gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discourse structure for multi-speaker spontaneous spoken dialogs: incorporating heuristics into stochastic RTNs (2002)

In real spoken language applications, where speakers interact spontaneously, there is much seeming unpredictability that makes recognition difficult. Multi-speaker spontaneous dialog where two speakers interact verbally to cooperatively solve a mutual, shared problem is more varied than human-computer interactions. Spontaneous speech is not well structured, exhibiting mid-utterance corrections and restarts in utterances. Discourse contains digressions, clarifications, corrections and topic changes. But, multi-speaker discourse is even more varied, with initiative effects, speakers interacting, planning and responding. This makes it extremely difficult to develop grammars and language models with adequate coverage and reliable stochastic parameters. Perplexity increases and recognition degrades considerably vis-a-vis human-database dialog. In spite of all this, multi-speaker dialogs are structured and predictable when the discourse is appropriately modelled. We have developed heuristics to model spontaneous speech and multi-speaker dialogs. The underlying heuristics have been evaluated and shown to adequately and accurately predict discourse phenomena, as evaluated on a 10,000+ utterance corpus. Generally, the heuristics for computing discourse structure and deriving constraints from it are rule based. We have taken the rules and used them to develop a set of stochastic RTNs that capture both the rules and corpus probabilities. The resulting language model can be used predictively to dynamically generate stochastic utterance predictions or can be incorporated into any recognition/understanding system where a single prior state is maintained.
Differential Clustering of CD4 and CD3ζ During T Cell Recognition (2000)

Whereas T helper cells recognize peptide-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II complexes through their T cell receptors (TCRs), CD4 binds to an antigen-independent region of the MHC. Using green fluorescent protein-tagged chimeras and three-dimensional video microscopy, we show that CD4 and TCR-associated CD3zeta cluster in the interface coincident with increases in intracellular calcium. Signaling-, costimulation-, and cytoskeleton-dependent processes then stabilize CD3zeta in a single cluster at the center of the interface, while CD4 moves to the periphery. Thus, the CD4 coreceptor may serve primarily to "boost" recognition of ligand by the TCR and may not be required once activation has been initiated.
Characteristics of alpha‐Amylase K, a Novel Amylase from a Strain of Bacillus subtilis (1979)

Abstract α‐Amylase K is a novel thermostable α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis which produces maltohexaose from starch. Various methods showed the existance of two forms which did not differ significantly in action and which may therefore be isoenzymes. α‐Amylase K is stable at 60°C in the presence of additional calcium chloride with 80% activity remaining after 6d. It is completely deactivated after 10 min at 90°C and inhibited by tris‐(hydroxymethyl)‐aminomethane above pH 5.0. The purified α‐amylase K fractions are less thermostable than the original enzyme solution. α‐Amylase K is stable to freeze drying but reconstituted enzyme solution was less active at at pH‐values below of 5.8.
Putting children first? A comparison of child adoption policy and practice in Britain and Finland (2003)

There is a need to examine social work theory and practice across Europe. An exploration of issues related to child adoption in Britain and Finland illuminates the differing social and professional contexts in which social workers and associated professionals must operate. Key factors include, to differing degrees, the decline in the number of children 'available' for adoption and the issue of parental consent to adoption; how adoption has tended to become more 'open' in recent years; questions related to 'race' and ethnicity; and the specific situation of children in public care.
Rules for describing multi-attribute information and its efficient pattern matching (2002)

This paper describes an efficient multi-attribute pattern matching machine to locate all occurrences of any of a finite number of sequences of rule structures in a series of input structures. The proposed machine has the following distinctive features: it can match set representations containing multiple attributes; it also enables us to match separate components; and it can match a rule consisting of an exclusive set. In this paper, these features are described in detail. Moreover, the pattern matching algorithm is evaluated by the theoretical evaluation and the experimental evaluation that are supported by the simulation results for a variety of rules for document processing, such as text proofreading, text reduction, and examining a relation between sentences.
Detailed Balance in Förster−Dexter Excitation Transfer and Its Application to Photosynthesis (1998)

