gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analytic calculations of the E-fields induced by time-varying magnetic fields generated by cylindrical gradient coils (2000)

Analytic expressions which allow the direct calculation of the electric field generated inside an infinite conducting cylinder by varying the current through the wires of any cylindrical coil are presented. These expressions provide some general insight into the spatial characteristics of the electric field generated inside the body by switched gradients and can be used to evaluate the locations where nerve stimulation by rapid gradient switching is likely to occur. They may also be employed at the design stage to produce gradient coils which can provide higher gradient switching rates without causing nerve stimulation. Using these expressions the electric field patterns produced by transverse and longitudinal, whole-body gradient coils were calculated. Example data are presented along with the associated magnetic field patterns. The effect on the induced electric field pattern of varying the body size and the size of the region of gradient linearity was explored.
Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization: Trends and Perspectives (2016)

Conjugated polymers have attracted much attention in recent years, as they can combine the best features of metals or inorganic semiconducting materials (excellent electrical and optical properties) with those of synthetic polymers (mechanical flexibility, simple processing, and low-cost production), thereby creating altogether new scientific synergies and technological opportunities. In the search for more efficient synthetic methods for the preparation of conjugated polymers, this Perspective reports advances in the field of direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. This recently developed polymerization method encompasses the formation of carbon-carbon bonds between simple (hetero)arenes and (hetero)aryl halides, reducing both the number of synthetic steps and the production of organometallic byproducts. Along these lines, we describe the most general and adaptable reaction conditions for the preparation of high-molecular-weight, defect-free conjugated polymers. We also discuss the bottleneck presented by the utilization of certain brominated thiophene units and propose some potential solutions. It is, however, firmly believed that this polymerization method will become a versatile tool in the field of conjugated polymers by providing a desirable atom-economical alternative to standard cross-coupling polymerization reactions.
From few to many: generative models for recognition under variable pose and illumination (2002)

Image variability due to changes in pose and illumination can seriously impair object recognition. This paper presents appearance-based methods which, unlike previous appearance-based approaches, require only a small set of training images to generate a rich representation that models this variability. Specifically, from as few as three images of an object in fixed pose seen under slightly varying but unknown lighting, a surface and an albedo map are reconstructed. These are then used to generate synthetic images with large variations in pose and illumination and thus build a representation useful for object recognition. Our methods have been tested within the domain of face recognition on a subset of the Yale Face Database B containing 4050 images of 10 faces seen under variable pose and illumination. This database was specifically gathered for testing these generative methods. Their performance is shown to exceed that of popular existing methods.
A comparison of different texture analysis techniques (1996)

With the advent of automated techniques for measuring individual crystallographic orientations using electron diffraction, there has been an increase in the use of local orientation measurements for measuring textures in polycrystalline materials. Several studies have focused on the number of single orientation measurements necessary to achieve the statistics of more conventional texture measurement, techniques such as pole figure measurement using x-ray and neutron diffraction. This investigation considers this question but also is extended to consider the nature of the differences between textures measured using individual orientation measurements and those measured using x-ray diffraction.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen 1 Promotes Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis in Response to Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress While Inhibiting Necrosis Induced by Lysosomal Injury (2011)

Squamous cell carcinoma antigen 1 (SCCA1) is a member of the serine protease inhibitor (serpin) family of proteins, whose target proteases include the cathepsins. Initially identified as a serological marker for advanced squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix, SCCA1 has also been found to be associated with other cancer types of epithelial or endodermal origins such as lung cancer, head and neck cancer, melanoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While the biological function of SCCA1 remains largely unclear, it is believed to limit cellular damage resulting from lysosomal cathepsin release. Here, we show that SCCA1 acts as a molecular switch that inhibits cell death induced by lysosomal injury resulting from DNA alkylating agents and hypotonic shock, whereas it promotes a caspase-8-mediated apoptosis in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In response to ER stress, SCCA1 blocks both lysosomal and proteasomal protein degradation pathways and enhances the interaction between sequestosome 1/p62 and caspase-8, which leads to the aggregation of intracellular caspase-8 and its subsequent cleavage and activation. Hence, on one hand, SCCA1 inhibits cell death induced by lysosomal injury while, on the other hand, it sensitizes cells to ER stress by activating caspase-8 independently of the death receptor apoptotic pathway.
Adjunctive therapy for cerebral malaria and other severe forms ofPlasmodium falciparummalaria (2010)

