gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design Strategies of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds with Controlled Fiber Orientation (2007)

Tissue engineering is an emerging area of applied research with a goal of repairing or regenerating the functions of damaged tissue that fails to heal spontaneously by using cells and synthetic functional components called scaffolds. Scaffolds made of nanofibers (herein called "nano-fibrous scaffolds") play a key role in the success of tissue engineering by providing a structural support for the cells to accommodate and guiding their growth in the three-dimensional space into a specific tissue. The orientation of these fibers is considered as one of the important features of a perfect tissue scaffold, because the fiber orientation greatly influences cell growth and related functions. Therefore, engineering scaffolds with a control over fiber orientation is essential and a prerequisite for controlling cell orientation and tissue growth. Recent advances in electrospinning have made it possible to create nano-featured scaffolds with controlled fiber orientation. Electrospinning is a straightforward, cost-effective, and versatile method, which is recently applied in engineering well-defined nano-fibrous scaffolds that hold promise in serving as a synthetic extra-cellular matrix (ECM). This article reviews the current trends in electrospinning nano-fibrous scaffolds with fiber orientation. A detailed mechanism involved in the spinning process is discussed, followed by experimental examples that show how the fiber orientation influences cellular growth behavior. This review is expected to be useful for readers to gain knowledge on the state-of-the-art of scaffold engineering by electrospinning.
Role of a distal pocket in the catalytic O 2 reduction by cytochrome c oxidase models immobilized on interdigitated array electrodes (2009)

Five iron porphyrins with different superstructures were immobilized on self-assembled-monolayer (SAM)-coated interdigitated-array (IDAs) gold-platinum electrodes. The selectivity of the catalysts i.e., limited formation of partially reduced oxygen species (PROS) in the electrocatalytic reduction of dioxygen, is a function of 2 rates: (i) the rate of electron transfer from the electrode to the catalyst, which is controlled by the length, and conjugation of the linker from the catalyst to the electrode and (ii) the rate of bound oxygen (superoxide) hydrolysis, which correlates with the presence of a water cluster in the gas-binding pocket influencing the rate of oxygen binding; these factors are controlled by the nature of the porphyrin superstructure. The structurally biomimetic Tris-imidazole model is the most selective.
Geometric Scaling Effects in Electrical Field Flow Fractionation. 1. Theoretical Analysis (2001)

This work outlines the fundamental scaling laws associated with electrical field flow fractionation channels. Although general FFF theory indicates few advantages from miniaturization, EFFF theory indicates clear advantages to miniaturization of the EFFF channel. Retention, plate heights, resolution, equilibration times, and time constants are examined. The outlined theory predicts scaling advantages in each of these areas after miniaturization. Potential applications, such as the use of these systems for sample preparation in microscale total analysis systems, and improvements associated with these theoretical predictions are also discussed.
Prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS): A method to accurately reconstruct dynamic CT images from highly undersampled projection data sets (2008)

When the number of projections does not satisfy the Shannon/Nyquist sampling requirement, streaking artifacts are inevitable in x-ray computed tomography (CT) images reconstructed using filtered backprojection algorithms. In this letter, the spatial-temporal correlations in dynamic CT imaging have been exploited to sparsify dynamic CT image sequences and the newly proposed compressed sensing (CS) reconstruction method is applied to reconstruct the target image sequences. A prior image reconstructed from the union of interleaved dynamical data sets is utilized to constrain the CS image reconstruction for the individual time frames. This method is referred to as prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS). In vivo experimental animal studies were conducted to validate the PICCS algorithm, and the results indicate that PICCS enables accurate reconstruction of dynamic CT images using about 20 view angles, which corresponds to an under-sampling factor of 32. This undersampling factor implies a potential radiation dose reduction by a factor of 32 in myocardial CT perfusion imaging.
On the Loudness of Continuous Noises (1956)

