gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of dietary RNA on growth and food intake of young chicks. (1990)

1. Effects of an inclusion of 10% RNA into diets containing 10, 20 and 30% isolated soybean protein were examined on growth, food intake and nitrogen excretion of chicks from 6 days of age for 15 days.2. RNA additions to the three-protein-level diets resulted in appreciable decreases in food intake and in significant growth depression throughout the experiment (10 and 20% protein diets, P<0.05), with no effect on food conversion efficiency.3. RNA inclusions in the diets also decreased apparent nitrogen unilization {(N intake -N excretion) /N intake} (10 and 30% protein diets, P<0.05) and increased the ratio of excreted uric acid N to ingested N (10 and 20% protein diets, P<0.05).4. Kidney weight per 100g of body weight was increased by dietary RNA (10 and 30% protein diets, P<0.05), but liver weight was unaffected.5. Neither uric acid content in kidney nor in liver was affected by dietary RNA.6. These results suggest that the growth depression by an inclusion of RNA into diets resulted from decreased food intake which may be caused by adverse effects of absorbed RNA-degradation products.
A CMOS imager with PFM/PWM based analog-to-digital converter (2003)

An on-pixel analog-to-digital converter based on both PFM and PWM schemes is reported. The proposed architecture uses a limited number of transistors that can be implemented in a small silicon area resulting in a 23% fill-factor. The digital sensor can be externally configured in order to operate under either the PFM or PWM scheme. At high light intensities, the PFM scheme is replaced by the PWM scheme which proves to be much more efficient in terms of power consumption and clock frequency requirements. An in-built light adaptation mechanism has also been implemented which allows the sensor to better adapt to low-light intensity or to adjust the sensor saturation level. As a consequence, the sensor features a programmable dynamic range. Image lag is reduced in both schemes since a reset of the photodetector is performed after the conversion period. The pixel based ADC has been designed and fabricated using CMOS 0.25 /spl mu/m technology.
Benzyl Protection of Phenols under Neutral Conditions: Palladium-Catalyzed Benzylations of Phenols (2008)

Benzyl protection of phenols under neutral conditions was achieved by using a Pd(eta3-C3H5)Cp-DPEphos catalyst. The palladium catalyst efficiently converted aryl benzyl carbonates into benzyl-protected phenols through the decarboxylative etherification. Alternatively, the nucleophilic substitution of benzyl methyl carbonates with phenols proceeded in the presence of the catalyst, yielding aryl benzyl ethers.
Wnt signaling and a Smad pathway blockade direct the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to multipotent neural crest cells (2011)

Neural crest stem cells can be isolated from differentiated cultures of human pluripotent stem cells, but the process is inefficient and requires cell sorting to obtain a highly enriched population. No specific method for directed differentiation of human pluripotent cells toward neural crest stem cells has yet been reported. This severely restricts the utility of these cells as a model for disease and development and for more applied purposes such as cell therapy and tissue engineering. In this report, we use small-molecule compounds in a single-step method for the efficient generation of self-renewing neural crest-like stem cells in chemically defined media. This approach is accomplished directly from human pluripotent cells without the need for coculture on feeder layers or cell sorting to obtain a highly enriched population. Critical to this approach is the activation of canonical Wnt signaling and concurrent suppression of the Activin A/Nodal pathway. Over 12-14 d, pluripotent cells are efficiently specified along the neuroectoderm lineage toward p75(+) Hnk1(+) Ap2(+) neural crest-like cells with little or no contamination by Pax6(+) neural progenitors. This cell population can be clonally amplified and maintained for >25 passages (>100 d) while retaining the capacity to differentiate into peripheral neurons, smooth muscle cells, and mesenchymal precursor cells. Neural crest-like stem cell-derived mesenchymal precursors have the capacity for differentiation into osteocytes, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In sum, we have developed methods for the efficient generation of self-renewing neural crest stem cells that greatly enhance their potential utility in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
The dendritic cell: its role in intestinal inflammation and relationship with gut bacteria (2003)

Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells that are likely to be pivotal in the balance between tolerance and active immunity to commensal microorganisms that is fundamental to inflammatory conditions, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Interactions between dendritic cells and microbial products are discussed and how they contribute to regulation of immune responses. The concept that interactions between dendritic cells and commensal organisms may be responsible for maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis is also explored.
Potassium Ion Channels of Chlorella Viruses Cause Rapid Depolarization of Host Cells during Infection (2006)

Previous studies have established that chlorella viruses encode K(+) channels with different structural and functional properties. In the current study, we exploit the different sensitivities of these channels to Cs(+) to determine if the membrane depolarization observed during virus infection is caused by the activities of these channels. Infection of Chlorella NC64A with four viruses caused rapid membrane depolarization of similar amplitudes, but with different kinetics. Depolarization was fastest after infection with virus SC-1A (half time [t(1/2)], about 9 min) and slowest with virus NY-2A (t(1/2), about 12 min). Cs(+) inhibited membrane depolarization only in viruses that encode a Cs(+)-sensitive K(+) channel. Collectively, the results indicate that membrane depolarization is an early event in chlorella virus-host interactions and that it is correlated with viral-channel activity. This suggestion was supported by investigations of thin sections of Chlorella cells, which show that channel blockers inhibit virus DNA release into the host cell. Together, the data indicate that the channel is probably packaged in the virion, presumably in its internal membrane. We hypothesize that fusion of the virus internal membrane with the host plasma membrane results in an increase in K(+) conductance and membrane depolarization; this depolarization lowers the energy barrier for DNA release into the host.
New, Non-Adenosine, High-Potency Agonists for the Human Adenosine A2B Receptor with an Improved Selectivity Profile Compared to the Reference Agonist N-Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (2004)

The adenosine A(2B) receptor is the least well characterized of the four known adenosine receptor subtypes because of the absence of potent, selective agonists. Here, we present five non-adenosine agonists. Among them, 2-amino-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-6-(1H-imidazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)pyridine-3,5-dicarbonitrile, 17, LUF5834, is a high-efficacy partial agonist with EC(50) = 12 nM and 45-fold selectivity over the adenosine A(3) receptor but lacking selectivity versus the A(1) and A(2A) subtypes. Compound 18, LUF5835, the 3-hydroxyphenyl analogue, is a full agonist with EC(50) = 10 nM.
Pluripotent embryonal carcinoma clones derived from the human teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Differentiation in vivo and in vitro. (1984)

We have derived and characterized single cell clones from a xenograft tumor of the teratocarcinoma cell line Tera-2. Isozyme and chromosomal analyses confirmed their common origin. When cultures of the clones were maintained at a high cell density, many cells exhibited a morphology and cell surface antigen phenotype typical of human embryonal carcinoma cells. These features included a high nucleo-cytoplasmic ratio, prominent nucleoli, and the expression of the globoseries glycolipid antigen SSEA-3. In addition, other cells, in many respects resembling these typical embryonal carcinoma cells, were distinguished by a marked tendency to accumulate cytoplasmic glycogen. Similar cells, together with more differentiated cells, were seen in low passage cultures of Tera-2 itself. When the clones were grown at a low cell density many cells assumed a larger, flatter shape, a few with multiple nucleoli. Also, the fucosylated lactosamine antigen SSEA-1 appeared on some cells, whereas expression of SSEA-3 and HLA-A,B,C tended to be reduced. Often the synthesis of fibronectin was increased. However, no obvious cytoplasmic differentiation was seen upon ultrastructural examination, and synthesis of human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, and laminin was not detected. In contrast to the limited spontaneous changes seen in culture, marked differentiation occurred in tumors obtained following injection of the cells into athymic (nu/nu) mice. In additional to embryonal carcinoma cells, these tumors contained a variety of somatic tissues that included glandular structures, possibly related to the primitive gut, and neural elements. These cell lines derived from Tera-2 constitute the first example of clonal human embryonal carcinoma cells, adapted to growth in vitro, that have retained the capacity for differentiation into diverse somatic tissues.
Clinical Features of Posterior Inferior Cerebella Artery Aneurysms (2004)

