gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nongenomic effect of thyroid hormone on free-radical production in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (2005)

Over the past few years increasing evidence has suggested the nongenomic effects of thyroid hormone, such as the activation of the signal transduction pathways and the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB by the induction of oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of thyroid hormone on human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) which are known as important sources of reactive oxygen species in the circulation. The production of superoxide anion (O2-) and the activity of myeloperoxidase were determined in the presence and absence of several inhibitors of the signalling pathway. L-thyroxine (T4) l-3,5,3'-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and L-3,5-di-iodothyronine (T2) stimulated O2- production in PMNLs in a dose-dependent manner within a few minutes of addition to cells. Thyroid hormone-stimulated O2- production was partially inhibited by pertussis toxin, an inhibitor of GTP-binding G protein, and was completely abolished by the protein kinase C inhibitors calphostin C and Ro-32-0432, and by a calcium chelator (BAPTA; bis-(o-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid). Thyroid hormone stimulated myeloperoxidase activity and induced 125I- incorporation into PMNLs. Furthermore, thyroid hormone pre-incubation enhanced O2- production for n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine (FMLP) stimulation. In conclusion, novel nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone, the induction of superoxide anion production and the stimulation of myeloperoxidase activity in PMNLs were demonstrated. The induction of O2- production requires calcium and is mediated by a pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein via stimulation of protein kinase C(s). These results suggest the existence of a membrane-bound binding site for thyroid hormone in PMNLs and a physiological role for thyroid hormone in the cellular defence mechanisms by stimulating free-radical production.
Technologies for localization and diagnosis of prostate cancer (2009)

The gold standard for detecting prostate cancer (PCa), systematic biopsy, lacks sensitivity as well as grading accuracy. PSA screening leads to over-treatment of many men, and it is unclear whether screening reduces PCa mortality. This review provides an understanding of the difficulties of localizing and diagnosing PCa. It summarizes recent developments of ultrasound (including elastography) and MRI, and discusses some alternative experimental techniques, such as resonance sensor technology and vibrational spectroscopy. A comparison between the different methods is presented. It is concluded that new ultrasound techniques are promising for targeted biopsy procedures, in order to detect more clinically significant cancers while reducing the number of cores. MRI advances are very promising, but MRI remains expensive and MR-guided biopsy is complex. Resonance sensor technology and vibrational spectroscopy have shown promising results in vitro. There is a need for large prospective multicentre trials that unambiguously prove the clinical benefits of these new techniques.
[New approaches to biological immunomodulation therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: neutralization of basic cytokines]. (1998)

A significant therapeutic effect of antibodies to interferon-gamma is indicative of an important role of this cytokine in RA pathogenesis. Anticytokine antibodies are promising as a component of combined therapy of patients with resistant RA.
In Vivo Replication of Filamentous Phage DNA (1978)

Intracellular Forms of Filamentous Phage DNA The first step in the replication of filamentous phage DNA is the conversion of the infecting viral DNA to a circular, duplex replicative form (RF). This RF molecule, termed the parental RF, replicates to produce a pool of progeny RF molecules. The accumulated RF molecules then serve both as templates for transcription of viral genes and as a source of progeny single-stranded (SS) DNA. The latter molecules are produced later in the life cycle by an asymmetric replication process in which the complementary strand of an RF molecule serves as a stable, circular template for the repeated displacement of viral single strands. The duplex replicative form occurs most often as a covalently closed, superhelical DNA (RFI). Infected cells also contain small, but significant, amounts of nicked circular RF molecules which contain one or more single-strand discontinuities (RFII) and relaxed circles in which both strands are covalently closed (RFIV), RFIII, a unit-length, linear RF, appears to occur only as an artifact. Miniature forms of RF and SS DNA are observed in cells infected with phage preparations containing “miniphage.” Such particles were first detected in phage preparations obtained after multiple passages beyond the original single-plaque isolation (Griffith and Kornberg 1974; Enea and Zinder 1975). These phage have extensive deletions of the genome and, consequently, do not contain any intact genes. Their replication and morphogenesis are dependent on gene functions provided by a helper phage. The miniphages contain only the region around the origin of replication and...
Electroluminescence and electron transport in a perylene dye (1997)

Charge carrier transport in vapor-deposited films of 1,6,7,12-tetraphenoxy-N,N′-bis-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-perylene-3,4,9,10-bis(dicarboximide) was investigated using two different methods, the time-of-flight (TOF) technique and time-resolved electroluminescence. Electron mobilities of 10−5 cm2/V s were measured in the bulk using a time-of-flight technique. Hole transport was found to be dispersive and, thus, a transit time for holes could not be obtained. The above dye was also used to fabricate single layer light emitting diodes showing clearly visible red electroluminescence under ambient conditions. Our experiments on transit electroluminescence confirmed the measured electron mobility and ruled out the possibility that the transit time of holes is shorter than the time range investigated in our time-of-flight experiments.
Universal non-adiabatic holonomic gates in quantum dots and single-molecule magnets (2014)

