gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Grandparents raising grandchildren: Case management in a rural setting (2009)

The number of grandparents who are raising grandchildren has risen dramatically as the result of several social trends. Within this article, diversity aspects of this population are explored including characteristics of the grandparents and grandchildren. In addition, support groups, the primary intervention for custodial grandparents, are overviewed with specific attention to models that have relevance for subpopulations of care providers. Finally, child welfare and kinship care policies are examined and critiqued from a diversity perspective.
Natalizumab in the treatment of Crohn&rsquo;s disease (2008)

The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) is multifactorial and the activation of specific pathways of immunological system is important. In particular, the adhesion molecules (integrins) mediate the selective binding between the leukocytes and the endothelial cells regulating the migration of leukocytes into the normal and inflamed intestine. Selective adhesion molecule inhibitors interfere with the migration of leukocytes to the sites of inflammation by targeting adhesion molecules (alpha4-integrin or alpha4beta7-integrin). Natalizumab is a humanized IgG4 anti-alpha4-integrin monoclonal antibody that inhibits both alpha4beta7-integrin/mucosal addressin-cell adhesion molecule-1 (MadCAM-1) interaction and alpha4beta1/vascular-cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) binding. Pooled data from the four studies, analyzed in a Cochrane review, suggest that natalizumab is effective for induction of clinical response and remission in patients with moderately to severely active CD. In particular, natalizumab may be beneficial for patients with active inflammation or chronically active disease despite the use of conventional therapies with high level of C-reactive protein values at baseline time. Nevertheless, many problems about the utilization of natalizumab in CD remain unsolved (such as the high placebo response, the final definition of dosage and timing schedule, the definition of outcomes and the development of adverse events).
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis (1995)

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and associated thrombotic events, relatively common side effects of heparin therapy, can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. Typically, these conditions occur after about five days of therapy, but they can appear sooner in patients previously treated with heparin. Thrombocytopenia in itself rarely poses a threat to affected patients, but disorders associated with it, which include deep venous thrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pulmonary embolism, cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction, and ischemic injury to the legs or arms, can produce severe morbidity and mortality. In order to prevent these complications, it has become standard medical practice to monitor platelet counts in . . .
A Simple Alkylative Approach to Monoalkylhydrazines (1987)

Phase-transfer-catalyzed N-alkylation of acetone N-(diethoxyphosphoryl)hydrazone, followed by deprotection with p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate in ethanol, represents a novel and convenient synthesis of monoalkylhydrazines.
DNA analysis and sorting of viable mouse testis cells. (1981)

The dye Hoechst 33342 and a 2-parameter cell sorter have been used to measure DNA content in viable testis cells and to sort pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids from adult mouse testis to virtually 100% homogeneity. Early diploid spermatogenic cells were enriched to 90%, a 10-fold purification. The capability for viable sorting of most testis cell types to homogeneity in numbers suitable for many biochemical applications is demonstrated.
Understanding ALS: new therapeutic approaches (2012)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease associated with motor neuron degeneration, muscle atrophy and paralysis. Although numerous pathological mechanisms have been elucidated, ALS remains an invariably fatal disease in the absence of any effective therapy. The heterogeneity of the disease and the failure to develop satisfactory therapeutic protocols reinforce the view that ALS is a multi-factorial and multi-systemic disease. Thus, a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and study of the potential pathological relationship between the various cellular processes is required to ensure efficacious therapy. The pathogenic mechanisms associated with ALS are reviewed, and the strengths and limitations of some new therapeutic approaches are discussed.
Single underwater image enhancement using depth estimation based on blurriness (2015)

In this paper, we propose to use image blurriness to estimate the depth map for underwater image enhancement. It is based on the observation that objects farther from the camera are more blurry for underwater images. Adopting image blurriness with the image formation model (IFM), we can estimate the distance between scene points and the camera and thereby recover and enhance underwater images. Experimental results on enhancing such images in different lighting conditions demonstrate the proposed method performs better than other IFM-based enhancement methods.
Bifurcations in an asymmetric vocal-fold model (1995)

