gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Pathogenicity of Nonenterotoxigenic Vibrio cholerae Serogroup 01 Biotype EI Tor Isolated from Sewage Water in Brazil (1982)

Nonenterotoxigenic strains no. 1196-78 and no. 1074-78 of Vibrio cholerae serogroup O1 (biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa) were isolated from sewage water in Brazil and fed to 20 volunteers. Neither strain caused diarrhea. None of the seven volunteers who ingested Ogawa strain no. 1074-78 (10(6) organisms) excreted the organism whereas eight of the 13 volunteers who ingested Ogawa strain no. 1196-78 (10(6) or 10(8) organisms) did excrete the organism in their stools. None of 114 stool-culture isolates yielded cholera enterotoxin, and none of the 20 volunteers had significant increases in serum titers of antitoxin as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay although six of the volunteers had slightly elevated vibriocidal antibody levels. Six volunteers used as controls and four volunteers who had stool cultures positive for strain no. 1196-78 of V. cholerae were challenged with pathogenic El Tor Ogawa strain no. E7946 (10(6) organisms) to determine if previous ingestion of the Brazilian strain would induce protective immunity. All 10 of the volunteers developed diarrhea, and the severity of the illness was similar in both groups.
Synoviocytes synthesize, bind, and respond to basic fibroblast growth factor (1990)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease characterized by the destructive proliferation of synovial tissue. It has been suggested that this proliferative lesion resembles a malignancy. Although polypeptide growth factors have been implicated in malignant cell growth, their role in the pathogenesis of proliferative but non-neoplastic diseases such as RA has not been extensively studied. We tested the hypothesis that the synoviocyte itself may be a source of growth factor activity. We demonstrated that culture supernatants from synoviocytes obtained from patients with RA, osteoarthritis, and traumatic joint disease contain mitogenic activity. This activity has biologic properties identical to those of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Specifically, the mitogenic activity is synergistic with insulin and binds to heparin-agarose, but elutes with 2.0M NaCl. In addition, synoviocyte extracts contain a peptide with a molecular weight of approximately 16,000, which reacts with antibody specific for bFGF. Cultured synoviocytes express the bFGF gene, express receptors for bFGF, and proliferate in response to bFGF. We conclude that bFGF derived from the synoviocytes themselves may play a role in stimulating their proliferation in an autocrine manner in disease states such as RA.
Chemical modification of prothrombin fragment 1: documentation of sequential, two-stage loss of protein function (1988)

The amino groups of prothrombin fragment 1 (amino acids 1-156 of prothrombin) were derivatized by acetylation, amidination, and reductive methylation. Conditions that caused complete acetylation of protein amino groups produced a fragment 1 derivative which no longer displayed a metal ion dependent intrinsic fluorescence change and had lost its membrane binding capability as well. However, when derivatized in the presence of calcium ions, extensive acetylation yielded a product that underwent protein fluorescence quenching at metal ion concentrations similar to those observed for the native protein. This derivative bound to membranes in a calcium-dependent manner with only a small reduction in affinity. Several results showed the existence of a partially functional protein that was characterized by a high degree of calcium-dependent protein fluorescence quenching but which had a requirement for 10-fold higher calcium concentration. This derivative was produced by partial acetylation (greater than 3 equiv) of metal-free protein. This partially acetylated protein had greatly diminished membrane binding. The calcium-protected amino group, therefore, was among the most reactive acetylation sites in the metal-free protein. The second site, responsible for abolishing all metal ion induced fluorescence change, was resistant to acetylation and became derivatized at the last stages of amino group acetylation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Using reagent-supported thromboelastometry (ROTEM®) to monitor haemostatic changes in congenital heart surgery employing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (2008)

A major benefit of ROTEM is the quick detection of a developing coagulopathy already during CPB. ROTEM guides quick and specific blood product treatment after CPB, which may decrease bleeding complications in cardiac surgery. The finding of maximal platelet activation directly after DHCA suggests that not only CPB but also hypothermia activates platelets in vivo, thereby contributing to platelet dysfunction.
Characterization of a new bacteriophage which infects bacteria of the genus Acidiphilium (1993)

