gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plastic deformation of polyethylene II. Change of mechanical properties during drawing (1971)

Abstract The crystallinity, elastic modulus, and tensile strength of samples of various draw ratios together with the true stress—strain curves of high‐density polyethylene were determined to establish correlations with morphological changes occurring during deformation. Changes of crystallinity at draw ratios below 5, i.e., constancy during drawing of quenched film and a decrease during drawing of annealed film, are explained by the formation of microfibrils with crystallinity independent of the thermal history of the film. The microfibrils slide past each other at higher draw ratios, generating an increasing number of interfibrillar tie molecules, which is reflected in the increasing number of interfibrillar tie molecules, which is reflected in the increase of crystallinity, elastic modulus, and tensile strength. From the true stress—strain curves, the differential work density for the deformation of the volume element was calculated as a function of the draw ratio. It contains two components which reflect two different mechanisms of deformation. The first component, decreasing with increasing draw ratio, can be associated with the destruction of the original microspherulitic structure; the second one, increasing with increasing draw ratio, can be associated with the deformation of the new fiber structure, i.e., with the sliding motion of the microfibrils formed during the first deformation step.
Interleukin‐6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab reduces disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis with inadequate response to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs: The tocilizumab in combination with traditional disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug therapy study (2008)

Tocilizumab combined with any of the DMARDs evaluated was safe and effective in reducing articular and systemic symptoms in patients with an inadequate response to these agents.
Divergent selection for immune responsiveness in chickens: estimation of realized heritability with an animal model1 (1992)

With the aim of improving general disease resistance, chickens were divergently selected for their antibody titers 5 d after immunization with sheep red blood cells for nine generations. Selected and control lines differed significantly for primary and secondary responses after three generations. Heritability of the antibody titer was estimated by REML fitting an animal model using a derivative-free algorithm. The heritability estimate using data on all lines simultaneously was .31. Realized heritability of the antibody titer in the selected lines was estimated by using either the phenotypic cumulative response as the deviation from the control line or the mean breeding values obtained with an animal model. Values from the two methods were consistent, giving a realized heritability of .21 and .25 in the high and low lines, respectively. The genetic trend was not linear and the response to selection tended to accelerate over generations.
The Duffy-binding-like domain 1 of Plasmodium falciparumerythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) is a heparan sulfate ligand that requires 12 mers for binding (2000)

Abstract The Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1), present on the surfaces of parasitized red blood cells (pRBC), mediates rosetting, a virulent phenotype. Here, we show that pRBC specifically bind heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin onto their surfaces and that the rosetting ligand PfEMP1 specifically adheres to heparin–Sepharose when extracted from the surfaces of radioiodinated infected RBC. An analysis of the binding properties of the different regions of PfEMP1 provides evidence that the Duffy-binding–like domain-1 (DBL-1) is the predominant ligand involved in HS and heparin binding. Soluble DBL-1 requires a minimal heparin fragment size of a 12-mer (≈4 kd) for binding and is critically dependent on N-sulfation. A 12-mer is also the minimal heparin fragment that disrupts naturally formed rosettes. DBL-1 binds specifically to erythrocytes and also to HS from endothelial cells and human aorta but not to chondroitin sulfate A, suggesting that different PfEMP1s mediate adhesion to distinct glycosaminoglycans in individual malaria parasites. Present data suggest that HS on endothelial cells may also be involved in the sequestration of pRBC. Elucidation of these binding mechanisms opens up new possibilities for therapeutic strategies targeting adhesive interactions of pRBC.
Oxidative/Nitrosative Stress and Immuno-inflammatory Pathways in Depression: Treatment Implications (2014)