Under the conditions assumed both by Förster in his resonance-transfer theory and by Kennard and Stepanov in their theory of a universal relation between fluorescence and absorption, the rates of transfer between two chromophores k and l are related by Fl→k/Fk→l = exp[−(ΔGk − ΔGl)/kBT)], where the energies ΔGj are the free energies of excitation relating to the vibrational and other bath states interacting with the chromophore. They are dominated by, but not identical with, the 0−0 transition energies of the two chromophores. We show that ΔGk − ΔGl can be computed reliably with Förster's overlap integral approximation only when the Kennard−Stepanov relation is obeyed for both chromophores. We examine the extent to which approximations to Förster−Dexter transfer agree with this detailed balance result and the implications of the result for multichromophore systems.
Non-homologous isofunctional enzymes: A systematic analysis of alternative solutions in enzyme evolution (2010)

These results indicate that at least some of the non-homologous isofunctional enzymes were recruited relatively recently from enzyme families that are active against related substrates and are sufficiently flexible to accommodate changes in substrate specificity.
High Resolution Lens System For Submicron Photolithography (1980)

New technology in the field of integrated circuits has created a demand for photolithographic projection lenses capable of producing submicron line structures. Tropel has introduced a series of UV Micro Tropar objectives for this specific application.These lenses achieve their superior performance by utilizing the 365nm line and increasing the numerical aperture to 0.40. Optical design considerations in the development of these lenses included appropriate materials selection, field vs. aperture tradeoffs, telecentricity constraints, and partial coherence effects due to underfill of the lens pupil. Manufacturing problems are accentuated by the extremely tight tolerances on all of the construction parameters of the lens system. Special interferometric test equipment, used to provide precise measurements of each lens element, has proven to be indispensable in the fabrication of these objectives. Mounting of these elements on a common optical axis is an absolute necessity if the ultimate resolution of the design is to be achieved. Testing of these lenses is also a challenge due to the high spatial frequencies involved and limitations on visual examination of the image. Methods of circumventing these difficulties will be discussed. Typical MTF test results and performance data will be presented.
Carbamylated Erythropoietin Reduces Radiosurgically-Induced Brain Injury (2006)

Gamma knife radiosurgery is an attractive noninvasive treatment of brain tumors and vascular malformations that minimizes collateral tissue damage. However, exposure of normal tissue to even low-dose radiation triggers a cascade of acute and chronic injury and potentially significant morbidity and mortality. Because many irradiated patients now survive for years, identifying methods to prevent radiotherapy-induced collateral tissue damage is a major focus of current research. Erythropoietin (EPO), a cytokine produced locally by many tissues in response to injury, antagonizes apoptosis, reduces inflammation, and promotes healing. Systemic administration of recombinant EPO, widely used for treatment of anemia, provides robust protection from numerous insults in a variety of tissues, including the brain. Although irradiation injury is likely sensitive to EPO, the hematopoietic activity of EPO is undesirable in this setting, increasing erythrocyte number and predisposing to thrombosis. To avoid these potential adverse effects, we developed carbamylated EPO (CEPO) which does not stimulate the bone marrow. In this study, we show that CEPO (50 microg kg(-1) intraperitoneally) improves functional outcome when administered to adult rats just before, and then once daily for 10 d after, a necrotizing dose of radiation (100 Gy) to the right striatum. Immediately following irradiation, use and reflex movements of the contralateral forelimb to vibrissae stimulation were abnormal but rapidly improved in animals receiving CEPO. Moreover, histological examination revealed that the extent of brain necrosis after 90 days was reduced by approximately 50%. These findings further extend the kinds of injury for which administration of a tissue-protective cytokine provides benefit.
Long‐term real‐time monitoring of adeno‐associated virus‐mediated gene expression in the rat retina (2000)

