gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal−Organic Frameworks Based on Double-Bond-Coupled Di-Isophthalate Linkers with High Hydrogen and Methane Uptakes (2008)

Solvothermal reactions of Cu(NO3)2 with azoxybenzene-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylic acid (H4aobtc) or trans-stilbene-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylic acid (H4sbtc) give rise to two isostructural microporous metal−organic frameworks, Cu2(abtc)(H2O)2·3DMA (PCN-10, abtc = azobenzene-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylate) and Cu2(sbtc)(H2O)2·3DMA (PCN-11, sbtc = trans-stilbene-3,3′,5,5′-tetracarboxylate), respectively. Both PCN-10 and PCN-11 possess significant enduring porosity with Langmuir surface areas of 1779 and 2442 m2/g (corresponding to BET surface areas of 1407 or 1931 m2/g, respectively) and contain nanoscopic cages and coordinatively unsaturated metal centers. At 77 K, 760 Torr, the excess gravimetric (volumetric) hydrogen uptake of PCN-10 is 2.34 wt % (18.0 g/L) and that of PCN-11 can reach 2.55 wt % (19.1 g/L). Gas-adsorption studies also suggest that MOFs containing C═C double bonds are more favorable than those with N═N double bond in retaining enduring porosity after thermal activation, although N═N has slightly higher H2 affinity. The excess gravimetric (volumetric) adsorption at 77 K saturates around 20 atm and reaches values of 4.33% (33.2 g/L) and 5.05% (37.8 g/L) for PCN-10 and PCN-11, respectively. In addition to its appreciable hydrogen uptake, PCN-11 has an excess methane uptake of 171 cm3(STP)/cm3 at 298 K and 35 bar, approaching the DOE target of 180 v(STP)/v for methane storage at ambient temperature. Thus, PCN-11 represents one of the few materials that is applicable to both hydrogen and methane storage applications.
Optimized multi-electrode stimulation increases focality and intensity at target (2011)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) provides a non-invasive tool to elicit neuromodulation by delivering current through electrodes placed on the scalp. The present clinical paradigm uses two relatively large electrodes to inject current through the head resulting in electric fields that are broadly distributed over large regions of the brain. In this paper, we present a method that uses multiple small electrodes (i.e. 1.2 cm diameter) and systematically optimize the applied currents to achieve effective and targeted stimulation while ensuring safety of stimulation. We found a fundamental trade-off between achievable intensity (at the target) and focality, and algorithms to optimize both measures are presented. When compared with large pad-electrodes (approximated here by a set of small electrodes covering 25 cm(2)), the proposed approach achieves electric fields which exhibit simultaneously greater focality (80% improvement) and higher target intensity (98% improvement) at cortical targets using the same total current applied. These improvements illustrate the previously unrecognized and non-trivial dependence of the optimal electrode configuration on the desired electric field orientation and the maximum total current (due to safety). Similarly, by exploiting idiosyncratic details of brain anatomy, the optimization approach significantly improves upon prior un-optimized approaches using small electrodes. The analysis also reveals the optimal use of conventional bipolar montages: maximally intense tangential fields are attained with the two electrodes placed at a considerable distance from the target along the direction of the desired field; when radial fields are desired, the maximum-intensity configuration consists of an electrode placed directly over the target with a distant return electrode. To summarize, if a target location and stimulation orientation can be defined by the clinician, then the proposed technique is superior in terms of both focality and intensity as compared to previous solutions and is thus expected to translate into improved patient safety and increased clinical efficacy.
Genetic analysis of diabetes and insulitis in an interspecific cross of the nonobese diabetic mouse with Mus spretus. (1993)

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse is a widely used model for genetic studies of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus due to the similarities between the murine and human diseases. To aid in the localization and identification of diabetes-related susceptibility genes, we have constructed an interspecific backcross between NOD and Mus spretus (SEG/Pas) mice. Although no diabetic animals were observed in the first backcross generation of (SEG/Pas x NOD) x NOD (BC1), the incidence of insulitis (lymphocyte infiltration of the islets of Langerhans) exceeded 20% after injections of cyclophosphamide, a treatment that provokes an acute form of diabetes in NOD mice. Insulitis, a prediabetic condition, is a useful phenotype in studies of diabetes susceptibility. In the second backcross (BC2) generation, 8% of the animals became diabetic and 76% were found to have insulitis. Genetic mapping studies in the BC2 families confirmed the importance of the major histocompatibility complex region on the severity of insulitis and suggested that additional susceptibility loci were linked to markers on mouse chromosomes 3, 6, and 15. Mus spretus crosses have been an important tool in recent advances in murine genetics, and our results extend their usefulness to the study of a multifactorial disease.
CE update [chemistry | immunology]: Antinuclear Antibody Testing: Methods, Indications, and Interpretation (2003)

