gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B lymphocytes: how they develop and function (2008)

The discovery that lymphocyte subpopulations participate in distinct components of the immune response focused attention onto the origins and function of lymphocytes more than 40 years ago. Studies in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that B and T lymphocytes were responsible primarily for the basic functions of antibody production and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively. The decades that followed have witnessed a continuum of unfolding complexities in B-cell development, subsets, and function that could not have been predicted. Some of the landmark discoveries that led to our current understanding of B lymphocytes as the source of protective innate and adaptive antibodies are highlighted in this essay. The phenotypic and functional diversity of B lymphocytes, their regulatory roles independent of antibody production, and the molecular events that make this lineage unique are also considered. Finally, perturbations in B-cell development that give rise to certain types of congenital immunodeficiency, leukemia/lymphoma, and autoimmune disease are discussed in the context of normal B-cell development and selection. Despite the significant advances that have been made at the cellular and molecular levels, there is much more to learn, and cross-disciplinary studies in hematology and immunology will continue to pave the way for new discoveries.
Influenza virus NS1 protein alters the subnuclear localization of cellular splicing components (1995)

Intranuclear structure was studied in influenza virus-infected cells by immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies specific for fibrillarin, the splicing factor SC35 and the autoantigen p80 coilin. In the course of the infection, an increase in the number of coiled bodies was observed, with a parallel decrease in their size. In addition, the normal speckled pattern of the SC35 factor was altered to generate a more punctate distribution. However, no alteration was observed in the fibrillarin staining pattern. Since an alteration in the splicing of both viral and cellular mRNAs upon expression of influenza virus NS1 protein has been reported previously, the possible effects of NS1 expression on intranuclear structure were assayed. The increase in the coiled body numbers was not specific for the expression of NS1 protein, but alterations in the nuclear location of small ribonucleoprotein particles, as determined by immunofluorescence with an anti-Sm serum or the SC35 splicing factor, were produced by the sole expression of NS1 protein. These results correlate with the previously reported inhibition of splicing induced by NS1 protein expression and suggest an interaction of this influenza virus protein with the cellular splicing machinery.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Combined with a Demineralized Cancellous Bone Substrate for Bone Regeneration (2012)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from cadaveric adipose tissue can be obtained in large quantities, and have been reported in the literature to be capable of inducing bone formation in vivo and ex vivo.( 1-6 ) The hypothesis tested whether a demineralized cancellous bone matrix (DCBM) can provide an effective substrate for selection and retention of stem cells derived from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose. Human cadaveric adipose tissue was recovered from a donor and digested. The resulting SVF-containing MSCs were seeded onto the demineralized bone allografts, after which the nonadherent cells were washed off. The MSCs were characterized using a flow cytometer and tri-lineage differentiation (osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and adipogenesis) in vitro. The stem cell-seeded allografts were also characterized for cell number, adherence to the DCBM, osteogenic activity (alkaline phosphatase and Alizarin Red staining), and bone morphorgenic protein (BMP) quantity. Flow cytometry identified a mean total of 7.2% MSCs in SVF and 87.2% MSCs after culture. The stem cells showed the capability of differentiating into bone, cartilage, and fat. On the 21 stem cell-seeded bone allografts, there were consistent, attached, viable cells (100,744±22,762 cells/cube). An assessment of donor age, gender, and body mass index revealed no significant differences in cell numbers. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed the presence of BMP-2 and BMP-7. In conclusion, this bone graft contains three key elements for bone regeneration: adhered osteogenic stem cells, 3D osteoconductive bone scaffold, and osteoinductive BMP signal. It therefore has the potential to be effective for bone regeneration.
Novel Series of Non-Glycerol-Based Cationic Transfection Lipids for Use in Liposomal Gene Delivery (1999)

