gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial Photoaging of Triterpenes Studied by Graphite-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2000)

Seven triterpenes were selected for study of their photoaging behavior by graphite-assisted laser-desorption/ionization mass spectrometry as the primary analytical tool. The triterpenes serve as simplified reference systems for complex triterpenoid resins, which are used as varnishes on paintings. Some of the triterpenes are main components of such natural resins; others were chosen for their particular functional groups or carbon skeleton to evaluate specific influences on the aging process. Progressive aging resulted in incorporation of oxygen and simultaneous loss of hydrogen, recognizable in the mass spectra by the appearance of signals with mass increments of 14 and 16 Da. Degradation of aging products also led to compounds with lower masses than the initial triterpenes. The general aging behavior of the triterpenes studied was found to be rather similar, although differences in reactivity, and, therefore, in the extent of oxidation were found, depending on the functional groups. Compounds with aliphatic ketone groups were much more reactive under the test conditions than others. A mixture of five triterpenes showed the highest reactivity. Yellowing, an important aspect of aging with regard to varnishes on paintings, was found to be related to a general breakdown of the initial triterpenes and was not caused by a single compound.
More monensin-sensitive, ammonia-producing bacteria from the rumen (1989)

Two monensin-sensitive bacteria which utilized carbohydrates poorly and grew rapidly on amino acids were isolated from the bovine rumen. The short rods (strain SR) fermented arginine, serine, lysine, glutamine, and threonine rapidly (greater than 158 nmol/mg of protein per h) and grew faster on casein digest containing short peptides than on free amino acids ().34 versus 0.29 h(-1)). Gelatin hydrolysate, an amino acid source containing an abundance of long peptides, was unable to support growth or ammonia production, but there was a large increase in ammonia production if strain SR was cocultured with peptidase-producing ruminal bacteria (Bacteroides ruminicola or Streptococcus bovis). Cocultures showed no synergism with short peptides. Strain SR washed out of continuous culture ().1 h(-1)) at pH 5.9. The irregularly shaped organisms (strain F) deaminated glutamine, histidine, glutamate, and serine rapidly (greater than 137 nmol/mg of protein per min) and grew faster on free amino acids than on short peptides ().43 versus 0.21 h(-1)). When strain F was provided with casein or gelatin hydrolysate and cocultured with peptidase-producing bacteria, there was a more than additive increase in ammonia production. Strain F grew in continuous culture (0.1 h(-1)) when the pH was as low as 5.3. The irregularly shaped cells and short rods were present at less than 10(9)/ml in vivo, but they ahd very high specific activities of ammonia production (greater than 310 nmol of ammonia/mg of protein per min) and could play an important role in ruminal amino acid fermentation.
Neuroprotection targets after traumatic brain injury (2006)

Clearly, finding treatments for traumatic brain injury is not going to be easy and is evidently going to require numerous trials. The good news is that we are closer to finding one or more methods for treating traumatic brain injury patients.
Probing Electron Transfer in Flavocytochrome P‐450 BM3 and Its Component Domains (1996)

Rapid events in the processes of electron transfer and substrate binding to cytochrome P-450 BM3 from Bacillus megaterium and its constituent haem-containing and flavin-containing domains have been investigated using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The formation of a blue semiquinone flavin form occurs during the NADPH-dependent reduction of the flavin domain and a species with a similar absorption maximum is also seen during reduction of the holoenzyme by NADPH. EPR spectroscopy confirms the formation of the flavin semiquinone. The formation of this semiquinone is transient during fatty acid monooxygenation by the holoenzyme, but in the presence of excess NADPH the species reforms once fatty acid is exhausted. Electron transfers through the reductase domain are too rapid to limit the fatty acid monooxygenation reaction. The substrate-binding-induced haem iron spin-state shift also occurs much faster than the Kcat at 25 degrees C. The rate of first electron transfer to the haem domain is also rapid; but it is of the order of 5-10-times larger than the Kcat for the enzyme (dependent on the fatty acid used). Given that two successive electron transfers to haem iron are required for the oxygenation reaction, these rates are likely to exert some control over the rate of fatty acid oxygenation reactions. The presence of large amounts of NADPH also results in decreased rates of electron transfer from flavin to haem iron. In the difference spectrum of the active fatty acid hydroxylase, features indicative of a high-spin iron haem accumulate. These are in accordance with the presence of large amounts of an Fe(3+)-product bound enzyme during turnover and indicate that product release may also contribute to rate limitation. Taken together, these data suggest that the catalytic rate is not determined by the accumulation of a single intermediate in the reaction scheme, but rather that it is controlled in a series of steps.
An acoustic resonance measurement cell for liquid property determinations up to 250 °C (2012)

