gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sub-epidermal moisture versus traditional and visual skin assessments to assess pressure ulcer risk in surgery patients (2022)

Surgical patients, because of immobility, are vulnerable to the action of compression and shear forces. These forces cause changes at a cellular level that trigger inflammation, which is a precursor to early tissue damage. SEM measurement can detect this tissue damage from the increase in the underlying tissue water content that results from inflammation. From the findings of this study, SEM measurement is very promising in the detection of early tissue damage in those at risk of PU development among the surgical population.
Introduction of Wx Transgene into Rice wx Mutants Leads to Both High- and Low-Amylose Rice (2003)

The Waxy (Wx) gene encodes a granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) that plays a key role in the amylose synthesis of rice and other plant species. Two functional Wx alleles of rice exist: Wx(a), which produces a large amount of amylose, and Wx(b), which produces a smaller amount of amylose because of the mutation at the 5' splice site of intron 1. Wx(b) is largely distributed in Japonica cultivars, and high amylose cultivars do not exist in Japonica cultivars. We introduced the cloned Wx(a) cDNA into null-mutant Japonica rice (wx). The amylose contents of these transgenic plants were 6-11% higher than that of the original cultivar, Labelle, which carries the Wx(a) allele, although the levels of the Wx protein in the transgenic rice were equal to those of cv. Labelle. We also observed a gene-dosage effect of the Wx(a) transgene on Wx protein expression, but a smaller dosage effect was observed in amylose production with over 40% of amylose content in transgenic rice. Moreover, one transgenic line carrying eleven copies of the transgene showed low levels of Wx expression and amylose in the endosperm. This suggested that the integration of excessive copies of the transgene might lead to gene silencing.
Bias in peer review (2012)

Research on bias in peer review examines scholarly communication and funding processes to assess the epistemic and social legitimacy of the mechanisms by which knowledge communities vet and self‐regulate their work. Despite vocal concerns, a closer look at the empirical and methodological limitations of research on bias raises questions about the existence and extent of many hypothesized forms of bias. In addition, the notion of bias is predicated on an implicit ideal that, once articulated, raises questions about the normative implications of research on bias in peer review. This review provides a brief description of the function, history, and scope of peer review; articulates and critiques the conception of bias unifying research on bias in peer review; characterizes and examines the empirical, methodological, and normative claims of bias in peer review research; and assesses possible alternatives to the status quo. We close by identifying ways to expand conceptions and studies of bias to contend with the complexity of social interactions among actors involved directly and indirectly in peer review.
Cheops: a reconfigurable data-flow system for video processing (1995)

The Cheops Imaging System is a compact, modular platform for acquisition, processing, and display of digital video sequences and model-based representations of moving scenes, and is intended as both a laboratory tool and a prototype architecture for future programmable video decoders. Rather than using a large number of general-purpose processors and dividing up image processing tasks spatially, Cheops abstracts out a set of basic, computationally intensive stream operations that may be performed in parallel and embodies them in specialized hardware. We review the Cheops architecture, describe the software system that has been developed to perform resource management, and present the results of some performance tests.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Presentation of viral antigen to class I major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte. Recognition of an immunodominant influenza hemagglutinin site by cytotoxic T lymphocyte is independent of the position of the site in the hemagglutinin translation product. (1991)

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restricted T lymphocytes preferentially recognize fragments of polypeptides processed through a nonendosomal presentation pathway. At present the intracellular compartment(s) in which polypeptide fragmentation occurs and factors which influence the formation of an antigenic epitope are not well understood. To assess the role of residues flanking an antigenic site in the generation of the antigenic moiety recognized by class I MHC restricted T lymphocytes we have moved the coding sequence for an immunodominant H-2Kd restricted site on the influenza A/JAPAN/57 hemagglutinin (residues 202-221) by site-directed mutagenesis to six different positions along the coding sequence of the hemagglutinin gene. We have found that all six classes of mutants are recognized by MHC class I restricted T cells as efficiently as the wild type hemagglutinin gene product. Thus neither N-terminal to C-terminal position within the translation product nor sequences flanking the antigenic site influence processing.
Isolation and characterization of a previously undetected human cAMP phosphodiesterase by complementation of cAMP phosphodiesterase-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1993)

