gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Neuroblasts Migrate to the Olfactory Bulb via a Lateral Ventricular Extension (2007)

The rostral migratory stream (RMS) is the main pathway by which newly born subventricular zone cells reach the olfactory bulb (OB) in rodents. However, the RMS in the adult human brain has been elusive. We demonstrate the presence of a human RMS, which is unexpectedly organized around a lateral ventricular extension reaching the OB, and illustrate the neuroblasts in it. The RMS ensheathing the lateral olfactory ventricular extension, as seen by magnetic resonance imaging, cell-specific markers, and electron microscopy, contains progenitor cells with migratory characteristics and cells that incorporate 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine and become mature neurons in the OB.
Intratumor administration of interleukin 13 receptor-targeted cytotoxin induces apoptotic cell death in human malignant glioma tumor xenografts. (2002)

Apoptosis is not only essential for homeostasis in normal cells but also in cancer cells, in which it is associated with cell death mechanisms caused by novel therapeutics. We have previously reported that interleukin-13 receptors (IL-13R) are constitutively overexpressed on a majority of human malignant glioma cell lines and primary cell cultures. In addition, we have reported that IL-13 cytotoxin, comprised of human IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin, is highly and specifically cytotoxic to these cells and can lead to pronounced antitumor activity in malignant glioma tumors in animal models. However, the molecular mechanisms of tumor cytotoxicity induced by IL-13 cytotoxin are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that glioma tumors undergo apoptotic cell death on intratumoral administration of IL-13 cytotoxin. This conclusion was made based on (a) time-dependent induction of several proapoptotic molecules, such as caspases (caspase-3, -8, and -9) in tumors; (b) cleavage of procaspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP); and (c) the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria to the cytosol on injection of IL-13 cytotoxin in U251 glioblastoma tumors established in immunodeficient animals. These indicators of two major pathways of apoptosis were detected in tumors even though IL-13 cytotoxin was no longer present in tumors. In addition, we found that inducible nitric oxide was expressed in tumors in a time-dependent manner with primary localization in infiltrating phagocytes after treatment with IL-13 cytotoxin. These studies demonstrate that IL-13 cytotoxin mediates apoptotic death of glioma cells, resulting in regression of established tumors. Our studies will help unravel the molecular pathways of cell death associated with tumor regression and provide additional insight and define apoptosis as possible surrogate marker of tumor response.
Trispecific broadly neutralizing HIV antibodies mediate potent SHIV protection in macaques (2017)

The development of an effective AIDS vaccine has been challenging because of viral genetic diversity and the difficulty of generating broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). We engineered trispecific antibodies (Abs) that allow a single molecule to interact with three independent HIV-1 envelope determinants: the CD4 binding site, the membrane-proximal external region (MPER), and the V1V2 glycan site. Trispecific Abs exhibited higher potency and breadth than any previously described single bnAb, showed pharmacokinetics similar to those of human bnAbs, and conferred complete immunity against a mixture of simian-human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIVs) in nonhuman primates, in contrast to single bnAbs. Trispecific Abs thus constitute a platform to engage multiple therapeutic targets through a single protein, and they may be applicable for treatment of diverse diseases, including infections, cancer, and autoimmunity.
Hyaluronate Derivatives in Drug Delivery (1998)

Hyaluronan (HA), an abundant nonsulfated glycosaminoglycan component of synovial fluid and the extracellular matrix, is an attractive building block for new biocompatible and biodegradable polymers that have applications in drug delivery, tissue engineering, and viscosupplementation. This review consists of three subtopics: (i) chemical modification of HA; (ii) physicochemical and biochemical characterization of HA derivatives; and (iii) in vitro and in vivo bioevaluation studies. Important new products have already reached the marketplace, and the approval and introduction of a variety of new medical applications of HA-based biomaterials can be anticipated in the next decade.
The BEA-2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction (2019)

This paper reports on the BEA-2019 Shared Task on Grammatical Error Correction (GEC). As with the CoNLL-2014 shared task, participants are required to correct all types of errors in test data. One of the main contributions of the BEA-2019 shared task is the introduction of a new dataset, the Write&Improve+LOCNESS corpus, which represents a wider range of native and learner English levels and abilities. Another contribution is the introduction of tracks, which control the amount of annotated data available to participants. Systems are evaluated in terms of ERRANT F_0.5, which allows us to report a much wider range of performance statistics. The competition was hosted on Codalab and remains open for further submissions on the blind test set.
Fusion-proteins as biopharmaceuticals--applications and challenges. (2009)

