gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical analysis of FRP stress distribution in U jacketed RC beams (2005)

ABSTRACT: Reinforced concrete (RC) beams may be strengthened for shear with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites through one of three common schemes: complete wrapping, U jacketing, and bonding on their sides only. The two main shear failure modes in such strengthened beams are FRP rupture and FRP debonding. In both failure modes, the stress (or strain) distribution in the FRP at the ultimate state is non-uniform and is a key factor influencing the contribution of the FRP to the shear capacity of the beam. This paper presents a theoretical study on the stress distribution in the FRP along the critical shear crack at debonding failure of U jacketed beams for several assumed crack width variations using a rigorous FRP-to-concrete bond-slip model. Numerical results show that Chen and Teng’s [1, 2] simple assumption of stress distributions in the FRP results in satisfactory predictions of the shear strength. 1. INTRODUCTION Extensive research has been conducted on the strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams with externally bonded fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites [1-16]. RC beams can be strengthened through complete wrapping, U jacketing or bonding on their sides only. The main shear failure modes in shear-strengthened beams are FRP rupture and FRP debonding [14, 15]. In both failure modes, the stress (or strain) distribution in the FRP at the ultimate state is non-uniform and a key factor influencing the contribution of the FRP to the shear capacity of the beam for all three strengthening schemes mentioned above [2, 16]. Based on a number of simple but rational assumptions, Chen and Teng [2,16] proposed methods for predicting the maximum values of the FRP stress and the stress distribution factors at the ultimate limit state for both failure modes. Among the above three strengthening schemes, U jacketing is probably the most commonly used in practice. Complete wrapping, although most effective, is often difficult to implement in application (e.g. difficult to apply to T beams unless holes are cut through the flange), whilst side bonding is the least effective [13]. Both FRP rupture and FRP debonding can occur in U jacketed beams. This paper presents a simple theoretical study on the stress distribution in the FRP along the critical shear crack at debonding failure in U jacketed beams. A recently developed FRP-to-concrete bond-slip model [17] is used in the analysis. Several idealised crack width variations, which are closely related to the FRP slip field due to the critical shear crack, are investigated. The results are compared with Chen and Teng’s [2] simple predictive model. For convenience of description, the bonded FRP reinforcement is assumed to be in the form of strips, with a continuous sheet being a special case or a smeared equivalent representation of strips. Depending on the context, either strips or sheets may be used to refer to the bonded FRP reinforcement.
Two-photon pumped blue lasing in bulk ZnSe and ZnSSe (1993)

We have studied laser action of ZnSe and ZnS0.05Se0.95 samples grown by seeded physical vapor phase transport (SPVT) technique in the near resonant two-photon absorption regime. The two-photon pumped lasing was observed using a tunable near-infrared nanosecond laser (830–890 nm). Blue lasing could be observed up to 200 K and the two-photon pumped lasing threshold was measured to be ∼7 MW/cm2 at 10 K. This work demonstrates the applicability of using near-infrared diode lasers as pumping sources to excite the ZnSe-based materials. By comparing the energy position of two-photon pumped lasing with that of the one-photon pumped lasing and examining the red shift of the energy position, we suggest that the free-exciton free-exciton scattering and resultant band filling are the dominant processes involved in the lasing action of ZnSe and ZnSSe alloy crystals at low temperature.
Interaction of secreted insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) with cell surface receptors is the dominant mechanism of IGF-I's autocrine actions. (1992)

