gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radioligand Development for PET Imaging of &#946;-Amyloid (A&#946;)-Current Status (2006)

Two of the main pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Significant evidence supports a critical and probable causative role of beta amyloid (Abeta) plaque formation. Since neuroprotective treatments are typically most effective at early stages of injury, the detection and measurement of Abeta load in living brain should be performed at early and perhaps even presymptomatic stages of AD. Two primary targets of molecular imaging research with positron emission tomography (PET) are to develop surrogate markers (radioligands) for assessing disease progression and for monitoring the efficacy of developmental therapeutics. Here, we review the current status of radioligand development for PET imaging of Abeta aggregates. General structure-activity relationships have emerged, including the identification of at least three different ligand binding sites in various Abeta aggregates and recognition of the general structural requirements for ligand binding at each site. Also a few radioligands applicable to imaging Abeta plaques in living human brain with positron emission tomography (PET) have emerged, including [(11)C]PIB, [(11)C]SB-13 and [(18)F]FDDNP.
Acoustic radiation potential on a sphere in plane, cylindrical, and spherical standing wave fields (1985)

We have applied the method of Gor’kov for deriving the acoustic radiation potential on a sphere in an arbitrary sound field. Generalized potential and force expressions are derived for arbitrary standing wave modes in rectangular, cylindrical, and spherical geometries for the case where the sphere radius is much smaller than the wavelength (kR≪1). Criteria for determining radiation potential minima are derived and examples of characteristic spatial radiation potential profiles are presented. Single modes that can sustain stable positioning are discussed for each geometry. The localizing force strengths for representative standing wave modes in the three geometries are also compared. In this paper, we consider the positioning of samples due to acoustic forces only. However, the method developed here is general and can be extended to include gravity or other external forces.
Neurophysiological evidence for a defect in neuronal mechanisms involved in sensory gating in schizophrenia. (1982)

The action of CNS inhibitory neuronal mechanisms was tested in acutely psychotic unmedicated schizophrenic patients and in normal controls. An early positive component of the auditory average evoked response recorded at the vertex 50 msec after a click stimulus was studied. Stimuli were delivered at 10-sec intervals to establish a base-line response. Inhibitory mechanisms were then tested using a conditioning-testing paradigm by assessing the change in response to a second stimulus following the first at either 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0-sec intervals. At the 0.5-sec interval, normal controls had over a 90% mean decrement in response, whereas schizophrenics showed less than a 15% mean decrement. At 2-sec intervals, responses from normals were still 30 to 50% diminished, but those from schizophrenics showed an increased response to the stimulus compared to base line. The data suggest that normally present inhibitory mechanisms are markedly reduced in schizophrenics. Failure of these inhibitory mechanisms may be responsible for the defects in sensory gating which are thought to be an important part of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Chemokine binding and activities mediated by the mouse IL-8 receptor (1995)

In humans and rabbits two similar IL-8R mediate the chemotaxis and activation of neutrophils induced by alpha chemokines. We present data to suggest that there is only one such IL-8R gene in mice. We then use mice with a targeted deletion of this gene to characterize alpha chemokine ligands that signal via the mouse IL-8R. These experiments show that mouse macrophage inflammatory protein 2 binds the receptor with high affinity (Kd = approximately 1.5 nM) and potently activates both an intracellular Ca2+ flux and a chemotactic response, events absent in neutrophils from receptor-deleted mice. Mouse KC is approximately 10-fold less potent. These results show that macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and KC potently activate mouse neutrophils via a unique IL-8R, and these proteins may function as the major proinflammatory alpha chemokines in mice.
Ambulatory 24-Hour Jejunal Motility in Diarrhea-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (1996)

Small-intestinal motility is frequently but not universally abnormal in diarrhea-predominant IBS. The abnormal manometric findings are heterogeneous and range from subtle quantitative changes to severe qualitative abnormalities resembling chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in a small subset of patients.
Targeted cytokine production. (1992)

It has been well established that bispecific antibodies containing anti-T-cell receptor MAbs crosslinked to anti-tumor MAbs induce T cells to lyse tumor cells, as measured in a 51Cr-release assay. Such lysis requires direct attachment between target and cytotoxic cells and most probably involves the exocytosis of cytolytic substances into the cell:cell interface. In addition, targeted T cells mediate a second activity, the secretion into the medium of factors that can block the growth of bound tumor cells and unbound bystander cells. In order to test how targeted effector cells mediate anti-tumor effects in vivo, we are currently developing a totally syngeneic murine system in which murine T cells are targeted against mouse mammary tumors. The system allows us to treat both primary tumors and tumor transplants, using a mammary-tumor-virus antigen as the entity that is specifically recognized on the tumor cells.
Magnetic resonance imaging of tumor necrosis (2010)

