gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amorphous and Microcrystalline Silicon Deposited by Low-Power Electron-Cyclotron Resonance Plasma-Enhanced Chemical-Vapor Deposition (1997)

The structural and optoelectronic properties of intrinsic amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) and microcrystalline silicon ( µc-Si:H) deposited using electron cyclotron resonance plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ECR-PECVD) with a microwave power of 150 W were studied as a function of the ECR source-to-substrate distance, d ss , process pressure, hydrogen dilution and substrate temperature. Hydrogen was used as the excitation gas and silane was injected into the main chamber. Deposition rates show a maximum as a function of the deposition pressure. For d ss =6 cm this maximum occurs between 5 and 10 mTorr. ECR-deposited a-Si:H films show a high Tauc bandgap (∼1.9 eV), low dark conductivity (∼10 -11 Ω -1 cm -1 ), relatively high Urbach energy (≥55 meV) and high defect density (≥5×10 15 cm -3 ) compared with a-Si:H grown by RF glow discharge. Hydrogen evolution and infrared spectroscopy reveal the presence of voids and/or columnar structure. The transition from amorphous to microcrystalline silicon occurs under conditions of high hydrogen dilution, low deposition pressure, and low d ss . The higher the hydrogen dilution, the lower the substrate temperature needed to achieve µc-Si:H. Raman spectra of the µc-Si:H suggest small grain size ( ∼4 nm) and crystalline fraction (∼60%). A growth model is proposed that includes silane excitation both by the ECR electrons and by the excited hydrogen species.
Classification and detection of computer intrusions (1996)

Some computer security breaches cannot be prevented using access and information flow control techniques. These breaches may be a consequence of system software bugs, hardware or software failures, incorrect system administration procedures, or failure of the system authentication module. Intrusion detection techniques can have a significant role in the detection of computer abuse in such cases. This dissertation describes a pattern matching approach to representing and detecting intrusions, a hitherto untried approach in this field. We have classified intrusions on the basis of structural interrelationships among observable system events. The classification formalizes detection of specific exploitations by examining their manifestations in the system event trace. Thus, we can talk about intrusion signatures belonging to particular categories in the classification, instead of vulnerabilities that result in intrusions. The classification developed in this dissertation can also be used for developing computational models to detect intrusions in each category by exploiting the common structural interrelationships of events comprising the signatures in that category. We can then look at signatures of interest that can be matched efficiently, instead of attempting to devise a comprehensive set of techniques to detect any violation of the security policy. We define and justify a computational model in which intrusions from our classification can be represented and matched. We also present experimental results based on an implementation of the model tested against real-world intrusions.
Serum Copper and the Risk of Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Population Study in Men in Eastern Finland (1991)

The authors investigated the association of serum copper concentration with the risk of acute myocardial infarction in 1,666 randomly selected men aged 42, 48, 54, or 60 years who had no symptomatic ischemic heart disease at entry. Baseline examinations in the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in Eastern Finland were done during 1984 to 1988. In Cox multivariate survival models adjusting for age, examination year, ischemic electrocardiogram in exercise, maximal oxygen uptake, diabetes, family history of ischemic heart disease, cigarette-years, mean systolic blood pressure, serum high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol subfraction HDL2 and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations and blood leukocyte count, serum copper concentration in the two highest tertiles (1.02-1.16 mg/liter and 1.17 mg/liter or more) associated with 3.5-fold (95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.3-9.4, p less than 0.05) and 4.0-fold (95 percent Cl 1.5-10.8, p less than 0.01) risk of acute myocardial infarction. These data indicate that high copper status, reflected by elevated serum copper concentration, is an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease.
Molecular organization of heparan sulphate from human skin fibroblasts (1990)

The molecular structure of human skin fibroblast heparan sulphate was examined by specific chemical or enzymic depolymerization and high-resolution separation of the resulting oligosaccharides and disaccharides. Important features of the molecular organization, disaccharide composition and O-sulphate disposition of this heparan sulphate were identified. Analysis of the products of HNO2 hydrolysis revealed a polymer in which 53% of disaccharide units were N-acetylated and 47% N-sulphated, with an N-/O-sulphate ratio of 1.8:1. These two types of disaccharide unit were mainly located in separate domains. Heparitinase and heparinase scission indicated that the iduronate residues (37% of total hexuronate) were largely present in contiguous disaccharide sequences of variable size that also contained the majority of the N-sulphate groups. Most of the iduronate residues (approx. 70%) were non-sulphated. About 8-10% of disaccharide units were cleaved by heparinase, but only a minority of these originated from contiguous sequences in the intact polymer. Trisulphated disaccharide units [alpha-N-sulpho-6-sulphoglucosaminyl-(1----4)-iduronate 2-sulphate], which are the major structural units in heparin, made up only 3% of the disaccharide units in heparan sulphate. O-Sulphate groups (approx. 26 per 100 disaccharide units) were distributed almost evenly among C-6 of N-acetylglucosamine, C-2 of iduronate and C-6 of N-sulphated glucosamine residues. The results indicate that the sulphated regions of heparan sulphate have distinctive and potentially variable structural characteristics. The high content of non-sulphated iduronate in this heparan sulphate species suggests a conformational versatility that could have important implications for the biological properties of the polymer.
Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of 2-Chloro-5,6-dihalo-1-β-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazoles as Potential Agents for Human Cytomegalovirus Infections (1997)

