gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dependence of the glass transition temperature on heating and cooling rate (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDependence of the glass transition temperature on heating and cooling rateCornelius T. Moynihan, Allan J. Easteal, James Wilder, and Joseph TuckerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1974, 78, 26, 2673–2677Publication Date (Print):December 19, 1974Publication History Published online16 June 2008Published inissue 19 December 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100619a008https://doi.org/10.1021/j100619a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6941Altmetric-Citations843LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Challenges for Rechargeable Li Batteries (2009)

The challenges for further development of Li rechargeable batteries for electric vehicles are reviewed. Most important is safety, which requires development of a nonflammable electrolyte with either a larger window between its lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) or a constituent (or additive) that can develop rapidly a solid/electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer to prevent plating of Li on a carbon anode during a fast charge of the battery. A high Li+-ion conductivity (σLi > 10−4 S/cm) in the electrolyte and across the electrode/electrolyte interface is needed for a power battery. Important also is an increase in the density of the stored energy, which is the product of the voltage and capacity of reversible Li insertion/extraction into/from the electrodes. It will be difficult to design a better anode than carbon, but carbon requires formation of an SEI layer, which involves an irreversible capacity loss. The design of a cathode composed of environmentally benign, low-cost materials that has its electrochemical potential μC well-matched to the HOMO of the electrolyte and allows access to two Li atoms per transition-metal cation would increase the energy density, but it is a daunting challenge. Two redox couples can be accessed where the cation redox couples are “pinned” at the top of the O 2p bands, but to take advantage of this possibility, it must be realized in a framework structure that can accept more than one Li atom per transition-metal cation. Moreover, such a situation represents an intrinsic voltage limit of the cathode, and matching this limit to the HOMO of the electrolyte requires the ability to tune the intrinsic voltage limit. Finally, the chemical compatibility in the battery must allow a long service life.
New‐generation multicistronic expression platform: pTRIDENT vectors containing size‐optimized IRES elements enable homing endonuclease‐based cistron swapping into lentiviral expression vectors (2004)

Capitalizing on a proven multicistronic expression vector platform we have designed novel pTRIDENT vectors which (1). enable coordinated expression of three desired transgenes, (2). are size-optimized, (3). take advantage of small highly efficient internal ribosome entry sites of the GTX or Rbm3 type, (4). harbor various sites specific for homing endonucleases facilitating promoter/multicistronic expression unit/polyadenylation site swapping as well as (5). straightforward integration into human HIV-l-based lentiviral expression vectors tailored to contain compatible homing endonucleases. Multicistronic expression profiles of novel pTRIDENT vectors engineered for different tricistronic expression configurations encoding human low-molecular-weight urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA(LMW)) or Bacillus stearothermophilus-derived alpha-amylase (SAMY), human vascular endothelial growth factor (hVEGF), and human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) have been quantified in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1), mouse fibroblasts (NIH/3T3), and/or human fibrosarcoma (HT-1080) cells. In addition, a pTRIDENT-derived SAMY-VEGF-SEAP expression cassette transferred into a compatible lentiviral expression vector enabled simultaneous high-level transgene expression following transduction of transgenic lentiviral particles into primary human chondrocytes.
The Human Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 Transfers Extracellular DNA Plasmid to the Nuclear Compartment of Mammalian Cells via Lipid Rafts and Proteoglycan-dependent Endocytosis (2004)

Antimicrobial peptides, such as LL-37, are found both in nonvertebrates and vertebrates, where they represent important components of innate immunity. Bacterial infections at epithelial surfaces are associated with substantial induction of LL-37 expression, which allows efficient lysis of the invading microbes. Peptide-mediated lysis results in the release of bacterial nucleic acids with potential pathobiological activity in the host. Here, we demonstrate that LL-37 targets extracellular DNA plasmid to the nuclear compartment of mammalian cells, where it is expressed. DNA transfer occurred at physiological LL-37 concentrations that killed bacterial cells, whereas virtually no cytotoxic or growth-inhibitory effects were observed in mammalian cells. Furthermore, LL-37 protected DNA from serum nuclease degradation. LL-37.DNA complex uptake was a saturable time- and temperature-dependent process and was sensitive to cholesterol-depleting agents that are known to disrupt lipid rafts and caveolae, as shown by flow cytometry. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed localization of internalized DNA to compartments stained by cholera toxin B, a marker of lipid rafts, but failed to demonstrate any co-localization of internalized DNA with caveolin-positive endocytotic vesicles. Moreover, LL-37-mediated plasmid uptake and reporter gene expression were strictly dependent on cell surface proteoglycans. We conclude that the human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 binds to, protects, and efficiently targets DNA plasmid to the nuclei of mammalian cells through caveolae-independent membrane raft endocytosis and cell surface proteoglycans.
Purification and characterization of normal and mutant forms of T4 endonuclease V. (1982)