A novel series of nontoxic and non-glycerol-based simple monocationic transfection lipids containing one or two hydroxyethyl groups directly linked to the positively charged nitrogen atom were synthesized. The in vitro transfection efficiencies of these new liposomal gene delivery reagents were better than that of lipofectamine, a widely used transfection agent in cationic lipid-mediated gene transfer. The most efficient transfection formulation was observed to be a 1:1:0.3 mol ratio of DHDEAB (N, N-di-n-hexadecyl-N,N-dihydroxyethylammonium bromide):cholesterol:HDEAB (N-n-hexadecyl-N,N-dihydroxyethylammonium bromide) using a DHDEAB-to-DNA charge ratio (+/-) of 0.3:1. Observation of good transfection at charge ratios lower than 1 suggests that the amphiphile-DNA complex may have net negative charge. Our results reemphasize the important point that in cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery, the overall charge of the lipid-DNA complex need not always be positive. In addition, our transfection results also imply that favorable hydrogen-bonding interactions between the lipid headgroups and the cell surface of biological membranes may have some role for improving the transfection efficiency in cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery.
Abdominal T-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Gamma/Delta Type in a Patient With Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency (1998)

A 28-year-old man presented with selective immunoglobulin A deficiency and severe diarrhea responding to a gliadin-free diet. Biopsy samples of the small intestine showed dense T-cell infiltrations in the lamina propria and a slight increase of intraepithelial T-lymphocytes. No clonal rearrangement of the T-cell receptor c-beta chain genes was detectable by Southern blotting. Four years later, at the age of 32, the patient was hospitalized again with liver failure, abdominal lymphadenopathy, pancytopenia, and recurrent bacterial infections. Retrospective polymerase chain reaction analysis of formalin-fixed tissues of the intestinal biopsy samples obtained 4 years earlier showed monoclonal T-cell receptor gamma-chain gene rearrangement. Lymphoid cells of the peripheral blood showed an immunophenotype of CD3-positive gamma/delta T cells with a negativity for CD4 and CD8. A clonally rearranged T-cell receptor delta chain gene and a germline configuration of the c-beta chain genes was found by Southern blotting. Cytogenetics showed an abnormal karyotype with unbalanced translocations t(1;5) and t(9;13). The patient died of extensive lung infiltrations by gamma/delta T cells; autopsy showed a peripheral T-cell lymphoma of the gamma/delta type in the enlarged abdominal lymph nodes. This is the first report of an abdominal T-cell lymphoma of the gamma/delta type in a patient with selective immunoglobulin A deficiency.
Ethanol formation in adh0 mutants reveals the existence of a novel acetaldehyde-reducing activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1990)

A strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed which is deficient in the four alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) isozymes known at present. This strain (adh0), being irreversibly mutated in the genes ADH1, ADH3, and ADH4 and carrying a point mutation in the gene ADH2 coding for the glucose-repressible isozyme ADHII, still produces up to one third of the theoretical maximum yield of ethanol in a homofermentative conversion of glucose to ethanol. Analysis of the glucose metabolism of adh0 cells shows that the lack of all known ADH isozymes results in the formation of glycerol as a major fermentation product, accompanied by a significant production of acetaldehyde and acetate. Treatment of glucose-growing adh0 cells with the respiratory-chain inhibitor antimycin A leads to an immediate cessation of ethanol production, demonstrating that ethanol production in adh0 cells is dependent on mitochondrial electron transport. Reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol in isolated mitochondria could also be demonstrated. This reduction is apparently linked to the oxidation of acetaldehyde to acetate. Preliminary data suggest that this novel type of ethanol formation in S. cerevisiae is associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Lateral Flow Immunoassay (2008)

Due to the simplicity, relative accuracy, fast result reporting, and user-friendliness of lateral flow immunoassay, its use has undergone tremendous growth in the diagnostic industry in the last few y
Complete genome sequencing and analysis of a Lancefield group G Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis strain causing streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) (2011)

Genome wide comparisons of SDSE with GAS indicate that SDSE is closely and quantitatively related to GAS. SDSE, however, lacks several virulence factors of GAS, including superantigens, SPE-B and the hasABC operon. CRISPR spacers may limit the horizontal transfer of phage encoded GAS virulence genes into SDSE. These findings may provide clues for dissecting the pathological roles of the virulence factors in SDSE and GAS that cause STSS.
Minimizing the reconfiguration overhead in content-based publish-subscribe (2004)