These results confirm the importance of this direct visualization system to study vector transgene expression in vivo and support the use of AAV for diseases treatable by targeting RPE cells.
Oxidative Iodination of Deactivated Arenes in Concentrated Sulfuric Acid with I2/NaIO4and KI/NaIO4Iodinating Systems (2006)

Deactivated arenes were mono- or diiodinated with strong electrophilic I+ reagents, which were prepared from NaIO4 and either I2 or KI in concentrated H2SO4 (minimum 95% by weight). In general a small excess of the dark brown iodinating solution was used (1.1/1.5 equivalents, for nitrobenzene two equivalents was required). The iodinations were conducted at 25-30 °C with a reaction time of 1-2 hours using either a ‘direct’ or an ‘inverse’ method of aromatic iodination to give mono- or diiodinated pure products in 31-91% optimized yields.
Identification and expression of an allergen Asp f 13 from Aspergillus fumigatus and epitope mapping using human IgE antibodies and rabbit polyclonal antibodies (2000)

The Aspergillus genus of fungi is known to be one of the most prevalent aeroallergens. On two-dimensional immunoblotting using patients' sera containing IgE specific for Asp f 13, an allergen with a molecular mass of 33 kDa and a pI of 6.2 was identified. This allergen was also present in A. fumigatus culture filtrates. Furthermore, the sequence of the Asp f 13 cDNA was identical to that for alkaline protease isolated from A. fumigatus and showed 42-49% identity of amino acids with two proteases from P. cyclopium and T. album and with the Pen c 1 allergen from P. citrinum. Asp f 13 coding sequences were expressed in Escherichia coli as a [His]6-tagged fusion protein which was purified by Ni2+-chelate affinity chromatography. Recombinant Asp f 13 was recognized by rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Asp f 13 and by IgE antibodies from subject allergic to A. fumigatus. To identify and characterize the linear epitopes of this allergen, a combination of chemical and enzymatic cleavage and immunoblotting techniques, with subsequent N-terminal sequencing and mass spectrometry, were performed. At least 13 different linear epitopes reacting with the rabbit anti-Asp f 13 antiserum were identified, located throughout the entire molecule. In contrast, IgE from A. fumigatus-sensitive patients bound to three immunodominant epitopes at the C-terminal of the protein.
A Study of Platinum Group Metals in Three-Way Autocatalysts (2013)

The price differential between platinum and palladium has driven the industry to adopt emissions control catalyst formulations for gasoline engines that contain higher levels of Pd than Pt, and in most cases no Pt. In addition fluctuations in the price of rhodium have led to thrifting of this metal. This study compares the performance of ten different catalyst compositions with varying ratios of Pt, Pd and Rh for a Euro 5 vehicle and under bench test conditions. The results show that a system with low Rh loading can readily be improved by increasing the Rh loading and there is a relatively large effect of doing this by a small amount. Increasing the Pd or Pt loading also improves emissions performance but by a significantly smaller amount than the effect of changing the Rh loading. Conversely it may be possible to decrease the Pt or Pd loading with only a small effect on emissions. Furthermore it was found that Pd outperforms Pt under most conditions, although not significantly. The difference appears greater under more stressful conditions such as high-speed driving or wide perturbation amplitude.
The Helical Structure of Sweat Ducts: Their Influence on the Electromagnetic Reflection Spectrum of the Skin (2012)