Severe malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum causes more than 800,000 deaths every year. Primary therapy with quinine or artesunate is generally effective in controlling P. falciparum parasitemia, but mortality from cerebral malaria and other forms of severe malaria remains unacceptably high. Long-term cognitive impairment is also common in children with cerebral malaria. Of the numerous adjunctive therapies for cerebral malaria and severe malaria studied over the past five decades, only one (albumin) was associated with a reduction in mortality. In this article, we review past and ongoing studies of adjunctive therapy, and examine the evidence of efficacy for newer therapies, including inhibitors of cytoadherence (e.g., levamisole), immune modulators (e.g., rosiglitazone), agents that increase nitric oxide levels (e.g., arginine) and neuroprotective agents (e.g., erythropoietin).
Coordinate Gene Activity in Response to Agents That Induce Systemic Acquired Resistance. (1991)

In a variety of plant species, the development of necrotic lesions in response to pathogen infection leads to induction of generalized disease resistance in uninfected tissues. A well-studied example of this "immunity" reaction is systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in tobacco. SAR is characterized by the development of a disease-resistant state in plants that have reacted hypersensitively to previous infection by tobacco mosaic virus. Here, we show that the onset of SAR correlates with the coordinate induction of nine classes of mRNAs. Salicylic acid, a candidate for the endogenous signal that activates the resistant state, induces expression of the same "SAR genes." A novel synthetic immunization compound, methyl-2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid, also induces both resistance and SAR gene expression. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that induced resistance results at least partially from coordinate expression of these SAR genes. A model is presented that ties pathogen-induced necrosis to the biosynthesis of salicylic acid and the induction of SAR.
Imido Alkylidene Bispyrrolyl Complexes of Tungsten (2007)

We have prepared tungsten bispyrrolyl (Pyr) or bis-2,5-dimethylpyrrolyl (Me2Pyr) complexes W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(η1-Pyr)2(DME) (1), W(NAr)(CHCMe2Ph)(η1-Me2Pyr)(η5-Me2Pyr) (2), W(NArCl)(CHCMe3)(η1-Pyr)2(DME) (3b), and W(NArCl)(CHCMe3)(η1-Me2Pyr)(η5-Me2Pyr) (4) (Ar = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, ArCl = 2,6-dichlorophenyl) in excellent yields by treating the appropriate W(NR)(CHCMe2R‘)(OTf)2(DME) species with LiPyr or LiMe2Pyr. Compounds 2 and 4 react with ethylene slowly to yield stable methylene complexes, W(NAr)(CH2)(η1-Me2Pyr)(η5-Me2Pyr) (5) and W(NArCl)(CH2)(η1-Me2Pyr)(η5-Me2Pyr) (6). In contrast, treatment of what is believed to be a fortuitous 1:1 mixture of 3b and [W(NArCl)(CHCMe3)(η1-Pyr)2][W(NArCl)(CHCMe3)(η1-Pyr)(η5-Pyr)] with ethylene leads to formation of [W(μ-NArCl)(η1-Pyr)2]2 (7) in moderate (54%) yield. Compounds 2 and 4 react with [HNMe2Ph][B(ArF)4] (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) in dichloromethane to yield cationic species that contain one η5-Me2Pyr ligand and one 2,5-dimethylpyrrolenine ligand formed through addition of a proton to C(2) of a dimethylpyrrolyl ligand, e.g., [W(NArCl)(CHCMe3)(Me2Pyr){NC4(H3-2,3,4)(Me2-2,5)}]+[B(ArF)4]- (9). X-ray studies were carried out on 1, 2, 6, 7, and 9.
Amnesia-reversal activity of a series of cyclic imides (1987)

