gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Observation of aspherical particle rotation in Poiseuille flow via the resistance pulse technique. II. Application to fused sphere ``dumbbells'' (1973)

The presence of an insulating particle in an electrolyte-filled pore causes a fractional resistance change, ΔR / R = fv / V, where v / V is the ratio of particle to pore volume. The shape factor f is a function of particle shape and orientation. While traversing the pore, the particles will rotate in the shear of Poiseuille flow. As a result aspherical particles will exhibit periodic resistance variations and this effect has been observed directly using fused sphere ``dumbbells'' as test particles. The particle dynamics are found to be in agreement with simple hydrodynamic theory. The resistance effects for the dumbbells can be described in terms of an equivalent ellipsoid with an axis of symmetry to equatorial axis ratio of 1.25. On the other hand, the dumbbells are hydrodynamically well described in terms of an ellipsoid with an axis ratio of 2.4. The data indicate that strong orientation effects occur in the convergent entrance flow.
Beanplot: A Boxplot Alternative for Visual Comparison of Distributions (2008)

Boxplots and variants thereof are frequently used to compare univariate data. Boxplots have the disadvantage that they are not easy to explain to non-mathematicians, and that some information is not visible. A beanplot is an alternative to the boxplot for visual comparison of univariate data between groups. In a beanplot, the individual observations are shown as small lines in a one-dimensional scatter plot. Next to that, the estimated density of the distributions is visible and the average is shown. It is easy to compare different groups of data in a beanplot and to see if a group contains enough observations to make the group interesting from a statistical point of view. Anomalies in the data, such as bimodal distributions and duplicate measurements, are easily spotted in a beanplot. For groups with two subgroups (e.g., male and female), there is a special asymmetric beanplot. For easy usage, an implementation was made in R.
SelectiveN-Sulfation of Glucosamine Derivatives using Phenyl Chlorosulfate in Non-Aqueous Solvent (1996)

Abstract The selective N-sulfation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose derivatives having unprotected hydroxyl groups with phenyl chlorosulfate and triethylamine in anhydrous organic solvent followed by addition of aqueous sodium bicarbonate affords high yields of the 2-deoxy-2-sulfoamino-D-glucopyranose products.
CD38-Targeted Immunochemotherapy in Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A New Horizon (2015)

CD38 is a type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is highly expressed in multiple myeloma and is a promising target for immunotherapy. Daratumumab is a human monoclonal antibody that has potent anti-multiple myeloma activity both as monotherapy and in combination with other multiple myeloma treatments, and has breakthrough designation on this basis.
Neural Gonadal Steroid Actions (1981)

Neurons sensitive to gonadal steroids are located strategically within neural circuits that mediate behaviors broadly related to the reproductive process. Some neuronal events and properties are regulated by these hormones. Variability in the occurrence and distribution of particular neural hormonal sensitivities across species may be related to variations in the hormonal requirements for sexual differentiation and for activation of reproductive behaviors.
Biochemical effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in elderly, institutionalized, vitamin D-deficient patients. (1996)

