gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biofabrication of a three-dimensional liver micro-organ as an in vitro drug metabolism model (2010)

In their normal in vivo matrix milieu, tissues assume complex well-organized three-dimensional architectures. Therefore, the primary aim in the tissue engineering design process is to fabricate an optimal analog of the in vivo scenario. This challenge can be addressed by applying emerging layered biofabrication approaches in which the precise configuration and composition of cells and bioactive matrix components can recapitulate the well-defined three-dimensional biomimetic microenvironments that promote cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Furthermore, the advent of and refinements in microfabricated systems can present physical and chemical cues to cells in a controllable and reproducible fashion unmatched with conventional cultures, resulting in the precise construction of engineered biomimetic microenvironments on the cellular length scale in geometries that are readily parallelized for high throughput in vitro models. As such, the convergence of layered solid freeform fabrication (SFF) technologies along with microfabrication techniques enables the creation of a three-dimensional micro-organ device to serve as an in vitro platform for cell culture, drug screening or to elicit further biological insights, particularly for NASA's interest in a flight-suitable high-fidelity microscale platform to study drug metabolism in space and planetary environments. The proposed model in this paper involves the combinatorial setup of an automated syringe-based, layered direct cell writing bioprinting process with micro-patterning techniques to fabricate a microscale in vitro device housing a chamber of bioprinted three-dimensional liver cell-encapsulated hydrogel-based tissue constructs in defined design patterns that biomimic the cell's natural microenvironment for enhanced biological functionality. In order to assess the structural formability and biological feasibility of such a micro-organ, reproducibly fabricated tissue constructs were biologically characterized for liver cell-specific function. Another key facet of the in vivo microenvironment that was recapitulated with the in vitro system included the necessary dynamic perfusion of the three-dimensional microscale liver analog with cells probed for their collective drug metabolic function and suitability as a drug metabolism model. This paper details the principles and methods that undergird the direct cell writing biofabrication process development and adaptation of microfluidic devices for the creation of a drug screening model, thereby establishing a novel drug metabolism study platform for NASA's interest to adopt a microfluidic microanalytical device with an embedded three-dimensional microscale liver tissue analog to assess drug pharmacokinetic profiles in planetary environments.
White light generation using CdSe/ZnS core–shell nanocrystals hybridized with InGaN/GaN light emitting diodes (2007)

We introduce white light generation using CdSe/ZnS core-shell nanocrystals of single, dual, triple and quadruple combinations hybridized with InGaN/GaN LEDs. Such hybridization of different nanocrystal combinations provides the ability to conveniently adjust white light parameters including the tristimulus coordinates (x, y), correlated colour temperature (T c ) and colour rending index (R a ). We present the design, growth, fabrication and characterization of our white hybrid nanocrystal-LEDs that incorporate combinations of (1) yellow nanocrystals ( PL = 580 nm) on a blue LED ( EL = 440 nm) with (x, y) = (0.37, 0.25), T c = 2692 K and R a = 14.69;
Isepamicin (SCH 21420, 1-N-HAPA gentamicin B): microbiological characteristics including antimicrobial potency of spectrum of activity. (1995)

Isepamicin (formerly SCH 21420 or 1-N-HAPA-gentamicin B) is a novel broad-spectrum aminoglycoside which possesses a high level of stability to aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes and low levels of toxicity to the kidney and inner ear. The only modifying enzymes capable of inactivating isepamicin are ANT(4')-I (staphylococci), ANT(4')-II and APH(3')-VI, in addition to resistance mediated by permeability mutations. The spectrum of isepamicin is most similar to that of amikacin, another aminoglycoside with high enzyme stability. Reviews of isepamicin activity demonstrate MIC90s ranging from 1.1 to 8.5 mg/L for members of the Enterobacteriaceae, slightly more potent than amikacin. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp. and other pseudomonads had isepamicin consensus MIC90s of 7.8, 7.2 and 6.8 mg/ml, respectively. Staphylococci were generally very susceptible to isepamicin (MIC90s 0.5-6.9 mg/L), but enterococci and Streptococcus spp. were resistant (MIC90s > or = 64 mg/L), as were anaerobes, Xanthomonas (Stenotrophomonas) maltophilia, pathogenic Neisseria spp., Flavobacterium spp., Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia, Alcaligenes spp. and Vibrio spp. Additional studies of isepamicin microbiology revealed: 1) MICs were adversely influenced by elevated divalent cation content of the medium; 2) minimum inoculum effects were observed by using elevated concentrations; 3) bactericidal action and concentration dependent killing was the rule; 4) excellent stability in the presence of high beta-lactam co-drug concentrations was documented in several studies; 5) predictable synergistic or additive interactions with broad spectrum antimicrobial agents such as cephalosporins, penicillins, carbapenems and fluoroquinolones was observed by numerous investigators; and 6) in vitro susceptibility testing criteria (National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards) and quality control guidelines are established for routine clinical use. Isepamicin's antimicrobial qualities position it as a potential alternative aminoglycoside in hospitals or in geographical areas where resistance to existing aminoglycosides has emerged. The wider stability of isepamicin to contemporary aminoglycoside inactivating enzymes, its predictable pharmacokinetics, lower toxicity risks and enhanced activity (synergy) with other broad spectrum antimicrobial agents, will make isepamicin a valuable addition to the antimicrobial armamentarium in areas where ACC(6') enzymes are prevalent (Europe, Latin America, Western Pacific) and amikacin has become less efficacious.
Polar substituent effects in 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolar substituent effects in 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanesDouglas E. Applequist, Terry L. Renken, and James W. WheelerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1982, 47, 25, 4985–4995Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00146a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00146a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2342Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Albumin‐Coated Amberlite XAD‐7 Resin for Hemoperfusion in Acute Liver Failure: Part II: In Vivo Evaluation (1979)

Albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 has been previously shown to be blood compatible in in vitro hemoperfusion experiments whith human blood. In this study, the preliminary results are reported on single hemoperfusions with albumin-coated XAD-7 resin in four patients with acute liver failure. The mean platelet count was 116+/-SE 16.3% of the initial arterial value and the mean white cell count was 96+/-SE 6.5% of initial at the end of four hours of hemoperfusion. Removal of bilirubin, phenols and substances in the middle molecular weight range by the resin was demonstrated. These preliminary results suggest albumin-coated Amberlite XAD-7 resin to be blood compatible and capable of removing protein-bound and middle molecular weight substances from patients with acute liver failure. Further clinical evaluation of repeated resin hemoperfusion is required to determine whether this treatment will be beneficial to patient survival.
Is mda-7/IL-24 a “Magic Bullet” for Cancer? (2005)

The "holy grail" of cancer therapy is to identify and exploit genetic elements and signal transduction pathways capable of selectively destroying tumor cells without eliciting harmful effects in normal cells or tissues. To achieve this objective, subtraction hybridization was combined with a "differentiation therapy" model of cancer in which human melanoma cells were induced to revert to a more "normal" state, growth arrest irreversibly, and terminally differentiate by treatment with fibroblast IFN and mezerein. This strategy permitted the cloning of a variety of genes involved in regulating important physiologic processes, including cell cycle, response to cytokines and viruses, tumorigenesis and metastasis, cancer growth control, apoptosis, and senescence. A specific gene, melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), displaying cancer-specific apoptosis-inducing properties isolated using this scheme has now come into the limelight as a new gene therapy for divergent cancers. Although the mechanism of cancer cell selectivity of mda-7/IL-24 remains to be delineated, numerous attributes enable this gene as an effective therapy for cancer, including an ability to discriminate between normal and cancer cells, induce apoptosis in diverse tumor cells, promote "bystander" antitumor effects, inhibit tumor growth and angiogenesis in animal models, synergize with radiation, and modulate immune responses. These unique features combined with successful transition into the clinic instill confidence that mda-7/IL-24, as a single or more likely as part of a combinatorial approach, may provide profound therapeutic benefit for cancer patients.
Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide 5A1 (OATP5A1) in Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) Cells: Possible Involvement in Chemoresistance to Satraplatin (2011)

OATP5A1 seems to effect intracellular transport of drugs and may participate in chemoresistance of SCLC by sequestration, rather than mediating cellular uptake. Since satraplatin failed to improve survival in SCLC patients, the relation of OATP5A1 expression to clinical drug resistance and its use as marker of chemoresistance should be further investigated.
Once-Daily Abacavir/Lamivudine/Zidovudine plus Tenofovir for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection in Antiretroviral-Naïve Subjects: A 48-Week Pilot Study (2006)

