gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Defect structure of epitaxial GaN films determined by transmission electron microscopy and triple-axis X-ray diffractometry (1998)

Abstract Important structural characteristics (correlation lengths of columnar crystallites, dislocation densities, angles of rotational disorder) of hexagonal GaN grown by metallorganic chemical vapour deposition on c-plane sapphire are determined by transmission electron microscopy and triple-axis X-ray diffractometry. GaN films exhibit an edge dislocation density in the range of 1011 cm−2, a tilt and twist angle of 0.1° and 1.3° and a columnar structure with a lateral and vertical correlation length of 150 and 1000 nm respectively. The determination of correlation lengths and dislocation densites from X-ray patterns was undertaken using two independent evaluation methods which are discussed in detail. It is also shown that triple-axis X-ray diffractometry is a highly suitable technique for the separation of different kinds of structural defects such as edge and screw dislocations that lead to a characteristic broadening of symmetric and asymmetric Bragg reflections. The correlation lengths and dislocation densities are obtained additionally by electron transmission microscope investigations which are in good agreement with the X-ray diffraction results.
A directory of human germ‐line Vχ segments reveals a strong bias in their usage (1994)

From the genomic DNA of a single individual, we have amplified, cloned and sequenced 37 human germ-line V kappa segments. Four of these segments were new. We then compiled a comprehensive directory of all germ-line V kappa segments and identified 50 different sequences with open reading frames. Comparison with 236 rearranged sequences revealed that no more than 24 of these germ-line sequences could be assigned rearranged counterparts, that some of these were rarely used, and that only about 11 sequences are used frequently. This suggests that the expressed V kappa repertoire is mainly derived from a limited number of segments. Most surprisingly, the J kappa-distal region of the locus appears to be rarely used: we could unambiguously assign 162 rearranged sequences to V kappa segments of the J kappa-proximal region, but only 5 to segments of the J kappa-distal region.
Circulation Control Span-Wise Blowing Location Optimization for a Helicopter Rotor Blade (2010)

Circulation control technology has proven itself useful in the area of short take-off and landing (STOL) fixed wing aircraft by decreasing landing and takeoff distances, increasing maneuverability and lift at lower speeds. The application of circulation control technology to vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) rotorcraft could also prove quite beneficial. Successful adaptation to helicopter rotor blades is currently believed to yield benefits such as increased lift, increased payload capacity, increased maneuverability, reduction in rotor diameter and a reduction in noise. Above all, the addition of circulation control to rotorcraft as controlled by an on-board computer could provide the helicopter with pitch control as well as compensate for asymmetrical lift profiles from forward flight without need for a swashplate. There are an infinite number of blowing slot configurations, each with separate benefits and drawbacks. This study has identified three specific types of these configurations. The high lift configuration would be beneficial in instances where such power is needed for crew and cargo, little stress reduction is offered over the base line configuration. The stress reduction configuration on the other hand, however, offers little extra lift but much in the way of increased rotor lifespan and shorter rotor length. Finally, the middle balanced configuration offers a middle ground between the two extremes. With this configuration, the helicopter benefits in all categories of lift, stress reduction and blade length reduction.
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (1988)

This RFC describes a distance-vector-style routing protocol for
routing multicast datagrams through an internet. It is derived from
the Routing Information Protocol (RIP), and implements multicasting as
described in RFC-1054. This is an experimental protocol, and its
implementation is not recommended at this time.
Interleukin-11 inhibits macrophage interleukin-12 production (1997)

IL-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine produced by phagocytic and other cells with important physiologic and pathologic properties. Regulated IL-12 production is crucial for the generation of protective Th1 responses to infectious agents. In contrast, IL-12 excess contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. To further understand the processes regulating IL-12 production, we determined whether IL-11 regulated monocyte/macrophage production of this cytokine moiety. IL-11 did not alter the IL-12 (p70) production of unstimulated THP-1 monocytic cells or human blood monocytes. It did, however, inhibit, in a dose-dependent fashion, the IL-12 production of IFN-gamma plus Staphylococcus aureus Cowan strain 1-stimulated THP-1 cells and stimulated blood monocytes. This inhibition of IL-12 protein production was associated with a proportionate decrease in IL-12 p35 and p40 mRNA accumulation. Nuclear run-on assays revealed comparable decreases in IL-12 p35 and p40 gene transcription. IL-11 did not similarly regulate monocyte/macrophage production of IL-8 or macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha) and IL-6 did not similarly inhibit IL-12 elaboration. These studies demonstrate that IL-11 is a potent inhibitor of monocyte/macrophage IL-12 production and that this inhibitory effect is, at least in part, transcriptionally mediated. They also demonstrate that this inhibition is not the result of a generalized suppression of macrophage effector function and that the ability to inhibit monocyte/macrophage IL-12 production is not a generalized property of all IL-6-type cytokines.
A comparison of the anti‐inflammatory properties of intranasal corticosteroids and antihistamines in allergic rhinitis (2000)

