gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-dimensional systems: Quantum size effects and electronic properties of semiconductor microcrystallites (zero-dimensional systems) and some quasi-two-dimensional systems (2002)

This review is concerned with quantum confinement effects in low-dimensional semiconductor systems. The emphasis is on the optical properties, including luminescence, of nanometre-sized microcrystallites, also referred to as zerodimensional systems. There is some discussion on certain of the two-dimensional systems, such as thin films and layer structures. The increase in energy of excitation peaks (blue shift) as the radius R of a microcrystallite is reduced is treated theoretically, and experimental data when they are available are used to assess the reliability of the different models that have been used. These experiments normally make use of microcrystallites dispersed in a large-bandgap matrix such as glass, rocksalt, polymers, zeolites or liquids. Exciton binding energies E b are larger than for bulk semiconductors, and oscillator strengths are higher for the microcrystallites. The regimes of direct interest are as follows. Firstly there is the so-called weak-confinement regime where R is greater than the bulk exciton Bohr radius a B . Experimentally, semiconductors such as CuCl with a B , 7 Å, are suitable for study in this case. Secondly there is the moderate-confinement regime, where R , a B , and a h < R < a e , a h and a e being the hole and electron Bohr radii, respectively. Finally there is the strong-confinement regime, with R < a B , and R < a h , a e . For this case we are concerned with a ladder of discrete energy levels, as in molecular systems, rather than energy bands. The electrons and holes are treated as independent particles, and for excited states we refer to electron-hole pairs rather than excitons. Suitable materials for investigation in this regime are the II-VI semiconductors, and also GaAs and Ge, for which a B is relatively large. Although a number of different theoretical models have been used, none can be described as completely first-principles calculations, and there is room for improvement on this aspect. However, useful expressions have been developed by Brus and by Lippens and Lannoo, giving the energy of excited states as a function of R , in terms of the bulk energy gap, kinetic energy, Coulomb energy and correlation energy. Other phenomena discussed are firstly biexciton formation by the use of high intensity laser beams and secondly nonlinear optical effects. Strong nonlinearities and short decay times for excited states have been predicted, and the models developed cover both the resonant and the non-resonant cases. The possibility of using microcrystallites embedded at reasonable concentrations in a glass matrix in the field of optical communications and optical switching is also considered.
Circulating Tumor Cell Phenotype Predicts Recurrence and Survival in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (2016)

CTCs are an exciting potential strategy for understanding the biology of metastases, and provide prognostic utility for PDAC patients. CTCs exist as heterogeneous populations, and assessment should include phenotypic identification tailored to characterize cells based on epithelial and mesenchymal markers.
Thionation: Glc NAc ‐Thiazoline Triacetate {(3 a R ,5 R ,6 S ,7 R ,7 a R )‐5‐Acetoxymethyl‐6,7‐Diacetoxy‐2‐Methyl‐5,6,7,7 a ‐Tetrahydro‐3 a H ‐Pyrano[3,2‐ d ]Thiazole} (2006)

Abstract Acetic anhydride N ‐Acetyl‐D‐glucosamine 2‐Acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐1,3,4,6‐tetra‐ O ‐acetyl‐beta‐D‐glucopyranose Phosphorus pentasulfide GlcNAc‐thiazole triacetate Hexamethyldisiloxane
Adaptation of the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) Assay for the Determination of Virus-Neutralizing Antibodies Using the Virus-Neutralization Assay (1994)

The tetrazolium salt MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] has been widely used for bioassays. Herein is described the use of the MTT dye with a virus-neutralization (VN) assay to titer infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV)-neutralizing antibodies. A standard VN assay using chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) and IBDV was used for the assessment of IBDV-neutralizing antibodies. The percent of CEF killing due to IBDV was quantitated using MTT, and the absorbance (A) data were used to calculate the VN antibody titer. This method of calculation offers the expression of VN titer in terms of units of activity per unit of volume.
The leukemia-associated-protein (LAP) domain, a cysteine-rich motif, is present in a wide range of proteins, including MLL, AF10, and MLLT6 proteins. (1995)