A series of dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-3,5(2H,6H)-diones were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to reverse electroconvulsive shock (ECS) induced amnesia in mice. Among the structure-activity relationships explored were the effects of ring size, the presence of heteroatoms (sulfur) in the ring system, and the introduction of alkyl substituents. The optimal ring size for the bicyclic system was 5.5 with dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-3,5(2H,6H)-dione (3), although some activity was present in the corresponding 5.6 [hexahydro-3,5-indolizinedione (7)] and 6.6 [tetrahydro-2H-quinolizine-4,6(3H,7H)-dione (9)] analogues. Replacement of the C-1 carbon atom in compound 3 with a sulfur [dihydropyrrolo[2,1-b]thiazole-3,5(2H,6H)-dione (10)] abolished activity, and the introduction of methyl groups resulted in poorer biological profiles except when the substitution was made at the 7a position [dihydro-7a-methyl-1H-pyrrolizine-3,5(2H,6H)-dione (4)]. In several instances, hydrolysis of the parent bicyclic compound was carried out to furnish the corresponding lactam acids, which were further derivatized. Several exhibited interesting activity, especially the 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid derivatives such as 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid (12), 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid phenylmethyl ester (17), 5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid (3-chlorophenyl)methyl ester (20), N-4-pyridyl-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid amide (25), and N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-5-oxo-2-pyrrolidinepropanoic acid amide (27). Compound 3 (CI-911; rolziracetam) was also observed to improve performance on a delayed-response task in aged rhesus monkeys and was selected for evaluation in cognitively impaired human subjects on the basis of its biological profile and a wide margin of safety in animals.
Epitope Mapping of Neutralizing Botulinum Neurotoxin A Antibodies by Phage Display (2001)

Single-chain antibodies neutralize activity and bind nonoverlapping epitopes of botulinum A neurotoxin. Two phage display epitope libraries were constructed from the 1.3 kb of binding domain cDNA. The minimal epitopes selected against the single-chain Fv-Fc antibodies correspond to conformational epitopes with amino acid residues 1115 to 1223 (S25), 1131 to 1264 (3D12), and 889 to 1294 (C25).
QEMU, a fast and portable dynamic translator (2005)

We present the internals of QEMU, a fast machine emulator using an original portable dynamic translator. It emulates several CPUs (x86, PowerPC, ARM and Sparc) on several hosts (x86, PowerPC, ARM, Sparc, Alpha and MIPS). QEMU supports full system emulation in which a complete and unmodified operating system is run in a virtual machine and Linux user mode emulation where a Linux process compiled for one target CPU can be run on another CPU.
Canonical WNT signaling promotes mammary placode development and is essential for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis (2004)

Mammary glands, like other skin appendages such as hair follicles and teeth, develop from the surface epithelium and underlying mesenchyme; however, the molecular controls of embryonic mammary development are largely unknown. We find that activation of the canonical WNT/beta-catenin signaling pathway in the embryonic mouse mammary region coincides with initiation of mammary morphogenesis, and that WNT pathway activity subsequently localizes to mammary placodes and buds. Several Wnt genes are broadly expressed in the surface epithelium at the time of mammary initiation, and expression of additional Wnt and WNT pathway genes localizes to the mammary lines and placodes as they develop. Embryos cultured in medium containing WNT3A or the WNT pathway activator lithium chloride (LiCl) display accelerated formation of expanded placodes, and LiCl induces the formation of ectopic placode-like structures that show elevated expression of the placode marker Wnt10b. Conversely, expression of the secreted WNT inhibitor Dickkopf 1 in transgenic embryo surface epithelium in vivo completely blocks mammary placode formation and prevents localized expression of all mammary placode markers tested. These data indicate that WNT signaling promotes placode development and is required for initiation of mammary gland morphogenesis. WNT signals play similar roles in hair follicle formation and thus may be broadly required for induction of skin appendage morphogenesis.
Sonographically Guided Ilioinguinal Nerve Block (2006)

This technique is reliable and reproducible. The block is achievable by a low-volume local anesthetic injection. Visualization of the intestines and blood vessels in the abdominal wall may help prevent an inadvertent injury.
Development of Vehicle Dynamics Integrated Management (2006)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;We have developed a new vehicle dynamics control system that is based on a new concept and uses a new hydraulic modulator. The new algorithm, which reflects the concept and hydraulic modulator, can control a vehicle not only in emergency but also in normal driving situation. This results in excellent vehicle controllability.&lt;/div&gt;
The reaction mechanism between ClONO2 and H (2002)

