gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TGF-β1 Accelerates Wound Healing: Reversal of Steroid-Impaired Healing in Rats and Rabbits (1991)

TGF-beta modulates events of normal wound healing through multiple pathways that influence cell infiltration, proliferation, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix synthesis and remodeling. The effects of topically applied TGF-beta 1 on wound healing in two models of healing were evaluated when the healing response was impaired by the administration of methylprednisolone to rats or rabbits. TGF-beta 1 increased the healing of linear incision wounds on rats, as measured by breaking strength, to that of normal rats. Full thickness open wounds were also created on the inner ears of rabbits to simulate a non-contracting wound with limited blood supply. Healing was further impaired by the administration of methylprednisolone. The single application of TGF-beta 1 improved the healing of open wounds. TGF-beta 1 stimulated increased granulation tissue formation, as well as reepithelialization. The amount of granulation tissue and epithelialization were similar to wounds from normal-healing control rabbits. The delayed healing caused by methylprednisolone permitted the evaluation of multiple applications of TGF-beta 1 to wounds. Two applications of TGF-beta 1 spaced 7 days apart further improved the healing response when compared to a single application. Thus, single or multiple topical applications of TGF-beta 1 reversed impaired healing conditions secondary to methylprednisolone when used on incisional or open wounds. These observations support the hypothesis that growth factors, such as TGF-beta 1, may be useful as accelerators of wound repair in patients with impaired healing conditions.
[Nature of vagotomy and atropine hypercoagulation]. (1979)

Bilateral vagotomy and i. v. administration of atropin entailed shortening of total and thrombin time and lowering of fybrinolysis. The vagotomy brought about the changes within 3--15 min, whereas the atropinization evoked them in about 30--60 min. The maximum shortening of total and thrombin time and lowering of fibrinolysis occurred at the moment of highest activity of the cervical sympathetic system. Thereupon these effects in the blood coagulating system seem to be called forth by activity of the sympathetic system after vagotomy.
How Can Spain Benefit from a Climate Deal in Copenhagen (2009)

Spain, on its own, is not a key player in the negotiations for the potential successor of the Kyoto Protocol that is expected to be ‘politically agreed’ at the Climate Change Summit in Copenhagen. It is well known that this ‘honour’ is reserved for the US and China, the world’s two main emitters of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). However, Spain can play an important role in that it will occupy the Presidency of the EU during the first half of 2010. Moreover, Spain could influence the negotiations towards win-win situations for the country. In this working paper we argue that the economics and politics of climate change provide few incentives for countries to engage in an ambitious deal that would drastically cut carbon emissions. However, we expect the Copenhagen summit to deliver a workable successor of the Kyoto Protocol, whose main mechanisms are two types of partnerships: (1) developed countries with developing countries; and (2) public and private partnerships. Spain can benefit from an agreement like this given the first-mover advantage it has acquired in the deployment of clean technologies, the importance of its energy firms and their strong links with Latin America. However, among other initiatives needed, the country must adapt its energy and environmental policy to facilitate the transition towards a low-carbon economy. This is a complex task because energy and environmental policy objectives are intertwined, and in some cases trade-offs are inevitable. This paper presents some principles put forth by evolutionary economics that could guide policy makers in this endeavour.
Long-term therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid in Crohn's disease: is it useful? Our four years experience. (1994)

