gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Indoor waypoint navigation via magnetic anomalies (2011)

A wide assortment of technologies have been proposed to construct indoor navigation services for the blind and vision impaired. Proximity-based systems and multilateration systems have been successfully demonstrated and employed. Despite the technical success of these technologies, broad adoption has been limited due to their significant infrastructure and maintenance costs. An alternative approach utilizing the indoor magnetic signatures inherent to steel-frame buildings solves the infrastructure cost problem; in effect the existing building is the location system infrastructure. Although magnetic indoor navigation does not require the installation of dedicated hardware, the dedication of resources to produce precise survey maps of magnetic anomalies represents a further barrier to adoption. In the present work an alternative leader-follower form of waypoint-navigation system has been developed that works without surveyed magnetic maps of a site. Instead the wayfarer's magnetometer readings are compared to a pre-recorded magnetic "leader" trace containing magnetic data collected along a route and annotated with waypoint information. The goal of the navigation system is to correlate the follower's magnetometer data with the leader's to trigger audio cues at precise points along the route, thus providing location-based guidance to the user. The system should also provide early indications of off-route conditions. As part of the research effort a smartphone based application was created to record and annotate leader traces with audio and numeric data at waypoints of interest, and algorithms were developed to determine (1) when the follower reaches a waypoint and (2) when the follower goes off-route. A navigation system utilizing this technology would enable a low-cost indoor navigation system capable of replaying audio annotations at precise locations along pre-recorded routes.
Long-Term Treatment of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia with Different Interferons: Results from Three Studies (1993)

131 patients with Philadelphia (Ph') chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were treated with interferon (IFN) alpha or a combination of IFN alpha and IFN gamma. In study, 1, 13 not pretreated and 41 pretreated patients, 48 in chronic phase disease, 6 in accelerated phase, received 4 x 10(6) U/m2 IFN alfa-2b initially. After achievement of hematologic remission, the individually minimum effective dose was used for maintenance. There was no response in acute phase disease. Of the 48 patients with chronic phase disease, 22 achieved a hematologic remission (HR), 13 a partial HR (PHR), and 13 did not respond (NR) to IFN. No major cytogenetic response occurred in these patients, but two patients achieved a major molecular response in Southern blots, whereas PCR tests were positive. In a further randomized study, CML patients without prior therapy were treated initially with 4 x 10(6) U/m2 IFN alpha alone (arm A) or in combination with 50 micrograms IFN gamma (arm B). For maintenance, the maximum tolerable dose of IFN alpha was given (up to 10 x 10(6) U/day). Thirteen patients in arm A (54%) and 14 (56%) patients in arm B achieved a HR, 7 patients (29%) in arm A and 6 patients (24%) in arm B a PHR. No response could be induced in 4 patients (17%) of arm A and 5 patients (21%) of arm B. Major cytogenetic responses were observed in 5 (20%) patients of arm A and 5 patients (20%) of arm B. Major molecular responses were observed in 3 patients of arm A and 5 patients of arm B.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Specific Enhancement of Catalytic Activity by a Dicopper Core: Selective Hydroxylation of Benzene to Phenol with Hydrogen Peroxide (2017)

A dicopper(II) complex, stabilized by the bis(tpa) ligand 1,2-bis[2-[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)aminomethyl]-6-pyridyl]ethane (6-hpa), [Cu<sub>2</sub> (μ-OH)(6-hpa)]<sup>3+</sup> , was synthesized and structurally characterized. This complex catalyzed selective hydroxylation of benzene to phenol using H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> , thus attaining large turnover numbers (TONs) and high H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> efficiency. The TON after 40 hours for the phenol production exceeded 12000 in MeCN at 50 °C under N<sub>2</sub> , the highest value reported for benzene hydroxylation with H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> catalyzed by homogeneous complexes. At 22 % benzene conversion, phenol (95.2 %) and p-benzoquinone (4.8 %) were produced. The mechanism of H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> activation and benzene hydroxylation is proposed.
Multiple Cellular Mechanisms Related to Cyclin A1 in Prostate Cancer Invasion and Metastasis (2008)

