gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of α-Gustducin in Taste Bud Populations of the Rat and Hamster (1997)

The G-protein subunit alpha-gustducin, which is similar to rod transducin, has been implicated in the transduction of both sweet- and bitter-tasting substances. In rodents, there are differences in sensitivity to sweet and bitter stimuli in different populations of taste buds. Rat fungiform taste buds are more responsive to salts than to sweet stimuli, whereas those on the palate respond predominantly to sweet substances. In contrast, hamster fungiform taste buds are more sensitive to sweet-tasting stimuli. Taste buds in the vallate and foliate papillae of both species are sensitive to bitter compounds. These differences in sensitivity should be reflected in the numbers of gustducin-containing cells in different taste bud populations. We examined taste buds in the rat and hamster for immunoreactivity to an antibody against alpha-gustducin. Immunofluorescence of labeled taste cells was examined by confocal microscopy, and the cells were counted. Gustducin-positive cells were seen in all taste bud regions; they were spindle-shaped, with circular cross-sections and apical processes that extended to the taste pore. Cells with this characteristic shape in rat vallate taste buds are Type II (light) cells. In the rat, taste buds of the fungiform papillae had fewer gustducin-positive cells (3.1/taste bud) than those of other regions, including the posterior tongue and palate (>8.9/taste bud). Hamster fungiform taste buds contained twice as many gustducin-expressing cells (6.8/taste bud) as those of the rat. These data support the hypothesis that alpha-gustducin is involved in the transduction of both sweet- and bitter-tasting stimuli by mammalian taste receptor cells.
A first in human trial of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, MS-275, in advanced solid tumor and lymphoma patients. (2004)

2452 We have conducted a first in human Phase I trial using MS-275, an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor, in advanced solid tumors and lymphoma patients. The trial initially used a daily x 28, repeated every 6 weeks, dosing schedule with an accelerated titration design, beginning at 2 mg/m2 (1/10th rat maximal tolerated dose [MTD]). However, in humans the MTD was immediately exceeded at the 1st dose level with grade 3 AST, hypophosphatemia, hypoalbuminemia, pleural effusion and epigastric pain. Preliminary PK analysis suggested that the t1/2 of MS-275 in humans is substantially longer than preclinical species predicted to account for this finding. A once q14 day schedule was then implemented, starting at 2 mg/m2 with 2 mg/m2 increments. Twenty-seven patients have been enrolled on the q14 day schedule. The first course severe adverse events observed were CTC grade 3 nausea, fatigue, anorexia, and vomiting. Frequent grade 1-2 toxicities include fatigue, nausea, hypoalbuminemia, headache, thrombocytopenia, anorexia, neutropenia, and dyspepsia. The MTD was observed at 10 mg/m2 and the DLTs were nausea, anorexia and fatigue. The detailed pharmacokinetics study is underway and will be presented. Furthermore, by immunofluorescent analysis, increased histone H3 acetylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is apparent at all dose levels. Based on these data, a new oral schedule, weekly x 4, repeated every six weeks is presently being evaluated.
Stem Cells Hear Call of Injured Tissue (2000)

In animal models, injected stem cells travel to tissue injured by stroke, Alzheimer's-like plaques, contusions, or spinal cord bruises, sometimes traversing long distances. Several teams reported these surprising results this month at the Society for Neuroscience annual meeting. No one knows exactly how stem cells detect these different kinds of damage, but researchers hope that the cells' migratory powers can be harnessed to either replace dead tissue or deliver therapeutics right where they're needed.
Human B1 cells in umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood express the novel phenotype CD20+CD27+CD43+CD70− (2011)

