gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance pen + touch modality interactions (2012)

We used the situated context of real-time strategy (RTS) games to address the design and evaluation of new pen + touch interaction techniques. RTS play is a popular genre of Electronic Sports (eSports), games played and spectated at an extremely high level. Interaction techniques are critical for eSports players, because they so directly impact performance.
Order-Chaos-Order Transitions in Electrosprays: The Electrified Dripping Faucet (2006)

Electrosprays have diverse applications including protein analysis, electrospinning, and nanoencapsulation for drug delivery. We show that a variety of electrospray regimes exhibit fundamental analogy with the nonlinear dynamics of a dripping faucet. The applied voltage in electrosprays results in additional period doublings and temporal order-chaos-order transitions. Attractors in the return maps show logarithmic self-similarity in time, suggesting self-similar capillary waves on the meniscus. The bifurcations in ejection time can be explained by phase variations between capillary waves and pinch-off conditions and by ejection mode changes due to contact angle variations.
Inhibition of gastric emptying by sodium oleate depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient (1990)

Previously, we reported that inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose or acids depends on the length of gut exposed to the inhibitor [Gastroenterology 95: A877, 1988; Am. J. Physiol. 256 (Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 19): G404-G411, 1989]. In this study, we hypothesized that feedback control by fat may be similarly regulated. In dogs with chronic intestinal fistulas, we compared the intensity of intestinal feedback when different lengths of the small intestine were exposed to meals of 3, 9, or 27 mM sodium oleate. We found that 1) inhibition of liquid emptying was dose dependent, 2) intensity of negative feedback was dependent on both the concentration of the oleate and the length of gut exposed to fat, 3) full inhibitory effect was achieved with exposure of fat to 150 cm of gut, 4) inhibition from the distal one-half of gut was less potent than that generated from the proximal one-half of gut, and 5) on a molar basis oleate was 20 times as effective as glucose at inhibition of gastric emptying and that this difference was related to the slower rate of fat absorption.
Network Properties of Robust Immunity in Plants (2009)

Two modes of plant immunity against biotrophic pathogens, Effector Triggered Immunity (ETI) and Pattern-Triggered Immunity (PTI), are triggered by recognition of pathogen effectors and Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs), respectively. Although the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET) and salicylic acid (SA) signaling sectors are generally antagonistic and important for immunity against necrotrophic and biotrophic pathogens, respectively, their precise roles and interactions in ETI and PTI have not been clear. We constructed an Arabidopsis dde2/ein2/pad4/sid2-quadruple mutant. DDE2, EIN2, and SID2 are essential components of the JA, ET, and SA sectors, respectively. The pad4 mutation affects the SA sector and a poorly characterized sector. Although the ETI triggered by the bacterial effector AvrRpt2 (AvrRpt2-ETI) and the PTI triggered by the bacterial MAMP flg22 (flg22-PTI) were largely intact in plants with mutations in any one of these genes, they were mostly abolished in the quadruple mutant. For the purposes of this study, AvrRpt2-ETI and flg22-PTI were measured as relative growth of Pseudomonas syringae bacteria within leaves. Immunity to the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola was also severely compromised in the quadruple mutant. Quantitative measurements of the immunity levels in all combinatorial mutants and wild type allowed us to estimate the effects of the wild-type genes and their interactions on the immunity by fitting a mixed general linear model. This signaling allocation analysis showed that, contrary to current ideas, each of the JA, ET, and SA signaling sectors can positively contribute to immunity against both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens. The analysis also revealed that while flg22-PTI and AvrRpt2-ETI use a highly overlapping signaling network, the way they use the common network is very different: synergistic relationships among the signaling sectors are evident in PTI, which may amplify the signal; compensatory relationships among the sectors dominate in ETI, explaining the robustness of ETI against genetic and pathogenic perturbations.
Humoral and Cellular Immune Response to RNA Immunization with Flavivirus Replicons Derived from Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (2005)

