gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method To Prepare Monodisperse Pickering Emulsions (2002)

We describe a novel method to prepare monodisperse Pickering emulsions. We start with classical surfactant-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions, which are sheared and size fractionated to attain monodispersity. Then, the surfactant is removed by a dialysis method and simultaneously replaced by solid particles. We obtain stable Pickering emulsions of the same size distribution as the initial surfactant-stabilized emulsion.
Polygonal and Polyhedral Contour Reconstruction in Computed Tomography (2004)

This paper is about three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of a binary image from its X-ray tomographic data. We study the special case of a compact uniform polyhedron totally included in a uniform background and directly perform the polyhedral surface estimation. We formulate this problem as a nonlinear inverse problem using the Bayesian framework. Vertice estimation is done without using a voxel approximation of the 3-D image. It is based on the construction and optimization of a regularized criterion that accounts for surface smoothness. We investigate original deterministic local algorithms, based on the exact computation of the line projections, their update, and their derivatives with respect to the vertice coordinates. Results are first derived in the two-dimensional (2-D) case, which consists of reconstructing a 2-D object of deformable polygonal contour from its tomographic data. Then, we investigate the 3-D extension that requires technical adaptations. Simulation results illustrate the performance of polygonal and polyhedral reconstruction algorithms in terms of quality and computation time.
The Reaction of Nitrogen(II) Oxide with Diethylamine (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Nitrogen(II) Oxide with DiethylamineRussell S. Drago and F. E. PaulikCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 1, 96–98Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01486a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01486a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views854Altmetric-Citations141LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF SPERM CHROMATIN CONDENSATION (ANILINE BLUE STAINING) IN THE ASSESSMENT OF MALE FERTILITY (2001)

A case control study was carried out to determine the value of sperm chromatin condensation in the assessment of male fertility. A total of 165 semen samples from 90 patients (cases) and 75 healthy donors (control) were examined for chromatin condensation (aniline blue staining), as well as conventional sperm parameters, notably sperm morphology, sperm count, and progressive motility. Whereas only 55 +/- 12.0% of the samples from the infertile patients were unstained by aniline blue (chromatin condensed), 78 +/- 19.0% of the samples in the control group did not take up the stain (chromatin condensed). A significant difference (p < .001) was observed between the two groups. Similarly, the difference between the mean percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa for the infertile patients (12.1 +/- 1.2%) and the control (23.9 +/- 1.9%) was very significant (p < .001). In addition, only 50 out of the 90 patients (55.5%) had a normal sperm count, whereas all the 75 (100%) were normal in the control group. By comparing between the two groups a significant difference (p < .001) was also observed. Furthermore, a significant difference (p < .001) was also found between the cases and the control with regard to the percentage of spermatozoa illustrating linear progressive motility (40 +/- 9.7% vs. 70 +/- 12.3%). However, no correlation was found between sperm chromatin condensation and morphology, count, and motility. This study suggests that chromatin condensation constitutes a valuable parameter in the assessment of male fertility, completely independent of conventional sperm parameters. Consequently, the inclusion of chromatin condensation to routine laboratory investigations of semen prior to assisted reproduction is strongly recommended.
Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids (1995)

An overview is provided on the diversity of biosynthetic polyhydroxyalkanoic acids, and all hitherto known constituents of these microbial storage compounds are listed. The occurrence of 91 different hydroxyalkanoic acids reflects the low substrate specificity of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthases which are the key enzymes of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid biosynthesis. In addition, the importance of bacterial anabolism and catabolism, which provide the coenzyme A thioesters of the respective hydroxyalkanoic acids as substrates to these PI%4 synthases, is emphasized.
Intrinsically disordered proteins as crucial constituents of cellular aqueous two phase systems and coacervates (2014)

Here, we hypothesize that intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) serve as important drivers of the intracellular liquid-liquid phase separations that generate various membrane-less organelles. This hypothesis is supported by the overwhelming abundance of IDPs in these organelles. Assembly and disassembly of these organelles are controlled by changes in the concentrations of IDPs, their posttranslational modifications, binding of specific partners, and changes in the pH and/or temperature of the solution. Each resulting phase provides a distinct solvent environment for other solutes leading to their unequal distribution within phases. The specificity and efficiency of such partitioning is determined by the nature of the IDP(s) and defines "targeted" enrichment of specific molecules in the resulting membrane-less organelles that determines their specific activities.
Enhanced Aggressive Behavior in Mice Lacking 5-HT 1B Receptor (1994)

