gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-Chip Enzyme Immunoassay of a Cardiac Marker Using a Microfluidic Device Combined with a Portable Surface Plasmon Resonance System (2006)

This paper reports a miniaturized immunosensor designed to determine a trace level cardiac marker, B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), using a microfluidic device combined with a portable surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor system. Sample BNP solution was introduced into the microchannel after an immunoreaction with acetylcholine esterase-labeled antibody (conjugate), and only unbound conjugate was trapped on the BNP-immobilized surface in the flow channel. Then, the thiol compound generated by the enzymatic reaction with the trapped conjugate was accumulated on a gold thin film located downstream in the microchannel to monitor the real-time SPR angle shift. We achieved a detectable concentration range of 5 pg/mL-100 ng/mL by monitoring the SPR angle shift, which covers the required detection range for the BNP concentrations found in blood. This success resulted from the use of a T-shaped microfluidic device structure, which prevents the sample solution from flowing over the gold film used for SPR detection. We were able to measure trace levels of BNP peptide (15 fg) within 30 min since the procedure with our immunosensor is simpler than a multistep immunoassay through the simultaneous use of a labeled enzymatic reaction and the real-time monitoring of enzymatic product accumulation in the microfluidic device. We employed the procedure to detect serum BNP by using spiked samples in human serum and achieved satisfactory recovery for heat-treated samples to denature the esterase in the serum before the immunoreaction.
Supercapacitor Devices Based on Graphene Materials (2009)

Graphene materials (GMs) as supercapacitor electrode materials have been investigated. GMs are prepared from graphene oxide sheets, and subsequently suffer a gas-based hydrazine reduction to restore the conducting carbon network. A maximum specific capacitance of 205 F/g with a measured power density of 10 kW/kg at energy density of 28.5 Wh/kg in an aqueous electrolyte solution has been obtained. Meanwhile, the supercapacitor devices exhibit excellent long cycle life along with ∼90% specific capacitance retained after 1200 cycle tests. These remarkable results demonstrate the exciting commercial potential for high performance, environmentally friendly and low-cost electrical energy storage devices based on this new 2D graphene material.
Calreticulin, a Peptide-binding Chaperone of the Endoplasmic Reticulum, Elicits Tumor- and Peptide-specific Immunity (1999)

Calreticulin (CRT), a peptide-binding heat shock protein (HSP) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), has been shown previously to associate with peptides transported into the ER by transporter associated with antigen processing (Spee, P., and J. Neefjes. 1997. Eur. J. Immunol. 27: 2441-2449). Our studies show that CRT preparations purified from tumors elicit specific immunity to the tumor used as the source of CRT but not to an antigenically distinct tumor. The immunogenicity is attributed to the peptides associated with the CRT molecule and not to the CRT molecule per se. It is further shown that CRT molecules can be complexed in vitro to unglycosylated peptides and used to elicit peptide-specific CD8(+) T cell response in spite of exogenous administration. These characteristics of CRT closely resemble those of HSPs gp96, hsp90, and hsp70, although CRT has no apparent structural homologies to them.
Green fluorescent protein as a novel marker and reporter system in Helicobacter sp. (1998)

In order to be able to study gene regulation in single, live Helicobacter pylori bacteria in vitro or in contact with host cells, we established the green fluorescent protein gene gfp from Aequorea victoria as a reporter gene for use with Helicobacter species. We describe here the construction of genomic transcriptional fusions of the promoterless gfp gene with the flaA and flaB promoters of H. pylori. We have also constructed a Mini-Tn3-km-gfp transposon to be used for shuttle transposon mutagenesis in H. pylori and H. mustelae. A marker strain with wild-type phenotype, carrying multiple plasmid-borne copies of gfp under the control of the H. pylori flaB promoter, was constructed for studies of bacterial distribution and transmission in animal models.
Metabolic Effects of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Normal Humans (1994)

