gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Hoechst 33342 Stain to Evaluate Live Fresh and Frozen Bull Sperm by Computer‐Assisted Analysis (1998)

The objective of this research was to investigate possible procedures for evaluating living bull sperm stained with Hoechst 33342 while in a simple medium and in commonly used complex egg yolk-glycerol-Tris (EYGT) and whole milk-glycerol (WMG) extenders. The two semen extenders provide good cryoprotection, but the latter one virtually obscures the sperm. To evaluate sperm motion characteristics when static nonsperm particles are present, a new Hamilton Thorne epifluorescent optical system (UV) with a strobe light was developed for potential use with DNA-stained sperm. This system permitted examination for the first time of sperm motion characteristics in milk. In Experiment 1 (four bull semen replicates with five dye concentrations and three incubation times), 2.5 microg/ml of Hoechst 33342 stained live and dead sperm sufficiently in a modified Tyrode's solution to measure all sperm characteristics without depressing motility, which was validated by using phase-contrast to analyze stained and unstained controls. In Experiments 2a and 2b, each using semen from four bulls with a 5 x 5 factorial arrangement, it was determined that 40 to 60 microg/ml of dye in EYGT or WMG, with UV illumination for 20 minutes, was optimal. There was no detrimental effect on sperm motility. In Experiment 3, analyses of two ejaculates, from each of eight bulls, confirmed that motion characteristics of sperm in EYGT and WMG were not depressed when the sperm were stained with Hoechst 33342. These experiments demonstrate that the dye concentrations and exposure times developed for use with the new epifluorescent optics facilitate evaluating bull sperm frozen in particle-filled whole milk and should be useful for sperm evaluation of a variety of species when nonsperm particulate matter may otherwise interfere.
A field conjugation method for direct synthesis of hyperthermia phases-array heating patterns (1989)

A phased-array field conjugation method is investigated as a means for synthesizing directly many ultrasound field patterns useful for tumor heating. For virtually any ultrasound phased array, the method permits the computation of element driving amplitude and phase distributions appropriate for synthesizing directly diffuse heating patterns without the need for mechanical or electrical scanning. Moreover, the proposed method offers the possibility of creating simultaneously, at different sites, more than one focus, which can then be scanned electronically. This attractive feature eliminates the need for operating at high spatial-peak temporal-peak focal intensities, a potential problem associated with conventional scanning, while achieving a desired heating pattern. The method is applied to two different applicator configurations: a concentric-ring and a square nxn array. Computer simulations of different heating patterns, synthesized using the field conjugation method, are presented. Important practical design parameters, such as the size and number of the array elements, are discussed.
Primary hepatic lymphoma (2001)

The outcome of patients with PHL who are treated with combination chemotherapy may be more favorable than that reported elsewhere. The frequent association of PHL with HCV infection observed in this series warrants further investigation.
Development of TLR9 agonists for cancer therapy (2007)

In vertebrates, the TLRs are a family of specialized immune receptors that induce protective immune responses when they detect highly conserved pathogen-expressed molecules. Synthetic agonists for several TLRs, including TLR3, TLR4, TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9, have been or are being developed for the treatment of cancer. TLR9 detects the unmethylated CpG dinucleotides prevalent in bacterial and viral DNA but not in vertebrate genomes. As discussed in this Review, short synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing these immune stimulatory CpG motifs activate TLR9 in vitro and in vivo, inducing innate and adaptive immunity, and are currently being tested in multiple phase II and phase III human clinical trials as adjuvants to cancer vaccines and in combination with conventional chemotherapy and other therapies.
Transcription-Induced DNA Double Strand Breaks: Both Oncogenic Force and Potential Therapeutic Target? (2011)

