gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uptake and Distribution of Orally Applied N-Acetyl-(<sup>14</sup>C)neuraminosyl-lactose and N-Acetyl-(<sup>14</sup>C)neuraminic Acid in the Organs of Newborn Rats (1979)

N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminosyl-(alpha,2 leads to 3)lactose enzymatically prepared of CMP-NeuNAc and lactose by a particulate enzyme fraction from lactating rat mammary gland was applied orally to newborn rats and examined for uptake and distribution in relation to those of free N-acetyl-(14C)neuraminic acid. The neonates were allowed to stay with their mother before and during the incubation time up to 6 h. Within this time 70% of the given dose was excreted while 30% was retained in the body. (14C)NeuNAc-lactose activity appeared 1.5 h after application in blood, urine, and tissues and attained maximum values after 3 and 6 h, respectively. The highest uptake occurred in liver, spleen, and brain. The absorption of the trisaccharide was delayed by 30 min compared with free (14C)NeuNAc. The time courses of the curves show a slower but higher accumulation in the tissues suggesting a better utilization of the (14C)NeuNAc from (14C)NeuNAc-lactose or pecularities in the absorption of the trisaccharide by the organs.
THE FATE OF THE ORALLY ADMINISTERED BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT, POLIDEXIDE, IN HUMANS (1976)

1. The metabolic fate of the insoluble bile acid sequestrant polidexide, (poly-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl] polyglycerylenedextran hydrochloride), was studied in four adult humans following the oral administration of the 14C-labelled substance. 2. The mean cumulative recovery of 14C in faeces was 95-3% (s.e.m. = 1-1) of the administered dose, while mean cumulative recovery in urine was 0-37% (s.e.m. = 0-13) of the oral dose. 3. Only background levels of radioactivity were detectable in plasma samples taken 1-3 days after administration of tracer. 4. The findings suggested that polidexide was not absorbed from the gastrointestinal in man to any significant degree.
Three‐Dimensional Printing of Elastomeric, Cellular Architectures with Negative Stiffness (2014)

Three‐dimensional printing of viscoelastic inks to create porous, elastomeric architectures with mechanical properties governed by the ordered arrangement of their sub‐millimeter struts is reported. Two layouts are patterned, one resembling a “simple cubic” (SC)‐like structure and another akin to a “face‐centered tetragonal” (FCT) configuration. These structures exhibit markedly distinct load response with directionally dependent behavior, including negative stiffness. More broadly, these findings suggest the ability to independently tailor mechanical response in cellular solids via micro‐architected design. Such ordered materials may one day replace random foams in mechanical energy absorption applications.
Cancer Therapy Directed by Comprehensive Genomic Profiling: A Single Center Study (2016)

Innovative molecular diagnostics deployed in the clinic enable new ways to stratify patients into appropriate treatment regimens. These approaches may resolve a major challenge for early-phase clinical trials, which is to recruit patients who, while having failed previous treatments, may nevertheless respond to molecularly targeted drugs. We report the findings of a prospective, single-center study conducted in patients with diverse refractory cancers who underwent comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP; next-generation sequencing, 236 genes). Of the 500 patients enrolled, 188 (37.6%) received either matched (N = 122/188, 65%) or unmatched therapy (N = 66/188, 35%). The most common reasons that patients were not evaluable for treatment included insufficient tissue, death, or hospice transfer. The median number of molecular alterations per patient was five (range, 1-14); median number of prior therapies, four. The most common diagnoses were ovarian cancer (18%), breast cancer (16%), sarcoma (13%), and renal cancer (7%). Of the 339 successfully profiled patients, 317 (93.5%) had at least one potentially actionable alteration. By calculating matching scores, based on the number of drug matches and genomic aberrations per patient, we found that high scores were independently associated with a greater frequency of stable disease ≥6 months/partial/complete remission [22% (high scores) vs. 9% (low scores), P = 0.024], longer time-to-treatment failure [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.52; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.36-0.74; P = 0.0003], and survival (HR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.43-1.0; P = 0.05). Collectively, this study offers a clinical proof of concept for the utility of CGP in assigning therapy to patients with refractory malignancies, especially in those patients with multiple genomic aberrations for whom combination therapies could be implemented. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3690-701. ©2016 AACR.
Photoactivated Riboflavin Treatment of Infectious Keratitis Using Collagen Cross-linking Technology (2012)

