gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Record f T and f T + f MAX performance of InP/InGaAs single heterojunction bipolar transistors (2003)

Record performance is reported for InP/InGaAs single heterojunction transistors. An fT of 382 GHz is reported on a 0.5×12 µm device, the highest for any bipolar device on any material system. Record fT+fMAX of 673 GHz was achieved on a 0.35×8 µm device.
A set of genes expressed in response to light in the adult cerebral cortex and regulated during development. (1996)

Activity-dependent plasticity is thought to underlie both formation of appropriate synaptic connections during development and reorganization of adult cortical topography. We have recently cloned many candidate plasticity-related genes (CPGs) induced by glutamate-receptor activation in the hippocampus. Screening the CPG pool for genes that may contribute to neocortical plasticity resulted in the identification of six genes that are induced in adult visual cortical areas in response to light. These genes are also naturally induced during postnatal cortical development. CPG induction by visual stimulation occurs primarily in neurons located in cortical layers II-III and VI and persists for at least 48 hr. Four of the visually responsive CPGs (cpg2, cpg15, cpg22, cpg29) are previously unreported genes, one of which (cpg2) predicts a "mini-dystrophin-like" structural protein. These results lend molecular genetic support to physiological and anatomical studies showing activity-dependent structural reorganization in adult cortex. In addition, these results provide candidate genes the function of which may underlie mechanisms of adult cortical reorganization.
Identification and characterization of BipA, a Bordetella Bvg‐intermediate phase protein (2001)

The Bordetella BvgAS sensory transduction system has traditionally been viewed as controlling a transition between two distinct phenotypic phases: the Bvg(+) or virulent phase and the Bvg(-) or avirulent phase. Recently, we identified a phenotypic phase of Bordetella bronchiseptica that displays reduced virulence in a rat model of respiratory infection concomitant with increased ability to survive nutrient deprivation. Characterization of this phase, designated Bvg-intermediate (Bvg(i)), indicated the presence of antigens that are maximally, if not exclusively, expressed in this phase and therefore suggested the existence of a previously unidentified class of Bvg-regulated genes. We now report the identification and characterization of a Bvg(i) phase protein, BipA (Bvg-intermediate phase protein A), and its structural gene, bipA. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis indicates that bipA is expressed maximally under Bvgi phase conditions and thus represents the first identified Bvgi phase gene. bipA encodes a 1578-amino-acid protein that shares amino acid sequence similarity at its N-terminus with the proposed outer membrane localization domains of intimin (Int) of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli and invasin (Inv) of Yersinia spp. Although not apparent at the amino acid level, BipA is also similar to Int and Inv in that the proposed membrane-spanning domain is followed by several 90-amino-acid repeats and a distinct C-terminal domain. Localization studies using an antibody directed against the C-terminus of BipA indicated that its C-terminus is exposed on the bacterial cell surface. Western blot analysis with this same antibody indicated that BipA homologues are expressed in Bvg(i) phase Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Comparison of a Delta bipA strain with wild-type B. bronchiseptica indicated that BipA is not required for Bvg(i) phase-specific aggregative adherence to rat lung epithelial cells in vitro or for persistent colonization of the rabbit respiratory tract in vivo. However, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that BipA, and the Bvg(i) phase in general, play an important role in the Bordetella infectious cycle, perhaps by contributing to aerosol transmission.
Therapeutic response in phase I trials of antineoplastic agents. (1986)

