gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clinical relevance of amphiregulin and VEGF in primary breast cancers (2004)

The characterization of novel prognostic markers in breast cancer is necessary to improve the identification of high-risk populations. In our study, the prognostic significance of VEGF and amphiregulin (AR) was investigated and compared to conventional prognostic factors in primary breast cancers. The analysis was performed using enzyme-linked immuno-assay in a series of 193 patients, and univariate and multivariate analysis were performed in the overall population as well as in pre- and post-menopausal patients subdivided in node-negative (N-) and node-positive (N+) subsets. AR (median, 44.8 pg/mg protein) appeared strongly correlated with progesterone receptors (PgR) (p = 0.0018) in the premenopausal N+ population, and with uPA (p= 0.020) and VEGF (p= 0.0053) in the postmenopausal/N+ patients. Despite these attractive data, AR expression was not significant for recurrence or survival outcome. Data revealed strong correlation between VEGF and uPA, and PAI-1, in the N+ population. Moreover, patients with high VEGF levels displayed poor outcome, with an increased risk for N+ subset. These data were confirmed by multivariate analysis that presented histologic grade (HR, 10.55, p = 0.001) and VEGF (HR, 3.89, p = 0.03) as the prominent prognostic markers for overall survival for the N+ population. Furthermore, infiltrating ductal carcinomas (IDC) were shown to express higher levels of both uPA (p < 0.0001) and VEGF (p = 0.002) than intralobular carcinomas. This retrospective study reinforces the pejorative biological role of VEGF in the progression of breast tumors. Our data also suggest that VEGF and uPA might play particular role in the biology and progression of IDC.
Cutting Edge: Cell Surface Expression and Lipopolysaccharide Signaling Via the Toll-Like Receptor 4-MD-2 Complex on Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages (2000)

The human MD-2 molecule is associated with the extracellular domain of human Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and greatly enhances its LPS signaling. The human TLR4-MD-2 complex thus signals the presence of LPS. Little is known, however, about cell surface expression and LPS signaling of the TLR4-MD-2 complex in vivo. We cloned mouse MD-2 molecularly and established a unique mAb MTS510, which reacted selectively with mouse TLR4-MD-2 but not with TLR4 alone in flow cytometry. Mouse MD-2 expression in TLR4-expressing cells enhanced LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation, which was clearly inhibited by MTS510. Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages expressed TLR4-MD-2, which was rapidly down-regulated in the presence of LPS. Moreover, LPS-induced TNF-alpha production by peritoneal macrophages was inhibited by MTS510. Collectively, the TLR4-MD-2 complex is expressed on macrophages in vivo and senses and signals the presence of LPS.
DISCONTINUOUS TRANSCRIPTION AND ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN TRYPANOSOMES (1986)

The main theme of this review is the discontinuous synthesis of mRNAs in trypanosomes. This novel process was discovered in the unicellular eukaryote Trypanosoma brucei, but it is probably a general feature of the order of Kinetoplastida, to which several other major human pathogens belong. Discontinuous RNA synthesis involves a sequence of 35 nucleotides (nt) found at the 5' end of all trypanosome mRNAs analyzed. The 35-nt sequence is encoded in arrays of 1.35-kb repeats that are clustered in the genome. The primary transcript of the 1.35-kb repeat is an RNA of 140 nt that carries the 35-nt sequence at its 5' end. The 35-nt sequence is transferred from the 140-nt precursor to pre-mRNAs made elsewhere in the genome. The process has not yet been reconstructed in vitro, and whether transfer involves priming of pre-mRNA synthesis, RNA-RNA ligation followed by splicing, trans-splicing, or more than one of these mechanisms, is still unknown. Circumstantial evidence makes priming the least likely of these alternatives. Why it is advantageous to trypanosomes to make their mRNAs in such an unusual fashion is unclear. As yet, there is no evidence for discontinuous synthesis of mRNAs in organisms other than kinetoplastid flagellates. The mini-exon sequence was first found in mRNAs for Variant-specific Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs), and the control of the synthesis of these proteins is a second theme of this review. Silent VSG genes may be activated by their duplicative transposition to a telomeric expression site. The transposition process looks like a gene conversion, mediated by short blocks of sequence homology. Activation of the transposed gene is due to its insertion into an active transcription unit, i.e. to promoter addition. Telomeric VSG genes can also be activated without duplication. This can occur by a reciprocal translocation in which a silent telomeric gene exchanges position with a gene residing in an active expression site. A VSG gene may also be activated without detectable translocation, however, by the transcriptional activation of the silent expression site in which it is located. How this occurs is still unknown, because the transcription units are so long that the promoter for pre-mRNA synthesis has not yet been reached by chromosome walking. A simple mechanism in which a mobile promoter moves between telomeres has been rendered unlikely by the demonstration that two telomeric transcription units can be simultaneously active when one of them is interrupted by a large DNA insertion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
LSTM-based Encoder-Decoder for Multi-sensor Anomaly Detection (2016)

