gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calicheamicin γ 1 I : an Antitumor Antibiotic That Cleaves Double-Stranded DNA Site Specifically (1988)

Calicheamicin gamma 1I is a recently discovered diyne-ene--containing antitumor antibiotic with considerable potency against murine tumors. In vitro, this drug interacts with double-helical DNA in the minor groove and causes site-specific double-stranded cleavage. It is proposed that the observed cleavage specificity is a result of a unique fit of the drug and DNA followed by the generation of a nondiffusible 1,4-dehydrobenzene--diradical species that initiates oxidative strand scission by hydrogen abstraction on the deoxyribose ring. The ability of calicheamicin gamma 1I to cause double-strand cuts at very low concentrations may account for its potent antitumor activity.
Thermal properties and processing of (sulfobutylether)7m-β-cyclodextrin as a freeze-drying excipient in pharmaceutical formulations (1999)

Cette etude est une evaluation de certaines proprietes de la (sulfobutyl ether) 7m -β-cyclodextrine, ou Captisol, en tant qu'excipient pour lyophilisation avec comme objectif d'evaluer son interet dans ce procede. La temperature de transition vitreuse (T g ) de solutions concentrees congelees de (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine a ete determinee par analyse enthalpique differentielle a basse temperature, et les methodes de lyophilisation ont ete ajustees afin d'obtenir une lyophilisation correcte de la (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine a partir de sa solution aqueuse. La temperature de transition vitreuse trouvee pour la (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine est de - 28,5°C. Des methodes de lyophilisation plus rapides ont ete mises au point pour pouvoir utiliser la (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine comme excipient efficace de lyophilisation. Une approche a consiste a utiliser le dextran pour modifier la temperature de transition vitreuse afin d'augmenter l'efficacite de la lyophilisation. Une autre approche, la lyophilisation par paliers, met en oeuvre un procede de sechage inhabituel qui permet de reduire significativement le temps de sechage. Ces deux approches ont permis de reduire la lyophilisation de la (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine de respectivement 2,5 et 5 fois par rapport au temps necessaire dans la methode conventionnelle de lyophilisation. Une methode de microscopie electronique a balayage a ete mise au point pour etudier les differences de structure du lyophilisat. Des canaux de sublimation de la glace plus larges ont ete observes pour le lyophilisat obtenu par la methode par paliers. En resume, cette etude demontre que la (SBE) 7m -β-cyclodextrine, ou Captisol, peut etre correctement lyophilisee et servir d'adjuvant de lyophilisation.
At Least Three Human Type α Interferons: Structure of α2 (1980)

The sequence of a human leukocyte-derived complementary DNA (cDNA), Hif-2h, which directs the formation in Escherichia coli of a polypeptide, IFN-alpha 1, with interferon (IFN) activity has been described. A second IFN cDNA, Hif-SN206, which also elicits synthesis of a biologically active IFN, IFN-alpha 2, is described in this article. Whereas IFN-alpha 2 is twice as active on human as on bovine cells, IFN-alpha 1 is 10 to 20 times more active on bovine than on human cells. As deduced from the cDNA's, the messenger RNA's for the two IFN's differ in length and in 20 percent of the nucleotides; the mature IFN polypeptides differ in 17 percent of the amino acids. Both IFN-alpha 1 and IFN-alpha 2 differ from the lymphoblastoid IFN described by others. Therefore, at least three different IFN-alpha genes are expressed in man; studies on genomic DNA reveal the presence of at least eight IFN-related genes.
Autoreactive Diabetogenic T-Cells in NOD Mice Can Efficiently Expand From a Greatly Reduced Precursor Pool (2001)

