gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Methyl Esterification of Free Fatty Acids of Rapeseed Oil as Treated in Supercritical Methanol. (2001)

Commercially available crude oils and fats contain on average 0.5-3% free fatty acids. These free fatty acids are known to react with the alkaline catalyst and form saponified products during transesterification reactions for biodiesel fuel production in the conventional commercial process. Purification of the products therefore becomes necessary after the reaction. In addition, it causes a longer production process and increases the production costs. For this aspect, supercritical methanol method without using any catalyst is evaluated in this work for reaction of free fatty acids. As a result, complete conversion is achieved for saturated fatty acids to methyl esters at temperatures above 400°C, whereas for unsaturated fatty acids, lower temperature of 350°C is appropriate, and higher temperature resulted in a degradation of the products. Consequently, a conversion of free fatty acids to methyl esters is highest, over 95%, when treated at 350°C. Fortunately, this temperature treatment is also most appropriate for transesterification of triglycerides. Thus, the overall conversion process of rapeseed oil to methyl esters is concluded to be adequate at 350°C. This finding supports the superiority of supercritical methanol method on biodiesel fuel production, compared with the conventional method, in which the production process becomes much simpler and increases the total yield due to the methyl esters produced from free fatty acids.
p-Aminobenzoate synthesis in Escherichia coli: Mutational analysis of three conserved amino acid residues of the amidotransferase PabA (1993)

p-Aminobenzoate synthesis in Escherichia coli requires three enzymes, PabA, PabB, and PabC, acting respectively as glutaminase, chorismate aminase, and 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate aromatase. PabA requires stoichiometric amounts of PabB to display glutaminase activity. PabA has conserved cysteine (C79), histidine (H168), and glutamate (E170) residues that have been suggested in the analogous anthranilate synthase to form a type of catalytic triad in an acylenzyme mechanism. Mutations at each of these residues of PabA lead to the following observations. C79S PabA has 40-fold lower kcat and 10(4) lower kcat/Km with no detectable acylenzyme accumulation in steady-state turnover (vs wild-type PabA at 0.56 mol fraction of gamma-glutamyl-enzyme). H168Q has no catalytic activity and does not compete with wild-type PabA for PabB (this may indicate a folding defect). Four E170 mutants give three outcomes. E170D and E170A yield active PabA species, down 4-fold and 150-fold, respectively, in kcat/Km ratios from wild-type PabA. E170Q has no detectable glutaminase activity but does bind to PabB in competition with wild-typoe PabA while E170K has neither detectable catalytic activity nor the ability to be recognized by PabB.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Sporadic Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome Plasmas Induce Apoptosis in Restricted Lineages of Human Microvascular Endothelial Cells (1997)

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and sporadic hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) are thrombotic microangiopathies that occur in the absence of an inflammatory response. Ultrastructural features of tissues involved in TTP/sporadic HUS suggest an apoptotic process. Consistent with these findings, we observed that TTP plasmas induce apoptosis in primary human endothelial cells (EC) of dermal microvascular but not umbilical vein origin (Laurence et al, Blood 87:3245, 1996). We now document the ability of plasmas from both TTP and sporadic HUS patients, but not from a patient with childhood/diarrhea-associated HUS, to induce apoptosis and expression of the apoptosis-associated molecule Fas (CD95) in restricted lineages of microvascular EC. EC of small vessel dermal, renal, and cerebral origin were susceptible to induction of Fas and an apoptotic cell death. In contrast, microvascular EC of pulmonary and hepatic origin, as well as EC of a large vessel, coronary artery, were resistant to both processes. This dichotomy parallels the in vivo pathology of TTP/sporadic HUS, with notable sparing of the pulmonary and hepatic microvasculature. Apoptotic EC also had some features of a procoagulant phenotype, including depressed production of prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin). These phenomena support the pathophysiologic significance of microvascular EC apoptosis in TTP, extend it to a related disorder (sporadic HUS), and suggest consideration of apoptosis inhibitors in the experimental therapeutics of these syndromes.
Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a DR4/1 peptide. (2000)

Primary and booster injections of the DR4/1 peptide containing the shared epitope were safe and did not broadly suppress immune function.
Using Response Interruption and Redirection to Promote On-Task Behaviors in Physical Education and Physical Activity (2021)