As the genetic combination of originally separate proteins, fusion proteins are successful biopharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the fusion proteins that are approved for use in the clinic and those that are currently in clinical trials. Fusion proteins can be categorized into several groups according to their features. In the first group, effector molecules are fused to Fc domains, albumin or transferrin to extend the plasma half-life of the fusion product. In the second group, toxicity is conveyed by fusion proteins to toxins, enzymes or cytokines. The third application, which is not yet in clinical trials, utilizes fusion partners to enable novel delivery and targeting routes. Besides some specific disadvantages, many examples of fusion proteins suffer from the challenge of immunogenicity; however, future applications with novel fusion partners will reach beyond cancer, immunology and inflammation.
High fructose corn syrup: production, uses and public health concerns. (2010)

High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is a liquid alternative sweetener to sucrose that is made from corn, the “king of crops” using chemicals (caustic soda, hydrochloric acid) and enzymes (α-amylase and glucoamylase) to hydrolyze corn starch to corn syrup containing mostly glucose and a third enzyme (glucose isomerase) to isomerize glucose in corn syrup to fructose to yield HFCS products classified according to their fructose content: HFCS-90, HFCS-42, and HFCS-55. HFCS-90 is the major product of these chemical reactions and is blended with glucose syrup to obtain HFCS-42 and HFCS-55. HFCS has become a major sweetener and additive used extensively in a wide variety of processed foods and beverages ranging from soft and fruit drinks to yogurts and breads. HFCS has many advantages compared to sucrose that make it attractive to food manufacturers. These include its sweetness, solubility, acidity and its relative cheapness in the United States (US). The use of HFCS in the food and beverage industry has increased over the years in the US. The increase in its consumption in the US has coincided with the increase in incidence of obesity, diabetes, and other cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndromes. This study examines literature on the production and properties of HFCS and the possible health concerns of HFCS consequent to its consumption in a wide variety of foods and beverages in the typical US diet.  

	Key words: High fructose corn syrup, sweeteners, soft and juice drinks, baked goods, obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, mercury; honey bees, colony collapse disorder.
Vector Finite Difference Modesolver for Anisotropic Dielectric Waveguides (2008)

We describe a new full-vector finite difference discretization, based upon the transverse magnetic field components, for calculating the electromagnetic modes of optical waveguides with transverse, nondiagonal anisotropy. Unlike earlier finite difference approaches, our method allows for the material axes to be arbitrarily oriented, as long as one of the principal axes coincides with the direction of propagation. We demonstrate the capabilities of the method by computing the circularly-polarized modes of a magnetooptical waveguide and the modes of an off-axis poled anisotropic polymer waveguide.
Soft-Gated Warping-GAN for Pose-Guided Person Image Synthesis (2018)

Despite remarkable advances in image synthesis research, existing works often fail in manipulating images under the context of large geometric transformations. Synthesizing person images conditioned on arbitrary poses is one of the most representative examples where the generation quality largely relies on the capability of identifying and modeling arbitrary transformations on different body parts. Current generative models are often built on local convolutions and overlook the key challenges (e.g. heavy occlusions, different views or dramatic appearance changes) when distinct geometric changes happen for each part, caused by arbitrary pose manipulations. This paper aims to resolve these challenges induced by geometric variability and spatial displacements via a new Soft-Gated Warping Generative Adversarial Network (Warping-GAN), which is composed of two stages: 1) it first synthesizes a target part segmentation map given a target pose, which depicts the region-level spatial layouts for guiding image synthesis with higher-level structure constraints; 2) the Warping-GAN equipped with a soft-gated warping-block learns feature-level mapping to render textures from the original image into the generated segmentation map. Warping-GAN is capable of controlling different transformation degrees given distinct target poses. Moreover, the proposed warping-block is light-weight and flexible enough to be injected into any networks. Human perceptual studies and quantitative evaluations demonstrate the superiority of our Warping-GAN that significantly outperforms all existing methods on two large datasets.
Graph-based Anomaly Detection and Description: A Survey (2014)

Detecting anomalies in data is a vital task, with numerous high-impact applications in areas such as security, finance, health care, and law enforcement. While numerous techniques have been developed in past years for spotting outliers and anomalies in unstructured collections of multi-dimensional points, with graph data becoming ubiquitous, techniques for structured {\em graph} data have been of focus recently. As objects in graphs have long-range correlations, a suite of novel technology has been developed for anomaly detection in graph data. This survey aims to provide a general, comprehensive, and structured overview of the state-of-the-art methods for anomaly detection in data represented as graphs. As a key contribution, we provide a comprehensive exploration of both data mining and machine learning algorithms for these {\em detection} tasks. we give a general framework for the algorithms categorized under various settings: unsupervised vs. (semi-)supervised approaches, for static vs. dynamic graphs, for attributed vs. plain graphs. We highlight the effectiveness, scalability, generality, and robustness aspects of the methods. What is more, we stress the importance of anomaly {\em attribution} and highlight the major techniques that facilitate digging out the root cause, or the `why', of the detected anomalies for further analysis and sense-making. Finally, we present several real-world applications of graph-based anomaly detection in diverse domains, including financial, auction, computer traffic, and social networks. We conclude our survey with a discussion on open theoretical and practical challenges in the field.
A Population-Based Study of Seizures after Traumatic Brain Injuries (1998)

