gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separation of Viable Rickettsia typhi from Yolk Sac and L Cell Host Components by Renografin Density Gradient Centrifugation (1975)

Rickettsia typhi cultivated in the yolk sac of chicken embryos or in L cells irradiated 7 days previously was separated from host cell components by two cycles of Renografin density gradient centrifugation. Preliminary steps involved differential centrifugation and centrifugation over a layer of 10% bovine plasma albumin of infected yolk sac suspensions, or trypsinization and passage through filters of wide porosity of infected L cell suspensions. Rickettsial preparations obtained by these methods appeared to be free from host cell components while retaining high levels of hemolytic activity, egg infectivity, and capacity to catabolize glutamate. Average yields were 3.3 mg of rickettsial protein per yolk sac or 0.44 mg per 16-oz (ca. 475-ml) L cell culture. Extracts from these two preparations displayed malate dehydrogenase activity of electrophoretic mobility identical to each other but quite different in migration patterns from the corresponding host cell enzymes. This method of separation of rickettsiae from host cell constituents appears to be particularly well suited for the study of rickettsial enzymatic activity.
Thermal management in semiconductor device packaging (1985)

Thermal management at device level packaging involves efficient and cost-effective removal of dissipated thermal energy from the device to assure its reliable performance over the long term. In the context of very high levels of integration of future ICs, thermal management will mean making such devices possible close to the natural limits set by thermal physics. This paper will present trends in important parameters and discuss solutions through examples.
Two families of monoclonal antibodies to alpha (1----6)dextran, VH19.1.2 and VH9.14.7, show distinct patterns of J kappa and JH minigene usage and amino acid substitutions in CDR3. (1990)

Nine groove-type mAb to alpha(1----6)dextran were cloned and sequenced. Together with previous reports from this laboratory, the VH and VL of 34 mAb have been sequenced, in which 10 VH19.1.2 and 11 VH9.14.7 combined with the V kappa-Ox1 gene to form two major families of anti-alpha(1----6)dextrans. The same D minigene (DFL16) was used by all VH19.1.2 and VH9.14.7 mAb; however, the patterns of JH and J kappa usage are quite different. VH19.1.2 mAb used only JH3 and J kappa 2, whereas VH9.14.7 mAb used three JH (JH1, JH2, and JH3) and all four active J kappa (J kappa 1, J kappa 2, J kappa 4, and J kappa 5). Relative uniformity in the lengths of VH CDR3 and the junctional sequences is seen in both families. Some mAb from different mouse strains share common structural features. The differences in idiotypic specificities and in the amino acid sequences suggest that VH19.1.2 and VH9.14.7 may differ in the conformation of CDR1 and CDR2. Combining with V kappa-Ox1 gene to generate groove-type combining sites to the single site-filling epitope of alpha(1----6)dextran, the two VH chains may require certain conformations of CDR3. Whether such conformational requirements influence the choice of J minigenes, the selection of the length of VH CDR3 and the sequences at junctions, are discussed.
The Delphi technique: a methodological discussion (1994)

As in nursing, recent curriculum reform in radiographer education has resulted in the development of undergraduate programmes, and a study referred to in this paper investigated the activities of supervising radiographers in support of the undergraduate curriculum. Following on from 'ward learning environments' research in nursing, the most important activities which assist radiography students' clinical learning were investigated by means of the Delphi technique. At the design stage, a deficiency in previous work using the technique was identified, in that decisions relating to consensus among research respondents appeared to be based on arbitrary or post hoc rationales rather than predetermined or objective criteria. As the Delphi technique is being increasingly employed in nursing and similar research, it is important to explore issues of consensus, validity and reliability. The paper makes recommendations for improving these aspects in future studies.
Dimensional Profiling By Electronic Phase Measurement (1987)

The application of electronic phase measurement techniques (heterodyne and quasi-heterodyne fringe interpolation) to dimensional profiling of 3-D objects is discussed. The contour fringes are generated by interference of two illumination sources or by two-wavelength holography. The use of a micro-computer for automated data acquisition and processing allows to determine the object shape for a large number of points and for arbitrarily shaped contour fringe surfaces. Experimental results are reported with both, heterodyne and quasi-heterodyne phase measurement, offering a typical accuracy for object depth measurement of 0.2% of the lateral extension of the object.
A general two-pass method integrating specular and diffuse reflection (1989)