In a prior report we presented evidence that insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) can act in an autocrine fashion by demonstrating that FRTL-5 cells transfected with hIGF-IA fusion genes express and secrete biologically active IGF-I that renders the stimulation of DNA synthesis in FRTL-5 cells independent of their requirement for exogenous IGFs or insulin. To determine if IGF-I's autocrine actions require secretion or can be mediated by interactions with intracellular receptors, we have created a new line of FRTL-5 cells that express a mutant IGF-IA precursor containing the endoplasmic reticulum retention amino acid sequence, Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu (KDEL), at its carboxyl terminus. The mutant IGF-IA/KDEL precursor expressed by stably transfected FRTL-5 cells was shown to be retained intracellularly and to have biological activity comparable with mature IGF-I, as judged by the activity of partially purified IGF-IA/KDEL in wild type FRTL-5 cells. Expression of IGF-IA/KDEL in FRTL-5 cells, however, neither augmented TSH-stimulated DNA synthesis nor stimulated IGF-binding protein-5 expression, as does IGF-IA expression in transfected FRTL-5 cells and the addition of exogenous IGF-I to wild type FRTL-5 cells. IGF-IA/KDEL expression, however, desensitized FRTL-5 cells to the actions of exogenous IGF-I despite having only minimal effects on cell surface type I receptor number, suggesting that intracellular IGF-I is capable of significant biological actions. The failure of IGF-IA/KDEL to replicate the actions of secreted IGF-I, taken together with the findings that a monoclonal antibody against IGF-I blocked IGF-I's actions in IGF-I-secreting transfected FRTL-5 cells, provides evidence that IGF-I secretion and interaction with cell surface type I IGF receptors is the dominant mechanism of IGF-I's autocrine actions.
Identification of the gene coding for the precursor of adenovirus core protein X (1988)

Nucleoprotein complexes extracted from infected cells (J. Weber and L. Philipson, Virology 136:321-327, 1984) or ts1 virions grown at 39 degrees C (J. M. Weber, G. Khitto, and A. R. Bhatti, Can. J. Microbiol. 29:235-241, 1983) contain, in addition to known virion proteins, a polypeptide with a molecular weight of 11,000 (11K polypeptide). We identified the gene for this polypeptide by sequence analysis of the radioactively labeled 11K polypeptide isolated from ts1 virions and comparison of this sequence with the nucleotide sequence of the adenovirus type 2 genome. The 11K polypeptide was encoded by an open reading frame of 80 residues located between nucleotides 17,676 and 17,915 in late transcription region 2 of adenovirus type 2; the initiating methionine residue was removed leaving a 79-residue product. The late transcription region 2 that encoded the 79-residue polypeptide (11K) was arginine rich (21%) and had a predicted molecular weight of 8,715. It was cleaved by the viral endoprotease to give two products which comigrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels as virion polypeptide X. Our data suggest that additional cleavage of the carboxy-terminal 48-residue fragment generates a 19-amino-acid fragment with the amino acid composition of mu (K. Hosokawa and M. T. Sung, J. Virol. 17:924-934, 1976).
A Near-Infrared Cell Tracker Reagent for Multiscopic In Vivo Imaging and Quantification of Leukocyte Immune Responses (2007)

The complexity of the tumor microenvironment necessitates that cell behavior is studied in a broad, multi-scale context. Although tomographic and microscopy-based far and near infrared fluorescence (NIRF, >650 nm) imaging methods offer high resolution, sensitivity, and depth penetration, there has been a lack of optimized NIRF agents to label and track cells in their native environments at different scales. In this study we labeled mammalian leukocytes with VivoTag 680 (VT680), an amine reactive N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of a (benz) indolium-derived far red fluorescent probe. We show that VT680 diffuses into leukocytes within minutes, covalently binds to cellular components, remains internalized for days in vitro and in vivo, and does not transfer fluorescence to adjacent cells. It is biocompatible, keeps cells fully functional, and fluoresces at high intensities. In a tumor model of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunotherapy, we track and quantify VT680-labeled cells longitudinally at the whole-body level with fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography (FMT), within tissues at single cell resolutions by multiphoton and confocal intravital microscopy, and ex vivo by flow cytometry. Thus, this approach is suitable to monitor cells at multiple resolutions in real time in their native environments by NIR-based fluorescence imaging.
Plant‐oil‐based lubricants and hydraulic fluids (2006)