The reaction mechanisms of reactions ClONO2+ H--&gt;HONO2+Cl (a), ClONO2+H--&gt;OH +ClONO (cis) (b) and ClONO2+H--&gt;OH+ClONO (trans) (c) have.been studied with Gaussian 98 program and B3LYP/6- 31G* method. The transition states of various possible reaction pathways were obtained and were verified by internal reaction coordinate (IRC) Analysis. The results show that the activation energy of the three reactions are almost the same and are 19.5, 20.0 and 23.2 kJ . mol(-1) respectively. In the dynamic way, considering the activation energy, we conclude that the three reactions can occur simultaneously. Reaction (a) gives so more energy than reaction (b) and (c) that it is more likely to occur.
Long lasting neutralization of C5 by SKY59, a novel recycling antibody, is a potential therapy for complement-mediated diseases (2017)

Dysregulation of the complement system is linked to the pathogenesis of a variety of hematological disorders. Eculizumab, an anti-complement C5 monoclonal antibody, is the current standard of care for paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS). However, because of high levels of C5 in plasma, eculizumab has to be administered biweekly by intravenous infusion. By applying recycling technology through pH-dependent binding to C5, we generated a novel humanized antibody against C5, SKY59, which has long-lasting neutralization of C5. In cynomolgus monkeys, SKY59 suppressed C5 function and complement activity for a significantly longer duration compared to a conventional antibody. Furthermore, epitope mapping by X-ray crystal structure analysis showed that a histidine cluster located on C5 is crucial for the pH-dependent interaction with SKY59. This indicates that the recycling effect of SKY59 is driven by a novel mechanism of interaction with its antigen and is distinct from other known pH-dependent antibodies. Finally, SKY59 showed neutralizing effect on C5 variant p.Arg885His, while eculizumab does not inhibit complement activity in patients carrying this mutation. Collectively, these results suggest that SKY59 is a promising new anti-C5 agent for patients with PNH and other complement-mediated disorders.
Computational tradeoffs in multiplex PCR assay design for SNP genotyping (2005)

The presence of a phase transition suggests limits to scaling Multiplex PCR performance for high-throughput genomics applications. Achieving broad SNP coverage rapidly transitions from being very easy to very hard as the target multiplexing level (# of primer pairs per tube) increases. The onset of a phase transition can be "delayed" by having a larger pool of SNPs, or loosening primer selection constraints so as to increase the number of candidate primer pairs per SNP, though the latter may produce other adverse effects. The resulting design performance tradeoffs define a benchmark that can serve as the basis for comparing competing multiplex PCR design optimization algorithms and can also provide general rules-of-thumb to experimentalists seeking to understand the performance limits of standard multiplex PCR.
Sull'omissione legislativa come ipotesi di controllo del politico. Profili teorico-giuridici e comparati (2006)

La questione del controllo di costituzionalità delle leggi si traduce anche in una salvaguardia non solo della sovranità dello Stato, ma proprio del rapporto tra poteri costituiti e di come questi ultimi interagiscano quali emanazione della sovranità popolare. Si tratta di un problema rilevante e centrale nell’ambito della teoria dell’interpretazione, ma non si può trascurare il fatto secondo cui proprio il controllo di costituzionalità si ricolleghi al ruolo del politico nel consolidare i principi costituzionali, condizione questa che è effettiva, solo quando appunto il potere politico attui la Costituzione nelle sue linee programmatiche e nei suoi fondamenti assiologici. &#13;\n In fondo il ricorso alla giurisdizione costituzionale rende certa la natura del diritto, se la si intende quale tipizzazione, nel modo in cui venne interpretata da Georg Jellinek: concetto questo a cui l’autore tedesco contrapponeva l’individuazione di una empiricità emergente, in via induttiva, attraverso la comparazione. Si è così cercato in questo studio di enucleare, partendo proprio dal particolare, un valore empirico universale della giurisdizione costituzionale: valore che si ritiene essere quel controllo in realtà diretto – attraverso l’opera ermeneutica esercitata dalla giurisdizione costituzionale che sindaca l’illegittimità costituzionale di una norma per affermare il principio di applicazione della legalità alla legislazione, con il fine di tutelare la Costituzione nei suoi principi fondamentali –, ad arginare e quasi a “sospendere” il politico nella sua funzione legislativa ed esecutiva. Se infatti non si presuppone un tale tipo di controllo (in questa sede inteso anche come Steuerung, cioè “guida, comando”), che può divenire, per esempio in Brasile, una sorta di impulso nei confronti del politico affinché attui la Costituzione, la stessa carta costituzionale rischierebbe di perdere la sua qualità di Staatsgrundbegriff, fondante l’ordinamento giuridico dello Stato; ordinamento che è valido, nei suoi profili politici, solo nel rispetto della legittimità della Costituzione. Per tale ragione e con finalità epistemologiche, non soltanto teorico-generali, ma anche di approccio metodologico al diritto costituzionale, italiano e comparato, si è proceduto nel corso dell’indagine sul concetto di omissione legislativa.
Plasma noradrenaline concentrations during isometric exercise. (1978)