The increased risk of seizures after traumatic brain injury varies greatly according to the severity of the injury and the time since the injury.
Cholesteric liquid crystal/polymer gel dispersion bistable at zero field (2002)

A novel liquid crystal/polymer gel dispersion is reported which exhibits two contrasting optical states which are stable at zero field; one state reflects light at a preselected color and the other state is scattering. In a display cell, the material can be selectively driven to either state by a suitable voltage pulse. A polymer gel can be used to stabilize the optical states of a cholesteric liquid crystal to create a bistable color display. This system has a high potential for multiplexed flat panel displays without the use of an active matrix substrate. Such a display can also be used for long-term information storage and optical signal processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Gene protein products of SA11 simian rotavirus genome (1982)

When MA104 cells were infected with SA11 rotavirus, 12 protein classes, absent in mock-infected cells, could be distinguished by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At least two of these proteins were glycosylated, and their synthesis could be blocked with tunicamycin. The oligosaccharides of both glycoproteins were cleaved by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H, suggesting that they were residues of the "high-mannose" type. Of the 12 viral polypeptides observed in infected cells, 1 was probably the apoprotein of one of these glycoproteins; 5, including 1 glycoprotein, were structural components of the virions, whereas the other 6, including a second and possibly third glycoprotein, were nonstructural viral proteins. When the 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments of SA11 were translated, after denaturation, in an RNA-dependent cell-free translation system, at least 11 different polypeptides were synthesized. Ten of these polypeptides had electrophoretic migration patterns equal to those of viral proteins observed in tunicamycin-treated infected cells. Nine of the 11 double-stranded RNA genome segments were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and were translated individually. Two were not resolved from each other and therefore were translated together. Correlation of each synthesized polypeptide with an individual RNA segment allowed us to make a probable gene-coding assignment for the different SA11 genome segments.
Aminopeptidase M and dipeptidyl peptidase IV activity in epithelial skin tumors: a histochemical study (1995)

The activities of microsomal alanylaminopeptidase (APM EC 3.4.11.2) and of dipeptidyl dipeptidase IV (DPP IV EC 3.4.14.5) were histochemically studied in frozen sections of normal skin, seborrheic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, solar keratosis, Bowen's disease and squamous cell carcinoma using amino acid- or peptide-4-methoxy-2-naphthylamides as specific chromogenic substrates. Compared to biochemical and immunohistochemical methods, the histochemical technique used in this study allows distinct localization of protease activity within the tumor tissue and the tumor-associated stroma. Strong APM activity was detectable only in the stroma of basal cell carcinoma, a result which reflects the particular tumor-stroma interaction of this semimalignant tumor. APM activity was not detectable in either healthy epidermis or the tumor parenchyma. Altered activity of DPP IV was found in the tumor cells as well as in the surrounding connective tissue: precancerous dermatoses and basal cell carcinomas had higher levels of DPP IV-activity than normal skin or benign seborrheic keratosis. Poorly differentiated malignant squamous cell carcinomas, however, showed no histochemically detectable DPP IV-activity at all. This result is in line with reports of decreased activity of this enzyme in cases of malignancy.
Dynamics of the Pulpo-Dentin Complex (1996)

Dentin has a relatively high water content due to its tubular structure. Once dentin is exposed, this intratubular water is free to move in response to thermal, osmotic, evaporative, or tactile stimuli. Fluid shifts across dentin are thought to cause sufficient shear forces on odontoblasts, nerve endings, nearby fibroblasts, and blood vessels to cause significant mechanical irritation, disruption, or damage, depending on the magnitude of the fluid shift. Even in the absence of fluid shifts, the water-filled tubules provide diffusion channels for noxious (i.e., bacterial products) substances which diffuse inward toward the pulp, where they can activate the immune system, provide chemotactic stimuli, cytokine production, and produce pain and pulpal inflammation. Viewed from this perspective, dentin is a poor barrier to external irritants. However, pulpal tissues react to these challenges by increasing the activity of nerves, blood vessels, the immune system, and interstitial fluid turnover, to make the exposed dentin less permeable either physiologically, via increased outward fluid flow, or microscopically, by lining tubules with proteins, mineral deposits, or tertiary dentin, thereby enhancing the barrier properties of dentin, and providing additional protection to pulpal tissues. These reactions involve dentin and pulp, both in the initiation of the processes and in their resolution. These responses of the dental pulp to irritation of dentin demonstrate the dynamic nature of the pulpo-dentin complex.
Chaperone Activity of DsbC (1999)