A two-mass model of vocal-fold vibrations is analyzed with methods from nonlinear dynamics. Bifurcations are located in parameter planes of physiological interest (subglottal pressure, stiffness of the folds). It is shown that a sufficiently large tension imbalance of the left and right vocal fold induces bifurcations to subharmonic regimes, toroidal oscillations, and chaos. The corresponding attractors are characterized by phase portraits, spectra, and next-maximum maps. The relevance of these simulations for voice disorders such as laryngeal paralysis is discussed.
Effect of omeprazole--a gastric proton pump inhibitor--on pentagastrin stimulated acid secretion in man. (1983)

The effect of oral omeprazole on pentagastrin stimulated gastric acid secretion was studied in 11 healthy subjects. Doses of 20-80 mg produced dose dependent inhibition of acid secretion, with total suppression at the highest dose. Omeprazole was absorbed and eliminated from plasma rapidly and the inhibitory effect was related to the area under the plasma concentration time curve. The duration of action was long and single doses of 20 and 40 mg reduced acid secretion significantly for one and three days, respectively. Omeprazole in a dose of 15 mg given once daily for five days, suppressed acid secretion continuously, the inhibitory effect stabilising after three days at a predose inhibition of about 30% and a postdose inhibition of about 80%.
Virulizin-2gamma, a novel immunotherapeutic agent, in treatment of human pancreatic cancer xenografts. (2000)

Virulizin-2gamma, a novel biological response modifier extracted from bovine bile, has shown in clinical studies a significant antitumor activity against pancreatic cancer. We report here the results of preclinical evaluation of Virulizin-2gamma in treatment of human pancreatic cancer xenograft in nude mice. In this in vivo study, 14 daily bolus intraperitoneal administrations of Virulizin-2gamma (0.2 ml/mouse/day) significantly inhibited the growth of BxPC-3 human pancreatic tumor xenografts, with T/C value of 60%. Virulizin-2gamma also potentiated the antitumor activity of gemcitabine (120 mg/kg x4, q3d) in this tumor model. The combination therapy resulted in T/C values of 26% compared to gemcitabine alone (T/C 33%). In addition, based on body weight observation, no signs of toxicity related to treatment with Virulizin-2gamma, either as a single agent or when combined with gemcitabine were found. Virulizin-2gamma was well tolerated by the mice. The data from in vitro studies revealed that Virulizin-2gamma did not have direct cytotoxicity against cultured tumor cell lines, indicating that the in vivo antitumor activity is likely due to its immunomodulating effects on host immune cells. These preclinical results supported the safety and efficacy observed in clinical studies and indicated that Virulizin-2gamma is a promising immunotherapeutic agent for treatment of pancreatic cancer and worthy of further clinical evaluation.
Substrate specificities and identification of a putative binding site for PI3K in the carboxy tail of the murine Flt3 receptor tyrosine kinase. (1994)

Flt3 is a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) structurally related to the CSF-1R encoded by the c-fms locus, Kit and the PDGFR which is restricted in its expression to hematopoietic precursor populations and several distinct cell types within the central nervous system. Although the ligand for Flt3 has recently been identified, the developmental function of Flt3 within these tissues has not yet been described. In order to examine the signalling properties of this receptor, we previously constructed a chimeric molecule containing the extracellular domain of CSF-1R fused to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of mouse Flt3 (FF3). The ability of the FF3 to directly associate with or tyrosine phosphorylate specific cytoplasmic signalling molecules in vivo was examined. GAP, Vav, Shc, and to a lesser extent PLC gamma become tyrosine-phosphorylated but no in vivo association with the receptor was detectable. FF3 associates with PI3K activity and the SH2 domains of p85 and Grb-2. Phosphopeptide competition experiments suggest that the PI3K binding site is located outside of the kinase insert in the carboxy tail of the receptor.
Making Hard Decisions, an Introduction to Decision Analysis (1992)

