gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
INTRODUCTION (2017)

This chapter sets the limits for the study by defining the purpose, scope, jurisdictional advantages for the plaintiff (jurisdiction strategies) and limits. Keywords: purpose; scope; jurisdiction strategies; limits
A Fluorescence Ratiometric Protein Assay Using Light‐Harvesting Conjugated Polymers (2006)

Abstract Summary: A highly selective protein assay was created which combines the fluorescent ratiometric technique based on FRET with the light‐harvesting properties of conjugated polymers. The cationic poly[(9,9‐bis(6′‐ N , N , N ‐trimethylammonium)‐hexyl)‐fluorene phenylene] bromide (PFP‐NMe ) and the negatively charged biotinylated fluorescein probe (Fl‐B) were used to detect the target protein streptavidin optically. The strong electrostatic interactions between PFP‐NMe and fluorescein result in efficient FRET from PFP‐NMe to fluorescein. In the presence of streptavidin, however, the biotin moiety of Fl‐B specifically associates with streptavidin and the fluorescein molecule is buried deeply in the adjacent vacant binding sites. This separates the fluorescein spatially from the PFP‐NMe moiety, resulting in inefficient FRET from PFP‐NMe to fluorescein. Although a nonspecific protein, such as BSA, shows nonspecific interactions with PFP‐NMe , it does not affect the fluorescent ratio value of PFP‐NMe to fluorescein. Hence, the charged neutral complex of two oppositely charged conjugated polymers can eliminate the nonspecific interactions, and thus optimize their application in protein assays. A schematic representation of the protein assay operation. magnified image A schematic representation of the protein assay operation.
GaAs Interfaces with Octadecyl Thiol Self-Assembled Monolayer: Structural and Electrical Properties (1991)

A passivation layer on chemically etched (100) GaAs surface was synthesized with octadecyl thiol, CH 3 (CH 2 ) 17 SH, and its structural and electrical properties were investigated. The layer is a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) in all-trans-planar-zig-zag conformation and is the first conformationally ordered SAM on any semiconductor surface. The barrier height of GaAs Schottky diodes can be modified by the octadecyl thiol SAM passivation without sacrificing good diode characteristics. Octadecyl and other alkane thiol SAM's enable introduction of a nano-scale, controlled structure on a GaAs surface and prove useful in an assessing the GaAs surface electrical properties.
Medical CRM Frame Design for Medical Institution (2008)

현재 병원에서는 병원관리시스템(HIS), 의료영상시스템(PACS), 처방전달시스템(OCS), 전자의무기록(EMR), 전사적 자원관리(ERP) 등 각 과별 업무별로 독립적인 시스템을 사용하고 있으며, 각 시스템에 종속적인 각각의 DB를 운용하고 있다. 이에 따라 정보의 원내 통합이 불가능하며, 데이터의 투명성과 일관성을 유지하기 어려운 상황이다. 본 연구는 기존의 타 시스템과의 유연한 연계처리를 통한 데이터 통합환경을 제공하고, 이를 통해 고객이 원하는 최적의 서비스를 최적의 타이밍에 제공할 수 있는 의료 CRM 프레임을 설계하였다. 고객관리 프로세스 표준화에 의해 고객관리, 홍보/마케팅, 서비스관리, 통계/분석의 4가지 의료 CRM 프레임을 설계하였고 개인화된 의료정보 서비스 제공을 위한 모바일 의료 콘텐츠를 확보하여 고객 데이터를 바탕으로 고객의 특성과 건강 상황에 따라 맞춤형 모바일 콘텐츠를 제공할 수 있도록 설계하였다. Hospitals today use independent systems for each department and job such as Hospital Information Sytem(HIS), Picture Archiving Communications System(PACS), Ordering Communication System(OCS), Electronic Medical Record(EMR), Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP), etc and each system employs its own DB. So, it is impossible to integrate information within the institution and difficult to keep transparency and consistency of data. I in this study offered a data integration environment through flexible management linked with other systems, and by doing that, designed a medical CRM frame which offers the optimum service the customer wants at the optimum time. I designed 4 of medical CRM frame: customer relationship management, public relations/marketing, service management, and statistics/analysis by the customer relationship management process standardization and aimed to offer tailored mobile contents according to customer's characters and health situation on the basis of customer's data by securing mobile medical contents for personalized medical information service.
Potentiation of human cell-mediated and humoral immunity by low-dose cyclophosphamide. (1984)

