gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do Antifibrinolytics Reduce Allogeneic Blood Transfusion in Orthopedic Surgery? (2006)

Studies have shown that antifibrinolytic (aprotinin, tranexamic acid, epsilon-aminocaproic acid) reduce blood loss in orthopedic surgery. However, most lacked sufficient power to evaluate the efficacy and safety on clinical outcomes. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate whether intravenous antifibrinolytics, when compared with placebo, reduce perioperative allogeneic erythrocyte transfusion requirement in adults undergoing orthopedic surgery and whether it might increase the risk of venous thromboembolism. From MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, the authors identified 43 randomized controlled trials in total hip and knee arthroplasty, spine fusion, musculoskeletal sepsis, or tumor surgery performed to July 2005 (for aprotinin, 23 trials with 1,268 participants; tranexamic acid, 20 with 1,084; epsilon-aminocaproic acid, 4 with 171). Aprotinin and tranexamic acid reduced significantly the proportion of patients requiring allogeneic erythrocyte transfusion according to a transfusion protocol. The odds ratio was 0.43 (95% confidence interval, 0.28-0.64) for aprotinin and 0.17 (0.11-0.24) for tranexamic acid. Results suggest a dose-effect relation with tranexamic acid. Epsilon-aminocaproic acid was not efficacious. Unfortunately, data were too limited for any conclusions regarding safety. Although the results suggest that aprotinin and tranexamic acid significantly reduce allogeneic erythrocyte transfusion, further evaluation of safety is required before recommending the use of antifibrinolytics in orthopedic surgery.
Current and future pharmacological therapies for NAFLD/NASH (2017)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, and there is no approved pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of vitamin E and pioglitazone has been established in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a progressive form of NAFLD. GLP-1RA and SGLT2 inhibitors, which are currently approved for use in diabetes, have shown early efficacy in NASH, and also have beneficial cardiovascular or renal effects. Innovative NASH therapies include four main pathways. The first approach is targeting hepatic fat accumulation. Medications in this approach include modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activator receptors (e.g., pemafibrate, elafibranor), medications targeting farnesoid X receptor axis [obeticholic acid; OCA)], inhibitors of de novo lipogenesis (aramchol, ACC inhibitor), and fibroblast growth factor-21 analogues. A second target is oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. This class of drug includes apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1) inhibitor and emricasan (an irreversible caspase inhibitor). A third target is intestinal microbiomes and metabolic endotoxemia. Several agents are in ongoing trials, including IMMe124, TLR4 antagonist, and solithromycin (macrolide antibiotics). The final target is hepatic fibrosis, which is strongly associated with all-cause or liver-related mortality in NASH. Antifibrotic agents are a cysteine-cysteine motif chemokine receptor-2/5 antagonist (cenicriviroc; CVC) and galectin 3 antagonist. Among a variety of medications in development, four agents such as OCA, elafibranor, ASK1 inhibitor, and CVC are currently being evaluated in an international phase 3 trial for the treatment of NASH. Within the next few years, the availability of therapeutic options for NASH will hopefully curb the rising trend of NASH-related diseases.
Influence of pH on bacterial gene expression (1993)

Summary Bacteria respond to changes in internal and external pH by adjusting the activity and synthesis of proteins associated with many different processes, including proton translocation, amino acid degradation, adaptation to acidic or basic conditions and virulence. While, for many of these examples, the physiological and biological consequence of the pH‐induced response is clear, the mechanism by which the transcription/translation machinery is signalled is not. These examples are discussed along with several others in which the function of the gene or protein remains a mystery.
Molecular Nanowires of 1 nm Diameter from Capillary Filling of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (1999)

