gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Taiwan's 2000 Presidential and Vice Presidential Election: Consolidating Democracy and Creating a New Era of Politics (2000)

Purified acetyl-CoA: choline O-acetyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.6) from Drosophila melanogaster has been shown to contain two major polypeptides of 67 and 54 K Daltons. However, all enzyme activity is found in a single molecular weight form of approx 67 K Daltons as determined by sucrose gradient sedimentation and molecular exclusion chromatography. The latter showed both the 67 and 54 K Dalton polypeptides on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium lauryl sulfate (10% acrylamide). Analysis of purified choline acetyltransferase on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium lauryl sulfate (15% acrylamide) revealed the presence of an additional polypeptide at 13 K Daltons. Tryptic-peptide maps of the 67, 54 and 13 K Dalton components showed all three to be structurally related. In addition to several common tryptic peptides, the 13 K Dalton polypeptide contained three tryptic-peptides that were also found in the 67 K Dalton polypeptide, but were absent from the 54 K Dalton polypeptide. This evidence suggests that native Drosophila choline acetyltransferase may exist in two forms, one a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 67 K Daltons and the other consisting of two noncovalently bound polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 54 and 13 K Daltons. The latter form is the major one isolated and may be generated by limited proteolysis of the single chain 67 K Dalton form.
Genetic Modification of Herbaceous Plants for Feed and Fuel (2001)

Referee: Dr. E. Charles Brummer, Forage Breeding and Genetics, 1204 Agromonomy, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011 Much of the research on the genetic modification of herbaceous plant cell walls has been conducted to improve the utilization of forages by ruminant livestock. The rumen of these animals is basically an anaerobic fermentation vat in which the micro flora break down the complex polysaccharides of plant cell walls into simpler compounds that can be further digested and absorbed by the mammalian digestive system. Research on improving the forage digestibility of switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., and other herbaceous species has demonstrated that genetic improvements can be made in forage quality that can have significant economic value. To meet future energy needs, herbaceous biomass will need to be converted into a liquid fuel, probably ethanol, via conversion technologies still under development. If feedstock quality can be genetically improved, the economics and efficiency of the conversion processes could be significantly enhanced. Improving an agricultural product for improved end product use via genetic modification requires knowledge of desired quality attributes, the relative economic value of the quality parameters in relation to yield, genetic variation for the desired traits, or for molecular breeding, knowledge of genes to suppress or add, and knowledge of any associated negative consequences of genetic manipulation. Because conversion technology is still under development, desirable plant feedstock characteristics have not been completely delineated. Some traits such as cellulose and lignin concentration will undoubtably be important. Once traits that affect biomass feedstock conversion are identified, it will be highly feasible to genetically modify the feedstock quality of herbaceous plants using both conventional and molecular breeding techniques. The use of molecular markers and transformation technology will greatly enhance the capability of breeders to modify the morphologic structure and cell walls of herbaceous species. It will be necessary to monitor gene flow to remnant wild populations of biomass plants and have strategies available to curtail gene flow if it becomes a potential problem. It will also be necessary to monitor plant survival and long-term productivity as affected by these genetic changes to herbaceous species.
Dynamic Rules for User Interface Design (DRUID) (1989)

A well-designed user interface is important for the success and acceptance of any software product. Some experts believe that user interface design can be improved through the application of specific rules translated from general design guidelines. Derivation of design rules from guidelines can be aided by computer tools. But storing guidelines in a computer may offer no advantage over printed text unless the computer also provides aids for selecting and applying design guidelines. DRUED development has been sponsored by The MITRE Corporation as a tool for improving user interface design. DRUID is based on the 944 design guidelines proposed in Smith and Mosier's 1986 Guidelines for Designing User Interface Software. But DRUID's capabilities extend beyond that original text and provide further aids for user interface design. Initial DRUID capabilities demonstrated in 1988 support the review of design guidelines as an “electronic book”, enabling a user to navigate through structured hypertext to find specific guidelines, to find functionally related guidelines, and to browse through guidelines at will. DRUID also permits ready retrieval of related guideline material by cross referencing and via a topical index. Newly developed DRUID capabilities extend that electronic book and move toward a computer-based design tool. DRUID users can now specify relevant guidelines for a system design application and rate the relative importance of those selected guidelines. Proposed future DRUID capabilities will provide functions to rate design compliance with those selected guidelines, to aid the translation of guidelines into specific design rules, and to develop rule-based templates to support modular design of user interface software. DRUID is implemented on the Apple Macintosh II computer with HyperCard software. The user interface for DRUID is designed to accommodate both expert and novice users. A DRUID user can accomplish sequence control either by pointing (via mouse) or by keyed command entries. DRUID computer aids promise to help expedite and reduce the cost of the development of user interface software. Those aids should also help improve the quality and consistency of user interface software through rule-based design.
Chemical arms not cause of Gulf War syndrome (1994)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTChemical arms not cause of Gulf War syndromeLOIS EMBERCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1994, 72, 28, 26Publication Date (Print):July 11, 1994Publication History Published online11 November 2010Published inissue 11 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v072n028.p026https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n028.p026newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1994 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views4Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Ionizing radiation,Pest control Get e-Alerts
LDHC: The Ultimate Testis‐Specific Gene (2010)

Lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC) was, to the best of our knowledge, the first testis-specific isozyme discovered in male germ cells. In fact, this was accomplished shortly before "isozymes or isoenzymes" became a field of study. LDHC was detected initially in human spermatozoa and spermatogenic cells of the testes by gel electrophoresis. Immunohistochemistry was used to localize LDHC first in early-pachytene primary spermatocytes, with an apparent increase in quantity after meiosis, to its final localization in and on the principal piece of the sperm tail. After several decades of biologic, biochemical, and genetic investigations, we now know that the lactate dehydrogenase isozymes are ubiquitous in vertebrates, developmentally regulated, tissue and cell specific, and multifunctional. Here, we will review the history of LDHC and the work that demonstrates clearly that it is required for sperm to accomplish their ultimate goal, fertilization.
Recent Advances on the Synthesis and Reactivity of Isoxazoles (2005)

Isoxazoles are a class of heterocyclic compounds having a remarkable number of applications and have been demonstrated to be very versatile building blocks in organic synthesis. The wide range of biological activities includes pharmacological properties such as hypoglycemic, analgesic, antiinflammatory, anti-bacterial and HIV-inhibitory activity. Some isoxazole derivatives display agrochemical properties namely herbicidal and soil fungicidal activity and have applications as pesticides and insecticides. Isoxazoles have also been used as dyes, electric insulating oils, high temperature lubricants and polyisoxazoles have applications as semicondutors. The key feature of these heterocycles is that they possess the typical properties of an aromatic system but contain a weak nitrogen-oxygen bond which under certain reaction conditions, particularly in reducing or basic conditions, is a potential site of ring cleavage. Thus, isoxazoles are very useful intermediates since the ring system stability allows the manipulation of substituents to give functionally complex derivatives, yet it is easily cleaved when necessary. The ring opening provides difunctionalized compounds, namely 1,3-dicarbonyl, enaminoketone, γ-amino alcohol, α,β- unsaturated oxime, β-hydroxy nitrile or β-hydroxy ketone compounds, so that isoxazoles can be considered masked forms of these synthetic units. Consequently, isoxazoles have become an important synthetic tool. The construction of the isoxazole ring can be achieved by several synthetic approaches. However, the two major routes to isoxazoles are the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditon of alkenes and alkynes with nitrile oxides and the reaction of hydroxylamine with a three-carbon atom component, such as 1,3-diketone or an α,β-unsaturated ketone. This review aims to provide coverage of the recent developments on the synthesis and reactivity of isoxazoles. Keywords: cyclizationdehydration, cycloaddition, hydroxylamine, anti-inflammatory, boc-protected
Markov Chain Sampling Methods for Dirichlet Process Mixture Models (2000)

Abstract This article reviews Markov chain methods for sampling from the posterior distribution of a Dirichlet process mixture model and presents two new classes of methods. One new approach is to make Metropolis—Hastings updates of the indicators specifying which mixture component is associated with each observation, perhaps supplemented with a partial form of Gibbs sampling. The other new approach extends Gibbs sampling for these indicators by using a set of auxiliary parameters. These methods are simple to implement and are more efficient than previous ways of handling general Dirichlet process mixture models with non-conjugate priors.
A low complexity digital encoder-modulator for high data rate satellite BISDN applications (2002)