At present it is not clear if long-term therapy with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is useful in the prevention of relapses of Crohn's disease (CD) in remission. Long-lasting randomized studies are necessary to gauge the efficacy of a long-term therapy, but actually the trials are rarely longer than 12 months. The aim of our study was therefore to evaluate the efficacy of 5-ASA in maintaining the remission in inactive CDs followed up for 4 years. Sixty-six patients, 41 males, mean age 35 +/- 8, having a definitive diagnosis of CD made at least 2 years before, with ileum localization in 39 and ileocolic in 27, entered the study when Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) and a laboratory index (LI) values were lower than 150 and 100 respectively for at least 6 weeks. Subjects with previous surgical treatment or with an endoscopic index severity (CDEIS) more than 4 were excluded. The patients were randomly divided into two groups: 33 received 5-ASA at 2.4 g/day in a delayed-release formulation (Eudragit-S-coated Mesaline) while another 33 as a control group received non-specific therapy. CDAI and LI were evaluated every 6 months, relapse being defined by a CDAI > or = 150 and LI > or = 100. To confirm the clinical and laboratory diagnosis of relapse, all the patients with CDAI > or = 150 and LI > or = 100 underwent X-ray and/or endoscopic examination. Statistical analysis was made at the end of the study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Human postnatal thymocytes generate phenotypically immature CD3dim, CD5dim, CD1abright progeny in organ culture (1992)

We previously described an organ culture system that supports the in vitro development of human fetal thymocytes in murine alymphoid thymic rudiments without addition of exogenous factors. This approach to study human T cell precursors is limited by the requirement for fetal tissue. We show that human thymocytes from pediatric sources can be expanded under similar conditions. Organ cultures generated predominantly CD4 CD8 double positive cells, most of which maintained the phenotype CD3dim, CD5dim, and CD1abright, characteristic for double positive thymocytes ex vivo. This culture system should facilitate in vitro studies on human thymocyte development and repertoire selection.
New Methods for Expanding the Chromosomal Paint Kit (1996)

Two groups of researchers, one of which reports its results on page 494 , have found a way to tag chromosomes with fluorescent markers so that each chromosome can be depicted by a computer as having a distinctive color. The techniques are likely to be useful for detecting chromosomal rearrangements and other abnormalities in cancer cells, and in screening for defects that underlie genetic disorders such as Down syndrome.
Simplified MAP algorithm suitable for implementationof turbo decoders (1998)

A simplification of the MAP decoder for use in turbo decoders is presented. The simplification eliminates the need for a ROM or multiplexor-tree lookup table and replaces it with a constant value. Simulations show that the performance of turbo decoders is not adversely affected by this simplification.
Tumor targeting with newly designed biparatopic antibodies directed against two different epitopes of the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (1999)

In an attempt to improve tumor targeting and tumor retention time of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), we prepared biparatopic antibodies (BpAbs) having the capability of binding 2 different non-overlapping epitopes on the same target antigen molecule, namely, the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Six BpAbs were constructed by coupling 2 different Fab' fragments from 4 different specific anti-CEA MAbs recognizing 4 CEA epitopes (Gold 1-4). Demonstration of the double paratopic binding of these antibodies for CEA was confirmed in vitro by inhibition radioimmunoassay and cross-inhibition analysis by surface plasmon resonance (SPR; BIACORE) technology. Using the latter technique, the affinity constants for CEA immobilized onto the sensor chip were found to range from 0.37 to 1.54 x 10(9) M(-1) for the 4 parental F(ab')2 fragments and from 1.88 to 10.14 x 10(9) M(-1) for the BpAbs, demonstrating the advantage of biparatopic binding over conventional F(ab')2 binding. The Ka improvement was particularly high for BpAb F6/35A7 and BpAb F6/B17 with a 9.5- and 8.1-fold increase, respectively, as compared with the parental F(ab')2. In vivo, the 6 BpAbs were compared with their 2 respective parental F(ab')2 by injection of 131I-BpAb/125I-F(ab')2 parental fragments into nude mice xenografted with the human colon carcinoma T380. Dissection 72 hr post-injection demonstrated that BpAb B17/CE25 and BpAb F6/B17 gave higher tumor uptake than that of their parental F(ab')2. This finding is particularly interesting for BpAb F6/B17, which compared favorably with the F6 F(ab')2, one of the best parental F(ab')2 fragments used in our study.
Tissue-Specific Promoters Active in CD44+CD24−/low Breast Cancer Cells (2008)

