gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A short domain of the plant vacuolar protein phytohemagglutinin targets invertase to the yeast vacuole. (1990)

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the seed lectin of the common bean, accumulates in protein storage vacuoles of storage parenchyma cells in cotyledons. When expressed in yeast, PHA is efficiently targeted to the yeast vacuole [Tague and Chrispeels (1987). J. Cell Biol. 105, 1971-1979]. To identify vacuolar sorting information in PHA, a series of 3' deletions of the PHA gene were fused in-frame to a truncated yeast invertase gene. An amino-terminal portion of PHA composed of a 20-residue signal sequence and 43 residues of the mature protein efficiently targeted invertase to the yeast vacuole. Internal deletions in a short PHA-invertase fusion showed that targeting information exists between residues 14 and 23 of mature PHA. Based on examinations of three-dimensional structures of related lectins, only a portion of these residues would be available on the surface of PHA for interaction with a putative receptor. Amino acid replacements at these positions in a PHA-invertase hybrid caused secretion of the invertase. The results indicate the presence of a vacuolar targeting domain in PHA that is centered at position 19 of the mature protein. This sequence of PHA also shows sequence identity to a vacuolar sorting domain characterized in yeast carboxypeptidase Y. Single amino acid alterations in a short PHA-invertase hybrid protein that caused the highest levels of secretion introduced a glycosylation site at position 21 of PHA. This observation suggests that glycan addition may interfere with recognition of a sorting determinant. These same amino acid changes did not dramatically increase secretion in a long PHA-invertase fusion or in PHA itself. Thus, a second domain of PHA may function in concert with the first one to bring about correct targeting of PHA.
Seizure Risk in Offspring of Parents with Generalized Versus Partial Epilepsy (1989)

Genetic factors are commonly assumed to play a more important role in generalized than in partial epilepsy. This study tested this hypothesis by comparing risks of unprovoked seizures in offspring of individuals with generalized versus partial epilepsy. Overall, seizure incidence was no higher in offspring of persons with generalized epilepsy than in offspring of those with partial epilepsy. The number of affected offspring was about three times that expected from population incidence rates, regardless of whether the parent had partial or generalized epilepsy. For the subgroup of generalized cases with absence seizures, however, seizure incidence in offspring was about three times as high as for partial cases. The higher incidence in offspring of absence cases was only partly explained by a higher proportion of absence than partial cases with two factors associated with high risk in relatives, namely early age at onset and idiopathic epilepsy. Offspring of absence cases had higher risk than offspring of other cases not only for absence seizures, but for other seizure types as well, suggesting that absence epilepsy is not genetically distinct from other seizure types of epilepsy. These results suggest that the higher incidence sometimes observed in relatives of patients with generalized epilepsy is due to a small proportion of generalized cases with extremely high familial risks--most generalized epilepsies are no more likely than partial epilepsies to have a genetic basis.
A specific receptor antagonist for interleukin 1 prevents Escherichia coli ‐induced shock in rabbits (1991)

Despite antibiotic therapy, the septic shock syndrome continues to have a high mortality. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 1 (IL 1), two polypeptide cytokines produced during sepsis, are thought to mediate the hypotension and tissue damage of shock. In the present studies, rabbits were infused with Escherichia coli organisms to produce shock. The IL 1 receptor antagonist (IL 1ra), which competes with IL 1 for occupancy of the IL 1 cell-surface receptors without agonist properties, was given 15 min before the bacterial infusion and during the subsequent 4 h. In saline-treated controls, hypotension was sustained for 4 h and death occurred for two of five rabbits; in rabbits treated with the IL 1ra, however, blood pressure was only transiently decreased, returned to pre-E. coli levels, and no deaths occurred. The associated leukopenia was also reduced by treatment with the antagonist (P less than 0.05). Histological examination of lung tissues showed reduced infiltrating neutrophils in the IL 1ra treatment group. Despite the attenuated responses in animals treated with the IL 1ra, circulating TNF and IL 1 levels were nearly identical in both groups. We conclude that specific blockade of IL 1 at the receptor level demonstrates an essential role for this cytokine in the pathogenesis of septic shock.
Cryptography on the Internet (1999)

