gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo digestibility of soya-bean straw treated with various alkalis (1990)

ABSTRACT Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of treating soya-bean straw with various alkalis plus ensiling on digestibility of various nutrients and on nitrogen retention in ruminants. Soya-bean straw was treated with sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide and ensiled at 650 g/kg moisture. In trial 1, the effects of level and type of alkali on in vitro digestibility of ensiled soya-bean straw were evaluated. Concentrations of alkalis used were 0 (control), 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/kg dry matter. Both in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter of soya-bean straw were significantly ( P &lt; 0·05) increased with alkali treatment at all levels plus ensiling compared with untreated or treated unensiled straw. The 40 g/kg alkali concentration level in combination with ensiling appeared to be the most effective overall. In trial 2, the effects of type of alkali on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in wether lambs were evaluated. Sixteen wether Suffolk lambs were given untreated or alkali-treated (40 g/kg) ensiled soya-bean straw. Treatments were: (1) water-treated straw; (2) NaOH-treated straw: (3) Ca(OH) 1 -treated straw; and (4) NH 4 OH-treated straw. Lambs given NH 4 OH-treated ensiled straw digested the dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein better than those given water-treated ensiled straw ( P &lt; 0·05). NH 4 OH improved nitrogen intake by proportionately 0·181 but not nitrogen retention. For trial 3, eight Angus steers were used. Chopped soya-bean straw was treated with NH 4 OH and ensiled in Silopress bags. Treatments were: (1) untreated dry straw; (2) water-treated straw; (3) 30 g/kg NH 4 OH-treated straw; and (4) 40 g/kg NH 4 OH-treated straw. The trial consisted of a 7-day collection period which was replicated once. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and various fibre constituents were increased by ensiling or ensiling and NH 4 OH treatment combinations ( P &lt; 0·05). Alkali treatments in combination with ensiling appeared to improve digestibility of soya-bean straw, but ammoniation did not improve nitrogen utilization. Ensiling appeared to have a more significant effect than alkali treatments per se on the degradability of soya-bean straw.
Colorectal cancer population screening programs worldwide in 2016: An update (2017)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world. The incidence and mortality show wide geographical variations. Screening is recommended to reduce both incidence and mortality. However, there are significant differences among studies in implementation strategies and detection. This review aimed to present the results and strategies of different screening programs worldwide. We reviewed the literature on national and international screening programs published in PubMed, on web pages, and in clinical guidelines. CRC Screening programs are currently underway in most European countries, Canada, specific regions in North and South America, Asia, and Oceania. The most extensive screening strategies were based on fecal occult blood testing, and more recently, the fecal immunochemical test (FIT). Participation in screening has varied greatly among different programs. The Netherlands showed the highest participation rate (68.2%) and some areas of Canada showed the lowest (16%). Participation rates were highest among women and in programs that used the FIT test. Men exhibited the greatest number of positive results. The FIT test has been the most widely used screening program worldwide. The advent of this test has increased participation rates and the detection of positive results.
Atomic Layer Epitaxy Growth of TiN Thin Films (1995)

thin films were grown on soda lime glass substrates by atomic layer epitaxy. Two different chemical schemes were studied: a direct reaction between the alternately supplied and , and a process employing a reducing zinc pulse given after the dose. The latter process was found to result in films with lower electrical resistivity. Resistivities as low as 50 μΩ cm were measured for films grown with zinc at 500°C while those prepared without zinc had resistivities of about 250 μΩ cm. In both cases the contents of chlorine residues were below the detection limit of Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), i.e., about 0.5 atom percent. In addition to RBS and electrical measurements, x‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, nuclear resonance broadening, and reflectance spectra measurements were employed for the film characterization. The possible reasons for the major drawback of the process, the low growth rate of only about 0.2 Å/cycle, are discussed.
Kappa B site-dependent induction of gene expression by diverse inducers of nuclear factor kappa B requires Raf-1. (1993)

The transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is sequestered in the cytoplasm of most cell types where it is complexed with its inhibitor (I kappa B). A large variety of agents, including growth factors, the tumor promoter phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, initiate signal transduction pathways that converge upon the NF-kappa B-I kappa B complex, resulting in the dissociation of I kappa B and the translocation of NF-kappa B to the nucleus. It has been demonstrated that the phosphorylation of I kappa B is associated with NF-kappa B activation, although the kinase(s) responsible for this process in vivo remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that expression of activated forms of the GTP-binding protein Ras or of the serine/threonine kinase Raf-1 results in the activation of transcription specifically through kappa B sites. This activation appears to be dependent on NF-kappa B, since co-expression of I kappa B alpha eliminates both Ras- and Raf-1-induced transcription. In addition, through the use of a dominant negative form of Raf-1, we show that Raf-1 is a common component utilized by multiple inducers in kappa B site-driven gene expression. These results illuminate a signal transduction pathway in which NF-kappa B/Rel family members participate and also implicate a pathway responsible for kappa B site-dependent gene expression during cell growth and in immune and inflammatory responses.
Effects of the surface boundary on the determination of the optical properties of a turbid medium with time-resolved reflectance (2006)

