gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant disease susceptibility conferred by a “resistance” gene (2007)

The molecular nature of many plant disease resistance (R) genes is known; the largest class encodes nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) proteins that are structurally related to proteins involved in innate immunity in animals. Few genes conferring disease susceptibility, on the other hand, have been identified. Recent identification of susceptibility to the fungus Cochliobolus victoriae in Arabidopsis thaliana has enabled our cloning of LOV1, a disease susceptibility gene that, paradoxically, is a member of the NBS-LRR resistance gene family. We found LOV1 mediates responses associated with defense, but mutations in known defense response pathways do not prevent susceptibility to C. victoriae. These findings demonstrate that NBS-LRR genes can condition disease susceptibility and resistance and may have implications for R gene deployment.
Phenotypic and functional characterization of long-term culture- initiating cells present in peripheral blood progenitor collections of normal donors treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (1996)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilized peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) have successfully been used as stem cells for both autologous and allogeneic transplants. However, little is known concerning the absolute number and phenotype of primitive progenitors, such as long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-IC) in mobilized PBPC. The aim of our study was to evaluate the capacity of G-CSF to mobilize LTC-IC in the PB of normal individuals and to evaluate the phenotypic and functional characteristics of G-CSF mobilized LTC-IC. G-CSF was administered to 29 healthy volunteers at 7.5 micrograms or 10 micrograms/kg/d subcutaneously (SC) for 5 consecutive days and PBPC were harvested on day 6. Mobilization with G-CSF increased the absolute number of week 5 LTC-IC in PB 60-fold, while the number of CD34+ cells and committed colony forming cells (CFC) was increased sevenfold to 12-fold. The frequency of CFC and week 5 LTC-IC in CD34+ cells selected by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) from mobilized PBPC was 2 +/- 0.3-fold and 9 +/- 2.2-fold higher respectively than in CD34+ cells selected from unmobilized PBMNC. CFC were enriched in the CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+ populations. The absolute number of LTC-IC present in CD34+ CD38- and CD34+ HLA-DR- cells selected by FACS from either mobilized PBPC, unmobilized PBMNC or steady state bone marrow (BM) was similar (0.5% to 2%). In contrast to unmobilized PBMNC or steady state BM CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+ cells, which contain less than 0.1% LTC-IC, CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+ cells sorted from mobilized PBPC contained 0.5% to 5% of cells capable of sustaining hematopoiesis in long-term cultures for 5 weeks. However, 90% to 95% of LTC-IC present in mobilized CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+ cells were not able to sustain hematopoiesis for 8 weeks, while 30% of CD34+ CD38- and CD34+ HLA-DR- LTC-IC present in mobilized PBPC could sustain hematopoiesis for at least 8 weeks. This suggests that the majority of CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+ week 5 LTC-IC represent progenitors at an intermediate state of differentiation. We conclude that G-CSF effectively mobilizes LTC-IC in the blood of normal individuals. Although a fraction of these cells has functional characteristics similar to those of steady state PBMNC or BM LTC-IC, more than 85% of mobilized PBPC LTC-IC are CD34+ CD38+ and CD34+ HLA-DR+, capable of sustaining hematopoiesis for 5 weeks, but not for 8 weeks. The functional and phenotypic characterization of primitive and more mature populations of LTC-IC in mobilized PBPC should prove extremely useful in future studies examining the role of these progenitors in engraftment following transplantation.
Clinical induction of bone repair with demineralized bone matrix or a bone morphogenetic protein. (1989)

Treatment of orthopaedic lesions through induction of bone regeneration has produced promising results in laboratory animals and preliminary human trials. Both demineralized bone powder and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are being used clinically to treat bony defects without the need for an autogenous bone harvesting procedure. The historical perspective and laboratory rationale for osteoinduction is presented, as well as current and future clinical applications of demineralized bone powder and BMP.
Image enhancement in optical coherence tomographyusing deconvolution (1997)

A linear shift invariant system model describing coherent light-specimen interactions in optical coherence tomography is presented. Based on this model, an iterative deconvolution algorithm is demonstrated for enhancing the sharpness of optical coherence tomographic images of biological structures.
Presentation of mycobacterial antigens by human dendritic cells: lack of transfer from infected macrophages (1993)

When exposed to a challenge of 10 Mycobacterium bovis BCG cells per antigen-presenting cell, most human monocytes engulf several organisms. In contrast, blood dendritic cells which are potent antigen-presenting cells for several antigens are not detectably phagocytic for mycobacteria. We investigated the possibility that infected macrophages might regurgitate antigens for presentation by populations of human blood dendritic cells. Macrophages were infected with M. bovis BCG, mixed with uninfected dendritic cells, and added to immune T cells, either bulk T cells or cloned populations from BCG vaccinees or patients recovering from tuberculosis. The macrophages were from donors who were mismatched to the T cells so that transfer of antigen to major histocompatibility complex-matched dendritic cells could be evaluated. As we describe, there was no evidence for the transfer of mycobacterial antigens from macrophages to dendritic cells in a form that was stimulatory for the T cells.
An M2 Muscarinic Receptor Subtype Coupled to Both Adenylyl Cyclase and Phosphoinositide Turnover (1987)

To investigate whether a particular receptor subtype can be coupled to multiple effector systems, recombinant M2 muscarinic receptors were expressed in cells lacking endogenous receptor. The muscarinic agonist carbachol both inhibited adenylyl cyclase and stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis. The stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis was significantly less efficient and more dependent on receptor levels than the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. Both responses were mediated by guanine nucleotide binding proteins, as evidenced by their inhibition by pertussis toxin; the more efficiently coupled adenylyl cyclase response was significantly more sensitive. Thus, individual subtypes of a given receptor are capable of regulating multiple effector pathways.
Elimination of disulfide bonds affects assembly and secretion of the human chorionic gonadotropin β subunit (1989)

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) consists of two noncovalently joined alpha and beta subunits similar to the other glycoprotein hormones. To study the function of the individual disulfide bonds in subunit assembly and secretion, site-directed mutagenesis was used to convert the 12 cysteine (Cys) residues in the beta subunit of hCG to either alanine or serine. Both cysteines of proposed disulfide pairs were also mutated. These mutant hCG beta genes were transfected alone or together with the wild-type alpha gene into Chinese hamster ovary cells. Only 3-10% assembly could be achieved with derivatives containing single Cys mutations at positions 26, 110, 72, and 90, whereas no assembly was detected with the other 8 mutants. However, double mutations of pairs 26-110 or 23-72 showed increased dimer formation (11 and 36%, respectively). The secretion rate of individual mutants varied significantly. Whereas the Cys-23 and 72 mutants were secreted normally (t1/2 = 140-190 min), the Cys-26 mutant was secreted faster (t1/2 = 70 min), and the other 9 mutants were secreted slower (t1/2 = 280-440 min); mutations of both Cys at 26 and 110 caused much faster secretion (t1/2 = 34 min). Although the secretion rate of these mutants differed, they were quantitatively recovered in the medium except for mutant Cys-88, Cys-23-72, and Cys-34-88 (40, 55, and 10% secreted, respectively). Thus, interruption of any disulfide bond in the hCG beta subunit alters the structure sufficiently to block dimer formation and in some cases slow secretion, although the stability for most of the mutant hCG beta subunits is not greatly affected. The data indicate that interruption of any hCG beta disulfide bond generates different structural forms that are unable to assemble with the alpha subunit, and that the structural requirements for stability and assembly are different.
Signal processing using Fourier & wavelet transform for pulse oximetry (2002)