Typical e-mail travels through many computers. Every one who uses computers can read, copy, and store this e-mail. Many of the competitors in the businesses are highly motivated to intercept e-mail. Sending information about one's business, legal, and personal mail through computers is even less confidential than sending the same material on a postcard.
Selected Reaction Monitoring–Mass Spectrometric Immunoassay Responsive to Parathyroid Hormone and Related Variants (2009)

Mass spectrometric immunoassays identified new clinical variants of PTH and provided a quantitative assay for these and previously identified forms of PTH.
Computer Assisted Planning (CAP) at Dinero International Bancorporation* (1983)

This article describes three inter-related computer based systems that were designed and developed to assist with the implementation of a major long-term strategic planning effort at a multi-billion dollar bank holding company, Dinero International Bancorporation, (DIB). New strategies at DIB included: (1) a major redirection of its marketing efforts to a multi-state mid-western region in the U.S., and (2) to correspond with this new marketing direction, a major change in the bank’s image, including a name change. The first system, the Regional Banking Information System (REBIS) was designed to extract key information from a 1G (gigabyte) bank database. With REBIS, DIB was able to monitor the level of banking activity in a designated region and to measure the performance and level of competition of over 1,000 selected banks with operations in this region. A second system, the SAS/Dunn and Bradstreet (D &amp; B) system, was designed to analyze and plot key financial characteristics (sales, debt, etc.) of the more than 20,000 selected companies also in the region. Information pertaining to business activity by industry was plotted on maps of the region in order to identify the most desirable marketing opportunities. Finally, the third system, AUTOTRAC, an automated project tracking system, was used to monitor and control the progress of the DIB name change plan.
Modifying influence of dehydroepiandrosterone on the development of dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine-initiated lesions in the thyroid, lung and liver of F344 rats (1986)

Following initial treatment of F344 rats with dihydroxy-di-n-propylnitrosamine, exposure to dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administered in the diet at a concentration of 0.6% brought about significant decrease in weight gain, independent of food consumption, and inhibited the development of thyroid tumors and hepatocyte-altered enzyme foci. In addition to inducing a diffuse increase in glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase (G6PD) and gammaglutamyl transpeptidase in the liver. DHEA treatment was associated with development of small numbers of basophilic hepatocellular foci which differed markedly in enzyme phenotype from the clear cell (glycogen storing) lesions predominating in the carcinogen-treated animals maintained on basal diet. The results are consistent with the concept that DHEA-modification of neoplastic development, as reported earlier in a number of different organs and here in the liver and thyroid, may be in some way partly mediated by changed expression of the key enzyme of the pentose phosphate pathway, G6PD, and related metabolic systems. Heterogeneity in the quality of initiated hepatocytes with regard to capacity for inhibition or promotion indicated by the present data point to the existence of more than one pathway to tumour development in the rat liver.
Calmodulin activates the isolated catalytic unit of brain adenylate cyclase. (1981)

The catalytic and guanine nucleotide regulatory (G/F) units of solubilized bovine brain adenylate cyclase were separated by gel filtration as described by Strittmatter, S., and Neer, E. J. ((1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 6344-6348). The isolated catalytic unit is activated 4 +/- 1-fold (n = 11) by pure bovine brain calmodulin and is stabilized by calmodulin against thermal inactivation. The separated G/F unit can be freed of endogenous calmodulin by gel filtration in buffer containing 1 mM EDTA and no divalent cations. The calmodulin-free G/F unit still activates the catalytic unit. Re-addition of calmodulin does not affect the rate or extent of activation of the G/F unit by guanosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imino)triphosphate. The activation by calmodulin and the G/F unit together is additive, not synergistic. These studies show that calmodulin interacts with the adenylate cyclase catalytic unit but does not seem to affect the function of the G/F unit.
Finding the WRITE stuff: automatic identification of discourse structure in student essays (2003)

