gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Multiparameter CD measurements using scatterometry</title> (1996)

Scatterometry, the characterization of periodic structures via diffracted light analysis, is shown to be a versatile metrology technique applicable to several processes involved in microlithography. Unlike contemporary inspection technologies, such as scanning force microscopy (SFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scatterometry is rapid, non- destructive, inexpensive and has the potential for use in-situ. Furthermore, the flexibility of the technique allows it to be used for a number of different process measurements. In the production of a sub-micron microelectronic device, a typical series of process steps could involve the deposition of a poly-Si layer on oxide, followed by the application of an anti- reflection coating (ARC) and resist layer. Thus in total there are four parameters which will ultimately affect the overall quality of subsequent processing: the linewidth of the resist, the resist height, and the thicknesses of the ARC and poly-Si. We have demonstrated that the scatterometer measurement technique is robust to changes in the thickness of underlying films. Indeed, there is sufficient information in one signature to determine four parameters at once, even when the linewidth dimensions are as small as 0.16 micrometer and the poly-Si thickness is on the order of 2500 angstrom. Results from determining these dimensions on several wafers show excellent agreement between the scatterometry measurements and measurements made with other metrology instruments (top down and cross-section SEM, and ellipsometer). For example, the average bias between nine scatterometry and cross-section SEM measurements on nominal 0.35 micrometer lines is minus 1.7 nm; for 0.25 micrometer lines, the average difference is minus 7.3 nm. In addition, results from measuring the sidewall angle (a fifth parameter) from these same scatter signatures indicate that the resist profiles at optimum focus and exposure are near-vertical. Finally, the dynamic repeatability of this technique is shown to be excellent for all of the parameters measured (linewidth, resist height, ARC thickness and poly thickness). For example, the 3(sigma) repeatability of measurements on a 207 nm linewidth is 0.75 nm and the 3 sigma repeatability for measurements on a 311 nm linewidth is 1.08 nm.
Myristoylated Alanine-Rich C-Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Protein Regulation of Human Neutrophil Migration (2009)

Neutrophil migration into infected tissues is essential for host defense, but products of activated neutrophils can be quite damaging to host cells. Neutrophil influx into the lung and airways and resultant inflammation characterizes diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis. To migrate, neutrophils must reorganize the actin cytoskeleton to establish a leading edge pseudopod and a trailing edge uropod. The actin-binding protein myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate (MARCKS) has been shown to bind and cross-link actin in a variety of cell types and to co-localize with F-actin in the leading edge lamellipodium of migrating fibroblasts. The hypothesis that MARCKS has a role in the regulation of neutrophil migration was tested using a cell-permeant peptide derived from the MARCKS myristoylated aminoterminus (MANS peptide). Treatment of isolated human neutrophils with MANS significantly inhibited both their migration and beta2 integrin-dependent adhesion in response to N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLF), IL-8, or leukotriene (LT)B(4). The IC(50) for fMLF-induced migration and adhesion was 17.1 microM and 12.5 microM, respectively. MANS significantly reduced the F-actin content in neutrophils 30 seconds after fMLF stimulation, although the peptide did not alter the ability of cells to polarize or spread. MANS did not alter fMLF-induced increases in surface beta2 integrin expression. These results suggest that MARCKS, via its myristoylated aminoterminus, is a key regulator of neutrophil migration and adhesion.
Isolation of transposon Tn551 insertions near chromosomal markers of interest in Staphylococcus aureus (1984)

