gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dappled photography (2007)

We describe a theoretical framework for reversibly modulating 4D light fields using an attenuating mask in the optical path of a lens based camera. Based on this framework, we present a novel design to reconstruct the 4D light field from a 2D camera image without any additional refractive elements as required by previous light field cameras. The patterned mask attenuates light rays inside the camera instead of bending them, and the attenuation recoverably encodes the rays on the 2D sensor. Our mask-equipped camera focuses just as a traditional camera to capture conventional 2D photos at full sensor resolution, but the raw pixel values also hold a modulated 4D light field. The light field can be recovered by rearranging the tiles of the 2D Fourier transform of sensor values into 4D planes, and computing the inverse Fourier transform. In addition, one can also recover the full resolution image information for the in-focus parts of the scene.
Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance (2005)

Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti-cancer drug treatment. Tumours may be intrinsically drug-resistant or develop resistance to chemotherapy during treatment. Acquired resistance is a particular problem, as tumours not only become resistant to the drugs originally used to treat them, but may also become cross-resistant to other drugs with different mechanisms of action. Resistance to chemotherapy is believed to cause treatment failure in over 90% of patients with metastatic cancer, and resistant micrometastic tumour cells may also reduce the effectiveness of chemotherapy in the adjuvant setting. Clearly, if drug resistance could be overcome, the impact on survival would be highly significant. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms of drug resistance that operate to reduce drug sensitivity in cancer cells. Drug resistance can occur at many levels, including increased drug efflux, drug inactivation, alterations in drug target, processing of drug-induced damage, and evasion of apoptosis. Advances in DNA microarray and proteomic technology, and the ongoing development of new targeted therapies have opened up new opportunities to combat drug resistance. We are now able to characterize the signalling pathways involved in regulating tumour cell response to chemotherapy more completely than ever before. This will facilitate the future development of rational combined chemotherapy regimens, in which the newer targeted therapies are used in combination with cytotoxic drugs to enhance chemotherapy activity. The ability to predict response to chemotherapy and to modulate this response with targeted therapies will permit selection of the best treatment for individual patients.
Severe B cell hyperplasia and autoimmune disease in TALL-1 transgenic mice (2000)

TALL-1/Blys/BAFF is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ligand superfamily that is functionally involved in B cell proliferation. Here, we describe B cell hyperplasia and autoimmune lupus-like changes in transgenic mice expressing TALL-1 under the control of a beta-actin promoter. The TALL-1 transgenic mice showed severe enlargement of spleen, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches because of an increased number of B220+ cells. The transgenic mice also had hypergammaglobulinemia contributed by elevations of serum IgM, IgG, IgA, and IgE. In addition, a phenotype similar to autoimmune lupus-like disease was also seen in TALL-1 transgenic mice, characterized by the presence of autoantibodies to nuclear antigens and immune complex deposits in the kidney. Prolonged survival and hyperactivity of transgenic B cells may contribute to the autoimmune lupus-like phenotype in these animals. Our studies further confirm TALL-1 as a stimulator of B cells that affect Ig production. Thus, TALL-1 may be a primary mediator in B cell-associated autoimmune diseases.
Electrolytic fabrication of atomic clock cells (2006)

We describe an electrolytic method to release controlled amounts of free alkali metal into miniature cells in a silicon wafer with anodically bonded glass windows.
Optimization and Comparison of Five Methods for Extraction of Coniferyl Ferulate from Angelica sinensis (2009)

