gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calcium, Calmodulin, and CaMKII Requirement for Initiation of Centrosome Duplication in Xenopus Egg Extracts (2002)

Aberrant centrosome duplication is observed in many tumor cells and may contribute to genomic instability through the formation of multipolar mitotic spindles. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2) is required for multiple rounds of centrosome duplication in Xenopus egg extracts but not for the initial round of replication. Egg extracts undergo periodic oscillations in the level of free calcium. We show here that chelation of calcium in egg extracts or specific inactivation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) blocks even initial centrosome duplication, whereas inactivation of Cdk2 does not. Duplication can be restored to inhibited extracts by addition of CaMKII and calmodulin. These results indicate that calcium, calmodulin, and CaMKII are required for an essential step in initiation of centrosome duplication. Our data suggest that calcium oscillations in the cell cycle may be linked to centrosome duplication.
Three-Dimensional Imaging (2005)

Annals of Plastic Surgery: December 2005 - Volume 55 - Issue 6 - p 696-697 doi: 10.1097/01.sap.0000188179.68180.2e
The parthenogenetic development of rabbit oocytes after repetitive pulsatile electrical stimulation (1990)

Freshly ovulated rabbit oocytes were activated parthenogenetically by periodically repeated calcium stimuli generated by electric field pulses applied onto the plasma membrane. Electric field pulses of 1.8 kV cm-1 were delivered every 4 min for 1 h 30 min (22 double pulses) in a specially designed chamber. Before each pulse, the culture medium was replaced by an isotonic glucose solution containing 10 microM Ca2+. The effects of modulating the ionic stimuli (by changing the duration of EF pulse) on a postactivation reaction, and/or on the pre- and postimplantation development, were studied. The rate of activation increased progressively as the pulse duration lengthened. For 22 pulses of 200 microseconds, 13% of oocytes were activated versus 100% for 1200 microseconds. The uniformity of the parthenogenetic response was obtained when oocytes were exposed to a series of pulses within which the reduction of pulse duration followed a negative exponential law. The influence of such activating treatment on the preimplantation development was tested using two treatments of 22 pulses with a total pulse duration equal to 14,868 and 11,228 microseconds, respectively. For the weaker treatment, a lower proportion of embryos underwent compaction and those that compacted were irregular. In contrast, the majority of embryos resulting from the stronger treatment compacted and developed into blastocysts. The most significant result that emerges from this study is that the level of stimulation affects in vitro developmental potency after the third cleavage division. The postimplantation viability of parthenogenetic eggs was tested and the results showed that parthenogenetic rabbit embryos died at a similar stage of development to the parathenogenetic mouse embryos. But, in the present series, high implantation rates and embryonic development (66%) till day 10-11 of pregnancy were obtained after the appropriate pulsatile EF treatment of oocytes. The parthenogenetic fetuses were of smaller size than the controls, but the development of the trophoblast tissue was proportional to the development of the fetuses. Anomalies of fetuses were also observed. This study reveals that activation is not a time-limited event and that the type of activating treatment has a marked effect on the ability of the resulting parthenogenetic embryos to develop to the early postimplantation stages. The sustained alteration of the cytoplasmic activity provides a useful tool to study the function of embryonic or somatic nuclei introduced during the earliest stages of activation.
Values and Virtues or Qualifications and Experience?: An Analysis of Non-profit Recruitment Advertising in Australia (2007)