A new vaccination principle against flaviviruses, based on a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) self-replicating noninfectious RNA vaccine that produces subviral particles, has recently been introduced (R. M. Kofler, J. H. Aberle, S. W. Aberle, S. L. Allison, F. X. Heinz, and C. W. Mandl, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 7:1951-1956, 2004). In this study, we evaluated the potential of the self-replicating RNA vaccine in mice in comparison to those of live, attenuated vaccines and a formalin-inactivated whole-virus vaccine (ImmunInject). For this purpose, mice were immunized using gene gun-mediated application of the RNA vaccine and tested for CD8+ T-cell responses, long-term duration, neutralizing capacity, and isotype profile of specific antibodies and protection against lethal virus challenge. We demonstrate that the self-replicating RNA vaccine induced a broad-based, humoral and cellular (Th1 and CD8+ T-cell response) immune response comparable to that induced by live vaccines and that it protected mice from challenge. Even a single immunization with 1 microg of the replicon induced a long-lasting antibody response, characterized by high neutralizing antibody titers, which were sustained for at least 1 year. Nevertheless, it was possible to boost this response further by a second injection with the RNA vaccine, even in the presence of a concomitant CD8+ T-cell response. In this way it was possible to induce a balanced humoral and cellular immune response, similar to infection-induced immunity but without the safety hazards of infectious agents. The results also demonstrate the value of TBEV replicon RNA for inducing protective long-lasting antiviral responses.
Coagulation and Chromogenic Assays of Factor VIII Activity: General Aspects, Standardization, and Recommendations (2002)

Factor VIII (FVIII) is assayed by one-stage and two-stage clotting methods and by chromogenic methods, although the chromogenic method has largely replaced the two-stage clotting assay. Clinical plasma samples are assayed mostly by one-stage assays, but most manufacturers of concentrates use the chromogenic method, which is more precise and is the reference method of the European Pharmacopoeia and the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH). For most plasma-derived concentrates, assays against the World Health Organization (WHO) concentrate standard give similar results with the one-stage and chromogenic methods, but for products produced by the "method M" monoclonal antibody process, the one-stage potency is 25 to 30% higher than the chromogenic potency. For full-length recombinant products assayed against a plasma-derived concentrate standard, one-stage potencies are about 10% lower than chromogenic potencies, but for the B-domain deleted recombinant product ReFacto, the discrepancy is larger-from 20 to 50%. These discrepancies emphasize the need for an international methodology for labeling of concentrates. In ex vivo assays of hemophilic plasmas after infusion of concentrates, large discrepancies are found among laboratories and with different assay methods when a plasma standard is used. In most studies, the chromogenic potencies are higher than the one-stage potencies, and the discrepancy is highest for recombinant products. This discrepancy can be largely eliminated by the use of concentrate standards, diluted in FVIII-deficient plasma, to assay postinfusion plasma samples.
Progesterone Stimulates Mammary Gland Ductal Morphogenesis by Synergizing with and Enhancing Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Action (2004)

Progestins have been implicated in breast cancer development, yet a role for progesterone (Pg) in ductal morphogenesis (DM) has not been established. To determine whether Pg could cause DM, we compared relative effects of Pg, estradiol (E2) and IGF-I on anatomical and molecular biological parameters of IGF-I-related DM in oophorectomized female IGF-I(-/-) mice. Pg had little independent effect on mammary development, but together with IGF-I, in the absence of E2, Pg stimulated an extensive network of branching ducts, occupying 92% of the gland vs. 28.3% with IGF-I alone, resembling pubertal development (P < 0.002). Its major effect was on enhancing duct length and branching (P < 0.002). Additionally, Pg enhanced phosphorylation of IRS-1, increased cell division, and increased the antiapoptotic effect of IGF-I. Pg action was inhibited by RU486 (P < 0.01). E2 also stimulated DM by enhancing IGF-I action but had a greater effect on terminal end bud formation and side branching (P < 0.002). In contrast to previous findings, long-term exposure to E2 alone, without IGF-I, caused formation of ducts and side branches, a novel finding. Both IGF-I and E2 were found necessary for Pg-induced alveolar development. In conclusion, Pg, through Pg receptor can enhance IGF-I action in DM, and E2 acts through a similar mechanism; E2 alone caused formation of ducts and side branches; there were differences in the actions of Pg and E2, the former largely affecting duct formation and extension, and the latter side branching; and both IGF-I and E2 were necessary for Pg to form mature alveoli.
Design And Implementation Of Bit Transition Counter (2018)

