gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Log-Linear Block Transliteration Model based on Bi-Stream HMMs (2007)

We propose a novel HMM-based framework to accurately transliterate unseen named entities. The framework leverages features in letteralignment and letter n-gram pairs learned from available bilingual dictionaries. Letter-classes, such as vowels/non-vowels, are integrated to further improve transliteration accuracy. The proposed transliteration system is applied to out-of-vocabulary named-entities in statistical machine translation (SMT), and a significant improvement over traditional transliteration approach is obtained. Furthermore, by incorporating an automatic spell-checker based on statistics collected from web search engines, transliteration accuracy is further improved. The proposed system is implemented within our SMT system and applied to a real translation scenario from Arabic to English. 1
Design of an HA2-based Escherichia coli expressed influenza immunogen that protects mice from pathogenic challenge (2010)

Influenza HA is the primary target of neutralizing antibodies during infection, and its sequence undergoes genetic drift and shift in response to immune pressure. The receptor binding HA1 subunit of HA shows much higher sequence variability relative to the metastable, fusion-active HA2 subunit, presumably because neutralizing antibodies are primarily targeted against the former in natural infection. We have designed an HA2-based immunogen using a protein minimization approach that incorporates designed mutations to destabilize the low pH conformation of HA2. The resulting construct (HA6) was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded from inclusion bodies. Biophysical studies and mutational analysis of the protein indicate that it is folded into the desired neutral pH conformation competent to bind the broadly neutralizing HA2 directed monoclonal 12D1, not the low pH conformation observed in previous studies. HA6 was highly immunogenic in mice and the mice were protected against lethal challenge by the homologous A/HK/68 mouse-adapted virus. An HA6-like construct from another H3 strain (A/Phil/2/82) also protected mice against A/HK/68 challenge. Regions included in HA6 are highly conserved within a subtype and are fairly well conserved within a clade. Targeting the highly conserved HA2 subunit with a bacterially produced immunogen is a vaccine strategy that may aid in pandemic preparedness.
Chemoselective single-site Earth-abundant metal catalysts at metal–organic framework nodes (2016)

Earth-abundant metal catalysts are critically needed for sustainable chemical synthesis. Here we report a simple, cheap and effective strategy of producing novel earth-abundant metal catalysts at metal-organic framework (MOF) nodes for broad-scope organic transformations. The straightforward metalation of MOF secondary building units (SBUs) with cobalt and iron salts affords highly active and reusable single-site solid catalysts for a range of organic reactions, including chemoselective borylation, silylation and amination of benzylic C-H bonds, as well as hydrogenation and hydroboration of alkenes and ketones. Our structural, spectroscopic and kinetic studies suggest that chemoselective organic transformations occur on site-isolated, electron-deficient and coordinatively unsaturated metal centres at the SBUs via σ-bond metathesis pathways and as a result of the steric environment around the catalytic site. MOFs thus provide a novel platform for the development of highly active and affordable base metal catalysts for the sustainable synthesis of fine chemicals.
The Orexin Antagonist SB-649868 Promotes and Maintains Sleep in Men with Primary Insomnia (2012)

The data demonstrate the sleep-promoting properties of the orexin antagonist SB-649868 in male patients with insomnia.
Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Using Si Microwire Arrays (2011)

Arrays of B-doped p-Si microwires, diffusion-doped with P to form a radial n(+) emitter and subsequently coated with a 1.5-nm-thick discontinuous film of evaporated Pt, were used as photocathodes for H(2) evolution from water. These electrodes yielded thermodynamically based energy-conversion efficiencies >5% under 1 sun solar simulation, despite absorbing less than 50% of the above-band-gap incident photons. Analogous p-Si wire-array electrodes yielded efficiencies <0.2%, largely limited by the low photovoltage generated at the p-Si/H(2)O junction.
Self‐renewal and differentiation of a basic fibroblast growth factor‐dependent multipotent hematopoietic cell line derived from embryonic stem cells (1999)