Riboflavin/UVA should be avoided in eyes with prior herpes simplex but otherwise posed no obvious safety risk in this series and appeared to be most effective when the infection depth was limited. The success rate was higher for bacterial infections than fungal infections. Randomized studies against antibiotics alone are needed to further evaluate efficacy.
Enhanced luminescence immunoassay: evaluation of a new, more sensitive thyrotropin assay. (1986)

We measured thyrotropin (TSH) with an enhanced luminometric assay ("Amerlite"; Amersham International). The detection limit of the assay is 0.02 milli-int. unit/L. Within-assay precision was 6.7 and 7.8% at 3.77 and 12.1 milli-int units/L, respectively, and between-assay precision was almost identical, whether singleton or duplicate samples were assayed. TSH measured in 132 euthyroid subjects ranged from 0.06 to 4.13 milli-int. units/L (mean 1.52, SD 0.86). Similar concentrations were found in 20 healthy pregnant women and 19 of 20 healthy post-menopausal women (one of whom had undetectable TSH). In 17 patients with primary hypothyroidism, TSH concentrations ranged from 9.34 to greater than 200 milli-int. units/L; and in 53 of 59 patients with hyperthyroidism, TSH concentrations were undetectable, ranging in the remaining six from 0.03 to 0.06 milli-int. unit/L. Results for TSH in 28 patients stimulated with thyroliberin were consonant with the results of the thyroliberin test in 25 cases. Thus, for most patients, measurement of a basal TSH concentration evidently will predict their thyroidal status and also the response to thyroliberin, but a few will require additional tests of thyroid function.
Chromosomal aberrations in soft tissue tumors. Relevance to diagnosis, classification, and molecular mechanisms. (1994)

In recent years, significant progress has been made in identifying characteristic chromosomal rearrangements associated with several solid tumor types, notably sarcomas, a relatively rare subset of human cancer. Most sarcomas analyzed have been found to be characterized by recurrent chromosome translocations that are specific to histological types. We have reviewed published reports of chromosomal aberrations in benign and malignant soft tissue tumors and found an incidence of specific translocations in these neoplasms that ranged from 20% to 93% within histological tumor types. Identification of recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in benign tumors has resulted in a reappraisal of the general concept that benign tumors have a normal (diploid) chromosome constitution. The variety of recurrent changes present in the different tumor types attests to the cytogenetic diversity inherent in these tumors. The chromosomal rearrangements in each of the tumor types were unique and did not correspond to cancer-associated aberrations known from other solid or hematopoietic malignancies. Cytogenetics thus provides an essential adjunct to diagnostic surgical pathology in the case of malignant soft tissue tumors, which often present substantial diagnostic challenges. In addition, it represents another approach to determine the histogenetic origin of some tumors and identifies sites of gene deregulation for molecular analysis. Indeed, recent molecular analyses of several sarcoma-associated translocations have identified novel genes and novel mechanisms of their dysregulation.
Role of oncogenes in resistance and killing by cancer therapeutic agents (1997)

Chemotherapeutic drug resistance is a major clinical problem and cause for failure in the therapy of human cancer. One of the goals of molecular oncology is to identify the underlying mechanisms, with the hope that more effective therapies can be developed. Several mechanisms have been suggested to contribute to chemoresistance: 1) amplification or overexpression of the P-glycoprotein family of membrane transporters (eg, MDR1, MRP, LRP) which decrease the intracellular accumulation of chemotherapy; 2) changes in cellular proteins involved in detoxification (eg, glutathione S-transferase pi, metallothioneins, human MutT homologue, bleomycin hydrolase, dihydrofolate reductase) or activation of the chemotherapeutic drugs (DT-diaphorase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:cytochrome P-450 reductase); 3) changes in molecules involved in DNA repair (eg, O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, DNA topoisomerase II, hMLH1, p21WAF1/CIP1; 4) activation of oncogenes such as Her-2/neu, bcl-2, bcl-XL, c-myc, ras, c-jun, c-fos, MDM2, p210 BCR-abl, or mutant p53. An overview of these resistance mechanisms is presented, with a particular focus on the role of oncogenes. Some current strategies attempting to reverse their effects are discussed.
Mechanisms of iron acquisition by the human pathogens Neisseria Meningitidis and Neisseria Gonorrhoeae (2003)

