gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: Common pathways, common goals (2014)

In the United States, estimates indicate there are between 250,000 and 400,000 individuals with Down syndrome (DS), and nearly all will develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology starting in their 30s. With the current lifespan being 55 to 60 years, approximately 70% will develop dementia, and if their life expectancy continues to increase, the number of individuals developing AD will concomitantly increase. Pathogenic and mechanistic links between DS and Alzheimer's prompted the Alzheimer's Association to partner with the Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome and the Global Down Syndrome Foundation at a workshop of AD and DS experts to discuss similarities and differences, challenges, and future directions for this field. The workshop articulated a set of research priorities: (1) target identification and drug development, (2) clinical and pathological staging, (3) cognitive assessment and clinical trials, and (4) partnerships and collaborations with the ultimate goal to deliver effective disease-modifying treatments.
Epidemiology of Down syndrome (2007)

Down syndrome (DS) is the most commonly identified genetic form of mental retardation and the leading cause of specific birth defects and medical conditions. Traditional epidemiological studies to determine the prevalence, cause, and clinical significance of the syndrome have been conducted over the last 100 years. DS has been estimated to occur in approximately 1 in 732 infants in the United States, although there is some evidence that variability in prevalence of estimates exist among racial/ethnic groups. Progress has been made in characterizing the specific types of chromosome errors that lead to DS and in identifying associated factors that increase the risk of chromosome 21 malsegregation, i.e., advanced maternal age and recombination. Studies to examine the variability of the presence of specific DS-associated birth defects and medical conditions provide evidence for genetic and environmental modifiers. Here, we provide a brief survey of studies that address the current state of the field and suggest gaps in research that can soon be filled with new multidisciplinary approaches and technological advances.
Guide to computer security log management (2006)

The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the nation's measurement and standards infrastructure.ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology.ITL's responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems.This Special Publication 800-series reports on ITL's research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations.Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately.Such identification is
Manipulation of Video Eye Gaze and Head Orientation for Video Teleconferencing (1999)

Many desktop videoconferencing systems are ineffective due to deficiencies in gaze awareness and sense of spatial relationship. Gaze awareness and spatial relationships can be restored by software if heads and eyes can be tracked in video, and then graphically manipulated. We discuss graphics algorithms for manipulating eye gaze and head orientation. Our system takes video input annotated with head and eye information and outputs an adjusted video with appropriate gaze and head orientation. Initial results demonstrate the viability and usefulness of such a system. 1 Introduction For over 50 years we have been hearing that video conferencing is about to become ubiquitous. The experience, however, is that most people question its usefulness [Chap72, Gale89]---we could easily write a primer on &amp;quot;How to fail at video-conferencing&amp;quot;. It would include tips like: 1. Have long audio latencies and poor audio quality. 2. Make sure no-one else has compatible equipment. 3. Make it much harder to ...
ANALYSIS OF THE B7 COSTIMULATORY PATHWAY IN ALLOGRAFT REJECTION1 (1997)

These data suggest that both B7-1 and B7-2 have an important role in allograft rejection in the mouse vascularized cardiac allograft model.
Genetic Evidence That Intestinal Notch Functions Vary Regionally and Operate through a Common Mechanism of Math1 Repression (2011)

Notch signaling is active in many sites, and its diverse activities must require tissue-specific intermediaries, which are largely unknown. In the intestinal epithelium, Notch promotes crypt cell proliferation and inhibits goblet cell differentiation. Pharmacologic studies suggest that the latter effect occurs through the transcription factor Math1/Atoh1, which specifies all intestinal secretory cells. We tested this hypothesis using mouse mutants. Genetic loss of the Notch effector RBP-Jκ alone increases all intestinal secretory lineages, with variation between proximal and distal gut segments. This secretory cell excess observed with RBP-Jκ loss was blocked in the absence of Math1 in RBP-Jκ(Fl/Fl);Math1(Fl/Fl);Villin-Cre((ER-T2)) mice. Loss of both factors also restored progenitor replication, proving that Math1 is epistatic to Notch signaling in both secretory cell differentiation and crypt cell proliferation. Investigating mechanisms downstream of Math1, we found that expression of the known Notch effector protein Hes1 was predictably lost in RBP-Jκ(-/-) mice but surprisingly recovered in RBP-Jκ;Math1 compound conditional mutants. Furthermore, the cell cycle inhibitors p27(Kip1) and p57(Kip2) were selectively overexpressed in duodenal and ileal crypts, respectively, in RBP-Jκ-deficient mice. Regional activation of these products was completely abrogated in the absence of Math1. Thus, all intestinal Notch effects channel through the tissue-restricted factor Math1, which promotes secretory differentiation and cell cycle exit by regionally distinct mechanisms. Our data further suggest that, besides transmitting Notch signals, the transcription factor Hes1 acts downstream of Math1 to regulate expression of cell cycle inhibitors and intestinal crypt cell replication.
Electric field control of optical second-harmonic generation in a quantum well (1988)