Although cyclophosphamide (CY) is a potent immunosuppressive drug, under the proper conditions, it can potentiate immune responses as well. In past work, we have shown that administration of a commonly used oncostatic dose of CY (1000 mg/sq m) to patients with advanced cancer 3 days before sensitization with the primary antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), resulted in augmentation of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) but not antibody response to that antigen. The present study was performed to test the immunopotentiation of a lower dose of CY (300 mg/sq m); animal studies and studies of human lymphocytes in vitro suggested that the lower dose might be more effective. Eighteen patients with advanced metastatic cancer were alternately assigned to one of two groups. Sixteen days before CY, one group received KLH and the other group received 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). CY 300 mg/sq m was given as an i.v. bolus on Day 0. Three days after CY, the patients received KLH or DNCB, whichever they had not received initially. Blood was drawn for antibody titer, and skin testing was performed 14 days after administration of KLH or DNCB. In addition, skin tests to microbial recall antigens were made 2 days before and 17 days after CY. Pretreatment with low-dose CY resulted in significant augmentation of DTH to KLH; thus, the median DTH responses were: KLH alone, 10 mm; and KLH after CY, 27 mm (p less than 0.01). CY pretreatment also resulted in augmentation of the antibody response to KLH. The median total antibody titers (log2 of reciprocal of dilution) were as follows: KLH alone, less than 1; and KLH after CY, 3 (p less than 0.01). All nine CY-pretreated subjects but only 4 of 9 controls developed measurable anti-KLH antibody titers. CY pretreatment neither augmented nor suppressed the 48-hr challenge reaction to DNCB. Moreover, CY had no effect on DTH responses to the recall antigens, dermatophytin, Candida, and mumps.
Erythropoietin Therapy for Acute Stroke Is Both Safe and Beneficial (2002)

Intravenous high-dose rhEPO is well tolerated in acute ischemic stroke and associated with an improvement in clinical outcome at 1 month. A larger scale clinical trial is warranted.
Comparable outcomes in intestinal retransplantation: Single‐center cohort study (2018)

We identified that timing of retransplantation, graftectomy prior to retransplant allowing an immunosuppression free state, inclusion of the liver, and preserved renal function are important factors in the consideration of intestinal retransplantation. Immunological aspects remain challenging in the decision making and for short- and long-term outcomes.
The Influence of Five Selected Processing and Formulation Variables on the Particle Size, Particle Size Distribution, and Friability of Pellets Produced in a Rotary Processor (1997)

A factorial-designed study has been performed to investigate the effect of two formulation variables and three processing variables on size, size distribution, and friability of pellets made in a rotary processor by the wet granulation technique. The first are the microcrystalline cellulose content and the ratio of the amount of added water to the amount of microcrystalline cellulose in the powder mixture; the latter are the rotor speed, the spheronization time after water addition, and the water addition rate. Both formulation variables and the three processing variables have a major influence on pellet size and percentage loss in weight in the friability test. With the exception of the spheronization time, increasing an independent variable results in a wider size distribution. The wet granulation technique in the rotary processor has been judged to be a critical technique. However, if all variables are fully controlled, rather good reproducibility can be obtained
Cloning, Expression, Sequence Analysis, and Site-directed Mutagenesis of the Tn5306-encoded N5-(Carboxyethyl)ornithine Synthase from Lactococcus lactis K1 (1995)

The gene (ceo) encoding N5-(carboxyethyl)ornithine synthase (EC 1.5.1.24) has been isolated from the sucrose-nisin transposon Tn5306 of Lactococcus lactis K1, sequenced, and expressed at high level in Escherichia coli. The cloned enzyme has allowed the synthesis of the novel N omega-carboxypropyl amino acids N5-(1-carboxypropyl)-L-ornithine and N6-(1-carboxypropyl)-L-lysine. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of N5-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine synthase (M(r) = 35,323) to the functionally analogous octopine and nopaline synthases from crown gall tumors showed surprisingly little similarity. However, N5-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine synthase and yeast saccharopine dehydrogenase exhibit homology at their N and C termini, which suggests that these two proteins constitute a distinct branch of the amino acid dehydrogenase superfamily. A centrally located 9-amino acid segment (GSGNVAQGA) in N5-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine synthase is virtually identical with a sequence present in the beta alpha beta-fold of the nucleotide binding domain of several microbial NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenases. A much longer sequence of approximately 80 residues has significant similarity to alanine dehydrogenase. Substitution of arginine 15 of N5-(1-carboxyethyl)-L-ornithine synthase by lysine resulted in loss of enzyme activity.
Emerging treatments for asthma (2003)