An emerging model of transcriptional activation suggests that induction of transcriptional programs, for instance by stimulating prostate or breast cells with androgens or estrogens, respectively, involves the formation of DNA damage, including DNA double strand breaks (DSB), recruitment of DSB repair proteins, and movement of newly activated genes to transcription hubs. The DSB can be mediated by the class II topoisomerase TOP2B, which is recruited with the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor to regulatory sites on target genes and is apparently required for efficient transcriptional activation of these genes. These DSBs are recognized by the DNA repair machinery triggering the recruitment of repair proteins such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), ATM, and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). If illegitimately repaired, such DSBs can seed the formation of genomic rearrangements like the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion oncogene in prostate cancer. Here, we hypothesize that these transcription-induced, TOP2B-mediated DSBs can also be exploited therapeutically and propose that, in hormone-dependent tumors like breast and prostate cancers, a hormone-cycling therapy, in combination with topoisomerase II poisons or inhibitors of the DNA repair components PARP1 and DNA-PK, could overwhelm cancer cells with transcription-associated DSBs. Such strategies may find particular utility in cancers, like prostate cancer, which show low proliferation rates, in which other chemotherapeutic strategies that target rapidly proliferating cells have had limited success.
Expression cloning of a receptor for C5a anaphylatoxin on differentiated HL-60 cells (1991)

A cDNA clone encoding the human C5a anaphylatoxin receptor has been isolated by expression cloning from a CDM8 expression library prepared from mRNA of human myeloid HL-60 cells differentiated to the granulocyte phenotype with dibutyryladenosine cyclic monophosphate. The cDNA clone was able to transfer to COS-7 cells the capacity to specifically bind iodinated human recombinant C5a. The cDNA was 2.3 kb long, with an open reading frame encoding a 350-residue polypeptide. Cross-linking of iodinated C5a to the plasma membrane of transfected COS cells revealed a complex with an apparent molecular mass of 52-55 kDa, similar to that observed for the constitutively expressed receptor in differentiated HL-60 cells or human neutrophils. Although differentiated HL-60 cells display a single class of binding sites, with a dissociation constant of approximately 800-900 pM, the C5a-R cDNA, expressed in COS cells, generates both high-affinity (1.7 nM) and low-affinity (20-25 nM) receptors. Sequence comparison established that the degree of sequence identity between the C5a receptor and the N-formylpeptide receptor is 34%.
Gold Compounds for Treating Arthritis, Cancer and Other Diseases (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Chemistry of gold in biological media Gold compounds for treating arthritis Gold complexes for treating cancer Gold complexes for treating AIDS and other diseases Problems References Further reading
Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks (1997)

Smart contracts combine protocols with user interfaces to formalize and secure relationships over computer networks. Objectives and principles for the design of these systems are derived from legal principles, economic theory, and theories of reliable and secure protocols. Similarities and differences between smart contracts and traditional business procedures based on written contracts, controls, and static forms are discussed. By using cryptographic and other security mechanisms, we can secure many algorithmically specifiable relationships from breach by principals, and from eavesdropping or malicious interference by third parties, up to considerations of time, user interface, and completeness of the algorithmic specification. This article discusses protocols with application in important contracting areas, including credit, content rights management, payment systems, and contracts with bearer.
SUFENTANIL PHARMACOKINETICS IN PATIENTS WITH CIRRHOSIS (1988)

Departments of Anesthesiology, “Hopital Ambroise Pare, 92104 Boulogne cedexHopital Saint-Jacques, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand cedex - Hopital Saint Antoine, 75012 Paris, FRANCE - #Laboratoires JANSSEN, Aubervilliers, FRANCE
On Viscoelastic, Birefringent, and Swelling Properties of Laponite Clay Suspensions:  Revisited Phase Diagram (1998)