In today’s VLSI system design, power consumption is gaining more attention as compared to performance and area. This is due to battery life in portable devices and operating frequency of the design. Power consumption mainly consists of static power, dynamic power, leakage power and short circuit power. Dynamic power is dominant among all which depends on many factors viz. power supply, load capacitance and frequency. Switching activity also affects dynamic power consumption of bus which is determined by calculating the number of bit transitions on bus. The purpose of this paper is to design a bit transition counter which can be used to calculate the<br> switching activity of the circuit nodes. The novel feature is that it can be inserted at any node of the circuit, thus helpful for calculating power consumption of bus.
Targeting of the rasT24 oncogene to the proximal convoluted tubules in transgenic mice results in hyperplasia and polycystic kidneys. (1993)

Five families of transgenic mice were derived from one-cell-stage embryos injected with gamma GT-rasT24, a fusion gene consisting of the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma GT) 5' flanking region containing promoter I linked to a mutated (codon 12) human H-ras oncogene. The transgene was expressed selectively in the kidneys, eyes, and brains of all families as determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, nuclease protection assays, and in situ hybridization. In two of five families, kidney lesions consisting of proximal tubular hyperplasia, renal cysts, and microadenomas developed in male animals; males also expressed higher levels of gamma GT/rasT24 RNA. Early lesions consisted of proximal tubular hyperplasia as defined by alkaline phosphatase histochemistry, gamma GT immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy and could be correlated with the presence of rasT24 RNA within the cystic proximal tubular epithelium by in situ hybridization. Advanced lesions also involved other segments of the nephron and consisted of cysts lined by a flattened unicellular layer of attenuated epithelium. No rasT24 could be identified within cystic lesions of the distal nephron and collecting tubules by in situ hybridization, and they most likely arise by external compression. Animals from the two transgenic strains exhibiting cystic lesions die of renal failure beginning at 8 months of age. No difference in cell-cycle parameters or DNA ploidy between transgenic and control kidneys was identified by flow cytometric analysis. No renal carcinomas developed. The primary renal effects of the H-rasT24 oncogene in this model system consist of proximal tubular hyperplasia and polycystic kidneys. This model appears to provide a useful in vivo system for the study of ras oncogene function and control of renal cell proliferation.
Regulation of the Shiga-like toxin II operon in Escherichia coli (1996)

Investigations of the regulation of the bacteriophage-encoded Shiga-like toxin II (SLT-II) in Escherichia coli demonstrated that bacteriophages exhibit a regulatory impact on toxin production by two mechanisms. Firstly, replication of the toxin-converting bacteriophages brings about an increase in toxin production due to concomitant multiplication of toxin gene copies. Secondly, an influence of a phage-encoded regulatory molecule was demonstrated by using low-copy-number plasmid pADR-28, carrying a translational gene fusion between the promoter and proximal portion of slt-IIA and the structural gene for bacterial alkaline phosphatase (phoA). PhoA activity, reflecting the slt-II promoter activity, was significantly enhanced in E. coli strains which and been lysogenized with an SLT-I or SLT-II-converting bacteriophage (H-19B or 933W, respectively) or bacteriophage lambda. Both mechanisms are dependent on bacteriophage induction and hence are recA dependent. Moreover, the study revealed that the DNA-binding protein H-NS has a regulatory impact on both bacteriophage-mediated SLT-II synthesis and the activity of the slt-II promoter of plasmid pADR-28. While a slight impact of growth temperature on SLT-II expression was observed, no impact of either osmolarity, pH, oxygen tension, acetates, iron level, or utilized carbon source could be demonstrated.
Treatment of uveitis with recombinant human interleukin-13 (1998)

Administration of IL-13 appears to be a promising modality of treatment for severe uveitis.
Chronic post-thoracotomy pain syndrome (2007)