The helical structure of human eccrine sweat ducts, together with the dielectric properties of the human skin, suggested that their electromagnetic (EM) properties would resemble those of an array of helical antennas. In order to examine the implications of this assumption, numerical simulations in the frequency range of 100-450 GHz, were conducted. In addition, an initial set of measurements was made, and the reflection spectrum measured from the skin of human subjects was compared to the simulation results. The simulation model consisted of a three layer skin model (dermis, epidermis, and stratum corneum) with rough boundaries between the layers and helical sweat ducts embedded into the epidermis. The spectral response obtained by our simulations coincides with the analytical prediction of antenna theory and supports the hypothesis that the sweat ducts can be regarded as helical antennas. The results of the spectrum measurements from the human skin are in good agreement with the simulation results in the vicinity of the axial mode. The magnitude of this response depends on the conductivity of sweat in these frequencies, but the analysis of the phenomena and the frequencies related to the antenna-like modes are independent of this parameter. Furthermore, circular dichroism of the reflected electromagnetic field is a characteristic property of such helical antennas. In this work we show that: 1) circular dichroism is indeed a characteristic of the simulation model and 2) the helical structure of the sweat ducts has the strongest effect on the reflected signal at frequencies above 200 GHz, where the wavelength and the dimensions of the ducts are comparable. In particular, the strongest spectral response (as calculated by the simulations and measured experimentally) was noted around the predicted frequency (380 GHz) for the axial mode of the helical structure.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate inhibits motility of human breast cancer cells independently of cell surface receptors. (1999)

Exogenous sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) inhibits chemotactic motility of several transformed cell lines. We have found that SPP at high micromolar concentrations decreased chemotaxis of estrogen-independent (MDA-MB-231 and BT 549) and estrogen-dependent (MCF-7 and ZR-75-1) human breast cancer cells. Because SPP has been implicated as a lipid-signaling molecule with novel dual intra- and intercellular actions, it was of interest to determine whether the effect of SPP on chemotactic motility of human breast cancer cells is mediated intracellularly or through the recently identified endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) family of G protein-coupled SPP receptors. There was no detectable specific binding of [32P]SPP to MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells; however, reverse transcription-PCR analysis revealed that both MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells expressed moderate levels of EDG-3, neither expressed EDG-1, and EDG-5 mRNA was expressed in MCF-7 but not in MDA-MB-231 cells. In contrast to SPP, sphinganine-1-phosphate, which binds to and signals through SPP receptors EDG-1, EDG-3, and EDG-5, had no effect on chemotactic motility of MDA-MB-231 or MCF-7 cells. To further discriminate between intracellular and receptor-mediated actions of SPP, we used caged SPP, a photolyzable derivative of SPP that elevates intracellular levels of SPP after illumination. Caged SPP inhibited chemotactic motility of MDA-MB-231 cells only upon UV irradiation. In addition, in MCF-7 cells, overexpression of sphingosine kinase, the enzyme that produces SPP, inhibited chemotactic motility compared with vector-transfected cells and markedly increased cellular SPP levels in the absence of detectable secretion. Our results suggest that the inhibitory effect of SPP on chemotactic motility of human breast cancer cells is likely mediated through intracellular actions of SPP rather than through cell surface receptors.
Automating Mason's rule and its application to analysis of stochastic Petri nets (1995)

A symbolic performance analysis approach for discrete-event systems can be formulated based on the integration of Petri nets and moment generating function concepts. The key steps in the method include modeling a system with stochastic Petri nets, generation of state machine Petri nets with transfer functions, derivation of equivalent transfer functions, and symbolic derivation of transfer functions to obtain the performance measures. To automate the above procedure, computer implementation of Mason's rule becomes very important for a symbolic solution. This paper proposes and implements the algorithms to evaluate the Mason's rule and describes their applications to deriving transfer functions of a state machine Petri net for system performance. The complexity of the algorithms is analyzed. Finally, future research toward construction of a CAD tool for design of discrete-event systems is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Dispersion properties of ergodic translations (2006)

We consider irrational rotations of the circle T x = x + α (mod⁡ 1) and study the asymptotic behavior of sums of the type with π k = ±1, the sign being determined by the location of T k x with respect to a binary partition.
Finite-state parsing and disambiguation (1990)

A language-independent method of finite-state surface syntactic parsing and word-disambiguation is discussed. Input sentences are represented as finite-state networks already containing all possible roles and interpretations of its units. Also syntactic constraint rules are represented as finite-state machines where each constraint excludes certain types of ungrammatical readings. The whole grammar is an intersection of its constraint rules and excludes all ungrammatical possibilities leaving the correct interpretation(s) of the sentence. The method is being tested for Finnish, Swedish and English.
The Total Synthesis of Moenomycin A (2006)