Cyclin A1 contributes to prostate cancer invasion by modulating the expression of MMPs and VEGF and by interacting with AR.
Comparison of different samples for 2019 novel coronavirus detection by nucleic acid amplification tests (2020)

An ongoing outbreak of severe respiratory pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus has recently emerged in China. Here we report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiological characteristics of 19 suspect cases. We compared the positive ratio of 2019-nCoV nucleic acid amplification test results from different samples including oropharyngeal swab, blood, urine and stool with 3 different fluorescent RT-PCR kits. Nine out of the 19 patients had 2019-nCoV infection detected using oropharyngeal swab samples, and the virus nucleic acid was also detected in eight of these nine patients using stool samples. None of positive results was identified in the blood and urine samples. These three different kits got the same result for each sample and the positive ratio of nucleic acid detection for 2019-nCoV was only 47.4% in the suspect patients. Therefore, it is possible that infected patients have been missed by using nucleic acid detection only. It might be better to make a diagnosis combining the computed tomography scans and nucleic acid detection.
Data flow equations for explicitly parallel programs (1993)

We present a solution to the reaching definitions problem for programs with explicit lexically specified parallel constructs, such as cobegin/coend or parallel_sections, both with and without explicit synchronization operations, such as Post, Wait or Advance. The reaching definitions information for sequential programs is used to solve many standard optimization problems. In parallel programs, this information can also be used to explicitly direct communication and data ownership. Although work has been done on analyzing parallel programs to detect data races, little work has been done on optimizing such programs.
Preclinical pharmacokinetics of MHAA4549A, a human monoclonal antibody to influenza A virus, and the prediction of its efficacious clinical dose for the treatment of patients hospitalized with influenza A (2016)

MHAA4549A is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody that binds to a highly conserved epitope on the stalk of influenza A hemagglutinin and blocks the hemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion in the endosome, neutralizing all known human influenza A strains. Pharmacokinetics (PK) of MHAA4549A and its related antibodies were determined in DBA/2J and Balb-c mice at 5 mg/kg and in cynomolgus monkeys at 5 and 100 mg/kg as a single intravenous dose. Serum samples were analyzed for antibody concentrations using an ELISA and the PK was evaluated using WinNonlin software. Human PK profiles were projected based on the PK in monkeys using species-invariant time method. The human efficacious dose projection was based on in vivo nonclinical pharmacological active doses, exposure in mouse infection models and expected human PK. The PK profiles of MHAA4549A and its related antibody showed a linear bi-exponential disposition in mice and cynomolgus monkeys. In mice, clearance and half-life ranged from 5.77 to 9.98 mL/day/kg and 10.2 to 5.76 days, respectively. In cynomolgus monkeys, clearance and half-life ranged from 4.33 to 4.34 mL/day/kg and 11.3 to 11.9 days, respectively. The predicted clearance in humans was ∼2.60 mL/day/kg. A single intravenous dose ranging from 15 to 45 mg/kg was predicted to achieve efficacious exposure in humans. In conclusion, the PK of MHAA4549A was as expected for a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody that lacks known endogenous host targets. The predicted clearance and projected efficacious doses in humans for MHAA4549A have been verified in a Phase 1 study and Phase 2a study, respectively.
Effect of Splanchnic Nerve Stimulation on Glucagon and Insulin Output in the Dog (1975)