Coniferyl ferulate, which is noted for its multiple pharmacological activities and chemical instability, is abundant in Angelica sinensis. In this paper, five methods, namely sonication extraction (SE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), hydrodistillation (HD) and decoction (DC) for extraction of coniferyl ferulate, as well as ferulic acid, Z/E-ligustilide and Z/E-butylidenephthalide, from A. sinensis were optimized and compared. The results showed that the order of extraction efficiency was: PLE>>SE>SFE>>HD, DC. The compositions of the SE, PLE and SFE extracts, which had a high ratio of coniferyl ferulate, were very similar, while no coniferyl ferulate was obtained by HD and DC, though they had high selectivity for the extraction of ligustilide and ferulic acid, respectively. It was noteworthy that the content of ligustilide and coniferyl ferulate was not detectable in the decoction, the commonly used oral administration form of Traditional Chinese Medicines in clinical practice.
Reduced Ischemic Brain Injury in Interleukin-1β Converting Enzyme—Deficient Mice (1998)

A variety of recent studies suggest a role for both inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), and apoptosis in ischemic brain injury. Because IL-1 beta converting enzyme (ICE) is required for the conversion of proIL-1 beta to its biologically active form, and has homology with proteins that regulate apoptosis in invertebrates, we studied the effect of cerebral ischemia on brain injury in mutant mice deficient in the ICE gene (ICE knockout [KO] mice). Focal cerebral ischemia, produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery, resulted in brain edema (increased water and sodium content) at 4 hours and a histologically defined brain lesion at 24 hours. Both of these markers of brain injury were significantly reduced in the ICE KO mice as compared to wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Regional cerebral blood flow, determined using the flow tracer, N-isopropyl [methyl 1,3-(14)C] p-iodoamphetamine (14C-IMP), was similar in the two strains of mice, indicating that the reduced brain injury in the KO mice was not a result of a lesser degree of ischemia. These data show that ICE contributes to the development of ischemic brain damage, and that it plays a role at an early time in the pathologic process. Although the mechanism of this effect is uncertain, our results suggest that pharmacologic inhibition of ICE may be a useful treatment for stroke.
Cloning and Characterization of the Acid Lipase from Castor Beans (2004)

Castor bean endosperm contains a well known acid lipase activity that is associated with the oil body membrane. In order to identify this enzyme, proteomic analysis was performed on purified oil bodies. A approximately 60-kDa protein was identified (RcOBL1), which shares homology with a lipase from the filamentous fungus Rhizomucor miehei. RcOBL1 contains features that are characteristic of an alpha/beta-hydrolase, such as a putative catalytic triad (SDH) and a conserved pentapeptide (GXSXG) surrounding the nucleophilic serine residue. RcOBL1 was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli and shown to hydrolyze triolein at an acid pH (optima approximately 4.5). RcOBL1 can hydrolyze a range of triacylglycerols but is not active on phospholipids. The activity is sensitive to the serine reagent diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, indicating that RcOBL1 is a serine esterase. Antibodies raised against RcOBL1 were used to show that the protein is restricted to the endosperm where it is associated with the surface of oil bodies. This is the first evidence for the molecular identity of an oil body-associated lipase from plants. Sequence comparisons reveal that families of OBL1-like proteins are present in many species, and it is likely that they play an important role in regulating lipolysis.
Relationship Between Antigen Density and Immunotherapeutic Response Elicited by Monoclonal Antibodies Against Solid Tumors<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1984)

