gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of a nonglycosylated single chain urinary plasminogen activator secreted from yeast. (1990)

Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have changed the asparagine in human single-chain urinary plasminogen activator (u-PA) at position 302 to an alanine. This alteration removes the only known amino acid residue glycosylated in the protein. The single-chain u-PA containing an alanine residue at position 302 instead of asparagine (scu-PA(N302A] cDNA gene was expressed in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Secretion of the protein product into the culture broth was achieved by replacing the human secretion signal codons with those from yeast invertase, adding a yeast promoter from the constitutively expressed glycolytic genes triosephosphate isomerase or phosphoglycerate kinase, and integrating multiple copies of these transcriptional units into the genome of yeast strains carrying the "supersecreting" mutation ssc1. When fermented in a fed-batch mode, these recombinant baker's yeast strains secreted scu-PA(N302A) in a strongly growth-associated manner. Greater than 90% of the u-PA found in the culture broth was in the single-chain form. Scu-PA(N302A) was purified to homogeneity using two chromatography steps. The purified protein had a molecular weight of 47,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lacked any detectable N-linked glycosylation. The in vitro fibrinolytic properties of scu-PA(N302A) were found to be essentially equivalent to those of natural single-chain u-PA derived from the human kidney cell line TCL-598. Since scu-PA(N302A) lacks the immunogenic N-linked carbohydrate pattern of yeast, it may be a useful therapeutic agent which can be produced economically by yeast fermentation.
Influence of dodecyl sulfate ions on the electrophoretic mobilities of lipoprotein particles measured by HPCE. (1997)

The authors have developed a method for profiling plasma lipoproteins based on differences in their surface chemical properties using HPCE. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were used as model compounds representing components of the lipoprotein population with high surface polarity (HDL) and low surface polarity (LDL). Using an uncoated fused-silica capillary in the HPCE measurement, the effective electrophoretic mobilities (mu eff) of HDL and LDL at high pH were found to be nearly identical in different buffer systems and ionic strengths. Both HDL and LDL particles have a high affinity for dodecyl sulfate anions (DS-), increasing the mu eff for both particles by almost a factor of two but not giving significantly different mu eff values. Decreasing the polarity of the solution by the addition of acetonitrile resulted in a partitioning of the DS- ions between the solvent and lipoprotein particles. The more hydrophobic LDL particles retain a larger fraction of DS- ions than do HDL particles. Under these conditions, the LDL particles have a significantly higher charge/volume ratio than do HDL particles and a large difference in mu eff values is achieved. The conditions for maximizing the mu eff difference were found by studying the influence of the concentration of the DS- ions and percent acetonitrile of the mu eff of LDL and HDL at high pH.
Glucose uptake in Kluyveromyces lactis: role of the HGT1 gene in glucose transport (1996)

A gene for high-affinity glucose transport, HGT1, has been isolated from the lactose-assimilating yeast Kluyveromyces lactis. Disruption strains showed much-reduced uptake of glucose at low concentrations and growth was particularly affected in low-glucose medium. The HGT1 nucleotide sequence implies that it encodes a typical transmembrane protein with 12 hydrophobic domains and with 26 to 31% amino acid identity with the Hxtp family of glucose transport elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expression is constitutive (in contrast to RAG1, the major gene for low-affinity glucose uptake in K. lactis) and is controlled by several genes also known to affect expression of RAG1. These include RAG5 (which codes for the single hexokinase of K. lactis), which is required for HGT1 transcription, and RAG4, which has a negative effect. The double mutant deltahgt1deltarag1 showed further reduced glucose uptake but still grew quite well on 2% glucose and was not completely impaired even on 0.1% glucose.
Metal‐Free Triazole Formation as a Tool for Bioconjugation (2007)

Who needs copper? There is a strong demand for ligation reactions that proceed spontaneously, selectively, and under physiological conditions. To meet these criteria, we used trifluoromethyl-substituted oxanorbornadienes in reactions with various azides, and achieved an elegant tandem [3+2] cycloaddition–retro-Diels–Alder reaction that forms stable 1,2,3-triazole-linked bioconjugates (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2007/z700278_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Functional Bionetworks from Nanoliter Water Droplets (2007)

We form networks from aqueous droplets by submerging them in an oil/lipid mixture. When the droplets are joined together, the lipid monolayers surrounding them combine at the interface to form a robust lipid bilayer. Various protein channels and pores can incorporate into the droplet-interface bilayer (DIB), and the application of a potential with electrodes embedded within the droplets allows ionic currents to be driven across the interface and measured. By joining droplets in linear or branched geometries, functional bionetworks can be created. Although the interfaces between neighboring droplets comprise only single lipid bilayers, the structures of the networks are long-lived and robust. Indeed, a single droplet can be "surgically" excised from a network and replaced with a new droplet without rupturing adjacent DIBs. Networks of droplets can be powered with internal "biobatteries" that use ion gradients or the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin. Besides their interest as coupled protocells, the droplets can be used as devices for ultrastable bilayer recording with greatly reduced electrolyte volume, which will permit their use in rapid screening applications.
An Improved Method for Chlorination of Nitrogen-containing π-Deficient Heteroaromatics Using Triphenylphosphine and Trichloroisocyanuric Acid (2005)