In order to study the role of the sympathetic nerves in the regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion, the distal stump of the left splanchnic nerve was electrically stimulated at the diaphragmatic level in the anesthetized dog under bilateral ligation of the adrenal veins. During stimulation, plasma glucose concentration rose rapidly, and pancreatic vein plasma concentration of glucagon increased along with pancreatic vein blood flow, indicating a greater output of glucagon. Insulin output in pancreatic vein plasma was slowly elevated despite continued stimulation. Pretreatment with propranolol resulted in a decline of the basal output of both glucagon and insulin and in their marked initial fall at the onset of the stimulus. However, glucagon output still showed a vigorous increase during neural stimulation whereas insulin output remained totally suppressed, but showed a rebound rise after cessation of stimulation. Pretreatment with phentolamine evoked an enhancement in both basal output of insulin and its response to splanchnic stimulation, but did not exert any marked effect on glucagon output. Pretreatment with atropine inhibited the basal output of glucagon and insulin, but the response of insulin output to splanchnic stimulation was not suppressed, thus excluding the possibility that activation of aberrant parasympathetic nerve fibers located in the splanchnic nerve would be responsible for the delayed increase in insulin release. The present results indicate that glucagon secretion may be regulated by different receptor mechanisms from those involved in insulin release following sympathetic activation.
Joint thresholding and quantizer selection for transform image coding: entropy-constrained analysis and applications to baseline JPEG (1997)

Striving to maximize baseline (Joint Photographers Expert Group-JPEG) image quality without compromising compatibility of current JPEG decoders, we develop an image-adaptive JPEG encoding algorithm that jointly optimizes quantizer selection, coefficient "thresholding", and Huffman coding within a rate-distortion (R-D) framework. Practically speaking, our algorithm unifies two previous approaches to image-adaptive JPEG encoding: R-D optimized quantizer selection and R-D optimal thresholding. Conceptually speaking, our algorithm is a logical consequence of entropy-constrained vector quantization (ECVQ) design principles in the severely constrained instance of JPEG-compatible encoding. We explore both viewpoints: the practical, to concretely derive our algorithm, and the conceptual, to justify the claim that our algorithm approaches the best performance that a JPEG encoder can achieve. This performance includes significant objective peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) improvement over previous work and at high rates gives results comparable to state-of-the-art image coders. For example, coding the Lena image at 1.0 b/pixel, our JPEG encoder achieves a PSNR performance of 39.6 dB that slightly exceeds the quoted PSNR results of Shapiro's wavelet-based zero-tree coder. Using a visually based distortion metric, we can achieve noticeable subjective improvement as well. Furthermore, our algorithm may be applied to other systems that use run-length encoding, including intraframe MPEG and subband or wavelet coding.
[Clinical immunosorbents on a basis of polymeric matrices]. (1988)

Immobilization of anti-IgE on space-network polymers containing aliphatic amino- and hydrazido groups as a way of producing clinical immunosorbents has been studied. Influence of active group concentration on the specific activity of the immobilized antibodies and sorption dynamics of IgE from plasma of patents are investigated. Immunosorbents can be sterilized by gamma-irradiation without any loss of capacity. It is shown that the immunosorbents can be reused after regeneration. Basing on the results obtained, acrylonitrile- divinylbenzene copolymer with hydrazido groups is considered as the most perspective for production of clinical immunosorbents.
HIV versus Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes — The War Being Lost (1997)