Despite the accumulation of informat on on the origin of hematopoietic stem cells, it is still unclear how these cells are generated in ontogeny. Isolation of cell lines equivalent to early embryonic hematopoietic progenitor cells can be helpful. A multipotent hematopoietic progenitor cell line, A-6, was isolated from H-1 embryonic stem (ES) cells. The self-renewal of A-6 cells was supported by basic-fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF) and their differentiation into definitive erythroid cells, granulocytes and macrophages was induced after co-culture with ST-2 stromal cells. A-6 cells were positive for the surface markers of hematopoietic stem cell, c-kit, CD31, CD34, Flt3/Flk2, PgP-1, and HSA, but were negative for that of the differentiated cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that A-6 cells produced mRNA from SCL/tal-1 and GATA-2 genes. Among various cytokines examined, on y stem cell factor (SCF) and Flt3/Flk2 ligand (FL) supported the proliferation of A-6 cells instead of b-FGF. The FL, as well as b-FGF, supported the self-renewal of A-6 cells, whereas SCF induced differentiation into myeloid cells. A-6 cells will be useful for the characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells derived from ES cells and provide a model system to realize the control mechanisms between self-renewal and different ation of hematopoietic stem cells.
ProDom and ProDom-CG: tools for protein domain analysis and whole genome comparisons (2000)

ProDom contains all protein domain families automatically generated from the SWISS-PROT and TrEMBL sequence databases (http://www. toulouse.inra.fr/prodom.html ). ProDom-CG results from a similar domain analysis as applied to completed genomes (http://www.toulouse. inra.fr/prodomCG.html ). Recent improvements to the ProDom database and its server include: scaling up to include sequences from TrEMBL, addition of Pfam-A entries to the set of expert validated families, assignment of stable accession numbers, consistency indicators for domain families, domain arrangements of sub-families and links to Pfam-A.
Long-term pain control by direct peripheral-nerve stimulation. (1982)

In 1970, we began implanting electrodes for prolonged stimulation of injured peripheral nerves to reduce chronic pain. Thirty-eight peripheral nerves in thirty-five patients have been stimulated with electrodes for a period ranging from four to nine years. Nineteen electrode systems were implanted in the upper extremity (eleven on the median nerve, six on the ulnar nerve, one on the median and ulnar nerves, and one on the median and radial nerves), with successful relief of pain in 52..6 per cent of the patients. Sixteen stimulators have been implanted on the sciatic nerve with a success rate for pain relief of 31 per cent. Failures in the lower extremity were found primarily in lesions of the posterior tibial nerve at the ankle. We speculate that the stress of weight-bearing and the anatomical position of the posterior tibial nerve may partially account for this rate of failure. Use of the electrode-implant systems required careful preoperative assessment by an experienced team, meticulous technique, and a mechanical system that tolerates stress. The location and characteristics of the lesion affect the response to electrical stimulation.
Anaerobic exercise induces moderate acute phase response (2001)

Two hours after cessation of exercise the neutrophils increased stronger after AN-TS than after SMT (P < 0.01). The peak in the number of premacrophages occurred earlier after SMT (15 min post; P < 0.01 to Co-Day) than after AN-TS (2 h post; P < 0.05 to Co-Day). IL-6 was elevated at 15 min and 2 h after AN-TS (P < 0.01 to SMT and Co-Day) but only slightly 2 h after SMT (P < 0.01 to Co-Day). There were no significant changes in IL-8. CRP was the only elevated parameter 24 h postexercise exclusively after AN-TS (P < 0.05 to Co-Day). CONCLUSIONS Repeated short anaerobic bouts of cycling lead to an acute phase response, which is more pronounced than after a single bout. Athletes should take care in performing such training sessions several times a week because signs of inflammation are detectable even 24 h after cessation of exercise.
Analysis and modeling of the direct sulfation of calcium carbonate (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis and modeling of the direct sulfation of calcium carbonateMohammad R. Hajaligol, John P. Longwell, and Adel F. SarofimCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 12, 2203–2210Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1988https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00084a002RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views431Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Moderate Activation of the Apoptosis Inhibitor bcl-xL Worsens the Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer (1998)