The development of a low complexity, flexible digital encoder-modulator (DEM) for medium to high data rate RF communication links is discussed. The DEM is intended for use in data downlinks from communications satellites or near-Earth science platforms. The present configuration supports throughput rates up to 280 Mbps using several pulse shaped quadrature modulation schemes. This includes BPSK and QPSK as well as higher order schemes such as 8PSK and 16QAM. Through software modifications the DEM can also support binary CPM schemes (such as GMSK) and multiboard configurations can support higher order CPM schemes. In addition to higher order modulation schemes, combined modulation and forward-error correction coding is used to improve the efficiency of conveying information through power and bandwidth limited channels that are characteristic of space-borne systems. The baseline configuration supports the B-ISDN OC-3 rate of 155.52 Mbps in 80 MHz of null-to-null bandwidth. Test results show less than a 0.2 dB of degradation from theory in the range of operation. The DEM uses approximately 15 watts of DC power, is constructed on a standard VME card (6U/spl times/160 mm) and has a mass of 0.38 kg.
A simple method for designing high-quality prototype filters for M-band pseudo QMF banks (1995)

Discusses a new method for designing the prototype filters necessary to implement M-band pseudo QMF banks. This method does not rely on the traditional nonlinear optimization used in past work but rather optimizes a single parameter on a convex error surface, consistently delivering the best equiripple filter possible while minimizing the overlapped passband distortion. A very simple algorithm for designing lowpass prototype filters suitable for use in pseudo QMF banks is described. To illustrate the applicability of this algorithm, two different filters are designed, both for such applications as wideband audio coding that require high quality reconstructed signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
A factor that activates oscillatory chloride currents in Xenopus oocytes copurifies with a subfraction of serum albumin. (1991)

Vertebrate blood sera contain a factor that elicits oscillatory chloride currents in Xenopus oocytes through activation of the phosphatidylinositol second messenger system. This factor was purified from rabbit and human sera by a sequence of Blue-Agarose chromatography, concanavalin A affinity chromatography, and hydroxyapatite fractionation, yielding a single active protein band (67 kDa). This protein is a subfraction of serum albumin, as revealed by its molecular mass, isoelectric properties, peptide maps, amino acid composition, and NH2-terminal sequence. Moreover, the factor could be purified with a monoclonal antibody to serum albumin and its ability to elicit oscillatory currents was inhibited by several polyclonal-monospecific antibodies to serum albumin. Various commercial high purity albumin preparations elicited oscillatory currents in oocytes. The activity of albumin was partially reduced by charcoal absorption and was greatly diminished when crystalline albumin was extracted with dry methanol. However, the activity was resistant to extraction with chloroform/ether, disulfide cleavage, and denaturation with 8 M urea, 6 M guanidinium chloride, and 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate. Trypsin or lipase treatment substantially reduced the potency of the active albumin, but neither treatment alone abolished the factor even after prolonged digestion. In contrast to serum or serum albumin, freshly collected blood plasma or purified plasma albumin did not evoke oscillatory currents. This indicates that some of the plasma albumin changes during blood coagulation and acquires a "factor" that makes it capable of activating the phosphatidylinositol-Ca2+ system in Xenopus oocytes. The serum factor also activates the phosphatidylinositol system in a variety of mammalian cells, suggesting that the modified albumin may play a role in cellular events related to tissue repair following injury.
Plasticizer-Free Polymer Membrane Ion-Selective Electrodes Containing a Methacrylic Copolymer Matrix (2002)

A methyl methacrylate and decyl methacrylate (MMA-DMA) copolymer has been used to fabricate plasticizer-free ion-selective membranes. The copolymer matrix showed good mechanical properties, and can be solvent cast in complete analogy to traditional ISE membranes. The material was evaluated in ionophore-free cation and anion exchanger membranes as well as in ion-selective electrode membranes containing five different neutral ionophores. The selectivity of Na (X) based copolymer membranes was found to be superior when compared to corresponding membranes made from poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with bis(2-ethylhexyl sebacate) (PVC-DOS) and other plasticizer free membranes. Other ionophore-based MMA-DMA membranes, with the exception of magnesium-selective systems, also showed excellent selectivity similar to the corresponding PVC-DOS membranes. This makes MMA-DMA a potentially superior choice over alternative membrane matrices reported in the literature and a promising platform for the establishment of covalently immobilized membrane components.
A Long-Acting Human Growth Hormone (Nutropin Depot®): Efficacy and Safety Following Two Years of Treatment in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency (2002)

Treatment with Nutropin Depot is associated with catch-up growth and normal skeletal maturation and is a viable alternative to daily injections of GH in children with GHD.
Engineering Management and Leadership - the Way Forward via Quality Management (1996)