This article provides an analysis on the non-profit recruitment advertising in Australia. The analysis finds that values receive little attention in the advertisements, and that a trend towards the adoption of the language of the market is discernible. The paper concludes by discussing how these types of recruitment advertisements may reflect and/or affect what is important to the sector, in particular the potential for these practices to generate a value shift among managers that may undermine the capacity of non-profits to realise their social mission.
Role of C-X-C chemokines as regulators of angiogenesis in lung cancer (1995)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of malignancy-related mortality in the U.S. and is predicted to increase over the remainder of this decade. Despite attempts to advance early diagnosis and use combination therapies, the clinical response of this cancer yields an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 15%. Clearly, new strategies for therapy are indicated. Although carcinogenesis is complex, tumor growth beyond 1-2 mm3 is dependent on angiogenesis. One of the potential mechanisms that allows for tumorigenesis is dysregulation of the balance of angiogenic and angiostatic factors that favors net neovascularization within the primary tumor. Numerous studies have investigated the role of a variety of molecules in the regulation of angiogenesis. Recently, interleukin-8 (IL-8), a member of the C-X-C chemokine family, has been found to be an angiogenic factor. In contrast, platelet factor 4 (PF4), another C-X-C chemokine, has been shown to have angiostatic properties. It is interesting that the major structural difference between IL-8 and PF4 is the presence of the NH2-terminal ELR (Glu-Leu-Arg) motif that precedes the first cysteine amino acid residue of IL-8 and is important in ligand/receptor interactions. We hypothesize that angiogenesis associated with tumorigenesis is dependent on members of the C-X-C chemokine family acting as either angiogenic or angiostatic factors. This paradigm predicts that the biological balance in the expression of these C-X-C chemokines dictates whether the neoplasm grows and develops metastatic potential or regresses. In this review we discuss our recent laboratory findings that support this contention and suggest that further elucidation of the biology of C-X-C chemokines in the context of neovascularization of nonsmall cell lung cancer will permit novel targeted therapy aimed specifically at attenuating tumor growth and metastasis.
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase genes of mouse and Chinese hamster: construction and sequence analysis of cDNA recombinants (1982)

Recombinant plasmids containing DNA inserts complementary to mRNA coding for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) from mouse and Chinese hamster cell lines have been isolated from cDNA libraries and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. A total of 1292 nucleotides of the mouse cDNA sequence and 1301 nucleotides of the Chinese hamster cDNA sequence has been determined. Each of these sequences includes an open reading frame of 654 nucleotides (218 amino acids) corresponding to the HPRT protein coding region. The deduced amino acid sequences for the mouse and Chinese hamster enzymes are presented and compared to that of human HPRT. At least 95% of the amino acids are conserved in the three species. In addition, we present evidence that two species of HPRT mRNA, which differ in the site of polyadenylation that is utilized during processing of the RNA transcripts, exist in Chinese hamster cells.
The Chronic Toxicity of Mineral Oil-Wet and Synthetic Liquid-Wet Cuttings on an Estaurine Fish, Fundulus grandis (1991)

Abstract One of the major factors concerning oil-wet cuttings discharges is the long-term effect on the aquatic environment This study investigates the survival and growth of the mud minnow, Fundulus grandis. when exposed to different concentrations of mineral oil-wet and synthetic liquid-wet cuttings in flow-through bioassay chambers. The test fluids were a low aromatic mineral oil-based mud (MOBM) and a synthetic liquid-based mud (SBM). Each test fluid was added to a container of dried water-based cuttings which contained minimum hydrocarbons. The fluid and cuttings were mixed to obtain the desired test concentrations. The study tested three concentrations (1%, 5%, and 8.4% by dry weight) of each fluid on the cuttings. Growth rates during the 30-day period were modest with fish in 1% MOBM losing weight. The highest percent growth rates were obtained with fish cultured in 5% SBM and the controls. However, overall growth was not significantly different between treatments. Mean growth did show a significant difference between controls and 5% SBM, and other treatments. The cuttings of the 5% and 8.4% concentrations of both treatments looked like paste. These pastes may have slowed the movement of organics off of the cuttings beds and affected biodegradability and growth rates. Cuttings in the controls and 1% concentrations stayed suspended in the water column longer when disturbed and looked more like loose gravel. Uptake of the MOBM occurred in the internal organs and tissue offish. No such uptake was obsen/ed in the fish tissue with the SBM; a very low level of synthetic liquid was detected in one gut sample only. This may be the major reason for the variations noted in growth rates. Fish mortality during the study was related to the buildup of anaerobic conditions and insufficient aeration. Fish survival for the entire study was 94% This study, in association with bioaccumulation investigations, provides information on the chronic effects of discharged cuttings in the environment.
Determination of the Upper Size Limit for Uptake and Processing of Ligands by the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor on Hepatocytesin Vitro and in Vivo (2001)

The asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPr) on hepatocytes plays a role in the clearance of desialylated proteins from the serum. Although its sugar preference (N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) >> galactose) and the effects of ligand valency (tetraantennary > triantennary >> diantennary >> monoantennary) and sugar spacing (20 A 10 A 4 A) are well documented, the effect of particle size on recognition and uptake of ligands by the receptor is poorly defined. In the present study, we assessed the maximum ligand size that still allows effective processing by the ASGPr of mouse hepatocytes in vivo and in vitro. Here too, we synthesized a novel glycolipid, which possesses a highly hydrophobic steroid moiety for stable incorporation into liposomes, and a triantennary GalNAc(3)-terminated cluster glycoside with a high nanomolar affinity (2 nm) for the ASGPr. Incorporation of the glycolipid into small (30 nm) [(3)H]cholesteryl oleate-labeled long circulating liposomes (1-50%, w/w) caused a concentration-dependent increase in particle clearance that was liver-specific (reaching 85 +/- 7% of the injected dose at 30 min after injection) and mediated by the ASGPr on hepatocytes, as shown by competition studies with asialoorosomucoid in vivo. By using glycolipid-laden liposomes of various sizes between 30 and 90 nm, it was demonstrated that particles with a diameter of >70 nm could no longer be recognized and processed by the ASGPr in vivo. This threshold size for effective uptake was not related to the physical barrier raised by the fenestrated sinusoidal endothelium, which shields hepatocytes from the circulation, because similar results were obtained by studying the uptake of liposomes on isolated mouse hepatocytes in vitro. From these data we conclude that in addition to the species, valency, and orientation of sugar residues, size is also an important determinant for effective recognition and processing of substrates by the ASGPr. Therefore, these data have important implications for the design of ASGPr-specific carriers that are aimed at hepatocyte-directed delivery of drugs and genes.
Host stem cells can selectively reconstitute missing lymphoid lineages in irradiation bone marrow chimeras (2003)

The regulatory elements governing the process of lymphopoiesis from pluripotential stem cells to mature lymphocytes are not well understood. In this study we found that in bone marrow chimeras made by reconstituting lethally irradiated normal mice with bone marrow taken from genetically B-cell-deficient animals (microMT.B6 --> F1) the B-cell compartment is reconstituted with host-derived B cells. Similarly, in animals reconstituted with bone marrow taken from mice with genetic deficiencies in the development of T cells (TCR-/- --> F1) or both B and T cells (RAG-/- --> F1), the missing lymphocyte lineage(s) was specifically reconstituted from host-derived cells. In all chimeras, all other blood lineages were generated from donor-derived stem cells. Control chimeras (B6 --> F1) had only donor-derived hematopoietic cells as expected. The reconstituted, host-derived lymphoid compartments contained normal functional cell populations as determined by the presence of T cells expressing all 16 common TCR Vbeta families, and the presence of all antibody isotypes in the serum. Reconstituted TCR-/- --> F1 chimeras were also able to mount T-cell proliferative responses to foreign antigens equal to those of control animals. This observation would seem to suggest that during lymphopoietic reconstitution, missing lymphoid lineages can dictate their own reconstitution.
The effect of dual satellite diversity on the total capacity of multiple band-shared CDMA LEOS systems (2002)

It has been proposed to use path diversity for improved performance of CDMA systems over a low-earth orbiting satellite channel. The authors are interested in determining the feasibility of having multiple service providers share the same spectrum in a mobile communication scenario. To accomplish this, they compare the total capacity when n systems are operational to that when only a single system uses the frequency band; in either case, a single system employs two satellites to achieve path diversity. This comparison is made for the downlink under one of two possible constraints, either a maximum power flux density limit per system or an aggregate power flux density limitation. In previous work the authors showed that, when each system has one satellite in view and each employs orthogonal spreading, that multiple systems can achieve larger capacity than a single system in some situations, depending upon shadowing conditions and system design parameters. That this is possible at all is due to constraints on the power spectral density (PSD) either from each satellite, or from the aggregate of all satellites. The results of the present paper, for the case when two satellites are in view in each system, show no fundamental or qualitative change in the conclusions; however the actual crossover conditions for when an increase in capacity is possible do change.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Inactivation of two mouse alkaline phosphatase genes and establishment of a model of infantile hypophosphatasia (1997)