This paper reports on the development of a compact, rugged, and portable measurement cell design for the determination of liquid sound speed at temperatures up to 250 °C and pressures up to 3000 psi. Although a significant amount of work exists in the literature on the characterization of fluids, primarily pure water, over a wide range of pressures and temperatures, the availability of experimentally determined sound speed in water between 100 °C and 250 °C is very limited. The need to measure sound speed in liquids up to 250 °C is of both fundamental interest, as in the case of basic equations of state, and applied interest, such as for characterizing geothermal or petroleum downhole environments. The measurement cell reported here represents an advancement in the established room temperature swept frequency acoustic interferometry measurement for liquid sound speed determinations. The paper details the selection of materials suitable for high temperature operation and the construction of the measurement apparatus. Representative sound speeds as a function of temperature and pressure are presented and are shown to be in very good agreement with an internationally accepted standard for water sound speed.
Purification and properties of 4-hydroxybutyrate coenzyme A transferase from Clostridium aminobutyricum (1991)

A new coenzyme A (CoA)-transferase from the anaerobe Clostridium aminobutyricum catalyzing the formation of 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA from 4-hydroxybutyrate and acetyl-CoA is described. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by standard techniques, including fast protein liquid chromatography under aerobic conditions. Its molecular mass was determined to be 110 kDa, and that of the only subunit was determined to be 54 kDa, indicating a homodimeric structure. Besides acetate and acetyl-CoA, the following substrates were detected (in order of decreasing kcat/Km): 4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA, butyryl-CoA and propionyl-CoA, vinyl-acetyl-CoA (3-butenoyl-CoA), and 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA. In an indirect assay the corresponding acids were also found to be substrates; however, DL-lactate, DL-2-hydroxybutyrate, DL-3-hydroxybutyrate, crotonate, and various dicarboxylates were not.
Authenticated multicast immune to denial-of-service attack (2002)

Authentication of multicast streams has attracted a lot of attention in the last few years. However, two important issues, namely multicast denial-of-service and access control, have been ignored in previous proposals. In this paper, we propose two Internet Protocol multicast authentication schemes by making use of the multicast tree as an essential authentication mechanism. Our schemes are efficient and immune to multicast denial-of-service attack. They allow the receivers to immediately authenticate the packets regardless of the packet loss characteristics of the underlying network.
Peptide and Small Molecules Rescue the Functional Activity and Agonist Potency of Dysfunctional Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor Polymorphisms, (2007)