Laboratory tests to assist in diagnosis and to guide therapy in autoimmune diseases have been in use for decades.One of the best-established autoimmunity tests is the assay for ANA.Although the ANA is a commonly ordered study, it is a notoriously misunderstood test.In a recent study, clinical house staff at a major teaching hospital ranged in their estimations of the sensitivity and specificity of ANA positivity in the diagnosis of lupus all the way between 0% and 100%. 1 To make matters worse, new methods have been introduced within the past decade for determining ANA results, so the test performed when a clinician orders an ANA may differ entirely from laboratory to laboratory.To help reduce confusion, this article will describe the methods available to measure ANA, review the indications for ANA testing, and guide the interpretation of ANA results. Methods of ANA TestingThe traditional method for performing an ANA test is immunofluorescence.This remains the gold standard technique.At some centers, the immunofluorescent test for antinuclear antibodies is known as the FANA.Immunofluorescence testing involves incubating dilutions of patient sera with a monolayer of fixed, permeabilized cells [F1].Antibodies adherent to the cell monolayer are visualized with an anti-human immunoglobulin reagent that has been conjugated to a fluorescent tag.Trained technicians identify the presence or absence of nuclear staining and the pattern of nuclear staining by fluorescence microscopy.When performed in a proficient laboratory, immunofluorescence is a highly sensitive assay for the presence of antinuclear
Treating Migraine Attacks ASAP: Concept and Methodological Issues (2006)

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De novo designed peptide-based amyloid fibrils (2002)

Identification of therapeutic strategies to prevent or cure diseases associated with amyloid fibril deposition in tissue (Alzheimer's disease, spongiform encephalopathies, etc.) requires a rational understanding of the driving forces involved in the formation of these organized assemblies rich in beta-sheet structure. To this end, we used a computer-designed algorithm to search for hexapeptide sequences with a high propensity to form homopolymeric beta-sheets. Sequences predicted to be highly favorable on this basis were found experimentally to self-associate efficiently into beta-sheets, whereas point mutations predicted to be unfavorable for this structure inhibited polymerization. However, the property to form polymeric beta-sheets is not a sufficient requirement for fibril formation because, under the conditions used here, preformed beta-sheets from these peptides with charged residues form well defined fibrils only if the total net charge of the molecule is +/-1. This finding illustrates the delicate balance of interactions involved in the formation of fibrils relative to more disordered aggregates. The present results, in conjunction with x-ray fiber diffraction, electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared measurements, have allowed us to propose a detailed structural model of the fibrils.
A phase II study of bevacizumab with nab-paclitaxel in patients with recurrent, platinum-resistant primary epithelial ovarian or primary peritoneal carcinoma. (2010)

5009 Background: Ovarian cancer (OC) has the highest mortality of all cancers involving the female genital tract. Platinum-based therapy is standard primary treatment. Treatments to extend survival, while preserving quality of life, are needed for platinum-resistant patients where current treatment options yield < 4 months progression free survival (PFS) and < 10 months overall survival (OS). This study evaluates the combination of nab-paclitaxel (Abraxane) with bevacizumab in platinum-resistant patients. Methods: 48 patients who had recurrent platinum-resistant OC (93.7%) or primary peritoneal carcinoma with measurable disease (by CT/MRI) were enrolled. 19 (40%) patients had one prior regimen, 27 (56%) had two prior regimens, and 2 (4%) patients had more than two prior regimens. All patients received nab-paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15 with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV given on days 1 and 15 every 28 days, and were treated until progression. Results: Mean age was 61 (range 38-87 years) and patients were ECOG 0 (45.8%) or 1 (54.2%) at the time of enrollment. The median PFS, with 37 of 48 patients having experienced disease progression or death, was 8.3 months. Median OS was 16.5 months. Best overall response for the 39 patients who have completed the study to date: partial response: 18 (46.1%); stable disease: 12 (30.8%), progressive disease: 8 (20.5%), and not evaluable: 1 (2.6%). The rate of adverse events was low with 10% of the events reported as grade 3 or 4 toxicities. The most common hematological toxicities were neutropenia (2.6%) and anemia (2.4 %). The most common non-hematological toxicities were nausea (3.8%), nosebleed (3.8%), neuropathy (2.8%) and infection (1.6%). Bowel obstruction occurred in 3.8% of patients. Conclusions: nab-Paclitaxel 100 mg/m2 IV on days 1, 8, 15 in combination with bevacizumab 10 mg/kg IV on days 1 and 15 every 28 days appears to be highly active with impressive PFS and OS combined with low G3/G4 toxicity. Further prospective trials should be explored in this population. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Abraxis BioScience, Genentech
A Phase Ib open label, randomized, safety study of SANGUINATE™ in patients with sickle cell anemia (2016)

