gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gamma Interferon Inhibits Production of Anti-OspA Borreliacidal Antibody In Vitro (2002)

The ability of a Lyme borreliosis vaccine to induce and maintain sustained levels of borreliacidal antibody is necessary for prolonged protection against infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Vaccination against infection with B. burgdorferi could be improved by determining the mechanism(s) that influences the production of protective borreliacidal antibody. Borreliacidal antibody was inhibited in cultures of lymph node cells obtained from C3H/HeJ mice vaccinated with formalin-inactivated B. burgdorferi and cultured with macrophages and B. burgdorferi and treated with recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma). The suppression of production of outer surface protein A (OspA) borreliacidal antibody by rIFN-gamma was not affected by the time of treatment. In addition, treatment with rIFN-gamma inhibited the production of other anti-B. burgdorferi antibodies. By contrast, treatment of cultures of immune lymph node cells with anti-IFN-gamma marginally increased the production of borreliacidal antibody and enhanced the production of other antibodies directed against B. burgdorferi. These results show that IFN-gamma does not play a major role in the production of anti-OspA borreliacidal antibody. Additional studies are needed to determine which cytokine(s) will enhance production of borreliacidal antibody.
Numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 and the 9p21 locus are independent predictors of tumor recurrence in non-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder (2003)

Since the majority of patients with non-invasive (stage pTa) bladder carcinoma experience tumor recurrence, the identification of prognostic markers for assessing the biologic behavior of tumors is of high clinical interest. In this retrospective study, we investigated the prognostic value of numerical aberrations of chromosomes 3, 7, 17 and of the 9p21 gene locus in 71 pTa bladder carcinomas using the UroVysion test. This recently developed multi-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test, which simultaneously stains the 9p21 locus and the centromer regions of chromosomes 3, 7 and 17, was applied on paraffin sections from formalin-fixed tumor specimens. All tumors were evaluated for twelve different criteria, among which were: polysomy 3, 7 or 17 in > or =10% of tumor cells, pentasomy or higher polysomy 3, 7 or 17 in > or =1 tumor cell, and loss of both 9p21 alleles in > or =10% of tumor cells. The latter parameter was the most frequent chromosomal aberration (detected in 83% of the tumors), while polysomies 3, 7 and 17 were registered in 27, 13 and 12% of the cases, respectively. Most of the parameters were found at higher frequencies in G3 tumors compared to G1 or G2 tumors. None of the parameters correlated with progression-free survival, but polysomy 3 (p=0.029), polysomy of at least one of the chromosomes 3, 7 or 17 (p=0.032), pentasomy/higher polysomy 17 (p=0.007), and loss of 9p21 (p=0.026), correlated significantly with recurrence-free survival. Of these, pentasomy/higher polysomy 17 (p=0.015) and loss of 9p21 (p=0.036) were identified as independent predictors of tumor recurrence in a multivariate Cox regression analysis that also included tumor grade. In conclusion, we suggest that evaluation of numerical aberrations of chromosome 17 and the 9p21 locus may represent a useful tool to assess tumor recurrence of pTa bladder carcinomas more accurately.
Residential energy resource models for distribution feeder simulation (2004)

Advances in information technology, ubiquitous communications, and distributed generation and storage reveal new opportunities for the participation of demand-side resources in balancing the physical and economic operation of electric power systems. To better understand the potential impact of this participation, accurate, detailed energy resource models are necessary at the distribution feeder level. This presentation describes a detailed approach to residential energy resource modeling that preserves the individual characteristics of major residential appliances and human behavior patterns so that their contribution to energy efficiency schemes and intelligent demand curtailment algorithms is properly portrayed. These models are derived from previous analyses of residential and commercial building systems supported by data collected from the end-use load and consumer assessment program (ELCAP) undertaken by the Bonneville power administration from 1983 to 1990. Preliminary results of using these models in distribution system simulations indicate that non-obvious, complex behavior patterns can emerge when consumers are confronted with varying price signals.
Ectopic Expression of Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 as a New Mechanism for Tumor Immune Evasion (2007)

