gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive sigma-delta modulation with one-bit quantization (2000)

A method for improving the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of sigma-delta modulators with one-bit quantization is presented. The two-level feedback signal of a standard sigma-delta modulator is replaced by a multilevel signal, which is a superposition of two parts. One part s(n) represents a rough estimate of the instantaneous amplitude of the input signal (prediction signal), and the other y/sub b/(n) is the sign of the quantizer output, multiplied with constant b. Compared to a nonadaptive modulator, the amplitude of y/sub b/(n) is reduced. Therefore, less noise power is introduced in the quantizer, and the SNR is considerably enhanced. Signal s(n) is derived numerically from the quantizer output y/sub 0/(n) according to a particular adaptation algorithm. Except for the DC-level of s(n), sequence y/sub 0/(n) contains the full digital information of the modulator input signal. From y/sub 0/(n), a digital multilevel sequence w/sub 0/(n) can be calculated, which represents the digital modulator output. The price paid for the improved SNR is a moderate slew rate limitation of the input signal. The approach is basically suited for a wide class of sigma-delta modulators. Here, simulation results and an example for a practical implementation of an adaptive sigma-delta modulator of first order are presented.
Design and synthesis of αGal-conjugated peptide T20 as novel antiviral agent for HIV-immunotargeting (2004)

An efficient chemo-enzymatic synthesis of alpha Gal-conjugated peptide T20 as novel HIV-immuno-targeting agent is described. The synthesis involves chemo-enzymatic preparation of maleimide-functionalized alpha Gal epitope and its chemoselective ligation with the peptide T20. The title compound contains two functional domains: the trisaccharide alpha Gal epitope that binds to human natural anti-Gal antibodies and the 36-amino acid gp41 peptide (T20) that recognizes the gp41 N-terminal ectodomain of the HIV envelope. Biological assays demonstrated that the synthetic conjugate could readily bind to natural anti-Gal antibodies (both IgG and IgM type) in normal human serum and exhibited potent anti-HIV activity even in the absence of human antibodies and complement system. The experimental data suggest that the synthetic alpha Gal-T20 might be valuable for in vivo HIV-immuno-targeting via antibody-mediated cytotoxicity and/or antibody-dependent, complement-mediated lysis of HIV particles and HIV-infected cells, thus providing an additional dimension of HIV intervention.
Use of Hyaluronidase in Insulin Coma Therapy (1957)

Factors which may give rise to fallacies in the test are discussed, and possible practical applications are described.
The Depth of Field of the Human Eye (1957)