Endonuclease V of bacteriophage T4 has been purified to physical homogeneity from T4D-infected Escherichia coli 1100. The enzyme, whose molecular weight is 16,000, possessed two distinct catalytic activities, a pyrimidine dimer-DNA glycosylase and an apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease. They acted on UV-irradiated poly(dA) . poly(dT) in a sequential manner; the glycosylase cleaved the N-glycosyl bond between the 5'-pyrimidine of a dimer and the corresponding sugar and then the endonuclease hydrolyzed a phosphodiester bond on the 3'-side of the apyrimidinic site. The 5'-termini thus generated were phosphorylated by T4 polynucleotide kinase only after they had been subjected to direct photoreversal and then treated with alkaline phosphatase. By using two phage mutants, uvs-5 and uvs-13, it was shown that occurrence of an amber mutation in the denV gene caused a simultaneous loss of the two activities. Suppression of the mutation of uvs-5 rendered both activities partially active. When the mutation of uvs-13 was suppressed, a mutant form of enzyme that possessed only a glycosylase activity was produced. This suggests that there are two distinct domains in a single enzyme, each of which corresponds to one of the activities.
Blood fibrinogen as a biomarker of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Table 1 (2012)

Fibrinogen is likely to be a useful biomarker to stratify individuals with COPD into those with a high or low risk of future exacerbations and may identify those with a higher risk of mortality.
Masking mRNA from translation in somatic cells. (1993)

We present evidence for a role for Y-box proteins in both mRNA transcription and translation. We have expressed an oocyte-specific RNA-binding protein (FRGY2) in somatic cells. This protein is normally found together with mRNA in large amounts within the masked maternal mRNA storage particles of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Masked maternal mRNA is believed to be translationally repressed during oogenesis and is stored within ribonucleoprotein storage particles for subsequent use during embryogenesis. Surprisingly, FRGY2 is not only found to direct the accumulation of mRNA from promoters containing binding sites for the protein but also to selectively repress translation of the same mRNA. Thus, the role of FRGY2 in the transcription and storage of maternal mRNA is similar to that of the transcription factor TFIIIA in the transcription and storage of 5S rRNA from the oocyte type 5S rRNA genes.
Efficient marginal likelihood optimization in blind deconvolution (2011)

In blind deconvolution one aims to estimate from an input blurred image y a sharp image x and an unknown blur kernel k. Recent research shows that a key to success is to consider the overall shape of the posterior distribution p(x, k\y) and not only its mode. This leads to a distinction between MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x, k</sub> strategies which estimate the mode pair x, k and often lead to undesired results, and MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> strategies which select the best k while marginalizing over all possible x images. The MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> principle is significantly more robust than the MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x, k</sub> one, yet, it involves a challenging marginalization over latent images. As a result, MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> techniques are considered complicated, and have not been widely exploited. This paper derives a simple approximated MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> algorithm which involves only a modest modification of common MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x, k</sub> algorithms. We show that MAP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> can, in fact, be optimized easily, with no additional computational complexity.
Biodegradable Fibrous Scaffolds with Tunable Properties Formed from Photo-Cross-Linkable Poly(glycerol sebacate) (2009)

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the architecture and mechanical properties of scaffolds, particularly with respect to mimicking features of natural tissues, are important for tissue engineering applications. Acrylated poly(glycerol sebacate) (Acr-PGS) is a material that can be cross-linked upon exposure to ultraviolet light, leading to networks with tunable mechanical and degradation properties through simple changes during Acr-PGS synthesis. For example, the number of acrylate functional groups on the macromer dictates the concentration of cross-links formed in the resulting network. Three macromers were synthesized that form networks that vary dramatically with respect to their tensile modulus ( approximately 30 kPa to 6.6 MPa) and degradation behavior ( approximately 20-100% mass loss at 12 weeks) based on the extent of acrylation ( approximately 1-24%). These macromers were processed into biodegradable fibrous scaffolds using electrospinning, with gelatin as a carrier polymer to facilitate fiber formation and cell adhesion. The resulting scaffolds were also diverse with respect to their mechanics (tensile modulus ranging from approximately 60 kPa to 1 MPa) and degradation ( approximately 45-70% mass loss by 12 weeks). Mesenchymal stem cell adhesion and proliferation on all fibrous scaffolds was indistinguishable from those of controls. The scaffolds showed similar diversity when implanted on the surface of hearts in a rat model of acute myocardial infarction and demonstrated a dependence on the scaffold thickness and chemistry in the host response. In summary, these diverse scaffolds with tailorable chemical, structural, mechanical, and degradation properties are potentially useful for the engineering of a wide range of soft tissues.
Pathogenesis and medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (1989)

