gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversible chemical reactions as the basis for optical sensors used to detect amines, alcohols and humidity (1999)

A new class of indicator dyes for use in analytical chemistry is presented. In contrast to most existing indicator dyes, which change colour upon complexation or protonation/deprotonation, the dyes presented here perform reversible chemical reactions with the analyte, resulting in changes in absorbance or fluorescence. Specifically, azo and stilbene dyes which exhibit a reactive trifluoroacetyl group, reversibly interact with alcohols, amines or water to give the respective diol, hemiaminal, hemiacetal or zwitterion. Indicator dyes that combine the properties of a chemical reagent and a ligand molecule are termed ‘chromo-’ or ‘fluororeactands’. They are embedded in various polymer materials and have been characterised for the optical sensing of aliphatic amines, alcohols and humidity. Furthermore, methacrylate derivatives of the dyes have been tested. They were prepared to link the dyes covalently to the polymer matrix. The optical and physical properties of the dye methacrylates make them promising candidates not only for optical sensing but also for applications in molecularly imprinted polymers and non-linear optics.
National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry (NACB) laboratory medicine guidelines on the clinical utilization and analytical issues for cardiac biomarker testing in heart failure. (2008)

Over recent years considerable knowledge has accumulated on the clinical utilisation of the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and its co-metabolite N-terminal proB-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) in the context of heart failure (HF). In July 2007 recommendations were published by the NACB on the clinical utilisation and analytical issues of these biochemical markers of HF.1,2 The latter document was a joint effort between the NACB and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry Committee on Standardisation of Markers of Cardiac Damage.2 These two articles provide a good summary of the current state of knowledge and understanding of the BNP and NT-proBNP assays.

This review of the Guidelines focuses mainly on the use of these biomarkers in diagnosis, risk stratification, guiding management of HF and briefly mentions analytical issues covered in the second article.

For a relatively new clinical biochemistry test, an impressive evidence-base has been accumulated from multiple randomised clinical trials and well conducted cohort studies of large numbers of patients. This evidence shows that BNP and NT-proBNP improve the diagnostic accuracy for the detection of HF in patients presenting to emergency departments with dyspnoea. The higher the value, the greater the likelihood that dyspnoea is due to HF. The Table lists the level of evidence provided in the Guidelines and ranges from the best available evidence (class I, level A) to the weakest evidence (class III, level C).3



Table

Summary of Indicators.



The NACB Guidelines begin with a brief outline of the definition of HF and the physiology of BNP synthesis followed by recommendations for the use of BNP and NT-proBNP.1 I have listed each of the recommendations from the article along with the level of evidence supporting the Guideline followed by a brief comment.
Detection of Stromelysin and Collagenase in Synovial Fluid From Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Posttraumatic Knee Injury (1992)

The finding of high levels of stromelysin in SF from patients with RA supports the proposal that this enzyme may play a role in the connective tissue degradation observed in this disease.
The Contribution of Combinatorial Chemistry to Lead Generation An Interim Analysis (2001)

In the process of finding new drug candidates medicinal chemists nowadays have a variety of options to choose from, one is to apply combinatorial chemistry techniques. Since the early 1990's synthetic and analytical methods as well as new technologies have been growing rapidly in the area of combinatorial chemistry. Applying these techniques have resulted in the production of large numbers of compounds. A trend is observed towards smaller libraries of compounds with more drug-like properties. An analysis is made to establish the contribution of combinatorial chemistry in providing new lead candidates for (pre)clinical development towards new pharmaceutical products. Ten representative examples are given to describe the impact of ombinatorial chemistry on different levels of the lead discovery and optimization process. Furthermore, reports on combinatorial chemistry products that are already in (pre)clinical development were traced back to their source. The interim analysis showed only limited success of combinatorial chemistry approaches in terms of delivering leads. Second generation libraries appear more drug-like and focussed and may result in more compounds entering clinical studies in the future.
Pulmonale Rehabilitation nach totaler Laryngektomie durch die Verwendung von HME (Heat Moisture Exchanger) (2009)