It is well established that bacterial pathogenesis is dependent on the ability to acquire iron within the host. The success of the highly adapted obligate human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis (NM) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) can be attributed in part to the efficient utilization of multiple host iron (Fe) sources, allowing replication on mucosal surfaces, in the bloodstream, and intracellularly. Most Gram-negative bacterial strategies for scavenging iron from the human host rely on the TonB protein to energize active iron transport across the outer membrane. Pathogenic Neisseria express multiple high-affinity iron transporters including a family of two-component TonB-dependent receptors as well as multiple single-component TonB-dependent Fe transporters. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms Neisseria have evolved to utilize various iron sources encountered during infection of the human host. Recent studies have provided insight into the interaction of neisserial outer membrane receptors with host iron carrier proteins. Emerging structural information on neisserial iron transporters will be compared with the crystal structures and biochemical data available for homologous Escherichia coli TonB-dependent Fe-siderophore receptors. In the process, we will highlight the aspects of the iron transport process that are unique and those that remain to be experimentally demonstrated in Neisseria. These include receptor structure/function, the mechanism of iron removal from protein ligands, the fate of Fe and heme-Fe after traversing the outer membrane, and the role of TonB-associated energy in receptor functions. Finally, we will discuss regulatory mechanisms that control the expression of iron scavenging systems. The investigation of iron metabolism in NM and NG is important for understanding the biochemistry of this virulence factor, the development of vaccines targeted at outer membrane iron receptors, and therapeutic interventions exploiting these transporters as high affinity drug delivery systems.
Expression and prognostic significance of 14-3-3 sigma and ERM family protein expression in periampullary neoplasms (2005)

Aberrant gene expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas contributes to the dismal outcome of patients who develop this disease. The 5' region of 14-3-3sigma (stratifin) is hypomethylated in pancreatic adenocarcinomas and is associated with gene overexpression. In multiple experimental systems, ezrin (ERM, Radixin, Moesin) has been identified as being important in the metastatic behavior of pancreatic and other cancers. We investigated the prognostic significance of aberrant expression of 14-3-3sigma and the ERM proteins (Ezrin, radixin, Moesin) in a series of invasive periampullary adenocarcinomas including 300 infiltrating pancreatic adenocarcinomas, 54 ampullary adenocarcinomas, and 33 noninvasive intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenal resection at The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, between 1991 and 2003. Two-hundred fourty-four (82%) primary infiltrating adenocarcinomas of the pancreas demonstrated positive expression of the 14-3-3sigma, 45 (15%) showed weak immunolabelling, and 9 (3%) were negative. 201 (68%) showed positive immunolabeling of the ERM proteins, 75 (25%) demonstrated weak expression and 20 (7%) no expression. A similar proportion of ampullary cancers showed 14-3-3sigma and ERM protein expression. Expression of 14-3-3sigma and ERM protein was more likely in poorly differentiated cancers (p = 0.00005), and their expression was associated with poor survival in univariate analysis (p = 0.09). By multivariate analysis, patients whose cancers expressed 14-3-3sigma, but not ERM tended to have a poorer prognosis (Hazard ratio, 1.4; 0.9-2.2, p = 0.14). Aberrant expression of 14-3-3sigma may contribute to the outcome of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Interleukin-29 Binds to Melanoma Cells Inducing Jak-STAT Signal Transduction and Apoptosis (2010)