Geometric manipulation of a quantum system offers a method for fast, universal, and robust quantum information processing. Here, we propose a scheme for universal all-geometric quantum computation using non-adiabatic quantum holonomies. We propose three different realizations of the scheme based on an unconventional use of quantum dot and single-molecule magnet devices, which offer promising scalability and robust efficiency.
Cytoplasmic axial filaments in Escherichia coli cells: possible function in the mechanism of chromosome segregation and cell division (1994)

Overproduction of CafA caused formation of chained cells and minicells. The cafA gene is located downstream from the mre region at 71 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome map and was previously called orfF. A long axial structure running through the chained cells, consisting of bundles of filaments assembled in a long hexagonal pillar several micrometers long and about 0.1 to 0.2 micron in diameter, was visible in both phase-contrast micrographs of the lysozyme-treated cells and electron micrographs of ultrathin sections. The CafA protein displays 34% amino acid similarity with the N terminus of the Ams protein of E. coli, which cross-reacts with antibody to a nonmuscle myosin heavy chain.
Automated feedback generation for introductory programming assignments (2013)

We present a new method for automatically providing feedback for introductory programming problems. In order to use this method, we need a reference implementation of the assignment, and an error model consisting of potential corrections to errors that students might make. Using this information, the system automatically derives minimal corrections to student's incorrect solutions, providing them with a measure of exactly how incorrect a given solution was, as well as feedback about what they did wrong.
Positive Effect of Human Milk Feeding during NICU Hospitalization on 24 Month Neurodevelopment of Very Low Birth Weight Infants: An Italian Cohort Study (2015)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of human milk feeding during NICU hospitalization on neurodevelopment at 24 months of corrected age in very low birth weight infants. A cohort of 316 very low birth weight newborns (weight ≤ 1500 g) was prospectively enrolled in a follow-up program on admission to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy, from January 2005 to June 2011. Neurodevelopment was evaluated at 24 months corrected age using the Griffiths Mental Development Scale. The effect of human milk nutrition on neurodevelopment was first investigated using a multiple linear regression model, to adjust for the effects of gestational age, small for gestational age, complications at birth and during hospitalization, growth restriction at discharge and socio-economic status. Path analysis was then used to refine the multiple regression model, taking into account the relationships among predictors and their temporal sequence. Human milk feeding during NICU hospitalization and higher socio-economic status were associated with better neurodevelopment at 24 months in both models. In the path analysis model intraventricular hemorrhage-periventricular leukomalacia and growth restriction at discharge proved to be directly and independently associated with poorer neurodevelopment. Gestational age and growth restriction at birth had indirect significant effects on neurodevelopment, which were mediated by complications that occurred at birth and during hospitalization, growth restriction at discharge and type of feeding. In conclusion, our findings suggest that mother's human milk feeding during hospitalization can be encouraged because it may improve neurodevelopment at 24 months corrected age.
Multifocal Spectacles Increase Variability in Toe Clearance and Risk of Tripping in the Elderly (2007)

Because of increased within-subject variability in vertical toe clearance when wearing multifocal spectacles, elderly individuals may be at greater risk of falling when negotiating steps and stairs if they do not also consistently increase margins of safety (mean vertical toe clearance). This suggests that some elderly who are at high risk of falling may benefit from wearing single-distance vision rather than multifocal spectacles when walking.
Recent developments in biofouling control (1994)

This text provides an overview of the developments since 1986 in the control of biofouling. The financial burden worldwide due to biofouling organisms is staggering. Not only must the deleterious effects of fouling organisms on structures such as piers, ships and bridges be dealt with, but the costs of the efforts to reduce, if not eliminate, the problem must also be faced. These costs are a major concern to industry and governments as well as to the individual whose livelihood may be threatened by these organisms. Topics covered include: microfouling - biology and control; macrofouling - biological and biochemical clues for control; and performance of antifouling coatings - nontoxic antifouling agents/new inhibitors, low energy and controlled release coatings and testing.
A Eubacterial Gene Conferring Spectinomycin Resistance on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Integration Into the Nuclear Genome and Gene Expression (1997)

