations are relevant for minimum-sized devices.
Neonatal Infection and 5-year Neurodevelopmental Outcome of Very Preterm Infants (2013)

Neonatal infections in these very preterm infants were associated with a higher risk of cerebral palsy at the age of 5 years, particularly in infants presenting with both EOS and LOS.
Simvastatin Attenuates Radiation-Induced Murine Lung Injury and Dysregulated Lung Gene Expression (2010)

Novel therapies are desperately needed for radiation-induced lung injury (RILI), which, despite aggressive corticosteroid therapy, remains a potentially fatal and dose-limiting complication of thoracic radiotherapy. We assessed the utility of simvastatin, an anti-inflammatory and lung barrier-protective agent, in a dose- and time-dependent murine model of RILI (18-(25 Gy). Simvastatin reduced multiple RILI indices, including vascular leak, leukocyte infiltration, and histological evidence of oxidative stress, while reversing RILI-associated dysregulated gene expression, including p53, nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor, and sphingolipid metabolic pathway genes. To identify key regulators of simvastatin-mediated RILI protection, we integrated whole-lung gene expression data obtained from radiated and simvastatin-treated mice with protein-protein interaction network analysis (single-network analysis of proteins). Topological analysis of the gene product interaction network identified eight top-prioritized genes (Ccna2a, Cdc2, fcer1 g, Syk, Vav3, Mmp9, Itgam, Cd44) as regulatory nodes within an activated RILI network. These studies identify the involvement of specific genes and gene networks in RILI pathobiology, and confirm that statins represent a novel strategy to limit RILI.
Synthesis of Difluoromethyl Ethers with Difluoromethyltriflate (2013)

The difluoromethylation of phenols with a simple, non-ozone-depleting reagent is described. The reaction occurs within minutes at room temperature with exceptional functional-group tolerance, which makes possible tandem processes for the conversion of arylboronic acids, aryl halides, and arenes to difluoromethyl ethers. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Learning to Select Features using their Properties (2008)

Feature selection is the task of choosing a small subset of features that is sufficient to predict the target labels well. Here, instead of trying to directly determine which features are better, we attempt to learn the properties of good features. For this purpose we assume that each feature is represented by a set of properties, referred to as meta-features. This approach enables prediction of the quality of features without measuring their value on the training instances. We use this ability to devise new selection algorithms that can efficiently search for new good features in the presence of a huge number of features, and to dramatically reduce the number of feature measurements needed. We demonstrate our algorithms on a handwritten digit recognition problem and a visual object category recognition problem. In addition, we show how this novel viewpoint enables derivation of better generalization bounds for the joint learning problem of selection and classification, and how it contributes to a better understanding of the problem. Specifically, in the context of object recognition, previous works showed that it is possible to find one set of features which fits most object categories (aka a universal dictionary). Here we use our framework to analyze one such universal dictionary and find that the quality of features in this dictionary can be predicted accurately by its meta-features.
Poly(amido amine)s as Gene Delivery Vectors: Effects of Quaternary Nicotinamide Moieties in the Side Chains (2007)

To evaluate the effect of quaternary nicotinamide pendant groups on gene delivery properties, a series of poly(amido amine) (co)polymers were synthesized by Michael addition polymerization of N, N'-cystaminebisacrylamide with variable ratios of 1-(4-aminobutyl)-3-carbamoylpyridinium (Nic-BuNH(2)), and tert-butyl-4-aminobutyl carbamate (BocNH-BuNH(2)), yielding poly(amido amine)s (NicX-NHBoc) with X=0, 10, 30, and 50 % of quaternary nicotinamide groups in the polymer side chains. Deprotection of the pendant Boc-NH groups afforded an analogous series of polymers (NicX-NH(2)) with higher charge density (due to the presence of protonated primary amino groups in the side chains) and subsequent acetylation yielded a series of polymers (NicX-NHAc) of lower hydrophobicity than the Boc-protected polymers. The polymers with the Boc-protected or the acetylated amino groups showed high buffer capacity in the range pH 5.1-7.4, which is a property that can contribute to endosomal escape of polyplexes. The presence of quaternary nicotinamide groups has distinct beneficial effects on the gene vector properties of these polymers. The polymers containing >or=30 % of quaternary nicotinamide groups in their side chains condense DNA into small, nanosized particles (<or=200 nm) with positive surface charge (>or=+15 mV). Fluorescence experiments using ethidium bromide as a competitor showed that the quaternary nicotinamide groups intercalate with DNA, contributing to a more intimate polymer-DNA binding and shielding. Polyplexes of nicotinamide-functionalized poly(amido amine)s NicX-NHBoc and NicX-NHAc, formed at 12/1 polymerDNA mass ratio, efficiently transfect COS-7 cells with efficacies up to four times higher than that of PEI (Exgen 500), and with essentially absence of cytotoxicity. NicX-NH(2) polymers, possessing protonated primary amino groups in their side chains, have a higher cytotoxicity profile under these conditions, but at lower 3/1 polymer-DNA mass ratio also these polymers are capable of efficient transfection, while retaining full cell viability.
Characterization of a messenger RNA polynucleotide vaccine vector. (1995)