2-Chloro-5,6-difluorobenzimidazole (8) was prepared from 4,5-difluoro-2-nitroaniline (5) via successive reduction, cyclization, and diazotization reactions. 2-Chloro-5,6-dibromobenzimidazole (10) was obtained by a direct bromination of 2-chlorobenzimidazole (9) with bromine-water. 2-Chloro-5,6-diiodobenzimidazole (15) was synthesized by a stepwise transformation of the nitro functions of 2-chloro-5,6-dinitrobenzimidazole (11) into iodo groups via diazotization reactions. Ribosylation of 8, 10, and 15 gave the respective beta nucleosides 16a-c as the major products along with a small amount of the alpha anomers 17a-c. Deprotection of 16a-c afforded the corresponding free beta nucleosides 2-chloro-5,6-difluoro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (2), 2-chloro-5,6-dibromo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (3), and 2-chloro-5,6-diiodo-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (4). Similar deprotection of the alpha anomers (17a-c) resulted in a removal of the acetyl protecting groups and a concomitant cyclization to give the 2,2'-O-cyclonucleosides (18a-c). Most of the benzimidazole heterocycles, but not the difluoro analog, were active against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) (IC50's = 3-40 microM) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) (IC50's = 50-90 microM). This activity, however, was not well separated from cytotoxicity, IC50's = 10-100 microM. The corresponding unsubstituted, the 5,6-dimethyl, and the 5,6-difluoro ribonucleosides (19, 20, and 2, respectively), were inactive against both viruses. Similar to the previously reported 2,5,6-trichloro analog (TCRB), the 5,6-dibromo ribonucleoside 3 was active against HCMV (IC50 approximately 4 microM) but more cytotoxic than TCRB. The 5,6-diiodo analog 4 also was active (IC50 approximately 2 microM) but more cytotoxic (IC50 = 10-20 microM) than either 3 or TCRB. The cyclonucleosides were inactive against both viruses and not cytotoxic, or slightly active with corresponding cytotoxicity. The order of activity against HCMV of the dihalobenzimidazole ribonucleosides was I approximately equal to Br approximately equal to CI > > F > H = CH3. The order of cytotoxicity among the most active compounds, however, was I > Br > Cl, thereby establishing that TCRB had the best antiviral properties.
Distinguishing the Effects of Maternal and Offspring Genes through Studies of "Case-Parent Triads" (1998)

A gene variant that increases disease risk will be overrepresented among diseased persons, even compared with their own biologic parents. This insight has led to tests based solely on the asymmetric distribution of a variant allele among cases and their parents (e.g., the transmission/disequilibrium test). Existing methods focus on effects of alleles that operate through the offspring genotype. Alleles can also operate through the mother's genotype, particularly for conditions such as birth defects that have their origins in fetal life. An allele working through the mother would have higher frequency in case-mothers than in case-fathers. The authors develop a log-linear method for estimating relative risks for alleles in the context of case-parent triads. This method is able to detect the effects of genes working through the offspring, the mother, or both. The authors assume Mendelian inheritance, but Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is unnecessary. Their approach uses standard software, and simulations demonstrate satisfactory power and confidence interval coverage. This method is valid with a self-selected or hospital-based series of cases and helps to protect against misleading inference that can result when cases and controls are randomly sampled from a population not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Tumor-suppressive effect of the retinoic acid receptor beta in human epidermoid lung cancer cells. (1993)

Retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta), which codes for a nuclear receptor for retinoic acid, is localized in a chromosomal region frequently deleted in lung cancer cells. The gene is expressed in normal lung tissue and in the majority of the cell lines derived from lung tumors but not in most of the lines derived from lung tumors with epidermoid characteristics. To study the possible role of RAR beta in growth control of epidermoid lung tumor-derived cells, transfectants expresing RAR beta were generated from nonexpressing epidermoid tumor-derived cell lines. Four clones were derived from line CALU-1, three of which showed a 20-60% increase in doubling time in the presence of retinoic acid. Parental and control-transfected cells were unaffected or slightly stimulated. All four clones expressing RAR beta were less tumorigenic in nude mice than were the untransfected or control-transfected cells, with about a 50% incidence of take vs. 95%. When tumors did develop from RAR beta-positive cells, they showed a reduced rate of growth, an increased latency, and, in six of seven tumors tested, a much reduced level of RAR beta expression. Transfectants derived from a second tumor line, H157, also showed a markedly reduced incidence of take in nude mice. Together with the known effects of retinoic acid on differentiation and carcinogenesis, our results support the hypothesis that RAR beta functions as a tumor suppressor gene in epidermoid lung tumorigenesis.
Renal Cell Carcinoma: Diffusion-weighted MR Imaging for Subtype Differentiation at 3.0 T (2010)

DW imaging with b values of 0 and 800 sec/mm(2) allows sensitive and specific differentiation of clear cell, papillary, and chromophobic RCCs, suggesting that DW imaging may be useful in the preoperative characterization of RCC.
Molecular genetics of Leber congenital amaurosis (2002)

Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) is the most common inherited cause of blindness in childhood and is characterised by a severe retinal dystrophy before the age of one year. Six genes have been identified that together account for approximately half of all LCA patients. These genes are expressed preferentially in the retina or the retinal pigment epithelium. Their putative functions are quite diverse and include retinal embryonic development (CRX), photoreceptor cell structure (CRB1), phototransduction (GUCY2D), protein trafficking (AIPL1, RPGRIP1), and vitamin A metabolism (RPE65). The molecular data for CRB1 and RPE65 support previous hypotheses that LCA can represent the severe end of a spectrum of retinal dystrophies. Given the diverse mechanisms underlying the disease, future therapies of LCA may need to be tailored to certain genetically defined subgroups. Based on experimental evidence in mice and dogs, patients with disturbed retinal metabolism of vitamin A through a mutation in the RPE65 gene will likely be the first candidates for future therapeutic trials.
Evaluation of Commercial Off-the-Shelf Ammonia Sorbents and Carbon Monoxide Oxidation Catalysts (2008)

&lt;div class="htmlview paragraph"&gt;Designers of future space vehicles envision simplifying the Atmosphere Revitalization (AR) system by combining the functions of trace contaminant (TC) control and carbon dioxide removal into one swing-bed system. Flow rates and bed sizes of the TC and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; systems have historically been very different. There is uncertainty about the ability of trace contaminant sorbents to adsorb adequately in a high-flow or short bed length configurations, and to desorb adequately during short vacuum exposures. This paper describes preliminary results of a comparative experimental investigation into adsorbents for trace contaminant control. Ammonia sorbents and low temperature catalysts for CO oxidation are the foci. The data will be useful to designers of AR systems for Constellation. Plans for extended and repeated vacuum exposure of ammonia sorbents are also presented.&lt;/div&gt;
Effect of high-temperature annealing on the dissolution of the D-defects in n-type Czochralski silicon (1994)

The effect of high-temperature annealing on the dissolution of crystal grown-in defects referred to as D-defects in n-type Czochralski silicon under various annealing conditions was studied. Annealing at 1200 °C for 1 h in either oxygen or nitrogen ambient causes the dissolution of the D-defects while in contrast no effect of a high-temperature annealing in hydrogen ambient on the D-defects was observed. Based upon the present analysis, D-defect dissolution during oxygen and nitrogen annealing could be attributed to vacancy undersaturation resulting from silicon interstitial injection from the silicon surface. Annealing in hydrogen ambient is hypothesized to cause vacancies at the surface sites to migrate into the silicon lattice via a Schottky defect formation mechanism.
Calibration-free rolling shutter removal (2012)

We present a novel algorithm for efficient removal of rolling shutter distortions in uncalibrated streaming videos. Our proposed method is calibration free as it does not need any knowledge of the camera used, nor does it require calibration using specially recorded calibration sequences. Our algorithm can perform rolling shutter removal under varying focal lengths, as in videos from CMOS cameras equipped with an optical zoom. We evaluate our approach across a broad range of cameras and video sequences demonstrating robustness, scaleability, and repeatability. We also conducted a user study, which demonstrates preference for the output of our algorithm over other state-of-the art methods. Our algorithm is computationally efficient, easy to parallelize, and robust to challenging artifacts introduced by various cameras with differing technologies.
Chromatographic characterization of internal polar lipids from wool (1995)