Enhanced expression of the antiapoptotic gene bcl-xL in pancreatic cancer and its association with shorter patient survival suggests that this factor may enhance the viability of pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. Inhibition of apoptotic pathways might be one of the reasons why pancreatic cancer shows only limited sensitivity to anticancer treatment.
The Biosynthesis of Hepatic Cholesterol Esters and Triglycerides Is Impaired in Mice with a Disruption of the Gene for Stearoyl-CoA Desaturase 1 (2000)

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) is a microsomal enzyme required for the biosynthesis of oleate and palmitoleate, which are the major monounsaturated fatty acids of membrane phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol esters. Two well characterized isoforms of SCD, SCD1 and SCD2, exist in the mouse. Most mouse tissues express SCD1 and 2 with the exception of the liver, which expresses mainly the SCD1 isoform. We found that asebia mice homozygous for a natural mutation of the gene for SCD1 (SCD-/-) are deficient in hepatic cholesterol esters and triglycerides despite the presence of normal activities of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and glycerol phosphate acyltransferase, the enzymes responsible for cholesterol ester and triglyceride synthesis, respectively, in the liver of these mice. Feeding diets supplemented with triolein or tripalmitolein to the SCD-/- mice resulted in an increase in the levels of 16:1 and 18:1 in the liver but failed to restore the 18:1 and 16:1 levels of the cholesterol ester and triglycerides to the levels found in normal mice. The SCD-/- mouse had very low levels of triglycerides in the VLDL and LDL lipoprotein fractions compared with the normal animal. Transient transfection of an SCD1 expression vector into Chinese hamster ovary cells resulted in increased SCD activity and esterification of cholesterol to cholesterol esters. Taken together, our observations demonstrate that the oleoyl-CoA and palmitoleyl-CoA produced by SCD1 are necessary to synthesize enough cholesterol esters and triglycerides in the liver and suggest that regulation of SCD1 activity plays an important role in mechanisms of cellular cholesterol homeostasis.
Homing In on the Human Genome (1995)

Since the bigging of the Human Genome Project, the focus has been mainly on developing the physical and genetic maps needed to guide the sequencing effort. However this has begun to change with the suggestion that the human genome could be completely sequenced, using technology already available, as early as the year 2001 at the cost of 10-12 cents per base if the sequencing accuracy were dropped from the original target of 99.9% accuracy to 99.90% accuracy. Two completing technologies based on these two different targets are discussing in general in this article.
A Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme–Related Carboxypeptidase (ACE2) Converts Angiotensin I to Angiotensin 1-9 (2000)

ACE2, the first known human homologue of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), was identified from 5' sequencing of a human heart failure ventricle cDNA library. ACE2 has an apparent signal peptide, a single metalloprotease active site, and a transmembrane domain. The metalloprotease catalytic domains of ACE2 and ACE are 42% identical, and comparison of the genomic structures indicates that the two genes arose through duplication. In contrast to the more ubiquitous ACE, ACE2 transcripts are found only in heart, kidney, and testis of 23 human tissues examined. Immunohistochemistry shows ACE2 protein predominantly in the endothelium of coronary and intrarenal vessels and in renal tubular epithelium. Active ACE2 enzyme is secreted from transfected cells by cleavage N-terminal to the transmembrane domain. Recombinant ACE2 hydrolyzes the carboxy terminal leucine from angiotensin I to generate angiotensin 1-9, which is converted to smaller angiotensin peptides by ACE in vitro and by cardiomyocytes in culture. ACE2 can also cleave des-Arg bradykinin and neurotensin but not bradykinin or 15 other vasoactive and hormonal peptides tested. ACE2 is not inhibited by lisinopril or captopril. The organ- and cell-specific expression of ACE2 and its unique cleavage of key vasoactive peptides suggest an essential role for ACE2 in the local renin-angiotensin system of the heart and kidney. The full text of this article is available at http://www. circresaha.org.
Cloning by differential screening of a Xenopus cDNA that encodes a kinesin-related protein. (1991)