We analyse some recent approaches to the global illumination problem by introducing the corresponding reflection operators , and we demonstrate the advantages of a two-pass method. A generalization of the system introduced by Wallace et al. at Siggraph '87 to integrate diffuse as well as specular effects is presented. It is based on the calculation of extended form-factors , which allows arbitrary geometries to be used in the scene description, as well as refraction effects. We also present a new sampling method for the calculation of form-factors, which is an alternative to the hemi-cube technique introduced by Cohen and Greenberg for radiosity calculations. This method is particularly well suited to the extended form-factors calculation. The problem of interactive display of the picture being created is also addressed by using hardware-assisted projections and image composition to recreate a complete specular view of the scene.
MAPK Pathway Inhibition Enhances the Efficacy of an Anti-Endothelin B Receptor Drug Conjugate by Inducing Target Expression in Melanoma (2014)

Therapies targeting the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway in melanoma have produced significant clinical responses; however, duration of response is limited by acquisition of drug resistance. Rational drug combinations may improve outcomes in this setting. We assessed the therapeutic combination of an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) targeting the endothelin B receptor (EDNRB) with small-molecule inhibitors of the MAP kinase signaling pathway in melanoma. Cell lines and tumor models containing either mutant BRAF or NRAS, or wild-type for both, were exposed to small-molecule inhibitors of BRAF and MEK. Expression of EDNRB was analyzed and the therapeutic impact of combining the anti-EDNRB ADC with the BRAF and MEK inhibitors was assessed. Increased expression of EDNRB in response to inhibition of BRAF and/or MEK was observed and augmented the antitumor activity of the ADC. Enhanced target expression and ADC antitumor activity were realized irrespective of the response of the tumor model to the BRAF or MEK inhibitors alone and could be achieved in melanoma with mutant NRAS, BRAF, or neither mutation. Cells that acquired resistance to BRAF inhibition through long-term culture retained drug-induced elevated levels of EDNRB expression. Expression of EDNRB was not enhanced in normal human melanocytes by inhibition of BRAF and the combination of the ADC with MAPK inhibitors was well-tolerated in mice. The anti-EDNRB ADC combines well with BRAF and MEK inhibitors and could have therapeutic use in the majority of human melanoma cases.
Cytokine expression in the placenta. The role of interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist expression in chorioamnionitis and parturition. (1994)

Interleukin 1 (IL-1) is known to be present in placental tissue and is implicated as an endogenous mediator of inflammation and parturition. This study was undertaken to assess the role of IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in the placenta. Placentas with acute chorioamnionitis, with meconium staining, and without significant inflammation were examined for immunohistochemical expression of IL-1 and IL-1ra. Interleukin 1 and IL-1ra immunoreactivity was variably noted in the amnion, trophoblast, vascular smooth muscle, stromal cells, fibrinoid, and decidua in all placentas. Interleukin 1 immunoreactivity was less intense than IL-1ra immunoreactivity, and both were generally more intense in acute chorioamnionitis. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist was detected (approximately 5 to 6 ng/mL) in the amniotic fluid of pregnant women at term. Colocalization of IL-1 and IL-1ra in normal and inflamed placentas suggests that the balance between these proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators plays a role in parturition as well as in the pathogenesis of acute inflammation. An increase and/or imbalance in the IL-1 and IL-1ra expression associated with chorioamnionitis may precipitate preterm labor.
Characterization of halloysite from Thung Yai District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, in Southern Thailand (2011)

Halloysite obtained from Thung Yai District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, Southern Thailand was characterized byX-Ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), a zeta potential analyzer, thermalanalysis (TGA and DTA), scanning (SEM), and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM and TEM analysis showedthat it consisted mainly of hollow microtubules and plates with typical dimension of 0.08-0.20 m diameter and lengths of0.50-4.50 m. XRF analysis showed that it consisted mainly of Al2O3 and SiO2. The SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 1.37 indicatedthat a 1:1 clay mineral was the dominant component. It had a high Fe2O3 (2.27%) and TiO2 (2.72%) content. XRD analysisshowed that the halloysite was mainly in its dehydrated (7Å basal spacing) form with some kaolinite, quartz and anatase.Semi quantification in clay by XRD after formamide treatment showed that it was approx. 70% halloysite. FTIR was used todistinguish between the different types of clay minerals and provided information concerning their structure. TGA and DTAwere used to examine the dehydroxylation and other thermally induced caused changes of the halloysite. The charge (zetapotential) behavior of the halloysite was negative over the relevant pH range (>2) and indicated that the material has apotential for binding of cationic drugs or could be used as a coating polymer from solution.
The LIM domain gene LMO4 inhibits differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in vitro and is overexpressed in breast cancer (2001)