The publish-subscribe model provides strong decoupling among the components of a distributed application. This makes it amenable to highly dynamic environments. Nevertheless, publish-subscribe systems exploiting a distributed event dispatcher are typically not able to rearrange dynamically their operations to adapt to changes which impact the topology of the dispatching infrastructure. This paper presents a description and analysis of a novel algorithm to deal with this kind of reconfiguration. The strength of this algorithm is its ability to minimize the portion of the system affected by the reconfiguration by exploiting a novel concept we refer to as the reconfiguration path. Simulations compare our approach with two others and show a significant reduction (up to 76%) in the overhead caused by reconfiguration.
Colchicine versus Prednisone in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Randomized Prospective Study (1998)

Twenty-six symptomatic subjects with clinical evidence plus either high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT, n = 25) or open-lung biopsy (OLB, n = 1) patterns typical for idiopathic usual interstitial pneumonia (idiopathic UIP) were entered into a randomized prospective treatment trial using high-dose prednisone (n = 12) versus colchicine (n = 14). The minimum dose of prednisone used was 60 mg/d for 1 mo, tapered to 40 mg/d over the second month, tapered to 40 mg every other day during the third month, with subsequent doses adjusted as clinically indicated. The dose of colchicine was 0.6-1.2 mg/d, as tolerated. The presence of a rim of subpleural honeycomb change was present in all of the 25 subjects who had HRCT. Subjects treated with high-dose prednisone alone experienced a higher incidence of serious side effects and also exhibited a trend (not statistically significant, p = 0.391) to more rapid decline of pulmonary function and shortened survival than did those treated with colchicine alone. In most subjects with typical clinical and HRCT features of idiopathic UIP, neither prednisone nor colchicine resulted in objective improvement, and the disease continued to progress in the majority. Colchicine appears to be a safer alternative to a trial of high-dose prednisone but may be no different than no therapy.
Characterization of DLK1+ Cells Emerging During Skeletal Muscle Remodeling in Response to Myositis, Myopathies, and Acute Injury (2009)

Delta like 1 (DLK1) has been proposed to act as a regulator of cell fate determination and is linked to the development of various tissues including skeletal muscle. Herein we further investigated DLK1 expression during skeletal muscle remodeling. Although practically absent in normal adult muscle, DLK1 was upregulated in all human myopathies analyzed, including Duchenne- and Becker muscular dystrophies. Substantial numbers of DLK1(+) satellite cells were observed in normal neonatal and Duchenne muscle, and furthermore, myogenic DLK1(+) cells were identified during muscle regeneration in animal models in which the peak expression of Dlk1 mRNA and protein coincided with that of myoblast differentiation and fusion. In addition to perivascular DLK1(+) cells, interstitial DLK1(+) cells were numerous in regenerating muscle, and in agreement with colocalization studies of DLK1 and CD90/DDR2, qPCR of fluorescence-activated cell sorting DLK1(+) and DLK1(-) cells revealed that the majority of DLK1(+) cells isolated at day 7 of regeneration had a fibroblast-like phenotype. The existence of different DLK1(+) populations was confirmed in cultures of primary derived myogenic cells, in which large flat nonmyogenic DLK1(+) cells and small spindle-shaped cells coexpressing DLK1 and muscle-specific markers were observed. Myogenic differentiation was achieved when sorted DLK1(+) cells were cocultured together with primary myoblasts revealing a myogenic potential that was 10% of the DLK1(-) population. Transplantation of DLK1(+) cells into lacerated muscle did, however, not give rise to DLK1(+) cell-derived myofibers. We suggest that the DLK1(+) subpopulations identified herein each may contribute at different levels/time points to the processes involved in muscle development and remodeling.
Transcription Factor STAT3 as a Novel Molecular Target for Cancer Prevention (2014)

Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs) are a family of transcription factors that regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, immune and inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis. Cumulative evidence has established that STAT3 has a critical role in the development of multiple cancer types. Because it is constitutively activated during disease progression and metastasis in a variety of cancers, STAT3 has promise as a drug target for cancer therapeutics. Recently, STAT3 was found to have an important role in maintaining cancer stem cells in vitro and in mouse tumor models, suggesting STAT3 is integrally involved in tumor initiation, progression and maintenance. STAT3 has been traditionally considered as nontargetable or undruggable, and the lag in developing effective STAT3 inhibitors contributes to the current lack of FDA-approved STAT3 inhibitors. Recent advances in cancer biology and drug discovery efforts have shed light on targeting STAT3 globally and/or specifically for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize current literature and discuss the potential importance of STAT3 as a novel target for cancer prevention and of STAT3 inhibitors as effective chemopreventive agents.
Radioprotection with cytokines--learning from nature to cope with radiation damage. (1991)

The quest for methods to protect cells from the damaging effects of ionizing radiation led to the observation that cytokines, endogenously produced hormone-like polypeptides, are radioprotective. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, given before irradiation, can protect mice from doses of radiation that would be fatal to untreated animals. At lower doses of radiation, the hemopoietic growth factors, interleukin-1, interleukin-4, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon, and leukemia inhibitory factor can promote recovery when administered after irradiation. Exposure to ionizing radiation selectively induces expression of some cytokines. Recent work suggests that certain cytokines may initiate autocrine/paracrine regulated recovery and repair pathways. Thus, the radioprotective and therapeutic effects of supplementary pharmacological doses of cytokines may act by amplifying innate defenses to ionizing radiation.
Tazarotene: Randomized, Double-Blind, Vehicle-Controlled, and Open-Label Concurrent Trials for Basal Cell Carcinoma Prevention and Therapy in Patients with Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome (2014)

Sporadic human basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are generally well managed with current surgical modalities. However, in the subset of high-risk patients predisposed to developing large numbers of BCCs, there is an unmet need for effective, low-morbidity chemoprevention. This population includes fair-skinned patients with extensive sun exposure and those with genodermatoses such as the basal cell nevus (Gorlin) syndrome (BCNS). Tazarotene (Tazorac, Allergan) is a topical retinoid with relative specificity for RAR-β and RAR-γ receptors. We previously demonstrated tazarotene's robust anti-BCC efficacy in Ptch1(+/-) mice, a murine equivalent of BCNS, and others have found it to have some efficacy against sporadic human BCCs. We report here results of a randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled study in patients with BCNS evaluating the efficacy of topically applied tazarotene for BCC chemoprevention (N = 34 subjects), along with an open-label trial evaluating tazarotene's efficacy for chemotherapy of BCC lesions (N = 36 subjects) for a maximum follow-up period of 3 years. We found that only 6% of patients had a chemopreventive response and that only 6% of treated BCC target lesions were clinically cured. Our studies provide no evidence for either chemopreventive or chemotherapeutic effect of tazarotene against BCCs in patients with BCNS.
<title>Lung cancer detection based on helical CT images using curved-surface morphology analysis</title> (1999)

Lung cancer is known as one of the most difficult cancers to cure. The detection of lung cancer in its early stage can be helpful for medical treatment to limit the danger. A conventional technique that assists the detection uses helical CT, which provides information of 3D cross sectional images of the lung. We expect that the proposed technique will increase diagnostic confidence. However, mass screening based on helical CT images leads to a considerable number of images for the diagnosis, this time-consuming fact makes it difficult to be used in the clinic. To increase the efficiency of the mass screening process, we had proposed a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD). In this paper, we describe lung cancer detection based on helical CT Images using curved surface morphology analysis. Firstly, we extract the lung area from the original image. Secondly, we compute shape index value of the lung area. Thirdly, we extract the ROI (Region Of Interest) from the computed shape index value. Finally, we apply the diagnosis rule using neural network and detect the suspicious regions. We show here the result of our algorithm which is applied to helical CT images of 390 patients.
The human gene encoding the heavy chain of the major histocompatibility complex class I-like Fc receptor (FCGRT) maps to 19q13.3 (1996)