This paper reviews recent work on the biological underpinnings of clinical depression emphasizing the crucial role of immunoinflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS) pathways in driving changes in neuronal regulating tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs). The essence of the association of O&NS pathways with autoimmune responses in depression is via damage to lipid membranes, anchorage molecules and functional proteins that lead to changes in their chemical structures creating new modified epitopes (neoepitopes), which are highly immunogenic. The abovementioned pathways together with decreased antioxidant levels, including zinc, coenzyme Q10, glutathione and vitamin E, and melatonin are intimately involved in different aspects of depression, including mitochondrial functions and the regulation of cAMP / circadian genes, allowing for impacts across different aspects of symptom patterning. Immuno- inflammatory and O&NS processes may additionally cause alterations in blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroprogression, that is tissue damage, including neurodegeneration and apoptosis, and decreased neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. Activation of those interconnected pathways is relevant to the pathophysiology of acute and chronic depression and the progressive course (staging) of clinical depression. This implies that compounds that target these pathways may be useful to treat acute episodes and prevent further progression of the disease. We herein review some promising compounds, such as melatonin, melatonin receptor agonists, allopregnanolone, PDE4 inhibitors, statins, aspirin, sodium benzoate, tryptophan-enriched diets, and antioxidants, including epigallocatechin gallate, curcumin, quercitin, alpha-lipoic acid and resveratrol.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha treatment reduces allergic responses in an allergic rhinitis mouse model (2010)

This study shows that the TNF-α inhibitor infliximab induces anti-allergic effects by decreasing local and systemic Th2 cytokine (IL-4) production, total and OVA-specific IgE levels, adhesion molecule (E-selectin) expression, and eosinophil infiltration into the nasal mucosa in an allergic rhinitis model. Therefore, infliximab should be considered as a potential agent in treating allergic rhinitis.
A general method for cloning eukaryotic structural gene sequences. (1976)

Complementary DNA, transcribed in vitro from purified rabbit globin messenger RNA and made double-stranded, has been inserted into Escherichia coli plasmids pSC101 and pMB9 by the poly(dT)/poly(dA) "tailing" and annealing technique. E. coli transformants given by this DNA preparation have been shown to contain globin sequences by the hybridization of globin RNA to DNA from clones grown and lysed in situ on nitrocellulose filters. An estimate of the amount of inserted globin sequences has been provided by fingerprint analysis of globin mRNA sequences hybridized to the purified plasmid chimeras. Inserted sequences so far subjected to detailed analysis have been ascribed to the rabbit beta globin chain. The susceptibility of inserted beta globin, sequences to the restriction endonuclease EcoRI confirms the existence of a site already found through previous nucleotide sequence analysis.
Approximating decoding thresholds of punctured LDPC code ensembles on the AWGN channel (2015)

In this paper, we provide an efficient way to predict iterative belief propagation (BP) decoding thresholds of randomly punctured low-density parity-check (LDPC) code ensembles on the binary-input additive white Gaussian noise channel (AWGNC), given only the BP threshold of the mother code ensemble on the binary erasure channel (BEC) and the code design rate. We show that the predictions are accurate by comparing them with values calculated by discretized density evolution for a variety of puncturing fractions. We find that the strength and suitability of an LDPC code ensemble for random puncturing over the AWGNC with respect to iterative decoding threshold is completely determined by a single constant θ, and this behavior is demonstrated using both LDPC block code and spatially coupled LDPC code ensembles. Finally, we present simulation results that confirm the excellent decoding performance promised by the asymptotic results.
The Influence of Gender and Food on the Pharmacokinetics of Sodium Oxybate Oral Solution in Healthy Subjects (2003)

