gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Linear Synthesis of The Methyl Glycosides of Tri-, Tetra-, and Pentasaccharide Fragments of TheShigella FlexneriSerotype 5AO-Antigen (2000)

ABSTRACT The stepwise synthesis of methyl α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (EBC-OMe, 1), methyl α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (A(E)BC-OMe, 2), and methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (DA(E)BC-OMe, 3) is described. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 constitute the methyl glycosides of fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri serotype 5a. Methyl 2,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside was an appropriate BC precursor for the synthesis of 1. For the synthesis of the branched targets 2 and 3, a benzyl group was best suited at position 2 of rhamnose C. Thus, methyl 4-O-benzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside was the key intermediate to the BC portion. In all cases, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride was a convenient E precursor, when used in combination with titanium tetrafluoride. All along, attention was paid to steric hindrance as a factor of major impact on the condensation steps outcome. Therefore, based on previous experience, 2-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-allyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate were used as donors. Both suited all requirements when used as key precursors for residues A and D in the synthesis of 3, respectively.
Efficacy and Safety of the Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analog Liraglutide in Combination With Metformin and Thiazolidinedione in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (LEAD-4 Met+TZD) (2009)

Liraglutide combined with metformin and a thiazolidinedione is a well-tolerated combination therapy for type 2 diabetes, providing significant improvements in glycemic control.
Synthesis of Functionalized Poly(lactic acid) Using 2-Bromo-3-hydroxypropionic Acid (2016)

Brominated poly(lactic acid) (PLB) and brominated poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGB) were synthesized by acid-catalyzed melt copolyesterifications of glycolic acid and/or lactic acid with 2-bromo-3-hydroxypropionic acid, which is a brominated constitutional isomer of lactic acid. Molecular weights up to Mn = 104 Da were achieved by adding diphenyl ether to the copolymerizations (100% w/v comonomer concentration) performed at 90–130 °C in vacuo. GPCPSt underestimates the molecular weight of PLB when it contains at least approximately 6 mol % brominated units. The bromine atoms of PLB5050 (MnPSt = 5.32 × 103 Da; absolute Mn ∼ 1.70 × 104 Da) were replaced quantitatively with iodide using sodium iodide in acetone at room temperature, with a modest decrease in the molecular weight (MnPSt = 4.62 × 103 Da). PLB was also reacted with 0.25 equiv of sodium azide in DMF at 0 °C to replace the corresponding amount of bromine atoms in 88% efficiency, again with a slight decrease in the apparent molecular weight (MnPSt = 4.15 × 103 Da). The resulting azido-functionalized PLA was reacted with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, an activated alkyne, via a 1,3-dipolar azide–alkyne, microwave-assisted “click” cycloaddition at 56 °C to generate poly(lactic acid) with 1,2,3-triazole rings and a corresponding increase in molecular weight (MnPSt = 5.05 × 103 Da), whereas copper-catalyzed “click” reactions involving basic amine ligands, such as a CuBr/PMDETA-catalyzed “click” reaction with propargyl alcohol, degraded the copolymer.
Analyzing a bioterror attack on the food supply: The case of botulinum toxin in milk (2005)

