gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transparent conductive oxide-gated silicon microring with extreme resonance wavelength tunability (2019)

Transparent conductive oxides have attracted escalating research interest for integrated photonic devices and metasurfaces due to the extremely large electro-optic modulation of the refractive index by the free-carrier-induced plasma dispersion effect. In this paper, we have designed and fabricated a silicon microring resonator using an indium-tin oxide gate as the electric-tuning electrode. It achieved an ultralarge resonance wavelength tunability of 271 pm/V, which is obtained through the reduced width of the ring waveguide and a high-dielectric-constant HfO2 insulator. We demonstrated a broad resonance wavelength tuning range of over 2 nm with an ultrafast response time of less than 12 ns and near-zero static power consumption, which outperforms traditional thermal tuning.
Apparent Metabolisability of Diets Containing Concentrate, Zostera Noltii or Taraxacum Officinalis in Anas Penelope (2016)

Four metabolisability trials on captive Wigeons were conducted comparing a complete pelleted diet with others where Taraxacum officinalis and Zostera noltii were added. The daily dry matter (DM) intake of Wigeons varied from 54.4 to 65.5 g/day and the amount of nutrients received from the four diets was similar. The nitrogen (N) content of droppings statistically diminished when Wigeons were fed diets containing Zostera noltii. Correlation among cell wall components (CWC) of droppings and that of intakes was always highly significant and positive. The DM metabolisability of the four diets was 42-51 %. The crude protein (CP) metabolisability varied significantly from 21 % for the diet with Taraxacum to 39 % for that with the Zostera collected in June. The metabolizabilities of CWC also differed significantly among diets. The apparent metabolizabilities of ash with the Zostera diets were significantly higher when compared to those of two other diets.
miR221/222 in Cancer: Their Role in Tumor Progression and Response to Therapy (2011)

miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs of ~24 nt that can block mRNA translation and/or negatively regulate its stability. There is a large body of evidence that dysregulation of miRNAs is a hallmark of cancer. miRNAs are often aberrantly expressed and their function is linked to the regulation of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressor genes involved in cell signaling pathway. miR-221 and miR-222 are two highly homologous microRNAs, whose upregulation has been recently described in several types of human tumors. miR-221/222 have been considered to act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, depending on tumor system. Silencing oncomiRs or gene therapy approaches, based on re-expression of miRNAs that are down-regulated in cancer cells, could represent a novel anti-tumor approach for integrated cancer therapy. Here we will review the role of miR-221/222 in cancer progression and their use as prognostic and therapeutic tools in cancer.
Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Thio-Containing Compounds with Serum HDL-Cholesterol-Elevating Properties (2003)

A novel series of substituted sulfanyldihydroimidazolones (1) that modulates high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) has been reported to have HDL-elevating properties in several animal models. Concerns about the chemical and metabolic stability of 1 directed us to explore the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of a related series of substituted thiohydantoins (2). Expansion of the scope of the thiohydantoin series led to exploration of compounds in related thio-containing ring systems 3-7 and the N-cyanoguanidine derivative 8. Compounds were tested sequentially in three animal models to assess their HDL-C elevating efficacy and safety profiles. Further evaluation of selected compounds in a dose-response paradigm culminated in the identification of compound 2.39 as a candidate compound for advanced preclinical studies.
Safety of the Malaria Vaccine Candidate, RTS,S/AS01E in 5 to 17 Month Old Kenyan and Tanzanian Children (2010)

The malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S/AS01(E), showed promising protective efficacy in a trial of Kenyan and Tanzanian children aged 5 to 17 months. Here we report on the vaccine's safety and tolerability. The experimental design was a Phase 2b, two-centre, double-blind (observer- and participant-blind), randomised (1∶1 ratio) controlled trial. Three doses of study or control (rabies) vaccines were administered intramuscularly at 1 month intervals. Solicited adverse events (AEs) were collected for 7 days after each vaccination. There was surveillance and reporting for unsolicited adverse events for 30 days after each vaccination. Serious adverse events (SAEs) were recorded throughout the study period which lasted for 14 months after dose 1 in Korogwe, Tanzania and an average of 18 months post-dose 1 in Kilifi, Kenya. Blood samples for safety monitoring of haematological, renal and hepatic functions were taken at baseline, 3, 10 and 14 months after dose 1. A total of 894 children received RTS,S/AS01(E) or rabies vaccine between March and August 2007. Overall, children vaccinated with RTS,S/AS01(E) had fewer SAEs (51/447) than children in the control group (88/447). One SAE episode in a RTS,S/AS01(E) recipient and nine episodes among eight rabies vaccine recipients met the criteria for severe malaria. Unsolicited AEs were reported in 78% of subjects in the RTS,S/AS01(E) group and 74% of subjects in the rabies vaccine group. In both vaccine groups, gastroenteritis and pneumonia were the most frequently reported unsolicited AE. Fever was the most frequently observed solicited AE and was recorded after 11% of RTS,S/AS01(E) doses compared to 31% of doses of rabies vaccine. The candidate vaccine RTS,S/AS01(E) showed an acceptable safety profile in children living in a malaria-endemic area in East Africa. More data on the safety of RTS,S/AS01(E) will become available from the Phase 3 programme.
Luminescent Trimethoprim–Polyaminocarboxylate Lanthanide Complex Conjugates for Selective Protein Labeling and Time-Resolved Bioassays (2011)

Labeling proteins with long-lifetime emitting lanthanide (III) chelate reporters enables sensitive, time-resolved luminescence bioaffinity assays. Heterodimers of trimethoprim (TMP) covalently linked to various cs124-sensitized, polyaminocarboxylate chelates stably retain lanthanide ions and exhibit quantum yields of europium emission up to 20% in water. A time-resolved, luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) assay showed that TMP-polyaminocarboxylates bind to Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (eDHFR) fusion proteins with nanomolar affinity in purified solutions and in bacterial lysates. The ability to selectively impart terbium or europium luminescence to fusion proteins in complex physiological mixtures bypasses the need for specific antibodies and simplifies sample preparation.
Adjuvants for foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccines: recent progress (2014)

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and rapidly spreading disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In most countries, animals are immunized with inactivated whole virus vaccines to control the spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV); however, there are safety and efficacy (especially, cell-mediated immunity) concerns. Many efforts are currently devoted to the development of effective vaccines by combining the application of protective antigens together with the search for specific and targeting adjuvants that maximizes the immunogenicity with a desired immune response. In this review, we outline previous studies performed with both traditional adjuvants as well as the most promising new generation adjuvants such as ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) or different cytokines, focusing mostly on their efficacy when used with FMD vaccine, and somewhat on mechanisms by which adjuvants mediate their effects.
Immunogenicity of peptide fusions to hepatitis B virus core antigen. (1989)

Several gene fusions have been constructed in which coding sequences for antigenic regions of the pre-S sequences of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis B surface antigen, and the envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus were linked to the 3' end of that for the first 144 residues of hepatitis B core antigen. The sequences were expressed efficiently in Escherichia coli to give stable products that assembled to form particles morphologically similar to hepatitis B core antigen itself. The products exhibited the antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of both the hepatitis B core antigen epitopes and the epitopes carried by the additional sequences, thus illustrating the value of such proteins as immunological reagents and potential vaccines.
Splanchnic circulation following coeliac plexus block (1988)