The loudness of bands of noise, equal in masking and of variable band width, is compared with the loudness of a sinusoidal tone having the midfrequency of the band of noise. When the band width is made very narrow the noise is as loud as the tone of equal sound-pressure level. When the band width is increased above a certain value, the loudness increases while the sound power of the noise is held constant. The critical value at which this increase begins is measured as a function of the midfrequency of the noise. The results are consistent with known “critical bands” having a band width of 80 cps below 500 cps and a relative band width of 17% above 500 cps. For low and medium levels of noise, total loudness can be computed by determining the energy falling into the different critical bands and adding the loudness corresponding to this energy in each band. For high noise levels a substantial difference is found between computed and measured loudness. This difference is caused by mutual masking. A graphical procedure, using curves similar to the familiar masked-threshold curves, can be used to make allowance for this masking, and the procedure makes possible the computation of the loudness of high levels of continuous noise if its power spectrum is known. The loudness of white noise is computed as a function of its intensity level with results in good agreement with experimental determinations of the present and other authors.
Aldol sensors for the rapid generation of tunable fluorescence by antibody catalysis (1998)

The synthesis of novel fluorogenic retro-aldol substrates for aldolase antibody 38C2 is described. These substrates are efficiently and specifically processed by antibody aldolases but not by natural cellular enzymes. Together, the fluorogenic substrates and antibody aldolases provide reporter gene systems that are compatible with living cells. The broad scope of the antibody aldolase allows for the processing of a range of substrates that can be designed to allow fluorescence monitoring at a variety of wavelengths. We also have developed the following concept in fluorescent protein tags. beta-Diketones bearing a fluorescent tag are bound covalently by the aldolase antibody and not other proteins. We anticipate that proteins fused with the antibody can be tagged specifically and covalently within living cells with fluorophores of virtually any color, thereby providing an alternative to green fluorescent protein fusions.
Conservation of the Hydroxysteroid SulfotransferaseSULT2B1Gene Structure in the Mouse: Pre- and Postnatal Expression, Kinetic Analysis of Isoforms, and Comparison with Prototypical SULT2A1 (2003)

A novel mouse hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase cDNA has been cloned, and organization of its gene structure has been determined. The new mouse sulfotransferase, SULT2B1a, and its closely related isoform, SULT2B1b, are derived from a single SULT2B1 gene as a result of an alternative exon I and differential splicing. Thus, the only structural distinction between the two SULT2B1 isoforms is at their amino-terminal ends. Importantly, in contrast to the prototypical mouse hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2A1, the SULT2B1 isoforms have a predilection for cholesterol. Real-time RT-PCR reveals that the SULT2B1a isoform is most abundantly expressed in the brain and spinal cord, whereas SULT2B1b and SULT2A1 are weakly, if at all, expressed in the central nervous system. On the other hand, the SULT2B1b isoform is the most prominent hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase expressed in skin, whereas SULT2A1 is strikingly expressed in the liver. The substrate specificities and differential expression patterns of the three SULT2 isozymes strongly suggest that they have distinct biologic roles to play. Of further interest, the mouse SULT2B1 and SULT2A1 genes are differentially expressed during embryonic development, with the former being expressed at all stages from E8.5-E19, whereas the latter is not expressed until E19. It is speculated that, during embryonic development, SULT2B1b is required for production of cholesterol sulfate essential for normal skin development, whereas SULT2B1a produces pregnenolone sulfate, an essential neurosteroid during development of the central nervous system.
Liaison entre les conjonctures de prix des produits de base. Le cas de l'Allemagne au XIXe siècle (1991)

Bertrand Roehner. Liaison entre les conjonctures de prix des produits de base. Le cas de l'Allemagne au XIXe siècle. Le degré d'interdépendance entre les prix des différentes céréales détermine jusqu'au XIXe siècle la sévérité des crises de subsistance en europe. C'est cette question qui fait ici l'objet d'une étude systématique, c'est-à-dire non limitée aux seules périodes de crise. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement à la transition, relativement brusque à l'échelle historique, qui a vu au milieu du XIXe siècle un découplage des conjonctures de prix des différentes denrées de base. Ainsi la corrélation entre le prix du blé et du seigle passe d'un niveau compris entre 0,8 et 1 pour les siècles antérieurs à des valeurs inférieures à 0,5 vers 1875. Pour des produits industriels tels que les métaux on assiste au contraire plutôt à un rapprochement des conjonctures de prix.
Adaptive direct manipulation (2002)