Australia must improve its international competitiveness and engineers are well placed to play a key role in this improvement through the adoption of International Best Practice management techniques. Old style leadership based on power, control and the withholding of information no longer work and engineers need to be conversant with new leadership styles that have the ability to create and maintain an environment that will encourage participation of all and the development of a learning organisation. To do this they will need to adopt quality management practices and continuous improvement based on the Australian Quality Awards Assessment Criteria. To date engineers have been slow to adopt the philosophies of Quality Management and they will need to step outside of their comfort zone to understand how easily they could be left behind. It is time to seriously adopt the principals of continuous improvement and put real engineering back into so called process re-engineering.
Increased inhibition of proliferation of human B cell lymphomas following ligation of CD40, and either CD19, CD20, CD95 or surface immunoglobulin (1996)

Non-Hodgkin's (NHL) B cell lymphomas are growth-inhibited by ligation of their CD40 molecules. This inhibition is not absolute in that approximately 50% of the cells are not inhibited. We conducted studies to see if other signals that have been reported to inhibit B cell lymphoma growth could be used in combination with anti-CD40 signaling to completely inhibit growth. Ligation of surface immunoglobulin (Ig), CD19, CD20, CD37 or CD95 with soluble antibody did not affect growth of the panel of NHL cells examined. Ligation of CD20, CD19 or CD95 was inhibitory for some NHL cell lines if the primary antibody was crosslinked with a secondary antibody. Combining anti-CD40 with anti-CD19, anti-CD20, or anti-Ig resulted in increased inhibition past that produced by anti-CD40 alone. The additive effect of anti-CD40 and other antibodies to selected surface markers was not observed in all NHL cell lines. Crosslinking of CD95 was also growth inhibitory for the majority of the NHL, and when combined with anti-CD40 under conditions that afforded crosslinking of the two receptors, increased inhibition was seen in three of the NHL cell lines. We found that cAMP or sodium butyrate (NaB) were also effective at inhibiting growth of the NHL cells; this was a profound inhibition (approaching 100%) compared to the 50% inhibition seen with anti-CD40 treatment. The potential for anti-CD40 and either cAMP or NaB to be additive was tested and not found to be the case. The ability to inhibit proliferation of the NHL was very dynamic with some antibody combinations being either inhibitory for multiple cells, not having an effect at all, or in some cases being stimulatory. This suggests that the NHL may represent unique stages of B cells that might serve as a model system which could be developed to precisely categorize patient NHL.
Mitochondrial remodeling in adipose tissue associated with obesity and treatment with rosiglitazone (2004)

Adipose tissue plays a central role in the control of energy homeostasis through the storage and turnover of triglycerides and through the secretion of factors that affect satiety and fuel utilization. Agents that enhance insulin sensitivity, such as rosiglitazone, appear to exert their therapeutic effect through adipose tissue, but the precise mechanisms of their actions are unclear. Rosiglitazone changes the morphological features and protein profiles of mitochondria in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To examine the relevance of these effects in vivo, we studied white adipocytes from ob/ob mice during the development of obesity and after treatment with rosiglitazone. The levels of approximately 50% of gene transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins were decreased with the onset of obesity. About half of those genes were upregulated after treatment with rosiglitazone, and this was accompanied by an increase in mitochondrial mass and changes in mitochondrial structure. Functionally, adipocytes from rosiglitazone-treated mice displayed markedly enhanced oxygen consumption and significantly increased palmitate oxidation. These data reveal mitochondrial remodeling and increased energy expenditure in white fat in response to rosiglitazone treatment in vivo and suggest that enhanced lipid utilization in this tissue may affect whole-body energy homeostasis and insulin sensitivity.
Production of somatic and germline chimeras in the chicken by transfer of early blastodermal cells (1990)

Cells were isolated from stage X embryos of a line of Barred Plymouth Rock chickens (that have black pigment in their feathers due to the recessive allele at the I locus) and injected into the subgerminal cavity of embryos from an inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns (that have white feathers due to the dominant allele at the I locus). Of 53 Dwarf White Leghorn embryos that were injected with Barred Plymouth Rock blastodermal cells, 6 (11.3%) were phenotypically chimeric with respect to feather colour and one (a male) survived to hatching. The distribution of black feathers in the recipients was variable and not limited to a particular region although, in all but one case, the donor cell lineage was evident in the head. The male somatic chimera was mated to several Barred Plymouth Rock hens to determine the extent to which donor cells had been incorporated into his testes. Of 719 chicks hatched from these matings, 2 were phenotypically Barred Plymouth Rocks demonstrating that cells capable of incorporation into the germline had been transferred. Fingerprints of the blood and sperm DNA from the germline chimera indicated that both of these tissues were different from those of the inbred line of Dwarf White Leghorns. Bands that were present in fingerprints of blood DNA from the chimera and not present in those of the Dwarf White Leghorns were observed in those of the Barred Plymouth Rocks.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)