gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization strategies for segmented Peltier coolers (2006)

Abstract Commercialisation of Peltier coolers has progressed during last years and special efforts have been undertaken to enhance the efficiency of thermoelectric (TE) devices. Along with the continued search for advanced TE materials, the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) offers a pathway to gradual improvement of device performance. Starting from the first principles of thermoelectricity in a 1D approach, a differential equation governing the coupling of thermal and electrical transports is applied here for modelling multi‐segment Peltier cooling elements within the framework of a constant parameters theory. With the constant material properties values in each segment representing volume average values of spatially varying non‐constant profiles, this model provides an approximation of excellent accuracy also for continuously graded elements. The work presents parameter studies on segmented Peltier elements based on material parameters close to real data thus revealing strategies for optimal design. As target parameters, the maximum C.O.P., maximum cooling power, and the maximum temperature difference have been determined for various shapes of gradients. Tendencies for favourite gradients of the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity have been found. Example calculations for a material with ZT ≈ 1 show an enhancement of the maximum temperature difference by up to 15% (13 K). (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Drugs as Research Tools in Psychology: Cholinergic Drugs and Aggression (1985)

A review of studies using cholinergic drugs as tools to investigate the neural mechanisms mediating affective and predatory aggressive behaviour reveals that the same two cholinergic systems are involved with both sorts of behaviour. There is a brain muscarinic system initiating aggression and a nicotinic system which inhibits aggressive behaviour. This evidence suggests that there could be two possible forms of cholinergic therapy for aggression, cholinolytics and nicotinic agonists. These possibilities are discussed.
COMPARATIVE GENOMIC HYBRIDIZATION (2005)

Altering DNA copy number is one of the many ways that gene expression and function may be modified. Some variations are found among normal individuals ( 14, 35, 103 ), others occur in the course of normal processes in some species ( 33 ), and still others participate in causing various disease states. For example, many defects in human development are due to gains and losses of chromosomes and chromosomal segments that occur prior to or shortly after fertilization, whereas DNA dosage alterations that occur in somatic cells are frequent contributors to cancer. Detecting these aberrations, and interpreting them within the context of broader knowledge, facilitates identification of critical genes and pathways involved in biological processes and diseases, and provides clinically relevant information. Over the past several years array comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) has demonstrated its value for analyzing DNA copy number variations. In this review we discuss the state of the art of array CGH and its applications in medical genetics and cancer, emphasizing general concepts rather than specific results.
Hydrodynamic orientation of cells. (1977)

Chicken erythrocytes orient when caught in the confluence of two sheath-liquid streams. Preliminary results indicate that this phenomena might be used to align cells for morphologic analysis in flow.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of CdS Nanoribbons (2005)

Rapid production of single crystalline CdS nanoribbons with hexagonal wurtzite phase has been achieved by thermal evaporation of CdS powder on Si wafers. The flow rate of the carrier (Ar) gas along with the synthesis temperature plays an important role in defining the size and shape of the CdS nanoribbons. Scanning electron and transmission electron microscopic observations revealed the nanoribbons to have a flat end as well as side surfaces which will make it ideal for optoelectronic devices such as nanolasers and light emitting diodes based on individual nanoribbons. The nanoribbons have widths within 200-400 nm and lengths approximately a few hundred micrometers. Room-temperature photoluminescence measurements show green emission centered at approximately 525 nm which may be ascribed to the near band edge emission. The Raman spectra of the CdS nanoribbons show peaks around 304, 609, 915, and 1220 cm(-1) corresponding to the first-, second-, third-, and fourth-order longitudinal optical phonon modes, respectively.
Efficient and Forward-Secure Identity-Based Signcryption. (2004)

