gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discovery Radiomics for Multi-Parametric MRI Prostate Cancer Detection (2015)

Prostate cancer is the most diagnosed form of cancer in Canadian men, and is the third leading cause of cancer death. Despite these statistics, prognosis is relatively good with a sufficiently early diagnosis, making fast and reliable prostate cancer detection crucial. As imaging-based prostate cancer screening, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), requires an experienced medical professional to extensively review the data and perform a diagnosis, radiomics-driven methods help streamline the process and has the potential to significantly improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, and thus improving patient survival rates. These radiomics-driven methods currently rely on hand-crafted sets of quantitative imaging-based features, which are selected manually and can limit their ability to fully characterize unique prostate cancer tumour phenotype. In this study, we propose a novel \textit{discovery radiomics} framework for generating custom radiomic sequences tailored for prostate cancer detection. Discovery radiomics aims to uncover abstract imaging-based features that capture highly unique tumour traits and characteristics beyond what can be captured using predefined feature models. In this paper, we discover new custom radiomic sequencers for generating new prostate radiomic sequences using multi-parametric MRI data. We evaluated the performance of the discovered radiomic sequencer against a state-of-the-art hand-crafted radiomic sequencer for computer-aided prostate cancer detection with a feedforward neural network using real clinical prostate multi-parametric MRI data. Results for the discovered radiomic sequencer demonstrate good performance in prostate cancer detection and clinical decision support relative to the hand-crafted radiomic sequencer. The use of discovery radiomics shows potential for more efficient and reliable automatic prostate cancer detection.
Blocking effect of human serum but not of cerebrospinal fluid on ricin A chain immunotoxin potentiation by monensin or carrier protein-monensin conjugates. (1992)

The potentiation of monoclonal antibody/ligand toxin (immunotoxin) cytotoxicity by the ionophore monensin (Mo) or by human serum albumin-monensin (HSA-Mo) conjugates was investigated. Since disulfide cross-linked HSA-Mo (HSA-SPDP-Mo) is rapidly inactivated by human serum (M. Colombatti et al., Cancer Res., 50: 1385-1391, 1990), we synthesized thioether cross-linked HSA-Mo conjugates (HSA-SIA-Mo). HSA-SIA-Mo is resistant to treatment with reducing agents (e.g., glutathione, dithiothreitol) and shows potentiating activity identical to that of Mo or of HSA-SPDP-Mo, enhancing immunotoxin (IT) cytotoxicity 45-35,000-fold. Human leukemic and tumor cell lines are highly sensitive to treatment with IT in combination with Mo, HSA-SPDP-Mo, or HSA-SIA-Mo (concentration required to inhibit protein synthesis by 50%, 10(-10)-2.5 x 10(-13) M). IT potentiation by both types of HSA-Mo conjugates, however, is inhibited by whole human serum. In contrast, human cerebrospinal fluid has no effect on the potentiation of IT by Mo or HSA-Mo conjugates. The serum blocking factors reside mostly in a Mr 40,000-90,000 protein fraction. Serum components of low molecular weight (less than 10,000) show no detectable effect upon the stability of HSA-Mo conjugates. The toxicity of HSA-SIA-Mo in vivo was investigated by intrathecal injections in rats. Concentrations of up to 60 micrograms/kg can be injected into the brain with only transient neurological sequelae. We therefore conclude that if the systemic delivery of HSA-Mo conjugates for the potentiation of ricin A chain-IT presents some limitations due to the blocking effect of serum, the application of HSA-Mo conjugates in combination with ricin A chain-IT for regional tumor therapy in the brain appears more promising.
Vitamin E (1991)

