gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of high frequency nanometer scale mechanical resonators from bulk Si crystals (1996)

We report on a method to fabricate nanometer scale mechanical structures from bulk, single-crystal Si substrates. A technique developed previously required more complex fabrication methods and an undercut step using wet chemical processing. Our method does not require low pressure chemical vapor deposition of intermediate masking layers, and the final step in the processing uses a dry etch technique, avoiding the difficulties encountered from surface tension effects when wet processing mechanically delicate or large aspect ratio structures. Using this technique, we demonstrate fabrication of a mechanical resonator with a fundamental resonance frequency of 70.72 MHz and a quality factor of 2×104.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrences after Cardioversion: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2012)

In the subgroup administered omega-3 fatty acids at least 4 weeks prior to cardioversion and continued thereafter, the recurrence rate of AF was significantly low. More double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter studies with high quality and longer follow-up periods are needed to affirm our conclusion.
Sequence Specific Molecular Recognition and Binding of a Monocationic Bis-Imidazole Lexitropsin to the Decadeoxyribonucleotide d-[(GATCCGTATG) (CATACGGATC)]: Structural and Dynamic Aspects of Intermolecular Exchange Studied by1H-NMR (1988)

The non-exchangeable and imino proton NMR resonances of the non self-complementary decadeoxyribonucleotide d-[(GATCCGTATG).(GATACGGATC)] as well as those of the 1:1 complex of the monocatonic bis-imidazole lexitropsin 1 to this sequence have been assigned by using a combination of NOE difference, COSY and NOESY techniques. Confirmation of complete annealing of the two non self-complementary decamer strands to give the duplex decadeoxyribonucleotide is obtained by the detection of ten imino protons. It is established that the sugar-base orientations of all the bases in the duplex decamer are anti. From NOE studies, it is concluded that the duplex oligomer is right-handed and adopts a conformation in solution that belongs to the B family. A population analysis reveals that the sugar moieties exist predominantly in the S-form (2'-endo-3'-exo). Addition of 1 to the DNA solution leads to doubling of the resonances for CH6(4,5), GH8(6), TH6(7) and T-CH3(7). The base, anomeric H1' and imino proton signals for the base sequence 5'-CCGT undergo the most marked drug-induced chemical shift changes. These results provide evidence that the lexitropsin is bound to the sequence 5'-CCGT in the minor groove of the DNA. NOE measurements between the amide protons (NH1 and NH4) and the imino proton (IV and V) signals confirmed the location and orientation of 1 in the 1:1 complex, with the imino terminus oriented to C(4). The specific binding of 1 to the sequence 5'-CCGT-3' deduced in this study is in agreement with the footprinting data obtained using the Hind III/Nci fragment from pBR322 DNA [Kissinger et al. 1987 (13)]. Intramolecular NOEs observed between H4 and H9 of the lexitropsin suggest that the molecule is not planar, but subjected to propeller twisting, in both the free and bound forms. Furthermore, NOE measurements permit assignment of the DNA duplex in the 1:1 complex to the B-form, which is similar to that of the free DNA. The [(T7A8T9).(A12T13A14)] segment of the DNA shows better stacking, by propeller twisting, compared to the rest of the molecule in the free as well as the complex forms. The intermolecular rate of exchange of 1 between the equivalent 5'-CCGT sites, at a concentration of 12 mM, is estimated to be approximately 88s-1 at 308 degrees K with delta G not equal to of 63 +/- 5 KJ mol-1.
Characterisation of bacteria by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation and electrospray mass spectrometry (2000)

Chemical analysis for the characterisation of micro-organisms is rapidly evolving, after the recent advent of new ionisation methods in mass spectrometry (MS): electrospray (ES) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI). These methods allow quick characterisation of micro-organisms, either directly or after minimum sample preparation. This review provides a brief introduction to ES and MALDI MS and a discussion of micro-organism characterisation capabilities. Some attention is devoted to the analysis of mixtures of proteins, lipids and other compounds, to the combination of polymerase chain reaction technology and MS, and to the analysis of whole bacteria and their lysates. The review of results produced hitherto is concluded with an outlook on future developments.
Improved modulation performance of a silicon p-i-n device by trench isolation (2001)

