gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception]. (1986)

Due to the combination of multidisciplinary studies, the last fifteen years have seen a major step forward in our knowledge of nociception. At the peripheral level the role of A delta and C polymodal cutaneous nociceptors is relatively well demonstrated in animal as well as in man. The activation of these nociceptors probably results from both direct effects of the stimulus and indirect effects, mediated by the release of various chemicals. The specific roles of articular, muscular and visceral fine afferent fibers in nociception, is less well understood. Cutaneous A delta and/or C fibers terminate mainly in the superficial zones (laminae I and II outer) of the dorsal horn. The nature of the transmitter (s) released by nociceptive afferents is still unknown. Substance P has long been a candidate but the multiplicity of peptides revealed by immunohistochemical techniques and their coexistence on occasions in the same dorsal root ganglion cells question a unequivocal role of substance P. At the level of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, nociceptive specific and nociceptive non-specific units have been described in laminae I, II, IV to VI. It is generally held that nociceptive specific neurons are mainly found in the superficial laminae which also contains nociceptive non specific cells. Convergence of cutaneous, muscular and visceral inputs on these neurons is indicative of a role of both cell types in referred pain where consideration must also be given to the possibility of dichotomizing afferent fibers serving cutaneous and visceral territories. The involvement of contralateral ascending pathways (spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts) in the transmission of nociceptive messages toward supraspinal structures is well established while the role of ipsilateral ascending systems (spino-cervical and dorsal columns post-synaptic fibers) is still questioned. Both segmental and descending modulating controls are exerted at the spinal level. At segmental levels, the inhibitory action of large diameter cutaneous fibers is now well established. The action of fine fibers seems also to be inhibitory. Descending influences are exerted from the periaqueductal gray matter and the ventromedial medulla (mainly the nucleus raphe magnus). They are sustained by serotoninergic and noradrenergic mechanisms and they involve to a lesser extent the endogenous opioids. The physiological function of these descending systems is still sharply discussed.
[Prognostic significance of DNA ploidy and distribution of cell cycle phases in non-small cell bronchial cancer. A 5-year survival study]. (1989)

Non-small cell lung carcinomas represent a mixed group of tumors with overlapping histologies, clinical courses and responses to treatment. Thus, an accurate prediction of tumor progression and patient survival remains a major problem for these tumors. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to look for cellular prognostic indicators in addition to the well known clinical prognostic factors. Fresh surgical specimens of tumors of 187 patients with previously untreated non-small cell lung carcinomas were investigated by means of flow cytometry. Patients with aneuploid tumors had significantly shorter survival times than did those with diploid tumors. Patients with tumors with a high proliferative activity died significantly earlier than patients with lower proliferative activity. Identical results are obtained when the analysis is restricted to just those patients with T3 tumors or to patients with metastatic tumors at time of surgery or were classified Stage III. These data indicate that DNA ploidy and distribution of cell cycle phase are strong and independent prognostic factors for the survival of patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. All patients had a minimum of 5 years follow up.
An HPLC Method with UV Detection, pH Control, and Reductive Ascorbic Acid for Cyanuric Acid Analysis in Water (2000)

Every year over 250 million pounds of cyanuric acid (CA) and chlorinated isocyanurates are produced industrially. These compounds are standard ingredients in formulations for household bleaches, industrial cleansers, dishwasher compounds, general sanitizers, and chlorine stabilizers. The method developed for CA using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detection simplifies and optimizes certain parameters of previous methodologies by effective pH control of the eluent (95% phosphate buffer: 5% methanol, v/v) to the narrow pH range of 7.2-7.4. UV detection was set at the optimum wavelength of 213 nm where the cyanuric ion absorbs strongly. Analysis at the lower pH range of 6.8-7.1 proved inadequate due to CA keto-enol tautomerism, while at pHs of <6.8 there were substantial losses in analytical sensitivity. In contrast, pHs of >7.4 proved more sensitive but their use was rejected because of CA elution at the chromatographic void volume and due to chemical interferences. The complex equilibria of chlorinated isocyanurates and associated species were suppressed by using reductive ascorbic acid to restrict the products to CA. UV, HPLC-UV, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry techniques were combined to monitor the reactive chlorinated isocyanurates and to support the use of ascorbic acid. The resulting method is reproducible and measures CA in the 0.5-125 mg/L linear concentration range with a method detection limit of 0.05 mg/L in water.
Infarction of tumor vessels by NGR-peptide–directed targeting of tissue factor: experimental results and first-in-man experience (2009)