An essay-based discourse analysis system can help students improve their writing by identifying relevant essay-based discourse elements in their essays. Our discourse analysis software, which is embedded in Criterion, an online essay evaluation application, uses machine learning to identify discourse elements in student essays. The system makes decisions that exemplify how teachers perform this task. For instance, when grading student essays, teachers comment on the discourse structure. Teachers might explicitly state that the essay lacks a thesis statement or that an essay's single main idea has insufficient support. Training the systems to model this behavior requires human judges to annotate a data sample of student essays. The annotation schema reflects the highly structured discourse of genres such as persuasive writing. Our discourse analysis system uses a voting algorithm that takes into account the discourse labeling decisions of three independent systems.
Chemotaxis of Human Gingival Epithelial Cells to Laminin (1986)

Laminin, a large glycoprotein (Mr = 10(6)) and a major component of basement membrane, is shown here to be a potent chemoattractant for human gingival epithelial cells. Laminin stimulated chemotaxis and chemokinesis of gingival epithelial cells in the modified Boyden chamber assay. This effect appeared to be laminin receptor mediated. Gingival epithelial cells were shown to bind laminin (Kd = 2.0 nM) with 10,000 to 30,000 binding sites per cell. Antilaminin antibody, which inhibited laminin binding, inhibited the chemotactic response of epithelial cells to laminin, while antifibronectin was without effect. Fibronectin was not as potent a chemoattractant as laminin. Other biological response modifiers were also tested; of these, Type IV collagen and epidermal growth factor were active as chemoattractants, although not as effective in inducing chemotaxis as laminin. The data indicate that laminin and other components of basement membrane may be important in regulating the migration and growth of gingival epithelial cells.
Studies on the Cytotoxic Effects of Extract of Castor Seed(Ricinus communis L.). (2002)

Cytotoxic effects of castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed extract on Allium sativum root tip cells were investigated. The results obtained showed that the seed extract of R. communis L. induced various types of cyto/chromotoxic effects which included fragments, ring chromosomes, C-mitosis, end to end attachment of the chromosomes at metaphase, chromatin bridges, laggards, unequal distribution of chromosomes and multipolar cells. Nuclear cleavage and disintegration, inhibition of cytokinesis, doubling of chromosome numbers, binucleate cells and binary fission of the nucleus were also observed. The most significant observations were the denaturation of chromatin fibre and somatic reduction that were encountered following treatment with 50 and 100% concentrations of the seed extract. The investigation also revealed that the rate of cell division was affected by castor seed extract. The rate of cell division (measured in terms of active mitotic index) decreased with the increase in concentration of the castor seed extract. It is therefore concluded that the castor seed extract not only upset the normal rate of cell division but also induced various structural and numerical chromosomal aberrations that may lead to mutation in the affected organism.
Treatment of a Nonhealing Wound With Hypergranulation Tissue and Rolled Edges (2002)

Hawkins-Bradley, Beth RN, MN, CWOCN; Walden, Mary RN, BSN, CWOCNEditor(s): Hanlon, Maureen RN, MN, CWOCN Author Information
Accuracy and precision in quantitative fluorescence microscopy (2009)

The light microscope has long been used to document the localization of fluorescent molecules in cell biology research. With advances in digital cameras and the discovery and development of genetically encoded fluorophores, there has been a huge increase in the use of fluorescence microscopy to quantify spatial and temporal measurements of fluorescent molecules in biological specimens. Whether simply comparing the relative intensities of two fluorescent specimens, or using advanced techniques like Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), quantitation of fluorescence requires a thorough understanding of the limitations of and proper use of the different components of the imaging system. Here, I focus on the parameters of digital image acquisition that affect the accuracy and precision of quantitative fluorescence microscopy measurements.
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version) (2013)

eISSN 1468-2982.
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Factor 6 (Stat6)-deficient Mice Are Protected from Antigen-induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness and Mucus Production (1998)