This paper reports on the simulation of the dc and transient performance of a p/sup +/-i-n/sup +/ single-mode optical phase modulator suitable for silicon-on-insulator material. An analysis of the variation in the dc and transient performance due to trench isolation has been carried out. The device has been modeled using the two-dimensional device simulation package SILVACO. SILVACO has been employed to investigate the overlap between the injected free carriers in the intrinsic region and the propagating optical mode. On forward bias of the device, free carriers are injected into the intrinsic guiding region of the device, resulting in a change in the refractive index of this region. The device studied is designed to support a single optical mode and is of multimicrometer dimensions, thus simplifying fabrication and allowing efficient coupling to/from single-mode fibers or other single-mode devices. The modeling indicates that increased dc device performance of up to 74% results from a vertical trench defined adjacent to the outer edge of the contact region, as compared to a device without trench isolation. For the same conditions an increase in the transient performance of /spl sim/18% is also observed.
Power Load Management as a Computational Market (1996)

Power load management enables energy utilities to reduce peak loads and thereby save money. Due to the large number of different loads, power load management is a complicated optimization problem. We present a new decentralized approach to this problem by modeling direct load management as a computational market. Our simulation results demonstrate that our approach is very efficient with a superlinear rate of convergence to equilibrium and an excellent scalability, requiring few iterations even when the number of agents is in the order of one thousand. Aframework for analysis of this and similar problems is given which shows how nonlinear optimization and numerical mathematics can be exploited to characterize, compare, and tailor problem-solving strategies in market-oriented programming.
Positional Cloning of a Gene for Nematode Resistance in Sugar Beet (1997)

The Hs1(pro-1) locus confers resistance to the beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), a major pest in the cultivation of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.). The Hs1(pro-1) gene was cloned with the use of genome-specific satellite markers and chromosomal break-point analysis. Expression of the corresponding complementary DNA in a susceptible sugar beet conferred resistance to infection with the beet cyst nematode. The native Hs1(pro-1) gene, expressed in roots, encodes a 282-amino acid protein with imperfect leucine-rich repeats and a putative membrane-spanning segment, features similar to those of disease resistance genes previously cloned from higher plants.
Experimental Characterization of Home Wireless Networks and Design Implications (2006)

Anecdotal evidence suggests that home wireless networks may be unpredictable despite their limited size. In this work, we deploy six-node wireless testbeds in three houses in the United States and the United Kingdom. We examine the quality of links in home wireless networks and the effect of (i) transmission rate, (ii) transmission power, (iii) node location, (iv) type of house, and (v) 802.11 technology. We provide empirical evidence suggesting that homes are challenging environments for wireless communication. Wireless links in the home are highly asymmetric and heavily influenced by precise node location, transmission power, and encoding rate, rather than physical distance between nodes. In our measurements, many links were unable to utilize the maximum transmission rate of the deployed 802.11 technology, and a few provided no connectivity at all. These results suggest that creating an AP-based topology with maximum coverage and throughput in this environment is challenging. Our findings have implications on the design of future home wireless networks and requirements for future wifi-enabled consumer electronic devices. We show that coverage and performance can be improved using a multi-hop topology, implying that mesh capabilities may actually be needed in consumer electronics for seamless connectivity across the home.
A Quantitative and Comparative Analysis of Endmember Extraction Algorithms From Hyperspectral Data (2004)