Relations between thermodynamics, structural, and mechanical properties of Laponite suspensions were recently discussed in the literature. One important issue concerning the liquid/gel transition of the Laponite suspensions is to understand why a mechanical gel appears concomitantly with what appears as an incomplete nematic transition. To get some insight, we first give a more extended characterization of the viscoelastic properties of these suspensions near the liquid/gel transition. For this purpose, stress relaxation experiments are compared to direct determinations of the viscoelastic modulus in the frequency domain. This permits the following of viscoelastic properties, in the linear regime, on a very extended scale, from 10-5 to 102 rad/s. The data show that the relaxation mechanisms are very slow and are compatible with the presence of a large scale structural organization compared to the elementary particle size. The elastic modulus follows the power law: G‘ = A(C − C0)α. Only the concentration threshold varies with the ionic strength. In a second part, we compare, on the same system, how the osmotic pressure and the birefringent properties are correlated. As already shown by Gabriel et al., three optical domains can be defined, an isotropic liquid, an isotropic gel, and a birefringence gel, where numerous threadlike defects highly reminiscent of nematic texture are observed. An interesting new result is seen, a line that separates the isotropic and the birefringent gel coincides with the line where the plateau of the osmotic pressure ends up. Recalling that the osmotic plateau starts just at the liquid/solid transition, we propose a more complete phase diagram exhibiting a pseudobiphasic region with no macroscopic phase separation.
Multiscale structures for polarization control by using imprint and UV lithography (2005)

We investigate a viable manufacture method of large area transmission only polarizers (TOPOL). A multilayer, mixed-scale (nanostructures and microstructrures) design is presented to accomplish the required functional integration. The effective domain of the device is less than 2 <i>&#956;m</i> in thickness. Nanoimprint and UV lithography is combined to demonstrate the viable fabrication processes with 100 mm diameter wafers. The proposed structures can be further integrated. We also present detailed comparisons of the integrated devices with high-performance commercial-grade bulk optics.
Genetic Engineering of Hematopoiesis for Targeted IFN-α Delivery Inhibits Breast Cancer Progression (2014)

The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment represents a major hurdle to cancer therapy. We developed a gene transfer strategy into hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) to target transgene expression to tumor-infiltrating monocytes/macrophages. Using a combination of transcriptional and microRNA-mediated control, we achieved selective expression of an interferon-α (IFN-α) transgene in differentiated monocytes of human hematochimeric mice. We show that IFN-α transgene expression does not impair engraftment and long-term multilineage repopulation of NSG (NOD/LtSz-scidIL2Rγ(null)) mice by transplanted human HSCs. By providing a source of human cytokines in the mice, we improved the functional reconstitution of human myeloid, natural killer, and T cell lineages, and achieved enhanced immune-mediated clearance of transplanted human breast tumors when hematopoiesis was engineered for tumor-targeted IFN-α expression. By applying our strategy to mouse breast cancer models, we achieved inhibition of tumor progression and experimental metastases in an autologous setting, likely through enhanced generation of effector T cells and their recruitment to the neoplastic tissues. By forcing IFN-α expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, we blunted their innate protumoral activity and reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment toward more effective dendritic cell activation and immune effector cell cytotoxicity. Overall, our studies validate the feasibility, safety, and therapeutic potential of a new cancer gene therapy strategy, and open the way to test this approach as adjuvant therapy in advanced breast cancer patients.
ChemInform Abstract: CYCLIC TAUTOMERS OF TRYPTOPHANS AND TRYPTAMINES. 4. SYNTHESIS OF CYCLIC TAUTOMERS OF TRYPTOPHANS AND TRYPTAMINES (1981)

Abstract Der N‐Methoxycarbonyl‐tryptophanester (I) wird in 85proz. H 3 PO 4 zu dem Pyrroloindol‐Derivate (II) cyclisiert (die L‐ Form reagiert analog.
Dose-dependent induction of resistance to terminal differentiation in x-irradiated cultures of normal human keratinocytes. (1991)

Epidermal cell clones able to proliferate under conditions that cause normal human foreskin keratinocytes (NHK) to terminally differentiate were obtained in a dose-dependent fashion after repeated x-irradiation. No terminal differentiation-resistant (TDR) clones were detected unless the total x-ray dose was split in several fractions given at protracted intervals. The x-ray-induced TDR cells were aneuploid and differed from growing NHK with regard to expression of specific protein markers of differentiation. One of the isolated TDR clones escaped senescence but failed to form tumors in nude mice. Altogether, these data indicate that NHK cultures can be used to quantitate phenotypic changes associated with neoplastic transformation of normal human epithelial cells upon exposure to defined regimens of physicochemical treatments.
Decreased Maternal Serum Placenta Growth Factor in Early Second Trimester and Preeclampsia (2001)

