gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Solution Structure of Human Interleukin-4 by Multidimensional Heteronuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1992)

The three-dimensional solution structure of recombinant human interleukin-4, a protein of 133 residues and 15.4 kilodaltons that plays a key role in the immune and inflammatory systems, has been solved by multidimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The structure is dominated by a left-handed four-helix bundle with an unusual topology comprising two overhand connections. The linker elements between the helices are formed by either long loops, small helical turns, or short strands. The overall topology is remarkably similar to that of growth hormone and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, despite the absence of any sequence homology, and substantial differences in the relative lengths of the helices, the length and nature of the various connecting elements, and the pattern of disulfide bridges. These three proteins, however, bind to cell surface receptors belonging to the same hematopoietic superfamily, which suggests that interleukin-4 may interact with its receptor in an analogous manner to that observed in the crystal structure of the growth hormone-extracellular receptor complex.
<title>Optical sampling and demultiplexing applied to A/D conversion</title> (1991)

Electro-optic sampling of wideband signals using short duration pulses from a diode laser may offer advantages over the electronic sampling performed in A/D converters. A hybrid optical/electronic A/D conversion technique is described which overcomes some of the difficulties encountered in previous efforts in this area. This hybrid technique uses electrooptic components to perform sampling and time-demultiplexing together with multiple electronic A/D converters. A system which uses 4 parallel electronic A/D converters and a pulsed diode laser is demonstrated with a sample rate of 2 GHz. For single-tone test signals in the range of 10 to 11 Ghz, the precision of this system is as high as 2.8 effective bits, limited principally by laser jitter.
Vaccines against protozoal diseases of veterinary importance (1996)

Protozoan parasites are important animal and human pathogens. At present, most of these infections are controlled by chemotherapy. In addition, vaccines are available for some of these diseases. There is, however, still an urgent need for the development of vaccines against protozoal diseases, since the current array of available vaccines is very limited. This review describes the different approaches that have been taken to develop such vaccines and discusses the difficulties that hampered vaccine development. Many of the problems are related to the complex life cycle of these parasites and the virtual lack of mass in vitro culture systems. We also give an overview of the commercial and non-commercial vaccines that do exist at present. Finally, we describe the future directions of this interesting field. New techniques and strategies include parasite cultivation methods and recombinant-DNA techniques, such as vector vaccines and DNA-vaccines. Moreover, these approaches are complemented by the development of sophisticated adjuvants; the coupling of immunoprotective molecules to entities with adjuvant activity or the use of cytokines, e.g. IL-12. Through these innovations new vaccines against protozoal diseases will become available in the near future.
Motivation and Structure in Professional Service Organisations or Goal Setting and the Cheshire Cat (1984)

A model company structure is developed for professional service organisations considering line-staff organisations, matrix organisations, the nature of Engineers and engineering, the state of consulting, goal setting theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, fixed interval variable interval and variable ratio scheduling of operant conditioning, job enrichment and need for achievement. These are incorporated in a company structure and operating system suitable for small to medium service organisations.
Ultrasensitive detection of nucleic acids using deformed graphene channel field effect biosensors (2020)

Field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors allow label-free detection of biomolecules by measuring their intrinsic charges. The detection limit of these sensors is determined by the Debye screening of the charges from counter ions in solutions. Here, we use FETs with a deformed monolayer graphene channel for the detection of nucleic acids. These devices with even millimeter scale channels show an ultra-high sensitivity detection in buffer and human serum sample down to 600 zM and 20 aM, respectively, which are ∼18 and ∼600 nucleic acid molecules. Computational simulations reveal that the nanoscale deformations can form 'electrical hot spots' in the sensing channel which reduce the charge screening at the concave regions. Moreover, the deformed graphene could exhibit a band-gap, allowing an exponential change in the source-drain current from small numbers of charges. Collectively, these phenomena allow for ultrasensitive electronic biomolecular detection in millimeter scale structures.
Characteristics of Single and Coupled Microstrips on Anisotropic Substrates (1978)

In this paper, the effect of an anisotropic substrate on the characteristics of covered microstrip is presented for single and coupled lines. The Green's function is obtained in integral and series form for an arbitrary anisotropic substrate. Computer programs based on the method of moments approach [1], [2] are employed and results are presented in graphical form for impedance Z, coupling constant K, and phase velocity v/sub p/ as functions of n/sub x/ / n/sub y/ (the ratio of the substrate indices of refraction). Z, K, and v/sub p/ are studied for various w/H, S/H, and B/H ratios where w is the line width (w/sub 1/ and w/sub 2/ for coupled lines), S is the separation between coupled lines, B is the separation between ground planes, and H is the substrate thickness.
Accuracy and Precision of Manual Baseline Determination (2004)