We have identified and further characterized a Caenorhabditis elegans gene, CEZF, that encodes a protein with substantial homology to the zinc finger and leucine zipper motifs of the human gene products AF10, MLLT6, and BR140. The first part of the zinc finger region of CEZF has strong similarity to the corresponding regions of AF10 (66%) and MLLT6 (64%) at the cDNA level. As this region is structurally different from previously described zinc finger motifs, sequence homology searches were done. Twenty-five other proteins with a similar motif were identified. Because the functional domain of this motif is potentially disrupted in leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations, we propose the name of leukemia-associated protein (LAP) finger. On the basis of these comparisons, the LAP domain consensus sequence is Cys1-Xaa1-2-Cys2-Xaa9-21-Cys3-Xaa2-4 -Cys4-Xaa4-5-His5-Xaa2-Cys6-Xaa12-46 - Cys7-Xaa2-Cys8, where subscripted numbers represent the number of amino acid residues. We review the evidence that this motif binds zinc, is the important DNA-binding domain in this group of regulatory proteins, and may be involved in leukemogenesis.
Self-Calibrating Sensor for Measuring Density Through Stainless Steel Pipeline Wall (2004)

An ultrasonic instrument to measure the density of a liquid or slurry through a stainless steel pipeline wall is described. By using multiple reflections of the ultrasound within the stainless steel wall, the acoustic impedance (defined as the product of the density of the liquid and the velocity of sound in the liquid) is determined. Thus, the wall is part of the measurement system. The density is obtained by coupling the acoustic impedance measurement with a velocity of sound measurement. By basing the measurement on multiple reflections, instrument sensitivity is increased by the power of the reflection coefficient. The measurement method is self-calibrating because the measurement of the acoustic impedance is independent of changes in the pulser voltage. Data are presented over a range of pulser voltages for two wall thicknesses. These results can be applied to develop an ultrasonic sensor that (1) can be attached permanently to a pipeline wall, possibly as a spool piece inserted into the line or (2) can clamp onto an existing pipeline wall and be movable to another location. The self-calibrating feature is very important because the signal strength is sensitive to the pressure on the clamp-on sensor. A sensor for immersion into a tank could also be developed.
Flexible full color organic light-emitting diode display on polyimide plastic substrate driven by amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (2009)

We have fabricated 6.5 in. flexible full-color top-emission active matrix organic light-emitting diode display on a polyimide (PI) substrate driven amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (a-IGZO TFTs). The a-IGZO TFTs exhibited field-effect mobility (μFE) of 15.1 cm2/V s, subthreshold slope of 0.25 V/dec, threshold voltage (VTH) of 0.9 V. The electrical characteristics of TFTs on PI substrate, including a bias-stress instability after 1 h long gate bias at 15 V, were indistinguishable from those on glass substrate and showed high degree of spatial uniformity. TFT samples on 10 μm thick PI substrate withstood bending down to R=3 mm under tension and compression without any performance degradation.
Chinonsynthesen, VI1 Synthese eines 1,5‐Naphthochinons; zur Struktur des Naphthazarins und zur Stabilität von Chinonen2) (1976)

Abstract Auf der Grundlage des Frontier‐Orbital‐Konzeptes von Fukui und berechneter HOMO‐ und LUMO‐Energien einiger einfacher Chinone werden Stabilitätskriterien für Chinone vorgeschlagen. Das 1.5‐Naphthochinon (I) sollte demnach nur mit abschirmenden Substituenten darstellbar sein. Die Synthese des Hexamethyl‐1,5‐naphthochinons war jedoch – offenbar aus sterischen Gründen – nicht möglich: Das Hydrochinon liegt ausschließlich in der tautomeren 1(4H)‐Naphthalinon‐Form vor. Das stabile 3,7‐Di‐tert‐butyl‐1,5‐naphthochinon (1 a) war in einer dreistufigen Synthese leicht zugänglich. Wie der spektroskopische Vergleich mit 1 a und SCF‐LCAO‐MO‐Rechnungen zeigen, sollte Naphthazarin in Lösung fast ausschließlich in der 1,4‐chinoiden Form vorliegen.
The efficacy of octreotide therapy in chronic bleeding due to vascular abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract (1999)