Immune escape is an important reason why the immune system cannot control tumor growth, but how escape variants emerge during immunotherapy remains poorly understood. Here, we identify a new mechanism of tumor immune escape using an in vivo selection strategy. We generated a highly immune-resistant cancer cell line (P3) by subjecting a susceptible cancer cell line (P0/TC-1) to multiple rounds of in vivo immune selection. Microarray analysis of P0 and P3 revealed that vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is up-regulated in the P3-resistant variant. Retroviral transfer of VCAM-1 into P0 significantly increased its resistance against a vaccine-induced immune response. Analysis of tumors showed a dramatic decrease in the number of tumor-infiltrating cluster of differentiation 8(+) (CD8(+)) T cells in the tumors expressing VCAM-1. In vitro transwell migration assays showed that VCAM-1 can promote the migration of CD8(+) T cells through its interaction with the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin. Site-directed mutagenesis of VCAM-1 at amino acid residues required for interaction with alpha(4)beta(1) integrin completely abolished the immune resistance conferred by VCAM-1 in vivo. Surface staining showed that most renal cell carcinomas (RCC) express VCAM-1, whereas an RCC that responded to vaccination was VCAM-1 negative. These data provide evidence that tumor expression of VCAM-1 represents a new mechanism of immune evasion and has important implications for the development of immunotherapy for human RCC.
Differential mechanisms of action of the novel γ‐aminobutyric acid receptor antagonist ectoparasiticides fluralaner (A1443) and fipronil (2014)

The findings indicate that rdl-type fipronil-resistant pests do not show cross-resistance to fluralaner owing to the differential actions of fluralaner and fipronil on the GABAR.
Pulmonary Complications of the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1984)

Under the sponsorship of the Division of Lung Diseases of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, a two-day workshop on the pulmonary complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was held in Bethesda, Md., on October 13 and 14, 1983. The meeting was organized to bring together representatives from six institutions who had had considerable experience with AIDS and who had agreed to share their findings. The purposes of the workshop were threefold: (1) to collate and analyze the experience from the six centers concerning the types and incidence of the pulmonary complications of AIDS, how to diagnose, treat, . . .
A scanning and transmission electron microscopic study of the membranes of chicken egg. (1992)

Questions regarding the structure of the inner and outer shell membranes of the chicken egg were addressed in this study by correlating observations from light microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The egg membrane had a limiting membrane, which measured .9 to .15 microns in thickness and appeared to be a continuous and an impervious layer, but the shell membrane did not. Under the SEM, each membrane was seen to be made up of several fibre layers. In the tear preparations viewed under the SEM two layers were observed in the egg membranes and three to five layers in the shell membrane, with an apparent plane of cleavage between each layer. Each fibre was made up of a central core and an outer mantle layers. The central core was perforated by channels which measured .08 to 1.11 microns in diameter and ran longitudinally along the length of the fibre. Between the mantle layer and the fibre core was a gap or cleft measuring between .03 to .07 microns. The diameter of the fibres of the inner layer of the egg membrane ranged between .08 to .64 microns, whereas those of the outer layer of the same membrane ranged from .05 to 1.11 microns. Fibres in the shell membrane ranged from .11 to 4.14 microns diameter.
Seroma Prevention Using Fibrin Glue in a Rat Mastectomy Model (1990)

Seromas are a frequent complication of mastectomy (17% to 53%) in humans and are correlated to skin flap elevation, lymphovascular interruption, and drainage into surgically created potential spaces. The use of intraoperative topical fibrin glue to reduce morbidity in rats undergoing radical mastectomies has been evaluated. A model consistently producing seromas was developed by radical mastectomy and lymphadenectomy in the Sprague-Dawley rat. A fibrin glue application procedure was tested using this model. The double-blinded protocol called for spray application of saline or fibrin glue to mastectomy wounds followed by sequential inspection and necropsy on postoperative days 5, 8, 11, and 14. Topical fibrin glue was shown to be statistically significant in decreasing the presentation of seromas following a radical mastectomy in the Sprague-Dawley rat.
Antagonistic properties are shifted back to agonistic properties by further N‐terminal shortening of pituitary adenylate‐cyclase‐activating peptides in human neuroblastoma NB‐OK‐1 cell membranes (1992)