Abstract It is estimated that, at present, approximately 50% of all lubricants sold worldwide end up in the environment via total loss applications, volatility, spills or accidents. More than 95% of these materials are currently mineral oil based. In view of their high ecotoxicity and low biodegradability, mineral oil‐based lubricants constitute a considerable threat to the environment. In contrast, most lubricants and hydraulic fluids based on plant oils are rapidly and completely biodegradable and are of low ecotoxicity; moreover, lubricants based on plant oils display excellent tribological properties and generally have very high viscosity indices and flashpoints. However, in order to compete with mineral‐oil‐based products, some of their inherent disadvantages must be corrected, such as their sensitivity to hydrolysis and oxidative attack, and their behaviour at low temperatures. Various methods to improve the undesirable properties of native plant oils will be discussed. In parallel, government regulations that encourage or enforce the use of bio‐based fluids, at least in ecologically sensitive areas, will help to increase their market share. Using the numerous possibilities for selective breeding and/or chemical improvement of the double bond systems of natural fatty acids by increased R&amp;D, the major obstacles regarding the use of plant‐based raw materials for the production of lubricant base fluids can be overcome and bio‐based fluids should expect a future with increasing market shares. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
High-throughput serum NMR metabonomics for cost-effective holistic studies on systemic metabolism (2009)

A high-throughput proton (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabonomics approach is introduced to characterise systemic metabolic phenotypes. The methodology combines two molecular windows that contain the majority of the metabolic information available by 1H NMR from native serum, e.g. serum lipids, lipoprotein subclasses as well as various low-molecular-weight metabolites. The experimentation is robotics-controlled and fully automated with a capacity of about 150-180 samples in 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, the presented set-up is unique in the sense of experimental high-throughput, cost-effectiveness, and automated multi-metabolic data analyses. As an example, we demonstrate that the NMR data as such reveal associations between systemic metabolic phenotypes and the metabolic syndrome (n = 4407). The high-throughput of up to 50,000 serum samples per year is also paving the way for this technology in large-scale clinical and epidemiological studies. In contradiction to single 'biomarkers', the application of this holistic NMR approach and the integrated computational methods provides a data-driven systems biology approach to biomedical research.
Mutant-Enriched PCR and Allele-Specific Hybridization Reaction to Detect K-ras Mutations in Stool DNA: High Prevalence in a Large Sample of Older Adults (2007)

The proposed assay identifies mutant K-ras in stool at a higher prevalence than has been reported for other analytical techniques. Our findings do not support the use of this assay for CRC screening, but its potential use for early detection of pancreatic cancer (in combination with other markers) requires further investigation.
High-performance deep submicron CMOS technologies with polycrystalline-SiGe gates (2000)

The use of polycrystalline SiGe as the gate material for deep submicron CMOS has been investigated. A complete compatibility to standard CMOS processing is demonstrated when polycrystalline Si is substituted with SiGe (for Ge fractions below 0.5) to form the gate electrode of the transistors. Performance improvements are achieved for PMOS transistors by careful optimization of both transistor channel profile and p-type gate workfunction, the latter by changing Ge mole fraction in the gate. For the 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS generation we record up to 20% increase in the current drive, a 10% increase in the channel transconductance and subthreshold swing improvement from 82 mV/dec to 75 mV/dec resulting in excellent "on"/"off" currents ratio. At the same time, NMOS transistor performance is not affected by gate material substitution.
The Dynamics of Dendritic Cell—Mediated Innate Immune Regulation (2007)

After taking up pathogen-derived antigens, dendritic cells (DCs) leave peripheral organs and migrate into sentinel lymph nodes via afferent lymphatic vessels. During this process, they undergo maturation and produce proinflammatory cytokines, which leads to efficient antigen (Ag) presentation and activation of the innate and acquired immune systems. Recent evidence indicates that DC subsets cooperate to activate the innate immune system. It is becoming clear that the total DC population is composed of a network of DC subsets with distinct functions that are critical for sensing pathogens and orchestrating immune responses.
Introduction to the pharmaceutical sciences (2007)

Introduction to the pharmaceutical sciences , Introduction to the pharmaceutical sciences , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
The specificity of JAK3 kinase inhibitors (2007)

PF-956980 is a selective inhibitor of JAK3, related in structure to CP-690550, a compound being evaluated in clinical trials for rheumatoid arthritis and prevention of allograft rejection. PF-956980 has been evaluated against a panel of 30 kinases, and found to have nanomolar potency against only JAK3. Cellular and whole blood activity of this compound parallels its potency and selectivity in enzyme assays. It was effective in vivo at inhibiting the delayed type hypersensivity reaction in mice. We compared 2 commercially available JAK3 inhibitors (WHI-P131 and WHI-P154) in the same panel of biochemical and cellular assays and found them to be neither potent nor selective for JAK3. Both were found to be nanomolar inhibitors of the EGF receptor family of kinases. As these compounds have been used in numerous publications in the transplant and autoimmune disease literature, their specificity should be considered when interpreting these results.
Equilibrium ring‐opening polymerization of mono‐ and multicyclic unsaturated monomers (1972)

Abstract Equilibrium ring‐opening polymerization theory has been extended to cycloolefin polymerizations. Previous work had established the reversible nature of the olefin metathesis reaction, the basic process whereby cycloolefins undergo ring‐opening. The present work confirms the reversible character of cycloolefin polymerization for the cases of cyclopentene and bicyclo[4.3.0]nona‐3.7‐diene polymerization. Equilibrium conversion data for cyclopentene polymerizations have provided estimates of the enthalpy (−4.4 kcal/mole) and entropy (−14.9 cal/mole·deg) of polymerization. In addition, some factors governing the polymerizability of mono‐ and multicyclic monomers are discussed.
Amorphous silicon waveguides and light modulators for integrated photonics realized by low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition (1996)

A new amorphous silicon waveguide is realized by use of amorphous silicon carbon as cladding material. The structure is characterized both experimentally and theoretically, and its application for optical interconnections in photonic integrated circuits on silicon motherboards is proposed. The fabrication process is based on low-temperature (220 degrees C) plasma-enhanced chemical-vapor deposition and is compatible with standard microelectronic processes. Propagation losses of 1.8 dB/cm have been measured at the fiber-optic wavelength of 1.3 microm. A strong thermo-optic coefficient has been measured in this material at this wavelength and exploited for the realization of a light-intensity modulator based on a Fabry-Perot interferometer that is tunable by temperature.
The Diversity of Eukaryotes (1999)

The discipline of evolutionary protistology has emerged in the past 30 yr. There is as yet no agreed view of how protists are interrelated or how they should be classified. The foundations of a stable taxonomic superstructure for the protists and other eukaryotes lie in cataloging the diversity of the major monophyletic lineages of these organisms. The use of common patterns of cell organization (ultrastructural identity) seems to provide us with the most robust hypotheses of such lineages. These lineages are placed in 71 groups without identifiable sister taxa. These groups are here referred to as "major building blocks." For the first time, the compositions, ultrastructural identities, synapomorphies (where available), and subgroups of the major building blocks are summarized. More than 200 further lineages without clear identities are listed. This catalog includes all known major elements of the comprehensive evolutionary tree of protists and eukaryotes. Different approaches among protistologists to issues of nomenclature, ranking, and definitions of these groups are discussed, with particular reference to two groups-the stramenopiles and the Archezoa. The concept of "extended in-group" is introduced to refer to in-groups and the most proximate sister group and to assist in identifying the hierarchical location of taxa.
The Three-dimensional Structure of the Core Domain of Naf Y from Azotobacter vinelandii determined at 1.8-Å Resolution (2003)

The Azotobacter vinelandii NafY protein (nitrogenase accessory factor Y) is able to bind either to the iron molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) or to apodinitrogenase and is believed to facilitate the transfer of FeMo-co into apodinitrogenase. The NafY protein has two domains: an N-terminal domain (residues Met1-Leu98) and a C-terminal domain (residues Glu99-Ser232), referred here to as the "core domain." The core domain of NafY is shown here to be capable of binding the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase but unable to bind to apodinitrogenase in the absence of the first domain. The three-dimensional molecular structure of the core domain of NafY has been solved to 1.8-A resolution, revealing that the protein consists of a mixed five-stranded beta-sheet flanked by five alpha-helices that belongs to the ribonuclease H superfamily. As such, this represents a new fold capable of binding FeMo-co, where the only previous example was that seen in dinitrogenase.
From Detection of Individual Metastases to Classification of Lymph Node Status at the Patient Level: The CAMELYON17 Challenge (2018)