Despite the large body of literature and advocacy for evidence-based behavior management practices when working with children, explicit steps and strategies for implementing such practices are less common. This may be a barrier for practitioners working with children with disabilities and unique behavioral needs within physical education and other physical activity settings. This article introduces response interruption and redirection within physical education and physical activity settings and provides practical steps and strategies for how teachers and other practitioners can redirect a variety of off-task behaviors.
24-Port and 36-Port Antenna Cubes Suitable for MIMO Wireless Communications (2008)

We describe 24-port and 36-port antennas based on a cube structure. The antennas are formed by densely packing individual antennas onto a cube. The 24-port antenna cube has a volume of 0.72 lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> while the 36-port antenna has a volume of 1.13 lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . Even though the individual antennas are densely packed, most combinations of mutual couplings between ports exhibit better than -20 dB isolation. The basic 24-port cube antenna is formed by utilizing cross polarized quarter-wave slots at the cube edges. This provides polarization diversity on every edge of the cube, and both spatial and polarization diversities on the entire structure, leading to good isolation. Additionally 6 pairs of half-wave slot antennas are placed on each surface of the cube to provide 12 extra ports and therefore form our 36-port antenna. The cube antennas are made from FR-4 printed-circuit-boards (PCB), which is low-cost and allows ease of prototyping. The proposed cubes are investigated by simulation and measurement. One potential application for the cube antennas is in multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) wireless communication systems. The expected channel capacity of the 36-port cube with both mutual coupling and channel correlation considered is between 131-159 b/s/Hz at an SNR of 20 dB per receiver branch (compared to an ideal channel capacity of 197 b/s/Hz) when MIMO channels in a rich scattering environment with sufficient multipath are available.
Cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts of myofibroblasts: role in connective tissue remodeling (2003)

It is presently accepted that fibroblast/myofibroblast modulation represents a crucial step in granulation tissue contraction and in the production of the connective tissue deformations typical of fibrocontractive diseases. In addition to synthesizing extracellular matrix (ECM) components, myofibroblasts can develop tensile force through the neoformation of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) containing cytoplasmic stress fibers. Tension has been shown to be a crucial regulator of connective tissue remodeling. In order to coordinate tension distribution within connective tissue, cell-matrix and cell-cell contacts appear essential. This review addresses the formation, molecular structure and function of such structures that are characterized by their association with intracytoplasmic actin filaments. Actin associated cell-matrix adhesions appear to provide the interface between ECM components and intracellular stress fibers, thus contributing to the transmission of force to the substrate and to the detection of stress level in the matrix. Cell-cell adherens junctions appear to synchronize myofibroblast contractile activity. Further studies investigating the functions of these structures will be important for the understanding of the mechanisms of granulation tissue evolution and for the planification of strategies in view of influencing connective tissue deformations.
Saccular aneurysm formation in curved and bifurcating arteries. (1999)

These data suggest that, in the absence of any underlying disease process, aneurysm development is a mechanically mediated event. These models offer a plausible hypothesis regarding the initiation, growth, and subsequent rupture of saccular intracranial aneurysms as they relate to the hemodynamics of intracranial arterial blood flow.
A controlled study of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus (1979)

Abstract The immunogenicity and potential for disease modification of pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus were evaluated in a controlled, double‐blind study. Forty patients were randomly chosen to receive an intramuscular injection of either vaccine or placebo. Changes in mean antibody concentrations (nanograms antibody nitrogen per milliliter serum) to 12 type‐specific pneumococcal capsular antigens from prevaccination to one month after vaccination were 177 to 1045 in the vaccine ( P &lt; 0.001) and 164 to 153 in the placebo‐treated patients. In the month after vaccination, neither vaccine nor placebo‐treated patients had a significant change in lupus disease activity as assessed by a composite clinical, laboratory, and serologic index. We conclude that patients with systemic lupus erythematosus can be successfully immunized with pneumococcal vaccine without detectable alterations of the underlying disease.
The economic impact of obesity in the United States (2010)

Abstract: Over the past several decades, obesity has grown into a major global epidemic. In the United States (US), more than two-thirds of adults are now overweight and one-third is obese. In this article, we provide an overview of the state of research on the likely economic impact of the US obesity epidemic at the national level. Research to date has identified at least four major categories of economic impact linked with the obesity epidemic: direct medical costs, productivity costs, transportation costs, and human capital costs. We review current evidence on each set of costs in turn, and identify important gaps for future research and potential trends in future economic impacts of obesity. Although more comprehensive analysis of costs is needed, substantial economic impacts of obesity are identified in all four categories by existing research. The magnitude of potential economic impact underscores the importance of the obesity epidemic as a focus for policy and a topic for future research. Keywords: obesity, economic impact, United States, economic cost
IRAF -- Image Reduction Analysis Facility (1999)