We developed a mathematical model of a cows-to-consumers supply chain associated with a single milk-processing facility that is the victim of a deliberate release of botulinum toxin. Because centralized storage and processing lead to substantial dilution of the toxin, a minimum amount of toxin is required for the release to do damage. Irreducible uncertainties regarding the dose-response curve prevent us from quantifying the minimum effective release. However, if terrorists can obtain enough toxin, and this may well be possible, then rapid distribution and consumption result in several hundred thousand poisoned individuals if detection from early symptomatics is not timely. Timely and specific in-process testing has the potential to eliminate the threat of this scenario at a cost of <1 cent per gallon and should be pursued aggressively. Investigation of improving the toxin inactivation rate of heat pasteurization without sacrificing taste or nutrition is warranted.
An Experimental Study of Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) with Various Compression Ratios, Intake Air Temperatures and Fuels with Port and Direct Fuel Injection (2003)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;A promising approach for reducing both NO&lt;sub&gt;x&lt;/sub&gt;- and particulate matter emissions with low fuel consumption is the so called homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion process. Single-cylinder engine tests were carried out to assess the influence of several parameters on the HCCI combustion. The experiments were performed both with port fuel injection (PFI) and with direct injection (DI) under various compression ratios, intake air temperatures and EGR-rates. Special emphasis was put on the fuel composition by using different gasoline and diesel fuels as well as n-heptane. Besides engine out emissions (CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, CO, NO, O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, HC, soot) and in-cylinder pressure indication for burning process analysis, the combustion itself was visualised using an optical probe.&lt;/div&gt;
Attention-based Neural Network for Traffic Sign Detection (2018)

Existing object detection pipelines can show superior performance for large objects with high resolution but fail to detect very small objects such as traffic signs. So, detecting traffic signs is a proverbially challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a novel end-to-end architecture that improves small object detection by combining Faster R-CNN with the attention mechanism. Specifically, we focus on channel-wise features and utilize the attention mechanism to enhance the feature responses by explicitly modeling the interdependencies between channel-wise features. Finally, the regression of bounding boxes and the classification of traffic signs are generated after selecting the discriminative features by the attention mechanism. Extensive evaluations of the largest traffic sign dataset demonstrate that the attention mechanism improves the performance of detecting objects, especially the small targets. For traffic sign detection task, our method achieves better performance compared with many state-of-the-art approaches on the largest traffic sign detection dataset, Tsinghua-Tencent 100K.
Nigrostriatal function in humans studied with positron emission tomography (1989)

The dopamine depletion that is characteristic of Parkinson's disease has been hypothesized to result from the combination of environmentally induced subclinical damage to the substantia nigra and the age-related loss of additional nigral neurons. Essential to this hypothesis is the existence of deteriorating function in the nigrostriatal pathway with advancing age. The present study was undertaken with [18F]6-fluoro-L-dopa and positron emission tomography to determine in vivo the effects of age on the nigrostriatal pathway in a series of 10 asymptomatic subjects (age range, 22-80 years; mean, 49.8 years). A graphical approach was used in the analysis of multiple-time tracer-uptake data to establish the presence of a compartment with unidirectional uptake and to calculate the rate constant, K, for uptake of [18F]6-fluoro-L-dopa from blood to striatum during steady-state, an index of the functional integrity of nigrostriatal nerve endings. There was a significant linear relationship between K and age (r = 0.80, p less than 0.005) with a decrease of 53.3% over the age range studied. These results demonstrate the application of a unidirectional transfer model to the analysis of [18F]6-fluoro-L-dopa and positron emission tomography data and provide in vivo confirmation of an age-related impairment of nigrostriatal function.
Chirping of the waveguide grating router for free-spectral-range mode selection in the multifrequency laser (1996)

Because the transmission through each input-output combination of a conventional waveguide grating router consists of a periodic sequence of equal-height passbands spaced by the router free spectral range, the absolute laser oscillation wavelength and single-passband oscillation can be difficult to control for all the channels in the multifrequency waveguide grating router laser. However, the router can be designed to have one dominant passband, with the neighboring passbands experiencing lower transmission coefficients for all the input output combinations by means of chirping of the waveguide grating. Such chirping is discussed theoretically and is demonstrated experimentally.
Collagen Made of Extended alpha-Chains, Procollagen, in Genetically-Defective Dermatosparaxic Calves (1971)