Die komplette Entfernung des Kehlkopfes hat tiefgreifende Folgen für die betroffenen Patienten. Die Laryngektomie bedeutet die Unterbrechung der oberen und unteren Atemwege und führt somit nicht nur zu einem Verlust des stimmbildenden Organs sondern induziert ebenso chronische pulmonale Beschwerden wie häufiges Husten, verstärkte Sputumproduktion und verstärkte Expektorationen. Weiterhin werden von laryngektomierten Patienten Beschwerden hinsichtlich Müdigkeit und Schlafproblemen, einer Beeinträchtigung des Geruchs- und Geschmackssinns sowie eingeschränkte Sozialkontakte genannt. Durch die Verwendung von HME-Kassetten (Heat Moisture Exchangers) soll die Konditionierungsfunktion der oberen Atemwege ersetzt werden. Die HME-Kassetten werden bei der Verbesserung der pulmonalen Symptomatik in drei Teilbereichen wirksam. 1. Zum einen wird durch den Wärme- und Flüssigkeitsaustausch das physiologische Klima im Bereich der tiefen Atemwege weitgehend wiederhergestellt. 2. Führt die Erhöhung des Atemwiderstandes bei Verwendung von HME-Kassetten zu einer Reduktion der dynamischen Atemwegskompression und somit zu einer Verbesserung der Lungenventilation 3. Übernehmen die HME-Kassetten zumindest für gröbere Partikel eine Filterfunktion der Atemluft. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden die aktuellen Erkenntnisse zur Lungenphysiologie nach Laryngektomie sowie der Einfluss von HME-Kassetten auf die Bereiche Atemwegsklimatisierung, Lungenfunktion sowie psychosoziale Beschwerden beleuchtet.
Multi-cancer computational analysis reveals invasion-associated variant of desmoplastic reaction involving INHBA, THBS2 and COL11A1 (2010)

Therefore, these results can be used for developing high specificity biomarkers sensing cancer invasion and predicting response to neoadjuvant therapy, as well as potential multi-cancer metastasis inhibiting therapeutics targeting the corresponding biological mechanism.
Insulin upstream factor 1 and a novel ubiquitous factor bind to the human islet amyloid polypeptide/amylin gene promoter (1996)

The islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) gene is expressed primarily in the islet beta-cell and the peptide is co-secreted with insulin. To investigate mechanisms important in its regulation, we have used the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay and methylation interference to determine systematically sites of DNA-protein interactions in the human IAPP promoter. We identified beta-cell-specific DNA-protein complexes at three sites, each of which contained a consensus binding site for insulin upstream factor I (IUF-I). This complex was displaced with an antiserum to IUF-1, confirming that IUF-1 binds to the human IAPP promoter in vitro. We have also identified a DNA-protein complex within the region -220/-250 in both beta- and non-beta-cell lines. This region contains a motif with partial identity with the binding site for the ubiquitous transcription factor upstream stimulatory factor (USF), which binds to the human insulin promoter. However, purified USF was not able to bind to this putative site in the IAPP promoter and an oligonucleotide containing a functional USF-binding site was unable to displace binding from the IAPP oligonucleotide. Methylation interference revealed that the DNA-protein complex binds to a sequence that overlaps the USE-like sequence, and may therefore be a novel helix-loop-helix protein. These results suggest that, although both IAPP and insulin are beta-cell peptides, IAPP contains regulatory regions both common to and distinct from insulin.
Synthesis of bicyclic pyridone and dihydropyridone analogues of β-lactam antibiotics (1991)

Condensation of the vinylogous urethanes 2, 26, 28 and 29 with acrylates, haloacrylates and propiolic acid has afforded easy access to bicyclic dihydropyridone and pyridone analogues of cephalosporins, carbapenams, penicillins and bisnorpenicillins. Synthesis of the pyridone is accompanied, in one instance, by an interesting cyclisation to the glutaconic anhydride 23 and significant differences in tautomeric behaviour have been found between the five-membered vinylogous urethanes 28 and 29 and their six-membered counterparts 2.
ATM and ATR as therapeutic targets in cancer (2014)