Mechanical devices such as engines, vehicles, aircrafts, etc., are typically instrumented with numerous sensors to capture the behavior and health of the machine. However, there are often external factors or variables which are not captured by sensors leading to time-series which are inherently unpredictable. For instance, manual controls and/or unmonitored environmental conditions or load may lead to inherently unpredictable time-series. Detecting anomalies in such scenarios becomes challenging using standard approaches based on mathematical models that rely on stationarity, or prediction models that utilize prediction errors to detect anomalies. We propose a Long Short Term Memory Networks based Encoder-Decoder scheme for Anomaly Detection (EncDec-AD) that learns to reconstruct 'normal' time-series behavior, and thereafter uses reconstruction error to detect anomalies. We experiment with three publicly available quasi predictable time-series datasets: power demand, space shuttle, and ECG, and two real-world engine datasets with both predictive and unpredictable behavior. We show that EncDec-AD is robust and can detect anomalies from predictable, unpredictable, periodic, aperiodic, and quasi-periodic time-series. Further, we show that EncDec-AD is able to detect anomalies from short time-series (length as small as 30) as well as long time-series (length as large as 500).
Polyacrylamide review: Soil conditioning and environmental fate (1994)

Abstract The adoption of polyacrylamide (PAM) in reducing irrigation‐induced erosion in California's San Joaquin Valley has been stymied by the lack of information about its toxicity and environmental fate. A review of the literature was conducted to bring to the forefront knowledge of polyacrylamide, its effectiveness in controlling erosion and its environmental fate. Polyacrylamide is a water‐soluble, high molecular weight synthetic organic polymer that primarily interacts with the clay fraction of soils. The degree of interaction depends on both the properties of the polymer and properties of the soil. It is effective in stabilizing soil aggregates, reducing soil erosion, and increasing water infiltration, and also has an indirect significant impact upon crop growth and yield. For the most part, polyacrylamide is resistant to microbial attack, and its degradation is mainly through physical breakdown. Polyacrylamide has been shown to be non‐toxic to humans, animals, fish, and plants; the only concern has been the toxicity of its residual monomer (acrylamide) content, which is a known neurotoxin to humans. The residual monomer is bio‐degradable and does not accumulate in soils. The major source of acrylamide that is released into the environment if from the use of polyacrylamide products, so the FDA regulates the residual monomer content of PAM used in food contact products. If the acrylamide content is kept to a minimum, PAM itself does not pose any environmental threat, and thus, can be used effectively as a soil conditioner.
Spectral and structural features of porous silicon prepared by chemical and electrochemical etching processes (1995)

The surface morphology of porous silicon, produced by both chemical and electrochemical means, is studied by scanning force microscopy. Observed surface features in the macroscopic range (larger than 30 μm) include etch pits as well as rings and plateaus which are associated with hydrostatic forces during the etching process. In the microscopic regime (several hundred nanometers to a few microns) small hillocks, around 1 μm in diameter and approximately 100 nm high, dominate the surface structure. Missing hillocks are associated with nascent etch pits and etch pit growth is suggested to occur in steps by the rapid corrosive attack on a destabilized hillock. The presence and shape of the hillocks are attributed to surface strain which collapses the etched material. The strain can become so large as to lift the porous silicon from the surface, damaging the sample. The fluorescent properties of these materials is also discussed.
Tau reduction prevents neuronal loss and reverses pathological tau deposition and seeding in mice with tauopathy (2017)

Accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau directly correlates with cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease and other primary tauopathies. One therapeutic strategy may be to reduce total tau expression. We identified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that selectively decreased human tau mRNA and protein in mice expressing mutant P301S human tau. After reduction of human tau in this mouse model of tauopathy, fewer tau inclusions developed, and preexisting phosphorylated tau and Thioflavin S pathology were reversed. The resolution of tau pathology was accompanied by the prevention of hippocampal volume loss, neuronal death, and nesting deficits. In addition, mouse survival was extended, and pathological tau seeding was reversed. In nonhuman primates, tau ASOs distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord and reduced tau mRNA and protein in the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid. These data support investigation of a tau-lowering therapy in human patients who have tau-positive inclusions even after pathological tau deposition has begun.
Treatment of prostatic carcinoma by gonadotropin inhibition with danazol. A preliminary report. (1980)