The melanocortin pathway, specifically the melanocortin-4 receptor and the cognate endogenous agonist and antagonist ligands, have been strongly implicated in the regulation of energy homeostasis and satiety. Genetic studies of morbidly obese human patients and normal weight control patients have resulted in the discovery of over 70 human melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) polymorphisms observed as both heterozygous and homozygous forms. A number of laboratories have been studying these hMC4R polymorphisms attempting to understand the molecular mechanism(s) that might explain the obese human phenotype. Herein, we have studied 13 polymorphic hMC4Rs that have been identified to possess statistically significant decreased endogenous agonist potency with synthetic peptides and small molecules attempting to identify ligands that can pharmacologically rescue the hMC4R polymorphic agonist response. The ligands examined in this study include NDP-MSH, MTII, Ac-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 (JRH887-9), Ac-Anc-DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 (amino-2-naphtylcarboxylic acid, Anc, JRH420-12), Ac-His-(pI)DPhe-Arg-Trp-NH2 (JRH322-18), chimeric AGRP-melanocortin based ligands (Tyr-c[Cys-His-DPhe-Arg-Trp-Asn-Ala-Phe-Cys]-Tyr-NH2, AMW3-130 and Ac-mini-(His-DPhe-Arg-Trp)-hAGRP-NH2, AMW3-106), and the small molecules JB25 and THIQ. The hMC4R polymorphisms included in this study are S58C, N97D, I102S, L106P, S127L, T150I, R165Q, R165W, L250Q, G252S, C271Y, Y287Stop, and I301T. These studies resulted in the NDP-MSH, MTII, AMW3-130, THIQ, and AMW3-106 ligands possessing nanomolar to subnanomolar agonist potency at the hMC4R polymorphisms examined in this study. Thus, these ligands could generically rescue the potency and stimulatory response of the abnormally functioning hMC4Rs studied and may provide tools to further clarify the molecular mechanism(s) involving these receptor modifications.
Isolation of tobacco ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme cDNA in a yeast two‐hybrid system with tobacco ERF3 as bait and its characterization of specific interaction (2003)

Tobacco ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR3 (ERF3) is a member of the ERF-domain transcription factors and has a transcriptional repressor activity, whereas other ERF proteins show activation activity. To understand the regulation of ERF3-repressor activity, protein(s) were screened which interact with ERF3 in a yeast two-hybrid system. A partial sequence (B8) of NtUBC2, a tobacco ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme was isolated. This B8 specifically interacted with ERF3 in the yeast two-hybrid system. Further analyses revealed that the region unique to ERF3 interacted with B8. The physiological functions of NtUBC2 and the stability of ERF3 are discussed in relation to the regulation of the repression activity of ERF3.
Critical role of microglial NADPH oxidase‐derived free radicals in the in vitro MPTP model of Parkinson's disease (2003)

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) damages dopaminergic neurons as seen in Parkinson's disease. Although increasing evidence suggests an involvement of glia in MPTP neurotoxicity, the nature of this involvement remains unclear. Exploiting the advantage of cell culture systems, we demonstrated that microglia, but not astroglia, significantly enhanced the progression of MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Characterization of the temporal relationship between neurodegeneration and microglial activation demonstrates that reactive microgliosis resulting from MPTP-initiated neuronal injury, but not direct activation, underlies the microglia-enhanced MPTP neurotoxicity. Mechanistically, through the release of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species, microglia contribute to the progressive neuronal damage. Among the factors measured, the production of extracellular superoxide was the most prominent. NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, attenuated MPTP-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration only in the presence of glia. More importantly, dopaminergic neurons from mice lacking NADPH oxidase, a key enzyme for superoxide production in immune cells, are significantly more resistant to MPTP neurotoxicity than those from wild-type controls, and microglia dictate the resistance. This study demonstrates that reactive microgliosis triggered by MPTP-induced neuronal injury and NADPH oxidase-mediated superoxide production in microglia constitute an integral component of MPTP neurotoxicity. This study also suggests that NADPH oxidase may be a promising target for therapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease.
15세기 불교계의 동향과 기화에 의한 지눌 사상의 계승 (2016)

15세기는 유교적 이상 국가를 지향하며 등장한 조선왕조에 의해 불교계에 대한 억압 정책이 본격적으로 시행된 시대였다.
이러한 상황 속에서 불교계는 불교 고유의 종교적 의식을 설행하고, 퇴락한 사찰의 중건과 불서의 간행을 지속적으로 수행하는 한편 불교인의 입장에서 유학자들과 꾸준히 교유함으로써 불교적 전통이 존립할 수 있는 기반을 확보하고자...
Cell lines derived from mouse neural crest are representative of cells at various stages of differentiation (1991)

