gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
WHAT FACTORS CONTROL THE STRUCTURE OF SILICA AEROGELS ? (1989)

By manipulating polymerization conditions in solution precursors, it is possible to control the structure of silica aerogels. Porosity varies from grain-like to polymer-like. When produced from alkoxides, pH is the dominant factor that determines structure. Under strongly basic conditions (pH > 12) compact colloidal particles are observed. In the range pH = 8-12, particles of varying surface roughness result. In the neutral range, polymerization is self-limiting, producing polymers with the geometry of percolation clusters at threshold. Under acidic conditions, highly ramified branched polymers are realized. Using the concept of fractal geometry, different growth processes are identified that account for the observed structure. These processes include Eden growth (reaction-limited monomer-cluster aggregation) under basic conditions and the cluster-cluster analogue under acidic conditions. Kinetic percolation is postulated for the neutral regime.
Electroosmotic flow control and surface conductance in capillary zone electrophoresis (1993)

Electroosmotic flow within capillary zone electrophoresis can be altered electronically through a mechanism modeled as surface conductance. Experimentally, a small zone of conductive silver on the outer surface of the capillary is shown to permit good control of electroosmotic flow with an applied external voltage. This control is modeled as capacitance across the capillary wall and conductance along the double layer on the inner surface. Experimental results presented agree with theory developed from this model. Surface conductance in capillary zone electrophoresis may significantly simplify electronic control of electroosmotic flow and lead to a better understanding of the effects of chemical modifications to the inner surface of the capillary.
Deep Multi-task Representation Learning: A Tensor Factorisation Approach (2016)

Most contemporary multi-task learning methods assume linear models. This setting is considered shallow in the era of deep learning. In this paper, we present a new deep multi-task representation learning framework that learns cross-task sharing structure at every layer in a deep network. Our approach is based on generalising the matrix factorisation techniques explicitly or implicitly used by many conventional MTL algorithms to tensor factorisation, to realise automatic learning of end-to-end knowledge sharing in deep networks. This is in contrast to existing deep learning approaches that need a user-defined multi-task sharing strategy. Our approach applies to both homogeneous and heterogeneous MTL. Experiments demonstrate the efficacy of our deep multi-task representation learning in terms of both higher accuracy and fewer design choices.
Human Age Estimation With Regression on Discriminative Aging Manifold (2008)

Recently, extensive studies on human faces in the human-computer interaction (HCI) field reveal significant potentials for designing automatic age estimation systems via face image analysis. The success of such research may bring in many innovative HCI tools used for the applications of human-centered multimedia communication. Due to the temporal property of age progression, face images with aging features may display some sequential patterns with low-dimensional distributions. In this paper, we demonstrate that such aging patterns can be effectively extracted from a discriminant subspace learning algorithm and visualized as distinct manifold structures. Through the manifold method of analysis on face images, the dimensionality redundancy of the original image space can be significantly reduced with subspace learning. A multiple linear regression procedure, especially with a quadratic model function, can be facilitated by the low dimensionality to represent the manifold space embodying the discriminative property. Such a processing has been evaluated by extensive simulations and compared with the state-of-the-art methods. Experimental results on a large size aging database demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our proposed framework.
Urinary Pharmacokinetics of Baicalein, Wogonin and Their Glycosides after Oral Administration of Scutellariae Radix in Humans. (2003)

Baicalin, baicalein, wogonoside and wogonin are flavone constituents of Scutellariae Radix with various beneficial biological activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the urinary pharmacokinetics of these flavones after oral administration of Scutellariae Radix commercial powder. Ten healthy male volunteers received a dose of 5.2 g commercial powder (comparable to 9 g crude drug), respectively. The concentrations of baicalin, baicalein and wogonin in the commercial powder as well as their metabolites in urine were assayed by HPLC method. The glucuronides and sulfates of baicalein and wogonin in urine were hydrolyzed with beta-glucuronidase and sulfatase, respectively. Our results showed that the mean cumulated renal excretion of baicalein glucuronides and sulfates were 43.1+/-4.5 micromol (2.9% of dose) and 64.8+/-6.3 micromol (4.3% of dose), respectively, whereas wogonin glucuronides and sulfates were 21.6+/-2.0 micromol (5.9% of dose) and 20.7+/-1.7 micromol (5.7% of dose), respectively. The result indicated that the renal excretion of conjugated metabolites of wogonin (11.6% of dose) were higher than that of baicalein (7.2% of dose). The baicalein sulfates was predominant than the corresponding glucuronides, whereas wogonin sulfates was comparable to the corresponding glucuronides.
Evolutionary Diversity of Symbiotically Induced Nodule MADS Box Genes: Characterization of nmhC5, a Member of a Novel Subfamily (1997)

Unique organs called nodules form on legume roots in response to intracellular infection by soil bacteria in the genus Rhizobium. This study describes a new MADS box gene, nmhC5, which along with nmh7 (J. Heard and K. Dunn, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5273-5277, 1995), is expressed in alfalfa (Medicago sativa) root nodules. Together, these genes represent the first putative transcription factors identified in nodules. Expression in a root-derived structure supports the growing sentiment that MADS box proteins have diverse roles in plant development. Comparison of the putative translation product of nmhC5 with those of other reported members of the MADS box family suggests that the overall structure of nmhC5 is conserved. Evolutionary analysis among the MADS box family showed that nmhC5 is orthologous to a root-expressed clone in Arabidopsis thaliana, agl17, and that nmh7 is similar to the floral subfamily with AP3 (DefA)/PI (Glo). Consistent with a prediction of homodimer formation, NMHC5 was shown to bind a CArG consensus sequence in vitro. In contrast, NMH7, which shows structural similarity to MADS box proteins that form heterodimers, did not bind the CArG element in an in vitro DNA-binding assay, suggesting the existence of an unknown dimer partner. The root-derived MADS box genes constitute a novel subfamily of vegetatively expressed MADS box genes. The evolutionary diversity between nmh7 and nmhC5 could represent an overall mechanistic conservation between plant developmental processes or could mean that nmh7 and nmhC5 make fundamentally different contributions to the development of the nodule.
Parathyroid hormone/parathyrold hormone related peptide receptor gene transcripts are expressed from tissue-specific and ubiquitous promoters (1995)

The publishers wish to apologise for an error introduced in figure 5a of the above paper. The correct version of this figure is printed below.
Transcription-Dependent Induction of G1 Phase during the Zebra Fish Midblastula Transition (1997)

The early development of the zebra fish (Danio rerio) embryo is characterized by a series of rapid and synchronous cell cycles with no detectable transcription. This period is followed by the midblastula transition (MBT), during which the cell cycle gradually lengthens, cell synchrony is lost, and zygotic transcription is initially detected. In this work, we examined the changes in the pattern of the cell cycle during MBT in zebra fish and whether these changes are dependent on the initiation of zygotic transcription. To characterize the pattern of the early zebra fish cell cycles, the embryonic DNA content was determined by flow cytometric analysis. We found that G1 phase is below detection levels during the first 10 cleavages and can be initially detected at the onset of MBT. Inhibition of zygotic transcription, by microinjection of actinomycin D, abolished the appearance of G1 phase at MBT. Premature activation of zygotic transcription, by microinjection of nonspecific DNA, induced G1 phase before the onset of MBT, while coinjection of actinomycin D and nonspecific DNA abolished this early appearance of G1 phase. We therefore suggest that during the early development of the zebra fish embryo, G1 phase appears at the onset of MBT and that the activation of transcription at MBT is essential and sufficient for the G1-phase induction.
Temperature and Size Dependence of Nonradiative Relaxation and Exciton−Phonon Coupling in Colloidal CdTe Quantum Dots (2007)

We report on the temperature and size dependence of the photoluminescence of core CdTe colloidal quantum dots (QDs). We show that at temperatures lower than 170 K a thermally activated transition between two different states separated by about 12−20 meV takes place. At temperatures higher than 170 K, the main nonradiative process is thermal escape assisted by multiple longitudinal optical (LO) phonons absorption. Moreover, we show that quantum confinement affects both the exciton−acoustic phonons and the exciton−LO phonons coupling. The coupling constant with acoustic phonons is strongly enhanced in QDs (up to 31μeV/K) with respect bulk CdTe (0.7μeV/K). On the contrary, the exciton-LO phonons coupling constant decreases as the dot size decreases (down to 14 meV with respect 24.5 meV in the bulk).
Pose estimation of artificial knee implants in fluoroscopy images using a template matching technique (2002)