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin 4 (IL-4) has been shown to regulate many processes thought to be important in the allergic diathesis. To determine the mechanism(s) by which IL-4 mediates allergic airway responses to inhaled allergens, we compared the effects of antigen sensitization and challenge on the development of allergic airway responses in mice in which the gene for the signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 6 (Stat6) was disrupted to those of their wild-type littermates. Strikingly, Stat6-deficient mice failed to develop airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), which was observed in their wild-type littermates after allergen provocation. Moreover, antigen-induced increases in mucus-containing cells were found to be completely Stat6 dependent. Consistent with the lack of Th2 cytokine responses in Stat6-deficient mice, no ovalbumin-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E was detected in their serum. In contrast, Stat6 signaling only partially mediated antigen-induced eosinophilia with no role in vascular adhesion molecule 1 expression. These results indicate that Stat6 signal transduction is critical in the development of allergen-induced AHR and that agents that specifically inhibit this pathway may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of allergic disorders.
4-Methylumbelliferone inhibits tumour cell growth and the activation of stromal hyaluronan synthesis by melanoma cell-derived factors (2010)

4-MU is a potent inhibitor of hyaluronan synthesis, induction of stromal hyaluronan accumulation by tumour cells, and fibroblast and melanoma cell proliferation, and results suggest that 4-MU may have potential as a tumour cell anti-invasive and antiproliferative agent.
A Lipidated Anti-Tat Antibody Enters Living Cells and Blocks HIV-1 Viral Replication (1997)

We have developed a chemical modification of antibodies, lipidation, which enables their intracellular delivery into living cells. Intracellular localization of lipidated antibodies was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and by measuring cellular uptake of 125I-labeled lipidated antibodies. Functionally, a lipidated monoclonal antibody directed against the Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibited viral replication of several HIV-1 isolates by approximately 85% as shown by increased viability of infected cells and decreased reverse transcriptase activity. The antibody in its native form had no such effect. These data show that lipidated antibodies can reach and functionally inhibit intracellular targets. Lipidation may help to facilitate the development of intracellular immunotherapy for AIDS.
A High Performance Diamond Thin Film Cold Cathode (1993)

In the first two months of this project, we have deposited a variety of amorphic diamond coatings on various types of substrates including glass, copper, molybdenum and chromium. The films of various thicknesses have been deposited which are ready for testing. In addition, we have designed and constructed two low voltage test setups as well completed these tests for testing the high current emission properties of these films. These are described in this report. There is a need for developing high current cathodes for e-beam pumped high power visible and near UV lasers. These applications require broad area cathodes which can provide current densities as high as 1000A/sq. cm for pulse durations of 1-5 microseconds at a repetition rates as high as 100 pulses/ sec at voltages in the 100-500 kV range. These are very extreme requirements, but several cathodes such as thermionic cathodes, photo-electric cathodes and cold cathodes have been developed to deliver several tens of amperes/sq cm current densities. This project concerns with the optimization of field emission cold cathodes using diamond materials.
Expression of Complement Receptors 1 and 2 on Follicular Dendritic Cells Is Necessary for the Generation of a Strong Antigen-Specific IgG Response (1998)

Two mechanisms could account for the impaired humoral immune response found in Cr2-/- mice. The absence of complement receptors 1 and 2 (CR1, CR2) on B cells could affect their activation. Alternatively, impaired Ag trapping by follicular dendritic cells (FDC) could affect B cell maturation into Ig-secreting or memory B cells. To compare the roles of CR1 and CR2 on B cells vs FDC in this abnormal response, bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice were generated and immunized with specific T-dependent Ags. The primary and secondary Ab response was measured. Cr2+/+ animals reconstituted with a Cr2-/- BM generated a diminished but detectable humoral immune response compared with controls. When injected with preformed immune complexes (IC), these mice maintained follicular IC localization. Cr2-/- animals reconstituted with a Cr2+/+ BM had an initial rise in the Ab titer, but were unable to maintain it as shown by a pronounced decrease in the IgG titer. This defect persisted during the secondary immune response. Follicular IC trapping was also impaired. Despite the abnormal Ab response, germinal center formation was retained in all of the chimeric animals. These experiments are the first to demonstrate an absolute requirement for CR1 and CR2 expression on FDC in the generation of a normal humoral immune response.
Yeast tRNA ligase mutants are nonviable and accumulate tRNA splicing intermediates. (1992)