Forty-five subjects (41 women and 4 men) in long-stay and medium-stay facilities, aged 74 to 95 years (mean 86.4 years), with 25-hydroxy-vitamin D levels less than 12 ng/ml, were treated for six consecutive months with two tablets per day of a preparation containing vitamin D3 (800 IU/day) and calcium carbonate (1 g elemental calcium/day). Serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D were very low at baseline (5.6 +/- 0.4 ng/ml) and rose significantly under treatment, to normal values, 33.2 +/- 1.2 and 40.9 +/- 2.1 ng/ml after three and six months, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Serum calcium increased significantly, by 4.5% (p < 0.001) during the first three months, and remained at a plateau thereafter. Corrected serum calcium rose by 8.9% (p < 0.001) during the trial. No patient developed hypercalcemia. Serum parathyroid hormone levels, which were elevated at baseline (71.6 +/- 5.8 pg/ml; normal, 12 to 54 pg/ml), decreased gradually and significantly throughout the treatment period, by 43.0% and 67.1% after three and six months, respectively (p < 0.001 for both comparisons). Serum alkaline phosphatase activity fell concomitantly, by 9.9% after three months (p < 0.01) and 36.5% after six months (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the preparation used in our study is effective in correcting both the vitamin D deficiency that is prevalent in elderly institutionalized patients and the resultant increase in bone turnover.
Remission of psoriasis associated with cutaneous nerve section (1971)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Weddell et al<sup>1</sup>have postulated a neural influence in the development of psoriatic lesions. The following case appears to substantiate an intimate relationship of nerve supply to psoriatic plaque formation, and seems unusual enough to warrant reporting. <h3>Report of a Case</h3> A 48-year-old physician had had common psoriasis for approximately ten years, very gradually increasing in extent, but rarely amounting to more than a minor nuisance. Typical sites were affected, including his scalp, nails, elbows, knees, and perineum. One particular problem had been development of psoriatic response following a blister on the palm of one hand, which took over a year to heal. Treatment had been minimal, consisting of emollients and occasional applications of coal tar. No ammoniated mercury, chrysarobin, or special diets were used, and triamcinolone had been applied only briefly to the palm lesion. In January 1968, surgery was required to remove a torn
Technical advances to genetically engineering human embryonic stem cells (2011)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are important to basic scientific research as an in vitro model system for the study of human development and to clinical research as an invaluable cell source for regenerative medicine. The ability to genetically engineer hESC is a critical resource as it facilitates many fundamental studies to understand gene regulation and cell development. These techniques include (1) unidirectional or reversible; (2) non-, pseudo- or completely site-specific; and (3) endogenous and/or pre-engineered DNA sequences modification; where each has its own strengths and limitations. This article reviews the various methodologies to genetically engineer hESC to achieve a stable gene insertion or deletion. We discuss the existing challenges of the well-established methodologies (lentivirus and Cre/loxP system), and further examine recent advances in this field, such as the latest genetic modifying tools (phiC31 integrase, PiggyBac transposase and zinc finger nucleases). We also propose new opportunities for future developments to aid genetic modifications of hESC, and new applications for future basic and therapeutic research in hESC.
Molecular and Functional Characterization of Cynomolgus Monkey IgG Subclasses (2010)

Studies for vaccine and human therapeutic Ab development in cynomolgus monkeys (cynos) are influenced by immune responses, with Ab responses playing a significant role in efficacy and immunogenicity. Understanding the nature of cyno humoral immune responses and characterizing the predominant cyno IgG types produced and the Fc-FcγR interactions could provide insight into the immunomodulatory effects of vaccines. Anti-drug Ab responses against human IgG therapeutic candidates in cynos may affect efficacy and safety assessments because of the formation of immune complexes. There is, however, limited information on the structure and function of cyno IgG subclasses and how they compare with human IgG subclasses in Fc-dependent effector functions. To analyze the functional nature of cyno IgG subclasses, we cloned four cyno IgG C regions by using their sequence similarity to other primate IgGs. The four clones, cyno (cy)IGG1, cyIGG2, cyIGG3, cyIGG4, were then used to construct chimeric Abs. The sequence features of cyno IgG subclasses were compared with those of rhesus monkey and human IgG. Our data show that rhesus monkey and cyno IgG C regions are generally highly conserved, with differences in the hinge and hinge-proximal CH2 regions. Fc-dependent effector functions of cyno IgG subclasses were assessed in vitro with a variety of binding and functional assays. Our findings demonstrate distinctive functional properties of cyno IgG subclasses. It is notable that human IgG1 was less potent than cyno IgG1 in cyno FcγR binding and effector functions, with the differences emphasizing the need to carefully interpret preclinical data obtained with human IgG1 therapeutics.
The growing incidence and severity ofClostridium difficileinfection in inpatient and outpatient settings (2010)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of nosocomial infections, with disease severity ranging from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. The incidence and severity of CDI has been on the rise over the last 10-20 years, with CDI being increasingly described outside healthcare settings and in populations previously thought to be at low risk. There has also been an increase in the morbidity, mortality and economic burden associated with CDI in the last several years. This increasing incidence and severity is thought to be at least partially due to frequent antibiotic use and the emergence of a hypervirulent C. difficile strain.
Ridge Regression: Biased Estimation for Nonorthogonal Problems (2000)