Despite the availability of a great number of medications, the asthma epidemic is continuing to increase. It is obvious that a high, unmet medical need remains and innovative therapeutic agents are urgently required. Existing therapies, such as beta-agonists and corticosteroids, provide relief for sufferers of mild-to-moderate asthma, reversing the acute bronchoconstriction and decreasing the inflammation. However, these therapies provide little relief for chronic asthmatics. Asthma is a manifestation of an imbalance in cytokine and signalling pathways that mediate inflammatory and structural changes within the lung. New therapies need to be developed to target these changes. Emerging treatments for asthma include strategies to alter the cytokine/chemokine balance, to skew the cytokine profile away from a T helper (Th)2 response and towards a Th1 response. Strategies designed to do this include therapeutic antibodies or small molecule inhibitors targeted towards IL-13, IL-4 or their receptors, and the Th1 cytokine IL-12. Much interest has focused on the signalling pathways involved in asthma. Among these, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway members c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 have gathered much interest, in addition to the transcription factors nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappa B), activator protein-1 (AP-1) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-6. This review aims to summarise the emerging treatments for chronic asthma, from early discovery, to late clinical stages, and discuss the therapeutic rationale behind these treatments. Much is still to be learned about the mechanisms involved in the development and treatment of chronic asthma; however, much promise lies in the future of these new therapeutics.
Adverse Effects of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Human Dermal Fibroblasts and How to Protect Cells (2009)

The effects of exposure of human dermal fibroblasts to rutile and anatase TiO(2) nanoparticles are reported. These particles can impair cell function, with the latter being more potent at producing damage. The exposure to nanoparticles decreases cell area, cell proliferation, mobility, and ability to contract collagen. Individual particles are shown to penetrate easily through the cell membrane in the absence of endocytosis, while some endocytosis is observed for larger particle clusters. Once inside, the particles are sequestered in vesicles, which continue to fill up with increasing incubation time till they rupture. Particles coated with a dense grafted polymer brush are also tested, and, using flow cytometry, are shown to prevent adherence to the cell membrane and hence penetration of the cell, which effectively decreases reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and protects cells, even in the absence of light exposure. Considering the broad applications of these nanoparticles in personal health care products, the functionalized polymer coating can potentially play an important role in protecting cells and tissue from damage.
Deep learning via semi-supervised embedding (2008)

We show how nonlinear embedding algorithms popular for use with shallow semi-supervised learning techniques such as kernel methods can be applied to deep multilayer architectures, either as a regularizer at the output layer, or on each layer of the architecture. This provides a simple alternative to existing approaches to deep learning whilst yielding competitive error rates compared to those methods, and existing shallow semi-supervised techniques.
Blockade of transforming growth factor β upregulates T-box transcription factor T-bet, and increases T helper cell type 1 cytokine and matrix metalloproteinase-3 production in the human gut mucosa (2008)

The findings support a crucial role for TGFbeta in dampening T cell-mediated tissue-damaging responses in the human gut.
The protein metabolite hypothesis, a model for the progression of renal failure: an oral adsorbent lowers indoxyl sulfate levels in undialyzed uremic patients. (1997)