This text involves readers in real-world decisions from personal, federal, corporate and environmental areas. Readers should learn how to use the tools of decision analysis including decision tree diagrammes, influence diagrammes and probabilistic models for insight into decision-making situations.
Total and High-Molecular-Weight Adiponectin and Resistin in Relation to the Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Women (2008)

Adiponectin is strongly and inversely associated with risk for diabetes, independent of body mass index, whereas resistin is not. The ratio of high-molecular-weight to total adiponectin is related to risk for diabetes independent of total adiponectin, suggesting an important role of the relative proportion of high-molecular-weight adiponectin in diabetes pathogenesis.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Inhibit Antigen-Induced Apoptosis of Mature T Lymphocytes by Inhibiting Fas Ligand Expression (2000)

Apoptosis in T and B lymphocytes is a major element controlling the immune response. The Ag-induced cell death (AICD) in T cells is a main mechanism for maintaining peripheral tolerance and for limiting an ongoing immune response. AICD is initiated by Ag re-engagement of the TCR and is mediated through Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) interactions. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the structurally related pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two multifunctional neuropeptides present in the lymphoid microenvironment that act primarily as anti-inflammatory agents. In the present study we investigated whether VIP and PACAP affect AICD in mature peripheral T cells and T cell hybridomas. VIP and PACAP reduce in a dose-dependent manner anti-CD3-induced apoptosis in Con A/IL-2-preactivated peripheral T cells and the murine T hybridomas 2B4.11 and A1.1. A functional study demonstrates that the inhibition of AICD is achieved through the inhibition of activation-induced FasL expression at protein and mRNA levels. VIP/PACAP-mediated inhibition of both AICD and FasL expression is mediated through the specific receptors VPAC1 and VPAC2. Of obvious biological significance is the fact that VIP and PACAP prevent Ag-induced clonal deletion of CD4+ T cells, but not that of CD8+ T cells. By affecting FasL expression, VIP and PACAP may play a physiological role in both the generation of memory T cells and the inhibition of FasL-mediated T cell cytotoxicity.
Efficient Methodology for the Synthesis of 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazoles (2009)

A general and efficient method for the preparation of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles has been developed. The desired 3-amino-1,2,4-triazoles (1) were prepared in good overall yield via two convergent routes. The key intermediate within both routes is substituted hydrazinecarboximidamide derivative 2.
High-resolution mapping of DNA hypermethylation and hypomethylation in lung cancer (2007)

Changes in DNA methylation patterns are an important characteristic of human cancer. Tumors have reduced levels of genomic DNA methylation and contain hypermethylated CpG islands, but the full extent and sequence context of DNA hypomethylation and hypermethylation is unknown. Here, we used methylated CpG island recovery assay-assisted high-resolution genomic tiling and CpG island arrays to analyze methylation patterns in lung squamous cell carcinomas and matched normal lung tissue. Normal tissues from different individuals showed overall very similar DNA methylation patterns. Each tumor contained several hundred hypermethylated CpG islands. We identified and confirmed 11 CpG islands that were methylated in 80-100% of the SCC tumors, and many hold promise as effective biomarkers for early detection of lung cancer. In addition, we find that extensive DNA hypomethylation in tumors occurs specifically at repetitive sequences, including short and long interspersed nuclear elements and LTR elements, segmental duplications, and subtelomeric regions, but single-copy sequences rarely become demethylated. The results are consistent with a specific defect in methylation of repetitive DNA sequences in human cancer.
Structural and functional analysis of the interaction between the nucleoporin Nup214 and the DEAD-box helicase Ddx19 (2009)