We have established a highly sensitive functional screen for the isolation of cDNAs encoding cAMP phosphodiesterases (PDEs) by complementation of defects in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain lacking both endogenous cAMP PDE genes, PDE1 and PDE2. Three groups of cDNAs corresponding to three distinct human genes encoding cAMP-specific PDEs were isolated from a human glioblastoma cDNA library using this functional screen. Two of these genes are closely related to the Drosophila dunce cAMP-specific PDE. The third gene, which we named HCP1, encoded a novel cAMP-specific PDE. HCP1 has an amino acid sequence related to the sequences of the catalytic domains of all cyclic nucleotide PDEs. HCP1 is a high affinity cAMP-specific PDE (Km = 0.2 microM) that does not share other properties of the cAMP-specific PDE family, i.e. extensive sequence homology to the Drosophila dunce cAMP PDE and sensitivity to rolipram and R020-1724. The PDE activity of HCP1 is not sensitive to cGMP or other inhibitors of the cGMP-inhibitable PDEs, such as milrinone. The biochemical and pharmacological properties of HCP1 suggest that it is a member of a previously undiscovered cyclic nucleotide PDE family. Northern blot analysis indicates that high levels of HCP1 mRNA are present in human skeletal muscle.
Activated dendritic cells delivered in tissue compatible biomatrices induce in-situ anti-tumor CTL responses leading to tumor regression (2016)

Dendritic cell (DC) based anti-cancer immunotherapy is well tolerated in patients with advanced cancers. However, the clinical responses seen after adoptive DC therapy have been suboptimal. Several factors including scarce DC numbers in tumors and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments contribute to the inefficacy of DCs as cellular vaccines. Hence DC based vaccines can benefit from novel methods of cell delivery that would prevent the direct exposure of immune cells to suppressive tumor microenvironments. Here we evaluated the ability of DCs harbored in biocompatible scaffolds (referred to as biomatrix entrapped DCs; beDCs) in activating specific anti-tumor immune responses against primary and post-surgery secondary tumors. Using a preclinical cervical cancer and a melanoma model in mice, we show that single treatment of primary and post-surgery secondary tumors using beDCs resulted in significant tumor growth retardation while multiple inoculations were required to achieve a significant anti-tumor effect when DCs were given in free form. Additionally, we found that, compared to the tumor specific E6/E7 peptide vaccine, total tumor lysate induced higher expression of CD80 and CD40 on DCs that induced increased levels of IFNγ production upon interaction with host lymphocytes. Remarkably, a strong immunocyte infiltration into the host-implanted DC-scaffold was observed. Importantly, the host-implanted beDCs induced the anti-tumor immune responses in the absence of any stromal cell support, and the biomatrix structure was eventually absorbed into the surrounding host tissue. Collectively, these data indicate that the scaffold-based DC delivery may provide an efficient and safe way of delivering cell-based vaccines for treatment of primary and post-surgery secondary tumors.
Exploiting iteration-level parallelism in dataflow programs (2003)

An approach to extracting iteration-level parallelism from dataflow programs is presented. The method exploits the single-assignment principle, which guarantees that any data value has exactly one producer. To minimize interprocessor communication, the code is modified so that, at run time, each producer executes on the processor that holds the corresponding data. Overhead resulting from possibly remote read accesses is alleviated by a software technique similar to caching. The performance of this process-oriented dataflow system (PODS) is demonstrated using the hydrodynamics simulation benchmark called SIMPLE, in which a 19-fold speedup on a 32-processor architecture has been achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A Direct Approach to Data Fusion (2006)