Solutions of the time-dependent diffusion equation were developed to take into account the depth of the source and the detector inside a semi-infinite medium. These solutions permitted an evaluation of optical properties at different depths below the surface by fitting time-resolved data. Measurements were performed on liquid optical phantoms with optical fibers for delivering and collecting light. A time-correlated single-photon-counting chain was used for electronic detection. The determination of optical properties underlines the continuity between the surface model and the infinite model and shows the depth at which the derived solutions can be applied.
Effects of net charge and the number of positively charged residues on the biological activity of amphipathic α‐helical cationic antimicrobial peptides (2007)

In our previous study, we utilized a 26-residue amphipathic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide L-V13K (Chen et al., Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007, 51, 1398-1406) as the framework to study the effects of peptide hydrophobicity on the mechanism of its antimicrobial action. In this study, we explored the effects of net charge and the number of positively charged residues on the hydrophilic/polar face of L-V13K on its biological activity (antimicrobial and hemolytic) and biophysical properties (hydrophobicity, amphipathicity, helicity, and peptide self-association). The net charge of V13K analogs at pH 7 varied between -5 and +10 and the number of positively charged residues varied from 1 to 10. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against six strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as other gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria were determined along with the maximal peptide concentration that produces no hemolysis of human red blood cells (MHC). Our results show that the number of positively charged residues on the polar face and net charge are both important for both antimicrobial activity and hemolytic activity. The most dramatic observation is the sharp transition of hemolytic activity on increasing one positive charge on the polar face of V13K i.e., the change from +8 to +9 resulted in greater than 32-fold increase in hemolytic activity (250 microg/ml to <7.8 microg/ml, respectively).
Enhancing Antibody Fc Heterodimer Formation through Electrostatic Steering Effects (2010)

Naturally occurring IgG antibodies are bivalent and monospecific. Bispecific antibodies having binding specificities for two different antigens can be produced using recombinant technologies and are projected to have broad clinical applications. However, co-expression of multiple light and heavy chains often leads to contaminants and pose purification challenges. In this work, we have modified the CH3 domain interface of the antibody Fc region with selected mutations so that the engineered Fc proteins preferentially form heterodimers. These novel mutations create altered charge polarity across the Fc dimer interface such that coexpression of electrostatically matched Fc chains support favorable attractive interactions thereby promoting desired Fc heterodimer formation, whereas unfavorable repulsive charge interactions suppress unwanted Fc homodimer formation. This new Fc heterodimer format was used to produce bispecific single chain antibody fusions and monovalent IgGs with minimal homodimer contaminants. The strategy proposed here demonstrates the feasibility of robust production of novel Fc-based heterodimeric molecules and hence broadens the scope of bispecific molecules for therapeutic applications.
Who's Afraid of Jurispathic Courts?: Violence and Public Reason in Nomos and Narrative (2005)

It is impossible for someone of my generation to re-read Nomos and Narrative and not be overtaken, once again, by the charisma of Robert Cover. The text irresistibly recalls Cover's passion and intensity, his saintly integrity, his astonishing intellectual force, his forthright moral engagement. Even after twenty years Nomos and Narrative still vividly evokes the energy and vitality of its author.\nSo it came as something of a shock when I recently assigned the article to a seminar I was teaching on popular constitutionalism and found that my students were virtually indifferent. They found Nomos and Narrative eloquent, but curious and antique, informed by a sensibility that seemed distant and indecipherable.\nThe article didn't move them at all. What had originally endowed Cover's article with such explosive power was its insistence that law express nomos, that it signify "a world of right and wrong," and that the law offer a guide to life and action, to serious commitments inscribed in blood. "A legal interpretation," Cover taught, "cannot be valid if no one is prepared to live by it." This was thrilling stuff, especially when laid against the indifferent positivism of legal process theory, or the knowing irony of legal realism, or the nascent skepticism of critical legal studies. Why was it that my students, otherwise bright and passionate, failed to recognize and respond to Cover's deep and thrilling call for high moral seriousness?
The Evolving Role of Histology in the Management of Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2010)