In Brief Objective To compare early second-trimester maternal serum placenta growth factor concentrations in patients with subsequent development of preeclampsia and those with normal pregnancies. Methods We conducted a case-control analysis of stored maternal serum of 27 women who subsequently developed preeclampsia and 227 randomly selected normal controls during the gestational period of 14–19 weeks. Using such a sample size, there was a greater than 95% power to test a difference in the primary study interest. A quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay was used to measure the maternal serum placenta growth factor concentration. For statistical analysis, Mann–Whitney U tests, multiple linear regression analysis, multivariable logistic regression model, and receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve were used. P < .05 was considered statistically significant. Results Maternal serum placenta growth factor concentration was associated with the occurrence of subsequent preeclampsia (P < .001) and gestational age (P < .001). The median (interquartile range) of multiples (MoM) of the gestational age stratified median for placenta growth factor in preeclampsia was 0.55 (0.33, 0.85). The ROC curve revealed that the specificity was 70% when the diagnostic sensitivity was 70%, and the optimal cutoff value of placenta growth factor MoM was 0.76. The risk of developing preeclampsia subsequently was increased 2.5-fold for maternal serum placenta growth factor concentration decrements of 0.1 MoM. Conclusion A decreased maternal serum placenta growth factor concentration in the early second trimester is highly associated with the subsequent development of preeclampsia, but a large prospective study is needed to explore its use as an early predictor for the condition. Decreased maternal serum placenta growth factor concentration during the early second trimester is highly associated with an increased risk of developing preeclampsia.
Stem cell self-renewal considerations in bone marrow transplantation. (1989)

Autologous bone marrow transplantation is being used for an increasing number of patients with malignant diseases including Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and leukemia. As the success of this procedure improves, there will be continuing concern for the consequences of such treatment. One such concern is the long-term hematopoietic function of recipients following marrow transplantation. There is evidence that bone marrow stem cells are limited in self-renewal capacity. Under circumstances of exposure to certain cytotoxic agents or to great proliferative stress, and following transplantation of marrow into lethally irradiated recipients, bone marrow stem cells undergo a permanent loss of self-renewal capacity. This loss is not initially reflected in peripheral blood counts or in marrow cellularity, but can be determined by a decrease in marrow stem cell content and by assays measuring self renewal. Animal work suggests that survival may be decreased following this loss in self-renewal. In order to limit the adverse effect of this phenomenon, efforts should be made to optimize both the quantity and quality of donor marrow engrafted. This should be possible by transplanting the largest number of marrow cells feasible, and by avoiding prior exposure to cytotoxic agents that are known to damage early stem cells in those patients who are possible candidates for autologous marrow transplantation. The use of lymphokines and peripheral stem cell harvests in transplantation should be carefully monitored as self renewal of engrafted marrow may also be decreased following these new techniques.
Effect of helical slow-wave circuit variations on TWT cold-test characteristics (1998)

Recent advances in the state of the art of computer modeling offer the possibility for the first time to evaluate the effect that slow-wave structure parameter variations, such as manufacturing tolerances, have on the cold-test characteristics of helical traveling-wave tubes (TWTs). This will enable manufacturers to determine the cost effectiveness of controlling the dimensions of the component parts of the TWT, which is almost impossible to do experimentally without building a large number of tubes and controlling several parameters simultaneously. The computer code MAFIA is used in this analysis to determine the effect on dispersion and on-axis interaction impedance of several helical slow-wave circuit parameter variations, including thickness and relative dielectric constant of the support rods, tape width, and height of the metallized films deposited on the dielectric rods. Previous computer analyzes required so many approximations that accurate determinations of the effect of many relevant dimensions on tube performance were practically impossible.
Proposal for a 3‐D display with accommodative compensation: 3DDAC (1996)