The generic data fusion problem is to make inferences about the joint distribution of two sets of variables without any direct observations of the joint distribution. Instead, information is available only for each set separately along with some other set of common variables. The standard approach to data fusion creates a fused data set with the variables of interest and the common variables. This article develops an approach that directly estimates the joint distribution of just the variables of interest. For the case of either discrete or continuous variables, the approach yields a solution that can be implemented with standard statistical models and software. In typical marketing applications, the common variables are psychographic or demographic variables, and the variables to be fused involve media viewing and product purchase. For this example, the approach directly estimates the joint distribution of media viewing and product purchase without including the common variables. This is the object required for marketing decisions. In marketing applications, fusion of discrete variables is required. The authors develop a method for relaxing the assumption of conditional independence for this case. They illustrate their approach with product-purchase and media-viewing data from a large survey of British consumers.
Preparation of Linear α-Olefins Using Cationic Nickel(II) α-Diimine Catalysts (1997)

Nickel(II) dibromide complexes containing para- and unsubstituted aryl α-diimine ligands in combination with modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) are highly active and efficient catalysts for the oligomerization of ethylene to linear α-olefins. α-Olefins in the C4−C26 range have been prepared with selectivities as high as 94%. The Schulz−Flory product distributions and selectivities for α-olefins are a sensitive function of catalyst structure and reaction conditions. Details of this catalyst system are described, including the synthesis of initiators, catalyst activities, and α-olefin product distributions.
Examination of methodology for the synthesis of cyclic thioether peptide libraries derived from linear tripeptides (2007)

Work was undertaken to examine methodology for the cyclization of linear tripeptides on the solid phase via intramolecular S-alkylation using the Multipin(trade mark) Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis platform. While previous work had shown that this chemistry could be used to efficiently cyclize linear tetrapeptide libraries, application of this synthetic strategy to the model linear tripeptide sequence Leu-Ser-Lys resulted in significant cyclic dimer formation. Ultimately, it was found that the addition of a large excess of lithium in the form of LiCl to the cyclization solution, significantly reduced cyclic dimer formation affording highly pure crude cyclic monomer. The application of this modified cyclization protocol to the preparation of cyclic peptide libraries was successfully demonstrated with the synthesis of a 20-membered library 4{1-20} based on the linear tripeptide sequence Leu-Xxx-Lys in which the position Xxx was varied with the standard 20 proteogenic residues.
Efficacy of a Silicone Urinary Catheter Impregnated with Chlorhexidine and Triclosan Against Colonization With Proteus mirabilis and Other Uropathogens (2007)

We sought to develop an infection-resistant urinary catheter. We evaluated 3 types of catheters for their efficacy against uropathogens in an in vitro model of the urinary tract. The catheter impregnated with chlorhexidine and triclosan suppressed the growth of uropathogens, including Proteus mirabilis, for 20-30 days or longer.
Decreased glycolytic metabolism accelerates apoptosis in response to 2-acetyl furanonaphthoquinone in K1735 melanoma irrespective of bcl-2 overexpression (2005)

Solid tumors are often placed under stress conditions, such as glucose starvation which may result in topoisomerase II drug resistance. In this study, we investigated whether glucose deprivation or substitution by fructose regulates tumor cell apoptosis induced by 2-acetyl furanonaphthoquinone (FNQ). We now show that FNQ exerts much greater antitumor activity than either 7-methoxy 2-ethyl FNQ or 2-ethyl FNQ. Whereas 0.8 microM FNQ induces apoptosis after 16 hours in glucose-supplemented conditions irrespective of bcl-2 overexpression in K1735 melanoma, 0.5 microM FNQ is also effective within 12 hours in low glucose or in fructose-supplemented medium. Under the latter conditions, apoptosis-associated PARP cleavage and cytosolic cytochrome C are increased, together with induction and partial translocation to mitochondria of phosphorylated Jun-N-terminal kinase and massive upregulation of mitochondrial Mn superoxide dismutase. We propose that mitochondrial colocalization of these activities is important in this synergistic anti-tumor effect of FNQ and glucose depletion. Since glucose limitation slows proliferation and decreases efficacy of some genotoxic drugs that trigger apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells, we propose evaluating FNQ as a novel therapeutic anti-cancer adjuvant against slowly proliferating tumors.
Cannabinoids in Humans. I. Analysis of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and Six Metabolites in Plasma and Urine Using GC-MS (1995)