Allergic rhinitis manifests itself clinically due to the local release of mediators from activated cells within the nasal mucosa. Treatment strategies aim either to reduce the effects of these mediators on the sensory neural and vascular end organs, or to reduce the tissue accumulation of the activated cells that generate them. Corticosteroids intervene at a number of steps in the inflammatory pathway, and, by reducing the release of cytokines and chemokines, inhibit cell recruitment and activation. These effects are evident both in vivo and in vitro. While antihistamines also have some anti-inflammatory effects in vitro, these require higher concentrations than with corticosteroids and are not consistently reproduced in vivo. In addition, although antihistamines and corticosteroids might appear to have complementary mechanisms of action, clinical trials suggest that their co-administration does not confer any additional long-term benefits compared with that achieved with corticosteroids alone. Topical corticosteroids are therefore the preferred anti-inflammatory therapy for persistent allergic rhinitis.
Architecture for a hardware-based, TCP/IP content-processing system (2004)

The transmission control protocol is the workhorse protocol of the Internet. Most of the data passing through the Internet transits the network using TCP layered atop the Internet protocol (IP). Monitoring, capturing, filtering, and blocking traffic on high-speed Internet links requires the ability to directly process TCP packets in hardware. High-speed network intrusion detection and prevention systems guard against several types of threats. As the gap between network bandwidth and computing power widens, improved microelectronic architectures are needed to monitor and filter network traffic without limiting throughput. To address these issues, we've designed a hardware-based TCP/IP content-processing system that supports content scanning and flow blocking for millions of flows at gigabit line rates. The TCP splitter2 technology was previously developed to monitor TCP data streams, sending a consistent byte stream of data to a client application for every TCP data flow passing through the circuit. The content-scanning engine can scan the payload of packets for a set of regular expressions. The new TCP-based content-scanning engine integrates and extends the capabilities of the TCP splitter and the old content-scanning engine. IP packets travel to the TCP processing engine from the lower-layer-protocol wrappers. Hash tables are used to index memory that stores each flow's state.
Protective effects of soluble CR1 in complement- and neutrophil-mediated tissue injury (1992)

Complement activation is an important step for triggering of acute inflammatory reactions. Soluble human recombinant complement receptor type 1 (sCR1) blocks complement activation by both classical and alternative pathways. In addition to glycogen-induced peritonitis, three models of complement-dependent acute inflammatory injury have been used to assess the protective effects of sCR1: lung and dermal injury after intraalveolar or intradermal deposition of IgG immune complexes; acute lung injury resulting from intravascular activation of complement after the i.v. injection of cobra venom factor; and acute skin and lung injury (at 4 h) after thermal trauma involving 25 to 30% total body surface area. Vascular injury was quantified by increases in vascular permeability, hemorrhage, neutrophil infiltration, and, as indicated, tissue water content. Intravenous infusion of sCR1 reduced lung and dermal vascular injury in all models studied. In glycogen-induced peritoneal exudates sCR1-reduced neutrophil accumulation by 79%. In animals undergoing IgG immune complex-induced alveolitis, sCR1 treatment reduced vascular permeability and hemorrhage by 72 and 71%, respectively, and tissue accumulation of neutrophils was reduced by 68%. After cobra venom factor injection, sCR1 reduced increases in lung vascular permeability by 67%, hemorrhage by 73%, and lung myeloperoxidase content by 55%. Four hours after thermal injury of skin, sCR1-treated animals demonstrated significant protection against lung injury; increases in vascular permeability and hemorrhage were reduced by 45 and 46%, respectively, and myeloperoxidase content was lowered by 39%. In thermal injury of the skin, sCR1 injection reduced dermal vascular permeability by 25% at 1 h (p = NS) and 44% at 4 h. Water content in skin biopsies was also decreased. There was a dose-response relationship between the amount of sCR1 infused and the extent of protection in each of the injury models. These data demonstrate that sCR1 offers significant protection against complement-dependent tissue injury in the animal models studied and that the protective effects are related to reduced neutrophil content.
Design considerations and human-machine performance of moving virtual fixtures (2009)

Haptic virtual fixtures have been shown to improve user performance and increase the safety of robot-assisted tasks, particularly for surgical applications. However, little research has studied virtual fixtures that provide moving force constraints based on motion of the environment, e.g., organ movement due to heartbeat or respiration. This work discusses design considerations of moving forbidden-region virtual fixtures and presents two methods of implementation: predicted-position and current-position virtual fixtures. Human subject experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of moving virtual fixtures when interacting with an object in motion using a teleoperator. Results show that moving virtual fixtures can help improve user precision and decrease the amount of force applied.
Cements for Long Term Isolation – Design Optimization by Computer Modelling and Prediction (2000)