Necrotic regions in tumor tissue can be identified in parametric images derived from DCE-MRI series, whereas T(2)-weighted images are unsuitable for detection of tumor necrosis.
Synchronization of estrus and artificial insemination in replacement beef heifers using gonadotropin-releasing hormone, prostaglandin F2α, and progesterone1 (2006)

We evaluated whether a fixed-time AI (TAI) protocol could yield pregnancy rates similar to a protocol requiring detection of estrus, or detection of estrus and AI plus a clean-up TAI for heifers not detected in estrus, and whether adding an injection of GnRH at controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insertion would enhance fertility in CIDR-based protocols. Estrus in 2,075 replacement beef heifers at 12 locations was synchronized, and AI was preceded by 1 of 4 treatments arranged as a 2 x 2 factorial design: 1) Estrus detection + TAI (ETAI) (n = 516): CIDR for 7 d plus 25 mg of prostaglandin F2alpha (PG) at CIDR insert removal, followed by detection of estrus for 72 h and AI for 84 h after PG (heifers not detected in estrus by 84 h received 100 microg of GnRH and TAI); 2) G+ETAI (n = 503): ETAI plus 100 microg GnRH at CIDR insertion; 3) Fixed-time AI (FTAI) (n = 525): CIDR for 7 d plus 25 mg of PG at CIDR removal, followed in 60 h by a second injection of GnRH and TAI; 4) G+FTAI (n = 531): FTAI plus 100 microg of GnRH at CIDR insertion. Blood samples were collected (d -17 and -7, relative to PG) to determine ovarian status. For heifers in ETAI and G+ETAI treatments, a minimum of twice daily observations for estrus began on d 0 and continued for at least 72 h. Inseminations were performed according to the a.m.-p.m. rule. Pregnancy was diagnosed by transrectal ultrasonography. The percentage of heifers exhibiting ovarian cyclic activity at the initiation of treatments was 89%. Pregnancy rates among locations across treatments ranged from 38 to 74%. Pregnancy rates were 54.7, 57.5, 49.3, and 53.1% for ETAI, G+ETAI, FTAI, and G+FTAI treatments, respectively. Although pregnancy rates were similar among treatments, a tendency (P = 0.065) occurred for pregnancy rates in the G+ETAI treatment to be greater than in the FTAI treatment. We concluded that the G+FTAI protocol yielded pregnancy rates similar to protocols that combine estrus detection and TAI. Further, the G+FTAI protocol produced the most consistent pregnancy rates among locations and eliminated the necessity for detection of estrus when inseminating replacement beef heifers.
Nutrition and Health (2002)

Nutrition and Health is an easy-to-read introduction to the role of the human diet in maintaining a healthy body and preventing disease. Wiseman provides a concise overview of all important aspects of diet and health including:* definitions of food types* energy requirements, exercise, obesity and eating disorders* nutrition in pregnancy, children
Diplomatic immunity: turning a foe into an ally. (2009)

Striking a balance between subversion of antiviral immune responses and enhancement of potentially therapeutic, antitumor cytotoxic responses is a challenge at the forefront of oncolytic virus (OV) research. Some of the immune hurdles that must be overcome to maximize OV delivery to spread throughout tumor beds, and an outline of some of the strategies developed to deal with these obstacles are reviewed. In addition, current research that may lead to antitumor immunity during, or subsequent to, OV therapy is discussed. Finally speculations are made upon emerging areas of viral and immune research that could be merged to create new therapeutic paradigms.
The effect of partial portacaval transposition on the canine liver. (1967)

The influence of nonhepatic splanchnic venous blood on dog liver morphology and biochemical content was investigated by performing partial portacaval transposition, anastomosing the supra-adrenal inferior vena cava to either the right or left branch of the main portal vein. In the resulting preparation, nonhepatic splanchnic venous blood supplies one portion of the liver and systemic venous blood perfuses the remaining fraction.

Seven dogs were studied for 70 to 94 days, 3 with right and 4 with left transposition. No clinical abnormalities were noted. Transient enzyme elevations were seen early after operation but reverted to normal. The most striking feature was the gross and microscopic atrophy and deglycogenation which occurred in the part of the liver receiving systemic venous blood.

Blood flow studies were performed in 8 additional dogs with an electromagnetic square wave flowmeter. Flow was measured in both right and left portal vein branches before and 1 to 4 hours after partial transposition to either the right (4 dogs) or left (4 dogs) main branch. Flow rates were increased in 11 instances and remained essentially the same in 5.

In 2 more dogs, a jugular venous autograft was placed between the abdominal aorta and the right or left main portal vein branch. Atrophy and deglycogenation in the portion receiving arterial blood was comparable to that described above in liver fractions perfused with systemic venous blood.

