gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Encoding Information in Clustered-Dot Halftones (2010)

While barcodes are a popular means for encoding information for printed matter, they add unsightly overt content. If an image is already part of the composition of a printed label or page, hiding information in that image is an attractive alternative to barcodes. This paper offers a new method for encoding information in the halftone of an image. We focus on the class of techniques that perform clustered-dot halftoning, as commonly used in both dry toner and liquid toner electrophotographic processes. The method takes as input any grayscale image and a payload of data to be encoded and produces a bitonal clustereddot halftone of that image with selected halftone clusters shifted to carry varying numbers of bits from the payload. The resulting data-bearing steganographic halftone is referred to as a &#x201C;Stegatone&#x201D;. Because of the small size and large number of clustered-dot cells in printed halftones the bit density is quite high &#x2013; over 2000 bytes/square-inch. Scans of test printed stegatones from a number of printers support the robustness of the method with high recovery rates.
Simultaneous Detection of Nine Grapevine Viruses by Multiplex Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction with Coamplification of a Plant RNA as Internal Control (2006)

ABSTRACT A multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was developed for simultaneous detection of nine grapevine viruses: Arabis mosaic virus, Grapevine fanleaf virus, Grapevine virus A, Grapevine virus B, Rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, Grapevine fleck virus, Grapevine leafroll-associated virus-1, -2, and -3, in combination with a plant RNA internal control used as an indicator of the effectiveness of RNA extraction and RT-PCR. Primers were designed from conserved regions of each virus and their specificity was confirmed by sequencing PCR products. Two plant total RNA extraction methods (silica capture and modified RNeasy method) and two RT-PCR systems (onestep and two-step) were evaluated to develop a reliable protocol for mRT-PCR. One to nine fragments specific for the viruses were simultaneously amplified from infected samples and identified by their specific molecular sizes in agarose gel electrophoresis. In the two-step mRT-PCR, the detection limits were 10(-3) or 10(-4) extract dilutions, depending on the virus. Leaves, phloem from dormant cuttings, and in vitro plantlets from 103 naturally infected and healthy grapevines were analyzed. The mRT-PCR provided a reliable and rapid method for detecting grapevine viruses from a large number of samples.
Delay of muscle degeneration and necrosis in mdx mice by calpain inhibition (2000)

Inhibition of muscle degeneration by the tripeptide calpain inhibitor, leupeptin, was tested in vivo in a dystrophin-deficient mdx murine model. In a short-term control study, intramuscular administration of leupeptin for 30 days inhibited muscle degeneration as assessed by histologic analysis. Calpain inhibition could be correlated with retention of myofiber size and our results suggest that this may be a promising treatment modality in human Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Low resistivity body-centered cubic tantalum thin films as diffusion barriers between copper and silicon (1992)

Both bcc and β-Ta thin films (50 nm) have been deposited onto (100) Si by dc magnetron sputtering at pressures between 4 and 7×10−2 Pa. Ta nucleates in the bcc structure when the substrate is at ground potential. However, when a negative bias voltage is applied, a mixture of bcc and β phases is formed. Below −100 V bias, only the β structure is observed. We conclude that ion bombardment during the deposition process plays an important role in the growth of the Ta films. We also compare the effectiveness of thin bcc and β-Ta layers as diffusion barriers to copper penetration into Si. Ta films (bcc and β) were sputtered onto Si wafers (100) and overcoated with 150 nm of copper. Diffusion and reaction were monitored as function of temperature and time (up to 60 min) by four point resistance measurements and by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. It has been observed that bcc Ta films exhibited no copper–silicon interdiffusion up to 650 °C, indicating that this Ta structure is a potential candidate for use as diffusion barrier. We also point out the dramatic effect of the microstructure of the Ta barrier on the breakdown temperature.
A comparison of pilot-aided channel estimation methods for OFDM systems (2001)

