gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of the avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria is not under the control of hrp genes and is independent of plant factors (1991)

The avirulence gene avrBs3 from Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria pepper race 1 is responsible for the induction of a race-specific hypersensitive reaction in resistant pepper cultivars. A DNA region of 3.7 kb, containing several open reading frames and an internal repetitive region, was shown previously to be necessary for avirulence activity (U. Bonas, R. E. Stall, and B. Staskawicz, Mol. Gen. Genet. 218:127-136, 1989). The promoter of avrBs3 was identified by using gene fusions to beta-glucuronidase. Also, we mapped the transcription start site and showed that the avrBs3 gene is expressed constitutively in cells grown in minimal or complex medium and in planta. Polyclonal antibodies raised against a fusion protein produced in Escherichia coli allowed the identification of a 122-kDa protein in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria cells expressing the avrBs3 gene. The antibody is specific for AvrBs3 in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria cells but also recognizes homologous proteins in other pathovars of X. campestris. We found that AvrBs3 is localized intracellularly in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria and is mainly in the soluble fraction. The effect of mutations in the hrp gene cluster on the function of AvrBs3 was examined. Expression of AvrBs3 in X. campestris pv. vesicatoria grown in minimal or complex medium is independent of the hrp gene cluster that determines pathogenicity and hypersensitivity to X. campestris pv. vesicatoria. In the plant, however, the hrp genes are required for elicitation of a race-specific resistance response.
Multiple power‐density windows and their possible origin (1989)

We have previously reported that in vitro exposure of chick forebrain tissue to 50-MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic radiation, amplitude modulated (AM) at 16 Hz, would enhance the efflux of calcium ions within only two power-density ranges: one from 1.44 to 1.67 mW/cm2, and the other including 3.64 mW/cm2. No effect on efflux occurred at 0.37, 0.72, 2.17, and 4.32 mW/cm2. We confirmed and extended these results by testing at another set of power densities, which included the range of the previous study. Forebrain tissue from 1-7-day-old chickens was labeled in vitro with radioactive calcium ions (30 min, at 37 degrees C), rinsed, placed in a physiological salt solution, and then exposed for 20 min to 50-MHz radiation, AM at 16 Hz, in a transverse electric and magnetic field (TEM) cell maintained at 37 degrees C. The solution was then assayed for radioactive calcium activity. A power-density series was tested. An enhanced efflux of calcium ions was found at 1.75, 3.85, 5.57, 6.82, 7.65, 7.77, and 8.82 mW/cm2; no change was observed at 0.75, 2.30, 4.50, 5.85, 7.08, 8.19, 8.66, 10.6, and 14.7 mW/cm2. Power density is converted to specific absorption rate (SAR) by 0.36 mW/kg per mW/cm2. Even the highest SAR tested (0.005 W/kg) is much too low to result in generalized heating of the sample and thus to be the underlying cause of the enhanced response. A hypothetical mechanism is proposed involving dynamic systems that may account for the power-density dependency as well as for part of the frequency dependency observed with both modulated RF radiation and extremely-low-frequency (ELF) fields.
An Efficient Low Cost Method for Gene Transfer to T Lymphocytes (2013)

We describe here an efficient general protocol for electroporation based modification of T lymphocytes. By opening access to this protocol, we expect that efficient gene transfer to T lymphocytes, for transient or stable expression, may be achieved by an increased number of laboratories at lower and affordable costs.
Genetic vaccination with "self" tyrosinase-related protein 2 causes melanoma eradication but not vitiligo. (2000)

"Self" melanocyte differentiation antigens are potential targets for specific melanoma immunotherapy. Vaccination against murine tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1/gp75 was shown recently to cause melanoma rejection, which was accompanied by autoimmune skin depigmentation (vitiligo). To further explore the linkage between immunotherapy and autoimmunity, we studied the response to vaccination with a related antigen, TRP-2. i.m. inoculation of plasmid DNA encoding murine trp-2 elicited antigen-specific CTLs that recognized the B16 mouse melanoma and protected the mice from challenge with tumor cells. Furthermore, mice bearing established s.c. B16 melanomas rejected the tumor upon vaccination with a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding trp-2. Depletion experiments showed that CD8+ lymphocytes and natural killer cells were crucial for the antitumor activity of the trp-2-encoding vaccines. Mice that rejected the tumor did not develop generalized vitiligo, indicating that protective immunity can be achieved in the absence of widespread autoimmune aggression.
Ion microprobe analysers. History and outlook (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon microprobe analysers. History and outlookHelmut LieblCite this: Anal. Chem. 1974, 46, 1, 22A–30aPublication Date (Print):January 1, 1974Publication History Published online21 September 2008Published inissue 1 January 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60337a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60337a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Development of Displacement Binding and GTPγS Scintillation Proximity Assays for the Identification of Antagonists of the μ-Opioid Receptor (2003)