N-terminally shortened analogs of the 27-amino-acid and 38-amino-acid forms of the pituitary-adenylate-cyclase-activating neuropeptide, PACAP(1-27) and PACAP(1-38), were synthesized by a solid-phase method. Systematic deletion of the first 13 amino acids of both PACAP was tested by evaluating their ability to occupy the specific and selective PACAP receptor of human neuroblastoma NB-OK-1 cell membranes and to stimulate adenylate cyclase or, when inactive per se, to inhibit PACAP-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. For each peptide, the Kact (concentration required for half-maximal adenylate cyclase activation) or Ki [concentration required to shift the dose/response curve of PACAP(1-27) twofold to the right] was in good agreement with the corresponding IC50 [concentration inhibiting 50% of 125I-[AcHis1]PACAP(1-27) binding to membranes], suggesting interaction with the same homogeneous class of adenylate cyclase-coupled receptors. The deletion of the two first amino acids (His1 and Ser2) sufficed to decrease the affinity for receptors and to suppress the capacity to activate adenylate cyclase. The shorter fragments 3-27 and 3-38, 4-27 and 4-38, 5-27 and 5-38, 6-27 and 6-38, 7-27 and 7-38, 8-27 and 8-38, and 9-27 and 9-38 were all competitive antagonists of PACAP(1-27)-stimulated activity with the N-terminally shortened PACAP(1-38) derivatives being 4-30-fold more potent than the equivalent PACAP(1-27) derivatives. In this group PACAP(6-38) was the most potent antagonist (Ki 1.5 nM). Surprisingly, the N-terminally shorter fragments 10-27 and 10-38, 11-27 and 11-38, 12-27 and 12-38, 13-27 and 13-38, and 14-27 and 14-38 were again able to stimulate adenylate cyclase, the smallest fragments, PACAP(14-27) and PACAP(14-38), being the most potent and efficient (Kact 2 microM and 0.1 microM, respectively). In this group of agonists, PACAP(1-38) derivatives deleted at the N-terminus were also more potent than the equivalent PACAP(1-27) derivatives.
Parathyroid hormone potentiates the effect of insulin-like growth factor-I on bone formation (1989)

Insulin-like growth factor-I and parathyroid hormone are both known regulators of bone formation. In this study, human recombinant IGF-I and bovine PTH (1-34) and their combination were studied for their effects in vitro on the proliferation of embryonic chick osteoblast-like cells (osteoblasts) and in vivo on bone formation in normal rats. Osteoblasts from 17-day-old chick embryos were cultured in serum-free BGJb medium containing 0.1% bovine albumin. After 2 days, IGF-I and/or PTH were added. Twenty-four hours later [3H]thymidine incorporation into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material was quantified as an index of cell proliferation. This has previously been shown to reflect actual cell division. IGF-I at doses ranging from 0.85 to 13.6 nmol/l caused a dose-dependent increase in [3H]thymidine incorporation into osteoblasts. PTH alone (10 to 1000 pmol/l) had no significant effect. However, when combined with IGF-I, PTH potentiated the mitogenic effect of IGF-I and achieved statistical significance at 30 and 100 pmol/l (p less than 0.05). This potentiation was also studied in vivo. The right hind-limbs of rats weighing 150 g were infused intra-arterially by an osmotic minipump with graded doses of IGF-I (0.1 to 0.4 nmol/day) and/or PTH (0.27 nmol/day) for 7 days. The rate of trabecular bone apposition (formation) was measured by double tetracycline labelling and compared with the contralateral uninfused limb which acted as the control. Histomorphometric data revealed that neither IGF-I nor PTH alone had a significant effect on trabecular bone apposition rate compared with control limbs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2: a target directed at the atherosclerotic plaque (2002)

AbstractLipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2)is so named because it is found in human plasma largely associated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL). It is secreted by macrophages and able to hydrolyse oxidised fatty acids from oxidised phospholipids in LDL thereby releasing pro-atherogenic lysophosphatidylcholine and fatty acids. Inhibition of this enzyme activity was proposed to be antiatherogenic and this hypothesis has been confirmed both in vitro and in animal studies using specific inhibitors. In addition, the enzyme has been shown to be present in human atherosclerotic plaques and to be a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease in epidemiological studies. However, Lp-PLA2 is identical to platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), whose activity is regarded as antiatherogenic. The role of this enzyme in humans, represented as Lp-PLA2 or PAF-AH, remains to be clarified. Specific and potent inhibitors of Lp-PLA2 have been described and help address this question. This is a novel approach directed specifically towards processes in atherogenesis which take place in the artery wall. Innovative strategies for clinical development are required to progress novel molecular strategies such as this.Keywordsatherosclerosisatherosclerotic plaqueC-reactive proteininhibitorslysophosphatidylcholinephospholipaseplatelet-activating factor acetylhydrolaseWOSCOPS
Randomized multicenter trial of natalizumab in acute MS relapses (2004)

A single dose of IV natalizumab did not hasten clinical recovery after relapse, although a significant decrease in Gd-enhancing lesion volume was observed at 1 and 3 weeks after treatment. These MRI findings are consistent with prior studies of natalizumab and support its further investigation as an agent for the treatment of MS.
The chemical organization of signaling interactions (2002)

Software and example models are freely available from http://www.ncbs.res.in/~bhalla/examples/EGFR_example.html.
Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data (2017)

Many modern NLP systems rely on word embeddings, previously trained in an unsupervised manner on large corpora, as base features. Efforts to obtain embeddings for larger chunks of text, such as sentences, have however not been so successful. Several attempts at learning unsupervised representations of sentences have not reached satisfactory enough performance to be widely adopted. In this paper, we show how universal sentence representations trained using the supervised data of the Stanford Natural Language Inference datasets can consistently outperform unsupervised methods like SkipThought vectors Much like how computer vision uses ImageNet to obtain features, which can then be transferred to other tasks, our work tends to indicate the suitability of natural language inference for transfer learning to other NLP tasks. Our encoder is publicly available 1 .
Mining Recurring Concepts in a Dynamic Feature Space (2013)

Most data stream classification techniques assume that the underlying feature space is static. However, in real-world applications the set of features and their relevance to the target concept may change over time. In addition, when the underlying concepts reappear, reusing previously learnt models can enhance the learning process in terms of accuracy and processing time at the expense of manageable memory consumption. In this paper, we propose mining recurring concepts in a dynamic feature space (MReC-DFS), a data stream classification system to address the challenges of learning recurring concepts in a dynamic feature space while simultaneously reducing the memory cost associated with storing past models. MReC-DFS is able to detect and adapt to concept changes using the performance of the learning process and contextual information. To handle recurring concepts, stored models are combined in a dynamically weighted ensemble. Incremental feature selection is performed to reduce the combined feature space. This contribution allows MReC-DFS to store only the features most relevant to the learnt concepts, which in turn increases the memory efficiency of the technique. In addition, an incremental feature selection method is proposed that dynamically determines the threshold between relevant and irrelevant features. Experimental results demonstrating the high accuracy of MReC-DFS compared with state-of-the-art techniques on a variety of real datasets are presented. The results also show the superior memory efficiency of MReC-DFS.
Site-directed mutagenesis of the -10 region of the lacUV5 promoter. Introduction of dA4.dT4 tract suppresses open complex formation. (1990)