In order to maintain genomic stability, cells have developed sophisticated signalling pathways to enable DNA damage or DNA replication stress to be resolved. Key mediators of this DNA damage response (DDR) are the ATM and ATR kinases, which induce cell cycle arrest and facilitate DNA repair via their downstream targets. Inhibiting the DDR has become an attractive therapeutic concept in cancer therapy, since (i) resistance to genotoxic therapies has been associated with increased DDR signalling, and (ii) many cancers have defects in certain components of the DDR rendering them highly dependent on the remaining DDR pathways for survival. ATM and ATR act as the apical regulators of the response to DNA double strand breaks and replication stress, respectively, with overlapping but non-redundant activities. Highly selective small molecule inhibitors of ATM and ATR are currently in preclinical and clinical development, respectively. Preclinical data have provided a strong rationale for clinical testing of these compounds both in combination with radio- or chemotherapy, and in synthetic lethal approaches to treat tumours with deficiencies in certain DDR components. Whole genome sequencing studies have reported that mutations in DDR genes occur with a high frequency in many common tumour types, suggesting that a synthetic lethal approach with ATM or ATR inhibitors could have widespread utility, providing that appropriate biomarkers are developed.
Improvement of Survival in Patients with Diffuse Panbronchiolitis Treated with Low-dose Erythromycin (1998)

Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways with a high rate of mortality despite treatment with a combination of antibiotics and the use of supportive therapy such as oxygen administration. Low-dose erythromycin therapy (EM) (400 to 600 mg/d) has been found to improve the survival of patients with DPB, and most patients with DPB in Japan have been treated with this erythromycin regime since 1984. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of treatment with erythromycin on the survival rate of patients with DPB in Japan. We compared the survival rates of 498 patients with DPB after dividing them into three groups according to the date of their first medical examination (Group a: 1970-1979, Group b: 1980-1984, Group c: 1985-1990). DPB had been diagnosed in these patients using the criteria of the Ministry of the Health and Welfare Diffuse Lung Disease Committee (MHW-DLDC), which includes chronic productive cough, shortness of breath, presence of roentgenologically smoldering symmetrical granular shadows in the middle and lower lung fields, limitation of airflow without decrease in DLCO, elevated serum cold hemagglutinin titers, and/or narrowing bronchiolus with infiltration of lymphocytes and foamy alveolar macrophages. These patients were registered in the DPB research group of the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW). Survival rates were statistically compared using the generalized-Wilcoxon test. The survival rate of Group c was significantly higher than that of Groups a (p < 0.0001) and b (p < 0. 0001). In Group c, eight of 87 patients died; five died in the EM nontreated subgroup (n = 24), and three died in the EM-treated subgroup (n = 63). There was a significant difference in the survival rates between the two subgroups in Group c (p < 0.001). Treatment with EM was associated with a significant improvement in the rate of survival of patients with DPB. The efficacy of EM treatment increased the survival rate of patients with DPB, which was more significant in the older than in the younger patients.
Systemically administered tempol reduces neuronal activity in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus and rostral ventrolateral medulla in rats (2009)

These findings suggest that systemically administered tempol acts upon neurons in paraventricular nucleus and RVLM to reduce BP, HR and RSNA, perhaps by reducing the influence of reactive oxygen species in those regions. The arterial baroreflex modulates the depressor responses to tempol. These central mechanisms must be considered in interpreting data from studies using systemically administered tempol to assess the role of reactive oxygen species in cardiovascular regulation.
Temperature Dependence of the Penetration Depth inSr2RuO4: Evidence for Nodes in the Gap Function (2000)

We report measurements of the magnetic penetration depth in single crystals of Sr2RuO4 down to 0.04 K using a tunnel-diode based, self-inductive technique. We observe a power law temperature dependence below 0.8 K, with no sign of a second phase transition nor of a crossover predicted for a multiband superconductor. A power law dependence suggests that the gap function has nodes, inconsistent with candidate p-wave states. We argue that nonlocal effects, rather than impurity scattering, can explain the observed T2 dependence instead of the T-linear behavior expected for line nodes.
Sequences of 12 monoclonal anti-dinitrophenyl spin-label antibodies for NMR studies. (1988)