We induced thrombosis of blood vessels in solid tumors in mice by a fusion protein consisting of the extracellular domain of tissue factor (truncated tissue factor, tTF) and the peptide GNGRAHA, targeting aminopeptidase N (CD13) and the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) (CD51/CD61) on tumor vascular endothelium. The designed fusion protein tTF-NGR retained its thrombogenic activity as demonstrated by coagulation assays. In vivo studies in mice bearing established human adenocarcinoma (A549), melanoma (M21), and fibrosarcoma (HT1080) revealed that systemic administration of tTF-NGR induced partial or complete thrombotic occlusion of tumor vessels as shown by histologic analysis. tTF-NGR, but not untargeted tTF, induced significant tumor growth retardation or regression in all 3 types of solid tumors. Thrombosis induction in tumor vessels by tTF-NGR was also shown by contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In the human fibrosarcoma xenograft model, MRI revealed a significant reduction of tumor perfusion by administration of tTF-NGR. Clinical first-in-man application of low dosages of this targeted coagulation factor revealed good tolerability and decreased tumor perfusion as measured by MRI. Targeted thrombosis in the tumor vasculature induced by tTF-NGR may be a promising strategy for the treatment of cancer.
Use of Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization for Deoxyribonucleic Acid Ploidy Analysis of Prostatic Adenocarcinoma (1993)

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using 2 chromosome specific centromere probes was evaluated as a method of ploidy analysis in touch preparations from 50 radical prostatectomy specimens. Tumors were classified as aneuploid by fluorescent in situ hybridization when nuclei had an abnormal copy number (aneusomic) for either chromosome centromere 8 or 12. Tetraploid tumors were defined as those with 4 copies (tetrasomic) of chromosome centromeres 8 and 12. The fluorescent in situ hybridization ploidy patterns were compared to the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ploidy patterns subsequently obtained by flow cytometry on the same tissue following paraffin embedding. Concordant fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry ploidy classification was obtained in 82% of the cases (p < or = 0.0001). Of 7 aneuploid tumors 3 were identified by both methods. Trisomy 8 was detected by fluorescent in situ hybridization in 3 cases that were classified as DNA diploid (2 tumors) and DNA tetraploid (1 tumor). Conversely, flow cytometry detected aneuploidy (hypotetraploidy) in 1 tumor when the fluorescent in situ hybridization results were consistent with tetraploidy. Overall, fluorescent in situ hybridization was more sensitive in aneuploidy detection (6 of 7 cases) than flow cytometry (4 of 7). Of 19 tetraploid cases 5 had discordant fluorescent in situ hybridization and flow cytometry results. However, all 5 cases contained low levels of tetraploidy and the discrepant results were most likely due to the limits of precision of 1 or both methods. In conclusion, we demonstrated that fluorescent in situ hybridization ploidy analysis can be rapidly performed on fresh touch preparations of prostate tissue. This preliminary study demonstrates that the ploidy result determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization correlates well with that obtained by flow cytometry. More complete fluorescent in situ hybridization studies of prostate carcinoma will require additional probes for other chromosomes.
Cytotoxic effect of TNF and lymphotoxin on T lymphoblasts (1995)