This report describes a method for the quantitative analysis of delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and six of its metabolites, 8 alpha-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 8 beta-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 8 alpha,11-dihydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 8 beta,11-dihydroxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. In addition, the method was designed to detect cannabidiol and cannabinol, two naturally occurring cannabinoids. Plasma and urine samples were hydrolyzed with bacterial (Escherichia coli) beta-glucuronidase and extracted with hexane-ethyl acetate (7:1). Analysis and quantitation were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in the electron ionization mode coupled with selected ion monitoring. The cannabinoids were detected as their trimethylsilyl derivatives to enhance their chromatographic separation and mass spectral characteristics. The linearity of the procedure was excellent for all of the compounds within the range tested (0-100 ng/mL). Limits of detection ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 ng/mL in urine and from 0.6 to 2.1 ng/mL in plasma depending on the analyte.
Clean first or dirty first? (2010)

Flash SSDs originate a disruptive change concerning storage technology and become a competitor for conventional magnetic disks in the area of persistent database stores. Compared to them, they provide a dramatic speed-up for random reads, but exhibit a distinct read/write (R/W) asymmetry, i.e., updates are more expensive than reads. Existing buffer management algorithms for those devices usually trade physical reads for physical writes to some extent. But they ignore the actual R/W cost ratio of the underlying device and the update intensity of the workload. Therefore, their performance advantage is sensitive to device and workload changes. We propose CASA (Cost-Aware Self-Adaptive), a novel buffer replacement policy, which makes the trade-off between physical reads and physical writes in a controlled fashion, depending on the R/W cost ratio, and automatically adapts itself to changing update intensities in workloads. Our experiments show that CASA outperforms previous proposals in a variety of cost settings and under changing workloads.
Upregulation of HSP27 in a Transgenic Model of ALS (2002)

Mutations of the SOD1 gene underlie 1 form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Their pathogenic mechanism remains uncertain, but is thought to involve oxidative stress and abnormal protein aggregation, 2 processes known to induce heat shock proteins (HSPs). We studied the expression of 3 HSPs (alphaB-crystallin, HSP27, and HSP70) in transgenic mice overexpressing human mutant (G93A and G37R) SOD1, using a combination of immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Quantitative Western blot analysis demonstrated alphaB-crystallin and HSP27 to be upregulated in the spinal cord of mutant SOD1 mice compared to mice overexpressing wild-type SOD1. HSP70 levels were normal. Immunocytochemical studies of the ventral horn of the spinal cord demonstrated HSP27 to be localized in the nucleus of neurons and glial cells in presymptomatic and early symptomatic animals, where it often was punctate in pattern. In the later stages of the disease, HSP27 was predominantly present in the cytoplasm of reactive glial cells. The early nuclear localization was confirmed by Western blot analysis of spinal cord nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions. In contrast to HSP27, alphaB-crystallin was localized exclusively in the cytoplasm of reactive glial cells.
Clostridium perfringens Antigens Recognized by Broiler Chickens Immune to Necrotic Enteritis (2006)

Little is known about immunity to necrotic enteritis (NE) in chickens. A recent study of broiler chickens showed that protection against NE was associated with infection-immunization with virulent but not with avirulent Clostridium perfringens. In the current study, six secreted antigenic proteins unique to virulent C. perfringens that reacted to serum antibodies from immune birds were identified by mass spectrophotometry; three of these proteins are part of the VirR-VirS regulon.
Fabrication of thick silicon dioxide sacrificial and isolation blocks in a silicon substrate (2001)