What's your call? ![Figure][1]</img> Three-dimensional reconstruction of a chest computed tomography scan of a 60-year-old woman with acute and chronic chest pain localized to the region of a 10-year-old thoracotomy scar. The 3-dimensional reconstruction of the computed tomography scan was
Acid-activated insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 proteolysis in normal and transformed cells. Role of cathepsin D. (1994)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IG-FBP-3) is an important member of a family of proteins which binds IGF peptides and modulates their biological actions. In this study, we describe an acid-activated IGFBP-3 protease in media derived from a variety of human cell lines. Radiolabeled IGFBP-3 remained intact during incubation (pH 5.5-8) in media conditioned by normal and transformed human fibroblasts, MG-63 osteoblastic cells, and breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and Hs578T. However, acidification of the conditioned medium samples (pH < 5.5) resulted in 125I-IGFBP-3 hydrolysis and the appearance of specific radiolabeled fragments. No proteolysis of 125I-IGFBP-3 occurred during incubation in unconditioned medium at neutral or acid pH. Estrogen treatment of estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells enhanced acid-activatable IGFBP-3 proteolysis in the cell-conditioned medium but had no effect on proteolytic activity in estrogen receptor-negative Hs578T cells. The cell-derived IGFBP-3 protease was identified as the aspartic proteinase cathepsin D, based on acidic pH optimum, inhibition by pepstatin, distinctive proteolytic fragment pattern, and immunoreactivity with cathepsin D antisera. Furthermore, immuno-depletion of cathepsin D effectively attenuated acid-activated IGFBP-3 proteolysis. These data suggest a role for cathepsin D in the regulation of cellular IGF action by virtue of its potential to alter the structure/function of IGFBP-3.
Pulsed dye laser with grating and etalon in a symmetric arrangement (1980)

Further improvements have been made to the grazing-incidence pulsed dye laser. Criteria have been established for inserting the intracavity etalon and for selecting the optimal blazed grating and its orders at grazing incidence. A new design is presented in which the grating and the etalon are arranged symmetrically. Single-mode operation and an output linewidth of the order of a few hundred megahertz (below 0.006 A) have been obtained.
EAD: Elastic-Net Attacks to Deep Neural Networks via Adversarial Examples (2017)

Recent studies have highlighted the vulnerability of deep neural networks (DNNs) to adversarial examples - a visually indistinguishable adversarial image can easily be crafted to cause a well-trained model to misclassify. Existing methods for crafting adversarial examples are based on $L_2$ and $L_\infty$ distortion metrics. However, despite the fact that $L_1$ distortion accounts for the total variation and encourages sparsity in the perturbation, little has been developed for crafting $L_1$-based adversarial examples. In this paper, we formulate the process of attacking DNNs via adversarial examples as an elastic-net regularized optimization problem. Our elastic-net attacks to DNNs (EAD) feature $L_1$-oriented adversarial examples and include the state-of-the-art $L_2$ attack as a special case. Experimental results on MNIST, CIFAR10 and ImageNet show that EAD can yield a distinct set of adversarial examples with small $L_1$ distortion and attains similar attack performance to the state-of-the-art methods in different attack scenarios. More importantly, EAD leads to improved attack transferability and complements adversarial training for DNNs, suggesting novel insights on leveraging $L_1$ distortion in adversarial machine learning and security implications of DNNs.
Facilitated brain uptake of 4-chlorokynurenine and conversion to 7-chlorokynurenic acid (1996)

7-Chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA) and 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (5,7-Cl2-KYNA) are of therapeutic interest as potent glycine/N-methyl-D-aspartate NMDA) receptor antagonists, but are excluded from brain by the blood-brain barrier. We examined whether these compounds could be delivered to brain through their respective precursors, L-4-chlorokynurenine (4-Cl-KYN) and L-4,6-dichlorokynurenine (4,6-Cl2-KYN), which are amino acids. 4-Cl-KYN was shown to be rapidly shuttled into the brain by the large neutral amino acid transporter of the blood-brain barrier (K(m) = 105 +/- 14 microM, Vmax = 16.9 +/- 2.3 nmol min-1 g-1) and to be converted intracerebrally to 7-Cl-KYNA. 4,6-Cl2-KYN also expressed affinity for the transporter, but four-fold less than that of 4-Cl-KYN. In summary, the results show that because of their facilitated uptake 4-Cl-KYN and 4,6-Cl2KYN might be useful prodrugs for brain delivery of glycine-NMDA receptor antagonists.
The effect of the polar solvents on the synthesis of poly(urethane-urea-siloxane)s (2012)