Abstract— This paper proposes a novel binocular‐disparity three‐dimensional (3‐D) display with accommodative compensation (3DDAC) to achieve fatigue‐free viewing. The display principle is based both on detecting gaze points and moving the display screen to the gaze depth in real time. Gaze detection is discussed with respect to whether eyeball rotation occurs or not, and screen motion is discussed with respect to whether the screen is real or a virtual image. In an experimental setup, a 3‐D computer‐graphics image was produced to evaluate the accommodation effect. The gaze position was fixed at the center of the field of view, and the display depth was controlled by a z ‐buffer value of the pixel focused on. The display screen was then moved, as a virtual image, by back‐and‐forth movements of a relay lens. It was determined that the perceived sharpness of the image increased for the proposed display mode.
HIV-1 gp120 Mannoses Induce Immunosuppressive Responses from Dendritic Cells (2007)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a vaccine immunogen that can signal via several cell surface receptors. To investigate whether receptor biology could influence immune responses to gp120, we studied its interaction with human, monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) in vitro. Gp120 from the HIV-1 strain JR-FL induced IL-10 expression in MDDCs from 62% of donors, via a mannose C-type lectin receptor(s) (MCLR). Gp120 from the strain LAI was also an IL-10 inducer, but gp120 from the strain KNH1144 was not. The mannose-binding protein cyanovirin-N, the 2G12 mAb to a mannose-dependent gp120 epitope, and MCLR-specific mAbs inhibited IL-10 expression, as did enzymatic removal of gp120 mannose moieties, whereas inhibitors of signaling via CD4, CCR5, or CXCR4 were ineffective. Gp120-stimulated IL-10 production correlated with DC-SIGN expression on the cells, and involved the ERK signaling pathway. Gp120-treated MDDCs also responded poorly to maturation stimuli by up-regulating activation markers inefficiently and stimulating allogeneic T cell proliferation only weakly. These adverse reactions to gp120 were MCLR-dependent but independent of IL-10 production. Since such mechanisms might suppress immune responses to Env-containing vaccines, demannosylation may be a way to improve the immunogenicity of gp120 or gp140 proteins.
Ethical Dilemma: HIV and the Elderly Lovers (2002)

Hannah is a pleasant and alert 65-year-old lady who lives alone in a low-income housing development. According to her record, Hannah has been a widow for almost 1 year and has no children or living relatives. Her pastor is the only person listed to notify in an emergency.
Detection and characterization of proteins encoded by the second ORF of the M2 gene of pneumoviruses (1999)

The nucleotide sequence of the M2 gene of pneumonia virus of mice (PVM) was determined. The sequence showed that the gene encoded a protein of 176 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 20165 Da from a major ORF, which is smaller than the equivalent proteins encoded by human, bovine and ovine respiratory syncytial (RS) viruses. The PVM M2 protein is conserved, having 41% similarity to the equivalent human RS virus protein. In common with the M2 genes of the RS viruses and avian pneumovirus (APV), the PVM mRNA also contained a second ORF (ORF2) that partially overlaps the first ORF and which is capable of encoding a 98 residue polypeptide. No significant sequence identity could be detected between the putative M2 ORF2 proteins of PVM, APV and the RS viruses. The expression of the M2 ORF2 proteins of the pneumoviruses was investigated by using monospecific antisera raised against GST fusion proteins. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of polypeptides encoded by M2 ORF2 of PVM and RS virus corresponding with those predicted by in vitro translation studies, but this was not the case for APV. The PVM polypeptide was present as three distinct products in vivo. The PVM and RS virus polypeptides were also detected in cells by immunofluorescence, which showed that both were present in the cytoplasm with a degree of localization in inclusion bodies. No APV M2 ORF2 protein could be detected in vivo. The RS virus M2 ORF2 polypeptide was shown to accumulate during infection and the potential implications of this are discussed.
NMR Characterization of Kinase p38 Dynamics in Free and Ligand‐Bound Forms (2005)

In its apo state kinase p38 effects slow motions that can be detected in the NMR spectrum. One of the affected parts is the pharmacologically interesting DFG motif. Diarylurea inhibitors that bind to the DFG-out conformation lock this motif in a defined state, whereas DFG-in inhibitors that bind to the adjacent hinge region leave the flexibility of the DFG motif unaffected (see crystal structure of the complex of p38 with the inhibitor SB203580).