gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The "Liquid Computer": A Novel Strategy for Real-Time Computing on Time Series (2002)

We will discuss in this survey article a new framework for analysing computations on time series and in particular on spike trains, introduced in (Maass et. al. 2002). In contrast to common computational models this new framework does not require that information can be stored in some stable states of a computational system. It has recently been shown that such models where all events are transient can be successfully applied to analyse computations in neural systems and (independently) that the basic ideas can also be used to solve engineering tasks such as the design of nonlinear controllers. Using an illustrative example we will develop the main ideas of the proposed model. This illustrative example is generalized and cast into a rigorous mathematical model: the Liquid State Machine. A mathematical analysis shows that there are in principle no computational limitations of liquid state machines in the domain of time series computing. Finally we discuss several successful applications of the framework in the area of computational neuroscience and in the field of artificial neural networks.
HPMA Copolymer Conjugates of DOX and Mitomycin C for Combination Therapy: Physicochemical Characterization, Cytotoxic Effects, Combination Index Analysis, and Anti‐Tumor Efficacy (2013)

The synthesis, characterization and results of evaluation of the biological behavior of HPMA copolymer conjugates bearing anti-cancer drugs doxorubicin and mitomycin C are described. Two HPMA copolymer carrier types were synthesized: the linear copolymer and the biodegradable high-molecular-weight diblock copolymer containing a degradable disulfide bond. The polymer-drug conjugates incubated in buffers modeling the intracellular environment released the drugs more rapidly than those incubated in bloodstream conditions. Significant in vitro and in vivo antitumor synergistic activity of the conjugates in the treatment of EL-4 T-cell demonstrates their high potential for solid tumor treatment.
Controlling aflatoxin contamination and propagation of Aspergillus flavus by a soy-fermenting Aspergillus oryzae strain (2018)

Aflatoxins (AFs) are a group of carcinogenic and immunosuppressive mycotoxins that threaten global food safety. Globally, over 4.5 billion people are exposed to unmonitored levels of AFs. Aspergillus flavus is the major source of AF contamination in agricultural crops. One approach to reduce levels of AFs in agricultural commodities is to apply a non-aflatoxigenic competitor, e.g., Afla-Guard, to crop fields. In this study, we demonstrate that the food fermenting Aspergillus oryzae M2040 strain, isolated from Korean Meju (a brick of dry-fermented soybeans), can inhibit aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) production and proliferation of toxigenic A. flavus in lab culture conditions and peanuts. In peanuts, 1% inoculation level of A. oryzae M2040 could effectively displace the toxigenic A. flavus and inhibit AFB1 production. Moreover, cell-free culture filtrate of A. oryzae M2040 effectively inhibited AFB1 production and A. flavus growth, suggesting A. oryzae M2040 secretes inhibitory compounds. Whole genome-based comparative analyses indicate that the A. oryzae M2040 and Afla-Guard genomes are 37.9 and 36.4 Mbp, respectively, with each genome containing ~100 lineage specific genes. Our study establishes the idea of using A. oryzae and/or its cell-free culture fermentate as a potent biocontrol agent to control A. flavus propagation and AF contamination.
CAR T Cell Therapy: A Game Changer in Cancer Treatment (2016)

The development of novel targeted therapies with acceptable safety profiles is critical to successful cancer outcomes with better survival rates. Immunotherapy offers promising opportunities with the potential to induce sustained remissions in patients with refractory disease. Recent dramatic clinical responses in trials with gene modified T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) in B-cell malignancies have generated great enthusiasm. This therapy might pave the way for a potential paradigm shift in the way we treat refractory or relapsed cancers. CARs are genetically engineered receptors that combine the specific binding domains from a tumor targeting antibody with T cell signaling domains to allow specifically targeted antibody redirected T cell activation. Despite current successes in hematological cancers, we are only in the beginning of exploring the powerful potential of CAR redirected T cells in the control and elimination of resistant, metastatic, or recurrent nonhematological cancers. This review discusses the application of the CAR T cell therapy, its challenges, and strategies for successful clinical and commercial translation.
Recent advances in the design of titanium alloys for orthopedic applications (2005)

To increase an orthopedic implant's lifetime, research trends have included the development of new titanium alloys made of nontoxic elements with suitable mechanical properties (low Young's modulus - high fatigue strength), good workability and corrosion resistance. In accordance with the background on titanium and metallic biomaterials, recent interesting developments in titanium-based biomaterials are reported in this review, with a special emphasis on the design of new metastable beta-titanium alloys for orthopedic applications. In addition, as the concept of titanium alloys can now be regarded as relatively old, having emerged at the beginning of the 1980s, the author suggests some future directions that would permit the emergence of a new generation of titanium implants.
A Randomized, Double-Blind Pilot Study of Dexmedetomidine Versus Midazolam for Intensive Care Unit Sedation (2013)