Since the development of recombinant DNA technology, there has been a rapid expansion of interest in the use of human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) synthesized by recombinant DNA technology for the treatment of clinical disorders. This article reviews recent studies of the metabolic effects of recombinant human IGF-I in normal humans. These studies demonstrated that under euglycemic conditions, IGF-I had potent effects on glucose (hepatic and peripheral), lipid and amino acid metabolism that closely resemble those of insulin, despite a concomitant inhibitory effect on insulin secretion. Hypoglycemia produced by IGF-I infusions (free-fall study and glucose clamps) had a different effect on counterregulatory responses compared with insulin. The glucagon response was absent, growth hormone (GH) release was attenuated, while norepinephrine levels were increased. Suppression of glucagon release during hypoglycemia impaired glucose recovery. Paradoxically, awareness of hypoglycemia was enhanced with IGF-I, partly due to stimulation of sympathetic activity. Studies performed under hyperglycemic conditions showed that IGF-I inhibited glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but that this inhibitory effect was partially overcome by increasing the hyperglycemic stimulus. Moreover, despite the decrease in insulin secretion, glucose disposal was accelerated by IGF-I. These observations imply that IGF-I might be effective in human diabetes. In particular, normalization of the decreased basal IGF-I levels, which are characteristic of poorly controlled patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), in pubertal patients might lower glucagon and GH levels and improve cellular metabolism in muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Receptor-mediated Targeting of Fluorescent Probes in Living Cells (1999)

A strategy was developed to label specified sites in living cells with a wide selection of fluorescent or other probes and applied to study pH regulation in Golgi. cDNA transfection was used to target a single-chain antibody to a specified site such as an organelle lumen. The targeted antibody functioned as a high affinity receptor to trap cell-permeable hapten-fluorophore conjugates. Synthesized conjugates of a hapten (4-ethoxymethylene-2-phenyl-2-oxazolin-5-one, phOx) and fluorescent probes (Bodipy Fl, tetramethylrhodamine, fluorescein) were bound with high affinity (approximately 5 nM) and specific localization to the single-chain antibody expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, and plasma membrane of living Chinese hamster ovary cells. Using the pH-sensitive phOx-fluorescein conjugate and ratio imaging microscopy, pH was measured in the lumen of Golgi (pH 6.25 +/- 0.06). Measurements of pH-dependent vacuolar H+/ATPase pump activity and H+ leak in Golgi provided direct evidence that resting Golgi pH is determined by balanced leak-pump kinetics rather than the inability of the H+/ATPase to pump against an electrochemical gradient. Like expression of the green fluorescent protein, the receptor-mediated fluorophore targeting approach permits specific intracellular fluorescence labeling. A significant advantage of the new approach is the ability to target chemical probes with custom-designed spectral and indicator properties.
THE B7 FAMILY REVISITED (2005)

The discovery of new functions for the original B7 family members, together with the identification of additional B7 and CD28 family members, have revealed new ways in which the B7:CD28 family regulates T cell activation and tolerance. B7-1/B7-2:CD28 interactions not only promote initial T cell activation but also regulate self-tolerance by supporting CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cell homeostasis. CTLA-4 can exert its inhibitory effects in both B7-1/B7-2 dependent and independent fashions. B7-1 and B7-2 can signal bidirectionally by engaging CD28 and CTLA-4 on T cells and by delivering signals into B7-expressing cells. The five new B7 family members, ICOS ligand, PD-L1 (B7-H1), PD-L2 (B7-DC), B7-H3, and B7-H4 (B7x/B7-S1) are expressed on professional antigen-presenting cells as well as on cells within nonlymphoid organs, providing new means for regulating T cell activation and tolerance in peripheral tissues. The new CD28 families members, ICOS, PD-1, and BTLA, are inducibly expressed on T cells, and they have important roles in regulating previously activated T cells. PD-1 and BTLA also are expressed on B cells and may have broader immunoregulatory functions. The ICOS:ICOSL pathway appears to be particularly important for stimulating effector T cell responses and T cell-dependent B cell responses, but it also has an important role in regulating T cell tolerance. In addition, the PD-1:PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway plays a critical role in regulating T cell activation and tolerance. In this review, we revisit the roles of the B7:CD28 family members in regulating immune responses, and we discuss their therapeutic potential.
Microfluidic tectonics: A comprehensive construction platform for microfluidic systems (2000)

A microfluidic platform for the construction of microscale components and autonomous systems is presented. The platform combines liquid-phase photopolymerization, lithography, and laminar flow to allow the creation of complex and autonomous microfluidic systems. The fabrication of channels, actuators, valves, sensors, and systems is demonstrated. Construction times can be as short as 10 min, providing ultrarapid prototyping of microfluidic systems.
Nonpeptidic Small-Molecule Inhibitor of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, (???)-Gossypol, Enhances Biological Effect of Genistein Against BxPC-3 Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line (2005)

From these results, we conclude that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and direct inhibition of Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL function should serve as a novel strategy for pancreatic cancer therapy.
PSTPIP 2, a Second Tyrosine Phosphorylated, Cytoskeletal-associated Protein That Binds a PEST-type Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase (1998)

Although cytoskeletal regulation is critical to cell function during interphase and mitosis, the components of the cytoskeleton involved with its control are only beginning to be elucidated. Recently, we reported the identification of a cytoskeletal-associated protein, proline-serine-threonine phosphatase-interacting protein (PSTPIP), whose level of tyrosine phosphorylation was controlled by PEST-type protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) bound to a novel protein interaction site in the PSTPIP predicted coiled-coil domain. We also showed that the PSTPIP SH3 domain interacts with the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP), a cytoskeletal regulatory protein, in a manner modulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. Here we describe the identification of PSTPIP 2, a widely expressed protein that is related to PSTPIP. PSTPIP 2 lacks an SH3 domain but contains a region predicted to bind to PEST-type PTPs, and structure-function analyses demonstrate that PSTPIP 2 interacts with the proline-rich C terminus of the PEST-type PTP hematopoietic stem cell factor in a manner similar to that previously demonstrated for PSTPIP. Confocal microscopy revealed that PSTPIP 2 colocalizes with PSTPIP in F actin-rich regions. PSTPIP 2 was found to be efficiently phosphorylated in v-Src-transfected or pervanadate-treated cells at two tyrosines conserved in PSTPIP, but in contrast to PSTPIP, tyrosine phosphorylated PSTPIP 2 was only weakly dephosphorylated in the presence of PTP HSCF. Finally, analysis of oligomer formation demonstrated that PSTPIP and PSTPIP 2 formed homo- but not heterodimers. These data suggest that a family of tyrosine phosphorylated, PEST PTP binding proteins may be implicated in cytoskeletal regulation.
Agroforestry in Dryland Africa. By D. Rochelau, F. Weber and A. Field-Juma. Nairobi: International Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) (1988), pp. 311, US$ 12.00. (1990)

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Magnetically Suspended Centrifugal Blood Pump With a Radial Magnetic Driver (2005)

A new magnetic bearing has been designed to achieve a low electronic power requirement and high stiffness. The magnetic bearing consists of 1) radial passive forces between the permanent magnet ring mounted inside the impeller rotor and the electromagnet core materials in the pump casing and 2) radial active forces generated by the electromagnets using the two gap sensor signals. The magnetic bearing was assembled into a centrifugal rotary blood pump (CRBP) driven with a radial, magnetic coupled driver. The impeller vane shape was designed based upon the computational fluid dynamic simulation. The diameter and height of the CRBP were 75 mm and 50 mm, respectively. The magnetic bearing system required the power of 1.0-1.4 W. The radial impeller movement was controlled to within +/- 10 microm. High stiffness in the noncontrolled axes, Z, phi, and theta, was obtained by the passive magnetic forces. The pump flow of 5 L/min against 100 mm Hg head pressure was obtained at 1,800 rpm with the electrical to hydraulic efficiency being greater than 15%. The Normalized Index of Hemolysis (NIH) of the magnetic bearing CRBP was one fifth of the BioPump BP-80 and one half of the NIKKISO HPM-15 after 4 hours. The newly designed magnetic bearing with two degrees of freedom control in combination with optimized impeller vane was successful in achieving an excellent hemolytic performance in comparison with the clinical centrifugal blood pumps.
Die Primärstruktur von Subtilisin DY (1983)