We have constructed a dominant selectable marker for nuclear transformation of C. reinhardtii, composed of the coding sequence of the eubacterial aadA gene (conferring spectinomycin resistance) fused to the 5' and 3' untranslated regions of the endogenous RbcS2 gene. Spectinomycin-resistant transformants isolated by direct selection (1) contain the chimeric gene(s) stably integrated into the nuclear genome, (2) show cosegregation of the resistance phenotype with the introduced DNA, and (3) synthesize the expected mRNA and protein. Small linearized plasmids appeared to be inserted into the nuclear genome preferentially through their ends, with relatively few large deletions and/or rearrangements. Multiple copy transformants often integrated concatemers of transforming DNA. Our detailed analysis of the complex integration patterns of plasmid DNA in C. reinhardtii nuclear transformants should be useful for improving the technique of insertional mutagenesis. We also found that the spectinomycin-resistance phenotype was unstable in about half of the transformants. When maintained under nonselective conditions, neither the aadA mRNA nor the AadA protein were detected in these subclones. Moreover, since the integrated transforming DNA was not altered or lost expression of the RbcS2::aadA::RbcS2 gene(s) appears to be repressed. Measurements of transcriptional activity, mRNA accumulation, and mRNA stability suggest that expression of this chimeric gene(s) may also be affected by rapid RNA degradation, presumably due to defects in mRNA processing and, or nuclear export. Thus, both gene silencing and transcript instability, rather than biased codon usage, may explain the difficulties encountered in the expression of foreign genes in the nuclear genome of Chlamydomonas.
Multiple Biological Activities of Lactic Acid in Cancer: Influences on Tumor Growth,Angiogenesis and Metastasis (2012)

High rate of glycolysis is a metabolic hallmark of cancer. While anaerobic glycolysis promotes energy production under hypoxia, aerobic glycolysis, the Warburg effect, offers a proliferative advantage through redirecting carbohydrate fluxes from energy production to biosynthetic pathways. To fulfill tumor cell needs, the glycolytic switch is associated with elevated glucose uptake and lactic acid release. Altered glucose metabolism is the basis of positron emission tomography using the glucose analogue tracer [18F]- fluorodeoxyglucose, a widely used clinical application for tumor diagnosis and monitoring. On the other hand, high levels of lactate have been associated with poor clinical outcome in several types of human cancers. Although lactic acid was initially considered merely as an indicator of the glycolytic flux, many evidences originally from the study of normal tissue physiology and more recently transposed to the tumor situation indicate that lactic acid, i.e. the lactate anion and protons, directly contributes to tumor growth and progression. Here, we briefly review the current knowledge pertaining to lactic acidosis and metastasis, lactate shuttles, the influence of lactate on redox homeostasis, lactate signaling and lactate-induced angiogenesis in the cancer context. The monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 have now been confirmed as prominent facilitators of lactate exchanges between cancer cells with different metabolic behaviors and between cancer and stromal cells. We therefore address the function and regulation of MCTs, highlighting MCT1 as a novel anticancer target. MCT1 inhibition allows to simultaneously disrupt metabolic cooperativity and angiogenesis in cancer with a same agent, opening a new path for novel anticancer therapies.
A subspace approach to high‐resolution spectroscopic imaging (2014)

The proposed method, SPectroscopic Imaging by exploiting spatiospectral CorrElation, is able to significantly accelerate spectroscopic imaging experiments, making high-resolution metabolic imaging possible.
Propagation of spontaneously actuated pulsive vibration in human heart wall and in vivo viscoelasticity estimation (2005)

Though myocardial viscoelasticity is essential in the evaluation of heart diastolic properties, it has never been noninvasively measured in vivo. By the ultrasonic measurement of the myocardial motion, we have already found that some pulsive waves are spontaneously excited by aortic-valve closure (AVC) at end-systole (T0). These waves may serve as an ideal source of the intrinsic heart sound caused by AVC. In this study, using a sparse sector scan, in which the beam directions are restricted to about 16, the pulsive waves were measured almost simultaneously at about 160 points set along the heart wall at a sufficiently high frame rate. The consecutive spatial phase distributions, obtained by the Fourier transform of the measured waves, clearly revealed wave propagation along the heart wall for the first time. The propagation time of the wave along the heart wall is very small (namely, several milliseconds) and cannot be measured by conventional equipment. Based on this phenomenon, we developed a means to measure the myocardial viscoelasticity in vivo. In this measurement, the phase velocity of the wave is determined for each frequency component. By comparing the dispersion of the phase velocity with the theoretical one of the Lamb wave (the plate flexural wave), which propagates along the viscoelastic plate (heart wall) immersed in blood, the instantaneous viscoelasticity is determined noninvasively. This is the first report of such noninvasive determination. In in vivo experiments applied to five healthy subjects, propagation of the pulsive wave was clearly visible in all subjects. For the 60-Hz component, the typical propagation speed rapidly decreased from 5 m/s just before the time of AVC (t = T0 - 8 ms) to 3 m/s at t = T0 + 10 ms. In the experiments, it was possible to determine the viscosity more precisely than the elasticity. The typical value of elasticity was about 24-30 kPa and did not change around the time of AVC. The typical transient values of viscosity decreased rapidly from 400 Pa x s at t = T0 - 8 ms to 70 Pa x s at t = T0 + 10 ms. The measured shear elasticity and viscosity in this study are comparable to those obtained for the human tissues using audio frequency in in vitro experiments reported in the literature.
Physicochemical and Biological Characterization of Targeted, Nucleic Acid-Containing Nanoparticles (2007)