Transitioning benzodiazepine sedation to dexmedetomidine when patients qualify for daily awakenings may reduce the development of delirium and facilitate remembrance of ICU experiences but may lead to manifestations of ASD. Monitoring hypotension is required for both the sedatives. Additional comparative studies focusing on the long-term impact of ICU recall and psychological outcomes are needed.
Identification of the human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan antigen epitope recognized by the antitumor monoclonal antibody 763.74 from a peptide phage library. (1999)

To identify the epitope of the melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP) recognized by the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 763.74, we first expressed random DNA fragments obtained from the complete coding sequence of the MCSP core glycoproteins in phages and selected without success for binders to the murine mAb 763.74. We then used a library of random heptapeptides displayed at the surface of the filamentous M13 phage as fusion protein to the NH2-terminal portion of the minor coat protein III. After three rounds of selection on the bound mAb, several phages displaying related binding peptides were identified, yielding the consensus sequence Val-His-Leu-Asn-Tyr-Glu-His. Competitive ELISA experiments showed that this peptide can be specifically prevented from binding to mAb 763.74 by an anti-idiotypic MK2-23 mouse:human chimeric mAb and by A375 melanoma cells expressing the antigen MCSP. We screened the amino acid sequence of the MCSP molecule for a region of homology to the consensus sequence and found that the amino acid sequence Val-His-Ile-Asn-Ala-His spanning positions 289 and 294 has high homology. Synthetic linear peptides corresponding to the consensus sequence as well as to the MCSP-derived epitope inhibit the binding of mAb 763.74 to the phages displaying the consensus amino acid sequence. Finally, the biotinylated consensus peptide absorbed to streptavidin-microtiter plates can be used for the detection of mAb 763.74 in human serum. These results show clearly that the MCSP epitope defined by mAb 763.74 has been identified.
Is gender recognition affected by age? (2009)

Gender recognition is important for many applications including human computer interaction (HCI). This paper shows that gender recognition accuracy is affected significantly by the age of the person. Our empirical studies on a large face database of 8,000 images with ages from 0 to 93 years show that gender classification accuracy on adult faces can be 10% higher than that on young or senior faces, evaluated using one of the state-of-the-art methods. We examine aging effects on human faces, which motivates us to investigate which features can incorporate shape and texture variations on faces together with gender encoding. Based on the aging effects, the local binary pattern (LBP) and histograms of oriented gradients (HOG) methods are evaluated for gender characterization with age variation. We also investigate a biologically-inspired method for gender recognition. Overall, no matter what methods are used, the accuracies on adult faces are consistently higher than on young or senior faces. This new finding suggests new efforts in both psychological studies and computational visual recognition for the purpose of HCI applications.
31.1: Invited Paper : The Spatial Standard Observer: A Human Vision Model for Display Inspection (2006)

Abstract We have developed a simple model of human sensitivity to spatial contrast patterns, called the Spatial Standard Observer. This model can be applied to numerous problems in display inspection and measurement. In this paper I describe two examples: measurement of mura and measurement of motion blur. In each case the Spatial Standard Observer can provide a measure of the artifact in units of just‐noticeable differences.
Asiaticoside-induced elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds (1999)

Asiaticoside derived from the plant Centella asiatica is known to possess good wound healing activity. Enhanced healing activity has been attributed to increased collagen formation and angiogenesis. Since antioxidants have been reported to play a significant role in the wound healing process we studied the effect of asiaticoside on the levels of certain antioxidants in the wound so as to explore the possible involvement of such a mechanism in the asiaticoside induced wound healing. Asiaticoside application (0.2%, topical) twice daily for 7 days to excision-type cutaneous wounds in rats led to increased enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, namely superoxide dismutase (35%), catalase (67%), glutathione peroxidase (49%), vitamin E (77%) and ascorbic acid (36%) in newly formed tissues. It also resulted in a several fold decrease in lipid peroxide levels (69%) as measured in terms of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance. However, continued application for 14 days showed no significant difference in these antioxidants compared with their values in vehicle treated wound tissue. It appears from the present study that asiaticosides enhanced induction of antioxidant levels at an initial stage of healing which may be an important contributory factor in the healing properties of this substance.
"XB n " barrier photodetectors for high sensitivity and high operating temperature infrared sensors (2008)