Abstract 1. A simple but accurate method of measuring the depth of field of the eye is described. 2. At a fixed pupil size the hyperfocal distance was found to increase directly with the log of the background luminance. 3. If the retinal illumination is held constant and the pupil size is altered, the depth of field varies approximately inversely with the pupil diameter. With pupil diameters greater than 2.5 mm the observed deviation from theoretical expectation can be accounted for by the operation of the retinal direction effect of Stiles and Crawford. 4. Further evidence that the retinal direction effect modifies depth of field has been obtained by measurement with fields of different colour but similar luminance. 5. The correction of chromatic aberration in the eye by means of an achromatizing lens decreases depth of field. 6. The minimum estimate for depth of field obtained under optimum conditions was ± 0.3 D at a pupil diameter of 3 mm. 1. Description d'une méthode simple mais exacte permettant de measurer la profondeur du champ visuel oculaire. 2. Pour une ouverture donnée de la pupille, la distance hyperfocale augmente en raison directe du log 10 de la luminance du fond. 3. Si l'illumination de la rétine reste constante et que l'ouverture de la pupille varie, la profondeur du champ visuel varie approximativement en raison inverse du diamètre de la pupille. Lorsque le diamètre dépasse 2 5 mm l'observation ne correspond plus à la théorie, l'écart peut être expliqué par l'intervention de l'effet Stiles-Crawford. 4. Des mesures effectuées avec des champs de couleurs différentes mais de luminances égales ont confirmé que la profondeur du champ visuel se trouve modifiée par l'effet Stiles-Crawford. 5. La correction des aberrations chromatiques au moyen d'une lentille spéciale diminue la profondeur du champ. 6. La valeur minimum de la profondeur du champ constatée dans les meilleures conditions est de 0 3 D, le diamètre de la pupille étant de 3 mm. 1) Beschreibung einer einfachen aber genauen Methode, die Tiefe des Gesichtsfeldes zu bestimmen. 2) Bei gegebener Pupillengrösse nimmt die hyperfokale Entfernung im direkten Verhältnis mit dem Logarithmus der Leuchtdichte des Hintergrundes zu. 3) Wenn die Beleuchtungsstärke auf der Netzhaut konstant gehalten wird, so ändert sich die Tiefe des Gesichtsfeldes ungefähr im umgekehrten Verhältnis mit dem Pupillendurchmesser. Wenn dieser Durchmesser 2 5 mm übertrifft, so lässt sich die Abweichung von den erwarteten Werten durch den Einfluss des Stiles-Crawford-Effektes erklären. 4) Weitere Bestätigungen dafür, dass der Stiles Crawford Effekt die Tiefe des Gesichtsfeldes herabsetzt, erhält man durch Messungen mit Gesichtsfeldern in verschiedenen Farben aber von gleichen Leuchtdichten. 5) Die Korrektion der chromatischen Abweichungen des Auges mittles einer Linse setzt ebenfalls die Tiefe des Gesichtsfeldes herab. Der kleinste Schätzwert der Tiefe des Gesichtsfeldes unter günstigsten Versuchsbedingungen lieferte ± 0 3 D bei einem Pupillendurchmesser von 3 mm.
Evidence for the sorting of endocytic vesicle contents during the receptor-mediated transport of IgG across the newborn rat intestine. (1981)

Fc receptors on the luminal membranes of intestinal epithelial cells in the neonatal rat mediate the vesicular transfer of functionally intact IgG from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. In addition, there is a low level of nonselective protein uptake, but in this case transfer does not occur. To determine whether a specialized class of endocytic vesicles could account for the selective transfer of IgG, mixtures of IgG conjugated to ferritin (IgG-Ft) and unconjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were injected together into the proximal intestine of 10-d-old rats, and the cellular distribution of these two different tracers was determined by electron microscopy. Virtually all apical endocytic vesicles contained both tracers, indicating simultaneous uptake of both proteins within the same vesicle. However, only IgG-Ft bound to the apical plasma membrane, appeared within coated vesicles at the lateral cell surface, and was released from cells. HRP did not bind to the luminal membrane and was not transferred across cells but was confined to apical lysosomes as identified by acid phosphatase and aryl sulfatase activities. To test the possibility that the binding of IgG to its receptor stimulated endocytosis, HRP was used as a fluid volume tracer, and the amount of HRP taken up by cells in the presence and absence of IgG was measured morphologically and biochemically. The results demonstrate that endocytosis in these cells is constitutive and occurs at the same level in the absence of IgG. The evidence presented indicates that the principal selective mechanism for IgG transfer is the binding of IgG to its receptor during endocytosis. Continued binding to vesicle membranes appears to be required for successful transfer because unbound proteins are removed from the transport pathway before exocytosis. These results favor the proposal that IgG is transferred across cells as an IgG-receptor complex.
Recursive PCR: a novel technique for total gene synthesis (1992)

Journal Article Recursive PCR: a novel technique for total gene synthesis Get access Chrisostomos Prodromou, Chrisostomos Prodromou Biomolecular Structure and Modelling Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College LondonGower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Laurence H. Pearl Laurence H. Pearl Biomolecular Structure and Modelling Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College LondonGower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Protein Engineering, Design and Selection, Volume 5, Issue 8, December 1992, Pages 827–829, https://doi.org/10.1093/protein/5.8.827 Published: 01 December 1992 Article history Received: 10 June 1992 Revision received: 14 August 1992 Accepted: 07 September 1992 Published: 01 December 1992
Scaling of Inkjet-Printed Transistors using Novel Printing Techniques - eScholarship (2011)