DsbC, a periplasmic disulfide isomerase of Gram-negative bacteria, displays about 30% of the activities of eukaryotic protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) as isomerase and as thiol-protein oxidoreductase. However, DsbC shows more pronounced chaperone activity than does PDI in promoting the in vitro reactivation and suppressing aggregation of denatured D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) during refolding. Carboxymethylation of DsbC at Cys98 decreases its intrinsic fluorescence, deprives of its enzyme activities, but lowers only partly its chaperone activity in assisting GAPDH reactivation. Simultaneous presence of DsbC and PDI in the refolding buffer shows an additive effect on the reactivation of GAPDH. The assisted reactivation of GAPDH and the protein disulfide oxidoreductase activity of DsbC can both be inhibited by scrambled and S-carboxymethylated RNases, but not by shorter peptides, including synthetic 10- and 14-mer peptides and S-carboxymethylated insulin A chain. In contrast, all the three peptides and the two nonnative RNases inhibit PDI-assisted GAPDH reactivation and the reductase activity of PDI. DsbC assists refolding of denatured and reduced lysozyme to a higher level than does PDI in phosphate buffer and does not show anti-chaperone activity in HEPES buffer. Like PDI, DsbC is also a disulfide isomerase with chaperone activity but may recognize different folding intermediates as does PDI.
Clonal Expansion Versus Functional Clonal Inactivation: A Costimulatory Signaling Pathway Determines The Outcome Of T Cell Antigen Receptor Occupancy (1989)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Lysis Onset Time as Diagnostic Rotational Thromboelastometry Parameter for Fast Detection of Hyperfibrinolysis (2014)

This study shows that the LOT may be used for fast detection of severe hyperfibrinolysis, with a better resolution than the maximum lysis, and should be further evaluated for optimization of therapeutic strategies in patients with severe clot breakdown.
Differential Transcriptional Response of Bifidobacterium longum to Human Milk, Formula Milk, and Galactooligosaccharide (2008)

In order to gain insight into the effects of human breast milk on the development of the intestinal bifidobacteria and associated health effects, the transcriptome of Bifidobacterium longum LMG 13197 grown in breast milk and formula milk containing galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and long-chain fructooligosaccharides was compared to that obtained in a semisynthetic medium with glucose. Total RNA was isolated from exponentially growing cells and hybridized to a clone library-based microarray. Inserts of clones with significant hybridization signals were sequenced and identified. The B. longum transcriptomes obtained during growth on human and formula milk were more similar to each other than to that obtained from growth in semisynthetic medium with glucose. Remarkably, there were only a few genes implicated in carbohydrate metabolism that were similarly upregulated during growth in both human and formula milk although oligosaccharides were added to the formula. Common highly upregulated genes notably included putative genes for cell surface type 2 glycoprotein-binding fimbriae that are implicated in attachment and colonization in the intestine. Genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism formed the dominant group specifically upregulated in breast milk and included putative genes for N-acetylglucosamine degradation and for metabolism of mucin and human milk oligosaccharides via the galactose/lacto-N-biose gene cluster. This supports the notion that the bifidogenic effect of human milk is to a great extent based on its oligosaccharides. The transcriptional effect of semisynthetic medium containing GOS, which, like human milk, contains a large amount of lactose and galactose, on the B. longum transcriptome was also studied and revealed substantial similarity with carbohydrate-utilization genes upregulated during growth in human milk. This knowledge provides leads to optimizing formula milk to better simulate the observed bifidogenic effects of human breast milk.
Database system issues in nomadic computing (1993)

Mobile computers and wireless networks are emerging technologies that will soon be available to a wide variety of computer users. Unlike earlier generations of laptop computers, the new generation of mobile computers can be an integrated part of a distributed computing environment, one in which users change physical location frequently. The result is a new computing paradigm, nomadic computing . This paradigm will affect the design of much of our current systems software, including that of database systems. This paper discusses in some detail the impact of nomadic computing on a number of traditional database system concepts. In particular, we point out how the reliance on short-lived batteries changes the cost assumptions underlying query processing. In these systems, power consumption competes with resource utilization in the definition of cost metrics. We also discuss how the likelihood of temporary disconnection forces consideration of alternative transaction processing protocols. The limited screen space of mobile computers along with the advent of pen-based computing provides new opportunities and new constraints on database interfaces and languages. Lastly, we believe that the movement of computers and data among networks potentially belonging to distinct, autonomous organizations creates serious security problems.