B1 cells differ in many ways from conventional B cells, most prominently in the production of natural immunoglobulin, which is vitally important for protection against pathogens. B1 cells have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune dyscrasias and malignant diseases. It has been impossible to accurately study B1 cells during health and illness because the nature of human B1 cells has not been successfully defined. This has produced controversy regarding the existence of human B1 cells. Here, we determined the phenotype of human B1 cells by testing sort-purified B cell fractions for three fundamental B1 cell functions based on mouse studies: spontaneous IgM secretion, efficient T cell stimulation, and tonic intracellular signaling. We found that a small population of CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+) cells present in both umbilical cord and adult peripheral blood fulfilled these criteria and expressed a skewed B cell receptor repertoire. These B cells express little or no surface CD69 and CD70, both of which are markedly up-regulated after activation of CD20(+)CD27(-)CD43(-) (naive) and CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(-) (memory) B cells. This work identifies human B1 cells as CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-). We determined that the proportion of B1 cells declines with age, which may contribute to disease susceptibility. Identification of human B1 cells provides a foundation for future studies on the nature and role of these cells in human disease.
The Material Properties of Gelatin Gels (1975)

Abstract : A collection of physical and mechanical properties have been examined for 20% gelatin gels made from Pharmagel A. Among those parameters measured are density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, specific capacitance, ultrasonic wave velocity, and coefficient of rolling friction. The critical field strength above which electrical properties change radically is documented. An equivalent passive circuit model is proposed. Fracture stress and elastic modulii are measured. Shear stress at fracture and shear modulii are measured. Fracture strains are also documented for many strain rates. The gelatin is examined for piezo-electric effects and electro-optic effects which would modify its stress birefringence by application of an electric field. Surface polarization effects are also examined. The nature of the fracture surface as a function of crack propagation rate is characterized. A visco-elastic transition strain rate is also documented. Finally, changes of density with storage time at fixed temperature and humidity and changes of density with variations in composition are examined.
Flanking residues alter antigenicity and immunogenicity of multi-unit CTL epitopes (1996)

CD8+ CTL responses constitute a critical component for vaccines developed to eliminate intracellular pathogens. One approach to achieve broad CTL diversity is based on genetically linking immunogenic peptides from multiple proteins to form poly-epitope Ags. To address the influence of flanking residues on class I Ag presentation, H-2d-restricted HIV-1 and mouse hepatitis virus CTL epitopes were linked via various spacer residues. The resulting 20 to 31 amino acid peptides were expressed using recombinant vaccinia viruses to monitor both CTL recognition and induction. Our data indicate that recognition is profoundly influenced by the nature of intervening residues forming carboxyl-terminal flanks for one and amino-terminal flanks for the other epitope. Flanking amino acids with aromatic (tyrosine), basic (lysine), and small aliphatic side chains (alanine) supported efficient CTL recognition of both epitopes. By contrast, acidic and helix breaking residues (glycine, proline) specifically inhibited recognition of the adjacent amino-terminal epitope. Flanking residues inhibitory for recognition were also detrimental for CTL induction, suggesting similar processing mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. The ratios of peptide-specific CTL precursors primed by the tandem epitopes varied up to 50-fold depending on molecular context. These data demonstrate a substantial role of carboxyl-flanking residues in governing the efficiency of class I Ag presentation both in vitro and in vivo. The dramatic influence of flanking residues on the hierarchy of CTL responses indicates that CTL induction by poly-epitope Ags can be optimized by strategically linking epitopes via selection of appropriate spacer residues.
SAR and Optical Data Fusion for Change Detection (2007)

In this work, we devise a change detection technique for urban areas based on the fusion of temporal series of SAR images with a single multi-band optical image. The proposed technique aims at exploiting both the high repetition observation rate available with the new generation of SAR systems and the high level of details available even in a single multiband optical image. The approach has been validated by using a multitemporal set of ENVISAT SAR images and a couple of Quick Bird optical images, that are also used to provide evidence on the changes by visual inspection at high resolution. The preliminary results shown in the paper show the potentiality of the joint processing of SAR and optical images.
Target-Specific Precision of CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing (2018)