Interleukin-29 (IL-29) is a member of the type III IFN family that has been shown to have antiviral activity and to inhibit cell growth. Melanoma cell lines were tested for expression of the IL-29 receptor (IL-29R) and their response to IL-29. Expression of IL-28R1 and IL-10R2, components of IL-29R, was evaluated using reverse transcription-PCR. A combination of immunoblot analysis and flow cytometry was used to evaluate IL-29-induced signal transduction. U133 Plus 2.0 Arrays and real-time PCR were used to evaluate gene expression. Apoptosis was measured using Annexin V/propridium iodide staining. In situ PCR for IL-29R was done on paraffin-embedded melanoma tumors. Both IL-28R1 and IL-10R2 were expressed on the A375, 1106 MEL, Hs294T, 18105 MEL, MEL 39, SK MEL 5, and F01 cell lines. Incubation of melanoma cell lines with IL-29 (10-1,000 ng/mL) led to phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) and STAT2. Microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed a marked increase in transcripts of IFN-regulated genes after treatment with IL-29. In the F01 cell line, bortezomib-induced and temozolomide-induced apoptosis was synergistically enhanced following the addition of IL-29. In situ PCR revealed that IL-10R2 and IL-28R1 were present in six of eight primary human melanoma tumors but not in benign nevi specimens. In conclusion, IL-29 receptors are expressed on the surface of human melanoma cell lines and patient samples, and treatment of these cell lines with IL-29 leads to signaling via the Jak-STAT pathway, the transcription of a unique set of genes, and apoptosis.
Comparison of Coagulation Modalities in Surgery (1998)

The increase in laparoscopic surgery has resulted in an increased need for a safe and reliable method of obtaining minimally invasive operative hemostasis. Because the traditional "open" methods of controlling bleeding (pressure, tying, and suture (ligating) are not as easily applied in the laparoscopic arena, a heavy reliance on forms of tissue and vessel coagulation is necessary. To better assess these forms, we compare monopolar, bipolar, and ultrasound energy, in addition to laser energy used in a novel application. In the first part, 20 rabbit mesenteric arteries that measured 1 to 1.5 mm in diameter were coagulated using each of the technologies. We measured the time to coagulation, the efficacy of hemostasis, lateral tissue damage, and local tissue temperature of the vessels when exposed. Part 2 consisted of a survival study using 12 New Zealand white rabbits. In each of these two groups splenectomies were performed. A laser-heated forceps was compared to a monopolar electrosurgery device for the speed of the operation, blood loss, and adhesion grade at necrosectomy. In addition, the speed to cauterization of the iliac vessels and the amount of tissue damage was measured. These vessels were also examined for the extent of microscopic damage. Bipolar electrosurgery was much slower than the other modalities, while monopolar electrosurgery caused significantly more tissue damage and elevation in lateral tissue temperature. The ultrasound technology and the laser-heated forceps were equally safe and efficacious instruments. There was no significant difference in the ability of the laser-heated forceps or the monopolar cautery to perform the splenectomy safely. However, the forceps cauterized the iliac vessels faster and with less lateral thermal injury than the ultrasound device. Although each instrument has its place in the surgical armamentarium, the ultrasound technology appears to be the safest and most efficacious commercially available device for obtaining hemostasis. The laser, as it is applied in this setting, was also highly effective, but still a prototype device.
Engineering Information Search based on Ontology Mapping (2006)

The participants in collaborative environment want to get the right information or documents which are intended to find. In general search systems, documents which contain only the keywords are retrieved. For searching different word-expressions for the same meaning, we perform mapping before searching. Our mapping-based search approach has two parts, ontology-based mapping logic and ontology libraries. The ontology-based mapping consists of three steps such as character matching (CM), definition comparing (DC) and similarity checking (SC). First, the character matching is the mapping of two terminologies that have identical character strings. Second, the definition comparing is the method that compares two terminologies' ontological definitions. Third, the similarity checking pairs two terminologies which were not mapped by two prior steps through evaluating the similarity of the ontological definitions. For the ontology libraries, document ontology library (DOL), keyword ontology library (KOL), and mapping result library (MRL) are defined. With these three libraries and three mapping steps, an ontology-based search engine (OntSE) is built, and a use case scenario is discussed to show the applicability.
Degradation Responses of Activated-Carbon-Based EDLCs for Higher Voltage Operation and Their Factors (2009)