There has been a great interest in the realization of low-cost electronic applications such as item-level RFID tags and smart labels. Printed electronics has become the most promising technology due to its lithography- and vacuum-free processing. In this regard, solution-processed materials have been advanced rapidly to enhance the performance of printed devices. However, the poor resolution of state-of-the-art printing techniques such as inkjet and gravure printing has necessitated the use of large channel lengths in transistors and large gate to source/drain overlap to compensate for the poor layer-to-layer registration capability. These large dimensions have limited the speed improvement in printed transistors, despite the improvements in materials. Therefore, this thesis focuses on circumventing the printing resolution challenges using novel printing techniques. Scaling of the critical dimensions as well as improvement of the switching speed was achieved with a purely printing process. To reduce the parasitic capacitance of printed transistors, a wetting-based roll-off technique has been applied to achieve self-alignment of transistor source/drain electrodes to the gate, resulting in a minimum overlap. Minimum overlap of 0.47 µm was achieved, contrasted to the >10 µm typically required in conventional printed transistors. The technique has also been applied to realize a fully printed inverter circuit. For further scaling of the transistor dimension, shrinking of the printed gate electrodes is required. Therefore a novel printing technique combining inkjet printing and mechanical pen dragging was proposed. Printed gate lines as narrow as 2.75 µm were demonstrated. Printed transistors combining the highly-scaled gate lines and self-alignment were demonstrated. Transistors with channel lengths as small as 200 nm to 2.75 µm showed the highest cut-off frequency reported to date of 1.6 MHz. The performance is expected to be improved further by using the most advanced materials. This high speed operation will enable the realization of fully printed RFID and other printed applications in the foreseeable future.
The relationship between the division plane and spindle geometry in Allium cells treated with CIPC and griseofulvin: an anti-tubulin study. (1984)

Isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl)-carbamate (CIPC), and griseofulvin, were used to perturb mitosis and the subsequent plane of division in meristematic cells of Allium cepa. The effects of these compounds on the microtubule organization throughout the cell cycle were investigated by immunofluorescence techniques. Microtubules were not disassembled by drug treatment, but the spindle organization was disrupted, resulting in tripolar spindles which gave rise to multiple nuclei. Ensuing cell plates, with associated phragmoplast microtubules, were branched. The effects of these drugs with respect to MTOC duplication and function in plant cells are discussed as is the relationship between the pre-prophase band (PPB) and the plane of cell division.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) assay using reversible association and dispersion of DNA-linked colloidal nanoparticles (2001)

The amphiphilic copolymer consisting of oligodeoxyribonucleotide (ODN; dT l2 ) as the hydrophilic part and thermo-responsive poly(N-isopropylacryIamide) (poIyNIPAAm) as the hydrophobic part was prepared. The copolymers formed DNA-linked colloidal nanoparticles above the phase transition temperature of poIyNIPAAm part. The nanoparticles aggregated rapidly when the complementary ODN (dA 12 ) was added into the dispersion. In contrast, they kept dispersed in the absence of the complementary ODN and in the presence of the point-mutated ODN ((dA 6 )dT(dA 5 )). These distinct phenomena may be applied for an oligonucleotides discrimination system in gene diagnosis.
Inhibitory Effects of Dronedarone on Muscarinic K+ Current in Guinea Pig Atrial Cells (2000)

Dronedarone (SR33589), an amiodarone-like noniodinated antiarrhythmic agent, is undergoing clinical trials in atrial fibrillation. Because vagal activation plays a role in the pathophysiology of supraventricular arrhythmias, we have assessed the ability of dronedarone (0.01, 0.1, and 1 microM), compared with amiodarone (0.1, 1, and 10 microM) to inhibit the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-operated K+ current (I(K(ACh))) in single cells isolated from guinea pig atria (patch-clamp technique). I(K(ACh)) was activated by extracellular application of carbachol (10 microM) or by intracellular loading with GTP-gamma-S (100 microM). Dronedarone and amiodarone reduced the carbachol-induced I(K(ACh)) with an IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) slightly above 10 nM and 1 microM, respectively. Dronedarone also inhibited the GTP-gamma-S induced K+ current by 28% and 58% at 0.01 and 0.1 microM, respectively. These data suggest that dronedarone inhibits I(K(ACh)) by depressing the function of K(ACh) channel itself or associated GTP-binding proteins. Compared with amiodarone, dronedarone is approximately 100 times more potent on I(K(ACh)) and seems more selective in inhibiting I(K(ACh)) with respect to its antagonism of other inward and outward currents reported in the literature. This relative high potency of dronedarone to reduce I(K(ACh)) may be involved, at least in part, in the antiarrhythmic action of dronedarone against atrial fibrillation.
Efficacy of the Anti-CD22 Recombinant Immunotoxin BL22 in Chemotherapy-Resistant Hairy-Cell Leukemia (2001)