We have constructed mRNA transcripts encoding luciferase and human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) which are capped, polyadenylated, and stabilized by human beta-globin 5' and 3' untranslated regions. The mRNA construct encoding human CEA directed CEA expression in mouse fibroblasts in vitro following liposome-mediated transfection. The luciferase encoding mRNA transcripts mediated luciferase expression in vivo following i.m. injection. Based on the demonstration of protein expression in vitro and in vivo, the feasibility of using such a vector as a tumor vaccine was examined. In this pilot study, seven mice received 50 micrograms mRNA transcripts encoding CEA twice weekly for 5 weeks by i.m. injection followed by challenge with syngeneic, CEA-expressing tumor cells. This dose and schedule "primed" an immune response to CEA. Five of seven mRNA-immunized mice demonstrated anti-CEA antibody 3 weeks after tumor challenge whereas control mice had no evidence of antibody response. This strategy might be particularly useful to induce an immune response to a proto-oncogene product or growth factor which poses a risk of inducing malignant transformation consequent to prolonged protein expression.
Derivatization of controlled pore glass beads for solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis. (1988)

An improved and simplified procedure for the attachment of nucleosides onto long chain alkylamine controlled pore glass beads (LCAA-CPG) is presented. This procedure uses 1-(3-dimethylamino-propyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide (DEC) to couple nucleoside 3'-succinates directly to the LCAA-CPG. The preparation of nucleoside 3'-succinate anhydrides, p-nitrophenyl, or pentachlorophenyl esters and the use of highly toxic dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) is no longer required. Procedures involving acidic activation of the LCAA-CPG before derivatization and a pre-synthesis capping are also described, which prevent the formation of oligonucleotides linked by 3'-phosphates to the LCAA-CPG. Evidence is presented indicating that this type of linkage is responsible for the apparently greater than 100% coupling yields observed for the first coupling cycle.
L-band internally matched Si-MMIC front-end (1996)

A 1.9 GHz-band internally matched Si-MMIC front-end, fabricated in standard 0.8 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process, was developed. This IC front-end contains a MOSFET T/R switch, a two-stage BJT low noise amplifier (LNA), and a down converter BJT mixer. Since the circuits are monolithically integrated on a low resistivity Si substrate, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) type spiral inductors are used to reduce the dielectric loss of on-chip matching circuits. The T/R switch has measured insertion loss of 2.5 dB and isolation of 25.5 dB at 0/3 V control voltage. The two-stage LNA has gain of 17.1 dB and noise figure (NF) of 2.9 dB at 2 V, 4 mA dc supply. The mixer has conversion gain of 5.9 dB and NF of 15 dB at 2 V, 1.7 mA dc supply. The measured performance of the fabricated Si-MMIC front-end indicates the possibility of application to mobile communication handset terminals.
Combinatorial preconditioners for scalar elliptic finite‐element problems (2007)

Abstract We present a new preconditioner for linear systems arising from finite‐elements discretizations of scalar elliptic partial differential equations. The solver is based on building a symmetric diagonally dominant (SDD) approximation of the stiffness matrix K . The approximation is built by approximating each element inside the collection { K e } of element matrices by an SDD matrix L e . The SDD approximation L is built by assembling the collection { L e }. We then sparsify L using a graph algorithm, and use the sparsified matrix as a preconditioner. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Combined Effect of Encapsulating Curcumin and C6 Ceramide in Liposomal Nanoparticles against Osteosarcoma (2013)