In multiple regression it is shown that parameter estimates based on minimum residual sum of squares have a high probability of being unsatisfactory, if not incorrect, if the prediction vectors are not orthogonal. Proposed is an estimation procedure based on adding small positive quantities to the diagonal of X′X. Introduced is the ridge trace, a method for showing in two dimensions the effects of nonorthogonality. It is then shown how to augment X′X to obtain biased estimates with smaller mean square error.
Radical formation site of cerebral complex I and Parkinson's disease (1995)

Paraquat was reduced to the paraquat radical via complex I in bovine cerebral mitochondria and accelerated lipid peroxidation. Thirty-kilodalton subunit of complex I was considered to be the radical formation site, because of its marked destruction by the paraquat radical. The lipid peroxidation by the paraquat radical was suppressed not only by superoxide dismutase (SOD) but also by mannitol. The destruction of complex I subunits via lipid peroxidation must have been caused by the hydroxyl radical which was formed from the superoxide radical. The same phenomenon was observed by using 1-methylnicotinamide (MNA), which contains the same partial structure as paraquat in itself and is metabolized from nicotinamide in a living body. We observed NADH oxidation by MNA via cerebral complex I (Km = 26.3 mM), and MNA destroyed some complex I subunits, especially 30-kilodalton protein. Paraquat might be useful for studying the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) in vitro, and MNA is expected to be one of the causal substances of PD from the viewpoint of the oxidative stress theory.
Effects of continuous microchip (MC) vagal neuromodulation on gastrointestinal function in rats. (2001)

Afferent fibers from gastrointestinal tract outnumber efferents ten times in vagal nerves. Modifying the afferent input makes possible to change discharge of vagal efferents affecting gastrointestinal functions in process known as neuromodulation (NM). Lately it has been used in the treatment of pain and hyperactive neurogenic bladder in urology. MC induced NM may therefore provide a concurrent to pharmacology tool, in treatment of gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long term neuromodulation procedure with use of MC on gastric motility, secretion and weight control in conscious rats. Experiments were performed on 30 Wistar male rats (250-350 g) divided in two groups: sham operated and microsurgically implanted with MC on left vagal nerve below diaphragm. Following stimulation parameters were used: frequency of 0.5-30 Hz, amplitude of 0.55 V, impulse duration of 10 ms in monophasic fashion. In both groups food intake and body weight were measured through the period of 2 weeks after recovery period. Then gastric fistula was implanted in gastric antrum and fasted gastric motility recorded with use of PowerLab system (Australia). Gastric emptying and secretion were also tested with use of phenol red and automatic titration methods. On the daily basis glucose level with standard test and leptin after MC implantation were measured. Recording of vagal activity in fasted rats showed burst of action potentials about 5 +/- 2.5 in period of 5000 sec, each burst with spike frequency up to 35 Hz. Food (5 ml of Intralipid--intragastrically) almost doubled amount of bursts to 12 +/- 5 in period of 5000 sec with increase in frequency at spike up to 50 Hz. MC induced vagal activity showed continuous spike activity similar to fed pattern. MC induced NM decreases daily food intake by 6% (33.6 +/- 4.8 vs control 35.5 +/- 4.8 g, p < 0.01). Body weight gain in rats before MC implantation decreased by 20% within 2 weeks after recovery (34.8 +/- 9.08 vs control 23.56 +/- 4.15 g). Fasting control glucose level also decreased of 5.5% (93.15 +/- 9.3 vs control 98.5 +/- 11.2 mg%, p < 0.05). Frequency of gastric contractions did not change significantly in MC versus control but amplitude of contractions increased of about 66.7% (2.0 +/- 0.8 vs 1.17 +/- 0.52) at the dominant frequency 0.08 Hz range and about 71.5% (1.17 +/- 0.35 vs 0.68 +/- 0.47, p < 0.05) at the frequency 0.12 Hz. in FFT analysis PowerLab (chart v = 4.01). BAO decreased by 29.25% without H+ concentration changes (0.2 +/- 0.14 vs 0.14 +/- 0.12 mmol/30 min, p < 0.05) but MAO did not change in MC rats (0.37 +/- 0.25 vs 0.42 +/- 0.28 mmol/30 min, p 0.05). Gastric emptying of isotonic solution increased by 10% (90.46 +/- 5.34 vs 80.39 +/- 9.95) percent of marker passing to duodenum/5 min, p < 0.0001). Our results suggest that MC induced NM affect brain-gut axis via influencing metabolic and gastric function and decreases body weight.
Breaking and entering through the silicon (2013)