BL22 can induce complete remissions in patients with hairy-cell leukemia that is resistant to treatment with purine analogues.
Architectural Techniques for Improving NAND Flash Memory Reliability (2018)

Raw bit errors are common in NAND flash memory and will increase in the future. These errors reduce flash reliability and limit the lifetime of a flash memory device. We aim to improve flash reliability with a multitude of low-cost architectural techniques. We show that NAND flash memory reliability can be improved at low cost and with low performance overhead by deploying various architectural techniques that are aware of higher-level application behavior and underlying flash device characteristics. We analyze flash error characteristics and workload behavior through experimental characterization, and design new flash controller algorithms that use the insights gained from our analysis to improve flash reliability at a low cost. We investigate four directions through this approach. (1) We propose a new technique called WARM that improves flash reliability by 12.9 times by managing flash retention differently for write-hot data and write-cold data. (2) We propose a new framework that learns an online flash channel model for each chip and enables four new flash controller algorithms to improve flash reliability by up to 69.9%. (3) We identify three new error characteristics in 3D NAND through a comprehensive experimental characterization of real 3D NAND chips, and propose four new techniques that mitigate these new errors and improve 3D NAND reliability by up to 66.9%. (4) We propose a new technique called HeatWatch that improves 3D NAND reliability by 3.85 times by utilizing self-healing effect to mitigate retention errors in 3D NAND.
Induction of Promiscuous G Protein Coupling of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Receptor: A Novel Mechanism for Transducing Pleiotropic Actions of FSH Isoforms (1997)

Under physiological conditions, FSH is secreted into the circulation as a complex mixture of several isoforms that vary in the degree of glycosylation. Although it is well established that the glycosylation of FSH is important for the serum half-life of the hormone and coupling of the receptor to adenylate cyclase, little is known concerning how physiologically occurring glycosylation patterns of this hormone affect receptor signaling. In this study, we have examined the biological activity of deglycosylated human FSH (DeGly-phFSH), recombinant mammalian-expressed hFSH (CHO-hFSH), and insect cell-expressed hFSH (BV-hFSH, alternatively glycosylated) as compared with that of purified human pituitary FSH (phFSH) using a Chinese hamster ovarian cell line stably expressing the hFSH receptor (3D2 cells). Differentially glycosylated forms of FSH did not bind to the FSH receptor in the same manner as phFSH. Although all hormones showed similar potency in competing for [125I]phFSH binding to the hFSH receptor, competition curves for deglycosylated and insect cell-produced FSH were steeper. Similarly, glycosylation of FSH had a profound effect on bioactivity of the hormone. Purified hFSH produced a sigmoidal dose-dependent stimulation in cAMP production, whereas DeGly-phFSH and BV-hFSH induced biphasic (bell-shaped) dose-response curves. BV-hFSH also elicited biphasic effects on steroidogenesis in primary cultures of rat granulosa cells. The cellular response to BV-hFSH was dependent on the degree of receptor-transducer activation. BV-hFSH bioactivity was strictly inhibitory when combined with the ED80 of phFSH. Lower concentrations of phFSH resulted in a gradual shift from inhibition to a biphasic activity in the presence of the ED20 of phFSH. Biphasic responses to BV-hFSH were attributed to activation of different G protein subtypes, since treatment of 3D2 cells with cholera toxin or pertussis toxin differentially blocked the two phases of BV-hFSH bioactivity. These data suggest that alternative glycosylation of FSH leads to a functionally altered form of the hormone. Functionally different hormones appear to convey distinct signals that are transduced by the receptor-transduction system as either stimulatory or inhibitory intracellular events via promiscuous, glycosylation-dependent G protein coupling. Promiscuity in signaling of the FSH receptor, in turn, may represent a potentially novel mechanism for FSH action, whereby the gonad may respond in diverse ways to complex hormonal signals such as those presented by circulating FSH isoforms.
Protein secretion in Bacillus species (1993)