Objective：The purpose of this study is to characterize the distribution of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA aneurysm, the computed tomography (CT patterns of hemorrhage, and the clinical presentation thereof. Methods：We reviewed the records 1050 patients with intracranial aneurysms treated at our institution between January 1999 and November 2003. Upon clinical review of radiological data and postoperative reports, we found 20 patients with PICA aneurysms. Results：The incidence of PICA aneurysms was 1.9% of all intracranial aneurysms. The location of PICA aneurysms varied. Of the 20 PICA aneurysm cases, ruptured aneurysms accounted for 18 cases. Review of only these ruptured cases resulted in the following observations：Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH was presented in 94.4% of cases. Isolated infratentorial and supratentorial SAH was present in 7 cases (38.9% and 2 cases (11.1%, respectively. SAH involving the infratentorial and supratentorial region was present in 8 cases (44.5%. Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH with or without associated SAH was seen in 77.8% of cases, whereas isolated IVH was seen in only one case. Perimedullary large hematoma was present in 50% of cases, while the hematoma was consistently thicker on the aneurysm side. Hydrochephalus was present in 16 cases (88.9%. Although patients’ postoperative outcomes were excellent or good in 70% of the above cases, initial angiograms failed to reveal ruptured PICA aneurysms in 3 cases. Conclusion：PICA aneurysm is rare in most aneurysm cases. However, awareness of a possibility of PICA aneurysm and its features are still nonetheless important. IVH and hydrocephalus are commonly presented with a ruptured PICA aneurysm and complete vertebral angiography is a required to recognize this condition. (Kor J Cerebrovascular Surgery 6:122-9, 2004)
Client-Server Paradise (1994)

This paper describes the design and implementation of Paradise, a database system designed for handling GIS type of applications. The current version of Paradise, uses a client--server architecture and provides an extended--relational data model for modeling GIS applications. Paradise supports an extended version of SQL and provides a graphical user interface for querying and browsing the database. We also describe the results of benchmarking Paradise using the Sequoia 2000 storage benchmark. 1 Introduction Over the last five years interest in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) has increased significantly. Existing systems represent an integration of ideas from many different fields including remote sensing, photogrammetry, and computer cartography [MGR91]. In turn, new application domains have placed additional demands on existing systems. For example, GIS systems are now being used to store and process vast amounts of remote--sensed data gathered from sensors on satellites. These...
Autophagy inhibition in combination cancer treatment. (2009)

The effective elimination of cancer cells is compromised by mechanisms of resistance. Such mechanisms have been variably ascribed to drug export transporters, more effective DNA repair mechanisms compared with healthy cells, singularly resistant stem cells, resistance to apoptosis, self-sufficiency for growth factor signaling and an angiogenic switch, as well as immunological pathways associated with T-regulatory cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells or plasmacytoid dendritic cells. In this review, the critically important process of autophagy, which is a mechanism of cell survival in the presence of genomic injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidant stress, nutrient insufficiency and viral/bacterial infection, is explored in the setting of cancer treatment. Autophagy has recently been demonstrated as important for conferring resistance to chemotherapy, radiation therapy and immunotherapy. Compounds are now available that can reverse autophagy, including the antimalarial compounds chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, as well as the antidepressant agent clomipramine. Other strategies for the reversal of autophagy are based on the recent observation that the cytosolic location of the chromatin-binding protein HMGB1 (high-mobility group box-1) is associated with sustained autophagy. Targeting HMGB1 using platinum-containing compounds, ethyl pyruvate or glycyrrhizin has also been used to limit autophagy. Screening for new agents is ongoing, which, coupled with conventional chemotherapeutic compounds, may usher in a new generation of autophagy-inhibiting agents.
Comparative Distribution of Free Doxorubicin and Poly-L-Aspartic Acid Linked Doxorubicin in MS-2 Sarcoma Bearing Mice (1986)

The plasma and tissue distribution of doxorubicin-poly-L-aspartic acid (DX-PAA) and doxorubicin (DX) at equitoxic doses have been studied by a fluorescence assay in tumor bearing mice following administration of a single i.v. bolus injection. A relatively short distribution phase followed by a slow elimination phase characterized the DX-PAA plasma disappearence: at 48 hr after the treatment the conjugate was still detected in plasma. The plasma under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) of drug equivalents following free DX administration resulted 2.6 times higher than the plasma AUC of free equivalents produced by DX-PAA treatment. In lung, liver and spleen the DX-PAA was accumulated in high concentrations. Low amount of DX equivalents were found in the heart following the conjugate administration: after 2 hr only traces of free anthracycline equivalents were detectable. On the contrary, drug equivalents following free DX treatment remained evaluable in the heart up to 24 hr from the drug administration. No significative differences were observed in the tumor AUC of free DX equivalents produced by free or polymer-linked DX. These data suggest that DX-PAA might act as a depot system slowly releasing the cytotoxic agent. Furthermore the observed accumulation of the conjugate and free DX equivalents in the lung and in the liver suggest a possible therapeutic advantages of DX-PAA in tumors with potential metastasis in these organs.
Controlling the Femtochemistry of Fe(CO)5 (1999)

We report on active control of the femtosecond photodissociation and ionization reactions of iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5, in the gas phase. The spectral phase of femtosecond laser pulses is modified in a pulse shaper, employing a learning evolutionary algorithm. Direct feedback from the experiment is used to iteratively improve the laser pulse shape according to a given optimization problem. This many-parameter optimization is compared with one-parameter control schemes and found to be more versatile, because it can sample a much more general search space. Information about the underlying reaction mechanism can be extracted from the results of the automated optimization. It is further shown that second-harmonic generation (SHG) can be used at the output of a 800 nm pulse shaper to implement 400 nm excitation experiments. The optimization procedure not simply increases the SHG efficiency but optimizes the objective given for the combined system of SHG and Fe(CO)5 photochemistry. The importance of the choice of fitness function is examined experimentally. By choosing appropriate weighting factors, it is possible to tune the optimization results from an optimization of the ratio of photoproduct yields toward optimization of the absolute photoproduct yields. Evolutionary laser pulse shaping is considered a very useful tool for unraveling the processes of photoinduced chemical reactions.
Endophthalmitis in a Child with Meningococcal Meningitis (1994)

zero l , but with no meningism or neurological signs. The most obvious abnormality was that the left eye, entirely normal six hours previously, was completely opaque and appeared to be filled with thick white material. A lumbar puncture was performed, yielding cloudy CSF and, based on the microscopy and Gram stain appearance, a diagno­ sis of meningococcal meningitis was made. She was commenced on intravenous Benzylpenicillin and Chloramphenicol as well as anticonvulsant medication. An ophthalmological opinion was obtained. Exami­ nation of the left eye (by torch) showed slight to mod­ erate injection of the conjunctiva without discharge, and a clear cornea. The anterior chamber was full of white material which appeared stiff and did not layer as a hypopyon would, nor did it have the yellow colour characteristic of hypopyon. The pupil and much of the iris were entirely obscured by this infiltrate, which was judged to represent a primarily fibrinous, rather than purulent, reaction for the reasons noted above. The right eye, including the fundus and optic nerve, was entirely normal. Visual acuity could not be as­ sessed due to the patient's impaired consciousness. The left eye was treated with topical steroids (1 % hydrocortisone every two hours) and topical atropine twice daily. The patient's general condition slowly improved over the next four days and she became able to distin­ guish hand motion with the left eye. The right eye continued to be normal except that she developed a transient right sixth nerve palsy about one week after admission. This had resolved by the time of discharge. On the second day she developed two unusual skin lesions on her neck. They initially appeared as slightly raised purplish macules about two centimetres in di­ ameter and progressed to necrotic ulcers over the course of several days. The lesions were not over pressure points and were considered to be vasculitic in nature.
Mutagenesis of the “Leucine Gate” To Explore the Basis of Catalytic Versatility in Soluble Methane Monooxygenase (2007)

Soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) from methane-oxidizing bacteria is a multicomponent nonheme oxygenase that naturally oxidizes methane to methanol and can also cooxidize a wide range of adventitious substrates, including mono- and diaromatic hydrocarbons. Leucine 110, at the mouth of the active site in the alpha subunit of the hydroxylase component of sMMO, has been suggested to act as a gate to control the access of substrates to the active site. Previous crystallography of the wild-type sMMO has indicated at least two conformations of the enzyme that have the "leucine gate" open to different extents, and mutagenesis of homologous enzymes has indicated a role for this residue in the control of substrate range and regioselectivity with aromatic substrates. By further refinement of the system for homologous expression of sMMO that we developed previously, we have been able to prepare a range of site-directed mutations at position 110 in the alpha subunit of sMMO. All the mutants (with Gly, Cys, Arg, and Tyr, respectively, at this position) showed relaxations of regioselectivity compared to the wild type with monoaromatic substrates and biphenyl, including the appearance of new products arising from hydroxylation at the 2- and 3- positions on the benzene ring. Mutants with the larger Arg and Trp residues at position 110 also showed shifts in regioselectivity during naphthalene hydroxylation from the 2- to the 1- position. No evidence that mutagenesis of Leu 110 could allow very large substrates to enter the active site was found, however, since the mutants (like the wild type) were inactive toward the triaromatic hydrocarbons anthracene and phenanthrene. Thus, our results indicate that the "leucine gate" in sMMO is more important in controlling the precision of regioselectivity than the sizes of substrates that can enter the active site.
Real-Time Computing Without Stable States: A New Framework for Neural Computation Based on Perturbations (2002)

A key challenge for neural modeling is to explain how a continuous stream of multimodal input from a rapidly changing environment can be processed by stereotypical recurrent circuits of integrate-and-fire neurons in real time. We propose a new computational model for real-time computing on time-varying input that provides an alternative to paradigms based on Turing machines or attractor neural networks. It does not require a task-dependent construction of neural circuits. Instead, it is based on principles of high-dimensional dynamical systems in combination with statistical learning theory and can be implemented on generic evolved or found recurrent circuitry. It is shown that the inherent transient dynamics of the high-dimensional dynamical system formed by a sufficiently large and heterogeneous neural circuit may serve as universal analog fading memory. Readout neurons can learn to extract in real time from the current state of such recurrent neural circuit information about current and past inputs that may be needed for diverse tasks. Stable internal states are not required for giving a stable output, since transient internal states can be transformed by readout neurons into stable target outputs due to the high dimensionality of the dynamical system. Our approach is based on a rigorous computational model, the liquid state machine, that, unlike Turing machines, does not require sequential transitions between well-defined discrete internal states. It is supported, as the Turing machine is, by rigorous mathematical results that predict universal computational power under idealized conditions, but for the biologically more realistic scenario of real-time processing of time-varying inputs. Our approach provides new perspectives for the interpretation of neural coding, the design of experiments and data analysis in neurophysiology, and the solution of problems in robotics and neurotechnology.
An efficient data retrieval approach using blowfish encryption on cloud ciphertext retrieval in cloud computing (2017)

A key issue for cloud storage is privacy security. The purpose of privacy, the data owner can outsource his sensitive data on the cloud and give the access control to the authorized user. When the data owner stores his data on the cloud, the data is encrypted for the security guarantee. In this paper, an efficient ciphertext retrieval techniques on a large volume of data are proposed. Initially, an index is generated by Porter stemming. Then the Blowfish algorithm is applied for encryption of files to be outsourced. For authorized access, public key encryption based elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is used for key generation. When keyword queries are transferred to the cloud, it searches the relevant content associated with the index and retrieves the matching files. Then the Blowfish decryption algorithm is used to get the plain text. It provides security for outsourced data, and the performance of the proposed work showed better efficiency regarding of low computation and communication costs.