Segmented poly(urethane-urea-siloxanes) (PUUS) based on 4,4?- methylene diphenyl diisocyanate-ethylene diamine (MDI-ED) hard segments and hidroxypropyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS, M n =1000 g mol-1) soft segments were prepared under various experimental conditions. The copolymers with constant molar ratio of hard and soft segments (PDMS:MDI:ED = 1:2:1; 20 wt. % of the hard segments) were synthesized in two different solvent mixtures, by two-step polyaddition procedure. The first one was THF/DMAc with different co-solvent ratio (1/1, 1/2 and 1/9, v/v), whereas the second one was THF/NMP (1/9, v/v). The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the co-solvents ratio, the concentration of the catalyst, the initial monomer concentration, as well as the time of the first and the second step of reaction. The effect of the experimental conditions on the size of PUUS was investigated by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and viscometry of the dilute solutions [?]. The copolymers with the highest molecular weights were obtained in the THF/NMP mixture (1/9, v/v). The structure and composition of the copolymers were determined by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The morphology of the synthesized copolymers was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM), while the thermal properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The surface properties were evaluated by measuring the water contact angle (WCA). The copolymers showed phase separated microstructure and were stable up to 200?C in nitrogen.
Insight of Genus Corynebacterium: Ascertaining the Role of Pathogenic and Non-pathogenic Species (2017)

This review gathers recent information about genomic and transcriptomic studies in the <i>Corynebacterium</i> genus, exploring, for example, prediction of pathogenicity islands and stress response in different pathogenic and non-pathogenic species. In addition, is described several phylogeny studies to <i>Corynebacterium</i>, exploring since the identification of species until biological speciation in one species belonging to the genus <i>Corynebacterium</i>. Important concepts associated with virulence highlighting the role of Pld protein and Tox gene. The adhesion, characteristic of virulence factor, was described using the sortase mechanism that is associated to anchorage to the cell wall. In addition, survival inside the host cell and some diseases, were too addressed for pathogenic corynebacteria, while important biochemical pathways and biotechnological applications retain the focus of this review for non-pathogenic corynebacteria. Concluding, this review broadly explores characteristics in genus <i>Corynebacterium</i> showing to have strong relevance inside the medical, veterinary, and biotechnology field.
pRb is necessary for inhibition of N-myc expression by TGF-β1 in embryonic lung organ cultures (1995)

The beta type transforming growth factors (TGF-beta) are potent inhibitors of epithelial cell proliferation, and data suggest that growth inhibition by TGF-beta 1 is mediated through suppression of Myc family genes in certain cell types. Indirect evidence has indicated that the product of the retinoblastoma gene (pRb) may also be involved in this pathway. Previously, we have shown that TGF-beta 1 inhibits branching morphogenesis and N-myc expression in mouse embryonic lung cultures. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of pRb in the inhibition of branching morphogenesis and N-myc expression by TGF-beta 1. Treatment with TGF-beta 1 was shown to inhibit development of lungs from homozygous Rb null (Rb-/-) and heterozygous null (Rb+/-) mouse embryos to the same extent as lungs from wild-type (Rb+/+) embryos. However, TGF-beta 1 treatment did not suppress N-myc expression in Rb-/- as it did in Rb+/+ embryonic lung explants as determined by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT-PCR. The effect of TGF-beta 1 treatment on N-myc expression in lungs from Rb+/- embryos was intermediate between that seen in Rb+/+ and Rb-/- embryos. Embryonic lungs derived from transgenic mice expressing the SV40 large T-antigen in lung epithelium under the control of the surfactant protein C promoter also showed inhibition of development in response to TGF-beta 1 treatment. The data demonstrate that pRb is necessary for TGF-beta 1 suppression of N-myc expression but not for TGF-beta 1 inhibition of branching morphogenesis; therefore, suppression of N-myc is not necessary for inhibition of branching morphogenesis by TGF-beta 1.