Collagen has been extracted from the skin of dermatosparaxic calves and fractionated by acrylamide-gel electrophoresis and CM-cellulose chromatography. This collagen contains in large proportion two additional types of α-chains, P-α1 and P-α2. The first, P-α1, ressembles α1, of a collagen extracted from the skin of a normal calf in its amino-acid composition but its molecular weight is 10% larger. The second, P-α2, is similar to a normal α2 in its amino-acid composition but its molecular weight is increased by 5%. The abnormal α-chains contain six to eight half cystine residues in p-α1 and one in p-α2. As seen under the electron microscope on segment long spacing, the dermatosparaxic collagen is 25 nm larger than the normal collagen and the in creased length results from extension of the polypeptide chain at the N-terminal extremity of the molecules. Although the collagen is less extractable from the dermatosparaxic skin than from the normal skin and dimers and other polymers of the abnormal α-chains are observed, the dermatosparaxic collagen does not, in vitro, form fibrils of normal stability. Since an enzyme activity which can excise the N-terminal extension peptide of the dermatosparaxic collagen has been identified in extracts of normal skin but is absent in the dermatosparaxic animals, it is suggested that the dermatosparaxic collagen is a form of “procollagen”, from which all or a part of these peptides have not been removed and that such peptides function as coordinators in the post synthesis assembly of the collagen α-chains.
Friction and molecular structure: the behaviour of some thermoplastics (1972)

Abstract This paper describes an experimental study of the friction and transfer of some thermo­plastic polymers sliding over clean surfaces. With PTFE and high density polyethylene sliding at low speeds on smooth surfaces of glass or polished metals there is a marked dif­ference between static and kinetic friction. The static friction is of the order of μ ═ 0.2 and is accompanied by transfer of lumps of polymer several hundred angstroms thick. This frictional behaviour is ‘normal' and may be explained in terms of the bulk properties of the polymers. However, once sliding has commenced and the slider acquires a preferred orienta­tion the friction falls to a much lower value (μ &amp;lt; 0.1) and the transfer is either in the form of an extremely thin film (PTFE) or discrete streaks less than 10 nm thick (PE). This behaviour does not depend on the degree of crystallinity or on the crystalline texture of the polymer. If the molecular structure is changed by introducing an appreciable number of bulky side groups (e. g. TFE-HFP copolymers, PCTFE or low density PE) the kinetic friction remains the same as the static value. The friction and transfer are those of ‘normal’ polymers and resemble polypropylene and amorphous polymers such as PMMA and PVC in their be­haviour. The results suggest that the low friction and light transfer of PTFE and high density PE during sliding are essentially due to their smooth molecular profiles.
Polymer nanocomposites with “ultralow” refractive index (1993)

Abstract Nanocomposites of gelatine and gold were prepared by reduction of AuCl 4 H in a gelatine solution, followed by a spin coating process and a brief washing. The thickness of the films thus obtained was typically 200–400 nm. The surface of the nanocomposites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface profilometry. The size of the gold particles is in the range of ca. 2–10 nm, as elucidated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Refractive indices were measured by ellipsometry at wavelengths of 632.8 and 1300 nm. The refractive index depends linearly on the volume fraction of gold, at least at 1300 nm. The lowest refractive indices measured are 1.008±0.060 at 1300 nm and 0.963±0.062 at 632.8 nm (limits are 95% confidence interval). These values are, to our best knowledge, the lowest reported for a polymer or polymer composite.
Turismo Comunitário em Terras Indígenas no Estado do Acre: a experiência do Festival de Cultura Indígena Yawanawá (2015)