This study examines the antitumor potential of curcumin and C6 ceramide (C6) against osteosarcoma (OS) cell lines when both are encapsulated in the bilayer of liposomal nanoparticles. Three liposomal formulations were prepared: curcumin liposomes, C6 liposomes and C6-curcumin liposomes. Curcumin in combination with C6 showed 1.5 times enhanced cytotoxic effect in the case of MG-63 and KHOS OS cell lines, in comparison with curcumin liposomes alone. Importantly, C6-curcumin liposomes were found to be less toxic on untransformed primary human cells (human mesenchymal stem cells) in comparison to OS cell lines. In addition, cell cycle assays on a KHOS cell line after treatment revealed that curcumin only liposomes induced G2/M arrest by upregulation of cyclin B1, while C6 only liposomes induced G1 arrest by downregulation of cyclin D1. C6-curcumin liposomes induced G2/M arrest and showed a combined effect in the expression levels of cyclin D1 and cyclin B1. The efficiency of the preparations was tested in vivo using a human osteosarcoma xenograft assay. Using pegylated liposomes to increase the plasma half-life and tagging with folate (FA) for targeted delivery in vivo, a significant reduction in tumor size was observed with C6-curcumin-FA liposomes. The encapsulation of two water insoluble drugs, curcumin and C6, in the lipid bilayer of liposomes enhances the cytotoxic effect and validates the potential of combined drug therapy.
From combinatorial peptide selection to drug prototype (II): Targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway (2010)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), a tyrosine kinase, is central to human tumorigenesis. Typically, three classes of drugs inhibit tyrosine kinase pathways: blocking antibodies, small kinase inhibitors, and soluble ligand receptor traps/decoys. Only the first two types of EGFR-binding inhibitory drugs are clinically available; notably, no EGFR decoy has yet been developed. Here we identify small molecules mimicking EGFR and that functionally behave as soluble decoys for EGF and TGFalpha, ligands that would otherwise activate downstream signaling. After combinatorial library selection on EGFR ligands, a panel of binding peptides was narrowed by structure-function analysis. The most active motif was CVRAC (EGFR 283-287), which is necessary and sufficient for specific EGFR ligand binding. Finally, a synthetic retro-inverted derivative, (D)(CARVC), became our preclinical prototype of choice. This study reveals an EGFR-decoy drug candidate with translational potential.
Changes in Nutrition Knowledge Scores and Calcium Intake in Female Adolescents (1991)

A three‐day nutrition education program on calcium nutriture for female adoles cents ages 14–16 was presented at a midwestern high school. The purpose of the program was to increase the adolescents' knowledge of calcium balance and its importance, thus prompting healthy food and lifestyle habits. The study was conducted using a pretest, posttest, and post‐posttest one month later. Each testing period consisted of a nutrition examination, lifestyle questionnaire, and 24‐hour diet recall. Data were analyzed by a two‐way ANOVA with repeated mea sures. Female adolescents were randomly assigned to an experimental (n = 29) or a no‐treatment control group (n = 20). The findings were: (a) the experimental group's nutrition knowledge scores increased significantly following the program and remained significantly higher 30 days later; (b) calcium and vitamin D intakes increased between the pretest and posttest by 27% and 30%, respectively, in the control group and by 24% and 51%, respectively, in the experimental group; and (c) compared to the control group, the mean intakes for calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus in the experimental group were closer to the RDA for those nutrients, and the calcium:phosphorus ratio was closer to the recommended ratio of 1:1 at the posttest period and at the post‐posttest period.
Assignment of the Substrate-Selective Subunits of the MexEF-OprN Multidrug Efflux Pump of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa expresses a low level of the MexAB-OprM efflux pump and shows natural resistance to many structurally and functionally diverse antibiotics. The mutation that has been referred to previously as nfxC expresses an additional efflux pump, MexEF-OprN, exhibiting resistance to fluoroquinolones, imipenem, and chloramphenicol and hypersusceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics. To address the antibiotic specificity of the MexEF-OprN efflux pump, we introduced a plasmid carrying the mexEF-oprN operon into P. aeruginosa lacking the mexAB-oprM operon. The transformants exhibited resistance to fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, and chloramphenicol but, unlike most nfxC-type mutants, did not show beta-lactam hypersusceptibility. The transformants exhibited additional resistance to tetracycline. In the next experiment, we analyzed the MexEF-OprN pump subunit(s) responsible for substrate selectivity by expressing MexE, MexF, OprN, and MexEF in strains lacking MexA, MexB, OprM, and MexAB, respectively. The MexEF-OprM/DeltaMexAB transformants exhibited MexEF-OprN-type pump function that rendered the strains resistant to fluoroquinolones and chloramphenicol but did not change susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics compared with the host strain. The MexAB-OprN/DeltaOprM, MexAF-OprM/DeltaMexB, and MexEB-OprM/DeltaMexA mutants exhibited antibiotic susceptibility indistinguishable from that in the mutant lacking both types of efflux pumps. The results imply that the MexEF-OprM pump selects substrates by a MexEF functional unit. Interestingly, OprN did not link functionally with the MexAB complex, despite the fact that OprM interacted functionally with MexEF.