Abstract Today, development of high early compressive strength (CS) is a key performance specification for oilwell cementing. Early strength is important to ensure structural support to the casing and hydraulic/mechanical isolation of downhole intervals. Delays in strength development cause significant amounts of lost time due to the need to Wait-On-Cement. Thus, drilling operations cannot proceed and the rig must sit idle until the cement is deemed hard enough to continue. The actual development of strength in cement systems is dependent on a number of factors. The type of cementitious material is important due in part to chemistry and in part to granulometry. Slurry density is considered critical – lower density has, traditionally, been associated with lower strength. Temperature is a key parameter and, to a lesser extent, the pressure. Less appreciated, is the influence of the many types of additives that are included in slurry formulations. Correct selection of cement and additives allows slurry tailoring to achieve "a strong cement" that will support mechanical stresses that happen during the well productive life. Since cement is the primary means of isolation, its integrity as a sealing material should be paramount. Under confining pressure, cement compressive strength is several times higher that the values obtained from an unconfined API test. In fact, the ultimate compressive strength of a wide variety of slurries is similar to that of the surrounding reservoir rock, regardless of initial slurry density. In the long term, more important than compressive strength is the ductility/compliance that set cement has to support down-hole stresses imposed by pressure and temperature oscillations during drilling, work-over and production operations. In the vast majority of well operations, cement failure occurs under tensile loading, not under compression. Poor appreciation of this has led to the routine use of higher density slurries for many applications. Such slurries may be not only unnecessary but also positively harmful, since they can produce more brittle cements that fail under downhole stresses. This paper describes a method of designing cement slurries using a simulator that models cement setting and strength development. Instead of obsolete rules of thumb, mechanical properties of set cement, formation and casing responses to cyclic stresses during the well life are used to optimise designs for early times and long term. Finally, a few case histories are presented, demonstrating the benefits of this new design methodology to produce cost effective cement slurries for one isolation.
Antibody Engineering Protocols (1995)

SEQHUNT: A Program to Screen Aligned Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences. Molecular Modeling of Antibody-Combining Sites. Structure and Properties of Human Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Dimers. Crystallographic and Chromatographic Methods for Study of Antibody Light Chains and Other Proteins. Detection of Human Variable Gene Family Expression at the Single-Cell Level. Purification of Reduced and Alkylated Antibody Subunits. Murine Monoclonal Antibody Development. Comparative Properties of Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies. Evaluation of Antibody Clonality. Affinity Immunoblotting. Epitope and Idiotope Mapping Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Anti-Idiotypic Antibodies That Mimic Opioids. Catalytic Antibodies: Structure and Possible Applications. Preparation and Assay of Acetylcholinesterase Antibody. DNA Hydrolysis by Antibodies. Screening Strategies for Catalytic Antitransition-State Analog Antibodies. Expression of Chimeric Immunoglobulin Genes in Mammalian Cells. Single-Chain Anti-DNA Fv. Molecular Cloning of Antiground-State Proteolytic Antibody Fragments. Cloning and Bacterial Expression of an Esterolytic sFv. Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Antibody-Variable Regions. Synthetic Antibody Gene Libraries for In Vitro Affinity Maturation. Chaperonins in Phage Display of Antibody Fragments. Phage-Display Libraries of Murine and Human Antibody Fab Fragments. Selection of Human Immunoglobulin Light Chains from a Phage-Display Library. Purification of Antibody Light Chains by Metal Affinity and Protein L Chromatography. Rapid Purification of Recombinant Antibody Fragments for Catalysis Screening. Assay of Radiolabeled VIP Binding and Hydrolysis by Antibodies. Methods of Measuring Thyroglobulin and Peptide-Methylcoumarinamide Hydrolysis by Autoantibodies. Radiolabeling of Antibodies for Therapy and Diagnosis. Index.
Directed assembly and reactivity of olefins within a one-dimensional ladder-like coordination polymer based on a dinuclear Zn(ii) platform (2005)

A ladder-like coordination polymer involving a dinuclear Zn Schiff-base complex possesses organic linkers that undergo [2 + 2] photodimerisation in the solid state.
Oral Cancer and Precancerous Lesions (2002)

In the United States, cancers of the oral cavity and oropharynx represent approximately three percent of all malignancies in men and two percent of all malignancies in women. The American Cancer Society estimates that 28,900 new cases of oral cancer will be diagnosed in 2002, and nearly 7,400 people will die from this disease. Over 90 percent of these tumors are squamous cell carcinomas, which arise from the oral mucosal lining. In spite of the ready accessibility of the oral cavity to direct examination, these malignancies still are often not detected until a late stage, and the survival rate for oral cancer has remained essentially unchanged over the past three decades. The purpose of this article is to review the clinical features of oral cancer and premalignant oral lesions, with an emphasis on early detection.
Army Ants as Research and Collection Tools (2008)