This article describes the development of micro-opioid receptor (MOR) binding and GTPgammaS functional SPAs as improved screening tools for the identification of MOR antagonists. Opioid receptors are members of the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are involved in the control of various aspects of human physiology, including pain, stress, reward, addiction, respiration, gastric motility, and pituitary hormone secretion. Activation of the MOR initiates intracellular signaling pathways leading to a reduction in intracellular cyclic AMP levels, inhibition of calcium channels, and activation of potassium channels resulting in a reduction of the excitability of neurons. Characterization of opioid receptor ligand binding has traditionally been accomplished through the use of low throughput filtration-based binding assays, whereas functional activity has been based upon cyclic AMP measurements or filtration-based GTPgammaS functional assays. This report describes the development of a MOR displacement binding SPA using the radiolabeled antagonist [(3)H]diprenorphine ((3)H-DPN). The assay was optimized using statistical experimental design and demonstrates the stability and robustness necessary for HTS. The assay was biased toward the identification of MOR antagonists through the addition of Na(+). Our assay conditions also minimized the phenomenon of ligand depletion, a problem commonly observed in low-volume assays using high receptor-expressing cell lines. The optimized procedure revealed (3)H-DPN affinity constants at the MOR that were consistent with results obtained using filtration methods (K(D) (SPA) = 1.89 +/- 0.24 nM, K(D) (filtration) = 1.88 +/- 0.35 nM). The binding SPA identified known opioid receptor modulators contained within the Library of Pharmacological Active Compounds (LOPAC) cassette, and the GTPgammaS scintillation proximity assay (SPA) was used to confirm the functional activity of the LOPAC antagonists acting at the MOR. Conversion of the ligand binding and GTPgammaS functional assays to a homogeneous SPA generated a simple assay with dramatically increased throughput. Data from the development and implementation of the displacement binding and GTPgammaS functional SPAs are presented.
Theory-led Design of Instruments and Representations in Learning Analytics: Developing a Novel Tool for Orchestration of Online Collaborative Learning (2015)

This paper describes theory-led design as a way of developing novel tools for learning analytics. It focuses upon the domain of real-time automated discourse analysis (ADA) of group learning activities to facilitate instructor orchestration of online groups. The paper outlines the literature on the development of LA especially within the domain of ADA, and proposes that there is reason to conduct more tool development based upon first-principles. It describes first principles as being drawn from theory and subsequently informing the structure and behaviour of tools and presents a framework for this process. The framework is substantiated through the example of developing a new tool for assisting instructors with the orchestration of online groups. A description of the tool is given and examples of results from use with real-world data are presented. The paper concludes that whilst design purely from first principles may be elusive, the call is for more intent to explicitly connect the design process to theory on the basis that this has the potential to yield innovation when developing tools as well as the prospect of a the outcomes from tools connecting back to theory.
ELECTRIC STIMULATION OF A TRANSSECTED NERVE DOES NOT SEEM TO PREVENT LOSS OF SENSORY NEURONS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IN CATS (1999)

Injury to a sensory nerve often results in a clinically poor long term outcome, possibly as a result of the extensive loss of neurons within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), which has been shown in several experimental studies. This loss is possibly caused by interruption of the sensory input and axonal transport in the damaged afferent nerve. To investigate the importance of sensory afferent input into a nerve a pulsed electric stimulation was applied on the proximal part of the superficial radial nerve after transsection and microsurgical repair. The purpose was to simulate nerve impulses and thereby mask the severity of the injury. To test this hypothesis a pilot study was undertaken in eight cats. The neuronal tracer showed that the median neuronal loss was 38% of the neurons of the dorsal root ganglia that received afferents from the nerve investigated, which corresponds to the figure in a previous study in which electric stimulation was not used. Artificial sensory stimulation during regeneration in a transsected and repaired peripheral nerve therefore does not seem to reduce neuronal loss.
H 2 S as a Physiologic Vasorelaxant: Hypertension in Mice with Deletion of Cystathionine γ-Lyase (2008)

Studies of nitric oxide over the past two decades have highlighted the fundamental importance of gaseous signaling molecules in biology and medicine. The physiological role of other gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is now receiving increasing attention. Here we show that H2S is physiologically generated by cystathionine gamma-lyase (CSE) and that genetic deletion of this enzyme in mice markedly reduces H2S levels in the serum, heart, aorta, and other tissues. Mutant mice lacking CSE display pronounced hypertension and diminished endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. CSE is physiologically activated by calcium-calmodulin, which is a mechanism for H2S formation in response to vascular activation. These findings provide direct evidence that H2S is a physiologic vasodilator and regulator of blood pressure.
Hydrophobic basis of packing in globular proteins. (1980)