The CRISPR-Cas9 system has successfully been adapted to edit the genome of various organisms. However, our ability to predict the editing outcome at specific sites is limited. Here, we examined indel profiles at over 1,000 genomic sites in human cells and uncovered general principles guiding CRISPR-mediated DNA editing. We find that precision of DNA editing (i.e., recurrence of a specific indel) varies considerably among sites, with some targets showing one highly preferred indel and others displaying numerous infrequent indels. Editing precision correlates with editing efficiency and a preference for single-nucleotide homologous insertions. Precise targets and editing outcome can be predicted based on simple rules that mainly depend on the fourth nucleotide upstream of the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Indel profiles are robust, but they can be influenced by chromatin features. Our findings have important implications for clinical applications of CRISPR technology and reveal general patterns of broken end joining that can provide insights into DNA repair mechanisms.
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (2002)

This chapter contains sections titled: Of the Division of Labour Of the Principle which Gives Occasion to the Division of Labour Of the Natural and Market Price of Commodities Note
Influence of alternating magnetic field on respiration of sugar beet seeds (2008)

A b s t r a c t. The effect of 5 different methods of sugar beet seed treatment on seed vigour was examined. The methods were: rubbing, conditioning, alternating magnetic field treatment, rubbing in combination with alternating magnetic field treatment, conditioning in combination with alternating magnetic field treatment. Some treatments influencing the true sugar beet seed inside the pericarp (conditioning, conditioning with 16 Hz treatment) caused an increase of seed respiration on the 1st day of germination. The average respiration increased during the 3 days of the experiment. Only two seed treatments – conditioned and conditioned together with magnetic field treatment – reached their maximum respiration on the 2nd day after the beginning of germination.
Parabolic Growth of a Self‐Replicating Hexadeoxynucleotide Bearing a 3'‐5'‐Phosphoamidate Linkage (1991)

A novel type of autocatalytic growth, which is distinguishable from exponential growth and has implications for theories on the origin of life, is revealed by self-replication experiments based on nonenzymatic template-directed reactions of oligonucleotide derivatives. The sketch on the right shows the general mechanism of a minimal system for self-replication.
Quantitation of marrow disease in neuroblastoma by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. (2001)

Measurement of tumor cells by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR of GD2 synthase has potential clinical utility, especially for the detection of minimal residual disease.
Acute hypertension after nitric oxide synthase inhibition is mediated primarily by increased endothelin vasoconstriction. (1996)

These studies indicate that the predominant mechanism of hypertension, at least in the acute phase, after acute nitric oxide synthase blockade with L-NAME is associated with a marked increase in ETA/ETB receptor activation rather than with increases in alpha 1, AT1 and V1/V2 receptor activation. It remains to be determined whether endothelin participates also in the chronic phase of nitric oxide-deficient hypertension.
CHEMICAL FORCE MICROSCOPY (1997)

▪ Abstract Atomic force microscopy is an imaging tool used widely in fundamental research, although it has, like other scanned probe microscopies, provided only limited information about the chemical nature of systems studied. Modification of force microscope probe tips by covalent linking of organic monolayers that terminate in well-defined functional groups enables direct probing of molecular interactions and imaging with chemical sensitivity. This new chemical force microscopy technique has been used to probe adhesion and frictional forces between distinct chemical groups in organic and aqueous solvents. Contact mechanics provide a framework to model the adhesive forces and to estimate the number of interacting molecular groups. In general, measured adhesive and frictional forces follow trends expected from the strengths of the molecular interactions, although solvation also plays an important role. Knowledge of these forces provides a basis for rationally interpretable mapping of a variety of chemical functionalities and processes such as protonation and ionization.
On IP-over-WDM integration (2000)

Expanding Internet-based services are driving the need for evermore bandwidth in the network backbone. These needs will grow further as new real-time multimedia applications become more feasible and pervasive. Currently, there is no other technology on the horizon that can effectively meet such a demand for bandwidth in the transport infrastructure other than WDM technology. This technology enables incremental and quick provisioning up to and beyond two orders of magnitude of today's fiber bandwidth levels. This precludes the need to deploy additional cabling and having to contend with right-of-way issues, a key advantage. Hence, it is only natural that over time optical/WDM technology will migrate closer to the end users, from core to regional, metropolitan, and ultimately access networks. At present, WDM deployment is mostly point-to-point and uses SONET/SDH as the standard layer for interfacing to the higher layers of the protocol stack. However, large-scale efforts are underway to develop standards and products that will eliminate one or more of these intermediate layers (e.g., SONET/SDH, ATM) and run IP directly over the WDM layer. IP over WDM has been envisioned as the winning combination due to the ability of the IP to be the common revenue-generating convergence sublayer and WDM as a bandwidth-rich transport sublayer. Various important concerns still need to be addressed regarding IP-WDM integration. These include lightpath routing coupled with tighter interworkings with IP routing and resource management protocols, survivability provisioning, framing/monitoring solutions, and others.
Preparation of a Carbon-Based Solid Acid Catalyst by Sulfonating Activated Carbon in a Chemical Reduction Process (2010)