We have recently demonstrated that indoxyl sulfate promotes the progression of glomerular sclerosis in uremic rats. In the present study, we determined whether an oral adsorbent (AST-120) could reduce the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate and suppress the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) in undialyzed uremic patients. Twenty-five undialyzed uremic patients were given AST-120 at a dose of 6 g/day for 6 months, while 10 undialyzed uremic patients were not given AST-120. The effects of the oral adsorbent on the slope of the 1/serum creatinine (Scr)-time plot, and the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate were evaluated. Administration of AST-120 significantly decreased the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate, and tended to improve the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot in the CRF patients. Among the patients in whom urinary excretion of indoxyl sulfate was reduced by AST-120, the oral adsorbent significantly improved the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot. The change in the slope of the 1/SCr-time plot showed a significant negative correlation with the change in the urine level of indoxyl sulfate. Thus, patients who showed a greater decrease of urinary indoxyl sulfate also showed more marked suppression of the progression of CRF. These results support the notion that indoxyl sulfate, a protein metabolite, is involved in the progression of CRF, and that an oral adsorbent can delay progression at least partly by reducing the serum and urine levels of indoxyl sulfate.
87 th Annual Meeting of the American Thyroid Association (2017)

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-induced thyroid dysfunction is attributed to multiple mechanisms, including immune destruction. Autoimmune thyroid disease can be associated with treatment response in cancer immunotherapy trials. The importance of thyroid dysfunction during TKI therapy to cancer prognosis is unclear. This study analyzes the pattern and significance of hypothyroidism during TKI therapy. A retrospective cohort study of adult patients with advanced non-thyroid cancer treated with TKI and available thyroid function testing (TFT), at three affiliated academic hospitals from 2000-2017. Exclusion: preexisting thyroid disease or insufficient follow-up. Demographic, clinical, and cancer treatment data were collected. Thyroid status with TKI treatment was determined from TFT and initiation of thyroid medication, and classified as euthyroid (TSH normal), subclinical hypothyroidism [(SCH), TSH 5-10 mIU/L, or higher TSH if FT4 normal), or overt hypothyroidism [(OH), TSH >10 mIU/L, low FT4, or requiring replacement). Multivariate modes were used to evaluate the risk factors for incident hypothyroidism during TKI therapy and its effect in an overall survival analysis. From 1120 initial patients, 538 remained after exclusion criteria. Incident SCH occurred in 72 (13%), and OH in 147 patients (27%) with TKI therapy. Multivariate analysis of risk, with adjustment for time, showed increased odds of incident hypothyroidism with female sex (OR 1.98, p = 0.001), greater TKI exposure (OR compared to <1 yr: 4.2 for 1-2 yr
An Iron Electrocatalyst for Selective Reduction of CO2 to Formate in Water: Including Thermochemical Insights (2015)

C–H bond formation with CO2 to selectively form products such as formate (HCOO–) is an important step in harnessing CO2 emissions as a carbon-neutral or carbon-negative renewable energy source. In this report, we show that the iron carbonyl cluster, [Fe4N(CO)12]−, is an electrocatalyst for the selective reduction of CO2 to formate in water (pH 5–13). With low applied overpotential (230–440 mV), formate is produced with a high current density of 4 mA cm–2 and 96% Faradaic efficiency. These metrics, combined with the long lifetime of the catalyst (>24 h), and the use of the Earth-abundant material iron, are advances in catalyst performance relative to previously reported homogeneous and heterogeneous formate-producing electrocatalysts. We further characterized the mechanism of catalysis by [Fe4N(CO)12]− using cyclic voltammetry, and structurally characterized a key reaction intermediate, the reduced hydride [HFe4N(CO)12]−. In addition, thermochemical measurements performed using infrared spectroelectrochemistry provided measures of the hydride donor ability (hydricity) for [HFe4N(CO)12]− in both MeCN and aqueous buffered solution. These are 49 and 15 kcal mol–1, respectively, and show that the driving force for C–H bond formation with CO2 by [HFe4N(CO)12]− is very different in the two solvents: +5 kcal mol–1 in MeCN (unfavorable) and −8.5 kcal mol–1 in water (favorable).
Growth Factors in Breast Cancer (1995)