Linear spectral unmixing is a commonly accepted approach to mixed-pixel classification in hyperspectral imagery. This approach involves two steps. First, to find spectrally unique signatures of pure ground components, usually known as endmembers, and, second, to express mixed pixels as linear combinations of endmember materials. Over the past years, several algorithms have been developed for autonomous and supervised endmember extraction from hyperspectral data. Due to a lack of commonly accepted data and quantitative approaches to substantiate new algorithms, available methods have not been rigorously compared by using a unified scheme. In this paper, we present a comparative study of standard endmember extraction algorithms using a custom-designed quantitative and comparative framework that involves both the spectral and spatial information. The algorithms considered in this study represent substantially different design choices. A database formed by simulated and real hyperspectral data collected by the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) is used to investigate the impact of noise, mixture complexity, and use of radiance/reflectance data on algorithm performance. The results obtained indicate that endmember selection and subsequent mixed-pixel interpretation by a linear mixture model are more successful when methods combining spatial and spectral information are applied.
Effect of Anti-Oxidant (Carvedilol and Probucol) Loaded Stents in a Porcine Coronary Restenosis Model (2004)

Background The long-term clinical efficacy of intracoronary stenting is limited by restenosis and delivery by the stent of agents inhibiting cell cycle progression should prevent in-stent neointimal hyperplasia. Carvedilol is an antioxidant that inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, whereas probucol is a vascular protectant and reduces stent restenosis by improving the lumen dimension at the stent placement site. Methods and Results BiodivYsio® phosphorylcholine-coated stents were dip-coated with carvedilol (5 mg/ml) or probucol (50 mg/ml) by immersion in respective methanol solutions. Twenty-four stents (carvedilol =8, probucol =8, control =8) were placed in 12 pigs and histopathologic analysis was done 4 weeks later. Histomorphometry of the carvedilol-coated stent group compared with the control groups showed that the neointimal area decreased by 42% (1.12±0.55 mm2 in the carvedilol group vs 1.9240.52 mm2 in the control, p=0.004) and the lumen area increased by 20% (5.1540.90 mm2 vs 4.1740.87 mm2, p=0.008), resulting in a 43% reduction of the percent area stenosis (18.2249.6% vs 31.949.2%, p=0.002). In the probucol-coated stent group, the lumen area, neointimal area, and %area stenosis did not different significantly from the control group. There were 7.742.97% proliferating nuclear cell antigen-positive cells in the carvedilol-coated stent group compared with 17.841.45% in the control group (p=0.0001) and 15.941.91% in the probucol group (vs control, p=NS). Conclusions The carvedilol-coated stent, but not the probucol-coated one, inhibited neointimal hyperplasia in a porcine stent restenosis model. (Circ J 2005; 69: 101 - 106)
Molecular cloning and characterization of norcoclaurine synthase, an enzyme catalyzing the first committed step in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis (2004)

(S)-Norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) (EC 4.2.1.78) catalyzes the condensation of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylamine (dopamine) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) as the first committed step in the biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids such as morphine, sanguinarine, and berberine, in plants. A molecular clone encoding NCS was isolated from a meadow rue (Thalictrum flavum ssp. glaucum) cell suspension culture cDNA library. Heterologous expression of the NCS cDNA, truncated to remove a putative signal peptide, produced a recombinant protein with NCS activity. Recombinant NCS showed sigmoidal saturation kinetics for dopamine (Hill coefficient=1.98), hyperbolic saturation kinetics for 4-HPAA (Km of 700 microm), and pH and temperature optima of 7.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively, all similar to the purified, plant-derived enzyme. NCS exhibits 28-38% identity, and putative structural homology, with the Bet v 1 allergen and pathogenesis-related (PR)10 protein families. NCS also displays 35% identity with the enzyme (HYP1) responsible for hypericin biosynthesis in St John's wort (Hypericum perforatum). The novel catalytic functions of NCS and HYP1 define a new class of plant secondary metabolic enzymes within the Bet v 1 and PR10 protein families. Weaker homology was also detected between NCS and proteins identified in the latex of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy), and in Arabidopsis thaliana. A family of three to five NCS genes is abundantly expressed in the rhizome, followed by petioles and roots of T. flavum. NCS transcripts were localized to the immature endodermis and pericycle in roots, and the protoderm of leaf primordia in rhizomes; thus, the sites of NCS gene expression and berberine accumulation are temporally and spatially separated in roots and rhizomes respectively.
Longer leukocyte telomere length predicts increased risk of hepatitis b virus‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (2011)