Automated detection of cancer metastases in lymph nodes has the potential to improve the assessment of prognosis for patients. To enable fair comparison between the algorithms for this purpose, we set up the CAMELYON17 challenge in conjunction with the IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging 2017 Conference in Melbourne. Over 300 participants registered on the challenge website, of which 23 teams submitted a total of 37 algorithms before the initial deadline. Participants were provided with 899 whole-slide images (WSIs) for developing their algorithms. The developed algorithms were evaluated based on the test set encompassing 100 patients and 500 WSIs. The evaluation metric used was a quadratic weighted Cohen's kappa. We discuss the algorithmic details of the 10 best pre-conference and two post-conference submissions. All these participants used convolutional neural networks in combination with pre- and postprocessing steps. Algorithms differed mostly in neural network architecture, training strategy, and pre- and postprocessing methodology. Overall, the kappa metric ranged from 0.89 to -0.13 across all submissions. The best results were obtained with pre-trained architectures such as ResNet. Confusion matrix analysis revealed that all participants struggled with reliably identifying isolated tumor cells, the smallest type of metastasis, with detection rates below 40%. Qualitative inspection of the results of the top participants showed categories of false positives, such as nerves or contamination, which could be targeted for further optimization. Last, we show that simple combinations of the top algorithms result in higher kappa metric values than any algorithm individually, with 0.93 for the best combination.
CXCR7 heterodimerizes with CXCR4 and regulates CXCL12-mediated G protein signaling (2009)

The stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12 chemokine engages the CXCR4 and CXCR7 receptors and regulates homeostatic and pathologic processes, including organogenesis, leukocyte homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. Both receptors are widely expressed in mammalian cells, but how they cooperate to respond to CXCL12 is not well understood. Here, we show that CXCR7 per se does not trigger G(alphai) protein-dependent signaling, although energy transfer assays indicate that it constitutively interacts with G(alphai) proteins and undergoes CXCL12-mediated conformational changes. Moreover, when CXCR4 and CXCR7 are coexpressed, we show that receptor heterodimers form as efficiently as receptor homodimers, thus opening the possibility that CXCR4/CXCR7 heterodimer formation has consequences on CXCL12-mediated signals. Indeed, expression of CXCR7 induces conformational rearrangements within preassembled CXCR4/G(alphai) protein complexes and impairs CXCR4-promoted G(alphai)-protein activation and calcium responses. Varying CXCR7 expression levels and blocking CXCL12/CXCR7 interactions in primary T cells suggest that CXCR4/CXCR7 heterodimers form in primary lymphocytes and regulate CXCL12-promoted chemotaxis. Taken together, these results identify CXCR4/CXCR7 heterodimers as distinct functional units with novel properties, which can contribute to the functional plasticity of CXCL12.
Pharmacologic Treatment of Acute Kidney Injury (2007)

Current strategies to limit the extent of injury in acute renal failure are based on extensive studies that identified cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute kidney injury. Despite successes in various animal models, translation to human studies has failed or studies are inconclusive. This review describes past failures and barriers to successful clinical trials. It also focuses on promising preclinical studies using novel compounds that currently are in or close to human investigation. Implementation of previous or novel compounds in well-designed clinical trials provides hope for the successful treatment of this devastating disorder.
Regulation of intracellular beta-catenin levels by the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor-suppressor protein. (1995)

The APC tumor-suppressor protein associates with beta-catenin, a cell adhesion protein that is upregulated by the WNT1 oncogene. We examined the effects of exogenous APC expression on the distribution and amount of beta-catenin in a colorectal cancer cell containing only mutant APC. Expression of wild-type APC caused a pronounced reduction in total beta-catenin levels by eliminating an excessive supply of cytoplasmic beta-catenin indigenous to the SW480 colorectal cancer cell line. This reduction was due to an enhanced rate of beta-catenin protein degradation. Truncated mutant APC proteins, characteristic of those associated with cancer, lacked this activity. Mutational analysis revealed that the central region of the APC protein, which is typically deleted or severely truncated in tumors, was responsible for the down-regulation of beta-catenin. These results suggest that the tumor-suppressor activity of mutant APC may be compromised due to a defect in its ability to regulate beta-catenin.