gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low molecular weight heparin seems to improve local capillary circulation and healing of chronic foot ulcers in diabetic patients. (1993)

Ten diabetic patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease, peripheral polyneuropathy and chronic foot ulcers were given 2500 U low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin, Kabi-Pharmacia AB, Sweden) subcutaneously once a day during 8 weeks. The mean age was 63 (47-80) years and the mean duration of foot ulcers 8 (4-12) months. All patients had previously received conventional treatment during 12 weeks, without any noticeable improvement on ulcer healing. The ulcer area was measured, and the skin microcirculation of the forefoot and around the ulcers was investigated before, during and after treatment with Fragmin. The total skin microcirculation was measured by laser Doppler fluxmetry, the nutritional skin microcirculation by vital capillaroscopy and the macrocirculation by determination of the ankle/arm pressure ratio. The ulcer area decreased significantly in eight patients of which four healed the ulcers completely. Of the remaining two patients one deteriorated, whereas one showed a decrease of the ulcer area during treatment, but an increase when treatment was stopped. The macro- and total microcirculation were unchanged in all patients, whereas the nutritional capillary circulation improved in seven out of nine patients, concomitantly with clinical improvement. The biological zero value (a flow-independent part of the LD signal) was high in 4 patients before treatment, but decreased during treatment and remained low even after treatment with Fragmin.-The results indicate that Fragmin positively influences the healing process of chronic foot ulcers in diabetic patients, possibly by improving the capillary circulation in the ulcer margin, in spite of an unchanged arterial and total skin microcirculation of the region.
Towards the development of molecularly imprinted artificial receptors for the screening of estrogenic chemicals (2001)

Molecularly imprinted polymers are prepared using various steroid compounds as the templates. The imprinted polymers can selectively re-bind the original print molecules, which leads to versatile potential applications. The feasibility of using these artificial receptors to replace their biological counterparts for preliminary screening of a chemical library is demonstrated. A steroid library composed of 22 closely related compounds is screened with an estrogen specific polymer. The print molecule is identified with accuracy and structural similarities of other members are correlated with normalized retention indices. Molecularly imprinted artificial receptors are envisioned as being useful for screening purposes in drug discovery or for identifying endocrine-disrupting chemicals.
The use of ultrasmall iron(0) nanoparticles as catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated C–C bonds (2013)

The performance of well-defined ultrasmall iron(0) nanoparticles (NPs) as catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of unsaturated C-C and C=X bonds is reported. Monodisperse iron nanoparticles of about 2 nm size are synthesized by the decomposition of {Fe(N[Si(CH3)3]2)2}2 under dihydrogen. They are found to be active for the hydrogenation of various alkenes and alkynes under mild conditions and weakly active for C=O bond hydrogenation.
Macromolecular Rapid Communications (2006)

Graphical Abstract Front Cover: Article 2200790 by Maarten M. J. Smulders and Sybren K. Schoustra demonstrates how the incorporation of imine-based pincers inside covalent adaptable networks allows control over material properties by introduction of a metal ion. The resulting metal coordination to the dynamic-covalent imine bonds not only leads to additional reversible crosslinks, but also directly affects the imine exchange.
Comparative Studies of some African Arboviruses in Cell Culture and in Mice (1976)

Twenty African arboviruses, five alphaviruses, nine flaviviruses, three Bunyamwera Group viruses, two Bwamba Group viruses and one ungrouped virus were titrated in parallel in 11 cell systems in suckling mice and adult mice. The relative sensitivities of the in vitro and in vivo systems have been compared. The highest infectivities were obtained in suckling mice. Vero and LLC-MK2 cells produced plaques with the greatest number of viruses and Semliki Forest virus grew most readily. Ntaya virus and Dengue 1 virus were difficult to culture in vitro and Zika virus yielded better in cell culture than in adult or suckling mice. In vitro and in vivo neutralization tests were made on human sera in groups of 50. Each group of sera was tested against one of five viruses, representative of three of the arbovirus groups titrated. Good agreement was obtained between the two test systems with West Nile, O'nyong-nyong and Wesselsbron viruses but there were significant differences in results obtained with Germiston and Pongola viruses.
Injectable gels for tissue engineering (2001)