Bacilli secrete numerous proteins into the environment. Many of the secretory proteins, their export signals, and their processing steps during secretion have been characterized in detail. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms of protein secretion have been relatively poorly characterized. However, several components of the protein secretion machinery have been identified and cloned recently, which is likely to lead to rapid expansion of the knowledge of the protein secretion mechanism in Bacillus species. Comparison of the presently known export components of Bacillus species with those of Escherichia coli suggests that the mechanism of protein translocation across the cytoplasmic membrane is conserved among gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria differences are found in steps preceding and following the translocation process. Many of the secretory proteins of bacilli are produced industrially, but several problems have been encountered in the production of Bacillus heterologous secretory proteins. In the final section we discuss these problems and point out some possibilities to overcome them.
Overview and developments in noninvasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2012)

High prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and very diverse outcomes that are related to disease form and severity at presentation have made the search for noninvasive diagnostic tools in NAFLD one of the areas with most intense development in hepatology today. Various methods have been investigated in the recent years, including imaging methods like ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, different forms of liver stiffness measurement, various biomarkers of necroinflammatory processes (acute phase reactants, cytokines, markers of apoptosis), hyaluronic acid and other biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Multicomponent tests, scoring systems and diagnostic panels were also developed with the purposes of differentiating non-alcoholic steatohepatitis from simple steatosis or discriminating between various fibrosis stages. In all of the cases, performance of noninvasive methods was compared with liver biopsy, which is still considered to be a gold standard in diagnosis, but is by itself far from a perfect comparative measure. We present here the overview of the published data on various noninvasive diagnostic tools, some of which appear to be very promising, and we address as well some of still unresolved issues in this interesting field.
PortLand (2009)

This paper considers the requirements for a scalable, easily manageable, fault-tolerant, and efficient data center network fabric. Trends in multi-core processors, end-host virtualization, and commodities of scale are pointing to future single-site data centers with millions of virtual end points. Existing layer 2 and layer 3 network protocols face some combination of limitations in such a setting: lack of scalability, difficult management, inflexible communication, or limited support for virtual machine migration. To some extent, these limitations may be inherent for Ethernet/IP style protocols when trying to support arbitrary topologies. We observe that data center networks are often managed as a single logical network fabric with a known baseline topology and growth model. We leverage this observation in the design and implementation of PortLand, a scalable, fault tolerant layer 2 routing and forwarding protocol for data center environments. Through our implementation and evaluation, we show that PortLand holds promise for supporting a ``plug-and-play" large-scale, data center network.
Programmable optical processor chips: toward photonic RF filters with DSP‐level flexibility and MHz‐band selectivity (2017)

Abstract Integrated optical signal processors have been identified as a powerful engine for optical processing of microwave signals. They enable wideband and stable signal processing operations on miniaturized chips with ultimate control precision. As a promising application, such processors enables photonic implementations of reconfigurable radio frequency (RF) filters with wide design flexibility, large bandwidth, and high‐frequency selectivity. This is a key technology for photonic‐assisted RF front ends that opens a path to overcoming the bandwidth limitation of current digital electronics. Here, the recent progress of integrated optical signal processors for implementing such RF filters is reviewed. We highlight the use of a low‐loss, high‐index‐contrast stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguide which promises to serve as a practical material platform for realizing high‐performance optical signal processors and points toward photonic RF filters with digital signal processing (DSP)‐level flexibility, hundreds‐GHz bandwidth, MHz‐band frequency selectivity, and full system integration on a chip scale.