We show here that yeast tRNA ligase protein is essential in the cell and participates in joining together tRNA half-molecules resulting from excision of the intron by the splicing endonuclease. A haploid yeast strain carrying a chromosomal deletion of the ligase gene is viable only if ligase protein can be supplied from a plasmid copy of the gene. When synthesis of the plasmid-borne ligase gene is repressed, cells eventually die and accumulate endonuclease cut but unligated half-molecules and intervening sequences. Half-molecules that accumulate appear to be fully end-processed. Two temperature-sensitive ligase mutant strains have been isolated; these strains accumulate a similar set of unligated half-molecules at the nonpermissive temperature.
Inhibition of Fast Axonal Transport by Pathogenic SOD1 Involves Activation of p38 MAP Kinase (2013)

Dying-back degeneration of motor neuron axons represents an established feature of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS) associated with superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) mutations, but axon-autonomous effects of pathogenic SOD1 remained undefined. Characteristics of motor neurons affected in FALS include abnormal kinase activation, aberrant neurofilament phosphorylation, and fast axonal transport (FAT) deficits, but functional relationships among these pathogenic events were unclear. Experiments in isolated squid axoplasm reveal that FALS-related SOD1 mutant polypeptides inhibit FAT through a mechanism involving a p38 mitogen activated protein kinase pathway. Mutant SOD1 activated neuronal p38 in mouse spinal cord, neuroblastoma cells and squid axoplasm. Active p38 MAP kinase phosphorylated kinesin-1, and this phosphorylation event inhibited kinesin-1. Finally, vesicle motility assays revealed previously unrecognized, isoform-specific effects of p38 on FAT. Axon-autonomous activation of the p38 pathway represents a novel gain of toxic function for FALS-linked SOD1 proteins consistent with the dying-back pattern of neurodegeneration characteristic of ALS.
Enzymatic Oxidation of H2 in Atmospheric O2:  The Electrochemistry of Energy Generation from Trace H2 by Aerobic Microorganisms (2007)

Certain microorganisms such as Ralstonia spp. can metabolize trace H2 in air because they express an unusual O2-tolerant [NiFe]-hydrogenase. Using protein film voltammetry methods we demonstrate the first quantitative measurements of the oxidation, by a purified enzyme, of physiologically relevant levels of H2 (below 10 ppm) in the presence of atmospheric O2.
Covalent Functionalization for Biomolecular Recognition on Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanofibers (2005)

We compare two different strategies for covalently modifying carbon nanofibers with biological molecules such as DNA. One method begins with a photochemical reaction between the nanofibers and molecules bearing both a terminal olefin group and a protected amine group followed by deprotection to yield the free primary amine. The second method uses a chemical reaction of an aryldiazonium salt with the nanofibers followed by electrochemical reduction to the primary amine. Both methods then link the primary amines to thio-terminated DNA oligonucleotides. Our measurements show that both methods yield DNA-modified carbon nanofibers exhibiting excellent specificity and reversibility in binding to DNA probe molecules in solution having complementary vs noncomplementary sequences. Quantitative measurements show that 2.3 × 1014 DNA molecules/cm2 will hybridize to the DNA-modified nanofiber samples, approximately eight times higher than for a flat sample of glassy carbon functionalized in an identical manner. Similar results were obtained comparing the amount of avidin that specifically binds to biotin-modified surfaces of nanofibers and glassy carbon. Our results demonstrate the ability to covalently functionalize nanofibers via two different methods that both provide excellent biomolecular recognition properties. Since the photochemical method uses molecules that are highly insulating while the diazonium method uses molecules bearing aromatic groups that are expected to be conductive, these methods can be used to prepare biologically modified nanofibers with a range of electrical properties that may be useful for electrical sensing of specific biomolecules in solution.