Current pulse oximeters use a weighted moving average technique to compute oxygen saturation (SpO/sub 2/) values. This method has many limitations including susceptibility to motion artifact, background light, and low perfusion errors. The goal for developing an alternate method for pulse oximetry was to overcome these limitations. The hypothesis was that frequency domain analysis could more easily extract the cardiac rate and amplitude of interest from time domain signal. The focus was on the digital signal processing algorithms that had potential to improve pulse oximetry readings, and then test those algorithms. This was accomplished using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) to analysis in spectral domain, and the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to estimate oxygen saturation. The result indicate that the FFT and DWT computation of oxygen saturation were accurate and erroneous without weighted moving average (WMA) algorithms currently being used.
Influence of Anion Exchange in Self-Assembling of Polymeric Ionic Liquid Block Copolymers (2011)

A new technique for the modification of lamellar domain sizes in polymeric ionic liquid block copolymers has been proposed. Anion exchange in polymeric ionic liquids opens new ways to modify the sizes of lamella domains without modifying the ratio between the two different blocks of the neat copolymer. This study focuses on the influence of quaternization of poly(2-vinylpyridine) in poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P2VP) and the effect of anion exchange in the nanostructured phases for thin films. The resulting materials obtained from the quaternization modification technique of the block copolymers and the anion exchange of the polymeric ionic liquid were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Furthermore, morphological characterization of the initial block polymer and several polymeric ionic liquid block copolymers has been carried out by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in order to analyze the influence of the anion in the nanostructures of these block copolymers.
Trastuzumab Emtansine: The First Targeted Chemotherapy for Treatment of Breast Cancer (2013)

Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) is a novel antibody-drug conjugate, comprised of a potent cytotoxic drug connected via a stable linker to the anti-HER2 antibody, trastuzumab, thereby primarily targeting chemotherapy delivery to cells overexpressing the HER2 receptor. A Phase II randomized trial of T-DM1 in the front-line metastatic breast cancer setting revealed promising activity and improved safety compared with standard chemotherapy plus trastuzumab. Subsequently, a Phase III trial in patients with trastuzumab-pretreated metastatic breast cancer showed T-DM1 to be associated with prolonged progression-free and overall survival compared with lapatinib plus capecitabine. T-DM1 represents a major shift in the treatment of patients with breast cancer as it replaces traditional nontargeted chemotherapy with a 'smart' medication that directs the cytotoxic therapy to cancer cells by using a known biomarker.
Tunable Command Layers for Liquid Crystal Alignment (2005)

A simple method for the construction of a stable, tunable, self-assembled command layer for liquid crystal display purposes is described. A pyridine-functionalized oligosiloxane spontaneously forms an anisotropic, grooved surface on indium-tin-oxide, enabling it to align liquid crystalline molecules. The pyridine functions act as seeds for the epitaxial growth of stacks of highly ordered zinc phthalocyanines, the height of which can be controlled. These stacks increase the interaction between the surface and the liquid crystalline matrix by amplifying the surface ordering into the liquid crystal bulk. By varying the height of the stacks, direct control over the properties of the liquid crystal domains is achieved. These properties can be further tuned by adding to the liquid crystal, micro- and nanomolar concentrations of nitrogen-containing compounds, which are capable of interacting with and dissolving the stacks. The procedures we describe offer possibilities to use such tunable systems in LCD-based sensor devices as well as in solar-cell applications.
A new principle for high resistance earth fault detection during fast power swings for distance protection (1997)

The combined effects of a high impedance ground fault condition and a fast power swing condition cause the apparent impedance 'seen' by power system distance protection schemes to vary over a wide range. Previous research work has shown that the detection and location of high impedance faults during power swings is very difficult. A new principle for high impedance fault detection during fast power swings is presented which overcomes these deficiencies. This method forms a part of a complete power swing relaying scheme and can be implemented on standard relaying hardware. Results are presented based on extensive simulation studies carried out on a typical 400 kV transmission system, using the Electromagnetic Transient program (EMTP).
Human CD34+cells differentiate into microglia and express recombinant therapeutic protein (2004)