Purpose: To assess the safety and efficacy of a 4-drug, 3-tablet, once-daily (qd) regimen consisting of abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine (ABC/3TC/ZDV; 2 tablets) and tenofovir (TDF) in antiretroviral-naïve patients with plasma HIV-1 RNA ⩾30,000 copies/mL at 48 weeks. Method: All participants received ABC/3TC/ZDV (300/150/300 mg) and TDF (300 mg) qd in this pilot, open-label, multicenter study. Intent-to-treat (ITT) analyses were conducted to evaluate virologic and immunologic efficacy. Results: Of the 123 participants enrolled, 52 (42%) prematurely discontinued study for adverse events (14), were lost to follow-up (13), had virologic nonresponse (12), and withdrew for other reasons (13). At week 48, by ITT missing=failure analysis, 41% (51/123) and 51% (63/123) of participants had plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL and <400 copies/mL, respectively; by ITT-observed analysis, 75% (51/68) and 93% (63/68) had plasma HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL and <400 copies/mL, respectively; 11% (14/123) met virologic nonresponse criteria. Median week 48 change in CD4+ cell count from baseline was +127 cells/mm<sup>3</sup>. Median week 48 changes from baseline for fasting lipids were as follows: cholesterol (–9 mg/dL), HDL (+1 mg/dL), LDL (–9 mg/dL), and triglycerides (–4 mg/dL). Conclusion: A high rate of premature discontinuations contributed to the overall suboptimal virologic response to ABC/3TC/ZDV+TDF qd; however, the regimen was not associated with high rates of virologic failure previously observed with TDF+ABC/3TC.
Culture Teaching in the Teaching of Comprehensive English in China (2007)

In modem English language teaching, the right processing of English and the culture teaching is very important, contributing to both the acceleration of the students' comprehension and the command of the language. This article intends to inquire into the relations between culture and English language teaching, the meanings of culture teaching and how to carry on culture teaching in the teaching of comprehensive English.
Theoretical Study of the Adsorption and Decomposition of Sarin on Magnesium Oxide (2004)

The adsorption of Sarin (GB), isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate (C4H10FO2P), on the surface of magnesium oxide was investigated at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) and MP2/6-31G(d) levels of theory using the representative cluster models. The geometry of Sarin was fully optimized, while the geometry of the oxide fragment was kept frozen. The location and orientation of GB on the surface of MgO were found in cases when Sarin is physadsorbed or chemadsorbed. The adsorption results in the polarization and the electron density redistribution of GB. The interaction energies of Sarin−magnesium oxide corrected by the BSSE energy were predicted. The adsorption energy obtained at the MP2/6-31G(d) level of theory for the most stable chemadsorbed system is about −50 kcal/mol. The adsorption on the small fragment of MgO can lead to decomposition of Sarin.
Cleavage and activation of human factor IX by serine proteases (1984)

Human factor IX circulates as a single-chain glycoprotein. Upon activation in vitro, it is cleaved into disulfide-linked light and heavy chains and an activation peptide. After reduction of activated 125I-factor IX, the heavy and light chains are readily identified by gel electrophoresis. A direct, immunoradiometric assay for factor IXa was developed to assess activation of factor IX for proteases that cleaved it. The assay utilized radiolabeled antithrombin III with heparin to identify the active site and antibodies to distinguish factor IX. After cleavage of factor IX by factor XIa, factor VIIa- tissue thromboplastin complex, or the factor X-activating enzyme from Russell's viper venom, antithrombin III bound readily to factor IXa. Cleavage of 125I-factor IX by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and granulocyte elastase in the presence of calcium yielded major polypeptide fragments of the sizes of the factor XIa-generated light and heavy chains. Kallikrein did not cleave the zymogen. Nonactivation cleavage was noted by thrombin, but only in the absence of calcium. When the immunoradiometric assay was used to assess trypsin-cleaved factor IX, the product bound antithrombin III, but not maximally. After digesting with insolubilized trypsin, clotting activity confirmed activation. In contrast, incubation of factor IX with elastase (Takaki A et al, J Clin Invest 71:1706, 1983) or chymotrypsin did not lead to generation of an antithrombin III-binding site, despite their digestion of 125I-factor IX into heavy and light chain-sized fragments. In evaluating activation of factor IX, physical evidence of activation cleavages does not necessarily correlate with generation of an active site.
NAD+ and NADH in cellular functions and cell death (2006)

Increasing evidence has indicated that NAD+ and NADH play critical roles not only in energy metabolism, but also in cell death and various cellular functions including regulation of calcium homeostasis and gene expression. It has also been indicated that NAD+ and NADH are mediators of multiple major biological processes including aging. NAD+ and NADH produce the biological effects by regulating numerous NAD+/NADH-dependent enzymes, including dehydrogenases, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases, Sir2 family proteins (sirtuins), mono(ADP-ribosyl)transferases, and ADP-ribosyl cyclases. Of particular interest, NAD+-dependent generation of ADP-ribose, cyclic ADP-ribose and O-acetyl-ADP-ribose can mediate calcium homeostasis by affecting TRPM2 receptors and ryanodine receptors; and sirtuins and PARPs appear to play key roles in aging, cell death and a variety of cellular functions. It has also been indicated that NADH and NAD+ can be transported across plasma membranes of cells, and that extracellular NAD+ may be a new signaling molecule. Our latest studies have shown that intranasal NAD+ administration can profoundly decrease ischemic brain damage. These new pieces of information have fundamentally changed our understanding about NAD+ and NADH, suggesting novel paradigms about the metabolism and biological activities of NAD+ and NADH. Based on this information, it is tempted to hypothesize that NAD+ and NADH, together with ATP and Ca2+, may be four most fundamental components in life, which can significantly affect nearly all major biological processes. Future studies on NAD+ and NADH may not only elucidate some fundamental mysteries in biology, but also provide novel insights for interfering aging and many disease processes.
Dental Erosion and Acid Reflux Disease (1995)