To investigate the degradation mechanisms of electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC) components using triethylmethylammonium (TEMA) tetrafluoroborate () in propylene carbonate (PC), the failure-mode processes of positive and negative electrodes were characterized as a function of the applied voltage . When the cell voltage ranges below , no impedance spectra or surface morphology changes were observed, indicating that no side reactions occur in this case. In the voltage range from , the exfoliation of graphene layers in activated carbon (AC) and the formation of cracks were observed in the positive electrode over vs possibly due to the gasification of surface functional groups with adsorbed water. On the negative electrode, the adsorbed water is electrochemically reduced to gas and . The generated induces the Hoffman elimination of and activates the hydrolysis of PC. These water-induced side reactions could be the most critical factors for higher voltage operation. In the higher voltage range (over ), the accumulation of solid electrolyte interface films by electrochemical oxidation and the reduction of PC were observed for both electrodes, indicating that the electrochemical oxidation and the reduction of PC on the AC surfaces occur above and below vs , respectively.
Cholinergic Pathways in the Lungs and Anticholinergic Therapy for Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2005)

Abundant data from animal models and humans support the hypothesis that changes at the level of parasympathetic neuronal control of airway smooth muscle result in increased bronchoconstriction in response to vagal stimulation, leading to airway hyperresponsiveness. Neuronal inhibitory M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors on parasympathetic nerves are responsible for limiting acetylcholine release from these nerves. In humans with asthma, and after pulmonary inflammatory events in experimental animals, these receptors are dysfunctional, which results in airway hyperresponsiveness. Although it is unknown what mechanisms underlie airway hyperresponsiveness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, loss of parasympathetic control of airway smooth muscle is thought to be a contributing mechanism. As such, anticholinergic therapy is used extensively and with a high degree of success in the treatment of this condition. The future for inhaled anticholinergic compounds for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease appears to rest in their combination with other agents, such as beta2 agonists and phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors. Nonselective anticholinergic agents might be the best choice, because M2 muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle inhibit the generation and accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Adequate concurrent blockade of M3 muscarinic receptors would be expected to counteract the enhanced acetylcholine release that would result from blockade of neuronal inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors.
Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (2001)

The treatment recommendations for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) are evolving rapidly. In the past year, pegylated interferon and STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate), a Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor, have become commercially available and non-myeloablative stem cell transplants continue to be refined. Clinicians and patients face a bewildering array of treatment options for CML. In this article Dr. Sawyer reviews the clinical results with STI571 and ongoing investigations into mechanisms of resistance to STI571. Given the newness of STI571, a practical overview on the administration of STI571 is presented by Drs. Druker and Ford, focusing on aspects such as optimal dose, management of common side effects, and potential drug interactions. The most recent data on interferon-based regimens are reviewed by Dr. Baccarani in the third section. In the last section Dr. Goldman presents recent results of allogeneic stem cell transplants, including the reduced intensity conditioning regimens. Lastly, the proposed place of each of these treatments in the management of CML patients is addressed to assist in deciding amongst treatment options for CML patients.
The Region with a Future, The Gulf and Lower St. Lawrence, par THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE AND GULF DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION. Une brochure, 83 pages. Montréal, 1959 (1960)

The Region with a Future, The Gulf and Lower St. Lawrence, par THE LOWER ST. LAWRENCE AND GULF DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION. Une brochure, 83 pages. Montréal, 1959. Un article de la revue L'Actualité économique (Volume 36, numéro 1, avril–juin 1960, p. 5-196) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.
Quantitative scatter measurement in digital radiography using a photostimulable phosphor imaging system (1991)

X-ray scatter fractions measured with two detectors are compared: a photostimulable phosphor system (PSP) and a conventional film-screen technique. For both detection methods, a beam-stop technique was used to estimate the scatter fraction in polystyrene phantoms. These scatter fraction measurements are compared to previously reported film-based measurements. Scatter fractions obtained with the PSP were in good agreement both with measurements using film as well as with most previously reported measurements. For the PSP measurements, repeatability was better than 1%. It was found that the PSP provides a precise x-ray detector for quantitative scatter measurement in digital radiography.