Key steps in the export of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are the transport through the nuclear pore complex (NPC) and the subsequent remodeling of messenger RNA-protein (mRNP) complexes that occurs at the cytoplasmic side of the NPC. Crucial for these events is the recruitment of the DEAD-box helicase Ddx19 to the cytoplasmic filaments of the NPC that is mediated by the nucleoporin Nup214. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Nup214 N-terminal domain in complex with Ddx19 in its ADP-bound state at 2.5 A resolution. Strikingly, the interaction surfaces are not only evolutionarily conserved but also exhibit strongly opposing surface potentials, with the helicase surface being positively and the Nup214 surface being negatively charged. We speculate that the positively charged surface of the interacting ADP-helicase binds competitively to a segment of mRNA of a linearized mRNP, passing through the NPC on its way to the cytoplasm. As a result, the ADP-helicase would dissociate from Nup214 and replace a single bound protein from the mRNA. One cycle of protein replacement would be accompanied, cooperatively, by nucleotide exchange, ATP hydrolysis, release of the ADP-helicase from mRNA and its rebinding to Nup214. Repeat of these cycles would remove proteins from a mRNP, one at a time, akin to a ratchet mechanism for mRNA export.
Mining coherent subgraphs in multi-layer graphs with edge labels (2012)

Mining dense subgraphs such as cliques or quasi-cliques is an important graph mining problem and closely related to the notion of graph clustering. In various applications, graphs are enriched by additional information. For example, we can observe graphs representing different types of relations between the vertices. These multiple edge types can also be viewed as different "layers" of the same graph, which is denoted as a "multi-layer graph" in this work. Additionally, each edge might be annotated by a label characterizing the given relation in more detail. By exploiting all these different kinds of information, the detection of more interesting clusters in the graph can be supported.
N-Glycosylation of a mouse IgG expressed in transgenic tobacco plants (1999)

Since plants are emerging as an important system for the expression of recombinant glycoproteins, especially those intended for therapeutic purposes, it is important to scrutinize to what extent glycans harbored by mammalian glycoproteins produced in transgenic plants differ from their natural counterpart. We report here the first detailed analysis of the glycosylation of a functional mammalian glycoprotein expressed in a transgenic plant. The structures of the N-linked glycans attached to the heavy chains of the monoclonal antibody Guy's 13 produced in transgenic tobacco plants (plantibody Guy's 13) were identified and compared to those found in the corresponding IgG1 of murine origin. Both N-glycosylation sites located on the heavy chain of the plantibody Guy's 13 are N-glycosylated as in mouse. However, the number of Guy's 13 glycoforms is higher in the plant than in the mammalian expression system. Despite the high structural diversity of the plantibody N-glycans, glycosylation appears to be sufficient for the production of a soluble and biologically active IgG in the plant system. In addition to high-mannose-type N-glycans, 60% of the oligosaccharides N-linked to the plantibody have beta(1, 2)-xylose and alpha(1, 3)-fucose residues linked to the core Man3GlcNAc2. These plant-specific oligosaccharide structures are not a limitation to the use of plantibody Guy's 13 for topical immunotherapy. However, their immunogenicity may raise concerns for systemic applications of plantibodies in human.
Receptor‐operated Ca2+ entry mediated by TRPC3/TRPC6 proteins in rat prostate smooth muscle (PS1) cell line (2005)