Molecular nanowires inside single-walled carbon nanotubes are produced by capillary filling. Bismuth was drawn into single-walled carbon nanotubes, where it formed single-crystal nanowires of nanometer dimensions. Metal was introduced in its gas, solution, and solid phases, with the solution phase process the most efficient and versatile method of filling. The majority of fillings are one-dimensional nanowires with high length to diameter ratios. The strong capillary effect in single-walled carbon nanotubes should allow these materials to host a wide variety of nanoscale materials.
Photocatalytic Bactericidal Effect of TiO<sub>2</sub> Thin Films Produced by Cathodic Arc Deposition Method (2003)

https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.254-256.463
The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) beta- and common alpha-subunits are expressed in mouse testis, as determined in wild-type mice and those transgenic for the FSH beta-subunit/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase fusion gene (1995)

Testicular expression of the endogenous FSH beta-subunit (FSH beta) and common alpha-subunit (C alpha) genes, as well as a Herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) transgene, driven by a 2.3-kilobase fragment of the bovine GSH beta promoter, were studied at messenger RNA and protein level in normal and transgenic mice. A major 3.8-kb species of FSH beta messenger RNA was demonstrated i the normal mouse testis by Northern hybridization. This was longer than the main 1.7-kb FSH beta transcript detected in the pituitary gland. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, followed by Southern hybridization, demonstrated FSH beta and tk expression in the pituitary gland and gonads of adult normal and transgenic mice, respectively. The C alpha expression was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in the pituitary gland and testis. During development, testicular transcription of the FSH beta and tk genes was initiated simultaneously a few days after birth. Immunocytochemistry of adult testes showed stage-specific positive reaction with FSH beta, C alpha, and tk antisera in the pachytene spermatocytes and type B spermatogonia, but not in Sertoli cells. Positive reaction with these antisera was also seen in the interstitial tissue. These results demonstrate testicular expression of the endogenous FSH subunit genes and confirm that the testicular expression of the FSH beta /tk transgene reflects or its subunits play a paracrine or autocrine role in the regulation of testicular function.
Study of the Application of Separation Control by Unsteady Excitation to Civil Transport Aircraft (1999)

This study provides a preliminary assessment of the potential benefits of applying unsteady separation control to transport aircraft. Estimates are given for some of the costs associated with a specific application to high-lift systems. High-leverage areas for future research were identified during the course of the study. The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 consisted of a coarse screening of potential applications within the aerodynamics discipline. Potential benefits were identified and in some cases quantified in a preliminary way. Phase 2 concentrated on the application to the wing high-lift system, deemed to have the greatest potential benefit for commercial transports. A team of experts, including other disciplines (i.e. hydraulic, mechanical, and electrical systems, structures, configurations, manufacturing, and finance), assessed the feasibility, benefits, and costs to arrive at estimates of net benefits. In both phases of the study, areas of concern and areas for future research were identified. In phase 3 of this study, the high-leverage areas for future research were prioritized as a guide for future efforts aimed at the application of active flow control to commercial transport aircraft.
Percutaneous Inferior Vena Caval Filters (1990)

Percutaneous placement of caval filters is performed with increasing frequency as an alternative or adjunctive therapy for venous thromboembolic disease. The stainless steel Greenfield filter may be placed surgically or percutaneously. There are now several other approved or investigational devices primarily intended for percutaneous delivery. Morbidity and mortality rates for percutaneous filter placement are lower than those published for surgical filter placement. Choosing among the various devices on the basis of published studies is difficult, as the indications for filter placement; objectivity of follow-up; and criteria for complications, success, and failure vary greatly among studies. The author analyzes published and unpublished data about the physical characteristics; clinical availability; and morbidity, mortality, and efficacy rates of several caval filters. The author concludes that filters should be placed percutaneously rather than surgically, that the ideal device cannot be determined on the basis of current data (and might not exist), and that the choice among devices might depend on clinical circumstances and device characteristics. A strong recommendation is made for an independent, multicenter, prospective, randomized trial and, in the interim, a mandatory registry of all patients receiving caval filters.
Effect of chemical conjugation of recombinant single-chain urokinase- type plasminogen activator with monoclonal antiplatelet antibodies on platelet aggregation and on plasma clot lysis in vitro and in vivo (1991)