We present theoretical predictions of the second-harmonic susceptibility due to an intersubband transition within the conduction band of a quantum well in an external applied electric field. The asymmetry of the quantum well due to the electric field accounts for the nonvanishing of the second-order susceptibilities. It is shown that for moderate values of an applied electric field of 10–70 kV/cm, the second-harmonic susceptibility is generally 10–100 times larger than that of bulk GaAs. Furthermore, this procedure of second-harmonic generation can be controlled by an external modulating voltage.
Self-Tuning Networks: Bilevel Optimization of Hyperparameters using Structured Best-Response Functions (2019)

Hyperparameter optimization can be formulated as a bilevel optimization problem, where the optimal parameters on the training set depend on the hyperparameters. We aim to adapt regularization hyperparameters for neural networks by fitting compact approximations to the best-response function, which maps hyperparameters to optimal weights and biases. We show how to construct scalable best-response approximations for neural networks by modeling the best-response as a single network whose hidden units are gated conditionally on the regularizer. We justify this approximation by showing the exact best-response for a shallow linear network with L2-regularized Jacobian can be represented by a similar gating mechanism. We fit this model using a gradient-based hyperparameter optimization algorithm which alternates between approximating the best-response around the current hyperparameters and optimizing the hyperparameters using the approximate best-response function. Unlike other gradient-based approaches, we do not require differentiating the training loss with respect to the hyperparameters, allowing us to tune discrete hyperparameters, data augmentation hyperparameters, and dropout probabilities. Because the hyperparameters are adapted online, our approach discovers hyperparameter schedules that can outperform fixed hyperparameter values. Empirically, our approach outperforms competing hyperparameter optimization methods on large-scale deep learning problems. We call our networks, which update their own hyperparameters online during training, Self-Tuning Networks (STNs).
Impaired growth hormone secretion in fibromyalgia patients: Evidence for augmented hypothalamic somatostatin tone (2002)

Three new findings are reported: 1) FM patients have a reduced GH response to exercise, 2) pyridostigmine reverses this impaired response, and 3) defective GH secretion in FM can occur in patients with normal IGF-1 levels. Because pyridostigmine is known to reduce somatostatin tone, it is surmised that the defective GH response to exercise in FM patients probably results from increased levels of somatostatin, a hypothalamic hormone that inhibits GH secretion.
Transcriptional Signature and Memory Retention of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2009)

Genetic reprogramming of somatic cells to a pluripotent state (induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) by over-expression of specific genes has been accomplished using mouse and human cells. However, it is still unclear how similar human iPSCs are to human Embryonic Stem Cells (hESCs). Here, we describe the transcriptional profile of human iPSCs generated without viral vectors or genomic insertions, revealing that these cells are in general similar to hESCs but with significant differences. For the generation of human iPSCs without viral vectors or genomic insertions, pluripotent factors Oct4 and Nanog were cloned in episomal vectors and transfected into human fetal neural progenitor cells. The transient expression of these two factors, or from Oct4 alone, resulted in efficient generation of human iPSCs. The reprogramming strategy described here revealed a potential transcriptional signature for human iPSCs yet retaining the gene expression of donor cells in human reprogrammed cells free of viral and transgene interference. Moreover, the episomal reprogramming strategy represents a safe way to generate human iPSCs for clinical purposes and basic research.
Spreads Soberanos: ¿Diferencian los Inversionistas Internacionales entre Economías Emergentes? (2005)

