gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Forward error correction for 100 G transport networks (2010)

The role of forward error correction has become of critical importance in fiber optic communications, as backbone networks increase in speed to 40 and 100 Gb/s, particularly as poor optical-signal-to-noise environments are encountered. Such environments become more commonplace in higher-speed environments, as more optical amplifiers are deployed in networks. Many generations of FEC have been implemented, including block codes and concatenated codes. Developers now have options to consider hard-decision and soft-decision codes. This article describes the advantages of each type in particular transmission environments.
A Therapeutic Antibody Targeting BACE1 Inhibits Amyloid-β Production in Vivo (2011)

Reducing production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide by direct inhibition of the enzymes that process amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a central therapeutic strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, small-molecule inhibitors of the β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase APP processing enzymes have shown a lack of target selectivity and poor penetrance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we have developed a high-affinity, phage-derived human antibody that targets BACE1 (anti-BACE1) and is anti-amyloidogenic. Anti-BACE1 reduces endogenous BACE1 activity and Aβ production in human cell lines expressing APP and in cultured primary neurons. Anti-BACE1 is highly selective and does not inhibit the related enzymes BACE2 or cathepsin D. Competitive binding assays and x-ray crystallography indicate that anti-BACE1 binds noncompetitively to an exosite on BACE1 and not to the catalytic site. Systemic dosing of mice and nonhuman primates with anti-BACE1 resulted in sustained reductions in peripheral Aβ peptide concentrations. Anti-BACE1 also reduces central nervous system Aβ concentrations in mouse and monkey, consistent with a measurable uptake of antibody across the BBB. Thus, BACE1 can be targeted in a highly selective manner through passive immunization with anti-BACE1, providing a potential approach for treating Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, therapeutic success with anti-BACE1 will depend on improving antibody uptake into the brain.
THE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF TRIGLYCERIDES (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE ENZYMATIC SYNTHESIS OF TRIGLYCERIDESSamuel B. Weiss and Eugene P. KennedyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 14, 3550Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01595a088https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01595a088research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views347Altmetric-Citations223LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A fast shadow algorithm for area light sources using backprojection (1994)

The fast identification of shadow regions due to area light sources is necessary for realistic rendering and for discontinuity meshing for global illumination. A new shadow-determination algorithm is presented that uses a data structure, called a backprojection, to represent the visible portion of a light source from any point in the scene. A complete discontinuity meshing algorithm is described for polyhedral scenes and area light sources, which includes an important class of light/geometry interactions that have not been implemented before. A fast incremental algorithm for computing backprojections is also described. The use of spatial subdivision, and heuristics based on computed statistics of typical scenes, results in efficient mesh and backprojection computation. Results of the implementation show that the use of the backprojection and discontinuity meshing permits accelerated high-quality rendering of shadows using both ray-casting and polygon-rendering with interpolants.
Cytokine production by T-cell lines derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from patients with ovarian carcinoma: tumor-specific immune responses and inhibition of antigen-independent cytokine production by ovarian tumor cells. (1993)

The ability of T-cell lines derived from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) from patients with ovarian carcinoma to produce interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and IL-6 in response to autologous or allogeneic ovarian carcinoma tumor cells was determined. These T-cell lines were derived in low concentrations of recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), 200 IU/ml. Certain of these T-cell lines (3 of 7) exhibited antigen-independent (spontaneous) production of moderate to low concentrations of IFN-gamma (75 to 112 pg/ml), TNF-alpha (62-88 pg/ml), and IL-6 (38 to 690 pg/ml), in culture medium alone in the absence of rIL-2, tumor cells or polyclonal activators. Addition of 20 IU/ml of rIL-2 to the cultures resulted in a significant increase of the antigen-independent production of IFN-gamma (range 75-6480 pg/ml) by all seven T-cell lines and TNF-alpha (44-490 pg/ml) by 5 of 7 T-cell lines. Certain T-cell lines (4 of 7) exhibited antigen-independent production of IL-6 (38-690 pg/ml), which was not affected by the addition of 20 IU/ml of rIL-2. Certain TIL-derived T-cell lines (2 of 7) produced IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 in response to stimulation with autologous ovarian tumor cells, in the presence of 20 IU/ml of rIL-2. Irradiated autologous ovarian tumor cells alone or in the presence of rIL-2 did not produce any detectable levels of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, or IL-6 during the 6 day culture.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Stent-Retriever Thrombectomy after Intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA Alone in Stroke (2015)