Tissue concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and the enzymes that regulate its level, such as 5 alpha-reductase, appear to play a major role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This argument is strongly supported by the objective decreases in prostate size and improvement in symptoms of prostatism that occur following androgen withdrawal. A variety of androgen-withdrawal therapies for BPH have been reported since the early 1900s. Although success in the treatment of BPH has been claimed for all of them, including surgical castration, medical castration with progestational antiandrogens, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)-agonist castration, or androgen-receptor blockade with pure antiandrogens such as flutamide, very few studies, until recently, have provided convincing objective evidence for therapeutic efficacy in BPH. Recently, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning and ultrasound have become available to quantify objective changes in prostate volume and have indisputably demonstrated that androgen withdrawal does significantly decrease prostate size. The consequences of this on clinical symptoms of prostatism are currently under study. Studies of the effect of 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors on prostatism are in progress. They hold promise for future treatment of BPH since they may decrease prostate size and DHT concentration without any effect on sexual function.
Hodgkin's disease: Unfolding concepts concerning its nature, management and prognosis (1980)

The evolution of our concepts concerning the fundamental nature and natural history of Hodgkin's disease is reviewed. Recent evidence establishes that it is indeed a malignant neoplasm, albeit a curious one, the giant cells of which display aneuploid karyotypes, often with marker chromosomes indicating their clonal derivation, and the functional and surface marker properties of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series. The disease tends initially to spread by contiguity from one lymph node chain to others with which direct lymphatic channel communications exist. Essentially all patients, even those with limited disease, have some degree of impairment of cell-mediated immunity, apparently due to inhibition of T-lymphocyte function. Lymphangiography, computed tomography, and laparotomy with splenectomy have greatly improved the accuracy of clinical staging. Total lymphoid megavoltage radiotherapy and/or multidrug combination chemotherapy now permit the eradiction of disease of all stages, resulting in a dramatic improvement in prognosis and an increasing frequency of permanent cure of this once inevitably fatal condition.
Oral delivery of microparticles containing plasmid DNA encoding hepatitis-B surface antigen (2012)

The role of albumin-based chitosan microparticles on enhancing immune response of plasmid DNA (pDNA) to hepatitis-B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine after oral administration was investigated in mice. The pDNA encoding HBsAg was entrapped in albumin microparticles using a one-step spray drying technique optimized in our laboratory. The encapsulated particles were also characterized in vitro for their shape, size, encapsulation efficiency, content, and stability. Albumin microparticles could protect the DNA from nuclease degradation as confirmed in our agarose gel study. Further immune modulating effect was studied in our formulation by measuring IgG antibodies in serum as well as IgA antibodies in fecal extracts. The mice were immunized with a prime dose of 100 μg of pDNA in microparticle formulations with and without interleukins biweekly until week 7 followed by a booster dose of equivalent strength on week 33 to compare the response with the subcutaneous group. The oral immunization with the pDNA to HBsAg microparticles gave significantly higher titer level of both sIgA and IgG at week 9 and 34, respectively, in oral vaccine with interleukins group when compared with the subcutaneous group. Thus, we observed an augmentation of both humoral and cellular immune responses for prolonged periods after immunization.
The new topical ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 does not induce skin atrophy when applied to normal skin for 4 weeks: a randomized, double-blind controlled study (2001)

Both topical corticosteroids induced a significant reduction in skin thickness, as compared with SDZ ASM 981 1% cream and vehicle, which were shown to be equivalent. The difference in skin thickness (measured by ultrasound examination) between patients treated with SDZ ASM 981 1% cream and those receiving either of the two topical steroids was significant from day 8 onwards. Histological analysis performed at day 29 showed significant epidermal thinning with topical steroids compared with SDZ ASM 981 1% cream or the vehicle. Conclusion The lack of atrophogenic properties of SDZ ASM 981 1% cream in this short-term study demonstrates its potential as long-term treatment for inflammatory skin diseases, thus overcoming a major drawback of topical steroids. This may also be important for the treatment of children, and sensitive areas of skin, such as the face and skin-folds.
IL-4 treatment of small splenic B cells induces costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2. (1994)