LMO4 belongs to a family of LIM-only transcriptional regulators, the first two members of which are oncoproteins in acute T cell leukemia. We have explored a role for LMO4, initially described as a human breast tumor autoantigen, in developing mammary epithelium and breast oncogenesis. Lmo4 was expressed predominantly in the lobuloalveoli of the mammary gland during pregnancy. Consistent with a role in proliferation, forced expression of this gene inhibited differentiation of mammary epithelial cells. Overexpression of LMO4 mRNA was observed in 5 of 10 human breast cancer cell lines. Moreover, in situ hybridization analysis of 177 primary invasive breast carcinomas revealed overexpression of LMO4 in 56% of specimens. Immunohistochemistry confirmed overexpression in a high percentage (62%) of tumors. These studies imply a role for LMO4 in maintaining proliferation of mammary epithelium and suggest that deregulation of this gene may contribute to breast tumorigenesis.
Use of Demineralized Bone Implants in Orbital and Craniofacial Reconstruction and a Review of the Literature (1996)

A retrospective study and review of the literature was performed on the use of demineralized bone implants for the correction of orbital and craniofacial defects. Demineralized bone implants heal by endochondral osteogenesis, inducing a transformation of local cells, as well as by osteoconduction, similar to autogenous grafts. They induce the chemotaxis and transformation of mesenchymal cells into chondroblasts, followed by ossification. They also act as a scaffold, with bone resorption taking place simultaneous with bone formation. This study reviewed 21 patients and 31 orbits, in which demineralized bone was used for orbitocranial reconstruction for congenital deformities (nine patients), after surgery for orbital fractures (seven patients: four floor, three roof), and orbital tumors (five patients). The surgical technique is described, and the results are discussed. The follow-up period averaged 15 months (6 months to 33 months). The overall resorption rate of the demineralized bone implants was estimated based on follow-up radiologic studies (facial films, computed tomography scans, and magnetic resonance imaging scans), as well as clinical examinations. All patients had a satisfactory to excellent result. The demineralized bone and Grafton (Osteotech, Shrewsbury, NJ, U.S.A.) was obtained from the Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation of Holmdel, New Jersey, and it was all processed and reconstituted in a standard manner with Alloprep System. Surgical complications were cerebrospinal fluid leaks (one patient) with infection, transient chemosis, enophthalmos, and hypophthalmos. There were no complications related to demineralized bone alone. Properly prepared demineralized bone is a safe material for orbital reconstruction that eliminates the need for a second operative site to harvest a bone graft.
Plastid Proteomics in Higher Plants: Current State and Future Goals (2011)

Plastids are plant cell organelles with many essential functions in plant metabolism. Among these are photosynthesis, amino acid and fatty acid biosynthesis, as well as the synthesis of several secondary metabolites. All plastids originate from undifferentiated proplastids, which are restricted to
Bias in quantitative capillary zone electrophoresis caused by electrokinetic sample injection (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBias in quantitative capillary zone electrophoresis caused by electrokinetic sample injectionXiaohua. Huang, Manuel J. Gordon, and Richard N. ZareCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 4, 375–377Publication Date (Print):February 15, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 February 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00155a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00155a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views525Altmetric-Citations180LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Modification of the American College of Rheumatology Preliminary Diagnostic Criteria for Fibromyalgia Should Be Supplemented and Revised (2011)

To the Editor: The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 1990 criteria (1990 criteria) had been virtually the sole diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia (FM) until the ACR preliminary diagnostic criteria for FM (2010 criteria)1 were reported. In 2011, a modification of the ACR preliminary diagnostic criteria for FM (2011 criteria)2 was reported. Because the 2011 criteria are confusing, they should be supplemented and revised. 1. The abstract of an article that includes the 2011 criteria has the following diagnostic criteria: FM symptom scale/score ≥ 132. However, the appendix has the following diagnostic criteria: Widespread Pain Index ≥ 7 and Symptom Severity Score ≥ 5 or Widespread Pain Index between 3–6 and Symptom Severity Score ≥ 92. Which is correct? Or, do these different descriptions have a clear purpose? 2. In the Materials and Methods2 the widespread pain questionnaire asks patients to … Address correspondence to Dr. Toda; E-mail: goutattack{at}yahoo.co.jp
ScFv multimers of the anti-neuraminidase antibody NC10: shortening of the linker in single-chain Fv fragment assembled in VL to VH orientation drives the formation of dimers, trimers, tetramers and higher molecular mass multimers (2000)

Synthetic genes encoding single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) of NC10 anti-neuraminidase antibody were constructed by joining the V(L) and V(H) domains with linkers of fifteen, five, four, three, two, one and zero residues. These V(L)-V(H) constructs were expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting proteins were characterized and compared with the previously characterized NC10 scFv proteins assembled in V(H)-V(L) orientation. Size-exclusion chromatography and electron microscope images of complexes formed between various NC10 scFvs and anti-idiotype Fab' were used to analyse the oligomeric status of these scFvs. The result showed that as the linker length between V(L) and V(H) was reduced, different patterns of oligomerization were observed compared with those with V(H)-V(L) isomers. As was the case for V(H)-V(L) orientation, the scFv-15 V(L)-V(H) protein existed mainly as a monomer whereas dimer (diabody) was a predominant conformation for the scFv-5, scFv-4 and scFv-3 V(L)-V(H) proteins. In contrast to the V(H)-V(L) isomer, direct ligation of V(L) to V(H) led to the formation of predominantly a tetramer (tetrabody) rather than to an expected trimer (triabody). Furthermore, the transition between dimers and higher order oligomers was not as distinct as for V(H)-V(L). Thus reducing the linker length in V(L)-V(H) from three to two residues did not precisely dictate a transition between dimers and tetramers. Instead, two-residue as well as one-residue linked scFvs formed a mixture of dimers, trimers and tetramers.
Measurement of distinct immunochemical presentations of tau protein in Alzheimer disease. (1991)

The tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein that is normally located in nerve axons. In Alzheimer disease, it is a constituent of paired helical filaments (PHFs), which are the principal fibrous component of the characteristic neurofibrillary tangles. The tau protein, therefore, is abnormally sequestered in an insoluble form in PHFs in the cell body and dendrites in Alzheimer disease. We have used two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to selectively measure the levels of normal, soluble tau protein and of PHF-associated tau protein in the brain. mAb 423 binds to PHFs and recognizes a 12-kDa fragment of tau protein released by formic acid treatment of PHFs, but it does not recognize normal tau protein. In contrast, mAb 7.51 recognizes normal tau protein as well as the PHF core-derived tau fragment, but its epitope is concealed in the PHF-bound form. The differential binding properties for these two mAbs have enabled us in this study to quantify insoluble PHF-associated tau protein in the somatodendritic compartment as well as normal soluble tau protein in its predominantly axonal location. Our findings demonstrate that a distinct immunochemical presentation of tau protein recognized by mAb 423, a PHF-specific marker, can be used to quantify neurofibrillary pathology in Alzheimer disease independently of the presence of normal tau proteins.
Stereochemical and Isotopic Labeling Studies of 2-Oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate Hydratase:  Evidence for an Enzyme-Catalyzed Ketonization Step in the Hydration Reaction (1998)

2-Oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase from Escherichia coli C converts 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate to 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-hepta-1,7-dioate by the addition of water using magnesium as a cofactor. The enzyme is one of a set of inducible enzymes, known collectively as the homoprotocatechuate meta-fission pathway. The entire pathway enables the organism to utilize aromatic amino acids as its sole sources of carbon and energy. Expression and purification of 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate hydratase to homogeneity permitted kinetic, isotopic labeling, and stereochemical studies. Kinetic studies show that the enzyme processes either 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate or 2-hydroxy-2,4-heptadiene-1,7-dioate to product with comparable facility. Isotope labeling studies show that the hydratase catalyzes the incorporation of a solvent deuteron at both C-3 and C-5 when the reaction is performed in 2H2O. The enzyme also accelerates the exchange of the C-3 proton of the alternate substrate 2-oxo-1,7-heptadioate with solvent deuterons. The results are consistent with a mechanism in which the enzyme catalyzes the isomerization of 2-oxo-hept-4-ene-1,7-dioate to its α,β-unsaturated ketone followed by the Michael addition of water. Whether this mechanistic sequence involves a one-base or a two-base mechanism is not yet known.
Immunology of the inner ear: Response of the inner ear to antigen challenge (1983)

The relationship of the inner ear to host immunity and the immunoresponsiveness of the inner ear to antigen challenge were investigated. A radioimmunoassay was used to quantitate antibody titers to keyhole-limpet hemocyanin generated in the serum, perilymph, and CSF of guinea pigs following systemic or inner ear immunizations. The results of these experiments demonstrate (1) the blood-labyrinth barrier is analogous to the blood-brain barrier with respect to immunoglobulin equilibrium, (2) the inner ear is capable of responding to antigen challenge, and (3) the inner ear is an effective route for systemic immunization.
The prospects and promise of chimeric antigen receptor immunotherapy in multiple myeloma (2016)

Despite encouraging therapeutic advances, multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable malignancy. The exciting results of chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR)-based immunotherapy in CD19(+) B-cell malignancies have spurred a great interest in extending the use of the CAR technology to other cancers, including MM. Availability of a specific, tumour-restricted antigen is crucial for the design of successful antibody-based CAR therapy. However, in MM, as in other malignancies, the relative dearth of such antigens-targets represents the main obstacle for the wider pre-clinical development and clinical application of the CAR technology. Here we provide an overview of the current progress and future promises of CAR technology in MM therapy. We highlight that, owing to its complexity, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity and the impact of the microenvironment, MM poses several challenges for CAR-based therapeutic approaches. Nevertheless, for the same reasons, MM can serve as a paradigm for better understanding, optimization and overall improvement of the CAR technology for the benefit of cancer and myeloma patients.