We analyzed the therapeutic effect reported in 187 phase I trials of 54 anticancer drugs introduced into National Cancer Institute-sponsored clinical trial from 1974 to 1982. An additional 12 drugs entering clinical trial prior to 1974 were also examined. Objective responses (partial and complete) were reported in 271 of the 6447 patients (4.2%). Thirty-nine percent of the patients were treated at an initial dose level greater than or equal to the dose ultimately recommended for phase II trials. Patients in phase I trials generally had adequate performance status (Karnofsky scale greater than 80% or Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 0, 1, or 2). More than 90% of the patients had received prior chemotherapy. We next examined the therapeutic effect observed in phase II trials for each of the drugs. Thirty-eight of the 54 drugs had completed at least one phase II trial. Twenty-one drugs were rated active, and nine were rated inactive. For the drugs entering clinical trial since 1974, the median phase I response rate for those active in phase II was 4.3%, compared to 2.7% for the drugs not found active in phase II. This difference was not statistically significant. The tabulated response rate in phase I trials reported here should be interpreted cautiously. There are many factors which may contribute to significant variability in the reported response rates, including the heterogeneity of patient population with respect to prior therapy and tumor type, lack of requirement for measurable/evaluable disease on entry into many studies, and variations in the rigor with which tumor sites are followed for response. These factors may lead to either an overestimate or underestimate of the true response rate in phase I. Although little therapeutic effect is produced in phase I, we discuss several measures which might increase patient benefit during these trials.
The Search for the Ideal Thrombolytic Agent: Maximize the Benefit and Minimize the Risk (1993)

Streptokinase, acylated plasminogen streptokinase complex, and tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) are widely used for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. These thrombolytic agents restore blood flow in occluded coronary arteries, salvage myocardial function, and decrease mortality. The success of thrombolytic therapy depends on the prompt and stable recanalization of the occluded blood vessel. Hemorrhagic events undermine the safety of fibrinolytic agents. Most bleeding complications occur at vascular puncture sites and can be avoided by limiting invasive procedures; however, an increased incidence of devastating intracranial bleeds is also encountered. The cause of thrombolytic-induced intracranial hemorrhage is unknown but may be due to lysis of protective hemostatic plugs. Another potential contributor to bleeding is activation of circulating plasminogen by the exogenous plasminogen activator to yield fluid-phase plasmin. Plasmin is a promiscuous proteinase that degrades many proteins that play pivotal roles in hemostasis and the integrity of the microvasculature. Tissue-type plasminogen activator activity is depressed in the absence of fibrin; hence, its use as a thrombolytic agent was anticipated to avoid the untoward consequences of plasminemia. However, the administration of pharmacologic doses of tPA can result in the activation of appreciable quantities of circulating plasminogen. In contrast to currently available thrombolytic agents, the activity of the vampire bat salivary plasminogen activator (BatPA) displays a strict requirement for the presence of fibrin. Assessment of BatPA using animal models of arterial thrombosis has demonstrated efficacy but without activation of systemic plasminogen. The avoidance of plasminemia when using BatPA as a fibrinolytic agent may circumvent bleeding complications that can compromise the safety of thrombolytic therapy.
Rapid GTP binding and hydrolysis by G q promoted by receptor and GTPase-activating proteins (1999)

Receptor-promoted GTP binding and GTPase-activating protein (GAP)-promoted GTP hydrolysis determine the onset and termination of G protein signaling; they coordinately control signal amplitude. The mechanisms whereby cells independently regulate signal kinetics and signal amplitude are therefore central to understanding G protein function. We have used quench-flow kinetic methods to measure the rates of the individual reactions of the agonist-stimulated GTPase cycle for G(q) during steady-state signaling. G(q) and m1 muscarinic cholinergic receptor were co-reconstituted into proteoliposomes with one of two GAPs: phospholipase C (PLC)-beta1, the major G(q)-regulated effector protein, and RGS4, a GAP commonly thought to be an inhibitor of G(q) signaling. In this system, the rate constant for GAP-stimulated hydrolysis of Galpha(q)-bound GTP at 30 degrees C was 9-12 s(-1) for PLC-beta1 and 22-27 s(-1) for RGS4. These rates are 1,000- to 2,000-fold faster than in the absence of a GAP and far faster than measured previously. G(q) can thus hydrolyze bound GTP with deactivation half-times of 25-75 ms at 30 degrees C, commensurate with physiological rates of signal termination. GDP/GTP exchange, which reactivates G(q), was the principal rate-limiting step for the GTPase cycle and was also faster than previously thought. At physiological concentrations of GTP, exchange was limited by the rate of dissociation of GDP from the receptor-G(q) complex, with a maximal rate of 1.8 s(-1) at 30 degrees C. Comparison of activation and deactivation rates help explain how GDP/GTP exchange balance rapid GTP hydrolysis to maintain steady-state signal amplitude.
World wide proton therapy experience in 1997 (1999)