It has been proposed that human tumors contain stem cells that have a central role in tumor initiation and posttreatment relapse. Putative breast cancer stem cells may reside in the CD44(+)CD24(-/low) population. Oncolytic adenoviruses are attractive for killing of these cells because they enter through infection and are therefore not susceptible to active and passive mechanisms that render stem cells resistant to many drugs. Although adenoviruses have been quite safe in cancer trials, preclinical work suggests that toxicity may eventually be possible with more active agents. Therefore, restriction of virus replication to target tissues with tissues-specific promoters is appealing for improving safety and can be achieved without loss of efficacy. We extracted CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells from pleural effusions of breast cancer patients and found that modification of adenovirus type 5 tropism with the serotype 3 knob increased gene delivery to CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells. alpha-Lactalbumin, cyclo-oxygenase 2, telomerase, and multidrug resistance protein promoters were studied for activity in CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells, and a panel of oncolytic viruses was subsequently constructed. Each virus featured 5/3 chimerism of the fiber and a promoter controlling expression of E1A, which was also deleted in the Rb binding domain for additional tumor selectivity. Cell killing assays identified Ad5/3-cox2L-d24 and Ad5/3-mdr-d24 as the most active agents, and these viruses were able to completely eradicate CD44(+)CD24(-/low) cells in vitro. In vivo, these viruses had significant antitumor activity in CD44(+)CD24(-/low)-derived tumors. These findings may have relevance for elimination of cancer stem cells in humans.
Urban Chinese families in transition in the 1990s (1999)

In the mid 1990s, Chinese families enter into a transitional stage as the result of socioeconomic changes. Families in this study reported facing greater challenges in financial management and housing issues. Traditional belief systems and practices are being tested as the younger generations adopts a more liberal view of marriage. However, many families see themselves as functional and healthy
Characterization of mutations in divlB of Bacillus subtilis and cellular localization of the DivlB protein (1993)

Four temperature-sensitive mutations in the divIB gene of Bacillus subtilis have been localized to the region corresponding to the C-terminal half of the 263-residue DivIB protein. Antiserum was raised to the 80% C-terminal portion lying on one side of a putative transmembrane (hydrophobic) segment, and used to examine aspects of the nature and localization of the DivIB protein in the cell. A single DivIB species of a size equal to the full-length protein encoded by the divIB gene was detected in wild-type cells. Cell fractionation studies established that DivIB is associated preferentially with the cell envelope (membrane plus cell wall), with approximately 50% being released into solution upon treatment of cells with lysozyme under conditions that yield protoplasts. Of the remaining 50%, approximately half remained firmly associated with the membrane fraction. On the basis of the 'positive-inside rule' of von Heijne (1986) it is suggested that the topology of membrane-bound DivIB is such that the long C-terminal portion is directed to the outside and the smaller N-terminal portion to the inside of the cell. DivIB in protoplasts was rapidly degraded by proteinase K under conditions where there was no general proteolysis of the cytoplasmic proteins. This is consistent with its absence from the cytoplasm, and with the predicted membrane topology. Septum positioning in a divIB null mutant, which grows as filaments at temperatures of 30 degrees C and below, was found to be normal. It appears that DivIB is needed for achieving the appropriate rate of initiation of septum formation at normal division sites. It is proposed that the C-terminal portion of DivIB, localized on the exterior surface of the membrane and in juxtaposition to the peptidoglycan, normally interacts with another protein (or proteins) to initiate septum formation.
WEBVIZ: A Tool for World Wide Web Access Log Analysis (1994)

Various programs have emerged that provide statistical analysis of World-Wide Web (WWW) access logs. These programs typically detail the number of accesses for a file, the number of times a site has visited the database, and some programs even provide temporal analysis of requests 1 . However, these programs are not interactive nor do they provide visualizations of the local database. WebViz was developed with the intention of providing WWW database maintainers and designers with a graphical view of their local database and access patterns. That is, by incorporating the Web-Path paradigm into interactive software, users can see not only the documents (represented visually as nodes) in their database but also the hyperlinks travelled (represented visually as links) by users requesting documents from the database. WebViz further enables uses to selectively filter the access log (i.e. restrict the graphical view by specifying the desired domain names or DSN numbers, directory names, and...
Design of multiple description scalar quantizers (1993)