Recombinant TNF and lymphotoxin trigger the apoptotic death of normal mouse and human T lymphocyte blasts in vitro. This cytotoxic effect does not involve the Fas death pathway and differs from the TNF-triggered death of tumor cells in several respects: 1) It is a slower process, requiring 2 to 3 days; 2) it is blocked, rather than enhanced, by cycloheximide; and 3) based on the agonistic effect of anti-TNF receptor Abs, it involves a synergistic effect of both the 55-kDa TNFR1 and the 75-kDa TNFR2, as opposed to the dominance of TNFR1 for tumor cytotoxicity. The TNF-induced death of blasts is potently inhibited by IL-2, as well as by IL-1, IL-4, IFN-gamma, and IL-12. Because activated T cells secrete both TNF and LT, these findings reveal a new pathway for Ag-induced down-modulation of T cell responses.
Tree-to-Sequence Attentional Neural Machine Translation (2016)

Most of the existing Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models focus on the conversion of sequential data and do not directly use syntactic information. We propose a novel end-to-end syntactic NMT model, extending a sequence-to-sequence model with the source-side phrase structure. Our model has an attention mechanism that enables the decoder to generate a translated word while softly aligning it with phrases as well as words of the source sentence. Experimental results on the WAT'15 English-to-Japanese dataset demonstrate that our proposed model considerably outperforms sequence-to-sequence attentional NMT models and compares favorably with the state-of-the-art tree-to-string SMT system.
Financial Aspects of Clinical Trials (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Investigator Fees Laboratory Charges Travel Clinical Trial Medication Ethics Committees and Institutional Review Boards (EC/IRBS) Regulatory Fees Consultancy Patient Fees Equipment Finance Meetings Printing and Copying Internal Costs Use of Contract Research Organizations (CROs) Conclusion References
An evaluation of retrieval effectiveness for a full-text document-retrieval system (1985)

An evaluation of a large, operational full-text document-retrieval system (containing roughly 350,000 pages of text) shows the system to be retrieving less than 20 percent of the documents relevant to a particular search. The findings are discussed in terms of the theory and practice of full-text document retrieval.
Extraction Of Independent Sources From Correlated Inputs A Solution Based On Cumulants (2005)

We propose here a way of extracting independent sources from correlated inputs. The only hypothesis made is that the unknown relations between inputs and sources are linear, but that not more than one source is gaussian. We show the impossibility of extracting sources by only using spectral analysis, and make that extraction possible by using equations which relate inputs and sources, based on the cumulants and cross-cumulants of the inputs.
Expression of the MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 cancer-testis antigens in serous ovarian neoplasms. (2003)

Cancer-testis antigen expression in ovarian serous neoplasms correlates directly with their degree of malignancy. MAGE-A4 expression, and to a lesser degree NY-ESO-1 expression, is characteristic of the majority of serous carcinomas. Determining the degree of MAGE-A4 expression in these tumors may provide important prognostic information. Finally, MAGE-A4 may represent a novel target for immunotherapy in serous ovarian neoplasms.
Carbonic anhydrase XIV is enriched in specific membrane domains of retinal pigment epithelium, Müller cells, and astrocytes (2005)

Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are ubiquitous enzymes important to many cell types throughout the body. They help determine levels of H(+) and HCO(-)(3) and thereby regulate intracellular and extracellular pH and volume. CA XIV, an extracellular membrane-bound CA, was recently shown to be present in brain and retina. Here, we analyze the subcellular distribution of CA XIV in retina by high-resolution immunogold cytochemistry and show that the distribution in retina (on glial cells but not neurons) is different from that reported for brain (on neurons but not glia). In addition, CA XIV is strongly expressed on retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The specific membrane domains that express CA XIV were endfoot and nonendfoot membranes on Muller cells and astrocytes and apical and basolateral membranes of RPE. Gold particle density was highest on microvilli plasma membranes of RPE, where it was twice that of glial endfoot and Muller microvilli membranes and four times that of other glial membrane domains. Neither neurons nor capillary endothelial cells showed detectable labeling for CA XIV. This enrichment of CA XIV on specific membrane domains of glial cells and RPE suggests specialization for buffering pH and volume in retinal neurons and their surrounding extracellular spaces. We suggest that CA XIV is the target of CA inhibitors that enhance subretinal fluid absorption in macular edema. In addition, CA XIV may facilitate CO(2) removal from neural retina and modulate photoreceptor function.
Selective enrichment and identification of azide-tagged cross-linked peptides using chemical ligation and mass spectrometry (2010)

Protein-protein interaction is one of the key regulatory mechanisms for controlling protein function in various cellular processes. Chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry has proven to be a powerful method not only for mapping protein-protein interactions of all natures, including weak and transient ones, but also for determining their interaction interfaces. One critical challenge remaining in this approach is how to effectively isolate and identify cross-linked products from a complex peptide mixture. In this work, we have developed a novel strategy using conjugation chemistry for selective enrichment of cross-linked products. An azide-tagged cross-linker along with two biotinylated conjugation reagents were designed and synthesized. Cross-linking of model peptides and cytochrome c as well as enrichment of the resulting cross-linked peptides has been assessed. Selective conjugation of azide-tagged cross-linked peptides has been demonstrated using two strategies: copper catalyzed cycloaddition and Staudinger ligation. While both methods are effective, Staudinger ligation is better suited for enriching the cross-linked peptides since there are fewer issues with sample handling. LC MS(n) analysis coupled with database searching using the Protein Prospector software package allowed identification of 58 cytochrome c cross-linked peptides after enrichment and affinity purification. The new enrichment strategy developed in this work provides useful tools for facilitating identification of cross-linked peptides in a peptide mixture by MS, thus presenting a step forward in future studies of protein-protein interactions of protein complexes by cross-linking and mass spectrometry.
Synthesis and Properties of Biocompatible Water-Soluble Silica-Coated CdSe/ZnS Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2001)

We describe the synthesis of water-soluble semiconductor nanoparticles and discuss and characterize their properties. Hydrophobic CdSe/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals with a core size between 2 and 5 nm are embedded in a siloxane shell and functionalized with thiol and/or amine groups. Structural characterization by AFM indicates that the siloxane shell is 1−5 nm thick, yielding final particle sizes of 6−17 nm, depending on the initial CdSe core size. The silica coating does not significantly modify the optical properties of the nanocrystals. Their fluorescence emission is about 32−35 nm fwhm and can be tuned from blue to red with quantum yields up to 18%, mainly determined by the quantum yield of the underlying CdSe/ZnS nanocrystals. Silanized nanocrystals exhibit enhanced photochemical stability over organic fluorophores. They also display high stability in buffers at physiological conditions (>150 mM NaCl). The introduction of functionalized groups onto the siloxane surface would permit the conjugation of the nanocrystals to biological entities.
Complement Activation by Diesel Exhaust Particles (DEP). (1998)

The effect of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) on the hemolytic activity of human serum complement was investigated. Previous treatment of human serum with DEP extracts at 37 degrees C decreased the hemolytic activity of human serum complement dose dependently, to 20% of its original value. This decrease in complement activity by DEP extracts was observed with previous incubation at 37 degrees C but not at 4 degrees C. A decrease in complement activity was observed after previous incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of EGTA/Mg but not in the presence of EDTA, indicating that the alternative pathway of the complement system had been activated by DEP extracts. Activation of the complement system by DEP extracts was further demonstrated by observation of the cleavage of the third component of the complement (C3) in serum to C3b with immunoelectrophoresis using goat anti-human C3 antiserum. This cleavage of C3 was similarly observed in the presence of EGTA/Mg, indicating the activation of the alternative pathway of the complement system by DEP extracts. These results indicate that DEP can activate the alternative pathway of the complement system, resulting in a decrease in the hemolytic activity of complement and in the production of biologically active degradation products of complement proteins such as C3a. The biological significance of the activation of the complement by DEP in the alveolus is discussed in relation to the influx of neutrophiles.
Coronary artery surgery with induced temporary asystole and intermittent ventricular pacing: an experimental study (1996)