Nucleic acid-based therapeutics have the potential to provide potent and highly specific treatments for a variety of human ailments. However, systemic delivery continues to be a significant hurdle to success. Multifunctional nanoparticles are being investigated as systemic, nonviral delivery systems, and here, we describe the physicochemical and biological characterization of cyclodextrin-containing polycations (CDP) and their nanoparticles formed with nucleic acids including plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA). These polycation/nucleic acid complexes can be tuned by formulation conditions to yield particles with sizes ranging from 60 to 150 nm, zeta potentials from 10 to 30 mV, and molecular weights from approximately 7 x 107 to 1 x 109 g mol-1 as determined by light scattering techniques. Inclusion complexes formed between adamantane (AD)-containing molecules and the beta-cyclodextrin molecules enable the modular attachment of poly(ethylene glycol) (AD-PEG) conjugates for steric stabilization and targeting ligands (AD-PEG-transferrin) for cell-specific targeting. A 70 nm particle can contain approximately 10 000 CDP polymer chains, approximately 2000 siRNA molecules, approximately 4000 AD-PEG5000 molecules, and approximately 100 AD-PEG5000-Tf molecules; this represents a significant payload of siRNA and a large ratio of siRNA to targeting ligand (20:1). The particles protect the nucleic acid payload from nuclease degradation, do not aggregate at physiological salt concentrations, and cause minimal erythrocyte aggregation and complement fixation at the concentrations typically used for in vivo application. Uptake of the nucleic acid-containing particles by HeLa cells is measured by flow cytometry and visualized by confocal microscopy. Competitive uptake experiments show that the transferrin-targeted particles display enhanced affinity for the transferrin receptor through avidity effects (multiligand binding). Functional efficacy of the delivered pDNA and siRNA is demonstrated through luciferase reporter protein expression and knockdown, respectively. The analysis of the CDP delivery vehicle provides insights that can be applied to the design of targeted nucleic acid delivery vehicles in general.
Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with the Carbon Tetrachloride/Dichlorotris- (triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)/Methylaluminum Bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) Initiating System: Possibility of Living Radical Polymerization (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymerization of Methyl Methacrylate with the Carbon Tetrachloride/Dichlorotris- (triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II)/Methylaluminum Bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenoxide) Initiating System: Possibility of Living Radical PolymerizationMitsuru Kato, Masami Kamigaito, Mitsuo Sawamoto, and Toshinobu HigashimuraCite this: Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5, 1721–1723Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00109a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00109a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views10415Altmetric-Citations2759LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Silencing of Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 15 Hinders Murine Pulmonary Fibrosis Development (2017)

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive lung disorder characterized by interstitial fibrosis, for which no effective treatments are available. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) has been shown to be a mediator, but the specific component of glycosaminoglycan chains of CSPG has not been explored. We show that chondroitin sulfate E-type (CS-E) is involved in fibrogenesis. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting carbohydrate sulfotransferase 15 (CHST15) was designed to inhibit CHST15 mRNA and its product, CS-E. CS-E augments cell contraction and CHST15 siRNA inhibits collagen production. We found that bleomycin treatment increased CHST15 expression in interstitial fibroblasts at day 14. CHST15 siRNA was injected intranasally on days 1, 4, 8, and 11, and CHST15 mRNA was significantly suppressed by day 14. CHST15 siRNA reduced lung CSPG and the grade of fibrosis. CHST15 siRNA repressed the activation of fibroblasts, as evidenced by suppressed expression of α smooth muscle actin (αSMA), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), lysyl oxidase like 2 (LOXL2), and CC-chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2)/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Inflammatory infiltrates in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and interstitium were diminished by CHST15 siRNA. These results indicate a pivotal role for CHST15 in fibroblast-mediated lung fibrosis and suggest a possible new therapeutic role for CHST15 siRNA in pulmonary fibrosis.
Goffman Turns to Me and Says, “Only a Schmuck Studies His Own Life” (2009)

This conversation with Gary Alan Fine, John Evans Professor of Sociology at Northwestern University, was recorded over the phone on August 21, 2009. Dmitri Shalin transcribed the interview, after which Dr. Fine edited the transcript and approved posting the present version in the Erving Goffman Archives. Breaks in the conversation flow are indicated by ellipses. Supplementary information and additional materials inserted during the editing process appear in square brackets. Undecipherable words and unclear passages are identified in the text as “[?]”.