In patients receiving intravenous t-PA for acute ischemic stroke due to occlusions in the proximal anterior intracranial circulation, thrombectomy with a stent retriever within 6 hours after onset improved functional outcomes at 90 days. (Funded by Covidien; SWIFT PRIME ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01657461.).
Vascular endothelial growth factor assessment in different blood fractions of gastrointestinal cancer patients and healthy controls (2004)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play a central role in tumour angiogenesis. Up to now inconclusive data have been published on the clinical-biological significance of circulating VEGF and on the most suitable blood fraction for measuring it. The aims of this pilot study were to assess VEGF in blood compartments of 16 healthy control volunteers and 56 gastrointestinal cancer patients, prospectively collected, to identify the most suitable blood fraction for the determination of VEGF and to evaluate its possible clinical-biological significance. Samples of serum (S) and plasma (P) in both sodium citrate (SC) and sodium citrate-theophylline-adenosine-dipyridamole (CTAD) were collected from venous blood. After the centrifugation and separation methods VEGF levels were detected by ELISA in: S, plasma-platelets poor (P-PP), plasma-activated platelets rich (P-APR) and blood-lysed whole (B-LW). The best differentiation between healthy control volunteers and cancer patients in VEGF level was seen for P-APRCTAD (mean value: 278 pg/ml vs 77 pg/ml; p=0.0036 by t-test). No significant correlation among the blood fractions of VEGF analysed and clinical-pathological features was found. Our data suggest that P-APRCTAD blood fraction, obtained according to well standardised conditions, could represent the most suitable compartment for the assessment of VEGF. We suggest that VEGF levels in P-APRCTAD could play a role as an angiogenic marker of malignant gastrointestinal transformation. Further studies on a larger series of patients and healthy controls with the same experimental methodological conditions are required to confirm our preliminary conclusions.
Joint estimation of forward and backward motion vectors for interpolative prediction of video (1994)

A low-complexity iterative algorithm is introduced for joint estimation of forward and backward motion vectors in interpolative prediction of video. Starting from the initial values obtained by a commonly-used block matching independent search method, the motion vectors are iteratively refined until a locally optimal solution to the motion estimation problem for interpolative prediction is achieved. Each iteration consists of a series of two similar procedures. First, the backward motion vector is fixed and a new forward motion vector is searched to minimize the interpolation error. Then the forward motion vector is fixed and the backward motion vector is similarly refined by minimizing the interpolation error. This process is repeated until the interpolation error stops decreasing. Computer simulation results demonstrate that with this technique the prediction error in some scenes is significantly reduced.
Decoherence of Flux Qubits due to1/fFlux Noise (2006)

We have investigated decoherence in Josephson-junction flux qubits. Based on the measurements of decoherence at various bias conditions, we discriminate contributions of different noise sources. We present a Gaussian decay function extracted from the echo signal as evidence of dephasing due to 1/f flux noise whose spectral density is evaluated to be about (10(-6)Phi0)2/Hz at 1 Hz. We also demonstrate that, at an optimal bias condition where the noise sources are well decoupled, the coherence observed in the echo measurement is limited mainly by energy relaxation of the qubit.
The selectin GMP-140 binds to sialylated, fucosylated lactosaminoglycans on both myeloid and nonmyeloid cells. (1991)

Granule membrane protein-140 (GMP-140) is an inducible receptor for myeloid leukocytes on activated platelets and endothelium. Like other selectins, GMP-140 recognizes specific oligosaccharide ligands. However, prior data on the nature of these ligands are contradictory. We investigated the structural features required for ligand interaction with GMP-140 using purified GMP-140, cells naturally expressing specific oligosaccharides, and cells expressing cloned glycosyltransferases. Like the related selectin endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), GMP-140 recognizes alpha(2-3)sialylated, alpha(1-3)fucosylated lactosaminoglycans on both myeloid and nonmyeloid cells, including the sequence Neu5Ac alpha 2-3Gal beta 1-4(Fuc alpha 1-3)GlcNac beta-R (sialyl Lewis x). Recognition requires sialic acid, because cells expressing large amounts of Lewis x, but not sialyl Lewis x, do not interact with GMP-140. Although sialyl Lewis x is expressed by both myeloid HL-60 cells and CHO cells transfected with an alpha 1-3/4 fucosyltransferase, GMP-140 binds with significantly higher affinity to HL-60 cells. Thus, the sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide may require additional structural modifications or specific presentations in order for leukocytes in flowing blood to interact rapidly and with high affinity to GMP-140 on activated platelets or endothelium.
Using the Complexity of the Distribution of Lexical Elements as a Feature in Authorship Attribution (2008)

