gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T Cell‐Replacing Factor (TRF)/Interleukin 5 (IL‐5): Molecular and Functional Properties (1988)

TRF has originally been defined as a T-cell-derived lymphokine that triggers activated B cells for a terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells. HPLC-purified TRF from Sup of a murine TRF-producing B151 cell is an acidic glycoprotein, exerts BCGF II activity and induces expression of IL-2 receptors. It does not show IL-1, IL-2, IL-3, BSF-1/IL-4, or IFN gamma activity. We prepared monoclonal TB13 and NC17 antibodies against HPLC-purified B151-TRF which are specific for and can inhibit TRF as well as BCFG II activity of B151-TRF. Moreover, TB13 as well as NC17 antibody can immunoprecipitate the 46 Kd molecule from B151 Sup which exerts TRF as well as BCGF II activity. Complementary DNA (pSP6K-mTRF23) encoding for murine TRF/IL-5 was cloned and its entire nucleotide sequences were determined. The murine TRF/IL-5 cDNA encodes 133 amino acids including N-terminal strongly hydrophobic regions. Secreted recombinant TRF/IL-5 (apparent m.w. of 46 Kd) has 113 amino acid residues and also comprises homodimers of a molecule with an apparent m.w. of 25 to 30 Kd. TRF/IL-5 mRNA is constitutively expressed in constitutively TRF-producing B151 and is inducible in some T cell lines upon stimulation with PMA or Con A. TRF/IL-5 mRNA is also expressed in Tbc-primed T cells upon the stimulation with PPD, whereas its expression is not effectively induced in non-primed spleen cells by stimulation with Con A or PMA plus calcium ionophore. The translation product of murine TRF/IL-5 cDNA triggers resting as well as activated (DNP-primed or LPS-stimulated) murine B cells for terminal differentiation into Ig-secreting cells (IgM, IgG1, or IgA) accompanied by increased mRNA expression for secreted forms of relevant Ig heavy chain (mu, gamma, or alpha). Among these, increases in the level of mu, and alpha-specific mRNA for the secreted form of IgM and IgA, respectively, are prominent. Moreover, TRF/IL-5 induces maturation of resting B cells into IgM-secreting cells. TRF/IL-5 promotes growth of activated B cells as well as BCL1 cells. TRF/IL-5 is, therefore, a growth as well as a differentiation inducing factor for B cells. Moreover, it induces functional IL-2 receptors on resting as well as activated B cells, besides TRF and BCGF II activities.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Alphavirus M1 induces apoptosis of malignant glioma cells via downregulation and nucleolar translocation of p21WAF1/CIP1 protein (2009)

Alphavirus, a genus of arthropod-borne togavirus, is well-known for its pro-apoptotic capability. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be further clarified. Here, we have identified that M1, an alphavirus isolated in 1960s, targeted C6 malignant glioma cells for apoptosis. Flow cytometry analysis showed that more cells enter S-phase post M1 infection, and subsequently undergo a classic apoptosis. To elucidate the mechanism of S-phase arrest and its relationship to apoptosis, we tested the expression of several critical cell cycle regulatory proteins and found elevated phosphorylation of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), decreased expression of cyclin A and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Notably, the protein level of p21(WAF1/CIP1) was downregulated earliest and most effectively among all tested changes of cell cycle regulators, though its mRNA level was strongly upregulated. To evaluate the role of p21(WAF1/CIP1) in S-phase accumulation and subsequent apoptosis, we confirmed that exogenous p21(WAF1/CIP1) overexpression or treatment with roscovitine (a selective chemical inhibitor of CDK2) efficiently protected against apoptosis with a reduced S-phase accumulation. Thus, it is indicated that the downregulation of p21(WAF1/CIP1) mediated C6 apoptosis via overactivation of CDK2. In addition, confocal microscopy showed that p21(WAF1/CIP1) totally translocated to nucleolus during M1-induced C6 apoptosis. Altogether, downregulation and nucleolar translocation of the p21(WAF1/CIP1) protein played an active role in M1-induced C6 apoptosis.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Ligands as Potential Therapeutics for Addiction (2009)