Viruses have caused human diseases throughout history.1 They have developed remarkable and unique properties to help them survive. In response to the threat from viruses, the immune system has evolved two major pathways of protection, humoral (antibody) and cellular (T lymphocyte). When infection overwhelms the immune system, the result is acute disease that either ends quickly in death or becomes a chronic persistent infection. In one such battle, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is still winning out over the immune system. To control this plague we must learn the answers to several questions. What are the essential elements in host . . .
HOTAIR Long Noncoding RNA Promotes Gastric Cancer Metastasis through Suppression of Poly r(C)-Binding Protein (PCBP) 1 (2015)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the role of HOTAIR long noncoding RNA in gastric cancer metastasis. We analyzed HOTAIR expression levels by real-time reverse transcription PCR and Northern blot analysis in 100 gastric tissues (50 gastric cancer tissues and 50 adjacent normal mucosa), and in four gastric cancer cell lines. Transient RNAi-mediated knockdown and pcDNA-mediated overexpression of HOTAIR were performed. Stable shRNA-mediated knockdown and lentiviral-mediated overexpression of HOTAIR were to study the role of HOTAIR on in vivo tumorigenicity and metastatic burden in the context of xenograft assays. Proteomic profiling was performed to decipher differential protein expression in cells with different HOTAIR expression levels. One of the differentially regulated proteins, Poly r(C)-binding protein (PCBP) 1, was subsequently validated and its function evaluated through xenograft assays. Expression of HOTAIR was significantly higher in cancerous tissues than in adjacent normal mucosa. HOTAIR expression levels dictated in vitro and in vivo tumorigenicity and metastatic potential in these cells. PCBP1 and HOTAIR have an inverse relationship, both at expression level and in function. A direct interaction between the two was confirmed through RNA immunoprecipitation coupled with quantitative real-time PCR. PCBP1 was confirmed to be an inhibitor of gastric cancer pathogenesis and as functionally opposite to HOTAIR long noncoding RNA. In conclusion, HOTAIR expression may serve as a potentially important disease biomarker for the identification of high-risk gastric cancer patients. Moreover, our findings provide mechanistic evidence for HOTAIR overexpression and PCBP1 downregulation and the ensuing malignant phenotype in both cultured and xenograft gastric cancer cells.
Genetic Alterations during Colorectal-Tumor Development (1988)

Because most colorectal carcinomas appear to arise from adenomas, studies of different stages of colorectal neoplasia may shed light on the genetic alterations involved in tumor progression. We looked for four genetic alterations (ras-gene mutations and allelic deletions of chromosomes 5, 17, and 18) in 172 colorectal-tumor specimens representing various stages of neoplastic development. The specimens consisted of 40 predominantly early-stage adenomas from 7 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis, 40 adenomas (19 without associated foci of carcinoma and 21 with such foci) from 33 patients without familial polyposis, and 92 carcinomas resected from 89 patients. We found that ras-gene mutations occurred in 58 percent of adenomas larger than 1 cm and in 47 percent of carcinomas. However, ras mutations were found in only 9 percent of adenomas under 1 cm in size. Sequences on chromosome 5 that are linked to the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis were not lost in adenomas from the patients with polyposis but were lost in 29 to 35 percent of adenomas and carcinomas, respectively, from other patients. A specific region of chromosome 18 was deleted frequently in carcinomas (73 percent) and in advanced adenomas (47 percent) but only occasionally in earlier-stage adenomas (11 to 13 percent). Chromosome 17p sequences were usually lost only in carcinomas (75 percent). The four molecular alterations accumulated in a fashion that paralleled the clinical progression of tumors. These results are consistent with a model of colorectal tumorigenesis in which the steps required for the development of cancer often involve the mutational activation of an oncogene coupled with the loss of several genes that normally suppress tumorigenesis.
Differential recruitment of Dishevelled provides signaling specificity in the planar cell polarity and Wingless signaling pathways (1998)

In Drosophila, planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling is mediated by the receptor Frizzled (Fz) and transduced by Dishevelled (Dsh). Wingless (Wg) signaling also requires Dsh and may utilize DFz2 as a receptor. Using a heterologous system, we show that Dsh is recruited selectively to the membrane by Fz but not DFz2, and this recruitment depends on the DEP domain but not the PDZ domain in Dsh. A mutation in the DEP domain impairs both membrane localization and the function of Dsh in PCP signaling, indicating that translocation is important for function. Further genetic and molecular analyses suggest that conserved domains in Dsh function differently during PCP and Wg signaling, and that divergent intracellular pathways are activated. We propose that Dsh has distinct roles in PCP and Wg signaling. The PCP signal may selectively result in focal Fz activation and asymmetric relocalization of Dsh to the membrane, where Dsh effects cytoskeletal reorganization to orient prehair initiation.
A micromachined electrical field-flow fractionation (μ-EFFF) system (1998)