In rodents, bone marrow-derived cells enter the brain during adult life. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is used to treat genetic CNS diseases, but the fate of human bone marrow and CD34(+) cells within the brain remains to be elucidated. The present study demonstrates that cells derived from human CD34(+) cells, isolated from either cord blood or peripheral blood, migrate into the brain after infusion into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Both types of CD34(+)-derived cells differentiate into perivascular and ramified microglia. The lentiviral transfer of genes into CD34(+) cells before infusion does not modify the differentiation of human CD34(+) cells into microglia, allowing new transgenic proteins to be expressed in these cells. The transplantation of CD34(+) cells could thus be used for the treatment of CNS diseases.
Immunogenic response induced by wzm and wzt gene deletion mutants from Brucella abortus S19 (2013)

Brucellosis is an infectious disease affecting humans and animals worldwide. Effective methods of control include inducing immunity in animals by vaccination and elimination. Brucella abortus S19 is one of the popular vaccines for control of cattle brucellosis, as it has low virulence. In this paper, allelic exchange plasmids of wzm and wzt genes were constructed and partially knocked out to evaluate the effects on the induction of immunity to Brucella abortus S19 mutants. Cytokine secretion in vitro, INF-γ induction in vivo and antibody dynamics were evaluated. These data suggested that the immunity-eliciting ability of the wzm and wzt gene deletion mutants was similar, although reduced compared with the S19 strain. The results demonstrated that the wzt gene may be more important in the regulation of the induction of immunity than the wzm gene.
Long-term humoral unresponsiveness in vivo, induced by treatment with monoclonal antibody against L3T4. (1986)

mAbs directed against the L3T4 molecule administered in vivo caused a severe and long lasting helper cell depletion in mice. Regeneration of the L3T4+ subpopulation occurred gradually (2-3 mo) after a single antibody treatment. Experiments were designed to examine the humoral immunocompetence of such anti-L3T4-treated animals during and after regeneration of the L3T4+ T cell subset. The animals were injected with anti-L3T4, immunized with soluble antigen, and challenged with antigen every 2 wk. Antibody responses to two antigens, sperm whale myoglobin (SpWMb) and KLH, which differ with regard to their immunogenicity, were compared. The lack of humoral immune responsiveness to either of these two antigens shorty after anti-L3T4 treatment responsiveness to either of these two antigens shortly after anti-L3T4 treatment was probably due to clonal depletion. The anti-L3T4-induced immunosuppressive effect on antibody production seemed to be determined in part by the preexisting T cell repertoire, as was suggested by the recovery of responsiveness to the highly immunogenic antigen KLH and the transient inhibitory effect of anti-L3T4 treatment in primed animals. The regenerating L3T4+ T cell subpopulation was relatively incompetent in initiating B cell responses. More than 40% of the L3T4+ T cell compartment had to recover to provide help for the production of anti-KLH antibodies, whereas elimination of 90% of the L3T4+ helper cells did not inhibit a primary anti-KLH response. Evidence for a heterogeneous composition of the L3T4+ subset came from experiments using rIL-2 in vivo. The addition of rIL-2 during early helper cell depletion improved the recovery of the humoral responsiveness without apparently affecting the kinetics of the regeneration of L3T4+ T cells. Interestingly, humoral unresponsiveness to the weakly immunogenic antigen SpWMb persisted for at least 120 d. This long lasting unresponsiveness could not be explained by clonal depletion, and suggested as one possibility that the presence of antigen during regeneration of the L3T4+ helper cell population may have influenced the ultimate T cell repertoire.
Thrombocytopenia and the Neglected Megakaryocyte (1992)

Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but it is not related to the presence or absence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and patients with HIV-related thrombocytopenia do not get AIDS sooner than others. HIV-related thrombocytopenia resembles idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, with normal or increased numbers of megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, the absence of splenomegaly, and increased platelet-associated IgG. In general, it responds to therapeutic approaches, such as corticosteroids and splenectomy, in a fashion similar to that of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. These similarities have led to the general tendency to equate the two . . .
Recognising spontaneous facial micro-expressions (2011)