We report the inactivation, via homologous recombination, of two of the three active mouse alkaline phosphatase genes, i.e., embryonic (EAP) and tissue nonspecific (TNAP). Whereas expression of the EAP isozyme was abolished in all tissues that express EAP developmentally (such as the preimplantation embryo, thymus, and testis), the EAP knock-out mice show no obvious phenotypic abnormalities. They reproduce normally and give birth to live offspring, indicating the nonessential role of EAP during embryonic development. Mice deficient in the TNAP gene mimic a severe form of hypophosphatasia. These TNAP-/- mice are growth impaired, develop epileptic seizures and apnea, and die before weaning. Examination of the tissues indicates abnormal bone mineralization and morphological changes in the osteoblasts, aberrant development of the lumbar nerve roots, disturbances in intestinal physiology, increased apoptosis in the thymus, and abnormal spleens. Our results indicate that, in the mouse, TNAP appears not to be essential for the initial events leading to bone mineral deposition but that TNAP seems to play a role in the maintenance of this process after birth. The other phenotypic manifestations may be a consequence of the lack of TNAP in the developing neural tube between stages E8.5 and E13.5 of embryogenesis. We hypothesize that the autonomic nervous system is compromised in these TNAP-/- mice.
Testing the Efficiency and Independence of Attentional Networks (2002)

In recent years, three attentional networks have been defined in anatomical and functional terms. These functions involve alerting, orienting, and executive attention. Reaction time measures can be used to quantify the processing efficiency within each of these three networks. The Attention Network Test (ANT) is designed to evaluate alerting, orienting, and executive attention within a single 30-min testing session that can be easily performed by children, patients, and monkeys. A study with 40 normal adult subjects indicates that the ANT produces reliable single subject estimates of alerting, orienting, and executive function, and further suggests that the efficiencies of these three networks are uncorrelated. There are, however, some interactions in which alerting and orienting can modulate the degree of interference from flankers. This procedure may prove to be convenient and useful in evaluating attentional abnormalities associated with cases of brain injury, stroke, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit disorder. The ANT may also serve as an activation task for neuroimaging studies and as a phenotype for the study of the influence of genes on attentional networks.
Practical Synthesis of 1‐Aryl‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2‐ketopiperazines via a 6‐exo Amide—Epoxide Cyclization. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Electrospun Scaffolds for the Molecular Analysis of Chondrocytes Under Dynamic Compression (2008)

Mechanical training of engineered tissue constructs is believed necessary to improve regeneration of cartilaginous grafts. Nevertheless, molecular mechanisms underlying mechanical activation are not clear. This is partly due to unavailability of appropriate scaffolds allowing exposure of cells to dynamic compressive strains (DCS) in vitro while permitting subsequent molecular analyses. We demonstrate that three-dimensional macroporous electrospun poly(epsilon-caprolactone) scaffolds can be fabricated that are suitable for the functional and molecular analysis of dynamically loaded chondrocytes. These scaffolds encourage chondrocytic proliferation promoting expression of collagen type II, aggrecan, and Sox9 while retaining mechanical strength after prolonged dynamic compression. Further, they exhibit superior infiltration of exogenous agents into the cells and permit easy retrieval of cellular components postcompression to allow exploration of molecular mechanisms of DCS. Using these scaffolds, we observed that chondrocytes responded to DCS in a magnitude-dependent manner exhibiting antiinflammatory and proanabolic responses at low physiological magnitudes. Proinflammatory responses and decreased cellular viability were observed at hyperphysiological magnitudes. These scaffolds provide a means of unraveling the mechanotransduction-induced transcriptional and posttranslational activities involved in cartilage regeneration and repair.
Downregulation of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 (CB2) Messenger RNA Expression During In Vitro Stimulation of Murine Splenocytes with Lipopolysaccharide (2006)

Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) has been identified as the most abundant cannabinoid receptor subtype in the immune system. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent stimulant of B cells, inducing proliferation and differentiation into antibody secreting cells. It has been reported that CB2 receptor expression is upregulated during human, tonsillar B cell activation through CD40. It was of interest to investigate the expression of CB2 mRNA using another B cell activator, LPS. Using northern blot analysis, we measured CB2 mRNA levels in murine splenocytes and enriched B cells. Results indicated that the 4.0 kb CB2 transcript was 2 fold higher in abundance in murine B cells than in whole splenocyte preparations. This observation confirmed data from others and from our previous RT-PCR studies that the expression of CB2 mRNA is more abundant in B cells. Upon LPS stimulation, CB2 transcripts were decreased 46% and 42% at 4 hours and 24 hours, respectively, when compared to unstimulated populations. An examination by flow cytometry of the CD69, early activation marker, on splenocytes, showed that the majority of the B cells were activated at 24 hrs. Thus, these results suggested that LPS stimulation of murine B cells caused a decrease in CB2 mRNA expression in contrast to the increase observed following human B cell stimulation through CD40.
Mechanism of virus-induced Ig subclass shifts. (1994)

Infection of mice with live viruses leads to a dramatic increase in the amount of IgG2a Ig with a consequent shift in the ratio of IgG1/IgG2a. To examine the Ig subclass shift induced by viral infection, we challenged mice with live virus, inactivated virus, or replication-defective mutant viruses that were able to infect cells and produce some viral proteins but were not able to complete a replicative cycle. While killed (or inactivated) virus was capable of inducing HSV-specific antibody, it did not stimulate a shift in the subclass of the total Ig. Replication-defective mutant viruses that fail to express a functional ICP8 or ICP27 protein, but not a mutant expressing a defective ICP4 protein, were able to stimulate the shift. Thus, only a portion of the lytic cycle is sufficient to induce the shift. At least part of the effect is mediated by IFN-gamma.
Editors' Introduction (1973)

In September 1971, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union adopted a resolution entitled "On Improving the Economic Education of the Working People." The resolution ordered the establishment of a network of formal and informal courses in economics for schoolchildren, workers, students, and managers. New textbooks and other materials were prepared, and republic and local Party organizations, trade unions, youth organizations, enterprises, and school authorities were made responsible for providing the means whereby the broad masses of the Soviet population would increase their economic sophistication.
Implementation of the Baldwin-Barth turbulence model into the ZETA code and its diagnosis (1993)

The Baldwin-Barth turbulence model was implemented into Zeta, a time-accurate, zonal, integro-differential code for incompressible laminar and turbulent flows. The implementation procedure is patterned after the model subroutine in ARC2D. The results of ZETA with the Baldwin-Barth turbulence model were compared with experimental data, with ZETA using Baldwin-Lomax model, and with ARC2D using the Baldwin-Barth model. The Baldwin-Barth model subroutine was tested by inputting an ARC2D velocity solution of an NACA-0012 airfoil at R(sub e) = 3.9 x 10(exp 6) and alpha = 5 deg. The resultant turbulent viscosity and Reynolds stresses compared favorably with the original data. For the same grid having grid points inside the laminar sublayer, which is necessary due to the one-equation nature of the model, ZETA however predicts early separation. It was found that the current ZETA has problem with such a fine grid. Further work is in progress to solve this problem.
Assessment of wall shear stress in the common carotid artery of healthy subjects using 3.0-tesla magnetic resonance (2008)

Local WSS values in CCAs can be measured using 3.0T MR imaging combined with image-processing techniques. Intersubject variations were found in the distribution and magnitude of wall shear stress as well as in the flow profile pattern in CCAs, which may be caused by different vessel morphologies.