Sulfonated (SO(3)H-bearing) activated carbon (AC-SO(3)H) was synthesized by an aryl diazonium salt reduction process. The obtained material had a SO(3)H density of 0.64 mmol·g-1 and a specific surface area of 602 m2·g-1. The catalytic properties of AC-SO(3)H were compared with that of two commercial solid acid catalysts, Nafion NR50 and Amberlyst-15. In a 10-h esterification reaction of acetic acid with ethanol, the acid conversion with AC-SO(3)H (78%) was lower than that of Amberlyst-15 (86%), which could be attributed to the fact that the SO(3)H density of the sulfonated carbon was lower than that of Amberlyst-15 (4.60 mmol·g-1). However, AC-SO(3)H exhibited comparable and even much higher catalytic activities than the commercial catalysts in the esterification of aliphatic acids with longer carbon chains such as hexanoic acid and decanoic acid, which may be due to the large specific surface area and mesoporous structures of the activated carbon. The disadvantage of AC-SO(3)H is the leaching of SO(3)H group during the reactions.
Therapeutic potential of somatic cell nuclear transfer for degenerative disease caused by mitochondrial DNA mutations (2014)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold much promise in the quest for personalised cell therapies. However, the persistence of founder cell mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations limits the potential of iPSCs in the development of treatments for mtDNA disease. This problem may be overcome by using oocytes containing healthy mtDNA, to induce somatic cell nuclear reprogramming. However, the extent to which somatic cell mtDNA persists following fusion with human oocytes is unknown. Here we show that human nuclear transfer (NT) embryos contain very low levels of somatic cell mtDNA. In light of a recent report that embryonic stem cells can be derived from human NT embryos, our results highlight the therapeutic potential of NT for mtDNA disease, and underscore the importance of using human oocytes to pursue this goal.
Differentiation-Dependent Expression of Connective Tissue GrowthFactor and Lysyl Oxidase Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Rat GranulosaCells* (2001)

Searching for novel genes involved in tissue remodeling during ovarian folliculogenesis, we carried out differential display RT-PCR (DDRT-PCR) on RNA from gonadotropin-stimulated rat granulosa cells (GC). GC from preantral and early antral follicles in immature rat ovaries were cultured in serum-free medium containing no hormone (control), recombinant human FSH (10 ng/ml), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT; 10(-6) M), or FSH plus DHT. Total cellular RNA was extracted from cells at 6, 12, 24, and 48 h of treatment for DDRT-PCR analysis, corresponding to an estimated 60% saturation of the messenger RNA (mRNA) population. Six distinct complementary DNA clones were obtained that reproduced the DDRT-PCR profile on a Northern blot of the corresponding RNA samples. Two of these clones detected transcripts that were strongly down-regulated by FSH. One corresponded to connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a cysteine-rich secreted protein related to platelet-derived growth factor that is implicated in mitogenesis and angiogenesis, and a second was identical to lysyl oxidase (LO), a key participant in extracellular matrix deposition. In detailed expression studies, Northern analysis revealed a single, approximately 2.5-kb CTGF transcript maximally suppressed within 3 h of exposure to FSH with or without DHT and two LO transcripts ( approximately 3.8 and approximately 5.2 kb) maximally suppressed at 6 h. DHT alone did not affect CTGF mRNA, but strongly enhanced LO mRNA relative to the control value. In vivo, CTGF and LO transcripts were significantly suppressed in GC 48 h after equine CG injection (10 IU, ip) compared with untreated controls and were further reduced 12 h after administration of additional 10 IU hCG to induce luteinization. In situ hybridization confirmed GC in preantral/early antral follicles as principal sites of CTGF and LO mRNA expression. We conclude that expression of CTGF and LO mRNAs is inversely related to GC differentiation. The encoded proteins probably have roles in the regulation of tissue remodeling and extracellular matrix formation during early follicular development.
A Novel Hybrid Angle Tracking Observer for Resolver to Digital Conversion (2006)