The design of scalar quantizers for communication systems that use diversity to overcome channel impairments is considered. The design problem is posed as an optimization problem and necessary conditions for optimality are derived. A design algorithm, a generalization of S.P. Lloyd's (1962) algorithm for quantizer design, is developed. Unlike a single channel scalar quantizer, the performance of a multiple description scalar quantizer is dependent on the index assignment. The problem of index assignment is addressed. Good index assignments, performance results, and sample quantizer designs are presented for a memoryless Gaussian source. Comparisons are made with rate distortion bounds for the multiple description problem.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Production of therapeutic proteins in algae, analysis of expression of seven human proteins in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (2010)

Recombinant proteins are widely used today in many industries, including the biopharmaceutical industry, and can be expressed in bacteria, yeasts, mammalian and insect cell cultures, or in transgenic plants and animals. In addition, transgenic algae have also been shown to support recombinant protein expression, both from the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. However, to date, there are only a few reports on recombinant proteins expressed in the algal chloroplast. It is unclear whether this is because of few attempts or of limitations of the system that preclude expression of many proteins. Thus, we sought to assess the versatility of transgenic algae as a recombinant protein production platform. To do this, we tested whether the algal chloroplast could support the expression of a diverse set of current or potential human therapeutic proteins. Of the seven proteins chosen, >50% expressed at levels sufficient for commercial production. Three expressed at 2%-3% of total soluble protein, while a forth protein accumulated to similar levels when translationally fused to a well-expressed serum amyloid protein. All of the algal chloroplast-expressed proteins are soluble and showed biological activity comparable to that of the same proteins expressed using traditional production platforms. Thus, the success rate, expression levels, and bioactivity achieved demonstrate the utility of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as a robust platform for human therapeutic protein production.
First-principles theory of surface magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the diatomic-pair model (1993)

The state-tracking method proposed recently is employed for the first-principles determination of the magnetocrystalline-anisotropy (MCA) energy. A close relationship of the MCA energy to the band structure is found for transition-metal monolayers that show the change of sign of the MCA with respect to the band filling (atomic species) to be determined mainly by the spin-orbit coupling within the spin-down bands. The Fe monolayer with the \ensuremath{\pi}-bonding band as the highest occupied band exhibits positive MCA (easy axis along the layer normal). However, the effect of strain on the MCA of the Fe monolayer demonstrates the effect of the spin-orbit coupling between opposite-spin states. A model for the electronic origin of the magnetic anisotropy of this two-dimensional system is presented that explains the first-principles MCA results for iron and cobalt monolayers on the basis of the bonding character between two d atoms, the band broadening due to increase in coordination, and geometry (symmetry).
The YIG1 (YPL201c) encoded protein is involved in regulating anaerobic glycerol metabolism in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2005)

Under anaerobic conditions S. cerevisiae produces glycerol to regenerate NAD(+) from the excess NADH produced in cell metabolism. We here report on the role of an uncharacterized protein, Yig1p (Ypl201cp), in anaerobic glycerol production. Yig1p was previously shown to interact in two-hybrid tests with the GPP1 and GPP2 encoded glycerol 3-phosphatase (Gpp), and we here demonstrate that strains overexpressing YIG1 show strongly decreased Gpp activity and content of the major phosphatase, Gpp1p. However, cells overexpressing YIG1 exhibited only slightly decreased GPP1 transcript levels, suggesting that Yig1p modulates expression on both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In agreement with such a role, a GFP-tagged derivate of Yig1p was localized to both the cytosol and the nucleus. Deletion or overexpression of YIG1 did not, however, significantly affect growth yield or glycerol yield in anaerobic batch cultures, which is consistent with the previously proposed low flux control exerted at the Gpp level.
Purification, structure, and properties of Escherichia coli tRNA pseudouridine synthase I. (1988)