A broad repertoire of pancreatic beta-cell autoreactive T-cells normally contributes to the development of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. However, it has been unknown if a large reduction in the precursor pool from which autoreactive T-cells are drawn would inhibit the development of type 1 diabetes. To address this issue, we reduced the precursor frequency of autoreactive T-cells in NOD mice through allelic exclusion induced by transgenic expression of an H2-Db class I-restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) specific for a pathologically irrelevant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) peptide. TCR allelic exclusion greatly reduced the pool of T-cells from which diabetogenic effectors could be derived in these NODxLCMV TCR Tg mice. Surprisingly, this did not impair their type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Furthermore, a diabetogenic CD8 T-cell population that is prevalent in standard NOD mice was present at essentially equivalent levels in pancreatic islets of NODxLCMV TCR Tg mice. Other data indicated that the antigenic specificity of these CD8 T-cells is primarily the function of a shared TCR-alpha chain. Although the percentage of TCR transgenic T-cells decreased in NOD versus B6,D2 control mice, much higher total numbers of both the TCR transgenic and the nontransgenic T-cells accumulated in the NOD strain. This transgenic T-cell accumulation in the absence of the cognate peptide indicated that the NOD genetic background preferentially promotes a highly efficient antigen-independent T-cell expansion. This might allow diabetogenic T-cells in NOD mice to undergo an efficient expansion before encountering antigen, which would represent an important and previously unconsidered aspect of pathogenesis.
Resonant‐Tunneling Diode (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: History Structure Characteristics Applications Related Device
Interleukin-15/Interleukin-15Rα Complexes Promote Destruction of Established Tumors by Reviving Tumor-Resident CD8+ T Cells (2008)

Tumors often escape immune-mediated destruction by suppressing lymphocyte infiltration or effector function. New approaches are needed that overcome this suppression and thereby augment the tumoricidal capacity of tumor-reactive lymphocytes. The cytokine interleukin-15 (IL-15) promotes proliferation and effector capacity of CD8(+) T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, and NKT cells; however, it has a short half-life and high doses are needed to achieve functional responses in vivo. The biological activity of IL-15 can be dramatically increased by complexing this cytokine to its soluble receptor, IL-15R alpha. Here, we report that in vivo delivery of IL-15/IL-15R alpha complexes triggers rapid and significant regression of established solid tumors in two murine models. Despite a marked expansion of IL-2/IL-15R beta(+) cells in lymphoid organs and peripheral blood following treatment with IL-15/IL-15R alpha complexes, the destruction of solid tumors was orchestrated by tumor-resident rather than newly infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. Our data provide novel insights into the use of IL-15/IL-15R alpha complexes to relieve tumor-resident T cells from functional suppression by the tumor microenvironment and have significant implications for cancer immunotherapy and treatment of chronic infections.
Hemorrhage control using high intensity focused ultrasound (2007)

Hemorrhage control is a high priority task in advanced trauma care, because hemorrhagic shock can result in less than a minute in cases of severe injuries. Hemorrhage was found to be solely responsible for 40-50% of traumatic civilian and battlefield deaths in recent years. The majority of these deaths were due to abdominal and pelvic injuries with hidden and inaccessible bleeding of solid organs such as liver, spleen, and kidneys, as well as major blood vessels. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) offers a promising method for hemorrhage control. An important advantage of HIFU is that it can deliver energy to deep regions of tissue where hemorrhage is occurring, allowing cauterization at depth of parenchymal tissues, or in difficult-to-access anatomical regions, while causing no or minimal biological effects in the intervening and surrounding tissues. Moreover, HIFU can cause both thermal and mechanical effects that are shown to work synergistically for rapid hemorrhage control. The major challenges of this method are in development of bleeding detection techniques for accurate localization of the injury sites, delivery of large HIFU doses for profuse bleeding cases, and ensuring safety when critical structures are in the vicinity of the injury. Future developments of acoustic hemostasis technology are anticipated to be for applications in peripheral vascular injuries where an acoustic window is usually available, and for applications in the operating room on exposed organs.
Biodegradable Polymers for Ocular Drug Delivery (2001)