There is now compelling evidence that the excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate plays a pivotal role in drug addiction and alcoholism. As a result, there has been increasing interest in developing glutamate-based therapies for the treatment of addictive disorders. Receptors for glutamate are primarily divided into two classes: ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) that mediate fast excitatory glutamate transmission, and metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which are G-protein coupled receptors that mediate slower, modulatory glutamate transmission. Most iGluR antagonists, while showing some efficacy in animal models of addiction, exhibit serious side effects when tested in humans. mGluR ligands, on the other hand, which have been advanced to testing in clinical trials for various medical conditions, have demonstrated the ability to reduce drug reward, reinforcement, and relapse-like behaviors in animal studies. mGluR ligands that have been shown to be primarily effective are Group I (mGluR1 and mGluR5) negative allosteric modulators and Group II (mGluR2 and mGluR3) orthosteric presynaptic autoreceptor agonists. In this review, we will summarize findings from animal studies suggesting that these mGluR ligands may be of potential benefit in reducing on-going drug self-administration and may aid in the prevention of relapse. The neuroanatomical distribution of mGluR1, mGluR2/3, and mGluR5 receptors and the pharmacological properties of Group I negative allosteric modulators and Group II agonists will also be overviewed. Finally, we will discuss the current status of mGluR ligands in human clinical trials.
Processing and hydrolytic degradation of aromatic,ortho-substituted polyanhydrides (2001)

Polyanhydrides containing 1,3-bis(p-carboxyphenoxy)propane, abbreviated poly(p-CPP), are currently being used as controlled-release devices for the treatment of brain cancer. These polymers are biodegradable and biocompatible and release pharmaceuticals in a controlled fashion. However, polyanhydrides have an important drawback: The polymers themselves are highly insoluble in both organic solvents and water and have high melting temperatures, rendering them difficult to process into fibers and/or films. Previously, we synthesized polymers that overcame the solubility and, thus, processing problems associated with poly(p-CPP). In this report, we describe the mechanical properties and hydrolytic degradation characteristics of these newly developed polyanhydrides. After formation of films by either compression-molding or solvent-casting, the polymer surfaces were examined by SEM. Mechanical studies were also performed on the compression-molded samples. Compression-molded samples were sterilized by γ-irradiation and then examined by GPC for changes in their polymer structure. Lastly, the polymers and the degradation media were evaluated by TGA, DSC, GPC, and HPLC to gain a better understanding of the degradation process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 32–38, 2001
A simple method for introducing a thiol group at the 5′-end of synthetic oligonucleotides (1991)

Journal Article A simple method for introducing a thiol group at the 5′-end of synthetic oligonucleotides Get access Ajay Kumar, Ajay Kumar National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi 110067, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sonia Adwani, Sonia Adwani National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi 110067, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hema Dawar, Hema Dawar National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi 110067, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G.P. Talwar G.P. Talwar National Institute of ImmunologyNew Delhi 110067, India Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 19, Issue 16, 25 August 1991, Page 4561, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/19.16.4561 Published: 25 August 1991 Article history Accepted: 08 May 1991 Published: 25 August 1991
Effects of NSAIDs on IL-1β-induced IL-6 mRNA and protein synthesis in human astrocytoma cells (1996)

Inflammatory processes contribute to the aetiopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a proinflammatory cytokine, is found in the brains of AD patients, but not in brains of normal control persons. In the present study, the effects of seven non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-induced IL-6 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in a human astrocytoma cell line were investigated. Tenidap, naproxen and meloxicam inhibited the IL-1 beta-induced synthesis of IL-6, whereas ibuprofen, piroxicam, diclofenac and indomethacin had no effect. While the effects of naproxen and meloxicam were small and restricted to protein synthesis, tenidap strongly inhibited IL-6 protein synthesis and also affected IL-6 mRNA levels. It is concluded that NSAIDs, and particularly tenidap, may be useful for the treatment of inflammatory processes associated with AD.
Organocatalysis by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOrganocatalysis by N-Heterocyclic CarbenesDieter Enders, Oliver Niemeier, and Alexander HenselerView Author Information Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 12, 5606–5655Publication Date (Web):October 23, 2007Publication History Received27 March 2007Published online23 October 2007Published inissue 1 December 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr068372zhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr068372zresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views37995Altmetric-Citations2687LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Carbene compounds,Catalysts,Condensation,Salts Get e-Alerts
Preliminary communication: prenatal detection of the Fanconi Anemia gene by cytogenetic methods. (1979)

We have studied the pattern of chromosome instability in cultured fibroblasts and fetal membrane cells from a fetus aborted by an individual with a history of a previous child affected with Fanconi anemia (FA). These cells exhibited a low level of spontaneous chromosome instability. Upon treatment with diepoxybutane (DEB), chromosome breakage increased to a level comparable to that reported earlier in DEB-treated FA heterozygous cells. Cultured cells derived from chromosomally normal fetuses which served as controls did not show DEB-induced chromosome breakage. This observation suggests that the fetus studied is heterozygous for the FA gene. The ability to distinguish readily between the three genotypes (homozygous FA, heterozygous FA, and normal) in an in vitro stress system that measures the response of the cells to a clastogenic agent makes available a test for the prenatal and postnatal detection of the FA gene.
3D wavelet video coding with replicated matching pursuits (2005)

