gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imidazole-containing Polymers. Synthesis and Polymerization of the Monomer 4(5)-Vinylimidazole (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTImidazole-containing Polymers. Synthesis and Polymerization of the Monomer 4(5)-VinylimidazoleC. G. Overberger and N. VorchheimerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 7, 951–955Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00890a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00890a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1961Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vertical load-displacement response of untrenched offshore pipelines on calcareous sand (2002)

A plasticity model is presented to describe the drained vertical load-displacement response of untrenched offshore pipelines on calcareous sand. The predicted plastic response during monotonic loading and elastoplastic behaviour during reloading is shown to compare well with experimental data. The model can be used to evaluate total settlement of a pipeline under both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions. Using the framework presented in this paper, it is possible to extend the model to simulate the vertical load-displacement response of other types of shallow foundations and to cover undrained conditions.
Lidocaine and its Analogues Inhibit IL-5-Mediated Survival and Activation of Human Eosinophils (1998)

Eosinophils and cytokines active on eosinophils, especially IL-5, are believed to be critically involved in chronic allergic diseases. IL-5 activates eosinophils and enhances their survival in vitro by delaying apoptosis. In this study, we found that lidocaine and six analogues blunt responses of eosinophils to IL-5. Lidocaine and its derivatives inhibit IL-5-mediated eosinophil survival in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 110 microM for 30 pg/ml IL-5). At suboptimal lidocaine concentrations, the eosinophil survival response to IL-5 shifts and more IL-5 is required to maintain survival. The inhibitory effect requires at least 24-h exposure of eosinophils to lidocaine, and the protein kinase C activator, PMA, completely reverses the inhibition. A multiparameter flow-cytometric analysis shows that lidocaine hastens the apoptosis of eosinophils normally delayed by IL-5. Lidocaine does not affect IL-5R expression or IL-5-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Lidocaine also inhibits eosinophil survival mediated by IL-3 or granulocyte-macrophage CSF, although less potently than that mediated by IL-5. Furthermore, lidocaine inhibits eosinophil superoxide production stimulated by IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage CSF, or IL-3, but not that stimulated by platelet-activating factor, immobilized IgG, or PMA. Lidocaine and its derivatives show novel immunomodulatory properties and are able to blunt eosinophil responses to cytokines in addition to their local anesthetic or antiarrhythmic properties. Thus, lidocaine and its derivatives may represent a new class of therapeutic agents to treat patients with allergic diseases.
Linear lesions in myocardium created by Nd:YAG laser using diffusing optical fibers: In vitro and in vivo results (2000)

Long linear lesions, necessary for duplication of the surgical maze procedure during catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, may be created by using laser radiation delivered through flexible diffusing optical fiber tips. Further development of steerable catheters for endocardial atrial ablation and studies correlating thermal damage zones with electrophysiologic indicators of irreversible conduction block are warranted.
Role of Small RNAs in Host-Microbe Interactions (2010)

Plant defense responses against pathogens are mediated by activation and repression of a large array of genes. Host endogenous small RNAs are essential in this gene expression reprogramming process. Here, we discuss recent findings on pathogen-regulated host microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and their roles in plant-microbe interaction. We further introduce small RNA pathway components, including Dicer-like proteins (DCLs), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding protein, RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RDRs), small RNA methyltransferase HEN1, and Argonaute (AGO) proteins, that contribute to plant immune responses. The strategies that pathogens have evolved to suppress host small RNA pathways are also discussed. Collectively, host small RNAs and RNA silencing machinery constitute a critical layer of defense in regulating the interaction of pathogens with plants.
Plasmon-polariton transport in metal-nanoparticle chains embedded in a gain medium (2006)

Plasmon-polariton transport on chains of noncontacting noble-metal nanoparticles suffers from severe attenuation. A possible way of countering the attenuation by embedding the nanoparticle chain in an optical-gain medium is considered. It is found that short-wavelength surface polaritons can acquire exponential growth that can counter nonradiative loss. This is most pronounced for modes polarized transverse to the chain axis immediately outside the light line; this growth factor is likely to be sufficient to counterbalance losses and so lead to low-attenuation propagation of plasmon polaritons in nanoparticle chains.
Cholesterol Esterification by Host and Parasite Is Essential for Optimal Proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii (2001)

Upon host cell invasion the apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii resides in a specialized compartment termed the parasitophorous vacuole that is derived from the host cell membrane but modified by the parasite. Despite the segregation of the parasitophorous vacuole from the host endocytic network, the intravacuolar parasite has been shown to acquire cholesterol from the host cell. In order to characterize further the role of sterol metabolism in T. gondii biology, we focused our studies on the activity of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), a key enzyme for maintaining the intracellular homeostasis of cholesterol through the formation of cholesterol esters. In this study, we demonstrate that ACAT and cholesterol esters play a crucial role in the optimal replication of T. gondii. Moreover, we identified ACAT activity in T. gondii that can be modulated by pharmacological ACAT inhibitors with a consequent detrimental effect on parasite replication.
Aortic stenosis: physics and physiology--what do the numbers really mean? (2005)

Cardiac catheterization and Doppler echocardiography are two methods used to measure transvalvular gradients and valve area in the assessment of aortic stenosis severity. Although both approaches are based on the same hemodynamic concepts and report data using the same units of measure, each method measures pressure drop or gradient at a different place; hence they produce fundamentally different quantities. Likewise, cardiac catheterization formulas for valve area attempt to obtain the anatomic area whereas the Doppler continuity equation reports the area to which flow is constricted. To use these two methods appropriately, it is necessary to understand the underlying hemodynamic principles and the effects of the methods of measurement on the values obtained. This article examines these variables and shows how they affect the reported gradients and valve areas and how differences can affect clinical application.
Identification of genetic loci implicated in the survival of Mycobacterium smegmatis in human mononuclear phagocytes (1998)

A luminescence-based procedure that permits the rapid evaluation of the survival of mycobacteria within mononuclear phagocytes was developed and used to screen insertional mutants of Mycobacterium smegmatis for their ability to survive in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Among the 5000 mutants tested, eight mutants were identified that demonstrated impaired intracellular survival in human macrophages but that grew normally in the absence of cells. For each mutant, a portion of the gene interrupted by the transposition event was amplified by ligand-mediated PCR and sequenced. In all cases, the existence of homologous genes of as yet unknown function were identified in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis genome. Complementation of the mutant mycobacterial strains with cosmids containing the homologous loci from M. tuberculosis restored normal intracellular growth in three of the four mutants tested, supporting the idea that these loci contain genes that are important for intracellular survival. This study demonstrates the feasibility of directly screening mutant mycobacterial strains to identify genes coding for activities necessary for the intracellular survival in human mononuclear phagocytes, an important initial step in the identification of potential targets for new therapeutic agents.
Effects of Electrode Size on Basic Excitatory Responses and on Selected Stimulus Parameters (1994)

Recent data have implicated the size of surface electrodes as an important factor affecting peripheral nerve excitation. Therefore, we studied the effects ol electrode size on the basic excitatory responses and on stimulus characteristics. Four different sizes of self-adhesive surface electrodes were applied over the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscle ol 20 healthy subjects. The excita- tory levels were sensory threshold, motor threshold, pain threshold, and maximally tolerated painful stimulation. Stimulus parameters included a symmetric biphasic waveform, 200 fisec phase duration, and a pulse repetition rate of 50 pps. Amplitude was increased until the appropriate excitatory response was achieved. At this amplitude level, the computerized recording system collected data of stimulus peak current, peak voltage, and phase charge as well as isometric plantar flexion force. Repeated measure analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls post hoc tests revealed that increasing electrode size significantly decreased voltage but increased current and phase charge magnitudes. With increasing electrode area, the ratios of voltage/current decreased nonlinearly, while the ratios of charge/voltage increased nonlinearly. The comfort of stimulation for the same amount oi plantar flexion force improved significantly as electrode size became larger. We concluded that electrode size affects the stimulus parameters, comfort, and force generation associated with electrically induced excitatory responses. Electrode size should be considered an integral part of the attempt to improve subject response to transcutaneous electrical stimulation.
Wisconsin to Distribute Embryonic Cell Lines (2000)

Since the 1998 announcement that scientists had managed to grow human embryonic stem cells in lab culture, researchers have been clamoring for access to them. But they have been blocked on two fronts. One is proprietary—the biotechnology company Geron, which funded much of the work to derive the cells, has kept a tight rein on them. The other is regulatory. In the United States and many other countries, research is restricted because these cells are derived from early embryos or aborted fetuses.
Emended description of Paracoccus kondratievae. (2002)

An aerobic, facultatively chemolithotrophic and methylotrophic strain, GB, was isolated from a maize rhizosphere. On the basis of comparative analysis of its phenotypic and genotypic properties, it is proposed that strain GB(T) (= VKM B-2222T = NCIMB 13773T) be assigned to the genus Paracoccus as Paracoccus kondratievae sp. nov.
A retinoic acid responsive gene MK found in the teratocarcinoma system is expressed in spatially and temporally controlled manner during mouse embryogenesis. (1990)

A newly identified gene MK is transiently expressed in early stages of retinoic acid-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma cells (Kadomatsu, K., M. Tomomura, and T. Muramatsu, 1988. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151:1312-1318). MK gene has been predicted to code a polypeptide that is rich in basic amino acids and cysteine and is not related to any other peptides so far reported. In the present study, we investigated MK expression during mouse embryogenesis by in situ hybridization. The MK transcript was detected all over the embryo proper of the 7-d embryo, while it was not detectable in the 5-d embryo. The ubiquitous expression continued in the 9-d embryo proper. On the 11th-13th d of gestation, the sites where MK gene was intensely expressed became progressively restricted; these sites were the brain ectoderm around the lens and brain ventricles, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, the upper and lower jaw, the caudal sclerotomic half of vertebral column, the limbs, the stomach, and the epithelial tissues of the lung, the pancreas, the small intestine, and the metanephros. These areas include the region where secondary embryonic induction is prominent. In the 15-d embryo, only the kidney expressed MK significantly. These data suggest that MK gene plays a fundamental role in the differentiation of a wide variety of cells; MK gene may also play some specific roles in generation of epithelial tissues, and remodeling of mesoderm.
Long acting drug combinations in rheumatoid arthritis: a formal overview. (1991)

We compared the benefits and risks of combinations of long acting antirheumatic drugs with those of the same drugs used singly in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. We searched the literature through MEDLINE (1966-89), Index Medicus (1956-65), Excerpta Medica (1982-89), Science Citation Index (1982-89), and bibliographic review of located articles. Of a total of 341 citations, we identified 7 prospective trials that specifically addressed the stated purpose. We independently assessed the quality of the selected trials, using published methodological criteria and summarized the effect of treatment on arthritis activity and the incidence of side effects. The trials we evaluated tested various drug combinations. Because of deficiencies in methods and reporting, only 3 trials had sufficient quality to yield strong or moderately strong evidence. None conclusively demonstrated benefit of a drug combination: 2 suggested such benefit, including 1 also suggesting increased toxicity; the 3rd suggested only increased toxicity. The other 4 trials yielded weak evidence to support both increased efficacy and toxicity. The advantages of any antirheumatic drug combination remain unproven. Because these advantages are likely to be modest, they can only be shown in rigorously designed trials enrolling large numbers of patients. Methods and reporting of antirheumatic drug trials should be standardized to allow combining of study results.
Isolation of DNA fragments associated with methylated CpG islands in human adenocarcinomas of the lung using a methylated DNA binding column and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (1999)

We have constructed a library of DNA fragments heavily methylated in human adenocarcinomas of the lung to permit the comprehensive isolation of methylated CpG islands in cancer. Heavily methylated genomic DNA fragments from tumors of nine male patients were enriched using a methylated DNA binding column and used for construction of the library. From this library, DNA fragments having properties of CpG islands were isolated on the basis of their reduced rate of strand dissociation during denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Approximately 1,000 clones, corresponding to 0.3% of the library were analyzed, and nine DNA fragments were identified as being associated with CpG islands that were methylated in tumor DNA. One CpG island was methylated specifically in tumor DNA, whereas the remaining eight CpG islands were methylated both in normal and tumor DNA derived from the same patients. Our results suggest that the number of CpG islands methylated specifically in tumors is not large. The library, which contains DNA fragments from methylated CpG islands comprehensively, is expected to be valuable when elucidating epigenetic processes involved in carcinogenesis.
Conservation of sequence and function between the product of the 52-kilodalton immediate-early gene of herpesvirus saimiri and the BMLF1-encoded transcriptional effector (EB2) of Epstein-Barr virus (1988)

We present a sequence of 2,220 nucleotides from a region of the genome of herpesvirus saimiri (HVS) which includes the coding and putative regulatory sequences for the 52-kilodalton (kDa) immediate-early (IE) phosphoprotein of the virus. The amino acid sequence predicted for this protein shows it to be homologous to the EB2 transcriptional effector encoded by the BMLF1 open reading frame of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the IE 68-kDa protein of varicella-zoster virus, and the IE 63-kDa (alpha 27) protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV). By measuring the function of the HVS 52-kDa-protein gene in transient expression assays, we also showed that it can substitute with comparable efficiency for the EB2 product of EBV in the EB1-dependent activation of the EBV DR promoter. The alpha 27 gene of HSV was an inefficient trans-activator in similar assays. We conclude that the IE 52-kDa protein of HVS is structurally and functionally more similar to the homologous protein of the human lymphotropic virus, EBV, than to the corresponding proteins from the neurotropic viruses, varicella-zoster virus and HSV.
Serum proteome profiling of pancreatitis using recombinant antibody microarrays reveals disease‐associated biomarker signatures (2012)

Purpose Pancreatitis is an inflammatory state of the pancreas, for which high‐performing serological biomarkers are lacking. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the use of affinity proteomics for identifying potential markers of disease and stratifying pancreatitis subtypes. Experimental design High‐content, recombinant antibody microarrays were applied for serum protein expression profiling of 113 serum samples from patients with chronic, acute, and autoimmune pancreatitis, as well as healthy controls. The sample groups were compared using supervised classification based on support vector machine analysis. Results This discovery study showed that pancreatitis subtypes could be discriminated with high accuracy. Using unfiltered data, the individual subtypes, as well as the combined pancreatitis cohort, were distinguished from healthy controls with high AUC values (0.96–1.00). Moreover, characteristic protein patterns and AUC values in the range of 0.69–0.95 were observed for the individual pancreatitis entities when compared to each other, and to all other samples combined. Conclusions and clinical relevance This study demonstrated the potential of the antibody microarray approach for stratification of pancreatitis. Distinct candidate multiplex serum biomarker signatures for chronic, acute, and autoimmune pancreatitis were defined, which could enhance our fundamental knowledge of the underlying molecular mechanisms, and potentially lead to improved diagnosis.
Effect of a mutation at tyrosine 950 of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor on the growth and transformation of cells. (1995)

Recent evidence has shown that the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor plays a major role in the establishment and maintenance of transformation. To identify domains in the IGF-I receptor that are necessary for transformation, the tyrosine at residue 950 of the human IGF-I receptor cDNA was mutated to phenylalanine, and the plasmid expressing the mutant receptor was stably transfected into R- cells, which are mouse embryo fibroblasts with a targeted disruption of the type 1 receptor for the insulin-like growth factors. At variance with the wild-type receptor, the Y950 mutant receptor has lost its ability to transmit an IGF-I-mediated mitogenic signal or to transform R- cells. These experiments show, for the first time, that tyrosine 950 of the IGF-I receptor is necessary for its mitogenic and transforming activities.
Dietary intake of total marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid and the risk of acute coronary syndrome – a cohort study (2009)

Dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA has been negatively associated with the risk of CHD among subjects with known CHD, whereas an effect in healthy subjects is less documented. We assessed the hypothesis that dietary intake of marine n-3 PUFA is negatively associated with the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in healthy subjects. In the Danish Diet, Cancer and Health cohort study, 57 053 participants were enrolled. Dietary intake of total n-3 PUFA, including EPA, docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and DHA, was assessed. During a mean follow-up period of 7.6 years, we identified all cases (n 1150) from this cohort with an incident ACS diagnosis in the Danish National Patient Registry or the Cause of Death Registry. Diagnoses were verified through medical record review. In Cox proportional hazard models, we adjusted for established risk factors for CHD. Men in the four highest quintiles of n-3 PUFA intake (>0.39 g n-3 PUFA per d) had a lower incidence of ACS compared with men in the lowest quintile. The hazard ratio was 0.83 (95 % CI 0.67, 1.03) when we compared men in the second lowest and lowest quintile of n-3 PUFA intake. Higher intake of n-3 PUFA did not strengthen this association. Associations for EPA, DPA and DHA were all negative, but less consistent. No convincing associations were found among women. In conclusion, we found borderline significant negative associations between the intake of marine n-3 PUFA and ACS among healthy men.
Defining Rules for the Shape Evolution of Gold Nanoparticles (2012)

The roles of silver ions and halides (chloride, bromide, and iodide) in the seed-mediated synthesis of gold nanostructures have been investigated, and their influence on the growth of 10 classes of nanoparticles that differ in shape has been determined. We systematically studied the effects that each chemical component has on the particle shape, on the rate of particle formation, and on the chemical composition of the particle surface. We demonstrate that halides can be used to (1) adjust the reduction potential of the gold ion species in solution and (2) passivate the gold nanoparticle surface, both of which control the reaction kinetics and thus enable the selective synthesis of a series of different particle shapes. We also show that silver ions can be used as an underpotential deposition agent to access a different set of particle shapes by controlling growth of the resulting gold nanoparticles through surface passivation (more so than kinetic effects). Importantly, we show that the density of silver coverage can be controlled by the amount and type of halide present in solution. This behavior arises from the decreasing stability of the underpotentially deposited silver layer in the presence of larger halides due to the relative strengths of the Ag(+)/Ag(0)-halide and Au(+)/Au(0)-halide interactions, as well as the passivation effects of the halides on the gold particle surface. We summarize this work by proposing a set of design considerations for controlling the growth and final shape of gold nanoparticles prepared by seed-mediated syntheses through the judicious use of halides and silver ions.