This paper deals with the estimation of the channel impulse response (CIR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) systems. In particular, we focus on two pilot-aided schemes: the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) and the Bayesian minimum mean square error estimator (MMSEE). The advantage of the former is that it is simpler to implement as it needs no information on the channel statistics. On the other hand, the MMSEE is expected to have better performance as it exploits prior information about the channel. Theoretical analysis and computer simulations are used in the comparisons. At SNR values of practical interest, the two schemes are found to exhibit nearly equal performance, provided that the number of pilot tones is sufficiently greater than the CIRs length. Otherwise, the MMSEE is superior. In any case, the MMSEE is more complex to implement.
Struktur der aktiven Spezies und Erklärung des Wanderungsmechanismus bei der 2,ω‐polymerisation von α‐olefinen (1995)

Abstract The catalytic system nickel(0) compound and bis(trimethylsilyl)amino‐bis(trimethylsilylimino)‐phosphoran polymerizes α‐olefins via 2,ω‐linkage. Therefore this reaction is called 2,ω‐polymerization. Using tris(ethylene)nickel as the nickel compound in these systems, it is possible to obtain catalytically active species. The X‐ray analysis of these crystals proves that the nickel atom is complexed by one of the imino nitrogen atoms and fixed over a C2 bridge at the phosphorus atom. The unusual 5‐membered ring for complexes of this type gives a view into the mechanism of the 2, ω‐polymerization. The phosphorus ligand shields the nickel atom at which the insertion takes place so effectively that the nickel is practically sitting in a “cave” with a very small entrance. Inside the cave NiC reacts to NiH and CC and also in reverse: this means the enthalpy change is zero and it is a question of statistics (entropy) which C atoms of the double bond will be attacked. Varying the phosphorus compound demonstrates the high sensitivity of the catalytic system with respect to this compound. Substituting the trimethylsilyl groups at the imino nitrogen atoms by the more voluminous dimethyl‐ tert ‐butyl groups, we obtained an absolutely inactive system. In contrast, nickel(II)‐bis(acetylacetonate) can be used in combination with the phosphoran and aluminium triethyl as cocatalyst to obtain a catalytically active system for the 2,ω‐polymerization. The structure of this complex was identified by X‐ray analysis. Because of the higher volume of the ligand, this system is unable to polymerize branched α‐olefins; only linear α‐olefins will be polymerized via 2, ω‐linkage.
Polariton lasing vs. photon lasing in a semiconductor microcavity (2003)

Nearly one decade after the first observation of Bose-Einstein condensation in atom vapors and realization of matter-wave (atom) lasers, similar concepts have been demonstrated recently for polaritons: half-matter, half-light quasiparticles in semiconductor microcavities. The half-light nature of polaritons makes polariton lasers promising as a new source of coherent and nonclassical light with extremely low threshold energy. The half-matter nature makes polariton lasers a unique test bed for many-body theories and cavity quantum electrodynamics. In this article, we present a series of experimental studies of a polariton laser, exploring its properties as a relatively dense degenerate Bose gas and comparing it to a photon laser achieved in the same structure. The polaritons have an effective mass that is twice the cavity photon effective mass, yet seven orders of magnitude less than the hydrogen atom mass; hence, they can potentially condense at temperatures seven orders of magnitude higher than those required for atom Bose-Einstein condensations. Accompanying the phase transition, a polariton laser emits coherent light but at a threshold carrier density two orders of magnitude lower than that needed for a normal photon laser in a same structure. It also is shown that, beyond threshold, the polariton population splits to a thermal equilibrium Bose-Einstein distribution at in-plane wave number k parallel > 0 and a nonequilibrium condensate at k parallel approximately 0, with a chemical potential approaching to zero. The spatial distributions and polarization characteristics of polaritons also are discussed as unique signatures of a polariton laser.
Beneficial effects of concurrent autologous bone marrow cell therapy and metabolic intervention in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in the mouse hindlimb (2005)