The antioxidative activities of vitamin E analogues were believed to be weak in foods systems to prevent oxidative deterioration or autoxidation of oils and fats. But, recent results have shown that α-tocopherol is consumed very rapidly during autoxidation of lipids or oils and fats, because it has high reactivity with oxygen radicals comparing with any other natural and synthetic antioxidants. So, α-tocopherol is present in biomembranes and organisms as the predominant antioxidant. Among vitamin E analogues α-tocopherol has the highest biological activity due to its excellent antioxidative activity. Also, vitamin E has good reactivity to quench singlet oxygen. Recently, biopotencies of stereo-isomers of natural α-tocopherol are discussed among researchers. RRR-α-tocopherol is believed to have the highest activity than other isomers of α-tocopherol.α-Tocopherol is transported with lipoproteins in blood such as LDL-and HDL-lipoproteins. A possible incorporation route into cells from blood is binding with LDL-receptors. In almost tissues and organs of RRR-α-tocopherol overdosed rats except liver upper concentrations of α-tocopherol are present, although upper limit values are depending on tissues properties. So, the low risk of hyper-vitamin E-dosis is due to such as low incorporation capacity of all of organs and tissues. But, since in liver the concentration of α-tocopherol increased with logarithmic relation with dose level and has no upper limit of α-tocopherol concentration, this phenomenon might cause a risk of extremely high intake of vitamin E in human such as daily intake over 10 gramms order.
The chemistry of fluorinated dioxoles and dioxolanes. 5. Structure-property relationship of fluorinated dioxole polymers (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe chemistry of fluorinated dioxoles and dioxolanes. 5. Structure-property relationship of fluorinated dioxole polymersMing H. HungCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 22, 5829–5834Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00074a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00074a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views326Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bone tissue engineering: from bench to bedside (2012)

The drive to develop bone grafts for the filling of major gaps in the skeletal structure has led to a major research thrust towards developing biomaterials for bone engineering. Unfortunately, from a clinical perspective, the promise of bone tissue engineering which was so vibrant a decade ago has so far failed to deliver the anticipated results of becoming a routine therapeutic application in reconstructive surgery. Here we describe our bench to bedside concept, the first clinical results and a detailed analysis of long-term bone regeneration studies in preclinical animal models, exploiting methods of micro- and nano analysis of biodegradable composite scaffolds.
The CD14 Ligands Lipoarabinomannan and Lipopolysaccharide Differ in Their Requirement for Toll-Like Receptors (1999)

Mammalian Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins are new members of the IL-1 receptor family that participate in activation of cells by bacteria and bacterial products. Several recent reports indicate that TLR proteins mediate cellular activation by bacterial LPS via a signaling pathway that is largely shared by the type I IL-1 receptor. We previously showed that Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) fibroblasts engineered to express CD14 (CHO/CD14) were responsive to LPS, but not to a distinct CD14 ligand, mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM). These CHO/CD14 cells were subsequently found to possess a frame-shift mutation within the TLR2 gene which resulted in their inability to express functional TLR2 protein. Thus, we hypothesized that TLR2, but not TLR4, was necessary for LAM signaling. In this paper we show that CHO/CD14 cells engineered to express functional TLR2 protein acquired the ability to be activated by LAM. Similarly, overexpression of TLR2 in murine macrophages conferred enhanced LAM responsiveness. Together, our data demonstrate that the distinct CD14 ligands LAM and LPS utilize different TLR proteins to initiate intracellular signals. These findings suggest a novel receptor signaling paradigm in which the binding of distinct ligands is mediated by a common receptor chain, but cellular activation is initiated via distinct signal-transducing chains that confer ligand specificity. This paradigm contrasts with many cytokine receptor complexes in which receptor specificity is conferred by a unique ligand-binding chain but cellular activation is initiated via shared signal-transducing chains.
Illegitimate transcription. Application to the analysis of truncated transcripts of the dystrophin gene in nonmuscle cultured cells from Duchenne and Becker patients. (1991)