Several signcryption schemes proposed in the literature are known to lack semantic security, and semantically secure signcryption schemes tend to be more computationally expensive. In fact, devising an efficient signcryption scheme providing both public verifiability and forward security was until now an open problem. In this paper, we show how a particular kind of signcryption scheme may become completely insecure when implemented with certain efficient instantiations of the Tate or Weil pairing. We also address the drawbacks of the secure schemes by proposing efficient, semantically and forward-secure signcryption schemes, in both transferable and non-transferable form, that can be realised on top of any pairing instantiation. As a bonus, we also derive from them a new, efficient identity-based signature scheme.
A Randomized, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Study of Intravenous Iron Isomaltoside 1,000 (Monofer) Compared With Oral Iron for Treatment of Anemia in IBD (PROCEED) (2013)

We could not demonstrate non-inferiority of IV iron isomaltoside 1,000 compared with oral iron in this study. Based on the dose-response relationship observed with the IV iron compound, we suggest that the true iron demand of IV iron was underestimated by the Ganzoni formula in our study. Alternative calculations including Hb and CRP should be explored to gauge iron stores in patients with IBD.
Alterations in p53 and p16 INK4 Expression and Telomere Length during Spontaneous Immortalization of Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Fibroblasts (1995)

Normal cells have a strictly limited growth potential and senesce after a defined number of population doublings (PDs). In contrast, tumor cells often exhibit an apparently unlimited proliferative potential and are termed immortalized. Although spontaneous immortalization of normal human cells in vitro is an extremely rare event, we observed this in fibroblasts from an affected member of a Li-Fraumeni syndrome kindred. The fibroblasts were heterozygous for a p53 mutation and underwent senescence as expected at PD 40. In four separate senescent cultures (A to D), there were cells that eventually recommenced proliferation. This was associated with aneuploidy in all four cultures and either loss (cultures A, C, and D) or mutation (culture B) of the wild-type (wt) p53 allele. Loss of wt p53 function was insufficient for immortalization, since cultures A, B, and D subsequently entered crisis from which they did not escape. Culture C has continued proliferating beyond 400 PDs and thus appears to be immortalized. In contrast to the other cultures, the immortalized cells have no detectable p16INK4 protein. A culture that had a limited extension of proliferative potential exhibited a progressive decrease in telomere length with increasing PD. In the culture that subsequently became immortalized, the same trend occurred until PD 73, after which there was a significant increase in the amount of telomeric DNA, despite the absence of telomerase activity. Immortalization of these cells thus appears to be associated with loss of wt p53 and p16INK4 expression and a novel mechanism for the elongation of telomeres.
Triacylglycerol synthesis in isolated fat cells. Evidence that the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase activities are dual catalytic functions of a single microsomal enzyme. (1976)

The acyl-CoA:sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.15) (glycerol-P acyltransferase) and acyl-CoA:dihydroxyacetone phosphate acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.42) (DHAP acyltransferase) activities were investigated in vitro in order to evaluate the quantitative contribution of the glycerol-P and DHAP pathways for the synthesis of triacylglycerols in isolated fat cells and to test the hypothesis that these two activities may be dual catalytic functions of a single enzyme. More than 85% of both acyltransferase activities was associated with the microsomal subcellular fraction. The microsomal glycerol-P acyltransferase activity showed an apparent Km of 8 muM for glycerol-P with a Vmax of 15.6 nmol/min/mg, while the DHAP acyltransferase activity showed an apparent Km of 40 muM for DHAP with a Vmax of 9.7 nmol/min/mg. Glycerol-P was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 7.2 muM) of the DHAP acyltransferase, and DHAP was a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 92 muM) of the glycerol-P acyltransferase. The two acyltransferase activities showed virtual identity in their pH dependence, acyl-CoA chain length dependence, thermolability, and inactivation by N-ethylmaleimide. Trypsin, detergents, collagenase, phospholipases, and various salts and organic solvents also had similar effects on both activities. Taken as a whole, the data strongly suggest that the microsomal glycerol-P and DHAP acyltransferase activities actually represent dual functions of a single enzyme. Calculations based on the above kinetic constants and previously reported glycerol-P and DHAP pools in adipocytes suggest that the in vivo ratio of glycerol-P to DHAP acylation should be greater than 24:1.
SCIENCE AS A POWERFUL PRACTICE (2003)