Lower-limb ischemia is a major health problem. Because of the absence of effective treatment in the advanced stages of the disease, amputation is undertaken to alleviate unbearable symptoms. Novel therapeutic approaches include the intramuscular use of autologous bone marrow cells (BMCs). Because tissue ischemia is associated with an overwhelming generation of oxygen radicals and negative effects due to perturbed shear-stress, metabolic intervention with antioxidants and l -arginine could potentially induce beneficial effects beyond those achieved by BMCs. The protective effect of autologous BMCs and vascular protection by metabolic cotreatment (1.0% vitamin E added to the chow and 0.05% vitamin C and 6% l -arginine added to the drinking water) were examined in ischemia-induced angiogenesis in the mouse hindlimb, a model of extensive acute peripheral arterial occlusion. i.v. BMC therapy improved blood flow and increased capillary densities and expression of Ki-67, a proliferation-associated protein. This beneficial effect was amplified by metabolic cotreatment, an intervention inducing vascular protection, at least in part, through the nitric oxide pathway, reduction of systemic oxidative stress, and macrophage activation. Therefore, although a cautious approach is mandatory when experimental findings are extended to human diseases, autologous BMCs together with metabolic intervention could be an effective clinical treatment for peripheral arterial disease.
90% coupling of top surface emitting GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well laser output into 8 µm diameter core silica fibre (1990)

Top surface emitting GaAs/AIGaAs quantum well lasers were fabricated to exhibit stable single longitudinal and two-dimensional Gaussian-like transverse mode emission characteristics under room temperature continuous wave operation with threshold currents of less than 3 mA. Efficient coupling of laser outputs to 8 µm diameter core silica fibres was achieved through butt-coupling with coupling coefficients of 90% and 50% for fibres with etched lens-like end and flat cleaved end, respectively.
Outcomes of patients undergoing transplantation with older donor hearts. (1996)

This initial review of heart transplantation with older donor hearts, including bypassed hearts, demonstrates similar early and late survival outcomes as compared with those of a contemporaneous younger donor group. Significantly, there appears to be no difference in the development of transplant-associated coronary artery disease during the follow-up period. The older donor represents a potential immediate increase in the number of suitable hearts for transplantation. Bypassed donor hearts represent a small but potentially significant subgroup that may be safely and effectively used when appropriately matched to the recipient by age and medical condition. Greater experience, particularly with this bypassed group, will help determine optimal donor-to-recipient matching for the future.
Quantification of Cell Proliferation and Alpha-Toxin Gene Expression ofClostridium perfringensin the Development of Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens (2007)

Cell proliferation and alpha-toxin gene expression of Clostridium perfringens in relation to the development of necrotic enteritis (NE) were investigated. Unlike bacitracin-treated chickens, non-bacitracin-treated birds exhibited typical NE symptoms and reduced growth performance. They also demonstrated increased C. perfringens proliferation and alpha-toxin gene expression that were positively correlated and progressed according to the regression model y = b(0) + b(1)X - b(2)X(2). The average C. perfringens count of 5 log(10) CFU/g in the ileal digesta appears to be a threshold for developing NE with a lesion score of 2.
Neural crest cell formation and migration in the developing embryo (1994)

Neural crest cells arise from the neural tube shortly after its closure and migrate extensively through prescribed regions of the embryos, where they differentiate into most of the peripheral nervous system as well as the facial skeleton and pigment cells. Along the embryonic axis, several distinct neural crest populations differ both in their migratory pathways and range of derivatives. Whereas those cells arising from the midbrain migrate as a uniform sheet of cells, neural crest cells emerging from the hindbrain and trunk regions migrate in a segmented manner. For example, trunk neural crest cells move preferentially through the rostral, but not caudal, half of each somite. Interactions with tissues encountered during migration strongly influence this segmental migratory pattern. For example, the mesodermal somites dictate the segmental migration of trunk neural crest cells and the otic placode appears to attract hindbrain neural crest cells. Although little is known about the molecular basis underlying migration, patterns of gene expression in the hindbrain are thought to contribute to the segmental arrangement of neural crest cells. Furthermore, neural crest cells possess integrin receptors that may be important for interacting with extracellular matrix molecules in their surroundings.
Geodesic saliency of watershed contours and hierarchical segmentation (1996)