The clinical trial met its primary objective of demonstrating an acceptable safety profile for SANGUINATE in patients with sickle cell anemia. This trial established the safety of SANGUINATE at both dose levels and permitted its advance to Phase II trials.
CD11b+CD28-CD4+ human T cells: activation requirements and association with HLA-DR alleles (1996)

Engagement of CD28 induces a major costimulatory pathway required by many CD4+ T cells in addition to activation via the TCR. In the absence of signals provided by CD28, ligation of the TCR alone can induce anergy or apoptosis in CD28+ cells. However, we report here characterization of a distinct subset of CD4+ T cells that are CD28-. Three autoreactive CD4+ human T cell clones that could be activated to produce IL-2 and proliferate by anti-CD3 alone were found to lack expression of CD28. CD28- clones that were activated with anti-CD3 alone were not anergic to restimulation via CD3. The presence of CD28-CD4+ T cells was verified in peripheral blood, and their frequency ranged from 0% to >22% of CD4+ T cells in different individuals. The percentage of CD28-CD4+ T cells in the peripheral blood of 57 individuals was significantly correlated with specific class II MHC alleles. Persons with HLA-DRB1*0401 and DR1 alleles had significantly higher numbers of CD28- T cells, while individuals with HLA-DR2(15) had significantly fewer CD28-CD4+ T cells than the mean. Like the CD28- clones, CD28-CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood proliferated upon CD3 cross-linking in the absence of costimulation. The finding that CD28-CD4+ T cells resist induction of anergy following engagement of the TCR in the absence of conventional costimulation demonstrates one mechanism by which autoreactive T cells can escape processes that censor self-reactivity. The MHC associations observed suggest a relationship with autoimmunity and loss of self-tolerance.
Novel, Fluorescent, Magnetic, Polysaccharide-Based Microsphere for Orientation, Tracing, and Anticoagulation: Preparation and Characterization (2005)

A fluorescent, magnetic composite poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) microsphere, suitable for conjugation with polysaccharide, was synthesized using magnetite/europium phthalate particles as seeds by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The magnetite/europium phthalate particles were wrapped up by poly(ethylene glycol), which improved the affinity between the seed particles and the monomers. The composite microspheres obtained, with a diameter of 0.15-0.7 microm, contain 586-1013 microg of magnetite/g of microsphere and 0.5-16 mmol surface anhydride groups/g of microsphere. Heparin was conjugated with the reactive surface anhydride groups on the surface of the microspheres by covalent binding to obtain a fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microsphere. The microspheres not only retain their bioactivities but also provide magnetic susceptibility and fluorescence. They can be used as a carrier with magnetic orientation and fluorescence tracer for potent drug targeting. The orientation, tracer, and anticoagulation of the fluorescence, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microspheres were studied. The anticoagulant activity of the microspheres and heparin binding capacity reached 54,212.8 U and 607.1 mg/g of dry microspheres. The activity recovery was 50.2%. The anticoagulant activity of the microspheres increases with the increase of the conjugated heparin on the surface of the microspheres and the decrease of the microsphere size. Furthermore, The fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microspheres can be easily transported to a given position in a magnetic field and traced via their fluorescence.
A new drug delivery system with controlled release of antibiotic only in the presence of infection (1998)

An ideal drug delivery system (DDS) releases an appropriate drug at specific locations and times. We tried to create a new antibiotic delivery system that releases gentamicin only when wounds are infected by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P.A.). Exudate from the dorsal pouch of rats infected with P.A. showed significantly higher hydrolytic activity-thrombin-like activity-toward Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA than exudate from noninfected wounds. We therefore constructed a device for controlled release of an antimicrobial drug triggered by thrombin-like activity. Briefly, gentamicin was bound to a polyvinyl alcohol derivative (PVA) hydrogel through a newly developed peptide linker cleavable by the proteinase, PVA-(linker)-gentamicin. In vitro experiments showed that proteinases from wounds infected with P.A. cleaved the linker and gentamicin was released while the exudate from noninfected wounds had no hydrolytic activity toward the linker. This device shows potential as an occlusive dressing with an effective antibiotic delivery system for treating infected wounds.
The Discovery of the Electric Shock (2002)

In a modern world of rubber soles, linoleum floors, and the dry air of central heating, the small pain of an electric discharge spark is an everyday occurrence. It is difficult to imagine the excitement the phenomenon caused when first discovered in the 18th century. It went so far that professional
Design and performance of a planar-array MIT system with normal sensor alignment (2005)

In this study the performance of a planar array for magnetic induction tomography (MIT) was investigated and the results of measurements to determine the precision and sensitivity of the sensor were undertaken. A planar-array MIT system utilizing flux-linkage minimization for the primary field has been constructed and evaluated. The system comprises 4 printed excitation coils of 4 turns which were shielded, 8 surface-mount inductors of inductance 10 µH as sensor, mounted such that in principle no primary-field flux threads them, and a calibration coil to produce a strong primary field. The excitation current was multiplexed via relays to drive the excitation and reference coils. The noise values were similar in real and imaginary components in the lower frequencies and the factor to which the primary field could be reduced was greatest in the nearest coil. Methods for determining the true real and imaginary components and for flux-linkage minimization for the primary field for variations in channel sensitivities are described and the results of measurements of the system's noise and drift are given. A SNR of 47 dB was observed at 4 MHz when a 0.3 Sm−1 saline filled tank of dimensions 20 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm was placed centrally over the array. Finally, images were reconstructed from measurements of saline samples in a free space background, with the samples moved past the array in 21 1 cm steps to emulate mechanical scanning of the array. The image reconstruction characteristics of the planar array in conjunction with the reconstruction technique employed are discussed.
Thermal DeNOx Controlling nitrogen oxides emissions by a noncatalytic process (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal DeNOx Controlling nitrogen oxides emissions by a noncatalytic processRichard K. LyonCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1987, 21, 3, 231–236Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00157a002https://doi.org/10.1021/es00157a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views483Altmetric-Citations127LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mathematical model of geometry and fibrous structure of the heart (1991)

We developed a mathematical representation of ventricular geometry and muscle fiber organization using three-dimensional finite elements referred to a prolate spheroid coordinate system. Within elements, fields are approximated using basis functions with associated parameters defined at the element nodes. Four parameters per node are used to describe ventricular geometry. The radial coordinate is interpolated using cubic Hermite basis functions that preserve slope continuity, while the angular coordinates are interpolated linearly. Two further nodal parameters describe the orientation of myocardial fibers. The orientation of fibers within coordinate planes bounded by epicardial and endocardial surfaces is interpolated linearly, with transmural variation given by cubic Hermite basis functions. Left and right ventricular geometry and myocardial fiber orientations were characterized for a canine heart arrested in diastole and fixed at zero transmural pressure. The geometry was represented by a 24-element ensemble with 41 nodes. Nodal parameters fitted using least squares provided a realistic description of ventricular epicardial [root mean square (RMS) error less than 0.9 mm] and endocardial (RMS error less than 2.6 mm) surfaces. Measured fiber fields were also fitted (RMS error less than 17 degrees) with a 60-element, 99-node mesh obtained by subdividing the 24-element mesh. These methods provide a compact and accurate anatomic description of the ventricles suitable for use in finite element stress analysis, simulation of cardiac electrical activation, and other cardiac field modeling problems.
An approach to fabricating sub-half-micrometer-length gates for GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (1985)

A process for fabricating sub-half-micrometer-length gates for GaAs MESFETs is described. This process, which uses conventional photolithography, incorporates a number of special techniques to produce the gates from a photomask having 1-μm-length gate patterns. Gates produced by this process have shapes and cross-sectional areas that are comparable to those of gates produced by liftoff using sub-half-micrometer electron-beam lithography. Gates with lengths less than 0.2 μm have been fabricated.
Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato induces the expression of tomato EREBP‐like genes Pti4 and Pti5 independent of ethylene, salicylate and jasmonate (1999)

The tomato genes Pti4 and Pti5 encode ethylene-responsive element binding protein-like transcription factors that bind to the GCC box, a conserved cis-element in many defense-related genes. The Pti proteins have previously been shown to interact with the tomato disease resistance protein Pto. Here we report that the expression of both Pti4 and Pti5 are induced by a virulent strain of Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato. The expression of Pti5 is further enhanced by the interaction of the Pto gene in tomato and the corresponding avrPto gene in the bacterium. The enhancement of Pti5 expression by Pto-avrPto interaction requires a functional Prf gene in the plant. Pti5 appears to be expressed specifically during biotic stresses, suggesting a specific role in plant defense. Pti4 and several EREBP-like genes are induced by ethylene, salicylate and wounding. However, the Pseudomonas bacterium induced a wild-type level of Pti4 and Pti5 transcripts in tomato plants carrying the nahG transgene, the Nr mutation, or the def1 mutation. In addition, the ethylene action inhibitor norbornadiene did not inhibit the induction of Pti4 and Pti5 either in the compatible or incompatible interactions. The results suggest that the Pseudomonas bacterium induces Pti4 and Pti5 expression through a pathway independent of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonic acid.