Resolvers are absolute angle transducers that are usually used for position and speed measurement in permanent magnet motors. An observer that uses the sinusoidal signals of the resolver for this measurement is called an Angle Tracking Observer (ATO). Current designs for such observers are not stable in high acceleration and high-speed applications. This paper introduces a novel hybrid scheme for ATO design, in which a closed-loop LTI observer is combined with a quadrature encoder. Finite gain stability of the proposed design is proven based on the circle theorem in input-output stability theory. Simulation results show that the proposed ATO design is stable in two cases where an LTI observer and an extended Kalman filter are unstable due to high speed and acceleration,. In addition, the tracking accuracy of our hybrid scheme is substantially higher than a single quadrature encoder.
An interferon-induced phosphodiesterase degrading (2'-5') oligoisoadenylate and the C-C-A terminus of tRNA. (1979)

A phosphodiesterase characterized by a generally higher activity on 2'-5' than on 3'-5' phosphodiester bonds was isolated from mouse L cells treated with interferon. A similar enzyme was purified from mouse reticulocytes. The phosphodiesterase 2'-PDi splits the 2'-phosphate bond of pppA2'p5'A2'p5'A, the oligonucleotide activator of ribonuclease F. The level of phosphodiesterase 2'-PDi is increased by interferon treatment of L cells. The phosphodiesterase was also shown to degrade the C-C-A terminus of tRNA and to reduce the amino acid acceptance of tRNA in cell-free extracts, thereby causing a tRNA-reversible inhibition of mRNA translation.
Molecular approaches to disease control (2003)

Recent advances in molecular biology, genomics, and immunology are revolutionizing our approach to managing infectious diseases of humans, livestock, and poultry. One of the most interesting additions to the armamentarium of research focusing on controlling infectious diseases has been a better understanding of how the host's innate immune system recognizes "danger" signals. Additionally, there has been recognition of the relationship between the innate and the specific arms of the immune system. For example, the recent discovery that CpG motifs can modulate immune responses has been used both as an adjuvant to enhance the responses to vaccines, as well as a direct immunostimulant to prevent infections. Using an Escherichia coli chicken model, we have been able to prevent cellulitis in chickens with CpG alone. Thus, CpG can be used immunoprophylactically to reduce infectious diseases. In addition, we will describe how CpG formulations with various antigens; recombinant proteins, peptides, and conventional vaccines can enhance immune responses to each of these different vaccine combinations. What is even more interesting is that CpG incorporation in vaccines can shift the immune response from a predominant T helper 2 (Th2)-like immune response generally induced by killed or subunit proteins to a much more balanced Th1-Th2 response. These immunomodulatory effects have significant implications for management of infectious diseases of all vertebrates.
Sonic Stereometry in Microsurgical Procedures for Deep-Seated Brain Tumors and Vascular Malformations (1993)

A frameless computerized navigating system was successfully employed in 20 cases of open microsurgical operations on deep-seated brain tumors and vascular malformations. Localization in space was made by measuring the traveling time of sonic waves (24 kHz) in air. This allowed the construction of mechanically simple, lightweight freehand targeting instruments. The tips can be localized with a measuring accuracy of +/- 1 mm intracranially on the basis of computed tomographic scans. This thoroughly redesigned sonic stereometrical device is being optimized for everyday use; magnetic resonance imaging, digital substraction angiography, and other diagnostic modalities will be implemented. Some perspectives on "computer-aided (neuro)surgery" are discussed.