Both the capacitance vessels and the resistance vessels of the splanchnic area are innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. We investigated the effect of abdominal visceral sympathectomy on splanchnic circulation, and the effect of altered splanchnic circulation on systemic circulation in ten mongrel dogs. Abdominal visceral sympathectomy was induced by coeliac plexus block with 1 ml/kg (body weight) of 1% lidocaine infiltrated around the coeliac artery. Comparison was made with infiltration of physiologic saline of the same volume. The saline infiltration caused no significant changes in the hemodynamic parameters of systemic and splanchnic circulation. Mean arterial pressure decreased significantly from 18.2 +/- 2.0 to 14.4 +/- 1.9 kPa following the coeliac plexus block, with a concomitant decrease in the cardiac index from 2.63 +/- 0.46 to 2.30 +/- 0.54 l X min-1 X m-2, while systemic vascular resistance was unchanged. Portal vein blood flow, hepatic artery blood flow and, therefore, splanchnic blood flow decreased by 8 to 17%. Portal vascular and hepatic artery resistances were not affected by abdominal sympathectomy. It was concluded that the capacitance vessels in splanchnic circulation are dilated during abdominal sympathetic denervation, causing a blood shift from systemic to splanchnic circulation. On the other hand, the resistance vessels in splanchnic circulation are affected little by abdominal visceral sympathectomy.
Bortezomib (millennium pharmaceuticals). (2002)

Bortezomib is a ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor under development by Millennium Pharmaceuticals (formerly LeukoSite Inc) for the potential treatment of various solid tumors [312219], [392555]. In the first quarter of 2001, Millennium initiated two phase II trials evaluating bortezomib for multiple myeloma (MM). A phase II trial in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was initiated in June 2001 [400636], [412848]. By November 2001, the agent was in a number of phase I trials and combination studies for various solid tumors, including prostate, pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma [412700], [429923], [435062], [452675]. In June 2002, bortezomib was awarded Fast Track status by the FDA [453557], and in the same month pivotal phase III trials evaluating bortezomib in MM were initiated in the US, Canada and Europe [454446].
A Bayesian approach for shadow extraction from a single image (2005)

This paper addresses the problem of shadow extraction from a single image of a complex natural scene. No simplifying assumption on the camera and the light source other than the Lambertian assumption is used. Our method is unique because it is capable of translating very rough user-supplied hints into the effective likelihood and prior functions for our Bayesian optimization. The likelihood function requires a decent estimation of the shadowless image, which is obtained by solving the associated Poisson equation. Our Bayesian framework allows for the optimal extraction of smooth shadows while preserving texture appearance under the extracted shadow. Thus our technique can be applied to shadow removal, producing some best results to date compared with the current state-of-the-art techniques using a single input image. We propose related applications in shadow compositing and image repair using our Bayesian technique.
Current CRISPR gene drive systems are likely to be highly invasive in wild populations (2017)

Abstract Recent reports have suggested that CRISPR-based gene drives are unlikely to invade wild populations due to drive-resistant alleles that prevent cutting. Here we develop mathematical models based on existing empirical data to explicitly test this assumption. We show that although resistance prevents drive systems from spreading to fixation in large populations, even the least effective systems reported to date are highly invasive. Releasing a small number of organisms often causes invasion of the local population, followed by invasion of additional populations connected by very low gene flow rates. Examining the effects of mitigating factors including standing variation, inbreeding, and family size revealed that none of these prevent invasion in realistic scenarios. Highly effective drive systems are predicted to be even more invasive. Contrary to the National Academies report on gene drive, our results suggest that standard drive systems should not be developed nor field-tested in regions harboring the host organism.
Oxidative Stress Mediates the Effects of Raman‐Active Gold Nanoparticles in Human Cells (2010)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated Raman-active gold nanoparticles (PEG-R-AuNPs) consist of an interchangeable Raman organic molecule layer held onto a gold nanocore by a silica shell. PEG-R-AuNPs have been shown preclinically to increase the sensitivity and specificity of Raman spectroscopy, with picomolar sensitivity and multiplexing capabilities. Although clinical trials are being designed to use functionalized PEG-R-AuNPs in various applications (e.g., to target dysplastic bowel lesions during colonoscopy), the effects of these nanoparticles on human cells remain unknown. The occurrence and mechanisms underlying any potential cytotoxicity induced by these nanoparticles (0-1000 PEG-R-AuNPs/cell) are investigated in immortalized human HeLa and HepG2 cell lines at several time points (0-48 h) after exposure. Using fluorometric assays, cell viability (MTT), reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation (dichlorofluorescein diacetate), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl content), and total cellular antioxidant concentrations the concentrations (metmyoblobin-induced oxidation of ABTS) are assessed. Analysis of lipid oxidation using an enzyme immunoassay (8-isoprostane concentrations), gene expression of antioxidant enzymes using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, and the intracellular location of PEG-R-AuNPs using transmission electron microscopy is also undertaken. PEG-R-AuNPs cause no cytotoxicity in either HeLa or HepG2 cells in the acute setting as ROS generation is balanced by antioxidant enzyme upregulation. Following prolonged exposures (48 h) at relatively high concentrations (1000 PEG-R-AuNPs/cell), nanoparticles are found within vesicles inside cells. Under these conditions, a minimal amount of cytotoxicity is seen in both cell lines owing to increases in cellular oxidative stress, most likely due to ROS overwhelming the antioxidant defenses. Evidence of oxidative stress-induced damage includes increased lipid and protein oxidation. Although further in vivo toxicity studies are necessary, these initial encouraging results show that PEG-R-AuNPs cause minimal toxicity in human cells in the acute setting, which bodes well for potential future applications of these nanoparticles in living subjects.
Commercial TMR heads for hard disk drives: characterization and extendibility at 300 gbit2 (2006)

Tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) reading heads at an areal density of 80-100 Gbit <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a longitudinal magnetic recording mode have for the first time been commercialized for both laptop and desktop Seagate hard disk drive products. The first generation TMR products utilized a bottom TMR stack and an abutted hard bias design. These TMR heads have demonstrated three times the amplitude of comparable giant magnetoresistive (GMR) devices, resulting in a 0.6 decade bit error rate gain over GMR. This has enabled high component and drive yields. Due to the improved thermal dissipation of current-perpendicular-to-plane geometry, TMR runs cooler and has better lifetime performance, and has demonstrated the similar electrical static discharge robustness as GMR. TMR has demonstrated equivalent or better process and wafer yields compared to GMR. The TMR heads is proven to be a mature and capable reader technology. Using the same TMR head design in conjunction with perpendicular recording, 274 Gbit/in/sup 2/ has been demonstrated. Advanced design can reach 311 Gbit/in/sup 2/.
Effects of aFGF and bFGF on wound healing in rabbit corneas (1987)

After the debridement of the entire corneal epithelium of the rabbit eye, epithelial cells of conjunctival origin cover the denuded corneal surface. Under such experimental conditions, the rate of wound healing is considerably delayed and total regeneration is completed within 15 to 20 days, allowing evaluation of various drugs, such as the Fibroblast Growth Factor. Both acidic and basic FGF were administered topically on totally de-epithelialized rabbit eye, at three different concentrations of 1.5 and 10 Stimulation Units/50 microliters, 3 times per day. A dose-response effect was observed and in each case, acidic FGF was found to be much more potent than bFGF in increasing the rate of wound healing of the cornea. These results are correlated with a new purification procedure, avoiding acid treatment of the tissue extract. The systemic diffusion of FGF allows the contralateral eye cells to be also stimulated for mitosis and migration and to heal faster than the control eyes.
Enhancing simulation education with intelligent tutoring systems (1996)

The demand for education in the area of simulation is in the increase. This paper describes how education in the field of simulation can take advantage of the virtues of intelligent tutoring with respect to enhancing the educationa! process. For this purpose, this paper gives an overview of what constitutes the objectives and the content of a comprehensive course in discrete event simulation. The architee ture of an intelligent tutoring system is presented and it is discussed how these sophisticated learning aids offer individualised student guidance and support within a learning environment. The paper then introduces a prototype intelligent tutoring system, the simulation tutor, and suggests how the system might be developed to enhance education in simulation. 1
The role of caspases in cryoinjury: caspase inhibition strongly improves the recovery of cryopreserved hematopoietic and other cells (2002)