The current study produced the first epidemiologic evidence linking long RTL in PBLs to an increased risk of HCC. The authors concluded that these findings warrant further investigation in other populations.
Bactericidal Action of Gatifloxacin, Rifampin, and Isoniazid on Logarithmic- and Stationary-Phase Cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2005)

The bactericidal activity of gatifloxacin, alone and in combination with isoniazid and rifampin, was studied on both exponential- and stationary-phase cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv. On log-phase cultures, the bactericidal activity of gatifloxacin at 4 microg/ml was rapid and was very similar to that of isoniazid. At concentrations of 0.25 and 4 microg/ml, gatifloxacin enhanced the activity of isoniazid. Killing of the stationary-phase culture was biphasic. During the first 2 days, gatifloxacin at 4 microg/ml slightly increased the limited bactericidal activities of isoniazid and rifampin. However, no further additional bactericidal activity was found during further incubation with isoniazid alone or when gatifloxacin was added to either isoniazid or rifampin. This suggested that the stationary-phase culture contained a mixture of occasionally dividing bacilli that were killed during the first 2 days and true static persisters in the residual population that mimicked those in human lesions. In view of the failure of gatifloxacin to add to the sterilizing activity of isoniazid or rifampin during days 2 to 6 of exposure in the stationary-phase culture, it is unlikely to be a sterilizing drug that can be used to shorten the duration of treatment appreciably when it is added to present treatment regimens.
Advances in Ocular Drug Delivery (2012)

Eye drops have long been the primary ocular drug delivery dosage form used to treat ocular disorders ranging from superficial conditions to intravitreal diseases. The ocular anatomical structure and physiological protective mechanisms are one of the most formidable barriers to drug penetration that have significantly reduced the drug's efficacy and target selectivity while sometimes causing ocular tissue damage. There are many new and innovative advances in ocular drug delivery due to better understanding of the structure and function of the eye, the nature of its diseases, and how to overcome or utilize its protective barrier(s), which resulted in increased bioavailability and longer duration of action of the administered drugs, therefore, more effective disease management. We seek in this article to present a comprehensive overview of the basic required knowledge about the barriers for drug delivery to the eye and the major breakthroughs and advances in ocular drug delivery to the anterior, posterior and intravitreal segments of the eye.
Potent Mechanism-based Inhibitors for Matrix Metalloproteinases (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are zinc-dependent endopeptidases that play important roles in physiological and pathological conditions. Both gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) and membrane-type 1 MMP (MMP-14) are important targets for inhibition, since their roles in various diseases, including cancer, have been well established. We describe herein a set of mechanism-based inhibitors that show high selectivity to gelatinases and MMP-14 (inhibitor 3) and to only MMP-2 (inhibitors 5 and 7). These molecules bind to the active sites of these enzymes, initiating a slow binding profile for the onset of inhibition, which leads to covalent enzyme modification. The full kinetic analysis for the inhibitors is reported. These are nanomolar inhibitors (Ki) for the formation of the noncovalent enzyme-inhibitor complexes. The onset of slow binding inhibition is rapid (k(on) of 10(2) to 10(4) M(-1) s(-1) and the reversal of the process is slow (k(off) of 10(-3) to 10(-4) s(-1)). However, with the onset of covalent chemistry with the best of these inhibitors (e.g. inhibitor 3), very little recovery of activity (<10%) was seen over 48 h of dialysis. We previously reported that broad spectrum MMP inhibitors like GM6001 enhance MT1-MMP-dependent activation of pro-MMP-2 in the presence of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2. Herein, we show that inhibitor 3, in contrast to GM6001, had no effect on pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP. Furthermore, inhibitor 3 reduced tumor cell migration and invasion in vitro. These results show that these new inhibitors are promising candidates for selective inhibition of MMPs in animal models of relevant human diseases.
Peripheral blood lymphocytes as target cells of retroviral vector- mediated gene transfer (1994)

Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) are key target cells for gene therapy of a number of inherited and acquired blood disorders. We have systematically compared four retroviral vectors, designed according to different strategies, for their efficiency in transfer and expression in human PBLs of the same reporter gene. The receptor gene used in the study codes for the human low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR), and is not expressed on the majority of human hematopoietic cells, thus allowing quantitative analysis of the transduced gene expression by immunofluorescence, with single cell resolution. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as human hematopoietic cell lines of myeloid and lymphoid origin, were transduced with the four vectors and analyzed for efficiency of gene transfer, integration and stability of vector proviruses, and LNGFR expression at both RNA and protein level. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of coexpression of LNGFR and lineage-specific cell surface markers was performed in transduced cell lines, PBLs, and T-cell clones to study gene expression on specific cell subpopulations. Although crucial differences were observed among different constructs, all retroviral vectors could transduce, under appropriate infection conditions, T-cell populations representative of the normal immune repertoire. Gene transfer and expression could be demonstrated also in circulating progenitors of mature T cells. Expression of the transduced gene was heterogeneous among cell populations infected with the different vectors, with optimal results obtained by two of the four constructs. Finally, we have devised a simple protocol based on vector-mediated gene transfer and positive immunoselection of the transduced cells that produces virtually 100% gene-modified cells. This may represent a crucial improvement in the way of designing efficacious protocols involving the use of gene-modified T lymphocytes in clinical studies.
NEONATAL MENINGITIS CAUSED BY UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM (1987)

Garland, Suzanne M. M.B.B.S., F.R.C.P.A.; Murton, Laurence J. M.B.B.S., F.R.A.C.P. Author Information
A Large Non-immunized Human Fab Fragment Phage Library That Permits Rapid Isolation and Kinetic Analysis of High Affinity Antibodies (1999)

We report the design, construction, and use of the first very large non-immunized phage antibody library in Fab format, which allows the rapid isolation and affinity analysis of antigen-specific human antibody fragments. Individually cloned heavy and light chain variable region libraries were combined in an efficient two-step cloning procedure, permitting the cloning of a total of 3.7 x 10(10) independent Fab clones. The performance of the library was determined by the successful selection of on average 14 different Fabs against 6 antigens tested. These include tetanus toxoid, the hapten phenyl-oxazolone, the breast cancer-associated MUC1 antigen, and three highly related glycoprotein hormones: human chorionic gonadotropin, human luteinizing hormone, and human follicle-stimulating hormone. In the latter category, a panel of either homone-specific or cross-reactive antibodies were identified. The design of the library permits the monitoring of selections with polyclonal phage preparations and to carry out large scale screening of antibody off-rates with unpurified Fab fragments on BIAcore. Antibodies with off-rates in the order of 10(-2) to 10(-4) s-1 and affinities up to 2.7 nM were recovered. The kinetics of these phage antibodies are of the same order of magnitude as antibodies associated with a secondary immune response. This new phage antibody library is set to become a valuable source of antibodies to many different targets, and to play a vital role in target discovery and validation in the area of functional genomics.
Inhaled nitric oxide and arterial oxygen tension in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severe pulmonary hypertension (1997)

Inhaled NO does not improve TcPO2 nor increase cardiac output in normal subjects and patients with COPD, suggesting that inhaled NO worsens gas exchange. This could represent inhaled NO overriding hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in COPD. The finding that TcPO2 also fell when normal subjects inhaled NO suggests that a similar mechanism normally contributes to optimal gas exchange. Whilst inhaled NO can improve oxygenation, this effect should not be considered to be a general response but is dependent on the type of lung disease.