The neuromodulator serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been associated with mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, and impulsive violence. To define the contribution of 5-HT receptor subtypes to behavior, mutant mice lacking the 5-HT1B receptor were generated by homologous recombination. These mice did not exhibit any obvious developmental or behavioral defects. However, the hyperlocomotor effect of the 5-HT1A/1B agonist RU24969 was absent in mutant mice, indicating that this effect is mediated by 5-HT1B receptors. Moreover, when confronted with an intruder, mutant mice attacked the intruder faster and more intensely than did wild-type mice, suggesting the participation of 5-HT1B receptors in aggressive behavior.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR2 and neuropilin-1 (1999)

Orf virus, a member of the poxvirus family, produces a pustular dermatitis in sheep, goats, and humans. The lesions induced after infection with orf virus show extensive proliferation of vascular endothelial cells, dilation of blood vessels and dermal swelling. An explanation for the nature of these lesions may lie in the discovery that orf virus encodes an apparent homolog of the mammalian vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of molecules. These molecules mediate endothelial cell proliferation, vascular permeability, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis via the endothelial cell receptors VEGFR-1 (Flt1), VEGFR-2 (KDR/Flk1), and VEGFR-3 (Flt4). The VEGF-like protein of orf virus strain NZ2 (ORFV2-VEGF) is most closely related in primary structure to VEGF. In this study we examined the biological activities and receptor specificity of the ORFV2-VEGF protein. ORFV2-VEGF was found to be a disulfide-linked homodimer with a subunit of approximately 25 kDa. ORFV2-VEGF showed mitogenic activity on bovine aortic and human microvascular endothelial cells and induced vascular permeability. ORFV2-VEGF was found to bind and induce autophosphorylation of VEGFR-2 and was unable to bind or activate VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-3, but bound the newly identified VEGF165 receptor neuropilin-1. These results indicate that, from a functional viewpoint, ORFV2-VEGF is indeed a member of the VEGF family of molecules, but is unique, however, in that it utilizes only VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1.
Formation of Hydrogels by Simultaneous Denaturation and Cross-Linking of DNA (2009)

DNA hydrogels with a wide range of tunable properties are desirable for applications to make use the characteristics of DNA. This study describes formation conditions of DNA hydrogels using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (EGDE) cross-linker and N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED) catalyst under various reaction conditions. Rheological measurements indicate that the cross-linking of DNA in semidilute solutions proceeds by alternate gel-sol and sol-gel transitions due to two antagonistic effects of EGDE-TEMED pair; the one destroying the physical bonds (denaturation), the other creating chemical bonds (cross-linking). The viscoelastic properties of the hydrogels and the conformation of DNA network chains could be tuned by adjusting the synthesis parameters. Increasing concentration of DNA at the gel preparation stabilizes its structure so that double stranded (ds-) DNA hydrogels form. The average distance between the effective cross-links in single stranded DNA gel is much larger than that in ds-DNA gel making the former gel stable in aqueous solutions. Creep-recovery tests show that heating a semidilute solution of DNA above the DNA melting temperature (87.5 degrees C) and subsequently cooling down to 25 degrees C increases the elastic response of the solution and produces an elastic DNA mesh. DNA hydrogel undergoes a volume phase transition in aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol's at which the gel changes about 5 times its volume.
Expression of ICOS In Vivo Defines CD4+ Effector T Cells with High Inflammatory Potential and a Strong Bias for Secretion of Interleukin 10 (2003)

The studies performed to date analyzed the overall participation of the inducible costimulator (ICOS) in model diseases, but did not yield information on the nature and function of ICOS-expressing T cells in vivo. We examined ICOS(+) T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs of nonmanipulated mice, in the context of an "unbiased" immune system shaped by environmental antigens. Using single cell analysis, ICOS(low) cells were found to be loosely associated with the early cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-6, and interferon (IFN)-gamma. ICOS(medium) cells, the large majority of ICOS(+) T cells in vivo, were very tightly associated with the synthesis of the T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and these cells exhibited potent inflammatory effects in vivo. In contrast, ICOS(high) T cells were highly and selectively linked to the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Overall, these data seem to indicate that ICOS cell surface density serves as a regulatory mechanism for the release of cytokines with different immunological properties. Further in vivo functional experiments with in vitro-activated T cells strongly suggested that the ICOS(+) population, although representing in vivo only around 10% of T cells bearing early or late activation markers, nevertheless encompasses virtually all effector T cells, a finding with major diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
Ketocarotenoid Production in Soybean Seeds through Metabolic Engineering (2015)