Vibrational spectra often require baseline removal before further data analysis can be performed. Manual (i.e., user) baseline determination and removal is a common technique used to perform this operation. Currently, little data exists that details the accuracy and precision that can be expected with manual baseline removal techniques. This study addresses this current lack of data. One hundred spectra of varying signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-baseline ratio (SBR), baseline slope, and spectral congestion were constructed and baselines were subtracted by 16 volunteers who were categorized as being either experienced or inexperienced in baseline determination. In total, 285 baseline determinations were performed. The general level of accuracy and precision that can be expected for manually determined baselines from spectra of varying SNR, SBR, baseline slope, and spectral congestion is established. Furthermore, the effects of user experience on the accuracy and precision of baseline determination is estimated. The interactions between the above factors in affecting the accuracy and precision of baseline determination is highlighted. Where possible, the functional relationships between accuracy, precision, and the given spectral characteristic are detailed. The results provide users of manual baseline determination useful guidelines in establishing limits of accuracy and precision when performing manual baseline determination, as well as highlighting conditions that confound the accuracy and precision of manual baseline determination.
In vitro differentiation and proliferation of purified human thymic and bone marrow CD7+CD2- T-cell precursors. (1990)

It is well established that CD7, gp40 antigen is one of the first antigens detected on the surfaces of cells of the human T-cell lineage. Using complement-dependent cytotoxicity and immunoadherence to anti-CD7-coated surfaces, we were able to purify CD7+2-3-4-8-TcR- cells with greater than 90% purity from both human thymus and bone marrow. Limiting dilution analysis showed that these cells displayed high ability to generate mature T-cell clones when they were cultured in the appropriate conditions. These precursors needed phytohemagglutinin-stimulated leukocyte-conditioned medium (PHA-LCM) as a differentiation signal before being able to respond to PHA and recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL2). CD7+CD2- precursors differed from more mature CD7+CD2+ thymocytes because they were not sensitive to PHA, IL2, or CD2 triggering. Bone marrow-derived clones were mostly CD4+, whereas thymic cells generated more CD8+ than CD4+ clones. Together, this study indicates that the CD7+CD2- precursor is one of the earliest prothymocytes able to differentiate and proliferate in vitro.
Butyrate Protects Rat Liver against Total Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury with Bowel Congestion (2014)

Hepatic ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is an unavoidable consequence of major liver surgery, especially in liver transplantation with bowel congestion, during which endotoxemia is often evident. The inflammatory response aggravated by endotoxin after I/R contributes to liver dysfunction and failure. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of butyrate, a naturally occurring four-carbon fatty acid in the body and a dietary component of foods such as cheese and butter, on hepatic injury complicated by enterogenous endotoxin, as well as to examine the underlying mechanisms involved. SD rats were subjected to a total hepatic ischemia for 30 min after pretreatment with either vehicle or butyrate, followed by 6 h and 24 h of reperfusion. Butyrate preconditioning markedly improved hepatic function and histology, as indicated by reduced transaminase levels and ameliorated tissue pathological changes. The inflammatory factors levels, macrophages activation, TLR4 expression, and neutrophil infiltration in live were attenuated by butyrate. Butyrate also maintained the intestinal barrier structures, reversed the aberrant expression of ZO-1, and decreased the endotoxin translocation. We conclude that butyrate inhibition of endotoxin translocation, macrophages activation, inflammatory factors production, and neutrophil infiltration is involved in the alleviation of total hepatic I/R liver injury in rats. This suggests that butyrate should potentially be utilized in liver transplantation.
Increased Toxicity of Iron-Amended Copper-Containing Bactericides to the Walnut Blight PathogenXanthomonas campestrispv.juglandis (1993)

The addition of iron to fixed copper compounds enhanced the toxicity of these materials to the walnut blight bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. juglandis by several mechanisms. Iron altered the physiology of the bacterium, causing it to be more sensitive to cupric ions. In the presence of iron, less free copper ions were needed to inhibit the growth of bacteria. The addition of soluble iron salts to fixed copper compounds also reduced pH and increased the amount of free copper ions; addition of iron caused the release of more free copper ions in suspensions of Kocide 101 (77% Cu(OH) 2 ) than did hydrochloric acid at the same pH. The spraying of walnut leaves with Kocide 101 amended with iron salts significantly increased the availability of free copper ions on leaf surfaces compared to the bactericide alone [...]
Differential Effects of Macrophage Inflammatory Chemokine-2 and Keratinocyte-Derived Chemokine on Hemorrhage-Induced Neutrophil Priming for Lung Inflammation: Assessment by Adoptive Cells Transfer in Mice (2003)