A description is presented of ADM (adaptive direct manipulation), a prototype graphical user interface (GUI) system which is adaptive to user performance. ADM allows users to perform a set of tasks via direct manipulation of graphical buttons presented within the display space of a computer touch screen. The presentation and management of these buttons dynamically adapt to the button selection behavior of the current user. The goal of this work was to understand and develop a working software system which could correctly integrate the necessary knowledge to support a given set of operations and effectively adapt its GUI to the behavior and performance of a user.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Adenovirus infections following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and outcome in relation to graft manipulation, immunosuppression, and immune recovery (2002)

Adenovirus infections occur in 5% to 21% of patients following stem cell transplantation (SCT), with an associated mortality of up to 50%. However, a lack of prospective studies has hampered further developments in the understanding and management of this infection in the posttransplantation setting. We prospectively studied the incidence and outcome of adenovirus infections after SCT using preemptive screening and a policy of reduction or withdrawal of immunosuppressive therapy if the virus was isolated. The incidence of adenovirus infection was 19.7% (15 of 76), and the virus was isolated exclusively in recipients of T-cell-depleted grafts. Patients receiving 50 or 100 mg alemtuzumab in vivo were at the greatest risk of adenovirus infection (45% probability) regardless of donor type, and this was related to the slower lymphocyte recovery. Six (40%) of the 15 adenovirus-infected patients developed adenovirus disease. Severe lymphocytopenia (less than 300/microL) at the time of first detection of adenovirus was a major risk factor for development of adenovirus disease (P =.001). In addition, failure to reduce immunosuppression (P =.04) and a positive result of adenovirus polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in blood at diagnosis (P =.01) were both associated with fatal adenovirus disease. On the basis of this study, we recommend active surveillance for adenovirus infection in T-cell-depleted SCT and withdrawal or reduction of immunosuppressive treatment, if possible, in patients with adenovirus infection. Preemptive antiviral therapy is warranted for patients with severe lymphocytopenia or positive blood PCR, and in those in whom immunosuppressive therapy cannot be reduced.
Improved dispersion relations for GaAs and applications to nonlinear optics (2003)

The refractive index of GaAs has been measured in the wavelength range from 0.97 to 17 μm, which covers nearly the entire transmission range of the material. Linear and quadratic temperature coefficients of the refractive index have been fitted to data measured between room temperature and 95 °C. In the midinfrared, the refractive index and temperature dependence are obtained from analysis of etalon fringes measured by Fourier-transform spectroscopy in undoped GaAs wafers. In the near infrared, the refractive index is deduced from the quasiphasematching (QPM) wavelengths of second-harmonic generation in orientation-patterned GaAs crystals. Two alternative empirical expressions are fitted to the data to give the refractive index as a function of wavelength and temperature. These dispersion relations agree with observed QPM conditions for midinfrared difference-frequency generation and second-harmonic generation. Predictions for various nonlinear optical interactions are presented, including tuning curves for optical parametric oscillators and amplifiers. Also, accurate values are predicted for QPM conditions in which extremely large parametric gain bandwidths can be obtained.
Molecular Basis of the Interaction between Complement Receptor Type 2 (CR2/CD21) and Epstein-Barr Virus Glycoprotein gp350 (2008)