Recently, tissue engineering approaches using injectable, in situ gel forming systems have been reported. In this review, the gelation processes and several injectable systems that exhibit in situ gel formation at physiological conditions are discussed. Applications of selected injectable systems (alginate, chitosan, hyaluronan, polyethylene oxide/polypropylene oxide) in tissue engineering are also described. Injectable polymer formulation can gel in vivo in response to temperature change (thermal gelation), pH change, ionic cross-linking, or solvent exchange. Kinetics of gelation is directly affected by its mechanism. Injectable formulations offer specific advantages over preformed scaffolds such as: possibility of a minimally invasive implantation, an ability to fill a desired shape, and easy incorporation of various therapeutic agents. Several factors need to be considered before an injectable gel can be selected as a candidate for tissue engineering applications. Apart from tissue-specific cell-matrix interactions, the following gel properties need to be considered: gelation kinetics, matrix resorption rate, possible toxicity of degradation products and their elimination routes, and finally possible interference of the gel matrix with histogenesis.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diynes via Palladium-Catalyzed Reaction of 1,1-Dibromo-1-alkenes (2000)

[reaction: see text] Both symmetric and unsymmetric 1,3-diynes were prepared from the palladium-catalyzed reaction of 1,1-dibromo-1-alkenes. The formation of symmetric 1,3-diynes 2 (homocoupling) was catalyzed by a weak ligand, tris(2-furyl)phosphine (TFP), and the addition of catalytic amount of CuI accelerated the reaction. The synthesis of unsymmetric 1,3-diynes 4 (the Sonogashira reaction) required a highly electron rich tris(4-methoxyphenyl)phosphine as the ligand, and CuI promotes the formation of byproduct 1,1-diynyl-1-alkenes 5.
Elimination of Neuroblastoma and Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells With an Anti-Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Immunotoxin (1996)

N901-bR may have clinical utility for purging of neuroblastoma cells and SCLC cells before autologous stem cell transplantation. Further toxicology studies are warranted to assess the potential of N901-bR for in vivo administration.
Point-to-Point Protocol for the transmission of multi-protocol datagrams over Point-to-Point links (1990)

The following code provides a table lookup computation for calculating the Frame Check Sequence as data arrives at the interface. The table is created by the code in section 2. /* * u16 represents an unsigned 16-bit number. Adjust the typedef for * your hardware.
A review of normal tissue hydrogen NMR relaxation times and relaxation mechanisms from 1–100 MHz: Dependence on tissue type, NMR frequency, temperature, species, excision, and age (1984)

The longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) hydrogen (1H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation times of normal human and animal tissue in the frequency range 1-100 MHz are compiled and reviewed as a function of tissue type, NMR frequency, temperature, species, in vivo versus in vitro status, time after excision, and age. The dominant observed factors affecting T1 are tissue type and NMR frequency (V). All tissue frequency dispersions can be fitted to the simple expression T1 = AVB in the range 1-100 MHz, with A and B tissue-dependent constants. This equation provides as good or better fit to the data as previous more complex formulas. T2 is found to be multicomponent, essentially independent of NMR frequency, and dependent mainly on tissue type. Mean and raw values of T1 and T2 for each tissue are tabulated and/or plotted versus frequency and the fitting parameters A, B and the standard deviations determined to establish the normal range of relaxation times applicable to NMR imaging. The mechanisms for tissue NMR relaxation are reviewed with reference to the fast exchange two state (FETS) model of water in biological systems, and an overview of the dynamic state of water and macromolecular hydrogen compatible with the frequency, temperature, and multicomponent data is postulated. This suggests that 1H tissue T1 is determined predominantly by intermolecular (possibly rotational) interactions between macromolecules and a single bound hydration layer, and the T2 is governed mainly by exchange diffusion of water between the bound layer and a free water phase. Deficiencies in measurement techniques are identified as major sources of data irreproducibility.
Latent perceptual mapping with data-driven variable-length acoustic units for template-based speech recognition (2012)