In 1997 at 14 operating centers worldwide, over 2300 patients were treated with proton beams, compared to ∼876 patients treated in 1990 at 10 centers. In 1990, ∼55% of patients were treated for eye tumors and ∼23% for other sites using fractionated therapy; in 1997, these percentages were ∼47% and ∼46% respectively. Only one operating facility was designed specifically for the hospital setting, but treatments at the second and third hospital based facilities will start in late 1998 or early 1999. The increased level of interest in both proton and heavy ion radiation therapy has resulted in proposals for many new facilities world wide. It is projected that there may be 30 or more proton therapy and 3 heavy ion facilities operating early in the next century. Cyclotrons or synchrotrons are the machines of choice in most planned new proton therapy facilities.
RosettaAntibody: antibody variable region homology modeling server (2009)

The RosettaAntibody server (http://antibody.graylab.jhu.edu) predicts the structure of an antibody variable region given the amino-acid sequences of the respective light and heavy chains. In an initial stage, the server identifies and displays the most sequence homologous template structures for the light and heavy framework regions and each of the complementarity determining region (CDR) loops. Subsequently, the most homologous templates are assembled into a side-chain optimized crude model, and the server returns a picture and coordinate file. For users requesting a high-resolution model, the server executes the full RosettaAntibody protocol which additionally models the hyper-variable CDR H3 loop. The high-resolution protocol also relieves steric clashes by optimizing the CDR backbone torsion angles and by simultaneously perturbing the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains. RosettaAntibody generates 2000 independent structures, and the server returns pictures, coordinate files, and detailed scoring information for the 10 top-scoring models. The 10 models enable users to use rational judgment in choosing the best model or to use the set as an ensemble for further studies such as docking. The high-resolution models generated by RosettaAntibody have been used for the successful prediction of antibody-antigen complex structures.
Maize as a model for the evolution of plant nuclear genomes (2000)

The maize genome is replete with chromosomal duplications and repetitive DNA. The duplications resulted from an ancient polyploid event that occurred over 11 million years ago. Based on DNA sequence data, the polyploid event occurred after the divergence between sorghum and maize, and hence the polyploid event explains some of the difference in DNA content between these two species. Genomic rearrangement and diploidization followed the polyploid event. Most of the repetitive DNA in the maize genome is retrotransposable elements, and they comprise 50% of the genome. Retrotransposon multiplication has been relatively recent-within the last 5-6 million years-suggesting that the proliferation of retrotransposons has also contributed to differences in DNA content between sorghum and maize. There are still unanswered questions about repetitive DNA, including the distribution of repetitive DNA throughout the genome, the relative impacts of retrotransposons and chromosomal duplication in plant genome evolution, and the hypothesized correlation of duplication events with transposition. Population genetic processes also affect the evolution of genomes. We discuss how centromeric genes should, in theory, contain less genetic diversity than noncentromeric genes. In addition, studies of diversity in the wild relatives of maize indicate that different genes have different histories and also show that domestication and intensive breeding have had heterogeneous effects on genetic diversity across genes.
A mutation-induced activated state of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor. Extending the ternary complex model. (1993)