The self-assembly of globular proteins is often portrayed as a nucleation process in which the hydrogen bonding in segments of secondary structure is the precondition for further folding. We show here that this concept is unlikely because both the buried interior regions and the peptide chain turns of the folded protein (i.e., inside and outside) are predicted solely by the hydrophobicity of the residues, taken in sequential order along the chain. The helices and strands span the protein, and this observed secondary structure is seen to coincide with the regions predicted to be buried from hydrophobicity considerations alone. Our evidence suggests that linear chain regions rich in hydrophobic residues serve as small clusters that fold against each other, with concomitant or even later fixation of secondary structure. A helix or strand would arise in this folding process as one of a few energetically favorable alternatives for a given cluster, followed by a shift in the equilibrium between secondary structure conformers upon cluster association. the linera chain hydrophobicity alternates between locally maximal and minimal values, and these extrema partition the polypeptide chain into structural segments. This partitioning is seen in the x-ray structure as isodirectional segments bracketed between peptide chain-turns, with the segments expressed most often as helices and strands. the segment interactions define the geometry of the molecular interior and the chain-turns describe the predominant features of the molecular coastline. The segmentation of the molecule by linear chain hydrophobicity imposes a major geometric constraint upon possible folding events.
Retrovirus long terminal repeats activate expression of coding sequences for the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene. (1982)

In this study, we demonstrate that the long terminal repeats (LTRs) of a murine retrovirus can activate expression of heterologous gene coding sequences from which a functional promoter region has been deleted. Recombinant plasmid clones were obtained that contained both cloned fragments of Friend spleen locus-forming virus (SFFV) DNA and the herpes simplex virus (HSV) thymidine kinase (TK; ATP:thymidine 5'-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.21) gene (tk). The effects of the LTR on tk expression were determined by constructing clones containing tk coding sequences with or without 5' sequences necessary for the initiation of transcription, inserted either 200 or 1200 base pairs downstream from the SFFV 5' LTR. The expression of the HSV TK protein by these clones was tested by gene transfer of the cloned into TK- mouse cells and assay of TK enzyme activity in TK+ transformants. These experiments demonstrate that: (i) the SFFV 5' LTR activates expression of tk coding sequences when these sequences are inserted 200 base pairs downstream from, and in the same orientation as, the LTR; (ii) tk is not activated when placed 1200 base pairs downstream from, and in the same orientation as, the LTR or when tk is inserted in either site in the opposite orientation as the LTR; (iii) the SFFV 5' LTR does not interfere with in vivo expression of tk when it is flanked by homologous 5' promoter sequences. The implication of these observations for retrovirus oncogenesis and animal cell genetics is discussed.
Further Developments in the Laboratory Determination of Relative Permeability (1951)

Abstract An earlier publication has discussed three methods for obtaining relativepermeability data on small core samples and the apparatus and technique for thecapillary pressure displacement method. This paper describes the apparatus andtechnique for the solution gas and the dynamic displacement methods andpresents a routine procedure for obtaining oil-gas and water-oil relativepermeability data. Theoretical and experimental considerations are presented to show that theend effect commonly associated with the dynamic flow mechanism is extremelysmall where constant rates are employed in the flowing phase. An effect of flowrate on relative permeabilities obtained by the dynamic system is found onlywhen gas is one of the flowing phases and this effect is ascribed to a form ofchanneling in the capillary system. The apparatus and procedures used to obtain relative permeability data withthree phases flowing are described and some preliminary results of the use ofthis method are shown. Introduction In a previous publication from this laboratory there appeared a briefdiscussion of the concepts behind three basic methods for obtaining relativepermeability data. These three methods were called the capillary pressuredisplacement method, the solution gas displacement method, and the dynamicdisplacement method - the names being suggestive of the type of process usedfor obtaining the desired saturation prior to making the permeabilitymeasurements. In the same publication, the apparatus and technique for thecapillary pressure displacement method were described and some typical resultsobtained by this method were presented. This paper will present:The routine procedure used to obtain permeability data on small coresamples flowing;The experimental techniques for the solution gas and dynamic displacementmethods for obtaining relative permeability data;The results of some studies on the mechanism of fluid flow throughconsolidated porous media; and,The preliminary results on the determination of relative permeability for asystem in which three phases are flowing. T.P. 3056
Evalution of capillary electrophoresis-frontal analysis for the study of low molecular weight drug-human serum albumin interactions (2002)

Capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis was applied to 12 low molecular weight compounds including 8 drug substances displaying a range of different properties with respect to binding affinity, binding location, structure, lipophilicity, charge at physiological pH, and electrophoretic mobility. It was found that capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis can be used as a general method to study and quantify drug-human serum albumin interactions. The binding parameters obtained were consistent with literature values. Dextran was in some cases added to the run buffer to improve separation of the drug and human serum albumin plateau peaks. Results indicate that mobility differences between free and complexed human serum albumin give rise to only minor errors. Capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis was also found applicable to the study of human serum albumin drug displacement reactions. Low sensitivity of the UV-detection system was found to be the major limitation of capillary electrophoresis frontal analysis. The method is simple, and minimal effort has to be put into method development, which makes it well suited for screening in early drug development.
Chemokines in cutaneous wound healing (2001)

Healing of wounds is one of the most complex biological events after birth as a result of the interplay of different tissue structures and a large number of resident and infiltrating cell types. The latter are mainly constituted by leukocyte subsets (neutrophils, macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes), which sequentially infiltrate the wound site and serve as immunological effector cells but also as sources of inflammatory and growth-promoting cytokines. Recent data demonstrate that recruitment of leukocyte subtypes is tightly regulated by chemokines. Moreover, the presence of chemokine receptors on resident cells (e.g., keratinocytes, endothelial cells) indicates that chemokines also contribute to the regulation of epithelialization, tissue remodeling, and angiogenesis. Thus, chemokines are in an exclusive position to integrate inflammatory events and reparative processes and are important modulators of human-skin wound healing. This review will focus preferentially on the role of chemokines during skin wound healing and intends to provide an update on the multiple functions of individual chemokines during the phases of wound repair.
Antibody production : essential techniques (1997)

Partial table of contents: Preparing Immunogens. Immunization. Monoclonal Antibodies. Recombinant Antibodies. Purification of Antibody. Characterization of Antibody. Appendices. Index.
Antibodies as chiral selectors for the determination of enantioenrichment. (2001)

Stereoselective antibodies are excellent chiral selectors for the routine analysis of enantiopurity in, e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and immunosensors. Here, we describe the application of stereoselective, group-specific antibodies to alpha-amino acids as tailor-made chiral selectors. The feasibility of chiral immunosensor techniques in space missions using these or other, newly designed antibodies is discussed.
Disclosing the LDPC code decoder design space (2006)

The design of future communication systems with high throughput demands will become a critical task, especially when sophisticated channel coding schemes have to be applied. LDPC codes are one of the most promising candidates because of their outstanding communications performance. One major problem for a decoder hardware realization is the huge design space composed of many interrelated parameters which enforces drastic design trade-offs. Another important issue is the need for flexibility of such systems. In this paper we illuminate this design space with special emphasis on the strong interrelations of theses parameters. Three design studies are presented to highlight the effects on a generic architecture if some parameters are constraint by a given standard, given technology, and given area constraints
Quality of Life of Postmenopausal Women in the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination (ATAC) Adjuvant Breast Cancer Trial (2004)

Two years of treatment with anastrozole, tamoxifen, or the combination had a similar overall QoL impact, showing gradual improvement over time. Endocrine-related symptoms for all three arms worsened initially and recovered partially during 2 years. The different symptoms experienced may assist in decision making about treatment and supportive care needs.
Minimally Invasive Radiofrequency (2014)

Minimally invasive radiofrequency is most commonly applied in a fractional manner (fractional radiofrequency, or FRF). The approach relies on introduction of a set of fine needle electrodes into the skin, which are then activated to deliver energy. Its role is similar to that of fractional lasers, namely to induce neocollagenesis by thermal effects within the dermis. The fractional thermal injury of deep dermal collagen induces a vigorous wound healing process with dermal remodeling and the generation of new collagen, elastin and hyaluronic acid. The major benefit of minimally invasive FRF is that, depending on the needle configuration and insulation, energy can be deposited directly within the dermis with no thermal effects to the epidermis. Side effects are minimal and typically include transient erythema lasting approximately 2 days. It is a viable nonsurgical therapeutic option for the improvement of numerous cosmetic indications including skin rejuvenation, facial skin laxity, rhytides, acne scars, large pores, and photoaged skin.
Potent solvents for C60 and their utility for the rapid acquisition of 13C NMR data for fullerenes (1993)

W. A. Scrivens and J. M. Tour, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 1207 DOI: 10.1039/C39930001207