In recent work, we introduced Latent Perceptual Mapping (LPM) [1], a new framework for acoustic modeling suitable for template-like speech recognition. The basic idea is to leverage a reduced dimensionality description of the observations to derive acoustic prototypes that are closely aligned with perceived acoustic events. Our initial work adopted a bag-of-frames strategy to represent relevant acoustic information within speech segments. In this paper, we extend this approach by better integrating temporal information into the LPM feature extraction. Specifically, we use variable-length units to represent acoustic events at the supra-frame level, in order to benefit from finer temporal alignments when deriving the acoustic prototypes. The outcome can be viewed as a generalization of both conventional template-based approaches and recently proposed sparse representation solutions. This extension is experimentally validated on a context-independent phoneme classification task using the TIMIT corpus.
B cell precursor growth-promoting activity. Purification and characterization of a growth factor active on lymphocyte precursors. (1988)

We have used a biological assay system we developed to biochemically purify a previously uncharacterized murine lymphopoietic growth factor designated lymphopoietin 1 (LP-1). This factor is capable of stimulating the proliferation and extended maintenance of precursor cells of the B lineage. A stromal cell line producing LP-1 was established after transfection of primary stromal cultures with a plasmid encoding the transforming genes of SV40. This factor was purified to a single 25-kD species from the culture supernatant of an adherent stromal cell line. This material acts on immature lymphocytes, it binds to specific receptors on cells, and is distinct from previously described hematopoietic factors. LP-1 has been purified some 10(7)-fold with an overall recovery of 35%. The purified protein exhibits a specific activity of approximately 4 X 10(6) U/micrograms of protein and is active at a half-maximal concentration of 10(-13) M.
Antiproliferative stent coatings: Taxol and related compounds. (1999)

The implantation of stents can prevent vessels from post interventional elastic recoil and appears to limit adverse remodelling. In order to inhibit in-stent restenosis, an additional release of antiproliferative agents from the stent itself might lead to a synergistic reduction of lumen renarrowing. Paclitaxel (Taxol) is a microtubule-stabilizing agent with potent antiproliferative activity. Unlike other antimitotic agents of the colchicine type, it shifts the microtubule equilibrium towards assembly, leading to reduced proliferation, migration and signal transduction. Moreover, important biological processes, such as the activation of some protein kinases, are associated with microtubule depolymerization and are therefore inhibited by paclitaxel. Several experimental in vitro and in vivo studies using local paclitaxel delivery to inhibit proliferation and lumen renarrowing have been performed already--with very encouraging results.
Transcutaneous Neuromodulation at Posterior Tibial Nerve and ST36 for Chronic Constipation (2014)

The aims of this study were to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of transcutaneous neuromodulation (TN) in patients with chronic constipation. Twelve patients were recruited. The treatment consisted of 2-week TN and 2-week sham-TN which was performed in a crossover design. Bowel habit diary, Patient Assessment of Constipation Symptom (PAC-SYM), Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life (PAC-QOL), and anorectal motility were evaluated. Electrocardiogram was recorded for the assessment of autonomic function during acute TN therapy. It was found that (1) TN improved the frequency of spontaneous defecation. After 2-week TN therapy, 83% patients had more than 3 times bowel movements per week which was significantly different from sham-TN (P = 0.01). (2) TN improved PAC-SYM and PAC-QOL scores (P < 0.001, resp.). (3) TN significantly decreased the threshold volume to elicit RAIR (P < 0.05), ameliorated rectal sensory threshold (P = 0.04), and maximum tolerance (P = 0.04). (4) TN, but not sham-TN, increased the vagal activity (P = 0.01 versus baseline) and decreased the sympathetic activity (P = 0.01, versus baseline). It was concluded that needleless TN at posterior tibial nerve and ST36 using a watch-size stimulator is effective in chronic constipation, and the effect was possibly mediated via the autonomic mechanism.
MUC1: A target molecule for cancer therapy (2007)