A novel bacteriophage, termed phi AC1, that infects strains of the genus Acidiphilium (acidophilic, heterotrophic, aerobic, Gram-negative eubacteria) most commonly isolated from acidic mine drainage environments, has been discovered and several of its properties have been determined. This is the first report of a bacteriophage infecting such cells. The virion has a lambdoid morphology and is larger than lambda, as shown by electron microscopy and sucrose gradient centrifugation. The sedimentation coefficient of the virion is approximately 615S. The nucleic acid of phi Ac1 is dsDNA, approximately 102 kb in length. Several experimental results show that phi Ac1 is a temperate phage. The plaques are turbid, and most cells isolated from plaques produced on sensitive cells by filter-sterilized phage preparations contain the phage and are resistant to further phage infection. Southern blot analysis shows that phi Ac1 prophage DNA is integrated into the bacterial genome during the temperature growth phase.
Homologous Recombination between Defective neo Genes in Mouse 3T6 Cells (1984)

There is considerable evidence that suggests that recombination occurs between homologous sequences in the mammalian genome and that this has important consequences in terms of its organization during development and evolution. For example, reciprocal recombination between repeated sequences either on the same or between sister chromatids can lead to the loss or gain of DNA sequences (Reis and Goldstein 1980; Varmus et al. 1981; Roberts et al. 1983). Other indirect evidence strongly indicates that nonreciprocal recombination (gene conversion) takes place; this is based on numerous comparisons between the DNA sequences of the members of gene families such as the globin genes, the histocompatibility antigen genes, and the immunoglobin heavy- and light-chain genes (for review, see Baltimore 1981; Egel 1981).
Hydrogen-bond geometry in organic crystals (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrogen-bond geometry in organic crystalsRobin Taylor and Olga KennardCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1984, 17, 9, 320–326Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00105a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00105a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2030Altmetric-Citations491LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photophysical mechanisms of collagen modification by 80 MHz femtosecond laser (2010)

Photophysical mechanisms of collagen photomodification (CFP) by the use of a 80 MHz, 780 nm femtosecond titanium-sapphire laser were investigated. Our observation that the decrease in collagen second harmonic generation and increase in two-photon autofluorescence intensity occurred primarily at sites where photoproducts were present suggested that the photoproducts may act to facilitate the CFP process. Laser power study of CFP indicated that the efficiency of the process depended on the sixth power of the laser intensity. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that CFP can be used for bending and cutting of collagen fibers and creating 3D patterns within collagen matrix with high precision (~2 μm).
The photoreceptor rim protein is an ABC transporter encoded by the gene for recessive Stargardt's disease (ABCR) (1997)

Rim protein (RmP) is a high-Mr membrane glycoprotein that has been localized to the rims of photoreceptor outer segment discs, but its molecular identity is unknown. Here, we describe the purification of RmP and present the sequence of its mRNA. RmP is a new member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily. We show that RmP is expressed specifically in photoreceptors and predominantly in outer segments. Further, RmP is identical to the protein recently shown to be affected in recessive Stargardt's disease. RmP is the first ABC transporter observed in photoreceptors and may play a role in the photoresponse.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 Is a Disulfide-linked Dimer (1996)

The sequences of the metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) show little homology with other members of the G protein-coupled receptor family and exhibit several distinctive features, including a large N-terminal extracellular domain with 17 cysteines in conserved positions. Here we demonstrate that mGluR5, as well as other mGluRs, behave as species approximately twice as large as expected from their sequence, but reducing conditions cause a decrease to the predicted molecular mass. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments using wild type and epitope-tagged receptors demonstrate that this is due to specific, disulfide-dependent dimerization of the receptor. The intermolecular disulfide that mediates dimerization occurs in the extracellular domain, within about 17 kDa from the N terminus.
Cancer stem cells as targets for immunotherapy (2017)

Current cancer therapies target the bulk of the tumour, while a population of highly resistant tumour cells may be able to repopulate the tumour and metastasize to new sites. Cancer cells with such stem cell-like characteristics can be identified based on their phenotypical and/or functional features which may open up ways for their targeted elimination. In this review we discuss potential off-target effects of inhibiting cancer stem-cell self-renewal pathways on immune cells, and summarize some recent immunological studies specifically targeting cancer stem cells based on their unique antigen expression.
A Chemical Genetic Method for Generating Bivalent Inhibitors of Protein Kinases (2009)

We report a new chemical genetic method for creating bivalent ligands of protein kinases. The kinase inhibitors that are generated with this methodology consist of two components: (1) a synthetic, small molecule that targets the ATP-binding cleft and (2) a peptidic ligand that enhances selectivity between kinases by targeting a secondary binding domain. A key feature of these bivalent inhibitors is that they are assembled on a protein scaffold with a chemoselective protein labeling technique. The utility of this methodology is demonstrated through the generation of a panel of protein-small molecule conjugates that simultaneously target the SH1 and SH3 domains of the closely related tyrosine kinases Src and Abl. The assembled bivalent ligands are significantly more potent inhibitors of Src and Abl than either modular component alone. Importantly, these protein-small molecule conjugates show a high degree of selectivity for their intended kinase target.
Carbon Dioxide Conversion by Reverse Water–Gas Shift Chemical Looping on Perovskite-Type Oxides (2014)

Carbon dioxide conversion to carbon monoxide was studied in an intensified chemical looping reverse water–gas shift reaction (RWGS–CL) process using parent perovskite-type oxides as oxygen carriers. Five different strontium-doped lanthanum cobaltites, La1–XSrXCoO3−δ (0 ≤ X ≤1 in steps of 0.25), were synthesized using the Pechini method and their structures were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD). Temperature-programmed (H2-TPR, CO2-TPO) and isothermal CO2 conversion experiments were performed to evaluate their properties and abilities for carbon dioxide conversion. The production of carbon monoxide from the reduced parent oxides is enhanced when X = 0.25. From the three H2-reduction temperatures studied (400, 500, and 600 °C), 500 °C was determined as the optimum, presumably due to the formation of mixed oxides and metallic cobalt crystalline phases (observed via XRD) in close contact. Furthermore, isothermal CO2 conversion rates increased with temperature over the tested range (650 to 850 °C). Results indicated that perovskite-type oxides can be used as oxygen carriers in a RWGS–CL process where separation of the products is achieved, which facilitates subsequent synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons or methanol. Hydrogen obtained by water splitting or electrolysis would make the process sustainable assuming solar or wind is used to drive the reaction.
Synergistic antitumor effects of topoisomerase inhibitors and natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. (1989)

The mechanism of augmentation of tumor cell killing by immune effector cells and chemotherapeutic drugs was studied. The effect of treating tumor cells with various antineoplastic drugs on their sensitivity to murine natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro was investigated. Pretreatment with actinomycin D at nontoxic concentrations rendered L929 and WEHI-164 tumor cells more susceptible to killing by mouse spleen lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, enhancement of L929 tumor cell killing by natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed following treatment of the target cells with the topoisomerase II inhibitors, Adriamycin, amsacrine, bisantrene, etoposide, and teniposide, as well as with topoisomerase I inhibitor, camptothecin. In contrast, drugs which induce their cytotoxic effects by mechanisms that do not involve topoisomerase inhibition such as bleomycin, vinblastine, vincristine, and mitomycin C failed to exhibit synergism with natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. However, moderate synergy was consistently observed with cis-platinum. The effector cells responsible for the cytotoxicity in the present system are natural cytotoxic cells since they kill WEHI-164 but not YAC cells, are resistant to treatment with anti-asialo-GM1 antibody, and their activity is abolished by anti-tumor necrosis factor antibodies. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity of WEHI-164 or L929 was enhanced by treatment of the target cells with topoisomerase II inhibitors. Moreover, WEHI-164 cells selected for tumor necrosis factor resistance were resistant to natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and no synergy could be observed with topoisomerase inhibitors.
Controlled Layering of Two-Dimensional J-Aggregate of Anionic Cyanine Dye on Self-Assembled Cysteamine Monolayer on Au(111) (2000)

An anionic cyanine dye with disulfopropyl substituents allowed its two-dimensional (2D) J-aggregate of highest-ever quality to be successfully layered on top of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of cysteamine (CA) on atomically flat Au(111). The chemisorption of CA from millimolar ethanolic solutions was rapid, producing an estimated density of surface amino groups of ∼4 × 1014 cm-2 well within a minute. However, sufficient ordering of the CA SAM, which we found by scanning tunneling microscopy imaging to yield a characteristic 7 × √3 superlattice structure, took a considerably long extra immersion time of a few hours at room temperature. The highest-quality 2D J-aggregate with an extraordinary sharp J-band formed preferentially on densest but still not fully ordered CA SAMs, from typically 0.1 mM dye solutions in 1:1 mixed water and ethanol solvent at considerably high adsorption temperatures of 50−65 °C. A detailed analysis of the 2D J-aggregate and its molecular linkage with the CA SAM indicated that 1.3 × 1014 cm-2 dye molecules are individually anchored to the surface amino groups in the form of ammonium sulfonates. The resultant energy barrier for the 2D J-aggregation can still be overcome at the given high temperature of dye adsorption in the case of nonrigid (only partially ordered) CA SAMs because of the strong cohesive interactions between dye molecules possibly exceeding ∼50 kJ/mol. Other important questions such as the electric charge balance in the layered assembly and the overall chemistry of 2D J-aggregation are also addressed.
Evaluation of 8-Arylsulfanyl, 8-Arylsulfoxyl, and 8-Arylsulfonyl Adenine Derivatives as Inhibitors of the Heat Shock Protein 90 (2005)