The pink or red ketocarotenoids, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, are used as feed additives in the poultry and aquaculture industries as a source of egg yolk and flesh pigmentation, as farmed animals do not have access to the carotenoid sources of their wild counterparts. Because soybean is already an important component in animal feed, production of these carotenoids in soybean could be a cost-effective means of delivery. In order to characterize the ability of soybean seed to produce carotenoids, soybean cv. Jack was transformed with the crtB gene from Pantoea ananatis, which codes for phytoene synthase, an enzyme which catalyzes the first committed step in the carotenoid pathway. The crtB gene was engineered together in combinations with ketolase genes (crtW from Brevundimonas sp. strain SD212 and bkt1 from Haematococcus pluvialis) to produce ketocarotenoids; all genes were placed under the control of seed-specific promoters. HPLC results showed that canthaxanthin is present in the transgenic seeds at levels up to 52 μg/g dry weight. Transgenic seeds also accumulated other compounds in the carotenoid pathway, such as astaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, phytoene, α-carotene, lycopene, and β-cryptoxanthin, whereas lutein was the only one of these detected in non-transgenic seeds. The accumulation of astaxanthin, which requires a β-carotene hydroxylase in addition to a β-carotene ketolase, in the transgenic seeds suggests that an endogenous soybean enzyme is able to work in combination with the ketolase transgene. Soybean seeds that accumulate ketocarotenoids could potentially be used in animal feed to reduce or eliminate the need for the costly addition of these compounds.
Analysis and modeling of correlated failures in multicomputer systems (1992)

Based on the measurements from two DEC VAX-cluster multicomputer systems, the issue of correlated failures is addressed. In particular, the characteristics of correlated failures, their impact and their modelling on dependability, are discussed. It is found from the data that most correlated failures are related to errors in shared resources and propagate from one machine to another. Comparisons between measurement-based models and analytical models that assume failure independence show that the impact of correlated failures on dependability is significant. Two validated models. the c-dependent model and the p-dependent model, are developed to evaluate the dependability of systems with correlated failures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
NMR relaxation times of blood: dependence on field strength, oxidation state, and cell integrity. (1987)

The variation with field strength or interecho interval of the T1 and T2 relaxation times of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), and methemoglobin (MHb) in either intact or lysed red blood cells was studied with a variable field (0.19-1.4 T) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unit. The T2 relaxation time of intracellular HbO2 decreased slightly with increasing field strength and interecho interval. The T2 relaxation times of intracellular Hb and MHb decreased markedly with increasing field strength and interecho interval. This T2 proton relaxation enhancement increased as the square of the applied field strength and was 1.6 times stronger for intracellular MHb than for intracellular Hb. The T2 relaxation enhancement is secondary to the loss of transverse phase coherence of water protons that diffuse across cellular magnetic field gradients. These field gradients occur when an external field is applied to a region with gradients of magnetic susceptibility. The heterogeneity of magnetic susceptibility is caused by the heterogeneous distribution (only intracellular) of the paramagnetic molecules (Hb or MHb). The T2 relaxation times of red cell lysates (homogeneous magnetic susceptibility) were independent of field strength or interecho interval. There was a decrease in the T1 relaxation times when the red cells were lysed. This may be due to an increase in the slow motional components of water molecules, because of the decrease in the average distance between water and hemoglobin molecules in the lysate. The T1 relaxation times of all the MHb samples were shortened because of proton-electron dipolar-dipolar relaxation enhancement. All the T1 relaxation times increased with increasing field strength.
Postcondensation Modifications of Ugi Four-Component Condensation Products:  1-Isocyanocyclohexene as a Convertible Isocyanide. Mechanism of Conversion, Synthesis of Diverse Structures, and Demonstration of Resin Capture (1996)

The concept of a “universal isocyanide” that enables postcondensation modification of Ugi four-component condensation products is introduced. This strategy is suited for the synthesis of libraries. By using 1-isocyanocyclohexene as the isocyanide input in the Ugi reaction, the product cyclohexenamides can be converted to a variety of products. From the original α-(acylamino) amides, new carboxylic acids, esters, and thioesters are produced from acid-activated conversion of the cyclohexenamide moiety. It has been determined that the intermediate in conversion of this type is an oxazolinium-5-one (münchnone) that reacts with many nucleophiles to yield the products above. The münchnone can also undergo cycloaddition with acetylenic dipolarophiles to form pyrroles. Through internal nucleophilic attack, Ugi products are shown to convert to a protected monosaccharide derivative and to 1,4-benzodiazepine-2,5-diones. All of the conversions described consist of a single step. Resin capture of Ugi products is demonstrated, in which a solution condensation reaction is followed by trapping of the products onto solid support resin. Both the trapping step and subsequent cleavage of products from the resin occur in very high yield.
Alitretinoin &ndash; its use in intractable hand eczema and other potential indications (2009)