We have replaced the C-terminal portion of the third intracellular loop of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (residues 266-272) with the homologous region of the alpha 1B-adrenergic receptor. In a fashion analogous to the reciprocal mutations of the alpha 1B receptor previously described (Cotecchia, S., Exum, S., Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 2896-2900), this conservative substitution leads to agonist-independent activation of adenylyl cyclase. In addition, the constitutively active mutant receptor exhibits: (i) an increased affinity for agonists (even in the absence of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein)) but not antagonists, with the extent of affinity increase being correlated with the intrinsic activity of the ligand; (ii) an increased potency of agonists for stimulation of adenylyl cyclase; and (iii) an increased intrinsic activity of partial agonists. We document that our experimental findings with the mutant receptor cannot be adequately rationalized within the theoretical framework of the Ternary Complex Model (De Lean, A., Stadel, J. M., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7108-7117) which postulates that receptor activation requires the agonist-promoted formation of an active, "ternary" complex of agonist, receptor, and G protein. We show, through extensive computer simulations, that an extended version of this model that includes an explicit isomerization of the receptor (R) to an active state (R*) closely models all our findings for both the mutant and the wild-type receptors. Study of such constitutively active mutant G protein-coupled receptors should help elucidate the molecular nature of the processes involved in receptor activation.
Pilot- and process-scale techniques for cell disruption. (1990)

Microorganisms are a source of protein with catalytic and/or biological activity, which are of increasing commercial interest for applications in industry or therapy. For the isolation of intracellular products cell disruption is necessary. In principle, chemical, biological, or physical means may be employed to release proteins from cells. These different approaches are reviewed with special emphasis on scale-up and possible industrial operation. Mechanical devices have been improved considerably in recent years and appear most universally suited to cell disintegration. Chemical extraction or enzymatic lysis offers improved selectivity but requires individual procedures for each product. For a final process design, product yield and cost of the unit operation must be considered as well as the possible implications for the subsequent steps in product recovery, especially on solid/liquid separation.
Design for coincidence (2008)

As location based games move players out of the house and onto the streets the experience of game play radically changes. Game designers have the opportunity to incorporate artifacts, elements and events that might naturally occur in the real world into the game play so that a particular place becomes more meaningful.
Low-Temperature Microwave Annealing Processes for Future IC Fabrication—A Review (2014)

Microwave annealing (MWA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) of dopants in implanted Si are compared in their abilities to produce very shallow and highly activated junctions. First, arsenic (As), phosphorus (P), and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm BF}_{2}$</tex></formula> implants in Si substrate were annealed by MWA at temperatures below 550 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$</tex></formula> . Next, enhancing the substitutional carbon concentration <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$([{\rm C}]_{\rm sub})$</tex></formula> by cluster carbon implantation in (100) Si substrates with MWA or RTA techniques was investigated. Annealing temperatures and time effects were studied. Different formation mechanisms of <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm SiC}_{x}$</tex></formula> layer were observed. In addition, substrate temperature is an important factor for dopant activation during MWA and in situ doped a-Si on oxide/Si substrate or glass were compared to elucidate the substrate temperature effect. After the discussion of dopant activation in Si substrates, low temperature formation of ultrathin NiGe layer is presented. Ultrathin NiGe films with low sheet resistance have been demonstrated with a novel two-step MWA process. In the two-step MWA process, the first step anneals the sample with low power MWA, and the second step applies higher power MWA for reducing sheet resistance. During fixed-frequency microwave heating, standing wave patterns may be present in the MWA chamber resulting in nodes and antinodes and thermal variations over the process wafer. Therefore, the effects of Si or quartz susceptor wafers on dopant activation and sheet resistance uniformity during fixed-frequency MWA were investigated.
Preparation of a Novel Type of Ligands Incorporating Two or Three 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Units (1993)