The paper describes an algorithm to estimate the position and orientation (pose) of artificial knee implants from X-ray fluoroscopy images using computer vision. The resulting information is used to determine the kinematics of bone motion in implanted knees. This determination can be used to support the development of improved prosthetic knee implants, which currently have a limited life span due to premature wear of the polyethylene material at the joint surface. The algorithm determines the full 6 degree of freedom translation and rotation of knee components. This is necessary for artificial knees which have shown significant rotation out of the sagittal plane, in particular internal/external rotations. By creating a library of images of components at known orientation and performing a template matching technique, the 3D pose of the femoral and tibial components are determined. The entire process, when used at certain knee angles, gives a representation of the positions in contact during normal knee motion.
Synthetic porphyrins. I. Synthesis and spectra of some para‐substituted meso ‐ Tetraphenylporphines (1966)

Abstract A series of derivatives of meso ‐tetraphenylporphine, with neutral, acidic and basic functional groups, has been prepared. Several of these compounds were synthesized directly via the Rothemund reaction, under a variety of conditions to obtain optimal yields; others were prepared by interconversions of various functional groups. Drastic reaction conditions employed for hydrolysis, alcoholysis, or lithium aluminum hydride reduction did not affect the porphine ring system. The two amino derivatives showed anomalous spectra in the visible range.
Sphingolipids as mediators of effects of platelet-derived growth factor in vascular smooth muscle cells (1993)

The role of sphingolipids in mediating the action of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) has been investigated in the vascular smooth muscle-derived A7r5 cell line. L-Cycloserine (2 mM), an inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis, caused time-dependent inhibition of [3H]serine incorporation into [3H]sphingomyelin in A7r5 cells. PDGF-AB (10 ng/ml), PDGF-BB (10 ng/ml), or sphingosine (10 microM) independently stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA in A7r5 cells. L-Cycloserine (2 mM) inhibited stimulation of DNA synthesis by both PDGF-AB and PDGF-BB. L-Cycloserine (2 mM, 16 h) did not affect the ability of PDGF or sphingosine to increase intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) in A7r5 cells loaded with the fluorescent indicator fura 2. Measurement of adenine nucleotide levels in A7r5 cell extracts by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography indicated that treatment with L-cycloserine did not adversely affect cellular metabolism. To determine directly whether PDGF activates sphingolipid metabolism, A7r5 cells were labeled with [3H]serine for 48 h and then treated with PDGF-AB (10 ng/ml) for 1 h. Sphingolipids were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified by liquid scintillation counting. PDGF-AB stimulated an increase in [3H]sphingosine from 25.5 +/- 3.0 to 37.5 +/- 4.1 counts.min-1 (cpm).micrograms protein-1 and a concomitant decrease in [3H]ceramide from 24.3 +/- 3.2 to 18.5 +/- 2.9 cpm/micrograms protein. These data suggest that the PDGF-stimulated increase in [Ca2+]i is not sufficient for induction of DNA synthesis and that mitogenic effects of PDGF in vascular smooth muscle cells are mediated by sphingolipid metabolism.
Enhanced Photochemical Hydrogen Production by a Molecular Diiron Catalyst Incorporated into a Metal–Organic Framework (2013)

A molecular proton reduction catalyst [FeFe](dcbdt)(CO)6 (1, dcbdt = 1,4-dicarboxylbenzene-2,3-dithiolate) with structural similarities to [FeFe]-hydrogenase active sites has been incorporated into a highly robust Zr(IV)-based metal-organic framework (MOF) by postsynthetic exchange (PSE). The PSE protocol is crucial as direct solvothermal synthesis fails to produce the functionalized MOF. The molecular integrity of the organometallic site within the MOF is demonstrated by a variety of techniques, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy. In conjunction with [Ru(bpy)3](2+) as a photosensitizer and ascorbate as an electron donor, MOF-[FeFe](dcbdt)(CO)6 catalyzes photochemical hydrogen evolution in water at pH 5. The immobilized catalyst shows substantially improved initial rates and overall hydrogen production when compared to a reference system of complex 1 in solution. Improved catalytic performance is ascribed to structural stabilization of the complex when incorporated in the MOF as well as the protection of reduced catalysts 1(-) and 1(2-) from undesirable charge recombination with oxidized ascorbate.
Nonresonant detection of terahertz radiation in field effect transistors (2002)

We present an experimental and theoretical study of nonresonant detection of subterahertz radiation in GaAs/AlGaAs and GaN/AlGaN heterostructure field effect transistors. The experiments were performed in a wide range of temperatures (8–300 K) and for frequencies ranging from 100 to 600 GHz. The photoresponse measured as a function of the gate voltage exhibited a maximum near the threshold voltage. The results were interpreted using a theoretical model that shows that the maximum in photoresponse can be explained by the combined effect of exponential decrease of the electron density and the gate leakage current.
Structural Basis for Binding Multiple Ligands by the Common Cytokine Receptor γ-Chain (2002)

The common gamma-chain (gamma(c)) that functions both in ligand binding and signal transduction is a shared subunit of the multichain receptors for interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. The structural basis by which the ectodomain of gamma(c) contributes to binding six distinct cytokines is only partially defined. In the present study, epitope mapping of antagonistic anti-gamma(c) monoclonal antibodies led to the identification of Asn-128 of mouse gamma(c) that represents another potential contact residue that is required for binding IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15 but not IL-4. In addition, Tyr-103, Cys-161, Cys-210, and Cys-211, previously identified to contribute to binding IL-2 and IL-7, were also found to be involved in binding IL-4 and IL-15. Collectively, these data favor a model in which gamma(c) utilizes a common mechanism for its interactions with multiple cytokines, and the binding sites are largely overlapping but not identical. Asn-128 and Tyr-103 likely act as contact residues whereas Cys-161, Cys-210, and Gly-211 may stabilize the structure of the proposed ligand-interacting surface formed by the two extracytoplasmic domains.
Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer (2004)

The normal development and maintenance of the prostate is dependent on androgen acting through the androgen receptor (AR). AR remains important in the development and progression of prostate cancer. AR expression is maintained throughout prostate cancer progression, and the majority of androgen-independent or hormone refractory prostate cancers express AR. Mutation of AR, especially mutations that result in a relaxation of AR ligand specificity, may contribute to the progression of prostate cancer and the failure of endocrine therapy by allowing AR transcriptional activation in response to antiandrogens or other endogenous hormones. Similarly, alterations in the relative expression of AR coregulators have been found to occur with prostate cancer progression and may contribute to differences in AR ligand specificity or transcriptional activity. Prostate cancer progression is also associated with increased growth factor production and an altered response to growth factors by prostate cancer cells. The kinase signal transduction cascades initiated by mitogenic growth factors modulate the transcriptional activity of AR and the interaction between AR and AR coactivators. The inhibition of AR activity through mechanisms in addition to androgen ablation, such as modulation of signal transduction pathways, may delay prostate cancer progression.
Activation of p38 signaling increases utrophin A expression in skeletal muscle via the RNA-binding protein KSRP and inhibition of AU-rich element-mediated mRNA decay: implications for novel DMD therapeutics (2013)

Several therapeutic approaches are currently being developed for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) including upregulating the levels of endogenous utrophin A in dystrophic fibers. Here, we examined the role of post-transcriptional mechanisms in controlling utrophin A expression in skeletal muscle. We show that activation of p38 leads to an increase in utrophin A independently of a transcriptional induction. Rather, p38 controls the levels of utrophin A mRNA by extending the half-life of transcripts via AU-rich elements (AREs). This mechanism critically depends on a decrease in the functional availability of KSRP, an RNA-binding protein known to promote decay of ARE-containing transcripts. In vitro and in vivo binding studies revealed that KSRP interacts with specific AREs located within the utrophin A 3' UTR. Electroporation experiments to knockdown KSRP led to an increase in utrophin A in wild-type and mdx mouse muscles. In pre-clinical studies, treatment of mdx mice with heparin, an activator of p38, causes a pronounced increase in utrophin A in diaphragm muscle fibers. Together, these studies identify a pathway that culminates in the post-transcriptional regulation of utrophin A through increases in mRNA stability. Furthermore, our results constitute proof-of-principle showing that pharmacological activation of p38 may prove beneficial as a novel therapeutic approach for DMD.
[Stable expression of heterologous proteins in salmonella: problems and approaches to their designing]. (1997)