Facial micro-expressions are rapid involuntary facial expressions which reveal suppressed affect. To the best knowledge of the authors, there is no previous work that successfully recognises spontaneous facial micro-expressions. In this paper we show how a temporal interpolation model together with the first comprehensive spontaneous micro-expression corpus enable us to accurately recognise these very short expressions. We designed an induced emotion suppression experiment to collect the new corpus using a high-speed camera. The system is the first to recognise spontaneous facial micro-expressions and achieves very promising results that compare favourably with the human micro-expression detection accuracy.
In Vitro Suppression of Murine Blastocysts Growth by Sera From Women With Reproductive Disorders (1986)

Early mouse embryos at the two-cell stage were cultured in medium supplemented with sera from women with primary and secondary multiple spontaneous abortions and with long term unexplained infertility as compared to sera obtained from normal fertile women and pooled human male sera. On the basis of microscopic observation and uptake of 3H-thymidine we report a relationship between reproductive histories and the presence of a serum embryo inhibition factor in eight of ten sera samples from women with primary habitual abortions, six of ten sera from women with secondary habitual abortions, and ten of ten sera from women with unexplained infertility. This activity occurs independently of positive maternal antipaternal lymphocytotoxicity. Fractionation of serum samples by ammonium sulphate precipitation, resulted in removal of the embryo-inhibition factor with the IgG fraction in four of five primary habitual abortion cases and in two of five secondary habitual abortion patients, but not in the case of unexplained infertility. We propose that the appearance of such inhibition factor may be of relevance in the etiologies discussed in this paper and may possibly provide the basis for a new classification of idiopathic spontaneous habitual abortions, i.e. positive or negative for the embryo inhibition factor.
A NEW INTERACTIVE ANALOG LAYOUT METHODOLOGY BASED ON RUBBER-BAND ROUTING (1996)

In this report I formulate analog layout constraints and survey the state of the art of automatic analog layout systems, which can handle only few analog constraints, and generate less dense layout. To solve these problems I propose a new interactive analog layout methodology. It provides topological editing in the geometrical view based on Rubber-band routing. The purposes of this new methodology are i) to overcome the difficulty of control the layout parasitic elements with irregularities of analog devices and wiring effects and ii) to reduce the analog VLSI design period. After describing new concepts for that interactive methodology, I state some specific challenges.
Stretching the Limits (2002)

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Bio-inspired natural polyphenol cross-linking poly(vinyl alcohol) films with strong integrated strength and toughness (2016)

Bio-inspired by spider silk, we simultaneously integrated high strength and toughness to PVA/TA films<italic>via</italic>extensive hydrogen bonding interactions.
Connectionist Speech Recognition: A Hybrid Approach (1993)

TABLES 7.2 Word recognition rate on SPICOS (speaker m003) using iterated Viterbi segmentation: MLP/priors = hybrid HMM/MLP approach with MLP output values divided by priors, MLE = HMMs using standard maximum likelihood estimate. . . . . . . .
Mechanics of the brain: perspectives, challenges, and opportunities (2015)

The human brain is the continuous subject of extensive investigation aimed at understanding its behavior and function. Despite a clear evidence that mechanical factors play an important role in regulating brain activity, current research efforts focus mainly on the biochemical or electrophysiological activity of the brain. Here, we show that classical mechanical concepts including deformations, stretch, strain, strain rate, pressure, and stress play a crucial role in modulating both brain form and brain function. This opinion piece synthesizes expertise in applied mathematics, solid and fluid mechanics, biomechanics, experimentation, material sciences, neuropathology, and neurosurgery to address today's open questions at the forefront of neuromechanics. We critically review the current literature and discuss challenges related to neurodevelopment, cerebral edema, lissencephaly, polymicrogyria, hydrocephaly, craniectomy, spinal cord injury, tumor growth, traumatic brain injury, and shaken baby syndrome. The multi-disciplinary analysis of these various phenomena and pathologies presents new opportunities and suggests that mechanical modeling is a central tool to bridge the scales by synthesizing information from the molecular via the cellular and tissue all the way to the organ level.