The relationship between the level of cell surface antigen expression and solid tumor immunotherapy with monoclonal antibody (MoAb) was evaluated. Two MoAb's that were shown effective in the passive therapy of breast carcinomas of human origin, established and growing in female Swiss nude mice, were used for these studies. Several groups of tumors were produced from cell cultures of different passages; each cell culture possessed a distinct target antigen level. Results from immunotherapy experiments demonstrated that the amount of tumor reduction response after MoAb therapy was proportional to the antigen density at the cell surface. Analysis of these data indicated a theoretical improbability of a single MoAb treatment being able to completely eradicate solid tumors and may necessitate the use of multiple MoAb's to circumvent this problem.
Illumination from 3D imaging of multiples: An analysis in the angle domain (2014)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014Illumination from 3D imaging of multiples: An analysis in the angle domainAuthors: Shaoping Lu*N. D. WhitmoreA. A. ValencianoNizar CheminguiShaoping Lu*PGS, N. D. WhitmorePGS, A. A. ValencianoPGS, and Nizar CheminguiPGShttps://doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0852.1 SectionsSupplemental MaterialAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Abstract Angle domain common image gathers provide information for velocity model building and amplitude versus angle (AVA) analysis. They require good angular illumination to deliver reliable results. The main acquisition parameter affecting angular illumination is the shot density, which can be coarse in conventional marine towed-streamer acquisition. Imaging of multiples can help mitigate the problem, as it employs the down-going wavefield as an areal source. The areal source augments source density when compared with the point source used for imaging of primaries. We apply Separated Wavefield Imaging (SWIM) to create angle domain common image gathers from sea surface-related multiples. Imaging of multiples improves the angle gathers in the coarser sampled direction, e.g. 90-degree azimuth. We demonstrate these concepts by using a wide azimuth (WAZ) field data example. Keywords: 3D, illumination, multiples, depth migration, gathersPermalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0852.1FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byMigration using sea surface-related multiples: Challenges and opportunitiesShaoping Lu2 August 2021 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 86, No. 5A deconvolution inverse-scattering imaging condition for RTM separated wavefield imagingSean Crawley, Elena Klochikhina, and Dan Whitmore27 August 2018Benefits and limitations of imaging multiples: Interferometric and resonant migrationBowen Guo, Jianhua Yu, Yunsong Huang, Sherif M. Hanafy, and Gerard T. Schuster2 July 2015 | The Leading Edge, Vol. 34, No. 7 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2014ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 2014 Pages: 5183 publication data© 2014 Published in electronic format with permission by the Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 05 Aug 2014 CITATION INFORMATION Shaoping Lu*, N. D. Whitmore, A. A. Valenciano, and Nizar Chemingui, (2014), "Illumination from 3D imaging of multiples: An analysis in the angle domain," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 3930-3934. https://doi.org/10.1190/segam2014-0852.1 Plain-Language Summary Keywords3Dilluminationmultiplesdepth migrationgathersPDF DownloadLoading ...
P-Cadherin Overexpression Is an Indicator of Clinical Outcome in Invasive Breast Carcinomas and Is Associated with CDH3 Promoter Hypomethylation (2005)

P-cadherin expression was strongly associated with tumor aggressiveness, being a good indicator of clinical outcome. Moreover, the aberrant expression of P-cadherin in breast cancer might be regulated by gene promoter hypomethylation.
Lung-specific direct in vivo gene transfer with recombinant plasmid DNA (1995)

A number of gene delivery methods have been developed to facilitate gene transfer into mammalian somatic cells in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that tracheal insufflation of two recombinant plasmids containing a bacterial gene, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), driven by the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter/enhancer, either alone or complexed to cationic liposomes, resulted in efficient and selective transfection of the lungs in rats. When the simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter/enhancer was used, there was no detectable transfection. Insufflation of plasmid DNA was as efficient as plasmid-liposome complexes in transfecting the lungs. Expression of the CAT gene in the lungs was noted as early as 1 day after insufflation of plasmid DNA alone or plasmid-liposome complexes, and lasted for > 21 days. In contrast, intravenous injection of plasmid alone or plasmid-liposome complexes did not result in transfection of the lungs. Because of its simplicity, without the potential adverse effect of any gene delivery systems, intratracheal delivery of recombinant plasmid DNA may have potential implication for lung-specific gene therapy.
Altitude and All-Cause Mortality in Incident Dialysis Patients (2009)

Altitude was inversely associated with all-cause mortality among US patients receiving dialysis.
A sliding controller for bipedal balancing using integrated movement of contact and non-contact limbs (2005)