We have previously demonstrated that there is a low level of transcription of tissue-specific genes in every cell type. In this study, we have taken advantage of this phenomenon, called illegitimate transcription, to analyze the muscle-type dystrophin mRNA in easily accessible cells such as lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and peripheral blood cells from Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies with known internal gene deletion. The results showed that, in the studied regions surrounding the deletions, processing of truncated transcripts is identical in specific (muscle tissue) and in nonspecific cells (lymphoid cells). In Becker cases with out-of-frame deletions, the already described alternatively spliced species found in muscle samples were also found in nonspecific cells. These results demonstrate that illegitimate transcripts are a bona fide version of tissue-specific mRNA, and that they represent a useful material to investigate the qualitative consequences of gene defects at the mRNA level.
Rac1 and Rac2 differentially regulate actin free barbed end formation downstream of the fMLP receptor (2007)

Actin assembly at the leading edge of migrating cells depends on the availability of high-affinity free barbed ends (FBE) that drive actin filament elongation and subsequent membrane protrusion. We investigated the specific mechanisms through which the Rac1 and Rac2 small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) generate free barbed ends in neutrophils. Using neutrophils lacking either Rac1 or Rac2 and a neutrophil permeabilization model that maintains receptor signaling to the actin cytoskeleton, we assessed the mechanisms through which these two small GTPases mediate FBE generation downstream of the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptor. We demonstrate here that uncapping of existing barbed ends is mediated through Rac1, whereas cofilin- and ARP2/3-mediated FBE generation are regulated through Rac2. This unique combination of experimental tools has allowed us to identify the relative roles of uncapping (15%), cofilin severing (10%), and ARP2/3 de novo nucleation (75%) in FBE generation and the respective roles played by Rac1 and Rac2 in mediating actin dynamics.
The Synthesis of Biologically Active Pteroyloligo-γ-l-Glutamates (Folic Acid Conjugates) (1972)

Abstract Homogeneous pteroyltri-, pteroylpenta-, and pteroylhepta-γ-l-glutamates (folic acid conjugates) have been synthesized and, when desired, specifically labeled with tritium. The synthetic procedures consist of: (a) production of pteroic acid from folic acid by microbiological techniques; (b) preparation of [3',5',9-3H]pteroic acid; (c) synthesis of crystalline homogeneous N10-trifluoroacetylpteroic acid; (d) mixed anhydride condensation of N10-trifluoroacetylpteroic acid with tri-, penta-, and hepta-γ-l-glutamic acid tert-butyl esters prepared by peptide synthesis in solution; (e) purification of protected products by LH-20 column chromatography; and (f) removal of protecting groups and final purification of products by gel filtration. The compounds have been obtained in good yields and have been characterized by correct elemental analyses, amino acid analyses, ultraviolet spectral data, ascending paper chromatography, and high voltage electrophoresis. These data compare favorably with analytical information reported for natural products. Behavior of the synthetic materials in microbiological assays and enzyme studies of intestinal mucosal homogenates confirms their biological identity with natural conjugates.
Compound Semiconductor Nanowire Solar Cells (2011)

There have been many recent developments in compound semiconductor nanowire photovoltaic devices. Of these, advances in nanowire synthesis and performance enable nanowires to be implemented for efficient and low-cost solar-energy-harvesting devices. On the other hand, many challenges in device fabrication must be resolved in order for nanowires to assure a role at the forefront of solar cell technology.
Urine Cell-Free DNA Integrity as a Marker for Early Prostate Cancer Diagnosis: A Pilot Study (2013)

Circulating cell-free DNA has been recognized as an accurate marker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, whereas the role of urine cell-free DNA (UCF DNA) has never been evaluated in this setting. It is known that normal apoptotic cells produce highly fragmented DNA while cancer cells release longer DNA. We thus verified the potential role of UCF DNA integrity for early prostate cancer diagnosis. UCF DNA was isolated from 29 prostate cancer patients and 25 healthy volunteers. Sequences longer than 250 bp (c-Myc, BCAS1, and HER2) were quantified by real-time PCR to verify UCF DNA integrity. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.7959 (95% CI 0.6729-0.9188). At the best cut-off value of 0.04 ng/μL, UCF DNA integrity analysis showed a sensitivity of 0.79 (95% CI 0.62-0.90) and a specificity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.65-0.94). These preliminary findings indicate that UCF DNA integrity could be a promising noninvasive marker for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer and pave the way for further research into this area.
Effects of inogatran, a new low-molecular-weight thrombin inhibitor, in rat models of venous and arterial thrombosis, thrombolysis and bleeding time (1996)