The watershed is one of the latest segmentation tools developed in mathematical morphology. In order to prevent its oversegmentation, the notion of dynamics of a minimum, based on geodesic reconstruction, has been proposed. In this paper, we extend the notion of dynamics to the contour arcs. This notion acts as a measure of the saliency of the contour. Contrary to the dynamics of minima, our concept reflects the extension and shape of the corresponding object in the image. This representation is also much more natural, because it is expressed in terms of partitions of the plane, i.e., segmentations. A hierarchical segmentation process is then derived, which gives a compact description of the image, containing all the segmentations one can obtain by the notion of dynamics, by means of a simple thresholding. Finally, efficient algorithms for computing the geodesic reconstruction as well as the dynamics of contours are presented.
Expression and recovery of biologically active recombinant Apolipoprotein AIMilano from transgenic safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) seeds (2010)

Apolipoprotein AI Milano (ApoAI(Milano) ) was expressed as a fusion protein in transgenic safflower seeds. High levels of expression corresponding to 7 g of ApoAI(Milano) per kilogram of seed have been identified in a line selected for commercialization. The ApoAI(Milano) fusion protein was extracted from seed using an oilbody-based process and matured in vitro prior to final purification. This yielded a Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) product which was confirmed by biochemical characterization including immunoreactivity against ApoAI antibodies, isoelectric point, N-terminal sequencing and electrospray mass spectrometry. Purified Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) readily associated with dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine in clearance assays comparable to Human ApoAI. Its biological activity was assessed by cholesterol efflux assays using Des-1,2-ApoAI(Milano) :1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine complexes in vitro and in vivo. This study has established that high levels of biologically functional ApoAI(Milano) can be produced using a plant-based expression system.
Partial sciatic nerve transection as a model of neuropathic pain: a qualitative and quantitative neuropathological study (2000)

One of the most commonly used experimental animal models for neuropathic pain is the chronic constriction injury (CCI) where four loose ligatures are tied around the sciatic nerve. One disadvantage of this model is the introduction of foreign material into the wound, which causes a local inflammatory reaction. Thus the distinction between the neuropathic and the inflammatory component of pain is difficult in this model. In order to produce a pure nerve lesion, we performed a partial sciatic nerve transection (PST; a modification of the Seltzer model) in female Sprague-Dawley rats and compared behavior and nerve pathology. These rats developed thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia comparable to the CCI model. Recovery of these symptoms was found between days 40 and 60 after the nerve lesion. Some animals still showed symptoms on day 101, which was associated with a neuroma formation. The main pathological findings in the endoneurium in nerve segments distal to the lesion were edema, loss of myelinated fibers and increase in endoneurial cells, especially macrophages. In the epineurium the number of macrophages was strikingly increased after CCI compared with PST, indicating that the response of the immune system is different in a structural lesion with and without foreign material. In conclusion, PST is a pure nerve injury model without an epineurial inflammatory component due to foreign material and is therefore well suited for studying the role of local endoneurial processes in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Also, the importance of regeneration in the termination of hyperalgesia can convincingly be shown in this model.
DBTBS: a database of Bacillus subtilis promoters and transcription factors (2001)