We present an algorithm that provides enhanced flexibility and robustness in the control of single-leg humanoid standing through the coordination of stance leg ankle torques and stabilizing movements of non-contact limbs. Current control approaches generally assume the presence of explicitly specified joint reference trajectories or desired virtual force calculations that ignore system dynamics. Here we describe a practical controller that 1) simplifies control of abstract variables such as the center of mass location using a two-stage model-based plant linearization; 2) determines motion of non-contact limbs useful for achieving control targets while satisfying dynamic balance constraints; and 3) provides robustness to modeling error using a sliding controller. The controller is tested with a morphologically realistic, 3-dimensional, 18 degree-of-freedom humanoid model serving as the plant. It is demonstrated that the controller can use less detailed control targets, and reject stronger disturbances, than previously implemented controllers that employ desired virtual forces and static body calculations.
Lithium Argyrodites with Phosphorus and Arsenic: Order and Disorder of Lithium Atoms, Crystal Chemistry, and Phase Transitions (2010)

Crystal chemical data of high- (HT) and low-temperature (LT) modifications of lithium argyrodites with the compositions Li(7)PCh(6) (Ch=S, Se), Li(6)PCh(5)X (X=Cl, Br, I), Li(6)AsS(5)Br, and Li(6)AsCh(5)I (Ch=S, Se) based on single-crystal, powder X-ray (113 K<T<503 K) and neutron measurements (5 K<T<293 K) are presented. In the HT modifications, the Li atoms are strongly disordered over a fraction of the available tetrahedral holes, whereas in the LT modifications they occupy ordered crystallographic positions with a pronounced site preference that is analysed on a crystal chemical basis. The Ch/X partial structures remain nearly unchanged upon the reversible phase transitions. Crystal chemical and crystallographic relations between HT and LT modifications based on the Frank-Kasper model of tetrahedral close packing are discussed. X-ray single-crystal data for HT-Li(6)PS(5)I show the electron density of the disordered Li to be smeared out over an extended region preferably inside face-sharing double tetrahedra. A series of temperature-dependent powder neutron data for Li(6)PS(5)I gives clear evidence for an HT/LT phase transition at approximately 175 K with an ordering of the Li atoms in different polyhedra with coordination numbers between three and four.
Soft switching active snubbers for DC/DC converters (1996)

A soft-switching active snubber is proposed to reduce the turn-off losses of the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) in a buck power converter. The soft-switching snubber provides zero-voltage switching for the IGBT, thereby reducing its high turn-off losses due to the current tailing. The proposed snubber uses an auxiliary switch to discharge the snubber capacitor. This auxiliary switch also operates at zero-voltage and zero-current switching. The size of the auxiliary switch compared to the main switch makes this snubber a good alternative to the conventional snubber or even to passive low-loss snubbers. The use of the soft-switching active snubber permits the IGBT to operate at high frequencies with an improved RBSOA. In the experimental results reported for a 1 kW, 40 kHz prototype, combined switching/snubbing losses are reduced by 36% through the use of the active snubber compared to a conventional RCD snubber. The use of an active snubber allows recovery of part of the energy stored in the snubber capacitor during turn-off. The generic snubber cell for the buck power converter is generalized to support the common nonisolated DC/DC power converters (buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, sepic, zeta) as well as isolated DC/DC power converters (forward, flyback, Cuk, and sepic).
Water-content of Glacier-ice: Limitations on Estimates from Velocity Analysis of Surface Ground-penetrating Radar Surveys (2007)