The effect of an oral gonadotropin agent--Danazol--on 5 patients with prostatic carcinoma was investigated. A phase 2 pilot study, using a combination of repeated clinical findings, hormone analyses and cytological examinations, allowed some assessment of results after 16 weeks. There was a marked fall in gonadotropin and testosterone serum levels in all patients. Despite a minor rate of cancer remission, results of clinical and cytological examinations were encouraging enough to stimulate further investigations.
Fluorescence probes for critical micelle concentration determination (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorescence probes for critical micelle concentration determinationE.D. Goddard, N.J. Turro, P.L. Kuo, and K.P. AnanthapadmanabhanCite this: Langmuir 1985, 1, 3, 352–355Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00063a015https://doi.org/10.1021/la00063a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6001Altmetric-Citations385LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Augmentation of antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity following in vivo therapy with recombinant interleukin 2. (1990)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAB) with tumor specificity are able to enhance the immunological specificity of interleukin 2 (IL-2)-activated lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells. Antibodies may also be used to broaden the range of tumor types susceptible to immune mediated cytotoxicity by the activated LAK cells. In these studies, mAB with relative tumor specificity were used to target immunologically activated effector cells in an in vitro antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay. The mAB included: 3F8 and 14.G2a, which are both specific for neuroblastoma and melanoma and recognize ganglioside GD2, and mAB ING-1, a mouse-human chimeric antibody with constant regions from human IgG1 and kappa chains and variable regions from a mouse mAB that binds to a broad range of human adenocarcinomas. Each of these mAB was able to mediate ADCC with fresh effector cells and antibody binding targets. When peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from cancer patients prior to and following in vivo therapy with interleukin 2, a significant increase was noted in ADCC activity by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained following IL-2 therapy. Inclusion of IL-2 in the medium during the cytotoxic assay with mAB further boosted ADCC. The total activity seen was often greater than the sum of the independent LAK activity and standard ADCC activity. The cells responsible for this ADCC had the CD16+ Fc receptor. Combining IL-2 with mAB in clinical tumor therapy may lead to a wider range of tumor types being responsive to immunotherapy and may also enhance the efficacy of therapy by specifically targeting activated effector cells to tumor cells recognized by mAB. Our results provide strong support for the testing of these hypotheses in clinical trials by combining in vivo treatment with IL-2 and mAB able to mediate ADCC.
Ink formulation and low‐temperature incorporation of sodium to yield 12% efficient Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2solar cells from sulfide nanocrystal inks (2012)

ABSTRACT Solution phase deposition methods offer great potential for low‐cost photovoltaic device fabrication. We have previously developed a method for copper indium gallium disulfoselenide (CIGSSe) device fabrication based on drop‐casting copper indium gallium disulfide (CIGS) nanocrystals in a toluene or hexane‐based ink followed by chalcogen exchange in elemental selenium vapor at 500 °C. By starting with the chalcopyrite or sphaelerite phase of CIGS nanocrystals with controlled stoichiometry, superior composition uniformity can be achieved inherently. Here, we present a dramatic improvement in ink formulation using alkanethiol as the solvent, which enables the ability to create uniform nanocrystal coatings over large areas using a simple knife coating technique. In addition, we show a major improvement in device performance by a simple and low‐temperature method of incorporating sodium into the CIGSSe film based on soaking the films in aqueous NaCl solution. The addition of sodium plays an important role in improving the structural properties of the resulting CIGSSe films, where large and densely packed grain can be obtained. The improved film morphology significantly reduces recombination losses in the resulting device leading to a dramatically enhanced device performance. With the use of standard glass/Mo/CIGSSe/CdS/i‐ZnO/ITO device structure, photovoltaic devices yield total area power conversion efficiency as high as 12.0% under AM1.5 illumination without an anti‐reflection coating. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.
Apoptosis-induced mitochondrial dysfunction causes cytoplasmic lipid droplet formation (2012)

A characteristic of apoptosis is the rapid accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets, which are composed largely of neutral lipids. The proton signals from these lipids have been used for the non-invasive detection of cell death using magnetic resonance spectroscopy. We show here that despite an apoptosis-induced decrease in the levels and activities of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, which occurs downstream of p53 activation and inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, the increase in lipid accumulation is due to increased de novo lipid synthesis. This results from inhibition of mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation, which coupled with an increase in acyl-CoA synthetase activity, diverts fatty acids away from oxidation and into lipid synthesis. The inhibition of fatty acid oxidation can be explained by a rapid rise in mitochondrial membrane potential and an attendant increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species.
In vivo proliferative and differential properties of murine bone marrow cells separated on the basis of rhodamine-123 retention. (1988)