In order to study mammalian neural crest differentiation in vitro, a series of clonal neural crest (NC) cell lines have been generated by infection of migrating mouse neural crest cells with two recombinant retroviruses containing either the c-myc or N-myc proto-oncogenes. Many cell lines were generated which could be subdivided into three groups based on their appearance in culture. Eleven of these cell lines representative of each of the morphological groups were characterized for the expression of six antigenic markers expressed by neural cells. In addition, mRNA was prepared from these cell lines and analyzed for the expression of a number of neural specific genes. These analyses show that the cell lines are representative of the following cell types: (1) neural crest-like cell lines that do not differentiate in 10% serum; (2) progenitor cell lines, some of which can partially differentiate in culture; and (3) mature neuronal cell lines or bipotential cell lines. Southern blot analysis of DNA from these lines indicated that they have multiple integration sites for the provirus and suggest that phenotypically different cell types have arisen from a single cell. None of the cell lines showed any proliferative or morphological response to nerve growth factor (NGF), whereas over two-thirds of the lines showed both marked proliferative and morphological responses to fibroblast growth factor (FGF). These data indicate that we have generated a range of cell lines representative of a spectrum of mouse neural crest derivatives.
Studies on the PEGylation of Protein at a Specific Site: Sulfhydryl-PEGylation of 97Cys-IFN-gamma. (1996)

Human recombinant interferon-gamma(IFN-gamma) is not glycosylated at site 25 Asn or 97 Asn, but its bioactivity is the same as the native one. So we suppose that mutants 25/97Cys-IFN-gamma and PEG-25/97-Cys-IFN-gamma have the same bioactivity as native. By site-directed mutagenesis, the 97Cys-IFN-gamma was obtained and modified with a new PEGylation reagent which was prepared by us with a very simple method. The results were coincident with our previous supposition that mutagenesis at glycosylation site 97 from Asn to Cys and PEGylation at 97 Cys have no effect on the activity of IFN-gamma, which were about 7x10(6) IU/mg. If the work was of universal significance, it will be important both in theory and application. Therefore, further study will be done in the future.
Single molecule fluorescence in rectangular nano-apertures (2005)

Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy is used to investigate fluorescent molecules in solution diffusing in subwavelength rectangular apertures milled in Aluminium films. This rectangular shape allows to switch between a propagating and an evanescent excitation field within the aperture, leading to a significant tunability of the observation volume. Due to the vicinity of the metal surface, the fluorophore's molecular lifetime inside the aperture appears to be dramatically reduced whatever the excitation field is set to. However, for a properly tailored evanescent excitation field within the nanoaperture, the detected fluorescence rate per molecule is significantly enhanced as compared to open solution. This suggests that the observed molecular fluorescence enhancement is mainly due to the excitation near field within the subwavelength aperture.
Potent antitumor activity of a urokinase-activated engineered anthrax toxin (2003)

The acquisition of cell-surface urokinase plasminogen activator activity is a hallmark of malignancy. We generated an engineered anthrax toxin that is activated by cell-surface urokinase in vivo and displays limited toxicity to normal tissue but broad and potent tumoricidal activity. Native anthrax toxin protective antigen, when administered with a chimeric anthrax toxin lethal factor, Pseudomonas exotoxin fusion protein, was extremely toxic to mice, causing rapid and fatal organ damage. Replacing the furin activation sequence in anthrax toxin protective antigen with an artificial peptide sequence efficiently activated by urokinase greatly attenuated toxicity to mice. In addition, the mutation conferred cell-surface urokinase-dependent toxin activation in vivo, as determined by using a panel of plasminogen, plasminogen activator, plasminogen activator receptor, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-deficient mice. Surprisingly, toxin activation critically depended on both urokinase plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen in vivo, showing that both proteins are essential cofactors for the generation of cell-surface urokinase. The engineered toxin displayed potent tumor cell cytotoxicity to a spectrum of transplanted tumors of diverse origin and could eradicate established solid tumors. This tumoricidal activity depended strictly on tumor cell-surface plasminogen activation. The data show that a simple change of protease activation specificity converts anthrax toxin from a highly lethal to a potent tumoricidal agent.
Immunohistochemical localization of gastrin/CCK‐B receptors in the dog and guinea‐pig stomach (1997)