IRAF is a powerful and comprehensive environment for reducing and analyzing optical astronomical data. The system was developed by the IRAF group at National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) in Tucson, Arizona, who also maintain it (including the production of versions for new types of computer) and answer queries from users. It has its own file format, programming language, command language and on-line help documentation. The package can be installed on a number of platforms: Solaris (Beta-test version), SunOS, Ultrix and VMS are supported by the IRAF group, and there is a version for Alpha machines under OSF/1 which is maintained by the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). This Starlink User Note is intended as a brief introduction and a pointer to IRAF's own documentation. A walk through a short IRAF session is included as an example.
Bioprinting Toward Organ Fabrication: Challenges and Future Trends (2013)

Tissue engineering has been a promising field of research, offering hope for bridging the gap between organ shortage and transplantation needs. However, building three-dimensional (3-D) vascularized organs remains the main technological barrier to be overcome. Organ printing, which is defined as computer-aided additive biofabrication of 3-D cellular tissue constructs, has shed light on advancing this field into a new era. Organ printing takes advantage of rapid prototyping (RP) technology to print cells, biomaterials, and cell-laden biomaterials individually or in tandem, layer by layer, directly creating 3-D tissue-like structures. Here, we overview RP-based bioprinting approaches and discuss the current challenges and trends toward fabricating living organs for transplant in the near future.
The Use of Fluorescent Tracers for Inhibitor Concentration Monitoring Useful for Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Evaluation (2014)

Abstract A common problem, in oilfield reservoirs is mineral scale deposition. The build-up of scale inside well bores and the surrounding reservoir causes millions of dollar in damage every year. The most common remedy is to treat the formation of such minerals with scale inhibitor chemicals in a "squeeze" treatment; which is performed periodically. One of the big challenges remains the real-time and on-site control of inhibitor concentration during production. A simple and accurate method to determine the concentration of inhibitors has been developed; this method is based on the use of luminescent tracers. The multiple lifetimes as well as the differences shown in the emission and excitation spectra of the tracers appear to be suitable for the luminescence detection. The increased signal to noise ration due to the suppression of the background resulting from the organic oil residues is used to measure the concentration of residual inhibitors in production waters. Furthermore, the use of a technique as versatile and simple as luminescence spectroscopy allows the online and/or on-site monitoring with very limited drawbacks. This paper describes the use of novel real-time scale inhibitor monitoring; this new technique will help to optimize the treatment rates of the scale inhibitor squeeze treatment. Introduction Limescale (calcium carbonate) that deposits on the surface of well bore will, if untreated, reduce the efficiency of the exploitation, inducing corrosion of the production chain and ultimately leading to appliance failure. Indeed, pipework scale reduces the available cross-section area, and fluids are affected by increased pipe wall friction. A larger, more power-consuming pump will be required to maintain throughput volumes, but this can only be a temporary solution to the problem. A plant that needs to be shut down for cleaning costs millions of dollar in damage every year (Moghadasi, J. et al. 2004-A). The formation of a thin uniform layer of scale or wax temporarily gathers the steel corrosivity, but at long-term the stagnant conditions of deposit and electrochemical reactions will corrode the steel surfaces. The fluid leaks as well as the equipment failure have been expected with potentially dangerous consequences. Performed periodically, "squeeze" treatment is one of the most common remedies to treat the formation of such minerals. Treatment options include inhibitor chemicals, descalers, ion exchange, physical cleaning such as pipeline pigging (Collins, I.R. et al. 2001).
Indoor Single Camera SLAM using Fiducial Markers (2009)

In this paper, a SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) method using a single camera and planar fiducial markers is proposed. Fiducial markers are planar patterns that are mounted on the ceiling or wall. Each fiducial marker has a unique hi-tonal identification pattern with square outlines. It can be printed on paper to reduce cost or it can be painted using retro-reflective paint in order to make invisible and prevent undesirable visual effects. Existing localization methods using artificial landmarks have the disadvantage that landmark locations must be known a priori. In contrast, the proposed method can build a map and estimate robot location even if landmark locations are not known a priori. Hence, it reduces installation time and setup cost. The proposed method works good even when only one fiducial marker is seen at a scene. We perform computer simulation to evaluate proposed method.
High incidence of multinodular toxic goitre in the elderly population in a low iodine intake area vs. high incidence of Graves' disease in the young in a high iodine intake area: comparative surveys of thyrotoxicosis epidemiology in East‐Jutland Denmark and Iceland (1991)