Blood was collected simultaneously from the left ventricle and pulmonary artery in 12 patients undergoing routine cardiac catheterisation and was analysed for noradrenaline concentrations at rest, during, and after isometric stress (hand grip). Moderate isometric exercise resulted in a significant rise in plasma noradrenaline with a return to basal values 10 minutes after discontinuing the grip test. There were no significant differences in noradrenaline levels between the left ventricular and pulmonary arterial samples either at rest or during exercise. Three patients with evident left ventricular dysfunction had the highest plasma noradrenaline concentrations, in contrast to the much lower levels in 2 patients on beta-blockers and in 1 patient with a normal heart. As moderate isometric effort results in an important increase in noradrenaline level, this form of exercise could be dangerous in subjects suffering from ischaemic heart disease or in those with impaired left ventricular function since these patients are particularly susceptible to arrhythmias.
Identification of COX17 as a therapeutic target for non-small cell lung cancer. (2003)

We have been investigating gene expression profiles in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) to identify molecules involved in pulmonary carcinogenesis and select which genes or gene products might be useful as diagnostic markers or targets for new molecular therapies. Here we report evidence that the cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) assembly protein COX17 is a potential molecular target for treatment of lung cancers. By semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we documented increased expression of COX17 in all of 8 primary NSCLCs and in 11 of 15 NSCLC cell lines examined, by comparison with normal lung tissue. Treatment of NSCLC cells with antisense S-oligonucleotides or vector-based small interfering RNAs of COX17 suppressed expression of COX17 and also the activity of CCO, and suppressed growth of the cancer cells. Because our data imply that up-regulation of COX17 function and increased CCO activity are frequent features of lung carcinogenesis, we suggest that selective suppression of components of the CCO complex might hold promise for development of a new strategy for treating lung cancers.
Some New Antiphytoviral Compounds Containing Trifluoromethyl Group (1996)

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An examination of the 3‐factor model and structural invariance across racial/ethnic groups for the FACIT‐Sp: a report from the American Cancer Society's Study of Cancer Survivors‐II (SCS‐II) (2009)

The 3-factor model is likely to provide more specific information for studies in the field. In the construction of scales for use with diverse samples, researchers need to pay greater attention to racial/ethnic differences in interpretation of items.
Improvement in pulping and bleaching properties of xylem from transgenic tobacco plants (2002)

Abstract In an attempt to improve the pulping properties of xylem pieces and the bleaching properties of the resultant pulp, we compared two lines of transgenic tobacco in which the biosynthesis of lignin had been altered by suppression of the activity of 4‐coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL). The results of Kraft pulping on a laboratory scale indicated that the xylem of transgenic tobacco exhibited a higher delignification efficiency than that of corresponding controls subjected to the same conditions. This facilitated delignification was accompanied by a high pulp yield, but there was no excessive degradation of cellulose in the pulp fibres. The unbleached pulps from the 4CL‐suppressed tobacco plants were easily bleached with a lower consumption of chemicals than was required for the controls. Furthermore, the strength and optical properties of handsheets prepared from the 4CL‐suppressed tobacco plants were similar to those of handsheets prepared from the controls. Our observations suggest that modification of lignin by genetic engineering of the suppression of 4CL activity should result in both an increased pulping yield and a saving of bleaching reagent. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry