gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detection of Sparse Botulinum Toxin A Binding Sites Using Fluorescent Latex Microspheres (1999)

The most potent toxins known are produced by strains of Clostridium botulinum. To paralyze the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, the toxins bind selectively to nerve endings, translocate into the presynaptic terminal, and hydrolyze proteins of the exocytotic apparatus, thus inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. Our goal was to develop a convenient, reliable technique to detect specific binding of botulinum toxin A to its targets, a technique that could be easily modified to detect the binding sites of other ligands as well. Our method utilized fluorescent latex microspheres and is theoretically capable of detecting a single binding site at the light microscopic level.Non specific binding sites on 7-μm thick sections of unfixed, cryosectioned mouse diaphragm were first blocked with 20% goat serum in phosphate-buffered saline (GS/ PBS). We incubated the diaphragm for 1 hr at 22° with various concentrations of botulinum toxin A in GS/PBS, followed by incubation with rabbit anti-botulinum toxin A antiserum, biotin-labeled goat anti-rabbit antibody, and finally avidin-labeled, 0.03-μm diameter, fluorescent latex microspheres.As expected, binding was localized to the area of the neuromuscular junction. Binding was also observed in association with axons innervating some junctions. We could detect binding on diaphragms that were exposed to as little as 10 pM botulinum toxin A, which is in the low range of effective in vitro doses that block neuromuscular transmission. This is a convenient, sensitive, and specific technique for detecting botulinum toxin A binding sites that is easily modifiable for the detection of binding sites of other ligands as well. (The J Histotechnol 22:113, 1999)
In Vivo Glucose Measurement by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2006)

This paper presents the first in vivo application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). SERS was used to obtain quantitative in vivo glucose measurements from an animal model. Silver film over nanosphere surfaces were functionalized with a two-component self-assembled monolayer, and subcutaneously implanted in a Sprague-Dawley rat such that the glucose concentration of the interstitial fluid could be measured by spectroscopically addressing the sensor through an optical window. The sensor had relatively low error (RMSEC = 7.46 mg/dL (0.41 mM) and RMSEP = 53.42 mg/dL (2.97 mM).
Testing the feasibility of DNA typing for human identification by PCR and an oligonucleotide ligation assay. (1996)

The use of DNA typing in human genome analysis is increasing and finding widespread application in the area of forensic and paternity testing. In this report, we explore the feasibility of typing single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by using a semiautomated method for analyzing human DNA samples. In this approach, PCR is used to amplify segments of human DNA containing a common SNP. Allelic nucleotides in the amplified product are then typed by a colorimetric implementation of the oligonucleotide ligation assay (OLA). The results of the combined assay, PCR/OLA, are read directly by a spectrophotometer; the absorbances are compiled; and the genotypes are automatically determined. A panel of 20 markers has been developed for DNA typing and has been tested using a sample panel from the CEPH pedigrees (CEPH parents). The results of this typing, as well as the potential to apply this method to larger populations, are discussed.
Tissue factor in plasma of patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (1994)

Recently it has been shown that tissue factor (TF), an important trigger for initiating blood coagulation, is present in the circulating plasma. In order to assess the clinical implications of TF in plasma, plasma concentration of TF was quantitated in 65 patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). The mean concentration of plasma TF was elevated in patients with DIC at presentation as compared with healthy subjects (446 +/- SD 536 pg/ml vs. 138 +/- 51 pg/ml, P < 0.001). Abnormally high levels were found only in 46.2% of the patients, predominantly in patients with non-hematological solid tumors and acute leukemia. Plasma TF did not correlate with hemostatic markers of DIC such as thrombin-antithrombin III complex, prothrombin fragment 1 + 2, plasma-alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor complex, FDP, D-dimer, or fibrinogen. Serial determinations of plasma TF demonstrated that plasma TF changes roughly in parallel with the course of DIC in most patients with elevated TF at presentation of DIC. These findings suggest that plasma TF is potentially valuable for monitoring the progress of DIC in a limited population of patients.
Wearable Displays for Everyone! (2010)

This paper presents the development of Spectacles-a modular autonomous, wireless displays platform for integration with eyeglass frames. The Spectacles hardware-software platform includes local computation and communication facilities, an integrated power supply, and modular system building blocks, such as sensors, voice-to-text and text-to-speech components, localization and positioning units, and microcameras and micodisplays units. Developers can easily assemble the system building blocks to application-specific instances of wearable displays.
Synergistic interaction between 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, thymidine, and hydroxyurea against human B cells and leukemic blasts in vitro. (1981)