No Estado do Acre, as politicas publicas voltadas ao turismo foram implantadas em processo continuo, sempre alavancadas pelo poder publico, o que fez surgir efeitos de longo prazo, entrelacados em parcerias privadas, e, em alguns casos, contemplando comunidades tradicionais que passaram a explorar a atividade, resgate cultural e consolidacao de produtos turisticos. O texto foca o debate em torno do turismo em territorios indigenas como alternativas de geracao de renda, inclusao social e resgate etnocultural de populacoes tradicionais. O objetivo e relatar experiencias do turismo comunitario na Terra Indigena do entorno do Rio Gregorio no municipio de Tarauaca-AC, com a realizacao anual do Festival de Cultura Indigena Yawanawa. Adota-se metodologia etnografi ca na busca da vivencia com as comunidades para troca de saberes e fazeres. O referencial teorico foi determinado por meio da revisao da literatura pertinente e de estudos sobre indios. Realizou-se entrevistas com liderancas indigenas e acesso a relatorios tecnicos sobre o festival de cultura, somadas a vivencias de campo embasaram a metodologia do trabalho, que e dialetica no sentido de encontrar as determinacoes e os confl itos. As comunidades indigenas buscam o etnoturismo associado ao meio ambiente e a valorizacao historica e cultural possibilitando a vivencia dos visitantes com seus modos de vida e espacos vividos na realizacao do Festival Cultural Yawanawa.
Mesenchymal and Neuronal Cell Expression of the p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Gene Occur by Different Mechanisms (1995)

The p75 neurotrophin receptor serves as a receptor for all known neurotrophins, including NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5. The expression pattern of p75 is known to be widespread and extends outside the nervous system, suggesting that neurotrophins may have functions beyond neuronal cell survival and differentiation. To investigate the expression of p75, a human minigene was constructed that contained the full-length receptor cDNA directed by its own promoter and 4 kb of 5' upstream sequence. This minigene was used to generate transgenic mice and was found to be expressed in selective neuronal populations such as the cerebellar external granular layer. Expression of the transgene was not observed in sensory or sympathetic ganglia or in the basal forebrain. Transection of the sciatic nerve revealed that the human transgene was appropriately upregulated after nerve injury, indicating that sequences responsible for proper induction during nerve regeneration reside in the minigene construct. In contrast, the p75 transgene was found to be extensively expressed in mesenchymal cells during development, closely mimicking the in vivo pattern of expression. The detection of p75 receptors in the mesenchyme implies that neurotrophins are likely to exert effects during morphogenesis of mesodermal tissues and that separate signals are likely to direct neuronal versus nonneuronal expression of the p75 gene.
ChemInform Abstract: Processing and Characterization of Single‐Crystalline Ultrafine Bismuth Nanowires. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Epidermal growth factor-nonresponsive 3T3 variants do not contain epidermal growth factor receptor-related antigens or mRNA. (1986)

We have previously isolated three independent variants of Swiss 3T3 cells that are unable to generate a mitogenic response to epidermal growth factor (EGF). Each of the variants is unable to bind 125I-labeled EGF; each lacks a functional EGF receptor. We used an antiserum to murine EGF receptor to look for an EGF-receptor gene product in wild-type 3T3 cells and in the three EGF-nonresponsive variants. No cross-reactive material could be detected in any of the three variants, either in 125I-labeled cell extracts or in [35S]methionine metabolically labeled cells. 3T3 cells contained mRNA molecules homologous to a cDNA probe for the human EGF-receptor coding region. In contrast, no homologous RNA could be detected in any of the three variants. Analysis of genomic Southern blots of the DNA from 3T3 cells and the three EGF-nonresponsive variants indicated sequences from the EGF-receptor gene are present in the DNA of all four cell lines. These EGF-nonresponsive lines, which demonstrate proliferative responses to a variety of mitogens, will be ideal recipients for structure-function studies of the EGF receptor by transfection of the cloned gene.
Isolation of recombinant fragments of the major outer-membrane protein of Chlamydia trachomatis: their potential as subunit vaccines (1990)

Recombinant fragments of the major outer-membrane protein (MOMP) of Chlamydia trachomatis, expressed at high levels in Escherichia coli, were isolated and purified. Antisera to the recombinant proteins reacted preferentially with overlapping synthetic peptides covering the immunoaccessible variable segments of MOMP. These sera also reacted in a species-specific manner with the surface of intact infectious elementary bodies, and in a Chlamydia genus-specific manner in assays using denatured or bound chlamydial antigens. The ability of recombinant MOMP preparations to elicit antibody to the surface of chlamydial elementary bodies raises the possibility that these proteins may be useful for chlamydial vaccine development.
Release of serotonin from human platelets by acoustic microstreaming (1974)