Sodium oxybate (Xyrem; gamma-hydroxybutyrate) oral solution was recently approved in the United States for the treatment of cataplexy in patients with narcolepsy. Two single-center, randomized, open-label studies in healthy volunteers receiving single oral 4.5-g doses of sodium oxybate evaluated effects of (1) gender on oxybate pharmacokinetics and (2) food on its oral bioavailability. In the latter study, one dose was administered after an overnight fast, another after a high-fat meal; 1 week separated treatments. Sodium oxybate pharmacokinetics was not significantly different between sexes. However, food significantly altered the bioavailability of oxybate by decreasing mean peak plasma concentration, increasing median time-to-peak concentration, and decreasing the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. Food did not affect elimination and urinary excretion of unchanged drug. No dose adjustment of sodium oxybate based on sex is indicated. Although significant food effects were observed, these are minimized in patients by the nocturnal dosing of sodium oxybate hours after the evening meal at a consistent time interval following food ingestion.
Marked increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus-related complications with the addition of antithymocyte globulin to a nonmyeloablative conditioning prior to unrelated umbilical cord blood transplantation (2006)

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is increasingly used as an alternative source of hematopoietic stem cells for transplantation for patients who lack a suitable sibling donor. Despite concerns about a possible increased risk of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) after UCB transplantation, early reports documented rates of PTLD comparable to those reported after HLA-matched unrelated marrow myeloablative (MA) transplantations. To further investigate the incidence of EBV PTLD after UCB transplantation and potential risk factors, we evaluated the incidence of EBV-related complications in 335 patients undergoing UCB transplantation with an MA or nonmyeloablative (NMA) preparative regimen. The incidence of EBV-related complications was a 4.5% overall, 3.3% for MA transplantations, and 7% for NMA transplantations. However, the incidence of EBV-related complications was significantly higher in a subset of patients treated with an NMA preparative regimen that included antithymocyte globulin (ATG) versus those that did not (21% vs 2%; P < .01). Nine of 11 patients who developed EBV PTLD were treated with rituximab (anti-CD20 antibody), with the 5 responders being alive and disease free at a median of 26 months. Use of ATG in recipients of an NMA preparative regimen warrants close monitoring for evidence of EBV reactivation and potentially preemptive therapy with rituximab.
Problems and Complications of Gastric Freezing (1964)

WHITE, RALEIGH R. M.D.; HIGHTOWER, NICHOLAS C. JR. M.D.**; ADALID, RAUL M.D.*** Author Information
Experimental and theoretical studies of second-phase scattering in IR transmitting ZnS-based windows (1991)

A model based upon Mie theory was developed to calculate the level of scattering caused by the incorporation of a second-phase. Various transmission curves were calculated in order to study the microstructural scattering effects of pores and ZnGa<sub>2</sub>S<sub>4</sub> particles. The model was able to reproduce the spectral transmission curve (2.5-10 micrometers ) of a hot-pressed ZnS sample containing a porous scatterer only when a size distribution effect was included in the model. A bimodal distribution of pores was found to be responsible for the detected scattering.
Quantitative Trait Loci Variation for Growth and Obesity Between and Within Lines of Pigs (Sus scrofa) (2003)

The hypothesis that quantitative trait loci (QTL) that explain variation between divergent populations also account for genetic variation within populations was tested using pig populations. Two regions of the porcine genome that had previously been reported to harbor QTL with allelic effects that differed between the modern pig and its wild-type ancestor and between the modern pig and a more distantly related population of Asian pigs were studied. QTL for growth and obesity traits were mapped using selectively genotyped half-sib families from five domesticated modern populations. Strong support was found for at least one QTL segregating in each population. For all five populations there was evidence of a segregating QTL affecting fatness in a region on chromosome 7. These findings confirm that QTL can be detected in highly selected commercial populations and are consistent with the hypothesis that the same chromosome locations that account for variation between populations also explain genetic variation within populations.
Structure and expression of mouse furin, a yeast Kex2-related protease. Lack of processing of coexpressed prorenin in GH4C1 cells. (1990)