Isobologram analysis was used to examine the interaction between 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C), thymidine (dThd), and hydroxyurea. All three pairs of drugs, as well as the triple combination, were synergistic against a human B cell line in vitro across a broad range of concentrations. Synergy was associated with an increase in the Ara-C nucleotide pool and Ara-C triphosphate concentration. dThd increased, and hydroxyurea decreased, the incorporation of Ara-C into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble macromolecules per unit time. Hydroxyurea was more effective than dThd at equimolar concentrations in increasing the acid-soluble Ara-C pool. Maximal stimulation of Ara-C triphosphate formation by dThd occurred at 1 mM and was associated with reduction of the deoxycytidine triphosphate pool to 31% of control. At the same concentration, hydroxyurea increased Ara-C triphosphate formation to a greater extent but increased deoxycytidine triphosphate to 116% of control. When tested at clinically achievable concentrations on blasts from patients with acute leukemia, hydroxyurea increased the Ara-C nucleotide pool in all six cases studied, whereas dThd decreased the Ara-C nucleotide pool. These results indicate that in SB cells dThd and hydroxyurea work by different mechanisms to augment the Ara-C nucleotide pool and that hydroxyurea may be more effective than dThd as a modulator of Ara-C activity in patients with acute leukemia.
Relating management innovation to product and process innovation: private rents versus public gains (2013)

It is argued that management innovation has a major impact on the competitive advantage of firms (Hamel, 2006). Anecdotal evidence suggests that well-known management innovations like Toyota’s lean production system, ‘six sigma’ at General Electric and brand management at Procter & Gamble, have provided some firms with lasting performance gains. There is also a broader argument on the role of innovation in producing economic and societal progress. Baumol (2002) has argued convincingly that innovation is at the very heart of economic growth. Thus, management innovation has the potential to produce both private rents, generally interpreted in strategy research as above average returns, and public utility, which we define as the creation of positive outcomes for society at large. In an earlier paper we defined management innovation as ‘the invention and implementation of a new management practice, process, structure or technique that is intended to further organizational goals’ (Birkinshaw et al., 2008, p. 825). In that paper, our focus was primarily on new to the state of the art and often well-known innovations.
Exact Ray-Traced Animation Frames Generated by Reprojection (1993)

The majority of computer graphics images are generated as part of a sequence of animation frames. The usual approach for producing these images is to render each frame as if it were a single, isolated image. A technique is described which exploits spatial-temporal coherence between frames to speed up the generation of a ray-traced animation sequence. The concept is that the information gained when ray-tracing a particular frame in a sequence may be used to speed up the generation of adjacent frames, reprojecting samples from one frame to the next. This approach promises significant savings when ray-tracing animations which have moving and rotating viewpoints, objects and/or light sources. The algorithm is tested on an animation with many reflective surfaces, yet it still attains up to 96% savings over full ray-tracing in terms of the number of rays cast.
Antimicrobial and Cytolytic Activities and Plausible Mode of Bactericidal Action of the Cell Penetrating Peptide Penetratin and Its Lys‐linked Two‐Stranded Peptide (2009)

The cell penetrating peptide, penetratin (RQIKIWFQNRRMKWKK-NH2) showed potent antimicrobial activity (MIC: 0.5-4 microM) without any cytotoxicity against mammalian cells. This study investigated the effect of linking together two peptide chains of penetratin on antimicrobial and cytolytic activities and plausible mode of bactericidal action. Two-stranded penetratin was prepared by a simultaneous solid-phase synthesis of the two strands of a single lysine residue attached to the solid support. Two-stranded penetratin markedly increased cytolytic activity against human erythrocytes and NIH-3T3 mouse fibroblast cells without a significant effect on antimicrobial activity. This finding suggested that penetratin is active as a monomer to bacterial cells but as an oligomer to mammalian cells. Circular dichroism analysis revealed that the alpha-helical content of the membrane-bound penetratin was unaffected by two-stranded Lys-linkage. Penetratin had very weak ability in the depolarization of membrane potential of intact Staphylococcus aureus cells and the fluorescent dye leakage of calcein-entrapped negatively charged bacterial membrane-mimicking vesicles. In contrast, two-stranded penetratin significantly caused membrane depolarization and dye leakage. These results suggest that the two-stranded penetratin induces a significant change in its mode of bactericidal action from the intracellular-target mechanism to the membrane-targeting mechanism.
Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions (2003)

Preface.Preface to the Second Edition.Preface to the First Edition.1. An Introduction to Applied Probability.2. Statistical Inference for a Single Proportion.3. Assessing Significance in a Fourfold Table.4. Determining Sample Sizes Needed to Detect a Difference Between Two Proportions.5. How to Randomize.6. Comparative Studies: Cross-Sectional, Naturalistic, or Multinomial Sampling.7. Comparative Studies: Prospective and Retrospective Sampling.8. Randomized Controlled Trials.9. The Comparison of Proportions from Several Independent Samples.10. Combining Evidence from Fourfold Tables.11. Logistic Regression.12. Poisson Regression.13. Analysis of Data from Matched Samples.14. Regression Models for Matched Samples.15. Analysis of Correlated Binary Data.16. Missing Data.17. Misclassification Errors: Effects, Control, and Adjustment.18. The Measurement of Interrater Agreement.19. The Standardization of Rates.Appendix A. Numerical Tables.Appendix B. The Basic Theory of Maximum Likelihood Estimation.Appendix C. Answers to Selected Problems.Author Index.Subject Index.
Origin of Starter Units for Erythromycin Biosynthesis (1998)