Geoffrey Cantor’s paper, “Quakers and Science: An Overview,” is a valuable study of the complications involved in forming a judgment about the participation of Quakers in science, relative to that of others. He points in particular to the difficulty of knowing the attitudes of those who have not addressed the subject in writing. What I found most interesting in the paper was his attention to the question of why Quakers tended to choose to study biology rather than physics, and in particular his thesis that observational sciences were preferred to mathematical ones due, on the one hand, to the high value placed on observation of nature for its own sake, and on the other to suspicion of the pride involved in speculative reason. Grace Jantzen’s paper scarcely mentions science, dealing instead with the role of Quakers in providing technological resources for the industrial revolution. It does have the value of raising the question of how to relate to morally ambiguous societal structures and powers. She asks whether the industrial revolution and the capitalist system with which it is associated was, on the whole, a good thing to which to contribute, and also points to the difficulties for pacifists in defining what does and does not constitute participation in warfare. The message I take from these two papers together is recognition of the complexity of judging social practices (such as science) and the difficulties of avoiding practices judged to be evil (e.g., warfare). So what I hope to do here is to provide some conceptual resources for thinking about the morality of science as a social practice. My chief resource is the ethical work of Alasdair MacIntyre. I shall correct and amplify his contribution using the works of Radical-Reformation theologians James McClendon and John Howard Yoder. In his highly acclaimed After Virtue MacIntyre set out to revive and repair the tradition of moral reasoning that focuses on the virtues. 1 The central problem for the virtue tradition is the fact that there are competing catalogues of virtues. For example, Quaker humility would have been counted a vice in many contexts in Ancient Greece, while for Aristotle, the exercise of theoretical reason was
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Characterization, Purification, And Their Possible Sources (1994)

One of the most consistent observations in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) disease is the disorganization and disruption of elastin and other matrix components of the aortic wall. The enzymatic basis for the biochemical features of AAA has been investigated beginning with the demonstration on substrate gel enzymography of a typical "profile" of proteinase activities in AAA tissue extracts which degrade gelatin, casein and elastin. A recombinant TIMP-1 affinity column was developed and three of the elastolytic/caseinolytic activities with approximate molecular weights of approximately 80 kDa, approximately 50 kDa and approximately 32 kDa were partially purified from these extracts. Affinity for rTIMP-1 suggests that these enzymes are members of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. High molecular weight forms of two MMPs, collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin-1 (MMP-3), were also isolated from the AAA tissue on this column; active forms of MMP-1 could be demonstrated by immunoblotting techniques in this preparation under reducing conditions. Infiltrating inflammatory cells are known sources of these proteolytic activities; analysis of these cell populations in the aneurysmal aortic wall using fluorescence-activated cell counting revealed a fifty-fold increase in macrophages (a well-known source of matrix-degrading enzymes) as well as a significant increase in lymphocytes.
Homozygous Deletion Related to Alu Repeats inRLBP1Causes Retinitis Punctata Albescens (2006)

Because of the high density of Alu elements in RLBP1, a systematic search should be made for deletions in this gene when one or both alleles lack point mutations, in the case of RPA or flecked retinal dystrophy.
Differential responses of tumors and normal brain to the combined treatment of 2-DG and radiation in glioablastoma (2009)

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), an inhibitor of glucose transport and glycolysis, enhances radiation damage selectively in tumor cells by modulating damage response pathways resulting in cell death in vitro and local tumor control. Phase I and II clinical trials in patients with malignant glioma have shown excellent tolerance to a combined treatment of orally administered 2-DG and hypofractionated radiotherapy without any acute toxicity and late radiation damage. Phase III efficacy trials are currently at an advanced stage. Re-exploratory surgery performed in 13 patients due to persistent symptoms of elevated ICP and mass effect at different follow-up periods revealed extensive tumor necrosis with well-preserved normal brain tissue adjoining the tumor included in the treatment volume as revealed by a histological examination. These observations are perhaps the first clinical evidences for differential effects of 2-DG on tumors and normal tissues in conformity with earlier in vitro and in vivo studies in normal and tumor-bearing mice.
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ regulatory T cells are increased whilst CD3+CD4−CD8−αβTCR+ Double Negative T cells are decreased in the peripheral blood of patients with multiple myeloma which correlates with disease burden (2009)