The binding of the Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein gp350 by complement receptor type 2 (CR2) is critical for viral attachment to B lymphocytes. We set out to test hypotheses regarding the molecular nature of this interaction by developing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the efficient analysis of the gp350-CR2 interaction by utilizing wild-type and mutant forms of recombinant gp350 and also of the CR2 N-terminal domains SCR1 and SCR2 (designated CR2 SCR1-2). To delineate the CR2-binding site on gp350, we generated 17 gp350 single-site substitutions targeting an area of gp350 that has been broadly implicated in the binding of both CR2 and the major inhibitory anti-gp350 monoclonal antibody (MAb) 72A1. These site-directed mutations identified a novel negatively charged CR2-binding surface described by residues Glu-21, Asp-22, Glu-155, Asp-208, Glu-210, and Asp-296. We also identified gp350 amino acid residues involved in non-charge-dependent interactions with CR2, including Tyr-151, Ile-160, and Trp-162. These data were supported by experiments in which phycoerythrin-conjugated wild-type and mutant forms of gp350 were incubated with CR2-expressing K562 cells and binding was assessed by flow cytometry. The ELISA was further utilized to identify several positively charged residues (Arg-13, Arg-28, Arg-36, Lys-41, Lys-57, Lys-67, Arg-83, and Arg-89) within SCR1-2 of CR2 that are involved in the binding interaction with gp350. These experiments allowed a comparison of those CR2 residues that are important for binding gp350 to those that define the epitope for an effective inhibitory anti-CR2 MAb, 171 (Asn-11, Arg-13, Ser-32, Thr-34, Arg-36, and Tyr-64). The mutagenesis data were used to calculate a model of the CR2-gp350 complex using the soft-docking program HADDOCK.
Methionine sulfoximine seizures. 8. The dissociation of the convulsant and glutamine synthetase inhibitory effects. (1968)

A number of derivatives and analogs of L-methionine were found to be effective antagonists of the convulsant L-methionine-DL-sulfoximine (MSO) in the rat. When given together with MSO, D-methionine also protected, but α-methyl-dl-methionine was ineffective. The effectiveness of the antagonists could be modulated by the injection route, the intraperitoneal route proving more effective than the intraventricular one. The inhibition by MSO of cerebral glutamine synthetase transferase (GT) was examined concurrently in homogenates of the cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus and thalamus from as early as 30 min to as late as 12 days post-MSO. Inhibition of GT was found to be a direct consequence of the presence of MSO, but was not directly seizure-related. Thus, animals could be protected against seizures in the face of a virtual block of GT activity, and, conversely, seizures could be elicited in the face of relatively elevated enzyme levels. GT inhibition by MSO and protection by l-methionine were also examined in six subcellular fractions of the cortex. Upon subfractionation of the microsomal fraction into rough and membranes, a preferential protection of the GT component associated with smooth membranes was revealed.
Long-term Impact of Improving Visualization Abilities of Minority Engineering and Technology Students: Preliminary Results (2019)

Previous studies found that students enrolled in introductory engineering graphics courses at a historically black university (HBCU) had significantly lower than average test scores on the Purdue Spatial Visualization Test: Visualization of Rotations (PSVT) when it was administered during the first week of class. Since the ability to visualize is linked with success in engineering and technology studies, changes to the courses were made that resulted in improvement of these students’ visualization abilities. Activities included the use of sketching, blocks and multimedia. It was hypothesized that improving the students’ visualization abilities would also improve their overall academic success. Retention in the major and graduation rates of minorities in STEM related fields tend to be lower than their non-minority peers, especially so at HBCUs. To assess the long-term impact of visualization remediation on student success in engineering and technology majors, data was collected on students in a test group and also those in a control group who enrolled in other sections of the engineering graphics courses. Statistics were compared for overall GPA and grades in math and physics courses. Other data gathered included whether the students were retained in the major and at the university. Significant differences were found in the students’ GPAs with higher averages earned by those students in the test group. Also a higher percentage of students in the test group were retained both in an engineering or technology major and at the university even if they did change their major.
Computationally focusing the directed evolution of proteins (2001)

Directed evolution has proven to be a successful strategy for the modification of enzyme properties. To date, the preferred experimental procedure has been to apply mutations or crossovers randomly throughout the gene. With the emergence of powerful computational methods, it has become possible to develop focused combinatorial searches, guided by computer algorithms. Here, we describe several computational methods that have emerged to aid the optimization of mutant libraries, the targeting of specific residues for mutagenesis, and the design of recombination experiments.
Anti‐tumor effects of interferon in mice injected with interferonsensitive and interferon‐resistant friend leukemia cells. VI. Adjuvant therapy after surgery in the inhibition of liver and spleen metastases (1987)