With the completion of the determination of its entire genome sequence, one of the next major targets of Bacillus subtilis genomics is to clarify the whole gene regulatory network. To this end, the results of systematic experiments should be compared with the rich source of individual experimental results accumulated so far. Thus, we constructed a database of the upstream regulatory information of B.subtilis (DBTBS). The current version was constructed by surveying 291 references and contains information on 90 binding factors and 403 promoters. For each promoter, all of its known cis-elements are listed according to their positions, while these cis-elements are aligned to illustrate their consensus sequence for each transcription factor. All probable transcription factors coded in the genome were classified with the Pfam motifs. Using this database, we compared the character of B.subtilis promoters with that of Escherichia coli promoters. Our database is accessible at http://elmo.ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp/dbtbs/.
Micromechanical behavior of cortical bone as inferred from laser speckle data (1998)

We investigated the micromechanical behavior of porcine femoral cortical bone using a novel, nondestructive, noncontacting, laser-based strain measurement technique. The technique is based upon the well-known concept of tracking translating laser speckle with a linear array CCD camera, but employs a unique data-processing scheme based upon a two-dimensional frequency transform of the data. The method proved to be successful in evaluating strain rates in the bone samples. Measured strain rates ranged between 4.61 and 23.84 micro epsilon/s. Total strains recorded were between 3.7 and 19.1 micro epsilon. Estimated Young's moduli averaged 9.01 +/- 3.93 GPa, which, considering the extremely slow strain rates, is an acceptable value for porcine cortical bone. General advantages of the technique include high sensitivity, insensitivity to zero-mean noise sources, compact design, and the fact that it is truly noncontact. A brief discussion of possible error sources within the method is also given.
Diagnosis of individual Cylinder Misfires by Signature Analysis of Crankshaft Speed Fluctuations (1989)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;This paper describes the development of diagnostic algorithms for the detection of misfiring cylinders in an internal combustion engine. The algorithms are applied to a measurement of engine angular velocity obtained by means of an inexpensive nonconlacting sensor, and are broadly applicable to many classes of internal combustion engines, including spark and compression ignition engines.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;The computational efficiency of the algorithms is such that the onboard implementation of these diagnostic procedures is certainly feasible with currently employed microprocessors.&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Experimental work conducted on production vehicles has confirmed that it is possible to apply these algorithms with minimal hardware and computational overhead.&lt;/div&gt;
Protection and Synergism by Recombinant Fowl Pox Vaccines Expressing Genes from Marek's Disease Virus (1996)

K. Nazerian, R. L. Witter, L. F. Lee, N. Yanagida, Protection and Synergism by Recombinant Fowl Pox Vaccines Expressing Genes from Marek's Disease Virus, Avian Diseases, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1996), pp. 368-376
Modular nature of abscisic acid (ABA) response complexes: composite promoter units that are necessary and sufficient for ABA induction of gene expression in barley. (1996)

The modular nature of the abscisic acid response complex (ABRC), the promoter unit necessary and sufficient for abscisic acid (ABA) induction of gene expression in barley, is defined in this study. We investigated ABA induction of a barley late embrogenesis abundant (Lea) gene, HVA1, and found that the ABRC of this gene consists of a 10-bp box with an ACGT core (ACGT-box) and the 11 bp directly upstream, named coupling element 3 (CE3). Only one copy of this ABRC is sufficient to confer ABA induction when linked to a minimal promoter. Because we previously reported another ABRC in the barley HVA22 gene, which consists of an ACGT-box with a distal coupling element (CE1), exchange experiments were conducted to study the interaction among modular elements in these ABRCs. We show that ACGT-boxes in these ABRCs are interchangeable, indicating that an ACGT-box can interact with either a distal or a proximal coupling element to confer ABA response. However, the two coupling elements are not fully exchangeable. Although CE3 can function either proximal or distal to the ACGT-box, CE1 is only functional at the distal position. The presence of both the distal and the proximal coupling elements has a synergistic effect on the absolute level of expression as well as on ABA induction. These ABRCs function in both seed and vegetative tissues. In seeds, ABA induction of the ABRC containing the proximal CE3, but not the ABRC with the distal CE1, is enhanced in the presence of the transcription regulator Viviparous1, indicating that these two ABRCs are mediated by different ABA signal transduction pathways.