Abstract The rheology of ice is strongly controlled by its liquid water content. Since water content and its distribution also exert a strong control on radar propagation velocity and attenuation, this provides a potential remote technique for assessing ice-water content. A suite of surface ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys have been undertaken on two glaciers, Tsanfleuron Glacier in the European Alps and Bakaninbreen, Svalbard in order to determine their water content variation with depth. Common-offset surface radar profiling shows both glaciers have a two-layered structure, with a shallow layer characterised by low returned radar power and a deeper layer characterised by strong scattering. The thickness of these layers varies rapidly across the glaciers. In order to provide a robust interpretation of the properties of the layers within these glaciers we present a quantitative semblance analysis of two common midpoint surveys, making estimates of layer thickness and water content. This analysis includes a Monte Carlo estimate of the likely resolution of these estimates, as well as of the effects of the non-minimum-phase nature of the GPR wavelet. In Tsanfleuron Glacier, the shallow layer consists of relatively dry ice with an estimated water content of 1.18 (+0.15, −0.32)%, whereas the deeper layer is interpreted as containing small water bodies, 3.90 (+1.87, −1.35)% by volume. At Bakaninbreen, the shallow layer contains no water and the deeper layer 1.29 (+1.68, −1.14)% water. At both glaciers the deeper layer will undoubtedly be rheologically softer, with implications for ice dynamics; furthermore, the layer will provide a store for a substantial water volume with important implications for the glacier's water system. The uncertainty in the calculated water content is, however, significant in terms of ice dynamics, meaning that alternative methods of assessing water content, possibly using borehole radar, are required to provide the input for predictive models of glacier flow.
Accurate unlexicalized parsing (2003)

We demonstrate that an unlexicalized PCFG can parse much more accurately than previously shown, by making use of simple, linguistically motivated state splits, which break down false independence assumptions latent in a vanilla treebank grammar. Indeed, its performance of 86.36% (LP/LR F1) is better than that of early lexicalized PCFG models, and surprisingly close to the current state-of-the-art. This result has potential uses beyond establishing a strong lower bound on the maximum possible accuracy of unlexicalized models: an unlexicalized PCFG is much more compact, easier to replicate, and easier to interpret than more complex lexical models, and the parsing algorithms are simpler, more widely understood, of lower asymptotic complexity, and easier to optimize.
Are Superhydrophobic Surfaces Best for Icephobicity? (2011)

Ice formation can have catastrophic consequences for human activity on the ground and in the air. Here we investigate water freezing delays on untreated and coated surfaces ranging from hydrophilic to superhydrophobic and use these delays to evaluate icephobicity. Supercooled water microdroplets are inkjet-deposited and coalesce until spontaneous freezing of the accumulated mass occurs. Surfaces with nanometer-scale roughness and higher wettability display unexpectedly long freezing delays, at least 1 order of magnitude longer than typical superhydrophobic surfaces with larger hierarchical roughness and low wettability. Directly related to the main focus on heterogeneous nucleation and freezing delay of supercooled water droplets, the observed ensuing crystallization process consisted of two distinct phases: one very rapid recalescent partial solidification phase and a subsequent slower phase. Observations of the droplet collision process employed for the continuous liquid mass accumulation up to the point of ice formation reveal a previously unseen atmospheric-pressure, subfreezing-temperature regime for liquid-on-liquid bounce. On the basis of the entropy reduction of water near a solid surface, we formulate a modification to the classical heterogeneous nucleation theory, which predicts the observed freezing delay trends. Our results bring to question recent emphasis on super water-repellent surface formulations for ice formation retardation and suggest that anti-icing design must optimize the competing influences of both wettability and roughness.
Spermidine in health and disease (2018)

Interventions that delay aging and protect from age-associated disease are slowly approaching clinical implementation. Such interventions include caloric restriction mimetics, which are defined as agents that mimic the beneficial effects of dietary restriction while limiting its detrimental effects. One such agent, the natural polyamine spermidine, has prominent cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects and stimulates anticancer immunosurveillance in rodent models. Moreover, dietary polyamine uptake correlates with reduced cardiovascular and cancer-related mortality in human epidemiological studies. Spermidine preserves mitochondrial function, exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, and prevents stem cell senescence. Mechanistically, it shares the molecular pathways engaged by other caloric restriction mimetics: It induces protein deacetylation and depends on functional autophagy. Because spermidine is already present in daily human nutrition, clinical trials aiming at increasing the uptake of this polyamine appear feasible.