Este trabajo busca examinar el comportamiento de los inversionistas globales respecto de los activos de economías emergentes, controlando por su categoría de riesgo. Así, es de interés revisar si estos agentes diferencian entre economías con grado de inversión y sin esta categoría, cada vez que enfrentan shocks en los mercados financieros. En particular, se investiga el tratamiento que dan a Chile en comparación con otras economías con similar clasificación de riesgo y de América Latina. De esta forma, este trabajo busca analizar las principales hipótesis sobre diferenciación por categorías de riesgo y contagio intrarregional por parte de los inversionistas, en base al comportamiento de las correlaciones y la evolución de la volatilidad de los premios por riesgo soberano de una muestra representativa de economías emergentes. Los principales resultados del trabajo señalan que durante períodos de calma en los mercados, no se observa una clara diferenciación por parte de los inversionistas. No obstante, bajo períodos de tensión en los mercados, se observa cierta preferencia de estos por activos de economías con mejor calidad de riesgo.
HLA class I-restricted human cytotoxic T cells recognize endogenously synthesized hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid antigen. (1991)

Knowledge of the immune effector mechanisms responsible for clearance of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected cells has been severely limited by the absence of reproducible systems to selectively expand and to characterize HBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in the peripheral blood of patients with viral hepatitis. By using a strategy involving sequential stimulation with HBV nucleocapsid synthetic peptides followed by autologous, or HLA class I-matched, HBV nucleocapsid transfectants, we now report the existence of CTLs able to lyse target cells that express endogenously synthesized HBV nucleocapsid antigen in the peripheral blood of patients with acute viral hepatitis B. The CTL response is HLA-A2 restricted, mediated by CD8-positive T cells, and specific for a single epitope, located between amino acid residues 11 and 27 of HBV core protein; these residues are shared with the secretable precore-derived hepatitis B e antigen. Equivalent lysis of target cells that express each of these proteins suggests that their intracellular trafficking pathways may intersect. The current report provides definitive evidence that HLA class I-restricted, CD8-positive CTLs that recognize endogenously synthesized HBV nucleocapsid antigen are induced during acute HBV infection in humans and establishes a strategy that should permit a detailed analysis of the role played by HBV-specific CTLs in the immunopathogenesis of viral hepatitis.
Forced to Disappear (1989)

Review| November 01 1989 Forced to Disappear Connie Hatch: After the FACT . . . Some Women at the Roy Boyd Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, July 8-September 2 Andrea Liss Andrea Liss Andrea Liss is a critic, curator, contemporary art historian, and literary translator in Los Angeles. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Afterimage (1989) 17 (4): 19–20. https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.1989.17.4.19 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Andrea Liss; Forced to Disappear. Afterimage 1 November 1989; 17 (4): 19–20. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/aft.1989.17.4.19 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAfterimage Search This content is only available via PDF. © 1989 by The Regents of the University of California1989 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Electrochromic Automotive Day/Night Mirrors (1987)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;OVER THE NEXT SEVERAL YEARS, electrochromic mirrors will be introduced for use on automobiles, initially as interior mirrors and later for the exterior. Electrochromic mirrors have variable reflectivity and this offers an opportunity to select a reflectance level that avoids glare, but that maintains rear vision. Human factors studies can relate driver discomfort to incident glare and the results can be incorporated into a fully automatic mirror whose reflectivity varies dynamically to suit changing driving conditions. In automatic mode, the electrochromic mirror responds appropriately to all driving situations, and mirror operation is transparent to the driver with smooth response and no unexpected change. This paper explains the scientific basis of electrochromism and traces development of the technology to its present applications. Electrochromic mirrors presently available worldwide are reviewed. The performance desired of an electrochromic mirror is defined and the ability of current electrochromic mirrors to achieve this performance is discussed.&lt;/div&gt;
Site-specific isotopic labeling of proteins for NMR studies (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSite-specific isotopic labeling of proteins for NMR studiesJonathan A. Ellman, Brian F. Volkman, David Mendel, Peter G. Schulz, and David E. WemmerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 20, 7959–7961Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00046a080Request reuse permissionsArticle Views425Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (403 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Assembly of a Functional Immunoglobulin F v Fragment in Escherichia coli (1988)

An expression system was developed that allows the production of a completely functional antigen-binding fragment of an antibody in Escherichia coli. The variable domains of the phosphorylcholine-binding antibody McPC603 were secreted together into the periplasmic space, where protein folding as well as heterodimer association occurred correctly. Thus, the assembly pathway for the Fv fragment in E. coli is similar to that of a whole antibody in the eukaryotic cell. The Fv fragment of McPC603 was purified to homogeneity with an antigen-affinity column in a single step. The correct processing of both signal sequences was confirmed by amino-terminal protein sequencing. The functionality of the recombinant Fv fragment was demonstrated by equilibrium dialysis. These experiments showed that the affinity constant of the Fv fragment is identical to that of the native antibody McPC603, that there is one binding site for phosphorylcholine in the Fv fragment, and that there is no inactive protein in the preparation. This expression system should facilitate future protein engineering experiments on antibodies.
DNA damage and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease: colocalization with c- Jun immunoreactivity, relationship to brain area, and effect of postmortem delay (1996)