A barrier photodetector is a device in which the light is absorbed in a narrow bandgap semiconductor layer whose bands remain essentially flat or accumulated at the operating bias so that all carrier depletion is excluded. In a conventional photodiode below a threshold temperature <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>, typically 130-150K for MWIR devices, the dark current is due to Generation-Recombination (G-R) centres in the depletion layer. In a barrier detector, the absence of depletion in the narrow bandgap semiconductor ensures that the G-R contribution to the dark current is negligible. The dark current in the barrier detector is thus dominated by the diffusion component, both above and below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>. Therefore, at a given temperature below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>, a barrier detector will exhibit a lower dark current than a conventional photodiode with the same cut-off wavelength. Alternatively, for a given dark current, a barrier detector will operate at a higher temperature than a conventional photodiode, provided that this temperature is below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>. Device architectures are presented for barrier detectors with photon absorbing layers based on InAs<sub>1-x</sub>Sb<sub>x</sub> alloys and type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (T2SL). The thermionic and tunneling components of the dark current are analyzed and shown to be negligible for typical device parameters. An operating temperature of ~150K is estimated for a MWIR barrier detector with f/3 optics and a cut-off wavelength of 4.2&mu;.
Current Gene Therapy using Viral Vectors for Chronic Pain (2015)

The complexity of chronic pain and the challenges of pharmacotherapy highlight the importance of development of new approaches to pain management. Gene therapy approaches may be complementary to pharmacotherapy for several advantages. Gene therapy strategies may target specific chronic pain mechanisms in a tissue-specific manner. The present collection of articles features distinct gene therapy approaches targeting specific mechanisms identified as important in the specific pain conditions. Dr. Fairbanks group describes commonly used gene therapeutics (herpes simplex viral vector (HSV) and adeno-associated viral vector (AAV)), and addresses biodistribution and potential neurotoxicity in pre-clinical models of vector delivery. Dr. Tao group addresses that downregulation of a voltage-gated potassium channel (Kv1.2) contributes to the maintenance of neuropathic pain. Alleviation of chronic pain through restoring Kv1.2 expression in sensory neurons is presented in this review. Drs Goins and Kinchington group describes a strategy to use the replication defective HSV vector to deliver two different gene products (enkephalin and TNF soluble receptor) for the treatment of post-herpetic neuralgia. Dr. Hao group addresses the observation that the pro-inflammatory cytokines are an important shared mechanism underlying both neuropathic pain and the development of opioid analgesic tolerance and withdrawal. The use of gene therapy strategies to enhance expression of the anti-pro-inflammatory cytokines is summarized. Development of multiple gene therapy strategies may have the benefit of targeting specific pathologies associated with distinct chronic pain conditions (by Guest Editors, Drs. C. Fairbanks and S. Hao).
Studies on the syntheses of N-heterocyclic compounds. XXIII. The photochemical reaction of polyazanaphthalene derivatives. (1975)

Photochemical reactions of tetraazanaphthalene derivatives, I, II, and III, with alcohols and cyclic ethers in the presence of photosensitizer resulted in selective addition at the 3, 4 C=N bond to give substituted-3, 4-dihydro derivatives. Potential diuretic activity was shown by many of the obtained compounds.
Enhancer-dependent and -independent steps in the rearrangement of a human T cell receptor delta transgene. (1994)

The rearrangement and expression of T cell receptor (TCR) gene segments occurs in a highly ordered fashion during thymic ontogeny of T lymphocytes. To study the regulation of gene rearrangement within the TCR alpha/delta locus, we generated transgenic mice that carry a germline human TCR delta minilocus that includes V delta 1, V delta 2, D delta 3, J delta 1, J delta 3, and C delta segments, and either contains or lacks the TCR delta enhancer. We found that the enhancer-positive construct rearranges stepwise, first V to D, and then V-D to J. Construct V-D rearrangement mimics a unique property of the endogenous TCR delta locus. V-D-J rearrangement is T cell specific, but is equivalent in alpha/beta and gamma/delta T lymphocytes. Thus, either there is no commitment to the alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cell lineages before TCR delta gene rearrangement, or if precommitment occurs, it does not operate directly on TCR delta gene cis-acting regulatory elements to control TCR delta gene rearrangement. Enhancer-negative mice display normal V to D rearrangement, but not V-D to J rearrangement. Thus, the V-D to J step is controlled by the enhancer, but the V to D step is controlled by separate elements. The enhancer apparently controls access to J delta 1 but not D delta 3, suggesting that a boundary between two independently regulated domains of the minilocus lies between these elements. Within the endogenous TCR alpha/delta locus, this boundary may represent the 5' end of a chromatin regulatory domain that is opened by the TCR delta enhancer during T cell development. The position of this boundary may explain the unique propensity of the TCR delta locus to undergo early V to D rearrangement. Our results indicate that the TCR delta enhancer performs a crucial targeting function to regulate TCR delta gene rearrangement during T cell development.
Effects of Deletion or Stringent Repression of the H3L Envelope Gene on Vaccinia Virus Replication (2000)