The complete amino-acid sequence of subtilisin DY, an extracellular alkaline proteinase produced by Bacillus subtilis, strain DY, is presented. The enzyme's primary structure was elucidated using peptides obtained by tryptic hydrolysis and peptides released from BrCN, tryptophan and Asn-Gly cleavage (using hydroxylamine). The peptides were isolated by gelfiltration and by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography and were degradated automatically in the sequenator. The complete sequence has been verified by peptide overlapping. The subtilisin DY polypeptide chain, like that of subtilisin Carlsberg, consists of 274 amino-acid residues. 32 Amino-acid replacements were found between these two molecules (37 nucleotide mutations, 5 of them two-point mutations). Between the subtilisins DY and Novo 82 amino-acid residue replacements (106 nucleotide mutations, 24 two-point mutations) and one deletion were found. The polypeptide chains of the three subtilisins mentioned were compared and some differences discussed.
Protection of ischemic/reperfused canine myocardium by CL18/6, a monoclonal antibody to adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (1995)

The results indicate that CL18/6 antagonism of ICAM-1 provided cardioprotection associated with reduced neutrophil activity in vulnerable myocardium, and suggest that ICAM-1 mediated neutrophil sequestration in endangered cardiac tissue is an important mechanism of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Evidence for an accessory role of LFA-1 in lymphocyte-high endothelium interaction during homing. (1988)

In a variety of lymphocyte interactions, lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) plays an important role as an accessory mechanism mediating cell adhesion. We tested the possibility that LFA-1 could also be involved in the specific binding of lymphocytes to high endothelial venules (HEV) during homing. Antibodies against LFA-1 but not against various other cell surface molecules (except the putative gp90 homing receptor defined by the MEL-14 antibody) were found to inhibit in vitro adherence of lymphocytes to HEV in frozen sections of lymph nodes. Binding of T cell lines to HEV was also inhibited by anti-LFA-1 antibody. Using sublines selected for differential expression of the MEL-14 antigen, MEL-14 high cells (which bind well to HEV) were less susceptible to inhibition by anti-LFA-1 than poor binders with low levels of the homing receptor, supporting the model of LFA-1 being an accessory mechanism strengthening weak interactions between cells. Parallel results were found in vivo where anti-LFA-1 antibodies reduced the migration of normal lymphocytes into lymph nodes and Peyer's patches by 40 to 60%. Localization in the lung, especially of activated lymphocytes, was also impaired, although to a lesser extent. These findings suggest that LFA-1 plays an accessory role in cellular interactions relevant for lymphocyte migration.
Amphipathic Polymers: Tools To Fold Integral Membrane Proteins to Their Active Form (2006)

Among the major obstacles to pharmacological and structural studies of integral membrane proteins (MPs) are their natural scarcity and the difficulty in overproducing them in their native form. MPs can be overexpressed in the non-native state as inclusion bodies, but inducing them to achieve their functional three-dimensional structure has proven to be a major challenge. We describe here the use of an amphipathic polymer, amphipol A8-35, as a novel environment that allows both beta-barrel and alpha-helical MPs to fold to their native state, in the absence of detergents or lipids. Amphipols, which are extremely mild surfactants, appear to favor the formation of native intramolecular protein-protein interactions over intermolecular or protein-surfactant ones. The feasibility of the approach is demonstrated using as models OmpA and FomA, two outer membrane proteins from the eubacteria Escherichia coli and Fusobacterium nucleatum, respectively, and bacteriorhodopsin, a light-driven proton pump from the plasma membrane of the archaebacterium Halobacterium salinarium.
Plant Antibodies for Immunotherapy (1995)

The original report of Hiatt (1989) initiated a wave of excitement at the realization that a complex mammalian protein such as immunoglobulin could be assembled within a plant cell. The general reaction was one of amazement, but interest in exploiting the possibilities arising from the discovery, for example to make antibodies of therapeutic value, has taken a considerable time to develop. In the meantime, other recombinant expression systems and traditional cell culture techniques have advanced and overcome some of their problems, particularly those associated with yields. Plants, however, still offer unique advantages, especially in their ability to match the protein assembly capabilities of mammalian cells (as demonstrated by the assembly of SIgA molecules), as well as to provide antibodies in bulk at low cost. In addition, the area of "immunization" of plants holds great promise and will surely be a field of enormous growth for the future.
Glucose transport in a kinaseless Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (1987)

Wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae organisms contain three kinases which catalyze the phosphorylation of glucose: two hexokinase isozymes (PI and PII) and one glucokinase. Glucose transport measurements for triple-kinaseless mutants, which lack all three of these kinases, confirm that the kinases are involved in the low apparent Km transport process observed in metabolizing cells. Thus kinase-positive cells containing one or more of the three kinases exhibit biphasic transport kinetics with a low apparent Km (1 to 2 mM) and high apparent Km (40 to 50 mM) component. Triple-kinaseless cells, however, exhibit only the high apparent Km component of kinase-positive cells (60 mM). Kinetic analysis of glucose transport in the triple-kinaseless cells shows that glucose is transported by a facilitated diffusion process which exhibits trans-stimulated equilibrium exchange and influx counterflow.
Histidine-Containing Phosphotransfer (HPt) Signal Transducers Implicated in His-to-Asp Phosphorelay in Arabidopsis (1998)

His to Asp phosphorelay signal transduction mechanisms involve three types of widespread signaling components: a sensor His-kinase, a response regulator, and a histidine-containing phosphotransfer (HPt) domain. In Arabidopsis, several sensor His-kinases have recently been discovered (e.g., ETR1 and CKI1) through extensive genetic studies. Furthermore, a recent search for response regulators in this higher plant revealed that it possesses a group of response regulators (ARR-series), each of which exhibits the phospho-accepting receiver function. However, no signal transducer containing the HPt domain has been reported. Here we identify three distinct Arabidopsis genes (AHP1 to AHP3), each encoding a signal transducer containing a HPt domain. Both in vivo and in vitro evidence that each AHP can function as a phospho-transmitting HPt domain with an active histidine site was obtained by employing both the Escherichia coli and yeast His-Asp phosphorelay systems. It was demonstrated that AHP1 exhibits in vivo ability to complement a mutational lesion of the yeast YPD1 gene, encoding a typical HPt domain involved in an osmosensing signal transduction. It was also demonstrated that AHPs can interact in vitro with ARRs through the His-Asp phosphotransfer reaction. It was thus suggested that the uncovered sensors-AHPs-ARRs lineups may play important roles in propagating environmental stimuli through the multistep His-Asp phosphorelay in Arabidopsis.
Improving web availability for clients with MONET (2005)

Despite the increasing degree of multi-homing, path and data redundancy, and capacity available in the Internet, today's clients experience outage rates of a few percent when accessing Web sites. MONET (Multi-homed Overlay NETwork), is a new system that improves client availability to Web sites using a combination of link multi-homing and a cooperative overlay network of peer proxies to obtain a diverse collection of paths between clients and Web sites. This approach creates many potential paths between clients and Web sites, requiring a scalable way to selecting a good path. MONET solves this problem using a waypoint selection algorithm, which picks a good small subset of all available paths to actively probe.MONET runs on FreeBSD, Linux, and Mac OS X, and is deployed at six different sites. These installations have been running MONET for over one year, serving about fifty users on a daily basis. Our analysis of proxy traces shows that the proxy network avoids between 60% and 94% of observed failures, including access link failures, Internet routing problems, persistent path congestion, and DNS failures. The proxy avoids nearly 100% of failures due to client and wide-area network failures, with negligible overhead.
The Effect of Liposome Encapsulated Antineoplastic Agents on Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Tissue Culture (1989)

Liposomes are microscopic vesicles composed of one or more phospholipid bilayers separated by an equal number of aqueous interspaces. These "capsules" are formed when dried lipid is combined with excess water, agitated, and warmed above the transition temperature of the lipid (the temperature at which the lipid changes from a gel state to a fluid state). If a chemical in solution is present when the vesicles form, the chemical will be trapped in either the aqueous interspaces (hydrophilic compounds), or the lipid bilayer (hydrophobic compounds). The urinary bladder is an attractive site for the topical application of liposome encapsulated compounds due to its accessibility and since the introduction of various agents, including antineoplastic compounds, into the bladder is a well established treatment option. Utilization of liposome technology may provide the means for a more effective intravesical treatment of transitional cell carcinoma.