Gastrin/CCK-B receptors are involved in the regulation of several types of cells of the gastric mucosa, including the parietal cells, the ECL cells and the D cells. In this study, we aimed at localizing such receptors in the gastric mucosa. For this purpose, we prepared monospecific antibodies against two sequences of the canine gastrin/CCK-B receptor. Sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded corpus and antrum from dog and guinea-pig were immunostained with these antibodies. In parallel, sections were stained with antibodies against somatostatin. Staining with gastrin/CCK-B receptor antibodies was observed in a few, small epithelial cells in the bottom part of the corpus mucosa. Immunoreactive cells of the antral mucosa were structurally similar, but more frequent. The same cells also stained with somatostatin antibodies. In addition one of the gastrin/CCK-B antibodies reacted with canine submucosal smooth muscle cells. No staining was observed in sections exposed to antibodies that were pre-absorbed with the corresponding antigen. We conclude that gastrin/CCK-B receptors are present in D cells of the gastric mucosa and in submucosal smooth muscle cells.
Social theories of environmental reform (2008)

The Information Society literature and the studies on the Information Age paid only marginal attention to environmental questions. During the 1970s and 1980s, this ‘environmental omission’ can be seen as representative for the wider social sciences, rather than an anomaly of this particular literature. But ‘the environmental question’ was not completely absent from the social sciences. During the late 1960s, and especially the 1970s – that is, parallel in time to the emerging Information Society debate – several social sciences witnessed the emergence of relatively small environmental subdisciplines: within sociology, political sciences, economics, and later also within anthropology and law. Strongly triggered by social developments in Western industrialised societies, social scientists started to reflect on a new category of phenomena: the changing relations between nature and society and the reflection of modern society on these changing relations.
ReScan, a Multiplex Diagnostic Pipeline, Pans Human Sera for SARS-CoV-2 Antigens (2020)

Serologic assays are needed to determine SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence, but poor specificity can overestimate exposures. Here, we built a pan-human coronavirus proteome-wide programmable phage display assay (VirScan) to profile coronavirus antigens specifically enriched by 20 COVID-19 patient serum IgG. With ReScan, a new diagnostic development workflow which combines the isolation of phage expressing the most immunogenic peptides with paper-based microarrays manufactured via acoustic liquid handling, we identified 9 candidate antigens from a library of 534 SARS-CoV-2 peptides. These arrays could form the basis of a multiplexed COVID-19 serologic assay with enhanced specificity. ReScan has broad applicability for serologic assay development.
Human-computer non-interaction (2014)

Presumably, technology non-use is not an activity. However, in reference to Actor-Network Theory we argue that non-use may be considered an activity. For instance, rejecting or disregarding technology requires activity of human actors, who undermine the goal of non-human actors (such as technology) of being used. In this paper we present some aspects of Actor-Network Theory that we think are relevant in this context and describe what they may contribute to better understand non-use. Afterwards, we illustrate some examples of non-use, followed by a discussion why we consider non-use an activity.
Cross Olefin Metathesis for the Selective Functionalization, Ferrocenylation, and Solubilization in Water of Olefin-Terminated Dendrimers, Polymers, and Gold Nanoparticles and for a Divergent Dendrimer Construction (2008)

Olefin cross metathesis was used to efficiently functionalize polyolefin dendrimers, polymers, and gold nanoparticles using the second-generation Grubbs catalyst. In these structures, the tethers were lengthened to prevent the facile cross metathesis that otherwise predominates in polyolefin dendrimers having short tethers. This synthetic strategy allows the one-step access to polyacid, polyester, and polyferrocenyl structures from polyolefins. Cross metathesis is also used to efficiently achieve an iterative divergent dendritic construction. All the cross metathesis reactions were monitored by 1H NMR showing the chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was a very useful technique to confirm the efficiency of this synthetic strategy.
A Generalized Query-by-Example Data Manipulation Language Based on Database Logic (1983)

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a Generalized-Query-By-Example (GQBE) data manipulation language (DML) that can be built on top of most existing databases (ie., relational, hierarchical, and network). The data manipulation language supports retrieval, insertion, deletion, and update operations and has a formal semantics based on database logic. It is also seen that GQBE can by used as a DML on external views of an integrated database. We also show the advantages of GQBE on heterogeneous databases over Zloof's QBE on relational external views.