Octreotide is a safe drug that may be useful to control the recurrent gastrointestinal bleeding due to acquired angiodysplasia and watermelon stomach, especially in patients who are not candidates for surgery due to old age and/or concomitant disorders.
DNA Immunization with Japanese Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein NS1 Elicits Protective Immunity in Mice (1998)

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is a zoonotic pathogen that is prevalent in some Southeast Asian countries and causes acute encephalitis in humans. To evaluate the potential application of gene immunization to JEV infection, we characterized the immune responses from mice intramuscularly injected with plasmid DNA encoding JEV glycoproteins, including the precursor membrane (prM) plus envelope (E) proteins and the nonstructural protein NS1. When injected with the plasmid expressing prM plus E, 70% of the immunized mice survived after a lethal JEV challenge, whereas when immunized with the plasmid expressing NS1, 90% of the mice survived after a lethal challenge. As a control, the mice immunized with the DNA vector pcDNA3 showed a low level (40%) of protection, suggesting a nonspecific adjuvant effect of the plasmid DNA. Despite having no detectable neutralizing activity, the NS1 immunization elicited a strong antibody response exhibiting cytolytic activity against JEV-infected cells in a complement-dependent manner. By contrast, immunization with a construct expressing a longer NS1 protein (NS1'), containing an extra 60-amino-acid portion from the N terminus of NS2A, failed to protect mice against a lethal challenge. Biochemical analyses revealed that when individually expressed, NS1 but not NS1' could be readily secreted as a homodimer in large quantity and could also be efficiently expressed on the cell surface. Interestingly, when NS1 and NS1' coexisted in cells, the level of NS1 cell surface expression was much lower than that in cells expressing NS1 alone. These data imply that the presence of partial NS2A might have a negative influence on an NS1-based DNA vaccine. The results herein clearly illustrate that immunization with DNA expressing NS1 alone is sufficient to protect mice against a lethal JEV challenge.
Therapeutic activation of Vα24+Vβ11+ NKT cells in human subjects results in highly coordinated secondary activation of acquired and innate immunity (2003)

Human Valpha24+Vbeta11+ natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct CD1d-restricted lymphoid subset specifically and potently activated by alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) (KRN7000) presented by CD1d on antigen-presenting cells. Preclinical models show that activation of Valpha24+Vbeta11+ NKT cells induces effective antitumor immune responses and potentially important secondary immune effects, including activation of conventional T cells and NK cells. We describe the first clinical trial of cancer immune therapy with alpha-GalCer-pulsed CD1d-expressing dendritic cells. The results show that this therapy has substantial, rapid, and highly reproducible specific effects on Valpha24+Vbeta11+ NKT cells and provide the first human in vivo evidence that Valpha24+Vbeta11+ NKT cell stimulation leads to activation of both innate and acquired immunity, resulting in modulation of NK, T-, and B-cell numbers and increased serum interferon-gamma. We present the first clinical evidence that Valpha24+Vbeta11+ NKT cell memory produces faster, more vigorous secondary immune responses by innate and acquired immunity upon restimulation.
Upregulation of bcl-2 by the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein LMP1: a B-cell-specific response that is delayed relative to NF-kappa B activation and to induction of cell surface markers (1994)

An ability of the Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein LMP1 to enhance the survival of infected B cells through upregulation of the bcl-2 oncogene was first suggested by experiments involving gene transfection and the selection of stable LMP1+ clones (S. Henderson, M. Rowe, C. Gregory, F. Wang, E. Kieff, and A. Rickinson, Cell 65:1107-1115, 1991). However, it was not possible to ascertain whether Bcl-2 upregulation was a specific consequence of LMP1 expression or an artifact of the selection procedure whereby rare Bcl-2+ cells already present in the starting population might best be able to tolerate the potentially toxic effects of LMP1. We therefore reexamined this issue by using two different experimental approaches that allowed LMP1-induced effects to be monitored immediately following expression of the viral protein and in the absence of selective pressures; activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor and upregulation of the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-1 were used as early indices of LMP1 function. In the first approach, stable clones of two B-cell lines carrying an LMP1 gene under the control of an inducible metallothionein promoter were induced to express LMP1 in all cells. Activation of NK-kappa B and upregulation of ICAM-1 occurred within 24 h and were followed at 48 to 72 h by upregulation of Bcl-2. In the second approach, we tested the generality of this phenomenon by transiently expressing LMP1 from a strong constitutively active promoter in a range of different cell types. All six B-cell lines tested showed NF-kappa B activation in response to LMP1 expression, and this was followed in five of six lines by expression of ICAM-1 and Bcl-2. In the same experiments, all three non-B-cell lines showed NF-kappa B activation and ICAM-1 upregulation but never any effect upon Bcl-2. We therefore conclude that Bcl-2 upregulation is part of the panoply of cellular changes induced by LMP1 but that the effect is cell type specific. Our data also suggest that whilst NF-kappa B may be an essential component of LMP1 signal transduction, other cell-specific factors may be required to effect some functions of the viral protein.
Inhibitor of Nrf2 (INrf2 or Keap1) Protein Degrades Bcl-xL via Phosphoglycerate Mutase 5 and Controls Cellular Apoptosis (2011)