In this work, micromachining technologies are employed to develop a miniaturized electrical field-flow fractionation (EFFF) separation system. EFFF systems are used to separate colloidal particles such as cells, liposomes, proteins, or other particulates, and to characterize emulsions and other mixtures according to particle charge density. Macromachining techniques have been used to develop existing EFFF technologies. At the present time, the limiting factor in the development of higher precision EFFF separation systems has been the manufacturing approach. In this paper, the theory behind the operation and resolution of a micron-sized EFFF (mu-EFFF) system is described and the advantages to be gained from application of micromachining technologies are given, thus motivating the need for further miniaturization. A completely fabricated mu-EFFF system is developed, separations are performed, and the mu-EFFF system is compared to the theoretically predicted results as well as the results from current macro EFFF systems.
Structure-based discovery of β 2 -adrenergic receptor ligands (2009)

Aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been a major focus of pharmaceutical research for many years. Due partly to the lack of reliable receptor structures, drug discovery efforts have been largely ligand-based. The recently determined X-ray structure of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor offers an opportunity to investigate the advantages and limitations inherent in a structure-based approach to ligand discovery against this and related GPCR targets. Approximately 1 million commercially available, "lead-like" molecules were docked against the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor structure. On testing of 25 high-ranking molecules, 6 were active with binding affinities <4 microM, with the best molecule binding with a K(i) of 9 nM (95% confidence interval 7-10 nM). Five of these molecules were inverse agonists. The high hit rate, the high affinity of the most potent molecule, the discovery of unprecedented chemotypes among the new inhibitors, and the apparent bias toward inverse agonists among the docking hits, have implications for structure-based approaches against GPCRs that recognize small organic molecules.
Current developments in the treatment of diabetes: the incretin therapies (2010)

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK has increased enormously over recent years and is closely associated with obesity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The incretin system, which contributes significantly to the insulin response in healthy individuals, but is impaired in individuals with diabetes, offers a target for the development of agents that address many aspects of diabetes. These agents are broadly split into two categories — the glucagon-like polypeptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The DPP-4 inhibitors sitagliptin and vildagliptin, along with the GLP-1 receptor agonists exenatide and liraglutide are currently approved for use and offer effective glycaemic control with a low risk of hypoglycaemia. GLP-1 receptor agonists may offer further benefits over both DPP-4 inhibitors and conventional therapies, such as reductions in body weight and blood pressure. Here we review the incretin system (with particular reference to GLP-1) and consider the development of these two classes of antidiabetic therapy, discussing the safety and efficacy of some of the latest available GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors.
A bi-illuminant dichromatic reflection model for understanding images (2008)

This paper presents a new model for understanding the appearance of objects that exhibit both body and surface reflection under realistic illumination. Specifically, the model represents the appearance of surfaces that interact with a dominant illuminant and a non-negligible ambient illuminant that may have different spectral power distributions. Real illumination environments usually have an ambient illuminant, and the current dynamic range of consumer cameras is sufficient to capture significant information in shadows. The bi-illuminant dichromatic reflection model explains numerous empirical findings in the literature and has implications for commonly used chromaticity spaces that claim to be illumination invariant but are not in many natural situations. One outcome of the model is the first 2-D chromaticity space for an RGB image that is robust to illumination change given dominant and ambient illuminants with different spectral power distributions.
Insulin-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and cell-free extracts derived from them incorporate 32P into ribosomal protein S6. (1980)

Differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes preincubated for 60 min with 32Pi incorporate 32P into ribosomal protein S6 within 5 min after exposure to 0.1-1.0 nM insulin. Undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells, which possess only 3-5% of the high-affinity cell surface insulin receptors present on the differentiated cells, are less sensitive to this stimulation. Under the same conditions used for insulin, epidermal growth factor, antibody to the insulin receptor, and a combination of isoproterenol and 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine also promote 32P incorporation into S6 in the differentiated cells although less effectively than insulin. Cell-free extracts derived from cells treated for 5-10 min with either physiological concentrations of insulin or epidermal growth factor (0.1 microgram/ml) reflect intact cells and catalyze the incorporation of 32P from exogenous [gamma-32P]ATP into ribosomal protein S6.