Ants that fall prey to the raids of army ants commonly respond by evacuating their nests. This documented behavior has been underexploited by researchers as an efficient research tool. This study focuses on the evacuation response of the southwestern desert ant Aphaenogaster cockerelli André (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) to the army ant Newamyrmex nigrescens Cresson. It is shown that army ants can be used to collect mature colonies of ants. The applicability of this tool to ecologically meaningful areas of research is discussed.
Expression of T-cell-activating protein in peripheral lymphocyte subsets. (1986)

T-cell-activating protein (TAP) is an allelic 12-kDa membrane protein that participates in T-cell activation. Soluble anti-TAP monoclonal antibodies can trigger antigen-specific, major histocompatibility complex-restricted T-cell hybridomas to produce interleukin 2 and are mitogenic for normal T cells and thymocytes. TAP is expressed on 10% of thymocytes, which are mainly cortisone-resistant and mature. In the periphery, TAP is expressed on 70% of resting T cells but not on resting B cells. In this report, we analyze in detail the nature of TAP expression on peripheral lymphocyte subsets by immunofluorescence techniques. We show that all inducer (L3T4+) T cells are TAP+. In contrast, only 50% of Lyt-2+ T cells express detectable TAP. Functional studies demonstrated that at least part of the heterogeneity of TAP expression is present in the Lyt-2+ cytolytic T-cell (CTL) subset. Unstimulated CTL precursors are TAP- but are induced to express TAP in the effector state. Furthermore, this reflects actual synthesis of TAP, as TAP is detectable on activated Lyt-2+ CTLs passaged in vitro under conditions where passive acquisition can be ruled out. To extend this observation, we have studied the expression of TAP on activated T and B cells. Upon activation, all T and B cells became TAP+. Furthermore, the TAP molecules on B and T cells are indistinguishable by NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This suggests that TAP expression defines further heterogeneity of lymphocytes, with activation being one parameter influencing its expression.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus by reverse transcriptase assay, antigen capture assay, and radioimmunoassay (1987)

The reverse transcriptase assay, antigen capture assay, and radioimmunoassay were compared for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in culture fluids of virus-infected lymphocytes. The reverse transcriptase assay and the antigen capture assay were compared for 962 samples, and the two tests displayed comparable sensitivities (98.5% agreement) in detecting HIV antigen. In addition, these two tests displayed similar sensitivities when examined for the kinetics of HIV appearance following in vitro infection of normal lymphocytes. We also found the antigen capture assay to be as sensitive as the radioimmunoassay in detecting HIV antigen in culture fluids. Furthermore, all three tests were found to be reasonably concordant when applied simultaneously to the detection of HIV antigen in cultures. The antigen capture assay, however, is relatively fast, can handle a large number of samples, does not require radioactive material, and is less expensive than the other two tests. Therefore, the antigen capture assay appears to be the method of choice for the detection of HIV in routine virus culturing.
Tunnel Magnetoresistance Effect in CoFeB/MgO/Co$_2$FeSi and Co$_2$MnSi Tunnel Junctions (2006)

We have fabricated MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) with the CoFeB bottom electrode and top electrodes of poly crystalline Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FeSi and Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi Heusler alloys. We have measured temperature dependence of the TMR ratio and TMR-V characteristics at 6 K. We have achieved a high TMR ratio of 90% at RT for the MTJ with Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FeSi electrode after annealing at 325degC. The MTJ with Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi electrode showed a significant annealing temperature dependence of the TMR ratio. The increase of TMR ratio by annealing is due to the crystallization of the Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi Heusler layer. Furthermore, the strong temperature dependence of TMR ratio and the anomalous TMR-V characteristics have been observed in the MTJ with Co <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> MnSi
ChemInform Abstract: The Copper‐Carbon Dioxide System, a New Mild and Selective Catalyst for the Methoxylation of Non‐Activated Aromatic Bromides. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Recombinant human erythropoietin for a Jehovah's witness with anemia of thermal injury (1991)

We report the use of recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-Ep) as an alternative to transfusion therapy in a burn victim who was a Jehovah's Witness and refused blood transfusion. Despite endogenous elevated erythropoietin levels, the patient was reticulocytopenic and administration of rh-Ep was accompanied by a 10-fold increase in reticulocyte response and a rise in hemoglobin from 7.4 to 10.4 g/dl over a 12-day period. We suggest that the exogenously administered erythropoietin overcame a clinically inadequate endogenous erythropoietin response.