Modular polyketide synthases (PKSs), such as the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS), are multifunctional proteins that govern the synthesis of a number of clinically important natural products. The modular arrangement of active sites within these enzymes suggests the possibility of a combinatorial approach to the synthesis of novel bioactive polyketides. The efficacy of combinatorial strategies toward altering the starter unit specificity of polyketide synthases critically depends on controlling the supply of competing endogenous starter acids. Using DEBS 1-TE, a bimodular derivative of DEBS, we aimed to determine whether the beta-ketosynthase (KS) domain responsible for condensation in the first module also has the ability to prime its own biosynthesis by catalyzing the decarboxylation of methylmalonyl-CoA to produce propionyl-CoA. In contrast to earlier reports with a closely similar mini-PKS DEBS 1+TE, we have found that rigorously purified DEBS 1-TE does not catalyze the decarboxylation of methylmalonyl-CoA.
Magnetoresistive random access memory using magnetic tunnel junctions (2003)

Magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM) technology combines a spintronic device with standard silicon-based microelectronics to obtain a combination of attributes not found in any other memory technology. Key attributes of MRAM technology are nonvolatility and unlimited read and write endurance. Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices have several advantages over other magnetoresistive devices for use in MRAM cells, such as a large signal for the read operation and a resistance that can be tailored to the circuit. Due to these attributes, MTJ MRAM can operate at high speed and is expected to have competitive densities when commercialized. In this paper, we review our recent progress in the development of MTJ-MRAM technology. We describe how the memory operates, including significant aspects of reading, writing, and integration of the magnetic material with CMOS, which enabled our recent demonstration of a 1-Mbit memory chip. Important memory attributes are compared between MRAM and other memory technologies.
Genetic selection for enhanced serine metabolism in cancer development (2011)

Comment on: Locasale JW, et al. Nat Genet 2011; 43:869-74.
Tocopherol-mediated peroxidation. The prooxidant effect of vitamin E on the radical-initiated oxidation of human low-density lipoprotein (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTocopherol-mediated peroxidation. The prooxidant effect of vitamin E on the radical-initiated oxidation of human low-density lipoproteinVincent W. Bowry and Roland StockerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 14, 6029–6044Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00067a019RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views940Altmetric-Citations587LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The Chlamydomonas FLA10 gene encodes a novel kinesin-homologous protein. (1994)

Many genes on the uni linkage group of Chlamydomonas affect the basal body/flagellar apparatus. Among these are five FLA genes, whose mutations cause temperature-sensitive defects in flagellar assembly. We present the molecular analysis of a gene which maps to fla10 and functionally rescues the fla10 phenotype. Nucleotide sequencing revealed that the gene encodes a kinesin-homologous protein, KHP1. The 87-kD predicted KHP1 protein, like kinesin heavy chain, has an amino-terminal motor domain, a central alpha-helical stalk, and a basic, globular carboxy-terminal tail. Comparison to other kinesin superfamily members indicated striking similarity (64% identity in motor domains) to a mouse gene, KIF3, expressed primarily in cerebellum. In synchronized cultures, the KHP1 mRNA accumulated after cell division, as did flagellar dynein mRNAs. KHP1 mRNA levels also increased following deflagellation. Polyclonal antibodies detected KHP1 protein in Western blots of purified flagella and axonemes. The protein was partially released from axonemes with ATP treatment, but not with AMP-PNP. Western blot analysis of axonemes from various motility mutants suggested that KHP1 is not a component of radial spokes, dynein arms, or the central pair complex. The quantity of KHP1 protein in axonemes of the mutant fla10-1 was markedly reduced, although no reduction was observed in two other uni linkage group mutants, fla9 and fla11. Furthermore, fla10-1 was rescued by transformation with KHP1 genomic DNA. These results indicate that KHP1 is the gene product of FLA10 and suggest a novel role for this kinesin-related protein in flagellar assembly and maintenance.
Effect of Collision Energy Optimization on the Measurement of Peptides by Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) Mass Spectrometry (2010)