The evidence from these and earlier experiments that splanchnic venous blood contains a hepatotrophic substance is discussed.
Overcoming the bottleneck to widespread testing: a rapid review of nucleic acid testing approaches for COVID-19 detection (2020)

The current COVID-19 pandemic presents a serious public health crisis, and a better understanding of the scope and spread of the virus would be aided by more widespread testing. Nucleic-acid-based tests currently offer the most sensitive and early detection of COVID-19. However, the "gold standard" test pioneered by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention takes several hours to complete and requires extensive human labor, materials such as RNA extraction kits that could become in short supply, and relatively scarce qPCR machines. It is clear that a huge effort needs to be made to scale up current COVID-19 testing by orders of magnitude. There is thus a pressing need to evaluate alternative protocols, reagents, and approaches to allow nucleic-acid testing to continue in the face of these potential shortages. There has been a tremendous explosion in the number of papers written within the first weeks of the pandemic evaluating potential advances, comparable reagents, and alternatives to the "gold-standard" CDC RT-PCR test. Here we present a collection of these recent advances in COVID-19 nucleic acid testing, including both peer-reviewed and preprint articles. Due to the rapid developments during this crisis, we have included as many publications as possible, but many of the cited sources have not yet been peer-reviewed, so we urge researchers to further validate results in their own laboratories. We hope that this review can urgently consolidate and disseminate information to aid researchers in designing and implementing optimized COVID-19 testing protocols to increase the availability, accuracy, and speed of widespread COVID-19 testing.
Human apolipoprotein E3 in aqueous solution. I. Evidence for two structural domains. (1988)

The stability and structure of human apolipoprotein (apo) E3 in aqueous solution were investigated by guanidine HCl denaturation and limited proteolysis. The guanidine HCl denaturation curve, as monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy, was biphasic; the two transition midpoints occurred at 0.7 and 2.5 M guanidine HCl, indicating that there are stable intermediate structures in the unfolding of apoE. Limited proteolysis of apoE with five enzymes demonstrated two proteolytically resistant regions, an amino-terminal domain (residues 20-165) and a carboxyl-terminal domain (residues 225-299). The region between them was highly susceptible to proteolytic cleavage. Because of their similarity to the proteolytically resistant regions, the amino-terminal (residues 1-191) and carboxyl-terminal (residues 216-299) thrombolytic fragments of apoE were used as models for the two domains. Guanidine HCl denaturation of the carboxyl- and amino-terminal fragments gave transition midpoints of 0.7 and 2.4 M guanidine HCl, respectively. The results establish that the two domains identified by limited proteolysis correspond to the two domains detected by protein denaturation experiments. Therefore, the thrombolytic fragments are useful models for the two domains. The free energies of denaturation calculated from the denaturation curves of intact apoE or the model domains were approximately 4 and 8-12 kcal/mol for the carboxyl- and amino-terminal domains, respectively. The value for the carboxyl-terminal domain is similar to those of previously characterized apolipoproteins, whereas the value for the amino-terminal domain is considerably higher and resembles those of soluble globular proteins. These studies suggest that, in aqueous solution, apoE is unlike other apolipoproteins in that it contains two independently folded structural domains of markedly different stabilities: an amino-terminal domain and a carboxyl-terminal domain, separated by residues that may act as a hinge region.
Optical Coherence and Quantum Optics (1995)

This book presents a systematic account of optical coherence theory within the framework of classical optics, as applied to such topics as radiation from sources of different states of coherence, foundations of radiometry, effects of source coherence on the spectra of radiated fields, coherence theory of laser modes, and scattering of partially coherent light by random media. The book starts with a full mathematical introduction to the subject area and each chapter concludes with a set of exercises. The authors are renowned scientists and have made substantial contributions to many of the topics treated in the book. Much of the book is based on courses given by them at universities, scientific meetings and laboratories throughout the world. This book will undoubtedly become an indispensable aid to scientists and engineers concerned with modern optics, as well as to teachers and graduate students of physics and engineering.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist blocks chemokine production in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (1993)

The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) has previously been used to elucidate pathways of cytokine activation and T-lymphocyte proliferation and is regarded as a model that simulates responses in allograft rejection. Studies have indicated that interleukin-1 (IL-1), a potent inflammatory cytokine, may have an important activating role in the MLR response. The discovery of a naturally occurring IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) has renewed interest in control of IL-1--dependent responses both in vitro and in vivo. MLR cultures were used to study the role of IL-1 and IRAP in the regulation of subsequent cytokines during a T-lymphocyte-mediated alloantigen response. The temporal expression of IL-1 and IRAP during 5-day one-way MLR assays suggested antagonistic production of the two cytokines. IL-1 was produced early in the response, peaking at 4 hours through day 2, subsequently declining to near-background levels on day 5 of culture. In contrast, production of IRAP was delayed until day 2, steadily increased on days 3 and 4, and peaked on day 5 of culture, which correlated with the declining levels of IL-1. The addition of graded doses of IRAP (25 to 1,000 ng/mL) to MLR cultures decreased IL-1 production but had no effect on T-lymphocyte proliferative response. In addition, IRAP had little effect on the production of either IL-2 or tumor necrosis factor. The addition of 25 ng/mL of IRAP to MLR assays showed significantly decreased levels of two potent chemotactic cytokines, IL-8 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), at peak chemokine production on day 5 of culture. The levels of IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha could be restored by the addition of IL-1 to the IRAP-treated cultures. IL-8 and MIP-1 alpha represent the two different families of chemotactic cytokines, C-X-C (IL-8) and C-C (MIP-1 alpha), and potentially play important roles in the recruitment of leukocytes to a site of immune allogeneic response. These studies indicate that regulation of IL-1 by IRAP does not significantly reduce T-lymphocyte activation but can regulate the production of chemokines involved in leukocyte recruitment.
Problems and paradigms: Redundancies, development and the flow of information (1992)