Dental erosion is a common finding in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and should be considered an atypical manifestation of this disease.
Atrio-Esophageal Fistula as a Complication of Percutaneous Transcatheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation (2004)

Atrio-esophageal fistulas can occur after catheter ablation in the posterior wall of the left atrium. This diagnosis should be excluded in any patient with symptoms or signs of endocarditis after left atrial ablation, and expeditious cardiac surgery is critical if the diagnosis is confirmed. Lower power and temperature settings for applications of radiofrequency energy along the posterior left atrial wall may prevent further cases of fistula formation.
Pre-binding dynamic range and sensitivity enhancement for immuno-sensors using nanofluidic preconcentrator (2008)

Almost all immuno-biosensors are inherently limited by the quality of antibodies available for the target molecule, and obtaining a highly sensitive antibody for a given target molecule is a challenge. We describe a highly efficient and flexible way to enhance immunoassay detection sensitivity and binding kinetics using a nanofluidic based electrokinetic preconcentrator. The device is a microfluidic integration of charge-based biomolecule concentrator and a bead-based immunoassay. Because the preconcentrator can increase the local biomolecule concentration by many orders of magnitude, it gives the immuno-sensor better sensitivity and faster binding kinetics. With a 30 min preconcentration, we were able to enhance the immunoassay sensitivity (with molecular background) by more than 500 fold from higher 50 pM to the sub 100 fM range. Moreover, by adjusting the preconcentration time, we can switch the detection range of the given bead-based assay (from 10-10 000 ng ml(-1) to 0.01-10 000 ng ml(-1)) to have a broader dynamic range of detection. As the system can enhance both detection sensitivity and dynamic range, it can be used to address the most critical detection issues in the detection of common disease biomarkers.
ABCG2 (BCRP) expression in normal and malignant hematopoietic cells (2003)

ABCG2 (BCRP) is a member of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) family of cell surface transport proteins. ABCG2 expression occurs in a variety of normal tissues, and is relatively limited to primitive stem cells. ABCG2 expression is associated with the side population (SP) phenotype of Hoechst 33342 efflux. The substrate profile of ABCG2 includes the antineoplastic drugs primarily targeting topoisomerases, including anthracyclines and camptothecins. More recently, pheophorbide, a chlorophyll-breakdown product, and protoporhyrin IX have been described as ABCG2 substrates, perhaps indicating a physiologic role of cytoprotection of primitive cells. Also, mice lacking ABCG2 expression have no intrinsic stem cell defects, although there is a remarkable increase in toxicity with antineoplastic drugs that are ABCG2 substrates, and also a photosensitivity resembling protoporphyria. Like other members of the ABC family, such as MDR1 and MRP1, ABCG2 is expressed in a variety of malignancies. Despite numerous reports of ABCG2 expression in AML, there is little evidence that ABCG2 expression is correlated with an adverse clinical outcome. This review will focus on the potential usefulness of ABCG2 as a marker primitive stem cells and possible physiologic roles of ABCG2 in protection of primitive stem cell populations, and potential methods of overcoming ABCG2-associated drug resistance in anticancer therapy.
Efficient BRDF importance sampling using a factored representation (2004)

High-quality Monte Carlo image synthesis requires the ability to importance sample realistic BRDF models. However, analytic sampling algorithms exist only for the Phong model and its derivatives such as Lafortune and Blinn-Phong. This paper demonstrates an importance sampling technique for a wide range of BRDFs, including complex analytic models such as Cook-Torrance and measured materials, which are being increasingly used for realistic image synthesis. Our approach is based on a compact factored representation of the BRDF that is optimized for sampling. We show that our algorithm consistently offers better efficiency than alternatives that involve fitting and sampling a Lafortune or Blinn-Phong lobe, and is more compact than sampling strategies based on tabulating the full BRDF. We are able to efficiently create images involving multiple measured and analytic BRDFs, under both complex direct lighting and global illumination.