Improved coding of 3D spatio-temporal wavelet video is achieved using matching pursuits (MP) with a separable 2D basis dictionary and temporal replication of atoms. Using two temporal scales and the biorthogonal 5/3 wavelet filter incorporating motion compensation, four sets of four transform planes are combined into a group of temporal planes (GOTP). The planes are wavelet transformed to 4 scales spatially before the 2D MP algorithm is applied over the entire GOTP to select the optimum inner product with a 2D dictionary of 64 bases formed separably from 8 ID basis functions. The selected atom is conditionally replicated in the three corresponding temporal frequency planes within the GOTP. Compared to applying 2D MP to the planes without replication, a gain of up to 2 dB has been achieved. Comparisons with a standard H.263 codec and the classic MP enhanced H.263 MP codec, show significant gains at low bit rates.
A novel enzyme, citryl‐CoA lyase, catalysing the second step of the citrate cleavage reaction in Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK‐6 (2004)

A novel enzyme catalysing citryl-CoA cleavage to acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate was purified from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus TK-6, and designated citryl-CoA lyase (CCL). The citrate cleavage reaction in this organism proceeded by a unique set of two consecutive reactions: (i). citryl-CoA formation by citryl-CoA synthetase (CCS) and (ii). citryl-CoA cleavage by CCL. Purified CCL gave a single 30 kDa band in SDS-PAGE and gel filtration chromatography indicated that the native state of the enzyme exists as a trimer (alpha(3)). Citryl-CoA lyase showed low citrate synthase (CS) activity. Using an oligonucleotide probe, the corresponding gene was cloned and sequenced. The gene was expressed in Escherichia coli and recombinant CCL was also purified. The CCL protein sequence showed similarity to the C-terminal regions of ATP citrate lyase (ACL) and CS sequences in the database. By further sequence comparisons, the phylogenetic relationship between CCS, CCL, ACL and CS was investigated.
Gene Transfer into Mammalian Somatic Cells in Vivo (1992)

Direct gene transfer into mammalian somatic tissues in vivo is a developing technology with potential application for human gene therapy. During the past 2 years, extensive progress and numerous breakthroughs have been made in this area of research. Genetically engineered retroviral vectors have been used successfully to infect live animals, effecting foreign gene expression in liver, blood vessels, and mammary tissues. Recombinant adenovirus and herpes simplex virus vectors have been utilized effectively for in vivo gene transfer into lung and brain tissues, respectively. Direct injection or particle bombardment of DNA has been demonstrated to provide a physical means for in situ gene transfer, while carrier-mediated DNA delivery techniques have been extended to target specific organs for gene expression. These technological developments in conjunction with the initiation of the NIH human gene therapy trials have marked a milestone in developing new medical treatments for various genetic diseases and cancer. Various in vivo gene transfer techniques should also provide new tools for basic research in molecular and developmental genetics.
Association of Variables of Coagulation, Fibrinolysis and Acute-phase with Atherosclerosis in Coronary and Peripheral Arteries and those Arteries Supplying the Brain (1995)

We investigated the vessel status of coronary and peripheral arteries and those arteries supplying the brain in 929 consecutive male patients admitted to a coronary rehabilitation unit. The severity of coronary atherosclerosis was scored using coronary angiography. Changes in extracranial brain vessels and manifest cerebrovascular disease (CVD) were determined by B-mode ultrasound and Doppler examination. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) was diagnosed using base-line and stress oscillography. We assessed variables of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and the acute phase response. There was a significant increase in plasma fibrinogen, plasminogen, d-dimer and C-reactive protein (CRP) with increasing severity of coronary heart disease. Compared to men with unaffected arteries, men with 3 diseased coronary arteries had 58% greater d-dimer concentrations. Patients with CVD and PAD, respectively, also had significantly higher fibrinogen, d-dimer and CRP concentrations. We did not find an association between plasminogen activator inhibitor activity and the severity of coronary atherosclerosis. In conclusion, plasma fibrinogen, d-dimer and CRP concentrations were significantly related to atherosclerosis in the coronary, peripheral and extracranial brain arteries.
The Expression and Activation of Protease‐Activated Receptor‐2 Correlate with Skin Color (2004)