IL-4 has been shown to be involved in the early stages of B cell maturation. Changes induced by IL-4 include cell enlargement, increased viability, and increased MHC class II expression. However IL-4 alone does not induce B cell activation as defined by proliferation, lymphokine production, or Ig class switching. In this study, we demonstrate that incubation with IL-4 enhances the ability of small splenic murine B cells, normally poor stimulators of murine Th1 clones, to stimulate lymphokine production and proliferation by Th1 clones. Moreover, small resting B cells induce anergy, whereas IL-4-treated B cells do not. IL-4-treated B cells were found to express both B7 (B7-1) and a second ligand for CTLA4Ig (B7-2). Although IL-4 induces both B7-1 and B7-2, the kinetics of expression of these molecules are different: B7-2 is detected by 6 h, whereas B7-1 is not detectable until 48 h. In addition, only CTLA4Ig fully blocks IL-4 induced costimulatory activity; a mAb to B7-1 does not. Thus, these results suggest that IL-4 may function indirectly as a costimulatory factor by inducing costimulatory molecules on resting B cells. Additionally, these findings support our previous findings that an alternative ligand for CD28 and CTLA4 is important in providing costimulation.
Allelic deletion on chromosome 17p13.3 in early ovarian cancer. (1996)

Multiple chromosome 17 loci may be involved in ovarian carcinogenesis. Fifty-seven sporadic ovarian epithelial tumors were examined for loss of heterozygosity at 15 loci on chromosomes 17p. Eighty % (39 of 49) of informative tumors had allelic loss in 17p13.3 at D17S30, D17S28, or both loci within this region, including 3 of 7 tumors of low malignant potential and 4 of 5 nonmetastatic carcinomas. The smallest region of overlapping deletions extends from D17S28 to D17S30, a distance of 15 kb. Furthermore, several tumors have breakpoints within the region detected by the D17S30 probe. Chromosome 17p13.3 genes with potential tumor suppressor function include HIC-1, DPH2L (N. J. Phillips et al. Isolation of a human diphthamide biosynthesis gene on chromosome 17p13.3, submitted for publication)/OVCA1, PEDF, and CRK. The HIC-1 coding sequence lies i kb centromeric to the D17S28-S17S30 region of deletion (M. Makos Wales et al., Nat. Med., 1:570-577, 1995) but remains a candidate because 5'-regulatory elements may lie within the critical region. Portions of the DPH2L/OVCA1 coding sequence lie within the D17S28-D17S30 interval. Somatic cell hybrid analysis places PEDF in an interval including D17S28, D17S30, and D17S54, whereas CRK is excluded from this interval. Chromosome 17p13.3 loss precedes TP53 and BRCA1 region deletions because the latter changes are see only in high-stage carcinomas. Microsatellite instability plays only a minor role in sporadic ovarian carcinogenesis because only 1 of 57 tumors showed this finding.
Translation of the Philadelphia chromosome into therapy for CML (2008)

Throughout its history, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has set precedents for cancer research and therapy. These range from the identification of the first specific chromosomal abnormality associated with cancer to the development of imatinib as a specific, targeted therapy for the disease. The successful development of imatinib as a therapeutic agent for CML can be attributed directly to decades of scientific discoveries. These discoveries determined that the BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase is the critical pathogenetic event in CML and an ideal target for therapy. This was confirmed in clinical trials of imatinib, with imatinib significantly improving the long-term survival of patients with CML. Continuing in this tradition of scientific discoveries leading to improved therapies, the understanding of resistance to imatinib has rapidly led to strategies to circumvent resistance. Continued studies of hematologic malignancies will allow this paradigm of targeting molecular pathogenetic events to be applied to many additional hematologic cancers.
Post-transcriptional Regulation of Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Protein by Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9a in Mouse Liver (2004)

Lipid homeostasis is transcriptionally regulated by three DNA-binding proteins, designated sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1a, -1c, and -2. Oligonucleotide arrays hybridized with RNA made from livers of transgenic SREBP-1a, transgenic SREBP-2, and SREBP cleavage-activating protein knockout mice recently identified 33 genes regulated by SREBPs in liver, four of which had no known connection to lipid metabolism. One of the four genes was PCSK9, which encodes proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9a, a protein that belongs to the proteinase K subfamily of subtilases. Mutations in PCSK9 are associated with an autosomal dominant form of hypercholesterolemia. Here, we demonstrate that hepatic overexpression of either wild-type or mutant PCSK9 in mice results in hypercholesterolemia. The hypercholesterolemia is due to a post-transcriptional event causing a reduction in low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor protein prior to the internalization and recycling of the receptor. Overexpression of PCSK9 in primary hepatocytes and in mice lacking the LDL receptor does not alter apolipoprotein B secretion. These data are consistent with PCSK9 affecting plasma LDL cholesterol levels by altering LDL receptor protein levels via a post-transcriptional mechanism.