Adult DBA/2 mice were injected s.c. with the highly malignant, interferon-resistant 3C18 line of Friend erythroleukemia cells (FLC). Eight or 9 days after established s.c. tumors had developed, the primary tumor was excised and mice were treated i.p. with either mouse interferon alpha/beta or a control preparation. At the time of surgery, mice already had tumor cells in the liver. All control-treated mice died in the ensuing 2 weeks with extensive tumor metastases in the liver and spleen. Interferon treatment resulted in an inhibition of the development of liver and spleen metastases and a markedly increased survival time. We conclude that interferon alpha/beta is effective as adjuvant therapy after surgery for metastatic disease in mice.
Mucosal Immunity and Protection after Intranasal Immunization with Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein B (1993)

A recombinant adenovirus (Ad) expressing glycoprotein B (gB) of herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1 (AdgB8) was evaluated as a mucosal vaccine candidate. When administered intranasally (inl) to C57B1/6 mice, AdgB8 induced levels of serum anti-HSV gB IgG antibodies similar to those of mice immunized intraperitoneally (ip), which neutralized both HSV-1 and -2. Mice immunized inl with AdgB8 produced secretory IgA specific for HSV gB, but mice immunized ip did not. Splenic anti-HSV cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were observed after inl and ip immunization; however, there was a time-dependent decrease in the anti-HSV CTL activity from spleens of inl immunized mice. Anti-HSV CTL were also present in the mediastinal lymph nodes after inl but not ip AdgB8 immunization. Furthermore, mice immunized inl with AdgB8 were protected against heterologous inl challenge with HSV-2, and this protection lasted longer than in ip-immunized mice. These results indicate that mucosal immunization with a recombinant adenovirus can induce mucosal and systemic immune responses and provide long-term protection from mucosally or sexually transmitted viruses.
A novel angiogenic pathway mediated by non-neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (2002)

acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) (3).These nAChRs are ionotropic receptors, in this case agonist-regulated Ca 2+ channels.Neuronal and some non-neuronal cells (e.g., bronchial epithelial cells, ECs, smooth muscle cells, and skin keratinocytes) express nAChRs (4-6).Previously, we demonstrated that nicotine stimulates angiogenesis in the settings of inflammation, ischemia, tumor, or atherosclerosis.Nicotine promoted the growth of atherosclerotic plaques and tumors at least in part by stimulating pathological angiogenesis.However, acetylcholine is the endogenous agonist of nAChRs and is synthesized and stored in ECs and blood cells, suggesting that acetylcholine may act as an autocrine factor in the cardiovascular system (7, 8).It is likely that endogenous acetylcholine released from ECs activates endothelial nAChRs.We embarked upon the current study to determine whether activation of nAChRs is involved in endogenous angiogenic response. MethodsExpression of nAChR.Human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs; up to second passage) and human microvascular ECs (HMVECs; up to fourth passage; BioWhittaker Inc., Walkersville, Maryland, USA) were grown in EGM-2 supplemented with 10% FBS (BioWhittaker Inc.).The surface expression of the nAChRs was studied in subconfluent HUVECs (EBM supplemented with 0.5% FBS; BioWhittaker Inc.) after 12-hour nicotine stimulation (0.1 nM-1.0 M; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Missouri, USA) or after exposure to hypoxia (3% oxygen).
Next-generation sequencing (2009)

Next-generation sequencing (also known as massively parallel sequencing) technologies are revolutionising our ability to characterise cancers at the genomic, transcriptomic and epigenetic levels. Cataloguing all mutations, copy number aberrations and somatic rearrangements in an entire cancer genome at base pair resolution can now be performed in a matter of weeks. Furthermore, massively parallel sequencing can be used as a means for unbiased transcriptomic analysis of mRNAs, small RNAs and noncoding RNAs, genome-wide methylation assays and high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Here, I discuss the potential impact of this technology on breast cancer research and the challenges that come with this technological breakthrough.