Prior studies have shown that hemorrhage (Hem) can serve as a priming stimulus for acute lung injury (ALI) triggered by subsequent septic challenge (cecal ligation and puncture, CLP). Furthermore, we have reported that in vivo antibody neutralization of the chemokines, macrophage inflammatory chemokine-2 (MIP-2) and keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC), immediately after Hem appears to differentially effect the onset of ALI. However, although we hypothesize that this is due to divergent effects of MIP-2 and KC on Hem-induced neutrophil (PMN) priming, this has not been tested. To examine this hypothesis, PMN donor mice were Sham-Hem or Hem for 90 min at 35 +/- 5 mmHg and were then administered anti-MIP- 2 (Hem/anti-MIP2), anti-KC (Hem/anti-KC), or nonspecific immunoglobulin (Ig) G (Hem/IgG) during resuscitation (Ringer's lactate = four times the amount of drawn blood volume). Twenty-four hours post-Hem, the peripheral blood PMN were purified from these donor animals and were introduced into PMN-depleted recipient mice [depleted by prior anti-Gr1 (mouse PMN-specific marker) antibody treatment]. One hour after PMN transfer, recipient mice were subjected to CLP, euthanized 24 h later, and plasma as well as lung tissue samples were collected. PMN influx was assessed by myeloperoxidase assay (MPO; microU/mg protein) and histologically (IL-6, MIP-2, KC, and IL-10 levels) by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA; ng/mg). The results show that donor PMN from Hem/IgG but not Sham-Hem mice produce increased PMN influx (increased MPO, increased % esterase+ cells in tissue) into the lung and local tissue inflammation (increased IL-6/MIP-2, decreased IL-10) in PMN-depleted CLP recipient mice, which was attenuated in mice receiving cells from Hem/anti-MIP-2 but not Hem/anti-KC treated donors. Interestingly, although Hem/anti-MIP-2 donor PMN produced comparable effects on blood IL-6/MIP-2 levels, they were ineffective in altering the change in plasma IL-10/KC levels induce by Hem. Taken together, these data demonstrate that Hem-induced priming of PMN not only mediates ALI in the mouse, but also that this process is differentially effected by MIP2 and KC, despite the fact that both signal through CXCR2.
Results of bullectomy. (1995)

Bullous emphysema patients with severe dyspnea or repeated pneumothorax who demonstrate compression or crowding of relatively normal underlying lung can benefit significantly from surgical intervention. As much of the normal lung should be preserved as possible by excision only of the bullae. Buttressing of the stapled bases of the bullae may minimize postoperative air leak, allowing even simultaneous bilateral operation. Further experience and follow-up of the thoracoscopic approach to bullectomy may establish it as the approach of choice rather than thoracotomy.
Auxin-dependent regulation of lateral root positioning in the basal meristem of Arabidopsis (2007)

In plants, the developmental mechanisms that regulate the positioning of lateral organs along the primary root are currently unknown. We present evidence on how lateral root initiation is controlled in a spatiotemporal manner in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. First, lateral roots are spaced along the main axis in a regular left-right alternating pattern that correlates with gravity-induced waving and depends on AUX1, an auxin influx carrier essential for gravitropic response. Second, we found evidence that the priming of pericycle cells for lateral root initiation might take place in the basal meristem, correlating with elevated auxin sensitivity in this part of the root. This local auxin responsiveness oscillates with peaks of expression at regular intervals of 15 hours. Each peak in the auxin-reporter maximum correlates with the formation of a consecutive lateral root. Third, auxin signaling in the basal meristem triggers pericycle cells for lateral root initiation prior to the action of INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID14 (SOLITARY ROOT).
Characterization of plasmon-resonant gold nanorods as near-infrared optical contrast agents investigated using a double-integrating sphere system (2005)

The potential for using plasmon-resonant gold nanorods as targeted contrast agents for in vivo coherent optical imaging is investigated. Separation of the relative strengths of light scattering and absorption of plasmon-resonant nanorods are measured with a double-integrating sphere system at 774 and 1304nm. The maximum likelihood ratio is then used to test the statistical significance of optical changes observed after application of contrast agents to tissue phantoms. Gold plasmon-resonant nanorods with a longitudinal resonance near 800nm are imaged within varying concentrations of intralipid using a 101dB sensitivity, 800nm optical coherence tomography (OCT) system. We estimate the minimum OCT detectible concentration of these nanorods (ca. 15 by 45nm) within 1.1% intralipid to be 25microg/mL of gold.
A convenient method for the preparation of 2-(1-aminoalkyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acids, key intermediates in the total synthesis of naturally occurring antitumor cyclopeptides (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA convenient method for the preparation of 2-(1-aminoalkyl)thiazole-4-carboxylic acids, key intermediates in the total synthesis of naturally occurring antitumor cyclopeptidesRaymond Houssin, Michele Lohez, Jean Luc Bernier, and Jean Pierre HenichartCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 15, 2787–2788Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00215a040https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00215a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views398Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Using multi-hop acknowledgements to discover and reliably communicate over unidirectional links in ad hoc networks (2002)