FcRn is an Fc receptor that structurally resembles the major histocompatibility complex class I molecule. In this study, we isolated the human gene encoding the heavy chain of FcRn (FCGRT) and mapped it by fluorescence in situ hybridization to chromosome band 19q13.3. Thus, like its mouse counterpart, the human FCGRT gene is located outside the major histocompatibility complex.
Talking about tactile experiences (2013)

A common problem with designing and developing applications with tactile interfaces is the lack of a vocabulary that allows one to describe or communicate about haptics. Here we present the findings from a study exploring participants' verbalizations of their tactile experiences across two modulated tactile stimuli (16Hz and 250Hz) related to two important mechanoreceptors in the human hand. The study, with 14 participants, applied the explicitation interview technique to capture detailed descriptions of the diachronic and synchronic structure of tactile experiences. We propose 14 categories for a human-experiential vocabulary based on the categorization of the findings and tie them back to neurophysiological and psychophysical data on the human hand. We finally discuss design opportunities created through this experiential understanding in relation to the two mechanoreceptors.
Structural requirements for the stimulation of neurite outgrowth by two variants of laminin and their inhibition by antibodies. (1988)

Laminin derived from the Engelbreth-Holm-Swarm (EHS) tumor and a lamininlike molecule synthesized by RN22 Schwannoma cells both stimulate rapid neurite outgrowth, consistent with a common neurite-promoting site. However, antilaminin antisera can only inhibit the activity of the EHS laminin. The blocking antibodies in such sera are directed against the terminal heparin-binding domain of the laminin long arm (Edgar, D., R. Timpl, and H. Thoenen. 1984. EMBO [Eur. Mol. Biol. Organ.] J. 3: 1463-1468). These epitopes are demonstrated by immunoblotting to be part of the A chain and to be absent in RN22 laminin, showing (through metabolic labeling) that the cells synthesized little if any 440-kD A chain. This indicates that the antibody inhibition was probably due to steric hindrance, a common neurite-promoting site, apparently not being antigenic in native molecules. Antibodies raised against a 25-kD proteolytic fragment derived from the long arm of laminin were then used as probes to identify other potential neurite-promoting structures. Although these antibodies do not cross-react with native laminin, they recognized the B chains of denatured EHS and RN22 molecules on immunoblots. The antibodies also bound to the large proteolytic fragment, derived from the long arm of laminin that contains the neurite-promoting site, thus inhibiting its activity. Taken together, these results point to the localization of normally nonantigenic, defined, B chain sequences within or close to the neurite-promoting site of laminin.
Ecological Momentary Assessment (2007)

Assessment in clinical psychology typically relies on global retrospective self-reports collected at research or clinic visits, which are limited by recall bias and are not well suited to address how behavior changes over time and across contexts. Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involves repeated sampling of subjects' current behaviors and experiences in real time, in subjects' natural environments. EMA aims to minimize recall bias, maximize ecological validity, and allow study of microprocesses that influence behavior in real-world contexts. EMA studies assess particular events in subjects' lives or assess subjects at periodic intervals, often by random time sampling, using technologies ranging from written diaries and telephones to electronic diaries and physiological sensors. We discuss the rationale for EMA, EMA designs, methodological and practical issues, and comparisons of EMA and recall data. EMA holds unique promise to advance the science and practice of clinical psychology by shedding light on the dynamics of behavior in real-world settings.
Symmetric crossbar arbiters for VLSI communication switches (1993)

The design and implementation of symmetric crossbar arbiters are addressed. Several arbiter designs are compared based on simulations of a multistage interconnection network. These simulations demonstrate the influence of the switch arbitration policy on network throughput, average latency, and worst-case latency. It is shown that some natural designs result in poor system performance and/or slow implementations. Two efficient arbiter implementations are proposed. Based on network simulations, VLSI implementation, and circuit simulation, it is shown that these arbiters achieve nearly optimal system performance without becoming the critical path that limits the system clock.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>