Live attenuated Salmonella vaccines may be used as carriers of heterologous antigens. The optimum expression system for each heterologous antigen requires to be established on an individual basis. This will ensure that the antigen in question is produced at appropriate levels and in the correctly folded conformation. Different techniques for producing stable recombinant Salmonella strains suitable for their use as bivalent vaccines.
Protein metabolism during endurance exercise. (1985)

After reviewing all the available results from our laboratory and numerous reports in the literature concerning changes that have occurred in various aspects of protein metabolism during exercise, a number of conclusions can be drawn with some degree of confidence. During exercise, protein synthesis is depressed and this change leaves amino acids available for catabolic processes. The rate of leucine oxidation appears to be increased during exercise, and there is a movement of amino acids, mostly in the form of alanine, from muscle to liver where the rate of gluconeogenesis is increased as a result of exercise. These changes in protein metabolism are probably physiologically significant in at least three ways: amino acid conversion to citric acid cycle intermediates enhances the rate of oxidation of acetyl-CoA generated from glucose and fatty acid oxidation; increased conversion of amino acids to glucose helps to prevent hypoglycemia; oxidation of some amino acids may provide energy for muscular contraction.
Efficient Hydrodeoxygenation of Aliphatic Ketones over an Alkali‐Treated Ni/HZSM‐5 Catalyst (2013)

Abstract Cyclohexanone was chosen as a model substrate to evaluate certain catalysts for the hydrodeoxygenation of aliphatic ketones in a fixed‐bed reactor. The experimental results indicated that alkali‐treated Ni/HZSM‐5 exhibited excellent performance for this reaction. Two aspects of the catalyst are enhanced by alkaline treatment; the amount of strong acid sites on the catalyst is sharply reduced, and also a large number of mesopores are generated in the catalyst. The decrease of strong acid sites suppresses the formation of low‐boiling products and aldol‐condensation side products, while the mesopores improved hydrogenation and dehydration performances of the catalyst. These two aspects also promoted the catalyst’s excellent time‐on‐stream performance. Additionally, generality of the catalyst is proved; most of the selected carbonyl compounds can be hydrodeoxygenated to the corresponding alkanes with selectivities of more than 97.0 %.
Cellular frequency-hopping CDMA systems (2003)

The potential performance of a cellular frequency-hopping code-division multiple-access system is evaluated for both the forward and reverse links. The effects of sectorization, the number of mobile users per sector, spatial diversity, the number of frequency channels, and the thermal noise are studied. The performance advantage of separated orthogonal frequency-hopping patterns, which eliminate the effects of spectral splatter, is demonstrated.
CHRONIC WOUNDS (1997)

Skin ulcers are the most common chronic wounds. Current management principles and theories of causation of the most common ulcers--pressure, diabetic, and venous--are described. Issues related to occlusive dressings, compression dressings, topical antimicrobials, debridement, growth factors, grafting, and bioengineered tissue therapy are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on regulatory concerns.
Design and construction of cost-effective tapered amplifier systems for laser cooling and trapping experiments (2014)

We present plans for the construction and operation of a tapered optical amplifier (TA) system seeded by a single-mode, frequency-tunable, near-IR external-cavity diode laser. Our plans include machine drawings for the parts, electronic circuit diagrams, and information on prices and vendors. Instructions are provided on how to safely couple light into and out of the TA chip. Practical aspects of handling the chip are discussed as well. Because many cold atom experiments require light beams with Gaussian spatial profiles, measurements of the tapered amplifier light output through a single-mode optical fiber are presented as a function of seed intensity, polarization, and driving current.