Little is known about the optimum level of iodine intake for iodine supplementation programmes, or about the effects of the high levels of iodine intake that are found in some countries. We compared the incidence of different types of hyperthyroidism in East-Jutland Denmark with a low average iodine intake but no endemic goitre, and the incidence in Iceland with a relatively high iodine intake. Hyperthyroidism was more common in East-Jutland than in Iceland, due to a much higher incidence of multinodular toxic goitre and also of single toxic adenoma. Most of the patients with these diseases were over 50 years of age. By contrast, the incidence of Graves' disease was significantly higher in Iceland than in East-Jutland. This difference was most marked in the younger age groups, in which hyperthyroidism was more than twice as common in Iceland as in East-Jutland. These results demonstrate that even mild iodine deficiency has a significant effect on population health, since it leads to a high incidence of autonomous thyroid nodules with hyperthyroidism in the elderly population. However, population iodine intake probably should not exceed a level much higher than that necessary to avoid iodine deficiency, otherwise Graves' disease may be induced in the young population.
Catalytic Stereoselective Glycosidation with Glycosyl Diphenyl Phosphates: Rapid Construction of 1,2‐cis‐α‐Glycosidic Linkages (2008)

A commercially available 0.1 M solution of HClO(4) in dioxane has been shown to catalyze the glycosidation of glycosyl diphenyl phosphates. The per-O-benzyl-protected glucosyl and galactosyl donors and the 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-azido-2-deoxygalactosyl donor each react with a range of acceptor alcohols in the presence of 0.05-0.2 equiv of HClO(4) in dioxane/Et(2)O (1:1) to afford glycosides in good yields with good to excellent alpha selectivities. The synthetic utility of this glycosidation method was demonstrated by a stereoselective synthesis of the alpha-galactosylceramide KRN7000, an activator of natural killer (NK) T cells through CD1d molecules.
Type I-IFNs control GVHD and GVL responses after transplantation (2011)

Although the effects of type II-IFN (IFN-γ) on GVHD and leukemia relapse are well studied, the effects of type I-interferon (type I-IFN, IFN-α/β) remain unclear. We investigated this using type I-IFN receptor-deficient mice and exogenous IFN-α administration in established models of GVHD and GVL. Type I-IFN signaling in host tissue prevented severe colon-targeted GVHD in CD4-dependent models of GVHD directed toward either major histocompatibility antigens or multiple minor histocompatibility antigens. This protection was the result of suppression of donor CD4(+) T-cell proliferation and differentiation. Studies in chimeric recipients demonstrated this was due to type I-IFN signaling in hematopoietic tissue. Consistent with this finding, administration of IFN-α during conditioning inhibited donor CD4(+) proliferation and differentiation. In contrast, CD8-dependent GVHD and GVL effects were enhanced when type I-IFN signaling was intact in the host or donor, respectively. This finding reflected the ability of type I-IFN to both sensitize host target tissue/leukemia to cell-mediated cytotoxicity and augment donor CTL function. These data confirm that type I-IFN plays an important role in defining the balance of GVHD and GVL responses and suggests that administration of the cytokine after BM transplantation could be studied prospectively in patients at high risk of relapse.
Power system controller in an intelligent telecom rectifier plant (2003)

An intelligent power system controller (PSC) philosophy and concept for intelligent rectifier plants are presented. A modular, flexible control system is an ideal platform built for all necessary functions to fulfill all the requirements and the needs of owners, users, and operators of telecom plants. Changes or additions of functions are implemented only by software. High availability can be achieved by implemented fault tolerance. The reuse of high reliable, field installed and tested software blocks and functions is highly recommended.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Design/Methods & Tools (1998)

article Design/Methods & Tools: Designing for the Web: a survey Share on Author: Pawan R. Vora U S WEST, Communications, 931-14th Street, Suite 710, Denver, CO U S WEST, Communications, 931-14th Street, Suite 710, Denver, COView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 5Issue 3May/June 1998 pp 13–30https://doi.org/10.1145/275269.275272Online:01 May 1998Publication History 19citation3,349DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations19Total Downloads3,349Last 12 Months19Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
THE ANHYDRIDES OF ISOPHTHALIC AND TEREPHTHALIC ACIDS. (1909)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE ANHYDRIDES OF ISOPHTHALIC AND TEREPHTHALIC ACIDS.John E. Bucher and W. Clifton SladeCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1909, 31, 12, 1319–1321Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1909Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1909https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01942a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01942a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts