gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Algorithmic improvements for fast concurrent Cuckoo hashing (2014)

Fast concurrent hash tables are an increasingly important building block as we scale systems to greater numbers of cores and threads. This paper presents the design, implementation, and evaluation of a high-throughput and memory-efficient concurrent hash table that supports multiple readers and writers. The design arises from careful attention to systems-level optimizations such as minimizing critical section length and reducing interprocessor coherence traffic through algorithm re-engineering. As part of the architectural basis for this engineering, we include a discussion of our experience and results adopting Intel's recent hardware transactional memory (HTM) support to this critical building block. We find that naively allowing concurrent access using a coarse-grained lock on existing data structures reduces overall performance with more threads. While HTM mitigates this slowdown somewhat, it does not eliminate it. Algorithmic optimizations that benefit both HTM and designs for fine-grained locking are needed to achieve high performance.
Acute administration of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A induces anxiety-like responses in the rat (1997)

Animal models have revealed that psychoactive cannabinoids induce both anxiolytic and anxiety-like reactions which are dose- and context-dependent. In the present study we examined the acute actions of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR 141716A in both the defensive withdrawal test and the elevated plus-maze in rats. Acute administration of SR 141716A (0.1, 1 and 3 mg kg-1) induced defensive responses in both anxiety tests, at a dose of 3 mg kg-1. This dose had no effect on horizontal locomotor activity and did not activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, although several cannabinoid withdrawal-like behavioural symptoms were observed. These results demonstrate that blockade of the endogenous cannabinoid tone might induce anxiety-like responses in rats.
Nitric oxide mediates glutamate neurotoxicity in primary cortical cultures. (1991)

Nitric oxide (NO) mediates several biological actions, including relaxation of blood vessels, cytotoxicity of activated macrophages, and formation of cGMP by activation of glutamate receptors in cerebellar slices. Nitric oxide synthase (EC 1.14.23.-) immunoreactivity is colocalized with nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide phosphate diaphorase in neurons that are uniquely resistant to toxic insults. We show that the nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, N omega-nitro-L-arginine (EC50 = 20 microM) and N omega-monomethyl-L-arginine (EC50 = 170 microM), prevent neurotoxicity elicited by N-methyl-D-aspartate and related excitatory amino acids. This effect is competitively reversed by L-arginine. Depletion of the culture medium of arginine by arginase or arginine-free growth medium completely attenuates N-methyl-D-aspartate toxicity. Sodium nitroprusside, which spontaneously releases NO, produces dose-dependent cell death that parallels cGMP formation. Hemoglobin, which complexes NO, prevents neurotoxic effects of both N-methyl-D-aspartate and sodium nitroprusside. These data establish that NO mediates the neurotoxicity of glutamate.
Repetitive Adenovirus Administration to the Parotid Gland: Role of Immunological Barriers and Induction of Oral Tolerance (1998)

This study assessed the mucosal and systemic immune responses following repetitive adenoviral vector instillation to the parotid glands. Also, we investigated the feasibility of oral tolerance induction as a rational strategy to overcome the immunological reactions. The replication-deficient recombinant adenovirus vector AdCMVCAT was instilled into rat parotid glands. Chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) activity in the parotid was observed after a first or second AdCMVCAT infection, but not after a third vector administration. ELISA assays showed increased anti-adenovirus immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM in serum, and also anti-adenovirus IgA in gland extracts and saliva after virus administration. The results of in vivo neutralization experiments demonstrated that salivary IgA and IgM prevented reinfection of the parotids with adenoviral vectors. Subsequently, studies were conducted to induce tolerance to adenovirus by peroral feedings of ultraviolet (UV)-inactivated virus before gene administration to the parotid glands. Between 3 and 13 doses of virus were fed to rats. Final parotid gene expression was dependent on the number of viral feedings and the amount fed. Tolerized animals showed prolonged and heightened gene expression in the salivary glands compared to control animals and displayed gene expression even after three administrations of vector. Mononuclear cells from the spleens of these animals showed reduced proliferation following adenovirus stimulation. This same cell population was depleted of CD8+ T cells and found to produce less interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) after virus challenge. This profile indicates the down regulation of Th1 cell-mediated responses. These results indicate that oral tolerance induction is a potentially useful adjunct to virus-based gene therapy.
Identification of Active Site Residues in Glucosylceramide Synthase (2001)

Glucosylceramide synthase (GCS) transfers glucose from UDP-Glc to ceramide, catalyzing the first glycosylation step in the formation of higher order glycosphingolipids. The amino acid sequence of GCS was reported to be dissimilar from other proteins, with no identifiable functional domains. We previously identified His-193 of rat GCS as an important residue in UDP-Glc and GCS inhibitor binding; however, little else is known about the GCS active site. Here, we identify key residues of the GCS active site by performing biochemical and site-directed mutagenesis studies of rat GCS expressed in bacteria. First, we found that Cys-207 was the primary residue involved in GCS N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity. Next, we showed by multiple alignment that the region of GCS flanking His-193 and Cys-207 (amino acids 89-278) contains a D1,D2,D3,(Q/R)XXRW motif found in the putative active site of processive beta-glycosyltransferases (e.g. cellulose, chitin, and hyaluronan synthases). Site-directed mutagenesis studies demonstrated that most of the highly conserved residues were essential for GCS activity. We also note that GCS and processive beta-glycosyltransferases are topologically similar, possessing cytosolic active sites, with putative transmembrane domains immediately N-terminal to the conserved domain. These results provide the first extensive information on the GCS active site and show that GCS and processive beta-glycosyltransferases possess a conserved substrate-binding/catalytic domain.
Approval Summary for Erlotinib for Treatment of Patients with Locally Advanced or Metastatic Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer after Failure of at Least One Prior Chemotherapy Regimen (2005)

On November 18, 2004, the FDA granted erlotinib regular approval for treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic NSCLC after failure of at least one prior chemotherapy regimen. The applicant has committed to conduct post-marketing clinical trials to assess further the effect of epidermal growth factor receptor expression, measured with immunohistochemical staining, on erlotinib treatment effect.
Transformations of 3-alkyl-4-(methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-diazonium salts (2009)

The coupling of 3-alkyl-4-(methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-diazonium salts with acetylacetone followed by cyclization of the formed heterylhydrazones resulted in pyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazines. The 4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-5-diazonium salt was not involved into a similar reaction but suffered an intramolecular azo coupling giving pyrazolo[3,4-c]-cinnoline.
Microstructure and critical current density of zone melt textured YBa2Cu3O6+x (1990)

Zone melting has been used to produce texture in extruded YBa2Cu3O6+x wires. Highly aligned microstructures are produced with a-b planes oriented along the axis of the wires. Microstructural observations show that changes in alignment orientation can occur, and can result in the inability to carry a transport current. Pulsed transport Jc measurements on oriented samples indicate a zero field critical current density greater than 4×104 A/cm2.
Human immunization with attenuated sporozoites. (1990)

Studies conducted between 1971 and 1975 showed that attenuated sporozoites can induce protection against human malaria. Three volunteers were protected against challenge with either a homologous or heterologous strain of Plasmodium falciparum after being exposed to a total of 440-987 X-irradiated mosquitos on 6-8 occasions over a period of 10-38 weeks. Protection lasted for at least 8 weeks, but not 16 weeks, after the last immunization with irradiated sporozoites. Another 7 volunteers were not protected against challenge with a homologous strain after exposure to a total of fewer than 200 irradiated mosquitos, infected with either P. falciparum or P. vivax, on 2-4 occasions over a period of 4-17 weeks. These studies provide an encouraging basis for pursuing the development of a sporozoite vaccine against human malaria.
Human tumor necrosis factor. Production, purification, and characterization. (1985)

Human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was purified to homogeneity from serum-free tissue culture supernatants of the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line induced by 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The purification scheme consisted of controlled-pore glass and DEAE-cellulose chromatography, Mono Q-fast-protein liquid chromatography, and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purified protein was homogeneous by the criteria of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and NH2-terminal sequence analysis. The specific activity of purified tumor necrosis factor is approximately 10(8) units/mg. The protein has a molecular weight of approximately 17,000, an isoelectric point of 5.3, and contains two cysteines involved in a disulfide bridge. Approximately 50% homology between TNF and another cytolytic lymphokine, lymphotoxin, exists when the NH2-terminal 34 residues of TNF and internal sequence generated by tryptic, Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and chymotryptic digests of TNF are aligned with the complete amino acid sequence of lymphotoxin.
Members of the Toc159 Import Receptor Family Represent Distinct Pathways for Protein Targeting to Plastids (2004)

Plastids represent a diverse group of organelles that perform essential metabolic and signaling functions within all plant cells. The differentiation of specific plastid types relies on the import of selective sets of proteins from among the ∼2500 nucleus-encoded plastid proteins. The Toc159 family of GTPases mediates the initial targeting of proteins to plastids. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the Toc159 family consists of four genes: atTOC159, atTOC132, atTOC120, and atTOC90. In vivo analysis of atToc159 function indicates that it is required specifically for the import of proteins necessary for chloroplast biogenesis. In this report, we demonstrate that atToc120 and atToc132 represent a structurally and functionally unique subclass of protein import receptors. Unlike atToc159, mutants lacking both atToc120 and atToc132 are inviable. Furthermore, atToc120 and atToc132 exhibit preprotein binding properties that are distinct from atToc159. These data indicate that the different members of the Toc159 family represent distinct pathways for protein targeting to plastids and are consistent with the hypothesis that separate pathways have evolved to ensure balanced import of essential proteins during plastid development.
Totipotency: What It Is and What It Is Not (2013)

There is surprising confusion surrounding the concept of biological totipotency, both within the scientific community and in society at large. Increasingly, ethical objections to scientific research have both practical and political implications. Ethical controversy surrounding an area of research can have a chilling effect on investors and industry, which in turn slows the development of novel medical therapies. In this context, clarifying precisely what is meant by "totipotency" and how it is experimentally determined will both avoid unnecessary controversy and potentially reduce inappropriate barriers to research. Here, the concept of totipotency is discussed, and the confusions surrounding this term in the scientific and nonscientific literature are considered. A new term, "plenipotent," is proposed to resolve this confusion. The requirement for specific, oocyte-derived cytoplasm as a component of totipotency is outlined. Finally, the implications of twinning for our understanding of totipotency are discussed.
Management of rare forms of lymphoma (1998)

The recent Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoma (REAL) classification system has been shown to allow easy, accurate, and reproducible identification of several clinically distinctive lymphoma subtypes. Many of these well-recognized lymphoma entities are relatively rare, as shown by a recent large survey of more than 1400 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) cases from eight different countries. The purpose of this article is to summarize the present information known about these less common entities. Particular attention will be paid to the management problems of the following subtypes: the marginal-zone B-cell lymphomas of nodal type (or monocytoid lymphoma, comprising 1.8% of total cases in the above-mentioned series), the extranodal marginal-zone B-cell lymphomas (or mucosa-associated lymphoma tissue [MALT] lymphomas, representing 7.6% of the cases), the splenic marginal-zone B-cell lymphomas (< 1% of cases), the mantle cell lymphomas (6% of cases), and the primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphomas (2.4% of cases). Also, the main non-cutaneous peripheral T-cell lymphoma types, which including the natural killer (NK) disorders comprise less than 12% of all lymphoma cases, are discussed.
Memory design using one-transistor gain cell on SOI (2003)

A 512 kb DRAM has a 7F/sup 2/ one-transistor gain cell (F=0.18 /spl mu/m) on SOI. The array driving method makes selective write possible. Basic operation is verified by device simulation and hardware measurement. Simulations show 40 ns access time. Non-destructive readout and Cb/Cs-free signal development improve cell efficiency.
Identification of Placenta Growth Factor Determinants for Binding and Activation of Flt-1 Receptor (2004)