The RNA modification enzyme, tRNA pseudouridine synthase I has been isolated in 95% purity from an Escherichia coli strain harboring a multicopy plasmid with a 2.3-kilobase pair insert from the hisT operon. Its molecular size, amino acid composition, and amino-terminal sequence correspond to those predicted by the structure and expression of the hisT gene. Enzyme activity, as measured by a 3H release assay, is unaffected by pretreatment of tRNA pseudouridine synthase I with micrococcal nuclease and is optimized by the addition of a monovalent cation and thiol reductant. The activity is inhibited by all tRNA species tested, including substrates, modified tRNAs, nonsubstrates, or tRNAs containing 5-fluorouridine. Binding of tRNA pseudouridine synthase I occurs with both substrate and nonsubstrate tRNAs and does not require a monovalent cation. Our findings are consistent with a multistep mechanism whereby tRNA pseudouridine synthase I first binds nonspecifically and then forms transient covalent adducts with tRNA substrates. In the absence of other proteins, purified tRNA pseudouridine synthase I forms psi at all three modification sites known to be affected in hisT mutants. The 36.4-kDa polypeptide product of the gene adjacent to hisT, whose translation is linked to that of tRNA pseudouridine synthase I, is not a functional subunit for tRNA pseudouridine synthase I activity, nor is it a separate synthase acting at one of the three loci.
[Simplified microdetermination of cerebral phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophopholipase]. (1983)

The purpose of our study was to examine the ischemia induced enzymatic changes of decaylation-reacylation cycle of membrane phospholipids in dog brain. In this study, we developed new modified method for assay of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase which is simpler and needs only a smaller amount of materials. For the first report, we introduced this new method and demonstrated some properties of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase in dog brain. Crude enzyme solution for assays of phospholipase A1, A2 and lysophospholipase was gained from extraction of frozen brain with aceton, butanol and saline. The level of phosphorus in the enzyme extract was determined and only those extracts which had a level of phosphorus within a certain range were used. The substrates for assays were L-alpha-[beta-palmitoyl-1-14C] phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl for phospholipase A1 and A2 and L-lysophosphatidylcholine-1-[1-14C] palmitoyl for lysophospolipase respectively. Each radioactive substrates was diluted with cold carrier lipid to give the proper specific activity. Reaction system including substrate, buffer [pH 7.0] and enzyme extract was incubated for 10 hours at 38 degrees C. But for the assay of phospholipase A1 and A2, enzyme solution was pre-incubated at 70 degrees C for 5 minutes. In our new method, reaction mixture was directly separated by TLC without extracting lipids. Enzyme activities were calculated from radio thin-layer chromatograms. Furthermore, we made a comparison between our method and the former one. The value of each enzyme activity was slightly higher in our method than in the former one. However, it was revealed that the results were reproducible in both methods.
Perspectives on the use of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for short tandem repeat genotyping in the post‐genome era (2001)

The recent completion of the first rough draft of the human genome has provided fundamental information regarding our genetic make-up; however, the post-genome era will certainly require a host of new technologies to address complex biological questions. In particular, a rapid and accurate approach to characterize genetic markers, including short tandem repeats (STRs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is demanded. STRs are the most informative of the two polymorphisms owing to their remarkable variability and even dispersity throughout eukaryotic genomes. Mass spectrometry is rapidly becoming a significant method in DNA analysis and has high probability of revolutionizing the way in which scientists probe the human genome. It is our responsibility as biomolecular mass spectrometrists to understand the issues in genetic analysis and the capabilities of mass spectrometry so that we may fulfill our role in developing a rapid, reliable technology to answer specific biological questions. This perspective is intended to familiarize the mass spectrometry community with modern genomics and to report on the current state of mass spectrometry, specifically electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, for characterization of STRs.
Neonatal leptin levels are strongly associated with female gender, birth length, IGF‐I levels and formula feeding (2005)

Leptin levels are positively related to female gender and anthropometric characteristics of neonates but, contrary to studies in adults, are not correlated with adiponectin levels. We also found evidence that formula feeding imparts a considerable increase in leptin levels in newborns.