Moenomycin A is the only known natural antibiotic that inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to the transglycosylases that catalyze formation of the carbohydrate chains of peptidoglycan. We report here the total synthesis of moenomycin A using the sulfoxide glycosylation method. A newly discovered byproduct of sulfoxide reactions was isolated that resulted in substantial loss of the glycosyl acceptor. A general method to suppress this byproduct was introduced, which enabled the glycosylations to proceed efficiently. The inverse addition protocol for sulfoxide glycosylations also proved essential in constructing some of the glycosidic linkages. The synthetic route is flexible and will allow for derivatives to be constructed to further analyze moenomycin A's mechanism of action.
Participation in Normal Immune Responses of a Metastasis-Inducing Splice Variant of CD44 (1992)

A variant of the glycoprotein CD44 (CD44v) that shares sequences with variants causally involved in metastasis formation is transiently expressed on B and T lymphocytes and macrophages after antigenic stimulation and in the postnatal period. Antibodies to the variant hinder in vivo activation of both B and T cells. The observation that a protein domain that is expressed on CD44 and required for the lymphatic spread of tumor cells can catalyze an essential step in the process of lymphocyte activation supports the idea that metastasizing tumor cells mimic lymphocyte behavior.
Resistance of mature T cells to oncogene transformation (2008)

Leukemia caused by retroviral insertional mutagenesis after stem cell gene transfer has been reported in several experimental animals and in patients treated for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency. Here, we analyzed whether gene transfer into mature T cells bears the same genotoxic risk. To address this issue in an experimental "worst case scenario," we transduced mature T cells and hematopoietic progenitor cells from C57BL/6 (Ly5.1) donor mice with high copy numbers of gamma retroviral vectors encoding the potent T-cell oncogenes LMO2, TCL1, or DeltaTrkA, a constitutively active mutant of TrkA. After transplantation into RAG-1-deficient recipients (Ly5.2), animals that received stem cell transplants developed T-cell lymphoma/leukemia for all investigated oncogenes with a characteristic phenotype and after characteristic latency periods. Ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed monoclonality or oligoclonality of the malignancies. In striking contrast, none of the mice that received T-cell transplants transduced with the same vectors developed leukemia/lymphoma despite persistence of gene-modified cells. Thus, our data provide direct evidence that mature T cells are less prone to transformation than hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Changes of plasma levels of human growth hormone with age in relation to mammary tumour appearance in whey acidic protein/human growth hormone (mWAP/hGH) transgenic female and male mice. (1997)

Plasma levels of human growth hormone (hGH) were determined in female and male transgenic mice with human growth hormone fusion gene driven by the promoter of mouse whey acidic protein (mWAP/hGH) at 3, 6 and 9 months of age and at mammary tumour appearance. In female transgenic mice developing mammary tumours, the plasma hGH level decreased markedly upon tumour appearance, which was associated with little change in body weight. In contrast, the hGH level changed little in transgenic male mice with tumours. In female and male transgenic mice without mammary tumours, the pattern of the change of hGH levels was variable; some showed high levels at all three time points (3, 6, and 9 months) and others had none or high levels at one or two time points.
Inertial Navigation Systems with Geodetic Applications (2001)

This book covers all aspects of inertial navigation systems (INS), including the sensor technology and the estimation of instrument errors, as well as their integration with the Global Positioning System (GPS) for geodetic applications. Complete mathematical derivations are given. Both stabilized and strapdown mechanizations are treated in detail. Derived algorithms to process sensor data and a comprehensive explanation of the error dynamics provide not only an analytical understanding but also a practical implementation of the concepts. A self-contained description of GPS, with emphasis on kinematic applications, is one of the highlights in this book. The text is of interest to geodesists, including surveyors, mappers, and photogrammetrists; to engineers in aviation, navigation, guidance, transportation, and robotics; and to scientists involved in aerogeophysics and remote sensing.