The murine monoclonal antiplatelet antibodies MA-TSPI-1 (directed against human thrombospondin) and MA-PMI-2, MA-PMI-1, and MA-LIBS-1 (directed against ligand-induced binding sites [LIBS] on human platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa) were conjugated with recombinant single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (rscu-PA) using the cross-linking reagent N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP). The conjugates (rscu-PA/MA-TSPI-1, rscu-PA/MA-PMI-2, rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1, and rscu-PA/MA-LIBS-1), purified by immunoadsorption and gel filtration, were obtained with recoveries of 34% to 45%, with an average stoichiometry of 1.6 to 1.8 IgG molecules per rscu-PA molecule, and with unaltered specific activities and affinities. Preincubation of human platelet-rich plasma with rscu-PA/MA-PMI-2, rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1, or unconjugated rscu-PA resulted in partial inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation; 25% inhibition was obtained with 63 micrograms/mL rscu-PA and with 6 micrograms u-PA/mL rscu-PA/MA-PMI-2 or 1.2 micrograms u-PA/mL rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1. In an in vitro system composed of a 125I-fibrin-labeled platelet-rich human plasma clot immersed in normal human plasma, the conjugates had threefold to greater than 15-fold less fibrinolytic potency than unconjugated rscu-PA. The thrombolytic potency of rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1 and rscu-PA/MA-LIBS-1 was compared with that of rscu-PA and that of a control conjugate rscu-PA/MA-1C8 in a pulmonary embolism model in the hamster, using clots prepared from platelet-poor or platelet-rich human plasma. Lysis was measured 30 minutes after the end of a 60-minute intravenous infusion of the thrombolytic agents. rscu-PA, rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1, rscu-PA/MA-LIBS-1, as well as rscu-PA/MA-1C8 had comparable thrombolytic potencies (percent lysis per dose administered) towards platelet-poor human plasma clots. In contrast, the thrombolytic potency of rscu-PA/MA-PMI-1 and of rscu-PA/MA-LIBS-1 towards platelet-rich clots was 2.3- to 3-fold higher than that of rscu-PA (P less than .005) and fivefold to sevenfold higher than that of the control conjugate (P less than .01).
Recent Valuation Developments (1984)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Robert M. Meyers; Recent Valuation Developments. Business Valuation Review 1 June 1984; 3 (2): 22–24. doi: https://doi.org/10.5791/0882-2875-3.2.22 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest Search
Alu PCR: The Use of Repeat Sequence Primers for Amplification of Human DNA from Complex Sources (1989)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the isolation and analysis of specific nucleic acid fragments from a wide variety of sources.1 However, application of the PCR to isolate and analyze a particular DNA region has required knowledge of DNA sequences flanking the region of interest. This limits amplification to regions of known DNA sequence. We sought to amplify human DNA of unknown sequence from complex mixtures of human and other species DNAs. In particular, we have applied the PCR to isolation of human DNA specifically from somatic cell hybrids retaining human chromosome fragments in rodent cell backgrounds. This allows the isolation and characterization of sequences from specific human regions retained in hybrids, obviating the requirement of cloned DNA libraries and isolation of human clones through the use of human-specific repeat sequence probes.2 The method, Alu PCR, has also proven useful for the rapid isolation of human insert DNA from cloned sources as well, extending the application of the PCR to genomic DNAs cloned in lambda and yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)3 vectors. The adaptation of the PCR to large genomic regions provides another tool for the analysis of the human genome.
Surprising negative association between IgG1 allotype disparity and anti-adalimumab formation: a cohort study (2010)

An allotype mismatch between adalimumab and IgG in adalimumab-treated patients did not lead to a higher frequency of AAA. On the contrary, patients who carried the same IgG allotype as present on the adalimumab IgG molecule, had the highest frequency of anti-adalimumab antibodies compared to patients whose IgG allotype differed from adalimumab. This suggests that the allotype of adalimumab may not be highly immunogenic. Furthermore, patients carrying the G1m17-allotype might be more prone to antibody responses.
The Stoner–Wohlfarth model of ferromagnetism (2008)

The Stoner–Wohlfarth (SW) model is the simplest model that describes adequately the physics of fine magnetic grains, the magnetization of which can be used in digital magnetic storage (floppies, hard disks and tapes). Magnetic storage density is presently increasing steadily in almost the same way as electronic device size and circuitry are shrinking, and magnetism in general appears as a new contender for many novel computing applications that were considered traditionally beyond its range. Denser storage leads to finer magnetic grains and smaller size leads to magnetic grains so fine that they contain a single magnetic domain, i.e. a region in the material with a well-defined uniform magnetization best described with the mathematics of the SW model.
Disparate roles for TNF-alpha and Fas ligand in concanavalin A-induced hepatitis. (1998)

Apoptosis is a physiologic process that serves to eliminate cells during development or in response to immunologic regulation. In acute inflammation, however, apoptosis triggered by the overproduction of "death factors" such as TNF-alpha or Fas ligand (FasL) may contribute to tissue injury. Both TNF-alpha and FasL are presumed to convey an apoptotic signal by activating a cascade of cysteine-aspartate proteases, which includes IL-1beta-converting enzyme or caspase-1. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of TNF-alpha and FasL, as well as the role of caspase-1, in Con A-induced hepatitis. We report here that TNF-alpha and FasL mRNA and protein levels are both increased in the livers of Con A-challenged mice. Using a novel inhibitor of TNF-alpha, we can confirm that Con A-induced hepatitis is primarily TNF-alpha dependent. Blockade of FasL with a soluble Fas immunoadhesin does not prevent liver injury in animals treated with Con A alone. However, administration of a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor exacerbates liver injury, in part through a FasL-dependent process, since pretreatment with the soluble Fas immunoadhesin reduces liver injury in this model. In addition, mice lacking functional caspase-1 are resistant to Con A-induced hepatitis, even after pretreatment with a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor. We conclude that TNF-alpha plays a predominant role in Con A-induced liver injury, although concomitant activation of FasL can also lead to apoptotic injury. Furthermore, Con A-induced hepatitis is caspase-1 dependent.
Jointly Learning to Extract and Compress (2011)

We learn a joint model of sentence extraction and compression for multi-document summarization. Our model scores candidate summaries according to a combined linear model whose features factor over (1) the n-gram types in the summary and (2) the compressions used. We train the model using a marginbased objective whose loss captures end summary quality. Because of the exponentially large set of candidate summaries, we use a cutting-plane algorithm to incrementally detect and add active constraints efficiently. Inference in our model can be cast as an ILP and thereby solved in reasonable time; we also present a fast approximation scheme which achieves similar performance. Our jointly extracted and compressed summaries outperform both unlearned baselines and our learned extraction-only system on both ROUGE and Pyramid, without a drop in judged linguistic quality. We achieve the highest published ROUGE results to date on the TAC 2008 data set. 1
The molecular foundations of the maternal to zygotic transition in the preimplantation embryo (2002)

The maternal to zygotic transition is the first major transition that occurs following fertilization, and entails a dramatic reprogramming of gene expression that is essential for continued development. Although the major reprogramming of gene expression occurs during the 2-cell stage, transcription is evident in the 1-cell embryo, with the male pronucleus supporting a significantly higher level of transcription than the female pronucleus. This difference is likely due to differences in chromatin structure as a consequence of the protamine-histone exchange. Although the 1-cell embryo is transcriptionally competent, transcription and translation appear uncoupled. This transcription, however, may mark promoters for efficient utilization in the 2-cell embryo. Genome activation in the 2-cell embryo is accompanied by a requirement for an enhancer for efficient transcription and the more efficient utilization of TATA-less promoters. These changes in promoter utilization could contribute substantially to the reprogramming of gene expression. Superimposed on genome activation is the development of a chromatin-mediated transcriptionally repressive state that is relieved by either inducing histone hyperacetylation or inhibiting the second round of DNA replication. Since genome activation appears to be a relatively opportunistic process, the development of the transcriptionally repressive state may be a major determinant in establishing the appropriate gene expression profile that is essential for continued development.
Functional analysis of peroxisome-proliferator-responsive element motifs in genes of fatty acid-binding proteins (2004)