Chronic hand eczema is a significant cause of morbidity. A number of treatments are traditionally used, and often useful, but in spite of this a sizeable group of patients develop chronic recalcitrant hand eczema. Retinoids are known to influence keratinization and inflammation, and acitretin has shown some effect in the treatment of chronic hand eczema. Alitretinoin (9-cis-retinoic acid) is a panagonist retinoid binding to all six known retinoid receptors (RAR-alpha, -beta, -gamma and RXR-alpha, -beta, -gamma). Several studies have been carried out with this new drug, and it has been shown to be effective in 28% to 89% of patients with previously intractable hand eczema. In addition, alitretinoin appears to have some potential in the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Attempts to use the drug in secondary prophylaxis has shown some promise in former tobacco smokers, whereas no effect was seen in patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Currently, the primary therapeutic potential of alitretinoin appears to be the treatment of chronic recalcitrant hand eczema, which also forms a large and hitherto neglected group of patients.
Use of Cysteine Hydrochloride Injection To Increase the Solubility of Calcium and Phosphates in FreAmine III-Containing Paranteral Nutrition Solutions. (2015)

Numerous factors (including solution pH) that influence the amount of calcium and phosphates remaining in solution or precipitating from parenteral nutrition solutions have been identified. Increased solubility of calcium and phosphates can be achieved in parenteral nutrition formulations by using a suitable acidic additive to lower the pH from the natural unadjusted level. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of cysteine hydrochloride injection as an additive to FreAmine III-based parenteral nutrition solutions to increase the solubility of calcium and phosphates. In this study, five representative core parenteral nutrition formulations containing FreAmine III 1% to 5% were evaluated. Those formulations contained cysteine hydrochloride injection 0.5mL (25 mg) per gram of amino acids from FreAmine III to lower the pH. Varying amounts of calcium and phosphates were added to samples of the core formulations to identify the points at which precipitation just began to occur. Five series of concentrations with maxima of calcium 40 mEq/L and phosphates 40 mM/L were tested. The samples were evaluated by visual observation with the unaided eye and with a Tyndall beam to accentuate the visibility of small particles and low-level turbidity. The turbidity and particle content of samples not exhibiting visible particles or haze were measured electronically. Evaluations were performed initially and after 24 and 48 hours of storage at 23 deg C and 37 deg C. Samples were also stored for 30 days at 4 deg C, were warmed at room temperature, and were evaluated after warming and after additional storage of 24 and 48 hours at room temperature. The addition of cysteine hydrochloride injection 5 mL/L for each 1% of amino acids content reduced the pH of the core parenteral nutrition admixtures from 6.4 to 5.9. The solubility of calcium and phosphates was increased by approximately 30% by that reduction in pH. The compatibility-incompatibility concentration ranges for each of the five core formulations, in which calcium ranged up to 40 mEq/L and phosphates ranged up to 40 mmol/L at temperatures of 23 deg C and 37 deg C are presented in tables and figures. The addition of cysteine hydrochloride 0.5 mL (25 mg) per gram of amino acids from FreAmine III increased the solubility of calcium and phosphates about 30% by lowering the solution pH.
Human Cytomegalovirus Chemokine Receptor Gene US28 Is Transcribed in Latently Infected THP-1 Monocytes (2001)

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) US28 gene product, pUS28, is a G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with both CC and CX(3)C chemokines. To date, the role of pUS28 in immune evasion and cell migration has been studied only in cell types that can establish productive HCMV infection. We show that HCMV can latently infect THP-1 monocytes and that during latency US28 is transcribed. We also show that the transcription is sustained during differentiation of the THP-1 monocytes. Since cells expressing pUS28 were previously shown to adhere to immobilized CX(3)C chemokines (C. A. Haskell, M. D. Cleary, and I. F. Charo, J. Biol. Chem. 275:34183-34189, 2000), we hypothesize that latently infected circulating monocytes express pUS28, thereby enabling adhesion of these cells to CX(3)C-exposing endothelium. Consequently, the US28-encoded chemokine receptor may play an important role in dissemination of latent HCMV.