Skin color results from the production and distribution of melanin in the epidermis. The protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2), expressed on keratinocytes but not on melanocytes, is involved in melanosome uptake via phagocytosis, and modulation of PAR-2 activation affects skin color. The pattern of melanosome distribution within the epidermis is skin color-dependent. In vitro, this distribution pattern is regulated by the ethnic origin of the keratinocytes, not the melanocytes. Therefore, we hypothesized that PAR-2 may play a role in the modulation of pigmentation in a skin type-dependent manner. We examined the expression of PAR-2 and its activator, trypsin, in human skins with different pigmentary levels. Here we show that PAR-2 and trypsin are expressed in higher levels, and are differentially localized in highly pigmented, relative to lightly pigmented skins. Moreover, highly pigmented skins exhibit an increase in PAR-2-specific protease cleavage ability. Microsphere phagocytosis was more efficient in keratinocytes from highly pigmented skins, and PAR-2 induced phagocytosis resulted in more efficient microsphere ingestion and more compacted microsphere organization in dark skin-derived keratinocytes. These results demonstrate that PAR-2 expression and activity correlate with skin color, suggesting the involvement of PAR-2 in ethnic skin color phenotypes.
Testosterone treatment of HSDD in naturally menopausal women: the ADORE study (2010)

TTP was effective in treating HSDD and improving sexual function in this study of naturally menopausal women with and without concurrent hormone therapy.
Contralateral comparison of blue-filtering and non-blue-filtering intraocular lenses: glare disability, heterochromatic contrast, and photostress recovery (2010)

Glare disability was significantly lower, heterochromatic contrast threshold was significantly better, and recovery from photostress was significantly faster in the eyes with blue-filtering IOLs than in the contralateral control eyes with IOLs that did not filter blue light.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence and Organization of the Moloney Murine Sarcoma Virus Genome (1981)

The complete nucleotide sequence of a mammalian transforming retrovirus. Moloney murine sarcoma virus, has been determined. MSV, recombinant virus derived of helper viral and cellular sequences, possesses termini resembling prokaryotic transposable elements. The viral genome has the coding capacity for the Moloney murine leukemia virus gag gene product and contains large deletions in pol and env genes. A large open reading frame encompassing its cell-derived sequences codes for its putative transforming protein. The nature of some of the important domains in the viral genome has been established, and their structure is discussed in relation to their function.
Proteases and Proteolysis in Alzheimer Disease: A Multifactorial View on the Disease Process (2010)

Alzheimer disease is characterized by the accumulation of abnormally folded protein fragments, i.e., amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) and tau that precipitate in amyloid plaques and neuronal tangles, respectively. In this review we discuss the complicated proteolytic pathways that are responsible for the generation and clearance of these fragments, and how disturbances in these pathways interact and provide a background for a novel understanding of Alzheimer disease as a multifactorial disorder. Recent insights evolve from the static view that the morphologically defined plaques and tangles are disease driving towards a more dynamic, biochemical view in which the intermediary soluble Abeta oligomers and soluble tau fragments are considered as the main mediators of neurotoxicity. The relevance of proteolytic pathways, centered on the generation and clearance of toxic Abeta, on the cleavage and nucleation of tau, and on the general proteostasis of the neurons, then becomes obvious. Blocking or stimulating these pathways provide, or have the potential to provide, interesting drug targets, which raises the hope that we will be able to provide a cure for this dreadful disorder.
CD100 on NK Cells Enhance IFNγ Secretion and Killing of Target Cells Expressing CD72 (2007)

Since CD72 is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APC) and the CD100-CD72 interaction lead to the shading of CD100, we suggest that NK interacting with APC cells could be the early source of soluble CD100 which is crucial for the formation of antigen specific immune response. CD100-CD72 interaction can be the mechanism by which NK cell communicate with B cells.
A Novel Pyrrolidinyl PNA Showing High Sequence Specificity and Preferential Binding to DNA over RNA (2002)

A novel conformationally constrained pyrrolidinyl peptide nucleic acid (PNA) carrying an D-aminopyrrolidine carboxylic acid (D-Apc) spacer was synthesized, and its interactions with complementary oligo- and polynucleotides were studied by UV and CD spectroscopy. The decathymine PNA formed very stable PNA-DNA complexes with poly(dA) and (dA)(10) by a sequence-specific A-T pairing. The interaction with poly(rA) gave the corresponding PNA-RNA complex with much lower stability.
Soluble polymer-based isotopic labeling (SoPIL): a new strategy to discover protein biomarkers? (2007)

Much attention has been given to protein biomarker discovery in the field of proteomics in the past few years. Proteomic strategies for biomarker discovery normally include the identification of proteins that alter during the progression of a particular disease state in high throughput. To perform these studies requires the ability to measure changes of low-abundance proteins in highly complex mixtures from different biological states. Soluble polymer-based isotope labeling (SoPIL) is a new proteomics strategy that targets specific classes of proteins for isotopic labeling, efficient isolation and accurate quantitation by mass spectrometry. The method exploits the features of homogenous solution-phase reaction, simple solid-phase extraction and characteristic cell-permeable nanoparticles. Recent applications demonstrate that the SoPIL reagents are ideal for quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics, and could have the potential to discover disease markers in the most physiologically relevant settings.