By differential screening of a Xenopus egg cDNA library, we selected nine clones (Eg1 to Eg9) corresponding to mRNAs which are deadenylated and released from polysomes soon after fertilization. The sequence of one of these clones (Eg5) revealed that the corresponding protein has the characteristic features of a kinesin-related protein. More specifically, Eg5 was found to be nearly 30% identical to a kinesin-related protein encoded by bimc, a gene involved in nuclear division in Aspergillus nidulans.
Use of a neuromuscular electrical stimulation device for facial muscle toning: a randomized, controlled trial (2012)

A 12-week course of facial NMES was associated with increased thickness of the zygomatic major muscle and subjective improvements in facial attributes.
Galectin-3 deficiency prevents concanavalin A–induced hepatitis in mice (2011)

Gal-3 plays an important proinflammatory role in Con A-induced hepatitis by promoting the activation of T lymphocytes and natural killer T cells, maturation of DCs, secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, down-regulation of M2 macrophage polarization, and apoptosis of MNCs in the liver.
Truncated Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) Causes Increased Intracellular Calcium and May Mediate ApoE Neurotoxicity (1999)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE)-related synthetic peptides, the 22 kDa N-terminal thrombin-cleavage fragment of apoE (truncated apoE), and full-length apoE have all been shown to exhibit neurotoxic activity under certain culture conditions. In the present study, protease inhibitors reduced the neurotoxicity and proteolysis of full-length apoE but did not block the toxicity of truncated apoE or a synthetic apoE peptide, suggesting that fragments of apoE may account for its toxicity. Additional experiments demonstrated that both truncated apoE and the apoE peptide elicit an increase in intracellular calcium levels and subsequent death of embryonic rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Similar effects on calcium were found when the apoE peptide was applied to chick sympathetic neurons. The rise in intracellular calcium and the hippocampal cell death caused by the apoE peptide were significantly reduced by receptor-associated protein, removal of extracellular calcium, or administration of the specific NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist MK-801. These results suggest that apoE may be a source of both neurotoxicity and calcium influx that involves cell surface receptors. Such findings strengthen the hypothesis that apoE plays a direct role in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Ionic Liquids for Clean Technology (1997)

The use of room-temperature chloroaluminate(III) ionic liquids, specifically 1-butylpyridinium chloride–aluminium(III) chloride and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride–aluminium(III) chloride, as solvents for clean synthesis and catalytic processes, particularly those applicable to clean technology, is becoming widely recognised and accepted. The design principles for room-temperature ionic liquids, some of their properties, and the rationale for using these neoteric solvents, are discussed here, and an indication of the scope of these solvents for future industrial processes is given. © 1997 SCI.
Synthesis and SAR study of imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole acids and some related compounds with anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. (1996)

Some (un)substituted imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazole carboxylic or acetic acids and some related compounds, i.e. imidazo[2,1-b]naphthol[2,1-d]thiazole, 4H-imidazo[2,1-c][1,4]benzothiazine, 4,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-d][1,5]benzothiazepine carboxylic and acetic acids were synthesized and tested in vivo in order to study the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of their antiinflammatory and analgesic activities. Pharmacological assays confirmed the interest of this class of compounds as potential antiinflammatory and analgesic drugs with low side effects.
Antioxidant Activities of Stilbenoids fromRheum emodiWall (2012)