Coronary artery bypass grafting performed without cardiopulmonary bypass presents a difficulty in performing coronary anastomoses on a beating heart. A non-cardiopulmonary bypass technique in sheep by which individual sutures can be placed on a still heart is described. Epicardial pacing wires were placed and a curved needle passed between the aorta and pulmonary artery into the muscular interventricular septum and directed caudally and to the right. The tip of the needle now lay in the vicinity of the outflow of the bundle of His. No cardiac chamber or vital structures were traversed. Injection of lignocaine here resulted in immediate ventricular asystole. Ventricular pacing restored cardiac output. After establishing local control of the vessel coronary anastomosis was performed stopping ventricular pacing for the few seconds required to place a single suture and reinstating it between the passage of sutures. Reversion to sinus rhythm occurred spontaneously.
KINETIC MODELING OF HARDWOOD PREHYDROLYSIS. PART III. WATER AND DILUTE ACETIC ACID PREHYDROLYSIS OF SOUTHERN RED OAK (1986)

The hemicelluloses in wood are more readily hydrolyzed than is cellulose. Because it is advantageous to process the hemicellulose sugars separately from the glucose obtained from the cellulose, most processes for utilizing wood as a source of chemicals and liquid fuels include a prehydrolysis step to remove the hemicelltdose prior to the main hydrolysis of the cellulose to glucose. Kinetic data are required to model the reactions that occur during prehydrolysis so that optimum conditions and product mixes can be predicted. Two promising prehydrolysis methods, the Iotech steam explosion process and the Stake process, are based on water prehydrolysis (autohydrolysis). The kinetics of water and of dilute (5%) acetic acid prehydrolysis of southern red oak wood over the temperature range of 170 to 240 C were investigated. Kinetic parameters were determined that permitted modeling not only of xylan removal from the wood but also of the occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, free xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate. At lower temperatures (approximately 170 to 200 C), xylan removal could be modeled as the sum of two parallel reactions (one for an easily hydrolyzed portion and one for a more resistant portion of xylan) using the equation derived in Part I. At the highest temperature studied (236.9 C), the removal of xylan from the wood was best modeled as a single reaction with a small fraction of the xylan being essentially nonreactive. The occurrence of xylan oligosaccharides, xylose, furfural, and further degradation products in the prehydrolyzate was modeled as consecutive, irreversible pseudo first-order reactions. A timelag associated with the depolymerization of the xylan oligosaccharides to xylose was accounted for in the model by allowing the apparent rate constant for the formation of xylose to increase exponentially with time to a maximum value. Increasing the temperature decreased the time required for the overall reactions to occur, increased the portion of xylan removed from the wood, and increased the yield of total anhydroxylose units (xylose + xylan oligosaccharides) that were recovered in the prehydrolyzate. Prehydrolysis with dilute acetic acid does not greatly affect the maximum yields of products in the prehydrolyzate over those observed with water prehydrolysis; however, the time to maximum yield decreased. The data presented in this report indicate that, at higher temperatures, water or dilute acetic acid prehydrolysis gives yields comparable to those for dilute sulfuric acid prehydrolysis at 170 C recently reported in the literature. Preliminary results with lignin isolated from the water and acetic acid prehydrolysis residues confirm recent reports that lignins of this type are useful as phenol substitutes in phenolformaldehyde adhesives.
c-Src Activation Mediates Erlotinib Resistance in Head and Neck Cancer by Stimulating c-Met (2012)

Ligand-independent activation of c-Met contributes specifically to erlotinib resistance, not cetuximab resistance, in HNSCC with activated c-Src, where c-Met activation is more dependent on c-Src than on EGFR, providing an alternate survival pathway. Addition of a c-Met or c-Src inhibitor to erlotinib may increase efficacy of EGFR inhibition in patients with activated c-Src.