Retinoic acids and long-chain fatty acids are lipophilic agonists of nuclear receptors such as RXRs (retinoic X receptors) and PPARs (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptors) respectively. These agonists are also ligands of intracellular lipid-binding proteins, which include FABPs (fatty acid-binding proteins). We reported previously that L (liver-type)-FABP targets fatty acids to the nucleus of hepatocytes and affects PPARalpha activation, which binds together with an RXR subtype to a PPRE (peroxisome-proliferator-responsive element). In the present study, we first determined the optimal combination of murine PPAR/RXR subtypes for binding to known murine FABP-PPREs and to those found by computer search and then tested their in vitro functionality. We show that all PPARs bind to L-FABP-PPRE, PPARalpha, PPARgamma1 and PPARgamma2 to A (adipocyte-type)-FABP-PPRE. All PPAR/RXR heterodimers transactivate L-FABP-PPRE, best are combinations of PPARalpha with RXRalpha or RXRgamma. In contrast, PPARalpha heterodimers do not transactivate A-FABP-PPRE, best combinations are of PPARgamma1 with RXRalpha and RXRgamma, and of PPARgamma2 with all RXR subtypes. We found that the predicted E (epidermal-type)- and H (heart-type)-FABP-PPREs are not activated by any PPAR/RXR combination without or with the PPAR pan-agonist bezafibrate. In the same way, C2C12 myoblasts transfected with promoter fragments of E-FABP and H-FABP genes containing putative PPREs are also not activated through stimulation of PPARs with bezafibrate applied to the cells. These results demonstrate that only PPREs of L- and A-FABP promoters are functional, and that binding of PPAR/RXR heterodimers to a PPRE in vitro does not necessarily predict transactivation.
Roles of Multiple Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A Reductases in Polyhydroxybutyrate Biosynthesis in Ralstonia eutropha H16 (2010)

The bacterium Ralstonia eutropha H16 synthesizes polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) through reactions catalyzed by a β-ketothiolase (PhaA), an acetoacetyl-CoA reductase (PhaB), and a polyhydroxyalkanoate synthase (PhaC). An operon of three genes encoding these enzymatic steps was discovered in R. eutropha and has been well studied. Sequencing and analysis of the R. eutropha genome revealed putative isologs for each of the PHB biosynthetic genes, many of which had never been characterized. In addition to the previously identified phaB1 gene, the genome contains the isologs phaB2 and phaB3 as well as 15 other potential acetoacetyl-CoA reductases. We have investigated the roles of the three phaB isologs by deleting them from the genome individually and in combination. It was discovered that the gene products of both phaB1 and phaB3 contribute to PHB biosynthesis in fructose minimal medium but that in plant oil minimal medium and rich medium, phaB3 seems to be unexpressed. This raises interesting questions concerning the regulation of phaB3 expression. Deletion of the gene phaB2 did not result in an observable phenotype under the conditions tested, although this gene does encode an active reductase. Addition of the individual reductase genes to the genome of the ΔphaB1 ΔphaB2 ΔphaB3 strain restored PHB production, and in the course of our complementation experiments, we serendipitously created a PHB-hyperproducing mutant. Measurement of the PhaB and PhaA activities of the mutant strains indicated that the thiolase reaction is the limiting step in PHB biosynthesis in R. eutropha H16 during nitrogen-limited growth on fructose.