Rheum emodi Wall has been reported to possess protective effect in many inflammatory diseases and oxidative stress-related injuries. This study aims to investigate antioxidant power of stilbenoids from R. emodi and then explore the material basis for its antioxidant potential. The most abundant stilbenoid piceatannol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PICG) and its aglycon piceatannol (PICE) were isolated from R. emodi rhizome. Using well-accepted antioxidant chemicals as reference, antioxidant activity of these stilbenoids was examined by measuring DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging, ferric reducing power, and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in vitro. Both PICG and PICE displayed promising antioxidant activity in all the four assays. Comparisons among the tested compounds indicated that PICE has the most potent antioxidant activity and the presence of 3'-hydroxyl group may enhance antioxidant activity of stilbenoids. The antioxidative effect of PICE at the cellular level was further demonstrated on the model of hydrogen-peroxide-induced H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts injury. Taking into account the rapid in vivo metabolic transformation of PICG into PICE it can be inferred that the most abundant stilbenoid PICG may be an important constituent responsible for the antioxidant potential of R. emodi and promising to be developed as an antioxidant agent for supplementary or therapeutic use.
Molecular Bottlebrushes: New Opportunities in Nanomaterials Fabrication (2012)

This Viewpoint highlights the ability of molecular bottlebrushes to serve as highly tunable building blocks for creating nanostructured materials via molecular templating, solution aggregation, and melt self-assembly. Recent achievements in the synthesis of discrete nano-objects, micellar structures, and periodic nanomaterials from bottlebrush copolymers are emphasized, and future opportunities in this area of polymer science are briefly discussed.
Serotyping of Canadian isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae and description of two new serotypes (1991)

A total of 30 isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae collected in the Saint-Hyacinthe (Quebec, Canada) area were serotyped by agar gel double immunodiffusion by using extracted lipopolysaccharide and hyperimmune rabbit antisera. Only 17% (5 of 30) of the isolates were typed with antisera specific for each of the seven known serotypes of T. hyodysenteriae. Antisera raised against 11 untypeable local isolates were then produced and tested against each lipopolysaccharide extract. Results showed two serologically distinct groups among 21 of the 25 untypeable isolates. The isolates in each group shared identical antigens. No detectable reactions could be observed between antisera raised against these 11 isolates and the antigens extracted from 7 reference serotype strains. On the basis of these results, two new serotypes of T. hyodysenteriae, serotypes 8 and 9, are proposed. We also propose isolate FM 88-90 as the reference strain for serotype 8 and isolate FMV 89-3323 as the reference strain for serotype 9. These two new serotypes, which represented 70% of the isolates tested, seem to be the major serotypes found in the province of Quebec.
D1 and D2 dopamine receptor function in the striatum: coactivation of D1- and D2-dopamine receptors on separate populations of neurons results in potentiated immediate early gene response in D1-containing neurons (1995)

D1- and D2-dopamine receptor-mediated regulation of immediate early gene levels in identified populations of neurons in the striatum was examined with quantitative in situ hybridization histochemical techniques. Levels of messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding the immediate early genes zif268 and c-fos were examined in two experiments in rats with unilateral lesions of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway. In a dose-response study, animals were treated with doses of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg/kg of the D1 agonist SKF-38393 either alone or in combination with the D2 agonist quinpirole (1 mg/kg). Levels of immediate early gene mRNAs 60 min following drug treatments showed a dose-related increase to the D1 agonist alone and a potentiation to combined D1 and D2 against treatment. In a second experiment, in animals receiving 1 mg/kg SKF-38393 either alone or in combination with 1 mg/kg quinpirole, the level of zif268 mRNA was measured with a double-labeling method in striatal neurons containing enkephalin mRNA, a marker of D2-containing neurons, and in neurons not containing enkephalin, putative D1-containing neurons. In the dopamine-depleted striatum, D1 agonist treatment alone did not affect enkephalin-positive neurons but significantly elevated zif268 mRNA levels in nearly all enkephalin-negative neurons. Combined D1 and D2 agonist treatment further increased zif268 mRNA levels in this population of enkephalin-negative neurons and decreased zif-268 mRNA levels in enkephalin-positive neurons. These data indicate that the synergistic response to combined D1- and D2-receptor stimulation is mediated by interneuronal interactions involving the activation of D1 and D2 receptors on separate populations of striatal neurons.