Phosphorus compound prepared by reaction of triphenylphosphine with trichloroisocyanuric acid was found to be applied to chlorination of nitrogen-containing π-deficient heteroaromatics.As self-decomposition of the chlorinating reagent hardly proceeds, the reagent is more useful than phosphorus compound prepared by triphenylphosphine and N-chlorosuccinimide.Since many nitrogen-containing π-deficient heteroaromatics (abbreviated as heteroaromatics) have biological activities, derivatives of these compounds have been prepared in order to find more available lead-compounds.Chloroheteroaromatics are a versatile synthetic precursor to synthesize derivatives of the heteroaromatics: Chloroheteroaromatics react with nucleophiles such as carbanions, 1 amines, 2 alkoxides, 3 or thiols 4 to introduce nucleophilic substituents into the heteroaromatic moiety.Metalation of chloroheteroaromatics via tellurium-lithium exchange 5-8 or oxidative addition of magnesium 9,10 provides electrophilic substituents into the heteroaromatic moiety.Chloroheteroaromatics are synthesized by the reaction of hydroxyheteroaromatics with phosphoryl chloride, 11 phosphorus pentachloride, 12 or N-chlorosuccinimide / triphenylphosphine (1). 13,14Although phosphoryl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride has been used for the chlorination of hydroxyheteroaromatics for more than 100 years, addition of water to the reaction mixture at the work-up process results in evolution of hydrochloric acid and heat from the exothermic reaction.The use of 1 as a chlorinating reagent is of greater advantage than the use of phosphoryl chloride or phosphorus pentachloride from the reaction due to its inertness to water.However, the black byproduct derived from
Study of the Extinction Coefficients of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Related Carbon Materials (2004)

The measurement of the bulk purity of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is an important outstanding problem. We report a solution-phase near-IR (NIR) spectroscopic study of a range of carbon materials with an emphasis on SWNTs, and we show that NIR spectroscopy is an extremely powerful tool in the assessment of the carbonaceous purity of SWNTs. We demonstrate the applicability of Beer's law for all of the carbon materials included in this study within a range of concentrations in dimethylformamide (DMF), and we are able to solve for the effective extinction coefficients. By analyzing the areal absorptivities of the second interband transition of semiconducting SWNTs for a number of samples of differing purities, we are able to derive an absolute molar extinction coefficient for the carbonaceous impurities in SWNT samples. We demonstrate significant progress toward the establishment of an absolute scale for the bulk carbonaceous purity of SWNTs.
Electrochemical therapy in the treatment of malignant tumours on the body surface. (1994)

From November 1988 to May 1991, 113 patients with malignant tumours on their body surface, who were at great operative risk or had refused surgery, underwent local treatment with electrochemical therapy (ECT). After 2.6 years' follow up, total effective rate of the cure was 79.7%. The clinical results were considered satisfactory.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of adriamycin in man (1973)

A pharmacokinetic evaluation of adriamycin and its metabolites was undertaken in cancer patients treated according to an intermittent single high‐dosage schedule. The long plasma half‐life of adriamycin and metabolites, 26.7 hours, was similar to that of daunorubicin and its metabolites. Long plasma half‐life of adriamycin, 16.7 hours, was shorter than that of its metabolites, 31.7 hours. In addition to differences in the metabolism of the two drugs, the cumulative 5 day urinary excretion of adriamycin and its metabolites was only 5.7% of the administered dose in contrast to 23% for daunorubicin and its metabolites. This study establishes that after a single intravenous dose plasma levels of adriamycin are maintained for long periods; it lays a rational foundation for the empirically effective intermittent single high‐dosage schedule. That adriamycin undergoes extensive metabolic degradation in patients is described for the first time.
High expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) is associated with adverse-risk features and poor outcome in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group (2015)

High MEF2C expression identifies a subset of AML patients with adverse-risk disease features and poor outcome. With confirmation that high MEF2C mRNA expression leads to overexpression of MEF2C protein, these findings provide the rationale for therapeutic targeting of MEF2C transcriptional activation in AML.
Fragile X spectrum disorders (2014)