Proteomics experiments based on Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM, also referred to as Multiple Reaction Monitoring or MRM) are being used to target large numbers of protein candidates in complex mixtures. At present, instrument parameters are often optimized for each peptide, a time and resource intensive process. Large SRM experiments are greatly facilitated by having the ability to predict MS instrument parameters that work well with the broad diversity of peptides they target. For this reason, we investigated the impact of using simple linear equations to predict the collision energy (CE) on peptide signal intensity and compared it with the empirical optimization of the CE for each peptide and transition individually. Using optimized linear equations, the difference between predicted and empirically derived CE values was found to be an average gain of only 7.8% of total peak area. We also found that existing commonly used linear equations fall short of their potential, and should be recalculated for each charge state and when introducing new instrument platforms. We provide a fully automated pipeline for calculating these equations and individually optimizing CE of each transition on SRM instruments from Agilent, Applied Biosystems, Thermo-Scientific and Waters in the open source Skyline software tool ( http://proteome.gs.washington.edu/software/skyline ).
Inhibitory effect of tannin on poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from human placenta. (1989)

Tannin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, was found to inhibit the activity of purified poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from human placenta. The inhibition was dose-dependent and half maximal with 2.8 micrograms/ml of tannin. The inhibitory effect of tannin was two and three orders of magnitude more than those of ADP-ribose and cAMP, respectively. Kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition by tannin was competitive with respect to the substrate poly(ADP-ribose).
Suppression of Feed Intake after Parenteral Administration of D‐ββ‐Hydroxybutyrate in Pygmy Goats (2000)

The effect of intraperitoneal injection of D,L- or D-beta-hydroxybutyrate on feed intake and plasma metabolites was investigated in pygmy goats. The combined intraperitoneal injection of D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate or D-beta-hydroxybutyrate (15 mmol/kg0.75) and 1,3-butanediol (6.6 mmol/kg0.75), a ketogenic substrate, decreased cumulative food intake while the same dose of 1,3-butanediol or DL-beta-hydroxybutyrate alone had no effect. The decrease in food intake after combined injection of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 1,3-butanediol was characterized by a significant decrease in meal frequency and a prolongation of the latency to eat. The hypophagic effect of the combined injection of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 1,3-butanediol was significant for 8 h, while the hypophagia after D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate and 1,3-butanediol was significant for only 2 h after injection. Injection of D,L-beta-hydroxybutyrate increased plasma D-beta-hydroxybutyrate levels to 0.55 mmol/l and decreased plasma free fatty acids. Addition of 1,3-butanediol (6.6 mmol/kg0.75) to the injection increased plasma D-beta-hydroxybutyrate level up to 0.75 mmol/l. The results show that parenteral administration of D-hydroxybutyrate reduces feed intake in pygmy goats and that the hypophagia appears to be related to the amount of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate injected. The hypophagia seems to be related to elevated plasma D-beta-hydroxybutyrate concentration, and the threshold concentration appeared to be about 0.7 mmol/l under the experimental conditions of this study.
Scalable 3-D Fin-Like Poly-Si TFT and Its Nonvolatile Memory Application (2008)

In this paper, we extensively investigated the structure and electrical characteristics of an n-type poly-Si thin-film transistor with a novel 3D fin-like channel. Further, owing to the high-quality thin film in the channel, an experimental device with a nonvolatile (NV) memory structure for system integration on panel or embedded memory applications is successfully demonstrated for the first time. By following the previously reported method and by improving the process conditions, the final fin-like channel shows a real 3D profile and a maximum aspect ratio of 3.5:1 with a minimum average width equal to 135 nm after an excimer laser annealing on a unique prepatterned amorphous silicon channel. The high-level dc characteristics, such as carrier's field-effect mobility up to 289 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V.s, subthreshold slope below 190 mV/dec, ON-OFF current ratio greater than 5 x 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> , etc., reveal the effect of film quality and the advantage of the gate-all-around structure on the device's performance; moreover, it also indicates one potential scaling method for this technology. By applying a special program/erase (P/E) mode with electron injection/expulsion from the backside gate electrode, the NV memory structure in this channel demonstrates reasonable P/E characteristics, threshold voltage shifting of 1.41 V at | V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</sub> \ = 12 V, pulse time = 1 ms, and acceptable reliability.
Reliable motion detection/compensation for interlaced sequences and its applications to deinterlacing (2000)

We present a new method for the motion detection/compensation between opposite parity fields in interlaced video sequences. We introduce a phase-correction filter, which is applied to one type (even or odd) of fields before motion detection/compensation. By means of this phase-correction filter, the motion-compensated PSNR has been improved by more than 2 dB, on average. We also present a new deinterlacing algorithm based on the newly developed motion detection/compensation. This algorithm requires storing one field only, and the phase-corrected field is used for both motion detection/compensation and intrafield deinterlacing, thus making the proposed algorithm computationally very efficient. Excellent deinterlacing results have been obtained.
Augmenting intracortical brain-machine interface with neurally driven error detectors (2017)

Detecting errors in real-time from the same brain regions that are commonly used to control BMIs should improve the clinical viability of BMIs aimed at restoring motor function to people with paralysis.