MUC1 is a mucin family protein, overexpressed in more than 90% of breast cancers in an underglycosylated form, exposing the core peptides of the extracellular domain that act as a potential target for antibody-mediated therapy. The highly conserved repeats of 20 amino acids VNTR varies between 20 and 125 depending on the allele. Each tandem repeat contains five potential O-glycosylation sites that have been exploited in designing cancer therapeutics. The core peptides in the tandem repeated VNTR domain are masked in normal cells and become exposed in the cancer cells associated mucins. The characteristics of the MUCI epitopes constituted with the tandem repeats and the carbohydrates present on MUC1 induce immune responses that favor targeted immunotherapy. In addition, aberrant glycosylation also plays an important role in enhancing the internalization of MUC1 into the cytoplasm making MUC1 a very attractive cytoplasmic delivery system of drugs and other therapeutic agents. MUC1 being present on most of the cancers of glandular epithelial origin, appears as a potential target for therapeutic interventions in these cancers.
The proteasome inhibitor PS-341 inhibits growth, induces apoptosis, and overcomes drug resistance in human multiple myeloma cells. (2001)

Human multiple myeloma (MM) is a presently incurable hematological malignancy, and novel biologically based therapies are urgently needed. Proteasome inhibitors represent a novel potential anticancer therapy. In this study, we demonstrate that the proteasome inhibitor PS-341 directly inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of human MM cell lines and freshly isolated patient MM cells; inhibits mitogen-activated protein kinase growth signaling in MM cells; induces apoptosis despite induction of p21 and p27 in both p53 wild-type and p53 mutant MM cells; overcomes drug resistance; adds to the anti-MM activity of dexamethasone; and overcomes the resistance to apoptosis in MM cells conferred by interleukin-6. PS-341 also inhibits the paracrine growth of human MM cells by decreasing their adherence to bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and related nuclear factor kappaB-dependent induction of interleukin-6 secretion in BMSCs, as well as inhibiting proliferation and growth signaling of residual adherent MM cells. These data, therefore, demonstrate that PS-341 both acts directly on MM cells and alters cellular interactions and cytokine secretion in the BM millieu to inhibit tumor cell growth, induce apoptosis, and overcome drug resistance. Given the acceptable animal and human toxicity profile of PS-341, these studies provide the framework for clinical evaluation of PS-341 to improve outcome for patients with this universally fatal hematological malignancy.
The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology (2012)

Figure 2 in this paper depicts the infection cycle of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The scanning electron microscope image in the bottom right of the figure was first published in Mendgen K, Lesemann D-E (eds). 1991. Electron Microscopy of Plant Pathogens, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. This should have been acknowledged in the accompanying figure legend. The authors apologise for this oversight. An updated version of the figure can be viewed online at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x/full
Privacy Preserving Collaborative Enforcement of Firewall Policies in Virtual Private Networks (2010)

The widely deployed Virtual Private Network (VPN) technology allows roaming users to build an encrypted tunnel to a VPN server, which, henceforth, allows roaming users to access some resources as if that computer were residing on their home organization's network. Although VPN technology is very useful, it imposes security threats on the remote network because its firewall does not know what traffic is flowing inside the VPN tunnel. To address this issue, we propose VGuard, a framework that allows a policy owner and a request owner to collaboratively determine whether the request satisfies the policy without the policy owner knowing the request and the request owner knowing the policy. We first present an efficient protocol, called Xhash, for oblivious comparison, which allows two parties, where each party has a number, to compare whether they have the same number, without disclosing their numbers to each other. Then, we present the VGuard framework that uses Xhash as the basic building block. The basic idea of VGuard is to first convert a firewall policy to nonoverlapping numerical rules and then use Xhash to check whether a request matches a rule. Comparing with the Cross-Domain Cooperative Firewall (CDCF) framework, which represents the state-of-the-art, VGuard is not only more secure but also orders of magnitude more efficient. On real-life firewall policies, for processing packets, our experimental results show that VGuard is three to four orders of magnitude faster than CDCF.
Biosynthesis of d-Alanyl-Lipoteichoic Acid:  The Tertiary Structure of apo-d-Alanyl Carrier Protein, (2001)