Homopolymeric dAn.dTn sequences, where n is 4 or greater, have special properties leading to increased duplex stability and DNA bending. The lacUV5 promoter was used to examine the functional consequences of changing the -10 TATAAT consensus sequence to the sequence TAAAAT. The transversion mutation at the underlined site was accomplished with site-directed mutagenesis using translation termination as the selection procedure. For free DNA, structural differences at the 5' and 3' junction regions of the dA4.dT4 tract can be readily detected by DNase I digestion. However, site binding by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase appeared unaltered by the TAAAAT sequence since identical DNase I footprints were obtained for the lacUV5 and mutant promoters. Binding competition studies under different ionic strengths revealed a significant reduction in mutant promoter open complex formation relative to the lacUV5 promoter. Mutant promoter open complexes also dissociated faster and to a greater extent than the corresponding lacUV5 promoter open complexes when challenged with heparin or a combination of heparin and increased KCl concentration. Consequently, mutant promoter open complexes appear less stable than lacUV5 promoter open complexes.
Extracellular Histones Inhibit Efferocytosis (2012)

The uptake and clearance of apoptotic cells by macrophages and other phagocytic cells, a process called efferocytosis, is a major component in the resolution of inflammation. Increased concentrations of extracellular histones are found during acute inflammatory states and appear to contribute to organ system dysfunction and mortality. In these studies, we examined the potential role of histones in modulating efferocytosis. We found that phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils or thymocytes by macrophages was significantly diminished in the presence of histones H3 or H4, but not histone H1. Histone H3 demonstrated direct binding to macrophages, an effect that was diminished by preincubation of macrophages with the opsonins growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) and milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor (EGF) 8 (MFG-E8). Incubation of histone H3 with soluble α(v)β₅ integrin and Mer, but not with α(v)β₃, diminished its binding to macrophages. Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by alveolar macrophages in vivo was diminished in the presence of histone H3. Incubation of histone H3 with activated protein C, a treatment that degrades histones, abrogated its inhibitory effects on efferocytosis under both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The present studies demonstrate that histones have inhibitory effects on efferocytosis, suggesting a new mechanism by which extracellular histones contribute to acute inflammatory processes and tissue injury.
A high performance photonic pulse processing device (2009)

This paper presents an all optical fiber based implementation of a hybrid analog-digital computational primitive that provides a basis for complex processing on high bandwidth signals. A natural implementation of a hybrid analog/digital photonic processing primitive is achieved through the integration of new nonlinear fiber, and exploitation of the physics of semiconductor device to process signals in unique ways. Specifically, we describe the use of a semiconductor optical amplifier to implement leaky temporal integration of a signal and a highly Ge-doped nonlinear fiber for thresholding. A straightforward correspondence between our computational primitive and leaky-integrate-and-fire neurons permits leveraging of a large body of research characterizing the computational capabilities of these devices and the emerging pulse processing computational paradigm as a means to implement practical signal processing algorithms in hybrid computing platforms. An experimental demonstration of the behavior of the pulse processing primitive is presented.
A Human Peroxisome‐Proliferator‐Activated Receptor‐γ is Activated by Inducers of Adipogenesis, Including Thiazolidinedione Drugs (1996)

We have cloned a human cognate of the mouse peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (hPPAR gamma) from a human placenta cDNA library. Sequence analysis reveals a high degree of similarity with the mouse receptor and, like other PPAR, hPPAR gamma forms heterodimers with the retinoid X receptor alpha (RXR alpha) and binds in vitro to DNA elements containing direct repeats of the sequence TGACCT. In common with mouse PPAR gamma, hPPAR gamma is expressed strongly in adipose tissue, but significant levels also are detectable in placenta, lung and ovary. In vitro trans-activation data suggest hPPAR gamma is only poorly activated by xenobiotic peroxisome proliferators, although certain fatty acids and eicosanoids are potent activators of this receptor. Both mouse and human PPAR gamma are capable of being activated by thiazolidinedione drugs, although the two receptors appear to differ in their sensitivity to these compounds. Taken together, these data suggest a high degree of structural and functional similarity between mouse and human PPAR gamma, and provide evidence for variation in human receptor structure which may result in differential sensitivity to activators.