As the surplus market of failure analysis equipment continues to grow, the cost of performing invasive IC analysis continues to diminish. Hardware vendors in high-security applications utilize security by obscurity to implement layers of protection on their devices. High-security applications must assume that the attacker is skillful, well-equipped and well-funded. Modern security ICs are designed to make readout of decrypted data and changes to security configuration of the device impossible. Countermeasures such as meshes and attack sensors thwart many state of the art attacks. Because of the perceived difficulty and lack of publicly known attacks, the IC backside has largely been ignored by the security community. However, the backside is currently the weakest link in modern ICs because no devices currently on the market are protected against fully-invasive attacks through the IC backside. Fully-invasive backside attacks circumvent all known countermeasures utilized by modern implementations. In this work, we demonstrate the first two practical fully-invasive attacks against the IC backside. Our first attack is fully-invasive backside microprobing. Using this attack we were able to capture decrypted data directly from the data bus of the target IC's CPU core. We also present a fully invasive backside circuit edit. With this attack we were able to set security and configuration fuses of the device to arbitrary values.
Analysis of deletions of the carboxyl terminus of the epidermal growth factor receptor reveals self-phosphorylation at tyrosine 992 and enhanced in vivo tyrosine phosphorylation of cell substrates. (1990)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contains a large C' terminus distal to the protein tyrosine kinase domain that is conserved among members of its extended gene family. To investigate the C' terminus, a series of mutant EGFR cDNAs encoding progressive C'-terminal deletions were prepared and expressed in null recipient B82L cells. In vivo self-phosphorylation was retained in receptors truncated to residues 1052 and 1022 which lack the three identified sites of tyrosine self-phosphorylation. Receptors truncated to residue 991 did not undergo in vivo self-phosphorylation. Purified 1022 truncated receptor was self-phosphorylated to the extent of 1 mol of phosphate/mol of receptor protein. The deduced additional site of tyrosine self-phosphorylation at residue 992 was confirmed by tryptic phosphopeptide mapping and protein sequencing. EGFRs deleted to give C'-terminal residues 1052, 1022, 991, and 973 exhibited enhanced EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of cell substrates in vivo, whereas deletion at residue 944 abolished all detectable EGF-stimulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation. These results indicate that ligand-induced self-phosphorylation is limited to the C' terminus of the EGFR and suggest that this region of the holoreceptor has an inhibitory function.
FMix: Enhancing Mixed Sample Data Augmentation (2020)

Mixed Sample Data Augmentation (MSDA) has received increasing attention in recent years, with many successful variants such as MixUp and CutMix. By studying the mutual information between the function learned by a VAE on the original data and on the augmented data we show that MixUp distorts learned functions in a way that CutMix does not. We further demonstrate this by showing that MixUp acts as a form of adversarial training, increasing robustness to attacks such as Deep Fool and Uniform Noise which produce examples similar to those generated by MixUp. We argue that this distortion prevents models from learning about sample specific features in the data, aiding generalisation performance. In contrast, we suggest that CutMix works more like a traditional augmentation, improving performance by preventing memorisation without distorting the data distribution. However, we argue that an MSDA which builds on CutMix to include masks of arbitrary shape, rather than just square, could further prevent memorisation whilst preserving the data distribution in the same way. To this end, we propose FMix, an MSDA that uses random binary masks obtained by applying a threshold to low frequency images sampled from Fourier space. These random masks can take on a wide range of shapes and can be generated for use with one, two, and three dimensional data. FMix improves performance over MixUp and CutMix, without an increase in training time, for a number of models across a range of data sets and problem settings, obtaining a new single model state-of-the-art result on CIFAR-10 without external data. Finally, we show that a consequence of the difference between interpolating MSDA such as MixUp and masking MSDA such as FMix is that the two can be combined to improve performance even further. Code for all experiments is provided at https://github.com/ecs-vlc/FMix .
Control topology options for single-phase UPS inverters (2002)