Increased levels of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (T(Reg) cells) have been found in a variety of solid tumours and haematological malignancies. In multiple myeloma (MM), evidence suggests that T(Reg) cells are increased though controversy exists with regards to their function and no relationship to disease stage and treatment has been demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate significantly elevated levels of functional CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T(Reg) cells in a large cohort of patients with MM as well as monoclonal gammopathy of uncertain significance (MGUS) in comparison to age-matched, healthy controls. The frequency of Double Negative T(Reg) cells was also evaluated, demonstrating that these cells were reduced in patients with MM. Furthermore, a characteristic profile of immunomodulatory cytokines in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of patients with MM and MGUS was demonstrated, compared with healthy controls. This data adds further evidence to the understanding of the role of T(Reg) cell subsets in tumour immunology and the fundamentals of the host/tumour immune conflict.
Protection of Cattle Against Rinderpest with Vaccinia Virus Recombinants Expressing the HA or F Gene (1988)

Rinderpest is a highly contagious ruminant viral disease manifested by a rapid course and greater than 90% mortality. Infectious vaccinia virus recombinants were constructed that express either the hemagglutinin or the fusion gene of rinderpest virus. All cattle vaccinated with either recombinant or with the combined recombinants produced neutralizing antibodies against rinderpest virus and were protected against the disease when challenged with more than 1000 times the lethal dose of the virus.
Photodetection in the visible, ultraviolet, and near-infrared with silicon microdischarge devices (2002)

The photosensitivity of 50 and 100 μm square microdischarge devices having an inverted pyramidal Si cathode has been demonstrated and characterized in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared (350–1200 nm). When operating with 500 Torr of Ne, (100 μm)2 microdischarge devices exhibit responsivities of 700±150 and 570±120 A W−1 at 850 and 660 nm, respectively, or more than an order of magnitude larger than peak values typical of commercially available Si avalanche photodiodes. Maximum sensitivity occurs in the 800–900 nm region for the larger (100 μm square) devices but is blueshifted to 600–650 nm for (50 μm)2 detectors. The peak response for the 50 μm square device is 950±250 A W−1 (at ∼625 nm), an increase of ∼35% over that for the (100 μm)2 detector. The experimental results indicate that the semiconductor photocathode determines the spectral response of the device whereas the plasma serves as an electron multiplier. The sensitivity and dynamic range of this new hybrid semiconductor/plasma photodetector suggest that arrays of microdischarge photodetectors are potentially valuable for spectroscopic and biochemical applications.
Antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase: prevalence in neurological diseases (2001)

Prevalence of GAD65Ab was around 80% in patients with SMS/PERM compared with 5% in patients with OND and 1% in normal controls. Prevalence of GAD67Ab was 60% in SMS/PERM, 2% in patients with OND, and 1% in normal controls. Raised GAD-Ab clustered in an OND subgroup with sporadic progressive ataxia, but not in OND subgroups with recognised neuroimmunological diseases. In conclusion, increased GAD-Ab is neither a non-specific epiphenomenon of neuronal damage nor a common feature of recognised neuroimmunological disorders. In neurological diseases, GAD-Ab may be a pathogenetic agent or a marker for an ongoing autoimmune process, or both.
Robust neural-network control of rigid-link electrically driven robots (1998)