The D-alanylation of lipoteichoic acid (LTA) allows the Gram-positive organism to modulate its surface charge, regulate ligand binding, and control the electromechanical properties of the cell wall. The incorporation of D-alanine into LTA requires the D-alanine:D-alanyl carrier protein ligase (AMP-forming) (Dcl) and the carrier protein (Dcp). The high-resolution solution structure of the 81-residue (8.9 kDa) Dcp has been determined by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR. An ensemble of 30 structures was calculated using the torsion angle dynamics approach of DYANA. These calculations utilized 3288 NOEs containing 1582 unique nontrivial NOE distance constraints. Superposition of residues 4-81 on the mean structure yields average atomic rmsd values of 0.43 +/- 0.08 and 0.86 +/- 0.09 A for backbone and non-hydrogen atoms, respectively. The solution structure is composed of three alpha-helices in a bundle with additional short 3(10)- and alpha-helices in intervening loops. Comparisons of the three-dimensional structure with the acyl carrier proteins involved in fatty acid, polyketide, and nonribosomal peptide syntheses support the conclusion that Dcp is a homologue in this family. While there is conservation of the three-helix bundle fold, Dcp has a higher enthalpy of unfolding and no apparent divalent metal binding site(s), features that distinguish it from the fatty acid synthase acyl carrier protein of Escherichia coli. This three-dimensional structure also provides insights into the D-alanine ligation site recognized by Dcl, as well as the site which may bind the poly(glycerophosphate) acceptor moiety of membrane-associated LTA.
Real-Time Monitoring of Intracellular mRNA Hybridization Inside Single Living Cells (2001)

A molecular beacon, an oligonucleotide probe with inherent signal transduction mechanisms, is an optimal tool for visualizing real-time mRNA hybridization in single living cells. Each molecular beacon (MB) consists of a single-stranded DNA molecule in a stem-loop conformation with a fluorophore linked to the 5' end and a quencher at the 3' end. In this study, we demonstrate real-time monitoring of mRNA-DNA hybridization inside living cells using molecular beacons. A MB specific for beta-actin mRNA has been designed and synthesized. After microinjection into the cytoplasm of single living kangaroo rat kidney cells (PtK2 cells), the MB hybridizes with beta-actin mRNA as shown by fluorescence measurements over time. Hybridization dynamics have been followed. Strict control experiments have been carried out to confirm that the fluorescence signal increase is indeed due to the hybridization of mRNA inside single living cells. Variation in the MB/mRNA hybridization fluorescent signal has been observed for different PtK2 cells, which indicates the amount of mRNA in different cells is different. We have also monitored the beta-1 andrenergic receptor mRNA inside the PtK2 cells. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using MBs and the ultrasensitivity achieved in our fluorescence imaging system for real-time detection of mRNA hybridization and for the visualization of oligonucleotide/mRNA interactions inside single living cells.
Role of the anion nitrite in ischemia-reperfusion cytoprotection and therapeutics (2007)

The anion nitrite (NO(2)(-)) constitutes a biochemical reservoir for nitric oxide (NO). Nitrite reduction to NO may be catalyzed by hemoglobin, myoglobin or other metal-containing enzymes and occurs at increasing rates under conditions of physiologic hypoxia or ischemia. A number of laboratories have now demonstrated in animal models the ability of nitrite to provide potent cytoprotection following focal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury of the heart, liver, brain, and kidney. While the mechanism of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection remains to be fully characterized, the release of nitrite-derived NO following IR appears to be central to this mechanism. The evidence of nitrite-mediated cytoprotection against IR injury in multiple animal models opens the door to potential therapeutic opportunities in human disease. Here we review the mechanisms for nitrite formation in blood and tissue, its metabolic equilibrium with NO, nitrate, and NO-modified proteins, the evidence supporting nitrite-mediated cytoprotection, and the potential mechanisms driving cytoprotection, and we explore the opportunities for the therapeutic application of nitrite for human disease.