The 1,3,4-thiadiazole annelation based on thereaction of acyl chlorides with methyl 2-methyldithiocarbazate followed by cyclization with perchloric acid and further reaction with primary amines, allows the preparation of a novel kind of ligands bearing twoorthree l,3,4-thiadiazoleringsconnectedeitherby an aliphatic, aromatic or heteroaromaric bridge.Macrobicyclic ligands containing heterocyclic subunits have been shown to possess interesting functional (photochemical, electrochemical) properties conferred by aromatic heterocycles.'In spiteof the large number of such subunits introduced in macrocyclic compounds, a few examples of 1,3,4-thiadiazole inclusion in a macrocyclic framework have been reported.2We have previously reported that alkyl2-methyldithiocarbazates, by sequential treatment withacyl chlorides and perchloric acid, lead to 2-alkylthio-l,3,4-thiadiazolium cations3 which react with primary amines to give 2amino-l,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives?Herein we report an efficient new method for the synthesis of previously unreported bis-(1,3,4-thiadiazole) derivatives,connectedhy aliphatic,aromaticorheteroammahc bridges withsuitablecavitiesformetalcomplexation, andwhich is basedon thesequential treatmentof methyl2-methyldithiocarbazate with dicarboxylic acidchlorides and perchloric acid.Preparation of 2,2'-bis(5-imino-l,3,4-thiadiazole) poddnds is outlined in Scheme 1. Methyl 2-methyldithiocarhazate undergoes acyldtion upon reaction with several diacyl chlorides LL) to give acyclic derivatives QI (41-74%).These compounds undergo cyclization w~th perchloric acidlacetic anhydride in dry ether at room 126.4 HETEROCYCLES.Vol.36, No. 6.1993 Scheme 1 temperature to give the salts U) (73.90%).which by reaction with primary amines in the presence of equimolecular amounts of triethylamine yield the functionalized 2.2'-bis(5-imino-1,3,4-thiadiazolines) &-a (Scheme 1).Compounds and a) were obtained in 20 and 68% yield from 3 (X = -CH20CH2-), available in 73% yield, from diglycolyl dichloride5 and using 2-aminopropanol and 2-bromoethylamine as amino components, respectively.Preparation of azide &) was achieved from b r o m i d e m and sodium azide in dimethyl sulfoxide at 80°C in 43% yield.Starting from isophthaloyl dichloride as acylating reagent, and ethylamine, 2-substituted ethylamines or benzylaminesas aminocomponents, the2,2'-bis(5-imino-l,3,4-thiadiazolines)~ (30-76%), bearing anaromatic ringasa bridge, wasobtainedascrystallinesolid.A z i d e a ) (76%) wasprepared from the corresponding bromide and sodium azide in dimetbyl sulfoxide at 80°C.The podands (Q andU), in which an heteroaromatic ring is placed between the two 1,3,4-thiadiazolerings, were preparedfrompyridine-2,6-dicarboxilic acid dichloride and furan-2,5-dicarboxylic aciddi~hloride,~res~ectively.HETEROCYCLES.Vol.36, No. 6,1993 Scheme 2 13-C Nmr spectral data of 4,5-dihydro-5-(N-substituted) imino-4-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazoles Entry N-Me C-2 C -5 X =N-CH R1 R2 67.69 67.25 67
Colony-stimulating factor-1 secreted by fibroblasts promotes the growth of dendritic cell lines (XS series) derived from murine epidermis. (1995)

We have established recently from mouse epidermis long-term dendritic cell lines (XS series) that resemble epidermal Langerhans cells (LC) by their surface phenotype, Ag-presenting profile and cytokine mRNA profile. The growth of XS lines was promoted maximally by granulocyte-macrophage-CSF or by a factor secreted by NS lines, which are fibroblastic cell lines established from dispase-separated specimens of mouse epidermis. The purpose of this study was to determine the identity of XS cell growth factor secreted by NS cells. We report the following: 1) NS cells express constitutively mRNA for CSF-1; 2) XS cells express the CSF-1R at mRNA and protein levels; 3) rCSF-1 mimics NS culture supernatant in its ability to promote XS cell growth; 4) NS supernatant-dependent XS cell growth is blocked completely by each of two Abs against the CSF-1R. We conclude that CSF-1 is responsible for the XS growth-promoting activity secreted by NS lines. We also report the following: 5) LC freshly isolated from skin express CSF-1R mRNA; and 6) fibroblasts derived from specimens of dermis also express mRNA and secrete large amounts (50-100 ng/ml) of CSF-1. These observations give rise to a new concept that dermal fibroblasts may support the survival and growth of LC (and their precursors) through the paracrine effect of elaborated CSF-1.