Cryopreserved cells and tissues are increasingly used for stem cell transplantation and tissue engineering. However, their freezing, storage, and thawing is associated with severe damage, suggesting the need for better cryopreservation methods. Here, we show that activation of caspase-3 is induced during the freeze-thaw process. Moreover, we demonstrate that prevention of caspase activation by the caspase inhibitor zVAD-fmk strongly improves the recovery and survival of several cryopreserved cell types and hematopoietic progenitor cells. A short preincubation with the caspase inhibitor after thawing also enhances the colony-forming activity of hematopoietic progenitor cells up to threefold. Furthermore, overexpression of Bcl-2, but not the blockade of the death receptor signaling, confers protection, indicating that cryoinjury-associated cell death is mediated by a Bcl-2-controlled mitochondrial pathway. Thus, our data suggest the use of zVAD-fmk as an efficient cryoprotective agent. The addition of caspase inhibitors may be an important tool for the cryopreservation of living cells and advantageous in cell transplantation, tissue engineering, and other genetic technologies.
Optimal wave-front estimation (1977)

In a compensated imaging (CI) system the wave-front distortion is changing randomly in time and the data processing must follow the changes and even, to some extent, predict them. Furthermore, the system is not infinitely fast; it has time delays and bandwidth limitations which can be quite significant. Couple to this the substantial photon noise in the wave-front measurements, and it becomes desirable to find the optimal data processing to use for system control. This paper derives the optimal linear control algorithm assuming the aberration and noise statistics are known for a compensated imaging system, and discusses the properties of this algorithm.
Differences in Activity between α and β Type I Interferons Explored by Mutational Analysis (1998)

Type I interferon (IFN) subtypes alpha and beta share a common multicomponent, cell surface receptor and elicit a similar range of biological responses, including antiviral, antiproliferative, and immunomodulatory activities. However, alpha and beta IFNs exhibit key differences in several biological properties. For example, IFN-beta, but not IFN-alpha, induces the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor components ifnar1 and ifnar2, and has activity in cells lacking the IFN receptor-associated, Janus kinase tyk2. To define the structural basis for these functional differences we produced human IFN-beta with point mutations and compared them to wild-type IFN-beta in assays that distinguish alpha and beta IFN subtypes. IFN-beta mutants with charged residues (N86K, N86E, or Y92D) introduced at two positions in the C helix lost the ability to induce the association of tyrosine-phosphorylated receptor chains and had reduced activity on tyk2-deficient cells. The combination of negatively charged residues N86E and Y92D (homologous with IFN-alpha8) increased the cross-species activity of the mutant IFN-betas on bovine cells to a level comparable to that of human IFN-alphas. In contrast, point mutations in the AB loop and D helix had no significant effect on these subtype-specific activities. A subset of these latter mutations did, however, reduce activity in a manner analogous to IFN-alpha mutations. The effects of these mutations on IFN-beta activity are discussed in the context of a family of related ligands acting through a common receptor and signaling pathway.
Isolation and Characterization of a Functional Murine Interferon Alpha Gene which Is Not Expressed in Fibroblasts upon Virus Induction (1989)

A mouse genomic segment containing three new members of the murine interferon alpha (MuIFN-alpha) gene family was isolated from a fibroblastic cosmid library. A 4 kb EcoRI fragment contained a new MuIFN-alpha gene named MuIFN-alpha 8. The nucleotide sequence of the coding and flanking regions of this gene showed a high level of homology to those of known members of the MuIFN-alpha family. Transient expression of the MuIFN-alpha 8 gene in COS cells and oocyte translation of in vitro transcripts both led to a biologically active protein. The antiviral activity was neutralized by monoclonal and polyclonal MuIFN-alpha antibodies. Although the 5' flanking sequence shows features characteristic of an IFN regulatory region, the MuIFN-alpha 8 gene is not expressed in murine fibroblasts treated with Newcastle disease virus or poly(I).poly(C).