Eleven monoclonal antibodies specific for a spin-labeled dinitrophenyl hapten (DNP-SL) have been produced for use in NMR studies. They have been named AN01 and AN03-AN12. The stability constants for the association of these antibodies with DNP-SL and related haptens were measured by fluorescence quenching and ranged from 5.0 X 10(4) M-1 to greater than 1.0 X 10(8) M-1. cDNA clones coding for the heavy and light chains of each antibody and of an additional anti-DNP-SL monoclonal antibody, AN02, have been isolated. The nucleic acid sequence of the 5' end of each clone has been determined, and the amino acid sequence of the variable regions of each antibody has been deduced from the cDNA sequence. The sequences are relatively heterogeneous, but both the heavy and the light chains of AN01 and AN03 are derived from the same variable-region gene families as those of the AN02 antibody. AN07 has a heavy chain that is related to that of AN02, and AN09 has a related light chain. AN05 and AN06 are unrelated to AN02 but share virtually identical heavy and light chains. Preliminary NMR difference spectra comparing related antibodies show that sequence-specific assignment of resonances is possible. Such spectra also provide a measure of structural relatedness.
An ultralow-power UHF transceiver integrated in a standard digital CMOS process: transmitter (2001)

In the first part of the paper, also in this issue of the JOURNAL, the design of the frequency synthesizer and receiver section of an FSK transceiver was described. It operates in the 434-MHz ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band and is realized in a standard digital 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS process. This companion paper focuses on the realization of the transmitter section. It includes a power amplifier, an upconverter, and the circuit generating the baseband quadrature signals with a continuous phase modulation. The overall measured efficiency of the packaged circuit is higher than 38% for a 1.2-V supply and an output power reaching 10 dBm at 433 MHz. The system is designed to still operate at 1-V supply, delivering more than 1 mW with an efficiency higher than 15%.
Introduction to Lambda Phages (1991)

The biology of lambda-derived vectors is extremely well understood. This introduction to the biology of lambda and related phages is included to help readers use the lambda vectors that are employed in the manual and to help readers understand new lambda vectors that are being developed. Specific topics include a discussion of lytic growth (i.e., requirements for DNA replication, packaging and lysis) and lysogenic growth (i.e., requirements for lysogenization and induction of a lysogen).
Temperature stable Hall effect sensors (2006)

Magnetic field sensors are needed for high-accuracy position, angle, force, strain, torque, and current flow measurements. Molecular beam epitaxy was used to grow tellurium-doped indium-gallium antimonide thin films. Hall effect sensors made from these films have been studied for their magnetic sensitivity and thermal stability. For a range of alloy composition near In/sub 0.8/Ga/sub 0.2/Sb and n-type doping levels near 2/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/, high magnetic sensitivity from -40/spl deg/C to +200/spl deg/C was found with a resolution of better than /spl plusmn/0.5% over the entire temperature range.
Antigen Presentation Pathways to Class I and Class II MHC‐Restricted T Lymphocytes (1987)

Our observations on the cellular immune response to type-A influenza suggest the existence of two distinct pathways of protein antigen presentation to T lymphocytes. One of these pathways is involved with presentation of antigens introduced into the presenting cell from without. This exogenous presentation pathway is the well-recognized route of presentation of soluble and particulate antigens to T lymphocytes. This pathway probably involves uptake of antigen into endocytic vesicles, alteration of antigen within an intracellular compartment, and subsequent display of antigen on the presenting cell surface (Unanue 1984). The second pathway is one which we have tentatively designated as an endogenous presentation pathway. The constraints on this pathway have yet to be fully defined. At a minimum, this pathway appears to involve the presentation of antigens which are synthesized de novo in the presenting cell utilizing the cell's biosynthetic machinery. This pathway may also handle preformed antigens located within the cytosolic compartment of the presenting cell. Perhaps the most striking feature of these two antigen presentation pathways is the close association between the MHC restriction of an antigen-specific T lymphocyte and the pathway of antigen presentation to that T lymphocyte. Our data suggest that this association holds both at the effector level and at the level of induction of T lymphocytes. Thus, presentation of a given antigen by the endogenous pathway preferentially triggers a response from class I MHC-restricted T lymphocytes directed to that antigen. The molecular basis for this link of class I MHC-restriction to the endogenous pathway and MHC class II restriction to the exogenous pathway is unknown. It seems likely that interactions between MHC molecules and antigen within the presenting cell may be critical for the demarcation of these pathways. Thus, for example, antigen presented by the endogenous route may only be able to associate intracellularly with newly synthesized or recycling class I MHC molecules. An understanding of the molecular basis of this phenomenon will require detailed information on the expression, intracellular trafficking, and transport of class I and class II MHC molecules in the antigen-presenting cell. An unresolved issue, at least in the case of viral antigens, is the nature and form of the antigenic moieties presented by the exogenous and endogenous pathways. In the case of viral antigen presentation to class II MHC-restricted T lymphocytes, there is strong, albeit indirect, evidence for processing of antigen and recognition of fragments of viral polypeptides (Lamb et al. 1982, Hackett et al. 1983).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
CD4+CD25+ Regulatory T Cells Inhibit the Antigen-Dependent Expansion of Self-Reactive T Cells In Vivo (2006)