Inogatran (MW 439 Da), a new, selective, active site inhibitor of thrombin, was evaluated in three rat models of thrombosis. In the venous thrombosis model, inogatran dose-dependently inhibited thrombus formation with a > 80% antithrombotic effect at a plasma concentration of 0.45 mumol l-1. In the arterial thrombosis model, inogatran dose-dependently inhibited thrombus formation, preserved vessel patency and the mean blood flow. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) potentiated the effects of low plasma concentrations of inogatran in the arterial thrombosis model. In the model of rt-PA-induced thrombolysis of a thrombus in the carotid artery, inogatran improved the patency time and the cumulative blood flow during the two hour thrombolysis period more than rt-PA alone. At high therapeutic plasma concentration of inogatran, there was only a moderate prolongation of bleeding time compared with the control value. It is concluded that inogatran is an effective antithrombotic agent both in the venous and arterial thrombosis models and also as adjuvant to rt-PA in the thrombolysis model.
Two simple media for the demonstration of pyocyanin and fluorescin. (1954)

Abstract Two simple media for the enhancement of pigment production by certain organisms of the Pseudomonas genus are described. The results of comparative studies employing these media, certain synthetic broths, and some commonly used dehydrated preparations are reported. One hundred (93 per cent) of the 107 strains of Pseudomonas studied were detected by pigment production on medium B; all 107 strains could be detected by the combined use of Heart Infusion agar and 27 per cent on Tryptose agar. The reactions produced strains elaborated a water-soluble pigment; 40 per cent were positive on Difco media A and B. On Difco Proteose peptone No. 3 agar, 77 per cent of the same on the two media by organisms belonging to certain other genera are described.
Transparent proxy signalling (2001)

This paper argues that the increasing use of proxies is not a stop-gap measure, but rather, that proxies play a fundamental role in the Internet architecture: They bridge discontinuities between di#erent regions of the Internet. To be e#ective, however, proxies need to coordinate and communicate with each other. Toward this end, this paper describes a signalling protocol that can be used to establish and configure a sequence of one or more proxies along any end-to-end flow. The protocol is realized as an extension of IP, which simplifies its deployment in the Internet. The paper also demonstrates how a collection of proxies might use the signalling protocol to provide an enhanced end-to-end service. I.
A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM (1999)

This memo defines a metric for one-way delay of packets across
Internet paths. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
VBP15, a novel anti‐inflammatory and membrane‐stabilizer, improves muscular dystrophy without side effects (2013)