The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1), which codes for the fragile X mental retardation 1 protein (FMRP), is located at Xp27.3. The normal allele of the FMR1 gene typically has 5 to 40 CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region; abnormal alleles of dynamic mutations include the full mutation (> 200 CGG repeats), premutation (55-200 CGG repeats) and the gray zone mutation (45-54 CGG repeats). Premutation carriers are common in the general population with approximately 1 in 130-250 females and 1 in 250-810 males, whereas the full mutation and Fragile X syndrome (FXS) occur in approximately 1 in 4000 to 1 in 7000. FMR1 mutations account for a variety of phenotypes including the most common monogenetic cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism (FXS), the most common genetic form of ovarian failure, the fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI, premutation); and fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS, premutation). The premutation can also cause developmental problems including ASD and ADHD especially in boys and psychopathology including anxiety and depression in children and adults. Some premutation carriers can have a deficit of FMRP and some unmethylated full mutation individuals can have elevated FMR1 mRNA that is considered a premutation problem. Therefore the term "Fragile X Spectrum Disorder" (FXSD) should be used to include the wide range of overlapping phenotypes observed in affected individuals with FMR1 mutations. In this review we focus on the phenotypes and genotypes of children with FXSD.
Enzyme levels and G-463A polymorphism of myeloperoxidase in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma (2009)

The aim of this study was to investigate how myeloperoxidase (MPO) G-463A gene polymorphism and enzyme levels varied among patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and multiple myeloma (MM) and to find the relationship between the MPO gene, enzyme levels, and clinical parameters. We studied the sera from 40 healthy volunteers, patients with CLL (n = 34) and MM (n = 28). In subjects with homozygote GG genotype, MPO levels were higher in the patients with both CLL and MM than in the control group. This difference was statistically significant in patients with CLL. In conclusion, homozygote GG genotype is found to be associated with an increasing amount of serum MPO. In accordance with the results of the study, we assess that the increase in the MPO enzyme level in the patient groups with CLL and MM generated bactericidal effects as well as the increased formation of ROP, thus setting off a pro-cell death pathway and playing a role on the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative malignancies through this mechanism.
High-impedance surfaces having stable resonance with respect to polarization and incidence angle (2005)

The work presented in this paper concerns a theoretical study on frequency selective surfaces (FSS) with application to artificial magnetic conductors or high-impedance surfaces (HIS). Current realizations of HIS are based on a planar FSS at the interface of a metal-backed dielectric slab either including vertical vias or not. A stable resonance was found for the case of series-resonance grids without vias in the slab. The resonance turns out to be unique in theory for all angles of incidence and both polarizations of plane waves illuminating the HIS. It was shown that vias destroy the stabilization effect and introduce a frequency shift. The analytical model was validated by HFSS simulations.
World Health Organization Classification of Neoplastic Diseases of the Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting—Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997 (1999)

The WHO classification has produced a new and exciting degree of cooperation and communication between oncologists and pathologists from around the world, which should facilitate progress in the understanding and treatment of hematologic malignancies.
Synthesis and reactions of 3,3′-dibromodihydrodipyrrins (1997)

The dibromodihydrodipyrrin diester 7 was prepared by reaction of the corresponding pyrrole 6 with dimethoxymethane and BF3·Et2O. Subsequently 7 was converted into the dibromodihydrodipyrrin 2 in moderate yield. The diformyldihydrodipyrrin 3 was readily prepared by methylenation of the pyrrole 9 with BF3·Et2O, followed by deprotection. Attempted synthesis of the porphyrin 1 from 2 and 3 was unsuccessful because of the low reactivity of 2. The reaction of 7 or 11 with hexabutylditin in the presence of a Pd catalyst produced a new type of tin complex 12 in low yield. This complex was also readily obtained by an alternative procedure and found to revert to 7 upon reaction with TFA.
BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension (2020)

Mike Lewis, Yinhan Liu, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Abdelrahman Mohamed, Omer Levy, Veselin Stoyanov, Luke Zettlemoyer. Proceedings of the 58th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. 2020.
Construction of a Direct Current Magnetometer (1996)

In order to display magnetic signals obtained from a magneto-resistance sensor, a direct current magnetometer was designed and its circuit was constructed. The magnetic fields measured by the home-made magnetometer, which showed good functions of automatic ranging, analog output, and vector sensing, were well agreed with those by commercial MAG-01 magnetometer. The measurement range of the magnetometer was to 1.999 mT, the resolution was -132 dB within 1 Hz bandwidth and the measured magnetic fields could be displayed with -digit LED.
Skin Color is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Peritoneal Dialysis Patients (2009)

Skin color, measured noninvasively, is associated with HOMA(IR) and HDL-C. Nondiabetic PD patients that had more severe IR had worse skin color.
Infrared spectroscopy of chemically bonded hydrogen at voids and defects in silicon (1993)