A procedure was developed to isolate insertions of transposon Tn551 near other markers of interest on the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8325. When an inoculum of strain 8325-4 carrying a thermosensitive mutant of plasmid pI258 (on which Tn551 resides) was inoculated into brain heart infusion agar plus erythromycin and grown to saturation at 43 degrees C, the transforming DNA extracted from this population of cells contained a random collection of different chromosomal insertions of Tn551; this DNA is referred to as pooled Tn551 DNA. When erythromycin-sensitive recipient strains containing chromosomal markers of interest were transformed with pooled Tn551 DNA, and the resulting Emr transformants were screened for coinheritance of the donor allele of the marker of interest, insertions of Tn551 were isolated near several markers, including fus-149, tet-3490, mec-4916, pig-131, ilv-129, pur-140, and uraA141. Many of the insertions were within the linkage groups that contained these markers, and several insertions occupied different positions between the linkage groups in heretofore undefined regions of the circular chromosomal map of S. aureus. These insertions of transposon Tn551 extend the known limits of the existing linkage groups, provide linkage data and map locations for markers not previously mapped, and provide a means to map markers which cannot be directly selected.
Política 'anti-piel' e incoherencia del derecho comunitario: ¿Hacia una interdicción de granjas peleteras en la Unión Europea? (2012)

El bienestar animal es un objetivo importante de la política europea. Desde los años 1970, varios instrumentos de protección han sido adoptados en numerosos dominios y en particular el de la piel. La Unión Europea adoptó varios embargos (o interdicción de importación) al fin de oponerse a los productos resueltos de métodos "crueles" tales como para las pieles de focas, de gatos y de perros de China y las de trampa cepo. Sin embargo, esta política abiertamente "anti-piel" sobre la escena internacional esconde una paradoja: la Unión Europea es el líder mundial de producción de piel industrial. Mientras que lucha contra los métodos de caza, de captura y de producción de piel en los países extranjeros, la Unión Europea detiene millares de granjas peleteras en el seno de sus fronteras, aunque sus métodos de detención y de muerte son tan discutibles. La Comisión Europea reconoce estos problemas éticos y desee remediarlos. Por eso, parecería deseable prohibir las granjas peleteras en la Unión Europea. Esta posibilidad parece aún más realizable que los países europeos son cada vez más numerosos a adoptar medidas de interdicción y de restricción de estas granjas. Por fin, esta interdicción ofrecería la ventaja de responder tanto a un objetivo de coherencia del derecho comunitario como a una demanda creciente de los ciudadanos europeos hacia un tratamiento más ético de los animales.
[131I]MIP-1466, a small molecule prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) inhibitor for targeted radiotherapy of prostate cancer (PCa) (2012)

170 Objectives [123I]MIP-1095, (S)-2-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-5-(3-(4-iodophenyl)ureido)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, a high affinity ligand for PSMA (Can Res 2009), has been shown to localize to radiologically-confirmed metastatic PCa in man. The high expression of PSMA in PCa has led us to evaluate the 131I analog of MIP-1095 (MIP-1466) for therapeutic efficacy in a mouse tumor model of human PCa. Methods High specific activity MIP-1466 was prepared with Na131I via iododestannylation. PSMA(+) LNCaP spheroids were treated with 0-3.7 MBq/mL MIP-1466 for 2 hr. Mice with LNCaP xenografts were administered 0.4 MBq for tissue distribution studies, or 1.9, 5.6 or 16.7 MBq for radiotherapy. To determine whether PSMA binding was specific, a cohort of mice was co-injected with 10 mg/kg PMPA to block PSMA binding. Radiotherapy was initiated when tumors reached 300 mm3. Tumor growth and body weight were monitored twice per week. Results MIP-1466 was synthesized at 40% radiochemical yield, >95% radiochemical purity and >75 GBq/μmol specific activity. In tissue distribution studies, MIP-1466 displayed a high absorbed radiation dose to the tumor and a favorable tumor:kidney ratio. The growth of LNCaP spheroids and xenografts was inhibited in a dose dependent manner by MIP-1466, with tumor doubling times of 55, 89, and >130 days for the 1.9, 5.6, and 16.7 MBq groups, respectively, compared to 16 days in vehicle treated mice. Spheroids incubated with PMPA and tumors in mice co-injected with PMPA grew at a rate equivalent to the controls indicating PSMA dependent efficacy. Non-radioactive [127I]MIP-1466 did not inhibit tumor growth. No significant change in body weight was observed in any group. Conclusions MIP-1466 inhibited the growth of tumor xenografts in a PSMA specific manner at 131I doses that are clinically relevant. These data support clinical investigation of MIP-1466 as a targeted radiotherapeutic for treatment of PCa in man
Photonic polymer systems : fundamentals, methods, and applications (1998)