We have studied the in vivo proliferation and differential properties of murine bone marrow cells (BMC) differing in mitochondrial activity. Following centrifugal elutriation, the cells were sorted on the basis of rhodamine-123 (Rh) fluorescence intensity within a predetermined light scatter window. Unfractionated BMC colonized the spleen with a characteristic preponderance of erythrocytic nodules upon infusion into heavily irradiated mice. In contrast, Rh-dull BMC formed few macroscopic spleen colonies up to day 12, but relatively more microscopic colonies when spleens were sectioned, and the majority of the colonies showed megakaryocytic (Meg) and/or granulocytic (G) differentiation. On day 16 many megakaryocytes were found in these spleens, and very large erythroid colonies had developed since day 12. In contrast, Rh-bright BMC were highly enriched for cells forming erythrocytic spleen colonies that disintegrated after day 12, but the percentage of G and Meg colonies was low. Spleens obtained from recipients of Rh-bright cells contained a negligible number of megakaryocytes on day 16. Apparently, the mitochondrial content of cells that form hemopoietic colonies in the spleen related to the onset and duration of their lineage expression, and to the relative sizes of the lineage compartments. Thus, the colony founders of the majority of spleen surface nodules observed on days 8 and 12 are cells with high mitochondrial activity forming transient erythrocytic nodules. Such spleen colonies represent the bulk of the countable nodules that form the basis of the widely applied murine "stem cell" assay.
A signal processor for high counting rate gamma ray spectroscopy with NaI(Tl) detectors (1988)

A high-counting-rate signal processor for prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) using NaI(Tl) detectors is described. The specific application is a very-low-rate, high-energy gamma ray in the presence of a high rate at lower energies, producing pile-up at the energy of interest. Several methods for improving counting-rate performance, such as shortening of the detector signal, baseline inspection, pile-up rejection and filtering, have been investigated and implemented. Experimental evaluation shows that the processor allows up to 400000 counts per second without significant distortion of the spectrum due to pile-up and with a minimum degradation of resolution. Through the use of an effective pulse-width-sensitive pile-up rejector, the pile-up effect has been further reduced by a factor of three, while rejecting less than 10% of valid counts. High data through put makes the processor applicable to online process control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Intracellular targeting therapy of cisplatin‐encapsulated transferrin‐polyethylene glycol liposome on peritoneal dissemination of gastric cancer (2002)

Peritoneal dissemination in gastric cancer is a common fatal clinical condition with few effective therapies available. We studied the therapeutic effect of a tumor-targeting drug delivery system that uses cisplatin-encapsulated and Tf-conjugated PEG liposomes (Tf-PEG liposomes) in nude mice with peritoneal dissemination of human gastric cancer cells. Small unilamellar Tf-PEG, PEG or DSPC/CH liposomes (bare liposomes) encapsulating cisplatin were prepared by reverse-phase evaporation followed by extrusion. Electron microscopic studies revealed that Tf-PEG liposomes were internalized into tumor cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. To examine the biodistribution of each liposome and cisplatin level, nude mice were inoculated i.p. with 10(7) MKN45P human gastric tumor cells. On the fourth day after tumor inoculation, (3)H-CHE-labeled and cisplatin-encapsulated Tf-PEG, PEG or bare liposome were inoculated i.p. The Tf-PEG liposome-administered group maintained high liposome and cisplatin levels in ascites and showed a prolonged residence time in the peripheral circulation. Uptake of Tf-PEG liposomes into the liver and spleen was significantly lower than that of bare liposomes. Uptake of Tf-PEG liposomes in disseminated tumor cells of ascites and the greater omentum was significantly higher than that of PEG or bare liposomes and a significant increase in cisplatin levels was observed in these tumor cells. Mice receiving Tf-PEG liposomes 1 and 4 days after the day of tumor inoculation showed significantly higher survival rates compared with those receiving PEG liposomes without Tf, bare liposomes or free cisplatin solution. These results suggest that cisplatin-encapsulated Tf-PEG liposomes may be useful as a new intracellular targeting carrier for treatment of gastric cancer with peritoneal dissemination.
Epigenetic therapy in myelodysplastic syndromes (2010)

The wide spectrum of clonal hematopoietic disorders that fall under the broad diagnostic category of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) consist of a family of bone marrow malignancies - with ineffective, inadequate, and dysplastic hematopoiesis, and with an increased risk of life-threatening infections, bleeding, and progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML) - that are characterized by a deep heterogeneity on the clinical, biologic and prognostic level. The intrinsic complexity of this group of disorders and the frequent association with one or more comorbidities have limited for many years the number of effective treatment options available: most patients are, indeed, still managed by supportive care measures, with just a minority of them being eligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which is still the only potentially curative modality. In the last two decades, the progressively better understanding of MDS biology has shown how an abnormal epigenetic modulation might play a crucial part in the pathogenesis and in the process of biologic evolution of these disorders. Moreover, pharmacological agents that target the so-called epigenome have shown a significant clinical activity for diverse hematologic malignancies, including MDS. The aim of this review is to highlight recent developments within the context of current knowledge of MDS and its altered epigenetic regulation and to recall the experimental steps that have brought to the clinical development and application of epigenetic modifiers, such as azacytidine and decitabine, trying to explain the biologic rationale for their use in this setting.