Chemical bonding of H to displacement defects and internal surfaces in Si has been investigated by infrared-absorption and nuclear reaction analysis techniques. A He implantation/anneal sequence was used to produce faceted voids which are retained to at least 800 °C in a buried layer as revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Hydrogen was injected into void layers by three different methods: ion implantation, plasma exposure, and H2 gas exposure. Infrared absorption by Si-H stretch modes with frequencies characteristic of monohydrides on (100) and (111) surfaces are observed for all methods of H injection, consistent with bonding on faceted void surfaces. Thermal stability of Si-H is higher on void surfaces than on other trapping sites. Displacement defects produced by H-ion implantation trap H but release it upon annealing for retrapping on voids. The Si-H absorption bands with frequencies characteristic of monohydrides on (100) and (111) surfaces anneal in parallel between 600 and 800 °C and in coincidence with the loss of total H measured by nuclear reaction analysis. Moreover, densities comparable to the total H density are estimated for void surface states and for Si—H bonds on void surfaces. It is inferred from these results that bonding of H on the void surfaces is energetically favored over H2 formation in the voids, and it is concluded that the 2.5±0.2 eV determined in a separate study of H release from buried voids is the Si—H bond energy descriptive of both (111) and (100) surfaces.
Imiquimod: A Review (2002)

Background and Objective: Imiquimod (Aldara) is an immune response modifier used primarily to treat anogenital warts. Imiquimod induces cytokines and enhances cell-mediated cytolytic antiviral activity in vivo. It exhibits antiviral and antitumor effects; however, it does not exhibit direct antiviral effects in vitro. By inducing cytokines, such as interferon A, imiquimod stimulates both the innate immune response and the cellular arm of acquired immunity. Currently, imiquimod is approved for use in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts in adults. Conclusion: Beyond its established use, there are case reports and preliminary studies suggesting the effectiveness of imiquimod 5% cream in the treatment of nongenital human papillomavirus warts, molluscum contagiosum, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen's disease, nongenital human papillomavirus infection, and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia.
Targeted chromosomal duplications and inversions in the human genome using zinc finger nucleases (2011)

Despite the recent discoveries of and interest in numerous structural variations (SVs)--which include duplications and inversions--in the human and other higher eukaryotic genomes, little is known about the etiology and biology of these SVs, partly due to the lack of molecular tools with which to create individual SVs in cultured cells and model organisms. Here, we present a novel method of inducing duplications and inversions in a targeted manner without pre-manipulation of the genome. We found that zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) designed to target two different sites in a human chromosome could introduce two concurrent double-strand breaks, whose repair via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) gives rise to targeted duplications and inversions of the genomic segments of up to a mega base pair (bp) in length between the two sites. Furthermore, we demonstrated that a ZFN pair could induce the inversion of a 140-kbp chromosomal segment that contains a portion of the blood coagulation factor VIII gene to mimic the inversion genotype that is associated with some cases of severe hemophilia A. This same ZFN pair could be used, in theory, to revert the inverted region to restore genomic integrity in these hemophilia A patients. We propose that ZFNs can be employed as molecular tools to study mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements and to create SVs in a predetermined manner so as to study their biological roles. In addition, our method raises the possibility of correcting genetic defects caused by chromosomal rearrangements and holds new promise in gene and cell therapy.
Constitutive overexpression of a growth-regulated gene in transformed Chinese hamster and human cells. (1987)

Comparison by subtractive hybridization of mRNAs revealed a moderately abundant message in highly tumorigenic CHEF/16 cells present at very low levels in closely related nontumorigenic CHEF/18 cells. After cloning and sequencing the corresponding cDNA, computer comparison showed closest homology with the human connective tissue-activating peptide III (CTAP III). The human tumor cell cDNA hybridizing with the Chinese hamster clone was isolated, sequenced, and found to have closer similarity to the Chinese hamster gene than to CTAP III. Thus, the cloned cDNAs from Chinese hamster and human cells represent a different gene, named gro. Studies of its transcriptional regulation have shown that expression is tightly regulated by growth status in normal Chinese hamster and human cells and relaxed in the tumorigenic cells so far examined.
Next Generation Science Standards (2013)

Introduce history standards in America for science standards and talk about next generation science standards
5G high mobility wireless communications: Challenges and solutions (2016)

The fifth generation (5G) network is expected to support significantly large amount of mobile data traffic and huge number of wireless connections, to achieve better spectrum- and energy-efficiency, as well as quality of service (QoS) in terms of delay, reliability and security. Furthermore, the 5G network shall also incorporate high mobility requirements as an integral part, providing satisfactory service to users travelling at a speed up to 500 km/h. This paper provides a survey of potential high mobility wireless communication (HMWC) techniques for 5G network. After discussing the typical requirements and challenges of HMWC, key techniques to cope with the challenges are reviewed, including transmission techniques under the fast time-varying channels, network architecture with mobility support, and mobility management. Finally, future research directions on 5G high mobility communications are given.