Traditional Authorship Attribution models extract normalized counts of lexical elements such as nouns, common words and punctuation and use these normalized counts or ratios as features for author fingerprinting. The text is viewed as a bag-of-words and the order of words and their position relative to other words is largely ignored. We propose a new method of feature extraction which quantifies the distribution of lexical elements within the text using Kolmogorov complexity estimates. Testing carried out on blog corpora indicates that such measures outperform ratios when used as features in an SVM authorship attribution model. Moreover, by adding complexity estimates to a model using ratios, we were able to increase the F-measure by 5.2-11.8%
Transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy and scrapie to mice: strain variation and the species barrier (1994)

Transmissions of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from seven unrelated cattle sources have given remarkably uniform disease characteristics in mice, differing from over twenty previous and contemporary transmissions of sheep and goat scrapie. Transmissions to mice of spongiform encephalopathy from six species (including sheep and goats) which have been experimentally or naturally infected with BSE have given similar results to direct BSE transmissions from cattle. Therefore the BSE agent has retained its identity when passaged through a range of species and the 'donor' species has little specific influence on disease characteristics in mice, adding to evidence for an agent-specific informational molecule. On transmission of BSE or scrapie to mice the incubation periods are long compared with subsequent mouse-to-mouse passages (the 'species barrier'). Contributing factors include a low efficiency of infection on interspecies transmission, the apparent failure of intracerebrally injected 'foreign' inoculum to establish infection directly in mouse brain and the selection of variant strains of agent which replicate most readily in the new host species.
Motor deficits and recovery during the first year following mild closed head injury (2006)

The findings indicate that multiple motor systems are measurably impaired up to 12 months following mild CHI and that instrumented motor assessment may provide sensitive and objective markers of cerebral dysfunction during recovery from mild head trauma independent of neuropsychological assessment and patient self-report.
Nowcasting BRIC+M in Real Time (2021)

Emerging-market economies have become increasingly important in driving global GDP growth over the past 10 to 15 years. This has made timely and accurate assessment of current and future economic activity in emerging markets important for policy-makers not only in these countries but also in advanced economies. This paper uses state-of-theart dynamic factor models (DFMs) to nowcast real GDP growth in five major emerging markets—Brazil, Russia, India, China and Mexico (“BRIC+M”). The DFM framework allows us to efficiently handle data series characterized by different publication lags, frequencies and sample lengths. This framework is particularly suitable for emerging markets for which many indicators are subject to significant publication lags and/or have been compiled only recently. The methodology also allows us to extract model-based “news” from a data release and assess the impact of this news on nowcast revisions. Results show that the DFMs generally outperform simple univariate benchmark models for the BRIC+M. Overall, our results suggest that the DFM framework provides reliable nowcasts for GDP growth for the emerging markets under consideration.
Effect of NaF, SnF2, and TiF4Toothpastes on Bovine Enamel and Dentin Erosion-Abrasion In Vitro (2012)

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of toothpastes containing TiF(4), NaF, and SnF(2) on tooth erosion-abrasion. Bovine enamel and dentin specimens were distributed into 10 groups (n = 12): experimental placebo toothpaste (no F); NaF (1450 ppm F); TiF(4) (1450 ppm F); SnF(2) (1450 ppm F); SnF(2) (1100 ppm F) + NaF (350 ppm F); TiF(4) (1100 ppm F) + NaF (350 ppm F); commercial toothpaste Pro-Health (SnF(2)-1100 ppm F + NaF-350 ppm F, Oral B); commercial toothpaste Crest (NaF-1.500 ppm F, Procter & Gamble); abrasion without toothpaste and only erosion. The erosion was performed 4 × 90 s/day (Sprite Zero). The toothpastes' slurries were applied and the specimens abraded using an electric toothbrush 2 × 15 s/day. Between the erosive and abrasive challenges, the specimens remained in artificial saliva. After 7 days, the tooth wear was evaluated using contact profilometry (μm). The experimental toothpastes with NaF, TiF(4), SnF(2), and Pro-Health showed a significant reduction in enamel wear (between 42% and 54%). Pro-Health also significantly reduced the dentin wear. The toothpastes with SnF(2)/NaF and TiF(4)/NaF showed the best results in the reduction of enamel wear (62-70%) as well as TiF(4), SnF(2), SnF(2)/NaF, and TiF(4)/NaF for dentin wear (64-79%) (P < 0.05). Therefore, the experimental toothpastes containing both conventional and metal fluoride seem to be promising in reducing tooth wear.
Precise Point Positioning with Ambiguity Resolution using the Decoupled Clock Model (2008)