Neighbor discovery protocols are based on the receipt of an acknowledgement in response to a node advertisement. Traditionally, the advertisement and acknowledgement are sent in opposite directions across the same link. As a result, these protocols are only able to discover bidirectional links. The exclusion of unidirectional links can reduce the network's capacity and also lead to network partitioning. These concerns are particularly relevant to ad hoc networks, where bandwidth and transmission power are limited resources and links are not necessarily bidirectional. To support the discovery and subsequent use of unidirectional links, we propose the multi-hop broadcast and unicast relay of link layer acknowledgements. Through simulation of an ad hoc network with reduced transmission power support, we demonstrate that the proposed multi-hop feedback techniques are able to discover nearly all of the unidirectional links, improving network connectivity by 30% and reducing the length of shortest hop paths by 25%.
Hsp72 is an early and sensitive biomarker to detect acute kidney injury (2010)

This study was designed to assess whether heat shock protein Hsp72 is an early and sensitive biomarker of acute kidney injury (AKI) as well as to monitor a renoprotective strategy. Seventy-two Wistar rats were divided into six groups: sham-operated and rats subjected to 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min of bilateral ischemia (I) and 24 h of reperfusion (R). Different times of reperfusion (3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 h) were also evaluated in 30 other rats subjected to 30 min of ischemia. Hsp72 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels were determined in both kidney and urine. Hsp72-specificity as a biomarker to assess the success of a renoprotective intervention was evaluated in rats treated with different doses of spironolactone before I/R. Renal Hsp72 mRNA and protein, as well as urinary Hsp72 levels, gradually increased relative to the extent of renal injury induced by different periods of ischemia quantified by histomorphometry as a benchmark of kidney damage. Urinary Hsp72 increased significantly after 3 h and continued rising until 18 h, followed by restoration after 120 h of reperfusion in accord with histopathological findings. Spironolactone renoprotection was associated with normalization of urinary Hsp72 levels. Accordingly, urinary Hsp72 was significantly increased in patients with clinical AKI before serum creatinine elevation. Our results show that urinary Hsp72 is a useful biomarker for early detection and stratification of AKI. In addition, urinary Hsp72 levels are sensitive enough to monitor therapeutic interventions and the degree of tubular recovery following an I/R insult.
Multimedia on the Internet (1996)

Summary form only given. Sun is a strong supporter of open standards and therefore believes in cross-platform interoperability. The web is the universal interface to world's digital library. The biggest component of multimedia is video. Compliance of video with international standards based on ISO/MPEG specifications is very important in terms of facilitating interoperability. The standardized universal interface provides broadcast capability: publish once, reach millions. For worldwide interoperability of video communication, it is essential that there is a strict adherence to the profile architecture that has been developed by the MPEG Requirements Committee. Today's multimedia applications require reliable, on time delivery of data to one or more hosts simultaneously. In order to provide this capability, multicasting and quality of service guarantees must be incorporated into the network infrastructure. RSVP (reservation setup protocol) is a network control protocol that allows Internet applications to obtain special quality-of-service (QoS) for their dataflows. This will generally (but not necessarily) require reserving resources along the datapaths and providing some mechanism for packet scheduling in the routers. RSVP is a component of the future "integrated services" Internet, which will provide both best effort and real-time qualities of service. When an application in a host (end system) requests a specific QoS for its datastream, RSVP is used to deliver the request to each router along the path(s) of the datastream and to maintain router and host state to provide the requested service.
Local Crack Branching as a Mechanism for Instability in Dynamic Fracture (1995)

The motion of a crack in dynamic fracture has been shown to be governed by a dynamical instability causing oscillations in its velocity and structure on the fracture surface. We present experimental evidence indicating that the mechanism for instability is attempted local crack branching. At the instability onset, a crack will locally change its topology and sprout small, microscopic side branches. The trajectories of these local branches are independent of the crack velocity and exhibit scaling behavior. A connection between microscopic and macroscopic crack branching is established.