A robust neural-network (NN) controller is proposed for the motion control of rigid-link electrically driven (RLED) robots. Two-layer NN's are used to approximate two very complicated nonlinear functions. The main advantage of our approach is that the NN weights are tuned on-line, with no off-line learning phase required. Most importantly, we can guarantee the uniformly ultimately bounded (UUB) stability of tracking errors and NN weights. When compared with standard adaptive robot controllers, we do not require lengthy and tedious preliminary analysis to determine a regression matrix. The controller can be regarded as a universal reusable controller because the same controller can be applied to any type of RLED robots without any modifications.
Comparison of different tissue cultures for isolation and quantitation of influenza and parainfluenza viruses (1979)

Rhesus and cynomolgus monkey kidney tissue cultures and two continuous lines, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) and LLC-MK2, were compared in titrations and isolations of influenza and parainfluenza viruses. Tube cultures were inoculated with laboratory virus strains or stored patient specimens and observed for hemadsorption. Trypsin was added to the medium of the continuous lines to increase sensitivity. All four tissue cultures gave similar titers of influenza A/USSR (H1N1), A/Texas (H3N2), and B/HK, but lower titers of parainfluenza 1, 2, and 3 were observed with MDCK. Cynomolgus kidney was the best single tissue culture for reisolation of the six viruses, but foamy-virus contamination of many lots was a serious problem. Reisolation of influenza viruses was as successful with MDCK as with primary monkey kidney. LLC-MK2 was similar to rhesus kidney but less successful than cynomolgus kidney. For reisolation of parainfluenza viruses, LLC-MK2 was superior to rhesus monkey kidney and similar to cynomolgus kidney. MDCK was less useful for parainfluenza viruses. Thus, LLC-MK2 would be an acceptable single tissue alternative to primary monkey kidney. The combination of MDCK and LLC-MK2 would provide optimal sensitivity for isolation of all six viruses.
Discovery of 8-Amino-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazines as Reversible BTK Inhibitors for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis (2015)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) is a Tec family kinase with a well-defined role in the B cell receptor (BCR) pathway. It has become an attractive kinase target for selective B cell inhibition and for the treatment of B cell related diseases. We report a series of compounds based on 8-amino-imidazo[1,5-a]pyrazine that are potent reversible BTK inhibitors with excellent kinase selectivity. Selectivity is achieved through specific interactions of the ligand with the kinase hinge and driven by aminopyridine hydrogen bondings with Ser538 and Asp539, and by hydrophobic interaction of trifluoropyridine in the back pocket. These interactions are evident in the X-ray crystal structure of the lead compounds 1 and 3 in the complex with the BTK enzyme. Our lead compounds show desirable PK profiles and efficacy in the preclinical rat collagen induced arthritis model.
The Molecular Pathogenesis of Corticotroph Tumors (1999)

I. Introduction A. Origin of tumors: hypothalamus vs. pituitary B. Clonality of pituitary tumors II. Protooncogenes III. Tumor Suppressor Genes A. p53 B. p16/CDKN2/MTS1/INK4 and Rb1 C. p27/KIP1/CDKN4 D. MEN1 E. hZAC F. NM23 G. Other tumor suppressor genes IV. Specific Genes A. Regulatory receptor genes B. Cytokines and growth factors C. Developmental genes V. Miscellaneous A. Other genes B. Methylation VI. Perspectives: Old and New Tools for Understanding Pituitary Pathogenesis A. Transgenic/knockout animal models VII. Conclusions
Systemic cytokine levels and the effects of etanercept in TNF receptor-associated periodic syndrome (TRAPS) involving a C33Y mutation in TNFRSF1A (2005)

The cytokine profile of C33Y TRAPS differs from that of a typical autoimmune inflammatory condition such as rheumatoid arthritis, as only IL-6 and IL-8 were elevated in C33Y TRAPS patients, as distinct from a generalized elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, only some of the C33Y patients tested showed a relationship between elevated IL-6 and CRP. This is consistent with clinical observations that there is marked heterogeneity between individuals with TRAPS, including those in the same family cohort. Although etanercept has a therapeutic effect in some TRAPS patients, it induces increased plasma concentrations of TNF-alpha, possibly by increasing TNF-alpha stability.