The Decoupled Clock Model is a reformulation of the ionosphere-free code and phase observation equations for GPS, which, when combined with the widelane-phase/narrowlane code observable, permits undifferenced ambiguity resolution of 86cm and 11 cm ambiguities. The nature of the decoupled clock model implies a clock, or clock-like, parameter estimated for each observable for both satellites and receivers. Being general in nature, the decoupled clock model can be used with isolated receiver data for the purposes of PRecise Point Positioning (PPP), albeit now with the capability for Ambiguity Resolution (AR). In addition to precise satellite coordinates, precise estimates of each observable clock must be used as fixed quantities in the PPP solution. When applied to static PPP, there is little improvement provided by ambiguity resolution at the end of a 24-hour period. What ambiguity resolution does provide is the ability to reach similar levels of accuracy within much shorter observation periods. With 30 second test data after 60 minutes, 90% of horizontal positions are at the two-cm level or better with AR, compared to 10 centimetres without AR. In the data sets processed here, 50% of the horizontal positions are at the two-cm level after 10 minutes with AR. Vertical positions are less improved by ambiguity resolution, indicating further modelling improvements, such as low-elevation troposphere, may be required.
Compact Cysteine-Coated CdSe(ZnCdS) Quantum Dots for in Vivo Applications (2007)

We have developed a versatile nanoparticle construct using a compact cysteine coating on a CdSe(ZnCdS) core(shell) nanocrystal (QD-Cys) that is biologically compatible, exceptionally compact, highly fluorescent, and easily functionalized. The small hydrodynamic diameter of QD-Cys ( approximately 6 nm) allows for renal clearance of these nanoparticles in rat models. Moreover, the ability to directly conjugate to QD-Cys opens up the possibility of functionalized nanocrystals for in vivo targeted imaging, in which small targeting molecules can be appended to QD-Cys, and unbound QDs can be rapidly cleared to achieve high signal/noise ratios and to reduce background toxicity.
The development of self‐recognition: A review (1984)

The development of self-recognition has been studied mainly by examining infants' responses to their reflections in mirrors. The definitive test is whether or not the infant is capable of using the reflection to notice and respond to a mark on the face or head by touching the mark. The mark should be inconspicuous to the infant not looking in a mirror. In general, studies agree that this response appears in some infants around 15 months of age and is shown by a majority of infants by 24 months of age. There is less agreement over the existence of a "withdrawal" component in the second year, or the presence of a "social" phase analogous to the reaction of many animals confronted with a mirror. Infants as young as 3 months are differentially responsive to a self-reflection and a live peer. Various "self-conscious" reactions and self-labelling may also indicate self-recognition in the second year, but their validity is not well established. Studies using videotapes of the self and others show that contingency of movement is a salient cue which is learned early, and that attempts to engage in contingent play and to imitate representations of oneself are useful measures of early self-recognition. The validity of the response of turning to look at an object first seen in a mirror as a sign of self-recognition is questioned. The age at which self-recognition in still pictures first appears is less clear. Verbal comprehension of self-relevant labels appears earlier than active self-labelling. A few studies have addressed the question of cognitive correlates of self-recognition, but a variety of behaviors that imply self-awareness and the corresponding ability to impute mental states to others remains to be studied in relation to self-recognition. Continued research into self-recognition and associated abilities in nonhuman primates enhances the overall understanding of the development of self-awareness.
Encapsulated Scintillators Monitor 3H-Solute Concentrations (1982)

The short range of the 3H beta allows shielding of microbeads of scintillator by a several um thick coating of a water based gel. Gels may be used which are permeable to a wide variety of tritiated molecules. Thus, the light output of a mixture of the coated beads and a solution of the tritiated compound is proportional to the solution concentration of the tritiated substance. The mixture may also contain particles to which the gel is impermeable, such as cells, vesicles, large proteins, etc., but which can alter the concentration of the tritiated compound by uptake or release. In this case, the light output monitors the fractional uptake of the tritiated material. This article reports on the design criteria for encapsulating the scintillators and dynamically monitoring the scintillation output. A simple method for encapsulating plastic scintillator microbeads, suitable for monitoring slow concentration changes, is described and tested.
Fermentative butanol production by clostridia (2008)

Butanol is an aliphatic saturated alcohol having the molecular formula of C(4)H(9)OH. Butanol can be used as an intermediate in chemical synthesis and as a solvent for a wide variety of chemical and textile industry applications. Moreover, butanol has been considered as a potential fuel or fuel additive. Biological production of butanol (with acetone and ethanol) was one of the largest industrial fermentation processes early in the 20th century. However, fermentative production of butanol had lost its competitiveness by 1960s due to increasing substrate costs and the advent of more efficient petrochemical processes. Recently, increasing demand for the use of renewable resources as feedstock for the production of chemicals combined with advances in biotechnology through omics, systems biology, metabolic engineering and innovative process developments is generating a renewed interest in fermentative butanol production. This article reviews biotechnological production of butanol by clostridia and some relevant fermentation and downstream processes. The strategies for strain improvement by metabolic engineering and further requirements to make fermentative butanol production a successful industrial process are also discussed.