Several control topologies for single-phase UPS inverters are presented and compared, with the common objective of providing a dynamically stiff, low THD, sinusoidal output voltage. Full state feedback, full state command controllers are shown utilizing both filter inductor current and filter capacitor current feedback to augment output voltage control. All controllers presented include output voltage decoupling in a manner analogous to "back-EMF" decoupling in DC motor drives. Disturbance input decoupling of the load current and its derivative is presented. An observer-based controller is additionally considered, and is shown to be a technically viable, economically attractive option. The accuracy transfer function of the observer estimate is used to evaluate its measurement performance. Comparative disturbance rejection is evaluated by overlaying the dynamic stiffness (inverse of output impedance) frequency response of each controller on a single plot. Experimental results for one controller are presented.
New Reagents and Methods for the Synthesis of Internal and 3‘-Labeled DNA (2002)

The syntheses of two new nucleoside phosphoramidites containing a hydroxyl functionality masked by a levulinate protecting group are presented; N(4)-(2-(ethylene glycol-2-levulinate)ethyl)-5-methyl-5'-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-O-(2-cyanoethyldiisopropylphosphoramidite)-2'-deoxycytidine 1 and 5-(N-(6-O-levulinoyl-1-aminohexyl)-3(E)-acrylamido)-5'-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-(2-cyanoethyldiisopropylphosphoramidite)-2'-deoxyuridine 3. Optimization of solid-phase-supported synthetic parameters for incorporation of these into DNA, removal of the levulinate group by exposure to dilute hydrazine, and subsequent attachment of dye labels is described. Synthesis of the known compound 5-(N-(6-trifluoroacetylaminohexyl)-3(E)-acrylamido)-5'-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-3'-(2-cyanoethyldiisopropylphosphoramidite)-2'-deoxyuridine 2 (1), containing a masked amine at the end of an alkyl chain attached at the 5 position, was also revisited using new techniques developed for 3.
Revised Definition of Substrate Binding Sites of Papain-Like Cysteine Proteases (1998)

A review of kinetic and structural data has enabled us to reconsider the definition of substrate binding sites in papain-like cysteine proteases. Only three substrate binding sites, S2, S1 and S1', involve main as well as side chain contacts between substrate and enzyme residues. Interactions between the enzymes and the substrate P3 and P2' residues are based on side chains (an exception is cathepsin B which is a carboxydipeptidase), so their interaction surface spreads over a relatively wide area. The location and definition of substrate binding sites beyond S3 and S2' is even more questionable.
Injection of glycosylated recombinant simian IL-7 provokes rapid and massive T-cell homing in rhesus macaques (2009)

Interleukin-7 (IL-7), the principal cytokine implicated in thymopoiesis and peripheral T-cell homeostasis, is presently under evaluation in human diseases characterized by persistent lymphopenia. Unexpectedly, before the eventual IL-7-driven T-cell expansion, all treated patients showed a profound T-cell depletion 24 hours after injection. The current study uses the rhesus macaque model to investigate the mechanisms involved in this IL-7-induced T-cell depletion. We identify a new critical function of IL-7 that induces massive and rapid T-cell migration from the blood into various organs, including lymph nodes, parts of the intestine, and the skin. This homing process was initiated after the induction of chemokine receptor expression by circulating T cells and the production of corresponding chemokines in target organs. Finally, we demonstrate that the IL-7-induced cell cycling is initiated within these organs before T cells migrate back into the bloodstream, indicating that T-cell homing is required for in vivo IL-7 function.