Abstract Wool internal polar lipids were isolated and separated into different fractions based on polarity. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the different fractions were performed by thin‐layer chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography coupled to flame‐ionization detection, respectively. Cholesterol esters, free fatty acids, sterols, ceramides, glycosylceramides, and cholesterol sulfate were the main components, with ceramides being in the highest proportion. The fatty acid composition of ceramides and glycosylceramides was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As for other keratinized tissues, long‐chain fatty acids predominated in comparison to either free fatty acids or phospholipid‐linked fatty acids; in both cases, stearic and lignoceric acids were the most abundant fatty acids, and a low amount of 18‐methyleicosanoic acid was found. This work opens new avenues in the study of lipid rearrangement in more complex and realistic vesicle structures than conventional liposomes.
Effects of office environment on employee satisfaction: a new analysis (2015)

Two large and detailed field studies of the effect of office environment parameters on aspects of environmental and job satisfaction were conducted. The first study focused on open-plan offices in nine conventional buildings, whereas the second encompassed open-plan and private offices in 24 buildings (12 green and 12 conventional). The data collection for these studies was separated by approximately a decade, but the data collection methods, contexts and analysis procedures were very similar. This offered the opportunity to compare the results of the studies at the workstation level, with the goal of identifying parameters consistent in affecting occupant satisfaction, and of exploring the effects of office type (open-plan versus private) and building type (green versus conventional). Satisfaction with acoustics and privacy was most strongly affected by workstation size and office type; satisfaction with lighting was most strongly affected by window access and glare conditions; and satisfaction with ventilation and temperature was most strongly affected by pollutant concentration. Occupants of green buildings rated all aspects of environmental satisfaction more highly. Finally, job satisfaction was most strongly affected by pollutant concentration and office type.
Transfer of Neutralizing Antibody by Colostrum to Calves Born of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccinated Dams (1963)

Summary The transfer of neutralizing antibody to calves born of dams vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease was by colostrum only. Immunoelectrophoretic study showed that calves were born with no γ-globulin in the serum, but that it was present 2 hr after they ingested colostrum. Transfer of neutralizing antibody could be blocked by prior feeding of skim milk or immune bovine serum. A passively immune calf did not respond to vaccination until the serum antibody reached low levels; whereas, a calf of the same age born of a nonimmune dam could be vaccinated as evidenced by the production of neutralizing antibody.
Challenging the anomaly detection paradigm (2006)

In 1987, Dorothy Denning published the seminal paper on anomaly detection as applied to intrusion detection on a single system. Her paper sparked a new paradigm in intrusion detection research with the notion that malicious behavior could be distinguished from normal system use. Since that time, a great deal of anomaly detection research based on Denning's original premise has occurred. However, Denning's assumptions about anomalies that originate on a single host have been applied essentially unaltered to networks. In this paper we question the application of Denning's work to network based anomaly detection, along with other assumptions commonly made in network-based detection research. We examine the assumptions underlying selected studies of network anomaly detection and discuss these assumptions in the context of the results from studies of network traffic patterns. The purpose of questioning the old paradigm of anomaly detection as a strategy for network intrusion detection is to reconfirm the paradigm as sound or begin the process of replacing it with a new paradigm in light of changes in the operating environment.
An overview of sipuleucel-T: Autologous cellular immunotherapy for prostate cancer (2012)

Sipuleucel-T, the first autologous active cellular immunotherapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration, is designed to stimulate an immune response to prostate cancer. Sipuleucel-T is manufactured by culturing a patient's peripheral blood mononuclear cells (including antigen presenting cells) with a recombinant protein comprising a tumor-associated antigen (prostatic acid phosphatase) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor. Treatment consists of 3 infusions at approximately 2-week intervals, resulting in a prime-boost pattern of immune activation, a robust antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune response, and, consequently, a survival benefit in subjects with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer. Adverse events are generally mild to moderate and resolve within 2 d. Serious adverse events occur at a low rate. As the first autologous cellular immunotherapy to demonstrate a survival benefit, sipuleucel-T is a novel oncologic therapeutic that warrants the reassessment of the current prostate cancer treatment paradigm.
Practical lineage tracing in data warehouses (2002)

We consider the view data lineage problem in a warehousing environment: for a given data item in a materialized warehouse view, we want to identify the set of source data items that produced the view item. We formalize the problem and we present a lineage tracing algorithm for relational views with aggregation. Based on our tracing algorithm, we propose a number of schemes for storing auxiliary views that enable consistent and efficient lineage tracing in a multi-source data warehouse. We report on a performance study of the various schemes, identifying which schemes perform best in which settings. Based on our results, we have implemented a lineage tracing package in the WHIPS data warehousing system prototype at Stanford. With this package, users can select view tuples of interest, then efficiently "drill through" to examine the exact source tuples that produced the view tuples of interest.