There is increasing evidence for the wide-spread existence of functionally redundant genetic pathways in developmental processes. However, both their significance and manner of evolution are still matters of debate. I will argue here that redundancy of gene actions may, in fact, be a necessary requirement for the development and evolution of complex life forms. One can view development as a process that transmits information from the egg to the adult organism. Transmission of information is, however, always an error-prone process, which can only be safeguarded by including redundancies in the message. Molecular examples for well analysed redundant processes indicate that redundancies may best be understood within a conceptual framework of overlaps between different gene functions.
Emergency Service In The CEC Project "Storm" (2005)

This paper briefly describes the emergency service segment in the Commission of the European Community (CEC) project STORM (Stuttgart Transport Operation by Regional Management). The system involves: an analysis of the emergency situation, position finding with GPS generation of the emergency call data telegram, triggering the emergency call, data transfer, and transmitting the location and vehicle data to different Emergency Operation Centers.
Assessment of major carcinogens and alkaloids in the tobacco and mainstream smoke of ussr cigarettes (1991)

Tobacco and mainstream smoke of USSR cigarettes were analyzed for carcinogens. The pH values of suspensions of the tobacco (5.4-5.6) and the nitrate content of the tobaccos (0.4-1.7%) were as expected for flue-cured and sun-cured tobaccos and mixtures thereof. The nicotine levels of the cigarette tobaccos (0.76-0.94%) and total alkaloid content (0.85-1.08%) were relatively low compared with tobaccos used in Western European and US cigarettes. The concentrations of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines in the cigarette tobaccos were also low (N'-nitrosonornicotine 0.36-0.85 microgram/g) compared with those in bright, oriental and blended cigarette tobaccos in Western countries (0.3-19 microgram/g). The 2 non-filter and 4 filter cigarettes from the USSR had slow burning rates and yielded 14.0-16.7 puffs/cigarette, while puff yields for commercial cigarettes in Western countries average less than or equal to 11 puffs/cigarette. Consequently, tar and benzo(a)pyrene yields in the smoke of all cigarettes as well as nitrosamine yields were high, especially in the smoke of the filter cigarettes. It appears that an increase in the burning rates of these cigarettes should lead to lower smoke yields.
Analytical Chemistry Tracks Poachers (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical Chemistry Tracks PoachersGrace K. LeeCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 9, 513A–515APublication Date (Print):May 1, 1991Publication History Published online30 May 2012Published inissue 1 May 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00009a727https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00009a727research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views40Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Light slowing-down in superstructure fiber Bragg gratings (2006)

Group velocity reduction of sub-nanosecond optical pulses at 1.5 mum is experimentally demonstrated in superstructure Bragg gratings, including Moire and phase-shifted gratings, fabricated on photosensitive fibers by the continuous-writing technique.
다중 문턱전압 CMOS를 이용한 저 전력 캐리 예측 가산기 설계 (2008)

본 논문은 다중 문턱전압 CMOS를 이용하여 저 전력 특성을 갖는 캐리 예측 가산기 (carry look-ahead adder)를 설계하였으며, 이를 일반적인 CMOS 가산기와 특성을 비교하였다. 전파 지연시간이 긴 임계경로에 낮은 문턱전압 트랜지스터를 사용하여 전파 지연시간을 감소시켰다. 전파 지연시간이 짧은 최단경로에는 높은 문턱전압 트랜지스터를 사용하여 회로전체의 소비전력을 감소시켰으며, 그 외의 논리블럭들은 정상 문턱전압의 트랜지스터를 사용하였다. 설계한 가산기는 일반적인 CMOS 회로와 비교하여 소비전력에서 14.71% 감소하였으며, 소비전력과 지연 시간의 곱에서 16.11%의 성능향상이 있었다. 이 회로는 삼성 0.35㎛ CMOS 공정을 이용하여 설계하였으며, HSPICE를 통하여 검증하였다.