Part 1 Fundamentals of light-emitting polymers: optical properties of silicon polymers synthesis and properties of poly(p-phenylene) and its derivatives synthesis and properties of polyarylene vinylenes optical microcavities fabricated with conjugated chromophores light emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers and oligomers interface formation in polymeric semiconductor devices electronic and chemical structure of conjugated polymers and model molecular systems electroluminescence in polymers. Part 2 Methods in polymer optical spectroscopy: optical absorption of polymers relaxation processes in organic polymer systems as probed by energy-selective laser spectroscopy. Part 3 Applications of light-emitting polymers: semiconducting polymers explored as light-emitting polymers poly(p-phenylenevinylene) - an attractive material for photonic applications. Part 4 Applications of nonlinear optical polymers: hybrid materials for electrical and optical applications sol-gel synthesis of bridged polysilsesquioxanes the morphology and structure of two-dimensional polymers with nonlinear optical properties polymeric optical guided-wave devices and sensor protection from lasers photorefractive polymers - chemistry, physics and applications photonic applications of bacteriorhodopsin electrical/optical polymers for photonic applications. Part 5 Photonics: microgravity processing and photonic applications of organic and polymeric materials optical and electrical properties of protein and biopolymer thin films polymer composites of quantum dots molecular self-assemblies as advanced materials polymers for electrooptic and photorefractive applications organic complex thin films for ultrahigh density data storage.
Probabilistic delay guarantees using delay distribution measurement (2004)

Carriers increasingly differentiate their wide-area connectivity offerings by means of customized services, such as virtual private networks (VPN) with Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees, or QVPNs. The key challenge faced by carriers is to maximize the number of QVPNs admitted by exploiting the statistical multiplexing nature of input traffic. While existing measurement-based admission control algorithms utilize statistical multiplexing along the bandwidth dimension, they do not satisfactorily exploit statistical multiplexing along the <i>delay dimension</i> to guarantee <i>distinct per-QVPN delay bounds</i>. This paper presents Delay Distribution Measurement (DDM) based admission control algorithm, the first measurement-based approach that effectively exploits statistical multiplexing along the delay dimension. In other words, DDM exploits the well known fact that the actual delay experienced by most packets of a QVPN is usually far smaller than its worst-case delay bound requirement since multiple QVPNs rarely send traffic bursts at the same time. Additionally, DDM supports QVPNs with distinct probabilistic delay guarantees -- QVPNs that can tolerate more delay violations can reserve fewer resource than those that tolerate less, even though they require the same delay bound. A comprehensive performance evaluation using Voice over IP traces shows that, when compared to deterministic admission control, DDM can potentially increase the number of admitted QVPNs (and link utilization) by up to a factor of 3.0 even when the delay violation probability is as small as 10<sup>-5</sup>.
Interaction between complement receptor gC1qR and hepatitis C virus core protein inhibits T-lymphocyte proliferation (2000)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important human pathogen that is remarkably efficient at establishing persistent infection. The HCV core protein is the first protein expressed during the early phase of HCV infection. Our previous work demonstrated that the HCV core protein suppresses host immune responses, including anti-viral cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in a murine model. To investigate the mechanism of HCV core-mediated immunosuppression, we searched for host proteins capable of associating with the core protein using a yeast two-hybrid system. Using the core protein as bait, we screened a human T cell-enriched expression library and identified a gene encoding the gC1q receptor (gC1qR). C1q is a ligand of gC1qR and is involved in the early host defense against infection. Like C1q, HCV core can inhibit T-cell proliferative responses in vitro. This core-induced anti-T-cell proliferation is reversed by addition of anti-gC1qR Ab in a T-cell proliferation assay. Furthermore, biochemical analysis of the interaction between core and gC1qR indicates that HCV core binds the region spanning amino acids 188 to 259 of gC1qR, a site distinct from the binding region of C1q. The inhibition of T-cell responsiveness by HCV core may have important implications for HCV persistence in humans.
Costimulation provided by DNA immunization enhances antitumor immunity (1997)