Prostate smooth muscle cells predominantly express alpha1-adrenoceptors (alpha1-AR). alpha1-AR antagonists induce prostate smooth muscle relaxation and therefore they are useful therapeutic compounds for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms. However, the Ca(2+) entry pathways associated with the activation of alpha1-AR in the prostate have yet to be elucidated. In many cell types, mammalian homologues of transient receptor potential (TRP) genes, first identified in Drosophila, encode TRPC (canonical TRP) proteins. They function as receptor-operated channels (ROCs) which are involved in various physiological processes such as contraction, proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. To date, the expression and function of TRPC channels have not been studied in prostate smooth muscle. In fura-2 loaded PS1 (a prostate smooth muscle cell line) which express endogenous alpha1A-ARs, alpha-agonists epinephrine (EPI), and phenylephrine (PHE) induced Ca(2+) influx which depended on the extracellular Ca(2+) and PLC activation but was independent of PKC activation. Thus, we have tested two membrane-permeable analogues of diacylglycerol (DAG), oleoyl-acyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) and 1,2-dioctanoyl-sn-glycerol (DOG). They initiated Ca(2+) influx whose properties were similar to those induced by the alpha-agonists. Sensitivity to 2-aminoethyl diphenylborate (2-APB), SKF-96365 and flufenamate implies that Ca(2+)-permeable channels mediated both alpha-agonist- and OAG-evoked Ca(2+) influx. Following the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) store depletion by thapsigargin (Tg), a SERCA inhibitor, OAG and PHE were both still able to activate Ca(2+) influx. However, OAG failed to enhance Ca(2+) influx when added in the presence of an alpha-agonist. RT-PCR and Western blotting performed on PS1 cells revealed the presence of mRNAs and the corresponding TRPC3 and TRPC6 proteins. Experiments using an antisense strategy showed that both alpha-agonist- and OAG-induced Ca(2+) influx required TRPC3 and TRPC6, whereas the Tg-activated ("capacitative") Ca(2+) entry involved only TRPC3 encoded protein. It may be thus concluded that PS1 cells express TRPC3 and TRPC6 proteins which function as receptor- and store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathways.
A fractal based FSS with dual band characteristics (2003)

The design of multiband frequency selective surfaces (FSS) has attracted much attention. It is clear that by arraying dual-band elements it is possible to obtain a dual band FSS. On the other hand, the multiband properties of antennas designed using fractal shapes have been previously demonstrated. It appears a natural choice to explore the feasibility of a dual-band FSS based on fractal elements. A preliminary design of a FSS based on the Sierpinski gasket dipole is presented. The FSS is designed by periodically arraying a two iteration Sierpinski dipole. A fundamental constrain of this approach is the band limitation imposed by the excitation of grating lobes. It is for this reason that the design of a dual band FSS has been addressed, instead of a more general multiband design. The performance of the Sierpinski FSS is compared with a design based on the bow-tie element. It is been shown that it is possible to exploit the multiband properties of fractal antennas to design a dual band FSS.
Estrogen treatment of dyskinetic disorders (1982)

Estrogen have been reported in animal studies to both enhance and block central dopaminergic activity and in one clinical report to improve tardive dyskinesia. In the present study estrogen (Premarin, 2.5 mg per day) administration caused varying degrees of improvement in less than one-third of 21 patients with chorea due to Huntington's disease and tardive dyskinesia and had no effect in eight patients with dystonia. Estrogens appear to have an antidopaminergic effect in humans but poses only limited efficacy in the treatment of dyskinetic disorders.
High-fidelity patient simulation: considerations for effective learning. (2010)

This article explores a case of the implementation of high-fidelity simulation (HFS) in an undergraduate preregistration nursing program in a Canadian school of nursing. A small practice collaborative project to develop reusable simulation resources for team-based simulations is described, using HFS technology. Considerations for effective learning resulting from faculty and student evaluations of the project are discussed. Students identified positive learning experiences and indicated that real-time patient status changes proved valuable to them. Also, using these techniques offered a safe environment for improving competence. The use of reflective debriefing appeared to be a focal area for learning that requires emphasis in the planning of HFS experiences. This template, team-focused learning approach also appeared to offer a cost-efficient strategy for HFS.
Ultrasonication on a microfluidic chip to lyse single and multiple Pseudo‐nitzschia for marine biotoxin analysis (2011)

We present a microfluidic platform, which provides a simple and efficient means for handling and processing Pseudo-nitzschia, a neurotoxin-producing marine algae. Currently, analyzing the production of such toxins is complicated by multiple environmental factors and high variability among individual Pseudo-nitzschia species. To address this issue, we developed a device that can precisely trap single and multiple cells for subsequent lysis to extract relevant intracellular molecules. Our results show a cell trapping efficiency of up to 96%, which is achieved by hydrodynamic flow focusing. Additionally, complete cell lysis via ultrasonication can be accomplished within a few seconds. This platform can be applied to other algae and non-algae cell types with minimal modification, thus providing a valuable tool for studying biological intracellular mechanisms at the single and multi-cell level.