Many neurons in Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) labeling for DNA strand breaks with a distribution suggestive of apoptosis. We have shown previously that immunoreactivity for c-Jun is elevated in AD and found in association with neuronal pathology. In addition, cultured neurons undergoing beta-amyloid-mediated apoptosis exhibit a selective and prolonged induction of c-Jun. Consequently, we conducted double-labeling experiments to examine whether c-Jun is associated with DNA strand breaks in AD tissue; we observed a strong colocalization between these markers. As would be predicted based on the distribution of AD pathology, we also found that TdT labeling was prominent in the entorhinal cortex, but absent or at very low levels in cerebellum. Furthermore, we confirmed that postmortem delay (PMD) does not affect TdT labeling within the limits used for tissue used in this study. However, in contrast to previous studies, we report an increase in TdT labeling with more extended PMDs. Finally, gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA isolated from AD and control cases failed to reveal evidence for either an apoptotic or a necrotic mechanism of cell death in AD, possibly because of a low number of cells actually undergoing cell death at any given time. Our findings support the hypothesis that DNA damage labeled using TdT reflects neuronal vulnerability and cell loss associated with AD pathology, and that at least a portion of the cells labeled with this technique is undergoing apoptosis. Furthermore, in agreement with in vitro findings, these results suggest a relationship between the expression of c-Jun and neuronal risk and/or cell death in AD.
Global infectious disease surveillance (2000)

Infectious diseases remain the leading cause of death among children and young adults. They account for more than 13 million deaths a year with one in two deaths occurring in developing countries. Yet as the battle to control known infectious diseases continues new threats have emerged. Currently researchers are challenged by the resurgence of epidemic diseases such as cholera dengue epidemic meningitis and hemorrhagic fevers as well as the devastating development of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic and other new diseases. The propagation and transmission of infectious agents are favored in today’s world constituting health threats to all countries. The reason include: changes in the food industry that facilitate widespread dissemination of foodborne disease; migration and urbanization and the creation of peri-urban slums; human behavior including sexual behavior that fosters sexually transmitted infections (STIs); environmental changes including deforestation and changing agricultural practices as well as climate change that have an impact on diseases such as malaria cholera and Rift Valley fever; emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance now of great public health concern worldwide as many infections become increasingly difficult to treat; increasing volume and speed of international travel increasing the potential for rapid international spread of disease. (excerpt)
Hyaluronan Synthases: A Decade-plus of Novel Glycosyltransferases (2007)

Hyaluronan synthases (HASs) are glycosyltransferases that catalyze polymerization of hyaluronan found in vertebrates and certain microbes. HASs transfer two distinct monosaccharides in different linkages and, in certain cases, participate in polymer transfer out of the cell. In contrast, the vast majority of glycosyltransferases form only one sugar linkage. Although our understanding of HAS biochemistry is still incomplete, very good progress has been made since the first genetic identification of a HAS in 1993. New enzymes have been discovered, and some molecular details have emerged. Important findings are the lipid dependence of Class I HASs, the function of HASs as protein monomers, and the elucidation of mechanisms of synthesis by Class II HAS. We propose three classes of HASs based on differences in protein sequences, predicted membrane topologies, potential architectures, mechanisms, and direction of polymerization.
BMP signalling in early Xenopus development (1999)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are typically members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) family with diverse roles in embryonic development. At least five genes with homology to BMPs are expressed during Xenopus development, along with their receptors and intracellular signalling pathways. The evidence suggests that BMPs have roles to play in both mesoderm induction and dorsoventral patterning. Studies in Xenopus have also identified a number of inhibitory binding proteins for the classical BMPs, encoded by genes such as chordin and noggin. These proteins appear to be responsible for establishing a morphogen gradient of BMP4 activity, which specifies different dorsoventral fates in early gastrulae. An emerging theme is that inhibition of BMP signalling is an important mechanism regulating cell fate decisions in early development.