Fresh human platelet-rich plasma was prepared from adult blood anticoagulated with EDTA, and the platelets allowed to incorporate tritiated serotonin. Samples were sheared for 5 min at 23°C by the acoustic microstreaming field generated around submerged portions of a transversely oscillating steel wire (115-μm radius driven at 20 kHz). Immediately following irradiation, each sample was centrifuged for 5 min to sediment intact cells and debris, and the quantity of serotonin released into the supernatant was measured using a liquid scintillation counter. There was no measurable threshold below which serotonin was not liberated, after allowances had been made for the spontaneous release of serotonin. In addition, it was found that the amount of serotonin released by irradiation alone varied with the square of the wire-displacement amplitude, indicating that hydrodynamic shear stress and velocity gradient are probably the agents responsible for the release of serotonin (together with the simultaneous release of clot promoting and/or accelerating factors).
The Role of Endocannabinoid Signaling in the Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease (2014)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by cognitive impairment and mental disorders. The actual cause and cascade of events in the progression of this pathology is not fully determined. AD is multifaceted in nature and is linked to different multiple mechanisms in the brain. This aspect is related to the lack of efficacious therapies that could slow down or hinder the disease onset/progression. The ideal treatment for AD should be able to modulate the disease through multiple mechanisms rather than targeting a single dysregulated pathway. Recently, the endocannabinoid system emerged as a novel potential therapeutic target to treat AD. In fact, exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids seem to be able to modulate multiple processes in AD, although the mechanisms that are involved are not fully elucidated. This review provides an update of this area. In this review, we recapitulate the role of endocannabinoid signaling in AD and the probable mechanisms through which modulators of the endocannabinoid system provide their effects, thus highlighting how this target might provide more advantages over other therapeutic targets.
Generation of human organs in pigs via interspecies blastocyst complementation (2016)

More than eighteen years have passed since the first derivation of human embryonic stem cells (ESCs), but their clinical use is still met with several challenges, such as ethical concerns regarding the need of human embryos, tissue rejection after transplantation and tumour formation. The generation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) enables the access to patient-derived pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and opens the door for personalized medicine as tissues/organs can potentially be generated from the same genetic background as the patient recipients, thus avoiding immune rejections or complication of immunosuppression strategies. In this regard, successful replacement, or augmentation, of the function of damaged tissue by patient-derived differentiated stem cells provides a promising cell replacement therapy for many devastating human diseases. Although human iPSCs can proliferate unlimitedly in culture and harbour the potential to generate all cell types in the adult body, currently, the functionality of differentiated cells is limited. An alternative strategy to realize the full potential of human iPSC for regenerative medicine is the in vivo tissue generation in large animal species via interspecies blastocyst complementation. As this technology is still in its infancy and there remains more questions than answers, thus in this review, we mainly focus the discussion on the conceptual framework, the emerging technologies and recent advances involved with interspecies blastocyst complementation, and will refer the readers to other more in-depth reviews on dynamic pluripotent stem cell states, genome editing and interspecies chimeras. Likewise, other emerging alternatives to combat the growing shortage of human organs, such as xenotransplantation or tissue engineering, topics that has been extensively reviewed, will not be covered here.
Stability of flowing open fluidic channels (2013)

Open fluidic systems have a distinct advantage over enclosed channels in that the fluids exposed nature makes for easy external interaction, this finds uses in introduction of samples by adding liquid droplets or from the surrounding gaseous medium. This work investigates flowing open channels and films, which can potentially make use of the open section of the system as an external interface, before bringing the sample into an enclosed channel. Clearly, in this scenario a key factor is the stability of the flowing open fluid. The open channels investigated include a straight open channel defined by a narrow strip of solid surface, the edges of which allow large contact angle hysteresis, and a wider structure allowing for multiple inputs and outputs. A model is developed for fluid flow, and the findings used to describe the process of failure in both cases.