A deficiency of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (CD25+ Tregs) in lymphopenic mice can result in the onset of autoimmune gastritis. The gastric H/K ATPase alpha (H/Kalpha) and beta (H/Kbeta) subunits are the immunodominant autoantigens recognized by effector CD4+ T cells in autoimmune gastritis. The mechanism by which CD25+ Tregs suppress autoimmune gastritis in lymphopenic mice is poorly understood. To investigate the antigenic requirements for the genesis and survival of gastritis-protecting CD25+ Tregs, we analyzed mice deficient in H/Kbeta and H/Kalpha, as well as a transgenic mouse line (H/Kbeta-tsA58 Tg line 224) that lacks differentiated gastric epithelial cells. By adoptive transfer of purified T cell populations to athymic mice, we show that the CD25+ Treg population from mice deficient in either one or both of H/Kalpha and H/Kbeta, or from the H/Kbeta-tsA58 Tg line 224 mice, is equally effective in suppressing the ability of polyclonal populations of effector CD4+ T cells to induce autoimmune gastritis. Furthermore, CD25+ Tregs, from either wild-type or H/Kalpha-deficient mice, dramatically reduced the expansion of pathogenic H/Kalpha-specific TCR transgenic T cells and the induction of autoimmune gastritis in athymic recipient mice. Proliferation of H/Kalpha-specific T cells in lymphopenic hosts occurs predominantly in the paragastric lymph node and was dependent on the presence of the cognate H/Kalpha Ag. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the gastritis-protecting CD25+ Tregs do not depend on the major gastric Ags for their thymic development or their survival in the periphery, and that CD25+ Tregs inhibit the Ag-specific expansion of pathogenic T cells in vivo.
Controllable Template Synthesis of Ni/Cu Nanocable and Ni Nanotube Arrays:  A One-Step Coelectrodeposition and Electrochemical Etching Method (2005)

We describe a new synthetic approach to fabricate Ni/Cu nanocable arrays by co-depositing nickel and copper atoms into the pores of anodic alumina membranes and to fabricate Ni nanotube arrays by selectively etching the Cu cores from the Ni/Cu nanocable arrays. The formation of the Ni-shelled Ni/Cu nanocables is attributed to the Ni ions adsorbed on the pore walls by a chemical complexation through hydroxyl groups. By varying electrodepositon parameters in this technique, we can control the lengths of nanocables and nanotubes, the shell thickness of the nanocables, and the wall thickness and surface morphology of the nanotubes.
[<sup>11</sup>C]Choline PET/CT for Targeted Salvage Lymph Node Dissection in Patients with Biochemical Recurrence after Primary Curative Therapy for Prostate Cancer (2008)

This interim analysis indicates that [(11)C]choline-PET/CT may be a useful technique in detection of lymph node metastases when rising PSA occurs after definite prostate cancer therapy. The presented cohort is limited in size, but there is still strong evidence that the patients benefit from [(11)C]choline-PET/CT and consecutive salvage lymph node dissection is rather small.
The effect of addition of ketamine to lidocaine on postoperative pain in rhinoplasties (2016)

Addition of ketamine solution to lidocaine for infiltration block during rhinoplasty was successful in decreasing pain during postoperative periods and reducing analgesic consumption during the first 24 h after the operation.