INrf2 (Keap1) is an adaptor protein that facilitates INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of Nrf2, a master regulator of cytoprotective gene expression. Here, we present evidence that members of the phosphoglycerate mutase family 5 (PGAM5) proteins are involved in the INrf2-mediated ubiquitination/degradation of anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-xL. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed that INrf2, through its DGR domain, interacts with PGAM5, which in turn interacts with anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein. INrf2-Cul3-Rbx1 complex facilitates ubiquitination and degradation of both PGAM5 and Bcl-xL. Overexpression of PGAM5 protein increased INrf2-mediated degradation of Bcl-xL, whereas knocking down PGAM5 by siRNA decreased INrf2 degradation of Bcl-xL, resulting in increased stability of Bcl-xL. Mutation of PGMA5-E79A/S80A abolished INrf2/PGAM5/Bcl-xL interaction. Therefore, PGAM5 protein acts as a bridge between INrf2 and Bcl-xL interaction. Further studies showed that overexpression of INrf2 enhanced degradation of PGAM5-Bcl-xL complex, led to etoposide-mediated accumulation of Bax, increased release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, activated caspase-3/7, and enhanced DNA fragmentation and apoptosis. In addition, antioxidant (tert-butylhydroquinone) treatment destabilized the Nrf2-INrf2-PGAM5-Bcl-xL complex, which resulted in release of Nrf2 in cytosol and mitochondria, release of Bcl-xL in mitochondria, increase in Bcl-xL heterodimerization with Bax in mitochondria, and reduced cellular apoptosis. These data provide the first evidence that INrf2 controls Bcl-xL via PGAM5 and controls cellular apoptosis.
Quantitative comparison of clumping factor- and coagulase-mediated Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to surface-bound fibrinogen under flow (1995)

The contributions of clumping factor and coagulase in mediating Staphylococcus aureus adhesion to surface-adsorbed fibrinogen have been quantified by using a new methodology and analysis. The attachment or detachment kinetics of bacteria were directly observed in a radial flow chamber with a well-defined laminar flow field and a spatially varying shear rate and were quantified by recursively scanning the chamber surface and counting cells via automated video microscopy and image analysis with a motorized stage and focus control. Intrinsic rate constants for attachment or detachment were estimated as functions of shear rate for the wild-type Newman strain of S. aureus and for mutants lacking clumping factor, coagulase, or both proteins on surfaces coated with plasma, fibrinogen, or albumin. Clumping factor, but not coagulase, increased the probability of attachment and decreased the probability of detachment of S. aureus on plasma-coated surfaces; however, both clumping factor and, to a lesser extent, coagulase increased the probability of attachment on the purified-fibrinogen-coated surface. All mutants were resistant to detachment on the purified-fibrinogen-coated surface, suggesting the possibility of an additional adhesion mechanism which was independent of coagulase or clumping factor and effective only for fully attached cells. Together, these results suggest that the presence of clumping factor plays the primary role in enhancing adhesion to surfaces with adsorbed fibrinogen, not only by enhancing the probability of cell attachment but also by increasing the strength of the resulting adhesion.
Project AMOBE, Automation of digital terrain model generation and Mad-made OBject Extraction from aerial images: strategies, current status and future work (1996)