A variety of ocular drug delivery systems, including a controlled release of the drug, drug targeting, and penetration enhancement of the drug, have been investigated. Biodegradable polymers have been widely used as the drug carrier for controlled-release systems. Biodegradable polymers release the drug as they themselves degrade and are finally absorbed within the body. Several ocular drug delivery systems using different kinds of biodegradable polymers have been studied. In this article, we describe the fundamental mechanisms of drug delivery systems, polymer erosion and drug release, and then review those systems using the most popular biodegradable polymers, poly(lactic acid) and poly(lactic-glycolic acid).
Gi Symptoms in Diabetes Mellitus Are Associated With Both Poor Glycemic Control and Diabetic Complications (2002)

GI symptoms in diabetes mellitus may be linked to diabetic complications, particularly peripheral neuropathy, and to poor glycemic control.
The Plant Defensin, NaD1, Enters the Cytoplasm of Fusarium Oxysporum Hyphae (2008)

The plant defensin, NaD1, from the flowers of Nicotiana alata displays potent antifungal activity against a variety of agronomically important filamentous fungi including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov). To understand the mechanism of this antifungal activity, the effect of NaD1 on Fov fungal membranes and the location of NaD1 in treated hyphae was examined using various fluorescence techniques. NaD1 permeabilized fungal plasma membranes via the formation of an aperture with an internal diameter of between 14 and 22A. NaD1 bound to the cell walls of all treated hyphae and entered several hyphae, resulting in granulation of the cytoplasm and cell death. These results suggest that the activity of antifungal plant defensins may not be restricted to the hyphal membrane and that they enter cells and affect intracellular targets.
The codon adaptation index-a measure of directional synonymous codon usage bias, and its potential applications (1987)

A simple, effective measure of synonymous codon usage bias, the Codon Adaptation Index, is detailed. The index uses a reference set of highly expressed genes from a species to assess the relative merits of each codon, and a score for a gene is calculated from the frequency of use of all codons in that gene. The index assesses the extent to which selection has been effective in moulding the pattern of codon usage. In that respect it is useful for predicting the level of expression of a gene, for assessing the adaptation of viral genes to their hosts, and for making comparisons of codon usage in different organisms. The index may also give an approximate indication of the likely success of heterologous gene expression.
Making cloud intermediate data fault-tolerant (2010)

Parallel dataflow programs generate enormous amounts of distributed data that are short-lived, yet are critical for completion of the job and for good run-time performance. We call this class of data as intermediate data. This paper is the first to address intermediate data as a first-class citizen, specifically targeting and minimizing the effect of run-time server failures on the availability of intermediate data, and thus on performance metrics such as job completion time. We propose new design techniques for a new storage system called ISS (Intermediate Storage System), implement these techniques within Hadoop, and experimentally evaluate the resulting system. Under no failure, the performance of Hadoop augmented with ISS (i.e., job completion time) turns out to be comparable to base Hadoop. Under a failure, Hadoop with ISS outperforms base Hadoop and incurs up to 18% overhead compared to base no-failure Hadoop, depending on the testbed setup.
Human Parathyroid Hormone-(l–34) Increases Bone Mass in Ovariectomized and Orchidectomized Rats* (1988)

In intact growing rats, intermittent administration of low doses of PTH increases bone mass. As gonadal hormones are considered to be essential for normal bone growth, the anabolic effect of PTH may be mediated or modified by these hormones. The objective of this research was to determine if the anabolic effect of PTH would be altered in female ovariectomized (OVX) and male orchidectomized (ORCHX) rats. Two weeks after ovariectomy, orchidectomy, or sham operations, 5-week-old rats (eight per group) were given daily sc injections of human PTH (1-34) (8 micrograms/100 g) or vehicle. After 12 days of treatment, all rats were killed; castration was confirmed, and sera, femurs, tibias, and kidneys were collected. Calcium (Ca) and dry weight (DW) of trabecular and cortical bone of distal half-femurs were measured. Female OVX rats were osteopenic compared to their sham-operated controls, as the bone mass of distal femurs decreased while body weight increased. In PTH-treated females, total bone Ca and DW per 100 g BW increased significantly by 16% and 21%, respectively, in sham-operated rats and by 21% and 25%, respectively, in OVX rats compared to the appropriate control values. ORCHX rats were also osteopenic, as the bone mass of distal femurs was significantly decreased compared to that in sham-operated males. However, as body weight also decreased, the bone mass per unit BW was not altered. In PTH-treated males, total bone Ca and DW per 100 g BW increased significantly by 34% and 25%, respectively, in sham-operated rats by 32% and 29%, respectively, in ORCHX rats compared to their appropriate control values. Serum Ca, creatinine, and alkaline phosphatase levels were normal and comparable in all rats. We conclude that PTH increased bone mass in control, OVX, and ORCHX rats, and the anabolic response to PTH is not dependent on gonadal hormones.
Design considerations of a digital pressure sensor array (2002)