The interaction of the TCR with MHC class I-bound Ag is insufficient for the priming of CTL unless secondary costimulatory signals are provided. To ascertain the minimum elements required to activate an Ag-specific CTL response in vivo, we injected mice intradermally or i.m. with plasmid DNA encoding a MHC class I-restricted peptide Ag (minigene) and different membrane-bound costimulatory ligands. The minigene-encoded epitope only primed a specific CTL response if injected in the vicinity of an ectopically expressed costimulatory ligand. Vector encoding B7-1 was repeatedly more potent at stimulating a cytolytic response than vector encoding B7-2. In contrast the B7-2-encoding plasmid preferentially enhanced Ag-specific Ab responses when injected with either protein or a cDNA expression vector. Gene vaccination with plasmids encoding OVA and B7-1, but not B7-2, prolonged survival in mice challenged with an OVA-transfected tumor. These results show that functional B7-1 transfection can be achieved in vivo and induces the selective induction of CTL. The data suggest that B7-1 plasmids should be coadministered with naked DNA vaccines that aim to induce tumor-specific cellular immunity.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-diphtheria toxin-related polypeptide conjugates. Potential role of the hydrophobic domain in toxin entry. (1983)

We have separately coupled a modified thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) molecule to two diphtheria toxin-related polypeptides, CRM26 and CRM45. Both polypeptides are enzymatically active but only CRM45 contains the hydrophobic domain of the toxin molecule. The TRH-CRM45 conjugate caused a 50% inhibition of protein synthesis in GH3 rat pituitary cells at 3 X 10(-9) M. CRM45 alone was 200 to 500 times less toxic than the conjugate. Intoxication by TRH-CRM45 was prevented by excess TRH, preincubation with diphtheria antitoxin, or reduction of the disulfide cross-link. In addition, TRH-CRM45 was no more toxic than CRM45 itself to 3T3 cells which lack TRH receptors. In contrast, TRH-CRM26, although it retained enzymatic activity, was nontoxic for GH3 cells even at 10(-7) M. Binding experiments showed that both conjugates compete for TRH receptors with comparable affinities. The potential role of the hydrophobic domain in toxin entry is discussed.
The heparin‐binding site(s) of histidine‐rich glycoprotein as suggested by sequence homology with antithrombin III (1986)

A high degree of sequence homology has been found between the N-terminal region of histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and that of antithrombin III (AT III) where the putative heparin-binding site of AT III is located. The amino acid residue at the position corresponding to Arg-47 of AT III that is essential for the heparin-binding was also arginine (Arg 23 and 78) in the homologous sequences of HRG. These observations strongly suggest that the heparin-binding sites of HRG and AT III are evolutionarily related. There was no apparent sequence similarity between the remaining about 70% portions of the two proteins.
Flow cytometry and cell sorting of heterogeneous microbial populations: the importance of single-cell analyses (1996)

The most fundamental questions such as whether a cell is alive, in the sense of being able to divide or to form a colony, may sometimes be very hard to answer, since even axenic microbial cultures are extremely heterogeneous. Analyses that seek to correlate such things as viability, which is a property of an individual cell, with macroscopic measurements of culture variables such as ATP content, respiratory activity, and so on, must inevitably fail. It is therefore necessary to make physiological measurements on individual cells. Flow cytometry is such a technique, which allows one to analyze cells rapidly and individually and permits the quantitative analysis of microbial heterogeneity. It therefore offers many advantages over conventional measurements for both routine and more exploratory analyses of microbial properties. While the technique has been widely applied to the study of mammalian cells, is use in microbiology has until recently been much more limited, largely because of the smaller size of microbes and the consequently smaller optical signals obtainable from them. Since these technical barriers no longer hold, flow cytometry with appropriate stains has been used for the rapid discrimination and identification of microbial cells, for the rapid assessment of viability and of the heterogeneous distributions of a wealth of other more detailed physiological properties, for the analysis of antimicrobial drug-cell interactions, and for the isolation of high-yielding strains of biotechnological interest. Flow cytometric analyses provide an abundance of multivariate data, and special methods have been devised to exploit these. Ongoing advances mean that modern flow cytometers may now be used by nonspecialists to effect a renaissance in our understanding of microbial heterogeneity.
Intranasal BCG vaccination protects BALB/c mice against virulentMycobacterium bovisand accelerates production of IFN-γ in their lungs (2001)

Local immune reactivity in the lungs of BALB/c mice was studied following (i) intranasal (i.n.) vaccination with Mycobacterium bovis BCG, (ii) intravenous (i.v.) challenge with a virulent M. bovis field isolate and (iii) i.n. vaccination with M. bovis BCG followed by i.v. challenge with an M. bovis field isolate. The results demonstrated that i.n. vaccination with BCG induced a high degree of protection against systemic M. bovis challenge, and that this protection correlated with a rapid production of IFN-gamma after M. bovis challenge by lung T cells from vaccinated mice.
Reaction of hydroxyl radical with phenylpropanoid glycosides from Pedicularis species: a pulse radiolysis study. (1996)

Using pulse radiolysis technique, the reaction between hydroxyl radical and 7 phenylpropanoid glycosides: echinacoside, verbascoside, leucosceptoside A, martynoside, pediculariosides A, M and N which were isolated from Pedicularis were examined. The rate constants of these reactions were determined by transient absorption spectra. All 7 phenylpropanoid glycosides react with hydroxyl radical at high rate constants within (0.97-1.91) x 10(10)L.mol-1.s-1, suggesting that they are effective hydroxyl radical scavengers. The results demonstrate that the numbers of phenolic hydroxyl groups of phenylpropanoid glycosides are directly related to their scavenging activities. The scavenging activities are likely related to o-dihydroxy group of phenylpropanoid glycosides as well.
Targeted gene addition to a predetermined site in the human genome using a ZFN-based nicking enzyme (2012)

Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) drive highly efficient genome editing by generating a site-specific DNA double-strand break (DSB) at a predetermined site in the genome. Subsequent repair of this break via the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways results in targeted gene disruption or gene addition, respectively. Here, we report that ZFNs can be engineered to induce a site-specific DNA single-strand break (SSB) or nick. Using the CCR5-specific ZFNs as a model system, we show that introduction of a nick at this target site stimulates gene addition using a homologous donor template but fails to induce significant levels of the small insertions and deletions (indels) characteristic of repair via NHEJ. Gene addition by these CCR5-targeted zinc finger nickases (ZFNickases) occurs in both transformed and primary human cells at efficiencies of up to ∼1%-8%. Interestingly, ZFNickases targeting the AAVS1 "safe harbor" locus revealed similar in vitro nicking activity, a marked reduction of indels characteristic of NHEJ, but stimulated far lower levels of gene addition-suggesting that other, yet to be identified mediators of nick-induced gene targeting exist. Introduction of site-specific nicks at distinct endogenous loci provide an important tool for the study of DNA repair. Moreover, the potential for a SSB to direct repair pathway choice (i.e., HDR but not NHEJ) may prove advantageous for certain therapeutic applications such as the targeted correction of human disease-causing mutations.
Synthesis and antitumor activity of some new phthalimide analogues. (2001)

The reactive intermediate 1-(chloroalkyl)-1-aza-2-azoniaallene salts 3, which were prepared by treatment of the alpha,alpha'-dichloroazo derivatives 2 with SbCl5, underwent cycloaddition with the N-cyanoalkyl phthalimide compounds 4 and afforded the 1,2,4-triazolium salts 5. These salts rearranged spontaneously to the protonated 1,2,4-triazoles 6, followed by hydrolysis in situ to the 1,2,4-triazolo-alkyl-phthalimide compounds 7. The newly synthesized compounds were then evaluated for their antitumor activity in three cell lines.