Hsp90 is a chaperone protein with important roles in maintaining transformation and in elevating the survival and growth potential of cancer cells. Currently there is an increasing interest in developing inhibitors of this protein as anticancer therapeutics. One of such inhibitors, the purine-scaffold class, has been reported to be potent and selective against Hsp90 both in vitro and in vivo models of cancer. Here, a series of 8-arylsulfanyl, -sulfoxyl, and -sulfonyl adenine members of the purine class was synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of the chaperone. The structure-activity relationship and selectivity for tumor Hsp90 of compounds within the series is presented. Our results suggest that 8-arylsulfanyl adenine derivatives are good inhibitors of chaperone activity, whereas oxidation of the sulfides to sulfoxides or sulfones leads to compounds of decreased activity. The study identifies derivative 11v as the most potent Hsp90 inhibitor of the purine-scaffold series published to date (EC(50) = 30 nM), and also as the compound of this class with highest selectivity for tumor vs normal cell Hsp90 (700 to 3000-fold). Most rewardingly, this work has allowed for the identification of Hsp90 inhibitors with selective affinities for Hsp90-client protein complexes, derivatives that may represent useful pharmacological tools in dissecting Hsp90-regulated processes.
Humanized mouse models to study human diseases (2010)

Immunodeficient mice bearing an IL2rgamma(null) mutated gene can be engrafted with functional human cells and tissues, including human immune systems, following engraftment with human hematolymphoid cells. These mice are now used as in-vivo models to study human hematopoiesis, immunity, regeneration, stem cell function, cancer, and human-specific infectious agents without putting patients at risk.
S-Carboxymethylcysteine synthase from Escherichia coli. (1989)

An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine from 3-chloro-L-alanine (3-Cl-Ala) and thioglycolic acid was found in Escherichia coli W3110 and was designated as S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine synthase. It was purified from the cell-free extract to electrophoretic homogeneity and was crystallized. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 84, 000 and gave one band corresponding to a molecular weight of 37, 000 on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The purified enzyme catalyzed the β-replacement reactions between 3-CI-Ala and various thiol compounds. The apparent Km values for 3-Cl-Ala and thioglycolic acid were 40 mM and 15.4mM. The enzyme showed very low activity as to the α, β-elimination reaction with 3-Cl-Ala and L-serine. It was not inactivated on the incubation with 3-Cl-Ala. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows a maximum at 412 nm, indicating that it contains pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined and the corresponding sequence was detected in the protein sequence data bank, but no homogeneous sequence was found.
Anti-tumor and immunoregulatory activities of Ganoderma lucidum and its possible mechanisms. (2004)

Ganoderma lucidum (G lucidum) is a medicinal fungus with a variety of biological activities. It has long been used as a folk remedy for promotion of health and longevity in China and other oriental countries. The most attractive character of this kind of medicinal fungus is its immunomodulatory and anti-tumor activities. Large numbers of studies have shown that G lucidum modulate many components of the immune system such as the antigen-presenting cells, NK cells, T and B lymphocytes. The water extract and the polysaccharides fraction of G lucidum exhibited significant anti-tumor effect in several tumor-bearing animals mainly through its immunoenhancing activity. Recent studies also showed that the alcohol extract or the triterpene fraction of G lucidum possessed anti-tumor effect, which seemed to be related to the cytotoxic activity against tumor cells directly. Preliminary study indicated that antiangiogenic effect may be involved antitumor activity of G lucidum.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Cancer: The Beginning of a New Tale? (2016)

Exosomes have emerged as one of the main players in intercellular communication. These small nano-sized particles have many roles in various physiological pathways in normal and abnormal cells. Exosomes can carry various cargos such as proteins, mRNAs, and miRNAs to recipient cells. Uptake of exosomes and their cargo can induce and/or inhibit different cellular and molecular pathways that lead to the alteration of cell behavior. Multiple lines of evidence have indicated that exosomes released from cancer cells can effect development of cancer in different stages. These particles and their cargo could regulate different processes such as tumor growth, metastasis, drug resistance, angiogenesis, and immune system functioning. It has been observed that exosomes can be used as potential diagnostic biomarkers in various cancer types. Moreover, some studies have used these particles as biological vehicles for delivery of various drugs such as doxorubicin, siRNAs, and miRNAs. Here, we summarized the findings on the role of exosomes in different pathological processes involved in cancer. Moreover, application of these particles as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers in different types of cancers is discussed. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 3251-3260, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.