Automation of Digital Terrain Model Generation and Man-Made Object Extraction from Aerial Images (AMOBE) is a joint project between the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry (IGP) and the Institute of Communications Technology (Image Science Group) (IKT) at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
The therapeutic potential of dopamine modulators on the cardiovascular and renal systems (2002)

In the periphery, physiological dopamine increases renal blood flow, decreases renal resistance and acts on the kidney tubule to enhance natriuresis and diuresis. The loss of dopamine function may be involoved in the deterioration in kidney function associated with ageing and may have a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and diabetes. Intravenous dopamine is used as a positive inotrope in the treatment of acute heart failure and cardiogenic shock and as a diuretic in renal failure. The clinical uses of dopamine are limited, as it must be given intravenously, and also has widespread effects. The levels of peripheral dopamine can be increased by the administration of L-dopa to increase synthesis, prodrugs to release dopamine (docarpamine, glu-dopa) or by inhibiting the breakdown of dopamine (nitecapone). Preliminary clinical trials suggest that docarpamine may be useful in patients with low cardiac output syndrome after cardiac surgery and in refractory cirrhotic ascites. Ibopamine is an agonist at dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, which may retard the progression of chronic renal failure. Glu-dopa is selective for the kidney, thus avoiding widespread side effects. The early clinical studies with ibopamine as a diuretic in heart failure were favourable but the subsequent large mortality study showed that ibopamine increased mortality. Fenoldopam is a selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist. Intravenous fenoldopam may be useful in the treatment of hypertension associated with coronary artery bypass surgery or in hypertensive emergencies. Although our understanding of physiological and pathological roles of peripheral dopamine has been increasing rapidly in recent times, we still need more information to allow the design of clinically useful drugs that modify these roles. One priority is an orally-active selective dopamine D1 receptor agonist.
Frequencies of SF3B1, NOTCH1, MYD88, BIRC3 and IGHV mutations and TP53 disruptions in Chinese with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: disparities with Europeans (2014)

We studied 307 consecutive Chinese with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in diverse disease-stages before and after diverse therapies for mutations in several CLL-related genes. Mutation frequencies were SF3B1, 5%, NOTCH1, 8%, MYD88, 8%, BIRC3, 2%, TP53, 15% and IGHV, 60%. Several of these frequencies differ from those reported in persons of predominately European descent with CLL. Biological and clinical associations were detected including SF3B1 and NOTCH1 mutations with un-mutated IGHV, MYD88 mutations with mutated IGHV, SF3B1 mutations with fludarabine-resistant CLL and NOTCH1 mutation with advanced Binet disease stage and with +12. The NOTCH1 correlation with briefer survival was confirmed in multivariate analyses but the SF3B1 correlation was confounded by concurrent mutations in TP53 and germline IGHV. We show differences in incidence and prognostic impact of mutations in Chinese and CLL compared with persons of predominately European descent with CLL. These data may give insights into the etiology and biology of CLL and suggests different risk stratification models may be needed for different CLL populations.
Application of a protein-blotting procedure to the study of human glucocorticoid receptor interactions with DNA. (1987)

To exert their effects, glucocorticoid receptor complexes interact selectively with DNA sequences known as glucocorticoid regulatory elements. We have studied the interaction between human glucocorticoid receptors and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) DNA by means of a procedure that permits analysis after immobilization of the receptor on nitrocellulose. Proteins from crude cytosolic or nuclear extracts were electrophoresed on NaDodSO4/PAGE gels, soaked in a urea buffer to remove NaDodSO4, transferred to nitrocellulose, and probed with nick-translated MMTV [32P]DNA in a 5% nonfat dry milk buffer, which minimizes nonselective DNA-protein interactions. We present evidence that MMTV [32P]DNA interacts selectively with the glucocorticoid receptor. These data include comigration of [3H]dexamethasone mesylate-labeled band and bound MMTV [32P]DNA on gel electrophoresis systems; localization of DNA-binding activity in the cytosol of cells incubated with steroid at 0 degrees C and in the nucleus and cytosol of cells incubated at 37 degrees C; binding of the MMTV DNA to highly purified receptor; and absence of MMTV DNA binding activity in extracts from cells whose receptor has been down-regulated. Furthermore, glucocorticoid receptors analyzed under these conditions exhibit selective binding to DNA fragments that contain glucocorticoid regulatory elements.