A digital pressure sensor array is described which is designed using aligned wafer bonding. The array produces a digital output describing the pressure differential range in the interval of 0.25 to 1.0 atmospheres of pressure. The digital pressure sensors operate on the principle of closing electrical contacts at desired pressure points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
2′, 3′-Dideoxy-3′ amlnonudeo 5′ .triphosphates are the terminators of DNA synthesis catalyzed by DNA polymerases (1984)

It is shown that 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-aminonucleoside 5'-triphosphates with adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine bases are effective inhibitors of DNA polymerase I, calf thymus DNA polymerase alpha and rat liver DNA polymerase beta. The effect of the above-mentioned compounds is markedly higher than corresponding action of the well-known DNA synthesis inhibitors arabinonucleoside 5'-triphosphates and 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphates. 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-aminonucleoside 5'-monophosphate residues incorporate into the 3'-terminus of the primer and terminate the DNA chain elongation. The possibility of using 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-aminonucleoside 5'-triphosphates as terminators for DNA sequencing by the polymerization method is demonstrated.
Acute Respiratory Tract Infection in Daycare Centers for Older Persons (1995)

One hundred sixty-five illnesses were documented in 165 older daycare participants as well as 113 illnesses among 67 staff members during the 15-month study. The rate of ARTI in the elderly group was 10.8 per 100 person months. The most common etiologies in both the staff and elderly participants were respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), Influenza A, and coronavirus. The etiologies of illnesses in the staff compared with those in elderly group were similar except that bacterial infections were significantly more common among the elderly (7% vs. 0, P = 0.05). Multiple pathogens were found to cocirculate within centers, and no clear outbreak of a predominant organism was noted. Cough and nasal congestion characterized most illnesses. The elderly experienced significantly more cough, dyspnea, and sputum production than did the staff. There were 10 hospitalizations related to respiratory infections and four deaths during the acute illness among the elderly group and none in staff.
Autologous Fat Grafting to the Breast Using REVOLVE System to Reduce Clinical Costs (2015)

This single surgeon's experience with the REVOLVE System for fat processing establishes economic support for its use in specific high-volume fat grafting cases. Cost analysis comparing the REVOLVE System and Coleman techniques suggests that in cases of planned fat transfer of 75 mL or more, using the REVOLVE System for fat processing is more economically beneficial. This study may serve as a guide to plastic surgeons in deciding which cases might be appropriate for the use of the REVOLVE System and is the first report comparing economics of fat grafting with the traditional Coleman technique and the REVOLVE System.
A Study on the Fracture Surface Growth Behavior of Steel used for Frame of Vehicles by Corrosion Fatigue (1992)

In this study, corrosion fatigue test of SAPH45 steel was performed by the use of plane bending fatigue tester in marine environment and investigated fracture surface growth behavior of base metal and heat affected zone corrosion fatigue. The main results obtained are as follows: 1) Fracture surface growth of heat affected zone (HAZ) is delayed more than that of base matel (BM), and they tend to faster in seawater than in air. 2) Corrosion sensitivity to corrosion fatigue life of HAZ is more susceptible than that of BM. 3)In the case of the corner crack by corrosion fatigue, the correlation between the propagation rate of fracture surface area(dA/dN) and stress intensity factor range(ΔK) for SAPH45 are applied to Paris rule as follows: dA/dN=C(ΔK) super(m) where m is the slope of the correlation, and is about 6.60-6.95 in air and about 6.33-6.41 in seawater respectively.
Radiative human body cooling by nanoporous polyethylene textile (2016)

Thermal management through personal heating and cooling is a strategy by which to expand indoor temperature setpoint range for large energy saving. We show that nanoporous polyethylene (nanoPE) is transparent to mid-infrared human body radiation but opaque to visible light because of the pore size distribution (50 to 1000 nanometers). We processed the material to develop a textile that promotes effective radiative cooling while still having sufficient air permeability, water-wicking rate, and mechanical strength for wearability. We developed a device to simulate skin temperature that shows temperatures 2.7° and 2.0°C lower when covered with nanoPE cloth and with processed nanoPE cloth, respectively, than when covered with cotton. Our processed nanoPE is an effective and scalable textile for personal thermal management.
Therapeutic Potential of TAAR1 Agonists in Schizophrenia: Evidence from Preclinical Models and Clinical Studies (2021)

Trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for neuropsychiatric disorders due to its ability to modulate monoaminergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. In particular, agonist compounds have generated interest as potential treatments for schizophrenia and other psychoses due to TAAR1-mediated regulation of dopaminergic tone. Here, we review unmet needs in schizophrenia, the current state of knowledge in TAAR1 circuit biology and neuropharmacology, including preclinical behavioral, imaging, and cellular evidence in glutamatergic, dopaminergic and genetic models linked to the pathophysiology of psychotic, negative and cognitive symptoms. Clinical trial data for TAAR1 drug candidates are reviewed and contrasted with antipsychotics. The identification of endogenous TAAR1 ligands and subsequent development of small-molecule agonists has revealed antipsychotic-, anxiolytic-, and antidepressant-like properties, as well as pro-cognitive and REM-sleep suppressing effects of TAAR1 activation in rodents and non-human primates. Ulotaront, the first TAAR1 agonist to progress to randomized controlled clinical trials, has demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of schizophrenia, while another, ralmitaront, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials in schizophrenia. Coupled with the preclinical findings, this provides a rationale for further investigation and development of this new pharmacological class for the treatment of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders.
The impact of maternal body mass on the effectiveness of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate. (2008)

Maternal prepregnancy BMI does not appear to influence the rates of recurrent PTD in women with singleton gestation receiving 17P prophylaxis. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Specificity of antibodies to O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative group C meningococcal polysaccharides in sera from vaccinees and carriers (1991)

Most group C Neisseria meningitidis strains produce an O-acetyl-positive polysaccharide, a homopolymer of alpha-2----9-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid with O-acetyl groups at the C-7 and C-8 of its sialic acid residues. The majority of disease isolates have been reported to contain this polysaccharide. Some strains produce group C polysaccharide lacking O-acetyl groups. The licensed vaccine contains the O-acetyl-positive polysaccharide. We have measured the antibody specificities to the two polysaccharides in sera from asymptomatic group C meningococcal carriers and vaccinated adults by a new enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure using methylated human serum albumin for coating the group C polysaccharide onto microtiter plates. Inhibition of binding of serum antibodies to polysaccharide-coated plates was measured by ELISA after incubation with O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative group C polysaccharides. Greater inhibition of binding of carrier sera was observed with the homologous polysaccharide. There was substantial inhibition of binding of vaccinee sera to the O-acetyl-positive polysaccharide-coated plate following preincubation with O-acetyl-positive polysaccharide, but homologous inhibition on plates coated with the O-acetyl-negative polysaccharide required much higher concentrations of polysaccharide. Carrier sera may have a higher proportion of antibodies with greater specificity for the O-acetyl-negative polysaccharide, while vaccinee sera contain antibodies with greater affinity for the O-acetyl-positive polysaccharide. Studies with monoclonal antibodies specific for O-acetyl-positive and O-acetyl-negative polysaccharides reveal that the percentage of group C meningococcal disease caused by O-acetyl-negative strains remains about 15%, as found over 15 years ago.