A silicon micromachining method that is able to create deep silicon dioxide blocks at selected locations in a silicon substrate is presented. The process combines deep-reactive-ion etching (DRIE), thermal oxidation, deposition of silicon dioxide and optional planarization. Design issues and parameters for the creation of such blocks are discussed. The selectively defined silicon dioxide blocks allow the integration of silicon surface and bulk micromachining and thick large-area isolation regions for integrated circuits. The performance enhancement that this approach enables is exemplified in the fabrication of an on-chip tunable capacitor and a monolithic transformer on 20-μm-deep silicon dioxide blocks.
Interferon-Induced Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Tumor Uptake of 111In-Labeled Antimelanoma Antibody 96.5 in Melanoma Patients (1988)

The type I interferons [both partially purified human leukocyte interferon (HuIFN-alpha) and recombinant alpha interferon] and the type II interferons have been shown to increase the expression of tumor-associated antigens in vitro. To determine whether HuIFN-alpha could increase tumor acquisition of the antimelanoma antibody 96.5 in vivo, five patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were treated with HuIFN-alpha at a dose of 3 X 10(6) units daily by im administration. Twenty-four hours after the first dose of HuIFN-alpha, 1 mg of antibody 96.5 labeled with 5 mCi of 111In was coadministered with 19 mg of unlabeled 96.5. Five patients matched for metastatic site and lesion size who had not received HuIFN-alpha were also given a dose of 5 mCi of radiolabeled 96.5 at the same total antibody dose (20 mg). In patients treated with HuIFN-alpha, there was a statistically significant increase in the plasma half-life of the 111In label (39.7 +/- 3.3 hr) compared to the untreated control group (29.8 +/- 3.2 hr). In addition, there was an increase in the apparent volume of distribution of the antibody in the HuIFN-alpha group (5.56 +/- 0.67 L) compared to controls (3.15 +/- 0.5 L) suggesting both an increased immediate extravascular distribution of radiolabeled antibody and a decrease in the subsequent rate of clearance of antibody from plasma. These two phenomena result in a 28% decrease in the area under the concentration curve in the HuIFN-alpha-treated group compared to controls. Computer analysis of whole-body scans from patients showed a threefold increase in radiolabeled antibody distributed to tumor relative to blood pool but no change in organ:blood ratios for liver, spleen, bone, or kidney compared to controls. This pilot study suggests that treatment of patients with HuIFN-alpha results in an improved distribution of radiolabeled antibody to tumor target without a concomitant increase of label in normal nontarget tissues. In addition, this change in whole-body distribution of antibody is manifested by changes in the pharmacokinetic parameters measured for monoclonal antibody.
Uptake and trafficking of liposomes to the endoplasmic reticulum (2010)

Liposomes are vesicular structures consisting of an aqueous core surrounded by a lipid bilayer. Apart from the cytosol and lysosomes, no other intracellular compartment has been successfully targeted using liposomal delivery. Here, we report the development of liposomes capable of specific targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and associated membranes. Using competition and inhibitor assays along with confocal microscopy, we have determined that ER liposomes utilize scavenger and low-density lipoprotein receptors for endocytosis and enter cells through a caveolin- and microtubule-dependent mechanism. They traffic intact to the ER, where fusion with the ER membrane occurs after 22-25 min, which was confirmed by fluorescence-dequenching assays. Once inside the ER, tagged lipids intercalate with the ER membrane and are subsequently incorporated into ER-assembling entities, such as the ER-budding viruses hepatitis C virus (HCV) and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), lipid droplets, and secreted lipoproteins. ER liposomes are superior to cytosolic liposome formulations for the intracellular delivery of aqueous cargo, such as HIV-1 antivirals, and are especially suited for the prolonged delivery of lipids and lipophilic drugs into human cells.