We have cloned and sequenced a mouse cDNA encoding the 793-residue amino acid sequence of furin, which is a protein homologous to the yeast Kex2 protease. The entire sequence is 94% identical to that of human furin, and it contains the 289-residue sequence of the subtilisin-like catalytic domain. Within this region, 99, 64, and 53% of the amino acids are identical to those of human furin, human PC2 (the other mammalian Kex2-like protein), and yeast Kex2, respectively. It has been proposed that furin is a mammalian prohormone processing enzyme which cleaves precursors at paired basic amino acids, based on the fact that the Kex2 protease is responsible for processing of alpha-mating factor and killer toxin precursors at dibasic sites. However, Northern blot analysis has revealed that a furin mRNA transcript is present in all tested mouse tissues and culture cell lines, including those known not to process prohormones. Moreover, when furin and a prohormone, prorenin, have been coexpressed in mammalian cells by DNA transfection, no processing has been observed. These observations fail to show a role for furin, a Kex2-like mammalian protease, in prohormone processing.
Autologous mesenchymal stem cells: clinical applications in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2006)

Our results demonstrate that direct injection of autologous expanded MSCs into the spinal cord of ALS patients is safe, with no significant acute or late toxicity, and well tolerated. The clinical results seem to be encouraging.
Diabetic neuropathies. (1995)

There is a family of diabetic neuropathies that mimic the entire spectrum of peripheral neuropathies. Distal sensory neuropathy is the most common. In small-fibre neuropathy, autonomic failure and loss of sense of pain and temperature are prominent. Painfulness is seen in a number of diabetic neuropathies. The asymmetric neuropathies are distinctive and are probably caused by a combination of microvascular and immune-mediated mechanisms. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy is probably multifactorial. Hyperglycaemia is central to any pathogenic scheme whereby nerve blood flow is reduced by an effect on microvessels mediated by perturbations such as oxidative stress, reduction of nitric oxide, prostaglandins and an increase in endothelin. It may also affect nerve fibres directly. Recent clinical trials have clearly demonstrated the importance of strict glycaemic control. There is also support for essential fatty acids, antioxidants and aldose reductase inhibitors. Treatment of diabetic neuropathy is focused on improving glycaemic control and treatment of symptoms. The precise role of other modalities of treatment of diabetic neuropathy remain to be firmly established.
A muscarinic agonist inhibits reflex bronchoconstriction in normal but not in asthmatic subjects (1989)

Muscarinic receptors of the M2 subtype, which inhibit acetylcholine release from cholinergic nerves (autoreceptors), have been described in animal and human bronchi in vitro. We investigated whether these receptors may be involved in feedback inhibition of cholinergic reflex bronchoconstriction induced by sulfur dioxide (SO2) in seven nonasthmatic atopic subjects and in six mild asthmatic subjects. In a control experiment, total respiratory resistance (Rrs) was increased by 30 +/- 5% in nonasthmatic and by 60 +/- 18% in asthmatic subjects. In nonasthmatic subjects, pilocarpine, an agonist of muscarinic M2-autoreceptors, increased Rrs by 15 +/- 5% and addition of SO2 increased Rrs to 21 +/- 5% above base line, which was not significantly greater than after pilocarpine alone. Histamine gave a comparable bronchoconstriction (25 +/- 3% increase in Rrs) and SO2 further increased Rrs to 39 +/- 6% above base line (P less than 0.05). Thus pilocarpine appears to inhibit SO2-induced bronchoconstriction in nonasthmatic subjects, and this effect is not explained by an increase in airway tone. In asthmatic subjects, pretreatment with pilocarpine increased Rrs by 31 +/- 8% and SO2 further increased Rrs to 88 +/- 17% above base line. SO2 alone gave a 60 +/- 18% increase in Rrs. Our results suggest that feedback inhibitory muscarinic receptors may be present on cholinergic nerves in normal airways and that there may be a dysfunction of this feedback mechanism in asthmatic airways. This might be contributory to exaggerated cholinergic reflex bronchoconstriction in asthma.
Ligand Discrimination in Signaling through an ErbB4 Receptor Homodimer (2000)

The epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like family of growth factors elicits cellular responses by stimulating the dimerization, autophosphorylation, and tyrosine kinase activities of the ErbB family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Although several different EGF-like ligands are capable of binding to a single ErbB family member, it is generally thought that the biological and biochemical responses of a single receptor dimer to different ligands are indistinguishable. To test whether an ErbB receptor dimer is capable of discriminating among ligands we have examined the effect of four EGF-like growth factors on signaling through the ErbB4 receptor homodimer in CEM/HER4 cells, a transfected human T cell line ectopically expressing ErbB4 in an ErbB-null background. Despite stimulating similar levels of gross receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, the EGF-like growth factors betacellulin, neuregulin-1beta, neuregulin-2beta, and neuregulin-3 exhibited different biological potencies in a cellular growth assay. Moreover, the different ligands induced different patterns of recruitment of intracellular signaling proteins to the activated receptor and induced differential usage of intracellular kinase signaling cascades. Finally, two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of ligand-stimulated ErbB4 revealed that the different growth factors induce different patterns of receptor tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that ErbB4 activation by growth factors is not generic and suggest that individual ErbB receptors can discriminate between different EGF-like ligands within the context of a single receptor dimer. More generally, our observations significantly modify our understanding of signaling through receptor tyrosine kinases and point to a number of possible models for ligand-mediated signal diversification.
Smoking-Associated DNA Methylation Biomarkers and Their Predictive Value for All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality (2015)

Zhang Y, Schöttker B, Florath I, Stock C, Butterbach K, Holleczek B, Mons U, Brenner H. 2016. Smoking-associated DNA methylation biomarkers and their predictive value for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Environ Health Perspect 124:67-74; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409020.
Gene Transfer to the Gastrointestinal Tract After Peroral Administration of Recombinant Adeno‐associated Virus Type 2 Vectors (2006)

Recombinant AAV2 are adversely affected by physiological conditions within the proximal GI tract. Gastric acid neutralization and inhibition of intestinal protease activity improved rAAV2 stability and increased the level of gene transfer within the GI tract. Despite these changes, transduction of the GI tract after peroral rAAV2 administration remained low.
Compatible Single Sideband (1961)

A compatible single-sideband (CSSB) wave is a new type of modulated wave which is compatible with existing AM receivers. Spectrum analysis and measurement indicate that if the CSSB system is applied to a conventional AM broadcast transmitter, a desired-to-undesired sideband ratio of slightly better than 30 db will be achieved under normal modulation conditions. Also described is a beat frequency problem which introduces a special type of undesired sideband component. This component falls extremely close to the carrier and should not be present during the vast majority of program conditions. Thus, the technique meets the requirement of theoretically distortion-free envelope characteristics with a good desired-to-undesired sideband ratio. Measurements are described which show the advantages of the system. It appears that the main advantage of the technique is to reduce co- and adjacent-channel interference effects. CSSB also provides a higher fidelity signal when received by conventional inexpensive broadcast receivers. The on-the-air tests indicated good listener acceptance of the new system. The system also appears to have applications in communications service where cost and size bar the use of conventional sideband techniques. The technique does not suffer from Doppler shift difficulties.
Determination of trace amounts of metalloprotein species in marine mussel samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric detection (1991)

Samples containing metalloproteins have previously been analysed on Sephadex gel-permeation macrocolumns with fraction collection and subsequent determination of the metal content by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. In this study, high-performance liquid cromatography has been directly coupled to inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for trace organometallic studies. The eluates from the gel-permeation columns are directly aspirated into the r.f. plasma torch after fixing the monochromator at a specific wavelength. Before atomic emission spectrometric analysis, the eluates pass through an ultraviolet detector in order to provide reference spectra. Data are presented concerning the evaluation of the zinc, copper and cadmium thionein contents of different tissues from marine mussels. Lamellibranch molluscs are often utilized as biological indicators in monitoring programmes. A comparison of the sulphur and metallic chromatograms shows the relationships between the whole group of sulphur-rich proteins and the metallothioneins.