The C-terminal membrane anchor protein encoded by the H3L open reading frame of vaccinia virus is located on the surfaces of intracellular mature virions. To investigate the role of the H3L protein, we constructed deletion (vH3Delta) and inducible (vH3i) null mutants. The H3L protein was not detected in lysates of cells infected with vH3Delta or vH3i in the absence of inducer. Under these conditions, plaques were small and round instead of large and comet shaped, indicative of decreased virus replication or cell-to-cell spread. The mutant phenotype was correlated with reduced yields of infectious intra- and extracellular virus in one-step growth experiments. The defect in vH3i replication could not be attributed to a role of the H3L protein in virus binding, internalization, or any event prior to late gene expression. Electron microscopic examination of cells infected with vH3Delta or vH3i in the absence of inducer revealed that virion assembly was impaired, resulting in a high ratio of immature to mature virus forms with an accumulation of crescent membranes adjacent to granular material and DNA crystalloids. The absence of the H3L protein did not impair the membrane localization of virion surface proteins encoded by the A27L, D8L, and L1R genes. The wrapping of virions and actin tail formation were not specifically blocked, but there was an apparent defect in low-pH-mediated syncytium formation that could be attributed to decreased virus particle production. The phenotypes of the H3L deletion and repression mutants were identical to each other but differed from those produced by null mutations of genes encoding other vaccinia virus membrane components.
Abnormal maturation pathway of keratinocytes in psoriatic skin (1985)

We compared the maturation pathway of normal and psoriatic epidermis using three different markers: (1) Involucrin, which is normally detected in the stratum granulosum in normal skin, was detected in all but the basal layer of involved psoriatic skin; (2) an antigen, recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody psi 3, was present in all but the basal layer of involved psoriatic skin but was absent from uninvolved and normal skin; (3) fibronectin, which normally localizes in the dermis and the epidermal-dermal junction, was also detected intra- and extracellularly in the psoriatic epidermis. These results indicate that the alterations in keratinocyte maturation found in psoriasis do not arise from a truncation of the normal maturation pathway but rather reflect the onset of an abnormal pathway of differentiation characterized by the expression of psi 3 antigen and fibronectin and the premature appearance of involucrin.
Microbial ecology of the cystic fibrosis lung (2007)

Understanding the microbial flora of the cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory tract is of considerable importance, as patient morbidity and death are primarily caused by chronic respiratory infections. However, chronically colonized CF airways represent a surprisingly complex and diverse ecosystem. The precise contributions of different microbes to patient morbidity, and in particular the importance of inter-specific interactions, remain largely unelucidated. The importance of within-species genetic and phenotypic variation has similarly received limited explicit attention. While a host of studies provide data on the microbial species recovered from patients, these are often incomparable due to differences in sampling and data reporting, or do not present the data in a way that aids our understanding of the ecosystem within each patient. This review brings together a cross-section of recent research on the CF airways and the microbes which infect them. The results presented suggest that understanding the CF lung in terms of its community and evolutionary ecology could benefit our understanding of disease progression and influence treatment regimens.
Efficient 3D Audio Processing with the GPU (2004)

Introduction Audio processing applications are among the most computeintensive and often rely on additional DSP resources for realtime performance. However, programmable audio DSPs are in general only available to product developers. Professional audio boards with multiple DSPs usually support specific effects and products while consumer &amp;quot;game-audio&amp;quot; hardware still only implements fixed-function pipelines which evolve at a rather slow pace. The widespread availability and increasing processing power of GPUs could offer an alternative solution. GPU features, like multiply-accumulate instructions or multiple execution units, are similar to those of most DSPs [3]. Besides, 3D audio rendering applications require a significant number of geometric calculations, which are a perfect fit for the GPU. Our feasibility study investigates the use of GPUs for efficient audio processing. GPU-accelerated audio rendering We consider a combination of two simple operations commonly used for 3D audio
Nonradioactive method to study genetic profiles of natural bacterial communities by PCR-single-strand-conformation polymorphism (1996)

We describe a new method for studying the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the natural ecosystem. Our approach is based on single-strand-conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis of PCR products of 16S rRNA genes from complex bacterial populations. A pair of eubacterial universal primers for amplification of the variable V3 region were designed from the 16S rRNA sequences of 1,262 bacterial strains. The PCR conditions were optimized by using genomic DNAs from five gram-positive and seven gram-negative strains. The SSCP analysis of the PCR products demonstrated that a bacterial strain generated its characteristic band pattern and that other strains generated other band patterns, so that the relative diversity in bacterial communities could be measured. In addition, this method was sensitive enough to detect a bacterial population that made up less than 1.5% of a bacterial community. The distinctive differences between bacterial populations were observed in an oligotrophic lake and a eutrophic pond in a field study. The method presented here, using combined PCR amplification and SSCP pattern analyses of 16S rRNA genes, provides a useful tool to study bacterial community structures in various ecosystems.