Absence of dystrophin makes skeletal muscle more susceptible to injury, resulting in breaches of the plasma membrane and chronic inflammation in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Current management by glucocorticoids has unclear molecular benefits and harsh side effects. It is uncertain whether therapies that avoid hormonal stunting of growth and development, and/or immunosuppression, would be more or less beneficial. Here, we discover an oral drug with mechanisms that provide efficacy through anti-inflammatory signaling and membrane-stabilizing pathways, independent of hormonal or immunosuppressive effects. We find VBP15 protects and promotes efficient repair of skeletal muscle cells upon laser injury, in opposition to prednisolone. Potent inhibition of NF-κB is mediated through protein interactions of the glucocorticoid receptor, however VBP15 shows significantly reduced hormonal receptor transcriptional activity. The translation of these drug mechanisms into DMD model mice improves muscle strength, live-imaging and pathology through both preventive and post-onset intervention regimens. These data demonstrate successful improvement of dystrophy independent of hormonal, growth, or immunosuppressive effects, indicating VBP15 merits clinical investigation for DMD and would benefit other chronic inflammatory diseases.
Substrate specificity, inhibition and enzymological analysis of recombinant human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (2002)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII, EC 3.4.17.21) is a membrane peptidase expressed in a number of tissues such as kidney, prostate and brain. The brain form of GCPII (also known as NAALADase) cleaves N-acetyl-aspartyl glutamate to yield free glutamate. Animal model experiments show that inhibition of GCPII prevents neuronal cell death during experimental ischaemia. GCPII thus represents an important target for the treatment of neuronal damage caused by excess glutamate. In this paper we report expression of an extracellular portion of human glutamate carboxypeptidase II (amino acids 44-750) in Drosophila Schneider's cells and its purification to homogeneity. A novel assay for hydrolytic activity of recombinant human GCPII (rhGCPII), based on fluorimetric detection of released alpha-amino groups was established, and used for its enzymological characterization. rhGCPII does not show dipeptidylpeptidase IV-like activity assigned to the native form of the enzyme previously. Using a complete set of protected dipeptides, substrate specificity of rhGCPII was elucidated. In addition to the previously described substrates, four novel compounds, Ac-Glu-Met, Ac-Asp-Met and, surprisingly, Ac-Ala-Glu and Ac-Ala-Met were identified as substrates for GCPII, and their respective kinetic constants determined. The glycosylation of rhGCPII was found indispensable for the enzymatic activity.
A Preliminary Study of fMRI-Guided rTMS in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2008)

Results of the current study suggest that fMRI-guided rTMS treatment may be a beneficial technique for the treatment of anxiety disorders. Limitations include a small sample size and open-label design with a technology that may be associated with a large placebo response. These limitations necessitate further research to determine whether rTMS is indeed effective in treating anxiety disorders.
How Does Tyrosinase Work? Recent Insights from Model Chemistry and Structural Biology (2000)

What is the hydroxylating species and how is the phenolic substrate bound to tyrosinase? Answers to these questions are promised by comparison of results from studies of model complexes with crystal structures of type 3 copper proteins. The present understanding of bonding (see picture) and conversion of substrates at binuclear, oxygen-activating copper active sites is described.
A 12-bit 1-Msample/s capacitor error-averaging pipelined A/D converter (1988)

A capacitor error-averaging technique is applied to perform an accurate multiply-by-two (*2) function required in high-resolution pipelined analog-to-digital (A/D) converters. Errors resulting from capacitor mismatch and switch feedthrough are corrected in the analog domain without using digital calibration and/or trimming. A differential pipelined A/D converter that achieves a throughput rate of 1 Msample/s with 12 bits of linearity has been made and evaluated. A prototype pipelined A/D converter implemented using a double-poly 1.75- mu m CMOS process consumes 400 mW with a 5-V single supply and occupies 14 mm/sup 2/, including all digital logic and output buffers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intracranial pressure and glaucoma (2010)

The relationship between intraocular pressure and intracranial pressure may play an important role in the development of glaucoma.
Versatile Conjugation of Octreotide to Dendrimers by Cycloaddition (“Click”) Chemistry to Yield High-Affinity Multivalent Cyclic Peptide Dendrimers (2009)

The somatostatin analogue Tyr(3)-octreotide, which has a high binding affinity for the SSTR2 receptor (somatostatin receptor subtype 2) expressed on tumor cells, is used clinically for the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of neuroendocrine tumors and gastrointestinal disorders. There is growing interest in the development of multivalent peptide systems, because they may have enhanced binding affinity compared to monovalent analogues. In this report, we describe the design and synthesis of a series of Tyr(3)-octreotide-containing monomeric, dimeric, and tetrameric dendrimeric conjugates. These multivalent dendrimeric cyclic peptides were obtained using Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between peptidyl azides and dendrimeric alkynes. Their affinities for the SSTR2 receptor were determined by a competitive binding assay on rat brain sections.