Placenta growth factor (PlGF) belongs to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family and represents a key regulator of angiogenic events in pathological conditions. PlGF exerts its biological function through the binding and activation of the seven immunoglobulin-like domain receptor Flt-1, also known as VEGFR-1. Here, we report the first detailed mutagenesis studies that provide a basis for understanding molecular recognition between PlGF-1 and Flt-1, highlighting some of the residues that are critical for receptor recognition. Mutagenesis analysis, performed on the basis of a structural model of interaction between PlGF and the minimal binding domain of Flt-1, has led to the identification of several PlGF-1 residues involved in Flt-1 recognition. The two negatively charged residues, Asp-72 and Glu-73, located in the beta3-beta4 loop, are critical for Flt-1 binding. Other mutations, which bring about a significant decrease in PlGF binding activity, are Gln-27, located in the N-terminal alpha-helix, and Pro-98 and Tyr-100 on the beta6 strand. The mutation of one of the two glycosylated residues of PlGF, Asn-84, generates a PlGF variant with reduced binding activity. This indicates that, unlike in VEGF, glycosylation plays an important role in Flt-1 binding. The double mutation of residues Asp-72 and Glu-73 generates a PlGF variant unable to bind and activate the receptor molecules on the cell surface. This variant failed to induce in vitro capillary-like tube formation of primary endothelial cells or neo-angiogenesis in an in vivo chorioallantoic membrane assay.
Evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea in Singapore using computerised polygraphic monitoring. (1991)

There is no information of the prevalence and severity of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in Asian snorers. One reason is the complexity and cost of a full polysomnographic recording. We have studied 37 snorers using an ambulatory recording system (Vitalog CA). Overnight recordings for seven hours were made of: 1) Respiratory pattern using respiratory inductance plethysmography; 2) Heart rate from the electrocardiograph (ECG); 3) Body position; 4) Body movements; 5) Oxygen saturation using finger-probe oximetry. The data were stored and analysed and scored using a dedicated microcomputer. Twenty-eight patients had OSA based on polygraphic criteria. The most consistent clinical findings in these patients were daytime somnolence and short thick necks. Respiratory events, oximetry and arousals during sleep showed a graded response according to the severity of excessive daytime somnolence. We conclude that OSA may not be uncommon in Asian patients and that the clinical severity can be confirmed by simplified polygraphic recordings using microcomputer analysis.
Adsorption Sites and Binding Nature of CO2 in Prototypical Metal−Organic Frameworks: A Combined Neutron Diffraction and First-Principles Study (2010)

We report a detailed study of CO2 adsorption in two important metal−organic framework (MOF) compounds (Mg-MOF-74 and HKUST-1). In both MOFs, the open metal ions were identified as the primary binding sites through neutron diffraction measurements. The relatively strong metal−CO2 binding was attributed to an enhanced electrostatic interaction, and vibrational mode analysis shows that the adsorbed CO2 molecule is strongly attached through one of its oxygen atoms while the rest of the molecule is relatively free. This high orientational disorder is the reason for the large apparent O−C−O bond bending angle derived from diffraction measurements. Our calculations give only a small degree of bond bending, suggesting that the CO2 adsorption on the open metal site is still largely physisorption. Interestingly, the overall metal−CO2 binding strength is right in the range which can facilitate both adsorption (CO2 capture) and desorption (MOF regeneration) under typical flue gas conditions.
Induction of proteasome expression in skeletal muscle is attenuated by inhibitors of NF-κB activation (2004)

The potential for inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation to act as inhibitors of muscle protein degradation in cancer cachexia has been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Activation of NF-kappaB is important in the induction of proteasome expression and protein degradation by the tumour factor, proteolysis-inducing factor (PIF), since the cell permeable NF-kappaB inhibitor SN50 (18 microM) attenuated the expression of 20S proteasome alpha-subunits, two subunits of the 19S regulator MSS1 and p42, and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, E2(14k), as well as the decrease in myosin expression in murine myotubes. To assess the potential therapeutic benefit of NF-kappaB inhibitors on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia, two potential inhibitors were employed; curcumin (50 microM) and resveratrol (30 microM). Both agents completely attenuated total protein degradation in murine myotubes at all concentrations of PIF, and attenuated the PIF-induced increase in expression of the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway, as determined by the 'chymotrypsin-like' enzyme activity, proteasome subunits and E2(14k). However, curcumin (150 and 300 mg kg(-1)) was ineffective in preventing weight loss and muscle protein degradation in mice bearing the MAC16 tumour, whereas resveratrol (1 mg kg(-1)) significantly attenuated weight loss and protein degradation in skeletal muscle, and produced a significant reduction in NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. The inactivity of curcumin was probably due to a low bioavailability. These results suggest that agents which inhibit nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB may prove useful for the treatment of muscle wasting in cancer cachexia.
Mitomycin C 결막하주사를 병용한 섬유주 절제술 (1996)