Until recently, non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was treated as a single disease despite recognition of its histologic and molecular heterogeneity. Recent clinical trials, however, demonstrate that histology is an important factor for individualizing treatment, based on either safety or efficacy outcomes. For example, the labeling of the licensed agents bevacizumab and pemetrexed is restricted to patients with nonsquamous cell NSCLC. For bevacizumab, this restriction is due to an apparent association between squamous cell histology and severe pulmonary hemorrhage, whereas for pemetrexed, superior treatment effects have been observed in patients with nonsquamous cell histology. Given fewer agents are both active and tolerable in patients with squamous cell carcinoma compared with adenocarcinoma, and the nature of this particular phenotype of NSCLC, new drugs are needed for this histology. In this new histology-based treatment era, questions persist. Can pathology accurately distinguish the histologic subtypes of NSCLC? Can we use cytologic diagnosis? In the future, will molecular profiling of tumors trump histologic analysis? Herein we describe how therapy for NSCLC is evolving on the basis of a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying NSCLC histologic heterogeneity and tumorigenesis.
Electronic speckle photography: analysis of an algorithm giving the displacement with subpixel accuracy (1993)

Replacing photographic recording by electronic processing has some obvious advantages. An algorithm used for electronic speckle pattern photography is presented, and the reliability and accuracy is analyzed by using computer-generated speckle patterns. The algorithm is based on a two-dimensional discrete cross correlation between subimages from different images. Subpixel accuracy is obtained by a Fourier series expansion of the discrete correlation surface. The accuracy of the algorithm was found to vary in proportion to sigma/n(1 - delta)(2), where sigma is the speckle size, n is the subimage size, and delta is the amount of decorrelation, with negligible systematic errors. For typical values the uncertainty in the displacement is approximately 0.05 pixels. The uncertainty is found to increase with increased displacement gradients.
The immunotherapy of anal condyloma acuminatum (1976)

The immunotherapy of condyloma acuminatum offers a high success rate. Specific indications for immunotherapy are: 1) extensive anal and perianal condyloma acuminatum; 2) resistance to other conventional methods of therapy; 3) recurrence following other forms of treatment.
Viscosity and Non-Newtonian Behaviour of Concentrated Milk and Cream (2013)

The effect of the composition of milk solutions on their viscosities over the temperature range of 20–60°C was investigated using previously reported data and new experimental data. Low-fat milk of known composition was concentrated to obtain samples with 9 to 50% total solids content and the viscosity was measured. At concentrations up to 20% total solids, the liquid was Newtonian, but above 30% concentration skim milk concentrates exhibited pseudoplastic (shear thinning) behaviour, which is consistent with previous studies. The previous and new data were analysed to determine the fit to a recently proposed equation. The contributions of lactose, fat, casein, and whey protein were determined so that the viscosity of a liquid dairy product could be calculated from its composition over the entire experimental range.
A 6.5 GHz wideband CMOS low noise amplifier for multi-band use (2006)

LNA based on a noise-cancelled common gate topology spans 0.1 to 6.5 GHz with a gain of 19 dB, a NF of 3 dB, and s <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> < -10 dB. It is realized in 0.13-mum CMOS and dissipates 12 mW
Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: Anthocyanin 3-O-Glucoside-6''-O-Acyltransferase from Perilla frutescens (2000)

We have isolated and characterized a cDNA, PfAT208, encoding hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA: anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside-6"-O-acyltransferase (3AT) from Perilla frutescens. The identity of the cDNA was established by determination of the reaction products with recombinant enzyme overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The deduced amino acid sequence has a few regions that are conserved in a CoA-dependent acyltransferase family. The recombinant enzyme produced in yeast could utilize cyanidin 3-glucoside and cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, putative substrates in vivo, as well as other anthocyanins. The inhibitory effects of diethyl pyrocarbonate and N-ethylmaleimide on the recombinant 3AT activities suggest that histidine and cysteine residues are important for their catalytic function. These properties are in common with anthocyanin 5-O-glucoside-6"-O-acyltransferase (5AT). In Northern analysis, a transcript of PfAT208 was detected in the young leaves of perilla red forma. The properties of other cDNAs, gentian GAT106 and petunia PhAT48, isolated during the above cloning procedure are also described.
Inhibition of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 Activity Protects Pancreatic Beta Cells from Glucotoxicity (2006)

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer disease are degenerative diseases that may share common pathophysiologic mechanisms. Neuronal dysfunction in Alzheimer patients has been linked to overactivity of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and its activator p35. Both of these proteins are expressed in the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Further, glucose enhances p35 gene expression, promoting the formation of active p35/CDK5 complexes that regulate the expression of the insulin gene. In T2D, chronic elevations of glucose, glucotoxicity, impair beta cell function. We therefore postulated that CDK5 and p35 may be responsible for this beta cell impairment and that inhibition of CDK5 might have a beneficial effect. To test this hypothesis, the pancreatic cell line INS-1 was selected as a known in vitro model of glucotoxicity, and roscovitine (10 mum) was used as a CDK5 inhibitor. Chronic exposure of INS-1 cells to high glucose (20-30 mm) reduced both insulin mRNA levels and the activity of an insulin promoter reporter gene. Inhibition of CDK5 prevented this decrease of insulin gene expression. We used DNA binding (gel shift) assays and Western immunoblots to demonstrate that cellular levels of the transcription factor PDX-1, normally decreased by glucotoxicity, were preserved with CDK5 inhibition, as was the binding of PDX-1 to the insulin promoter. Analyses of nuclear and cytoplasmic PDX-1 protein levels revealed that CDK5 inhibition restores nuclear PDX-1, without affecting its cytoplasmic concentration, suggesting that CDK5 regulates the nuclear/cytoplasm partitioning of PDX-1. Using a Myc-tagged PDX-1 construct, we showed that the translocation of PDX-1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during glucotoxic conditions was prevented when CDK5 was inhibited. These studies indicate that CDK5 plays a role in the loss of beta cell function under glucotoxic conditions and that CDK5 inhibitors could have therapeutic value for T2D.
Stability of tacrolimus with morphine sulfate, hydromorphone hydrochloride, and ceftazidime during simulated intravenous coadministration (1999)

Journal Article Stability of tacrolimus with morphine sulfate, hydromorphone hydrochloride, and ceftazidime during simulated intravenous coadministration Get access Cary E. Johnson, Pharm.D., Cary E. Johnson, Pharm.D. Associate Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy The University of Michigan (UM), and Clinical Pharmacist—Pediatrics, University of Michigan Health System (UMHS), Ann Arbor Address reprint requests to Dr. Johnson at the College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, 428 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1065. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Heather L. VandenBussche, Pharm.D., Heather L. VandenBussche, Pharm.D. Clinical Pharmacist—Pediatric Infectious Disease UMHS, and Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, UM; at the time of this study she was Specialty Pharmacy Resident in Pediatrics, UMHS, and Clinical Instructor, College of Pharmacy, UM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Christine C. Chio, Pharm.D., Christine C. Chio, Pharm.D. student College of Pharmacy, UM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Pamala A. Jacobson, Pharm.D. Pamala A. Jacobson, Pharm.D. Clinical Pharmacist—Bone Marrow Transplantation UMHS, and Clinical Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, UM Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Volume 56, Issue 2, 15 January 1999, Pages 164–169, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/56.2.164 Published: 15 January 1999
Stimulation of skeletal muscle myofibrillar protein synthesis, p70 S6 kinase phosphorylation, and ribosomal protein S6 phosphorylation by inhibition of myostatin in mature mice (2009)

Knocking out myostatin activity during development increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis. The present study was done to determine whether postdevelopmental loss of myostatin activity stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis and the phosphorylation of some of the proteins involved in regulation of protein synthesis rate. Myostatin activity was inhibited for 4 days, in 4- to 5-mo-old male mice, with injections of an anti-myostatin antibody (JA16). The mean myofibrillar synthesis rate increased 19% (P < 0.01) relative to the mean rate in saline-treated mice, as determined by incorporation of deuterium-labeled phenylalanine. JA16 increased phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase (S6K) and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) 1.9-fold (P < 0.05). It did not affect phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein-1 or Akt. Microarrays and real-time PCR analyses indicated that JA16 administration did not selectively enrich levels of mRNAs encoding myofibrillar proteins, ribosomal proteins, or translation initiation and elongation factors. Rapamycin treatment did not affect the rate of myofibrillar protein synthesis whether or not the mice received JA16 injections, although it eliminated the phosphorylation of S6K and rpS6. We conclude that the normal level of myostatin activity in mature muscle is sufficient to inhibit myofibrillar synthesis rate and phosphorylation of S6K and rpS6. Reversal of the inhibition of myofibrillar synthesis with an anti-myostatin antibody is not dependent on mTOR activation.
Anti-IL-36R antibodies, potentially useful for the treatment of psoriasis: a patent evaluation of WO2013074569 (2014)

The IL-36 family of cytokines and receptors seems to play a role in the pathogenesis of both pustular psoriasis, and the much more common variant, plaque-type psoriasis. Human skin biopsies from patients with psoriasis show overexpression of IL-36 and mice that lack the inhibitory IL-36 receptor (IL-36Ra) antagonist develop psoriasis, suggesting that signaling through the IL-36R may drive the skin lesions of psoriasis. Currently, no drugs targeting IL-36 are used in the treatment of psoriasis. The patent WO2013074569 describes an antibody to the IL-36R that is proposed as a potential therapy for psoriasis.