A. Hormonal control of mammary development, proliferation, and lactational defferentation DEVELOPMENT of the normal breast, carcinogenesis of its epithelium breast, and progression of breast cancer are regulated by hormonal factors. The best defined of these factors are the endocrine steroids, peptides, and other molecules produced by the secretory cells of the ovaries, pituitary, endocrine pancreas, thyroid, and adrenal cortex. After their initial interaction with either nuclear or cell surface receptors, these hormones regulate cellular function. In addition, normal and malignant mammary tissues are able to synthesize locally acting hormone-like substances. One class of these factors is known as the paracrine hormones, factors released by one cell type which then modulate the function of neighboring cells of the same or different mammary cell type. A recently described variation on this theme is the class of juxtacrine factors. These factors are growth-regulatory molecules that remain exposed on a cell surface and modulate adjacent cells by contact. A third general class of local factors is that of the autocrine (or intracrine) hormones, soluble molecules synthesized by one cell type that act back on the same cell type through surface or intracellular receptors. It is of considerable interest that after their synthesis, polypeptide factors may be routed either to a cell surface receptor or to a nuclear site.
Cyclodextrin Bucket Wheels: An Oligosaccharide Assembly Accommodates Metal(IV) Centers (2006)

Mining new assemblies: A molecular bucket wheel consisting of three β-cyclodextrin units, three tetrahedral tetraaqualithium cations, and a tetravalent metal center has been prepared (see picture). The assembly, held together by a series of hydrogen bonds, is also stable in solution.
The use of distributed objects and dynamic interfaces in a wide-area transaction environment (1995)

Distributed systems are in transition from LAN-based closed designs such as academic proof-of-the- ory architectures and application-specific commercial products, towards WAN-based environments where ser- vice requests cross administrative boundaries increasingly often. In such an environment, it is necessary for a client to bind to a server, either directly or indirectly , by the service name alone. It is unrealistic to expect that a client have knowledge about a particular server before attempting to invoke a service, as in DCE, the Open Soft- ware Foundation' s Remote Procedure Call (RPC) package. This requirement is an artifact of closed-system RPC architectures, where the identities of the machines involved are known a priori. This paper presents a CORBA-compliant middleware protocol for transparent service lookup and invocation in a wide-area network. Key to the protocol are an intermediary directory object that maps service names to objects that provide the services, and the concept of a dynamic interface, whereby a client gains the ability to interact with a server at the time of binding, rather than at compile time. T ogether, they allow clients to bind to servers using only service names, and to bind to services for which the clients have no IDL file. These abilities will become necessities in a wide-area transaction environment.
Docking Sites on Substrate Proteins Direct Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase to Phosphorylate Specific Residues (2001)

Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) are important signaling proteins that phosphorylate (S/T)P sites in many different protein substrates. ERK binding to substrate proteins is mediated by docking sites including the FXFP motif and the D-domain. We characterized the sequence of amino acids that can constitute the FXFP motif using peptide and protein substrates. Substitutions of the phenylalanines at positions 1 and 3 had significant effects, indicating that these phenylalanines provide substantial binding affinity, whereas substitutions of the residues at positions 2 and 4 had less effect. The FXFP and D-domain docking sites were analyzed in a variety of positions and arrangements in the proteins ELK-1 and KSR-1. Our results indicate that the FXFP and D-domain docking sites form a flexible, modular system that has two functions. First, the affinity of a substrate for ERK can be regulated by the number, type, position, and arrangement of docking sites. Second, in substrates with multiple potential phosphorylation sites, docking sites can direct phosphorylation of specific (S/T)P residues. In particular, the FQFP motif of ELK-1 is necessary and sufficient to direct phosphorylation of serine 383, whereas the D-domain directs phosphorylation of other (S/T)P sites in ELK-1.
Hard real-time closed-loop electrophysiology with the Real-Time eXperiment Interface (RTXI) (2017)

The ability to experimentally perturb biological systems has traditionally been limited to static pre-programmed or operator-controlled protocols. In contrast, real-time control allows dynamic probing of biological systems with perturbations that are computed on-the-fly during experimentation. Real-time control applications for biological research are available; however, these systems are costly and often restrict the flexibility and customization of experimental protocols. The Real-Time eXperiment Interface (RTXI) is an open source software platform for achieving hard real-time data acquisition and closed-loop control in biological experiments while retaining the flexibility needed for experimental settings. RTXI has enabled users to implement complex custom closed-loop protocols in single cell, cell network, animal, and human electrophysiology studies. RTXI is also used as a free and open source, customizable electrophysiology platform in open-loop studies requiring online data acquisition, processing, and visualization. RTXI is easy to install, can be used with an extensive range of external experimentation and data acquisition hardware, and includes standard modules for implementing common electrophysiology protocols.