섬유주절제술의 성공률을 높이기 위해 흔히 사용되고 있는 Mitomycin C(MMC)의 결막하 국소접촉방법은 정확한 투여 약물의 양을 조절하기 어렵다. 이를 해결할 수 있는 방법으로 MMC의 결막하주사의 효과에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 저자들은 일차녹내장 환자에서 섬유주절제술을 시행 받은 환자중 Mitomycin C(0.04mg/ml, 0.05ml)를 결막하주사한 환자에서 최소 3개월이상 추적이 가능한 24명 29안을 대상으로 그 효과 및 합병증에 대하여 조사하였다. 수술전 평균안압은 33.9±9.3mmHg이었으나 수술후 1, 3, 6개월의 평균안압은 각각 16.4±
7.0, 16.1±7.5, 16.9±5.8mmHg였다. 22안(76%)에서 약물치료없이 수술후 안압이 21mmHg이하로 조절되었다. 합병증으로는 술후에 일시적인 전방출혈이 3안(10%), 얕은전방 2안(7%), 결막봉합부위 누출 1안(3%), 저안압황반병증 1안(3%) 있었다. 무혈관성의 낭포성 여과포는 4안(14%)에서 발생하였으며 여과포반흔은 8안(28%)에서 발생하였다. 결론적으로 섬유주절제술중 결막하에 MMC를 주사하는 방법은 용량과 농도를 조절할 수 있는 한 방법이라 생각한다(한안지 37:614∼621, 1996).
Model for facet and sidewall defect formation during selective epitaxial growth of (001) silicon (1988)

An atomistic growth model is used to explain sidewall facet and defect formation during selective epitaxial growth of (001) silicon. Films grown through oxide windows with {110} sidewall orientations exhibit facets (typically {311} planes) adjacent to the sidewall. This region also has a high density of twins. Films grown in windows oriented to have {100} sidewalls have no sidewall facets and a very low defect density. The facet morphology and twin formation at {110} sidewalls are both explained by the influence of the oxide on nucleation of {111} planes. Similar considerations indicate that films grown along {100} sidewalls are less susceptible to facet and defect formation, as observed. Experimental data on film morphology and defect structure are used to support the model.
Adenosine infusion during early reperfusion failed to limit myocardial infarct size in a collateral deficient species (1991)

Neither a high dose nor a low dose of adenosine limited myocardial infarct size in the rabbit heart even when adenosine was combined with lignocaine treatment.
Continuous fat oxidation in acetyl–CoA carboxylase 2 knockout mice increases total energy expenditure, reduces fat mass, and improves insulin sensitivity (2007)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 (ACC)2 is a key regulator of mitochondrial fat oxidation. To examine the impact of ACC2 deletion on whole-body energy metabolism, we measured changes in substrate oxidation and total energy expenditure in Acc2(-/-) and WT control mice fed either regular or high-fat diets. To determine insulin action in vivo, we also measured whole-body insulin-stimulated liver and muscle glucose metabolism during a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in Acc2(-/-) and WT control mice fed a high-fat diet. Contrary to previous studies that have suggested that increased fat oxidation might result in lower glucose oxidation, both fat and carbohydrate oxidation were simultaneously increased in Acc2(-/-) mice. This increase in both fat and carbohydrate oxidation resulted in an increase in total energy expenditure, reductions in fat and lean body mass and prevention from diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, Acc2(-/-) mice were protected from fat-induced peripheral and hepatic insulin resistance. These improvements in insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism were associated with reduced diacylglycerol content in muscle and liver, decreased PKC activity in muscle and PKCepsilon activity in liver, and increased insulin-stimulated Akt2 activity in these tissues. Taken together with previous work demonstrating that Acc2(-/-) mice have a normal lifespan, these data suggest that Acc2 inhibition is a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes.