gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scalable OpenFlow Controller Redundancy Tackling Local and Global Recoveries (2013)

Abstract—OpenFlow is expected to be an enabler that solves the problems of today’s network. Thanks to the centralized management with OpenFlow, agile network operation can be achieved with flexible programmability; however, the centralized management implies a significant impact of any outages of the OpenFlow controller. Hence, a high availability technology is indispensable for building the OpenFlow controller, and the high availability system should consider extraordinary events (e.g., power outage) affecting the entire data center as well as anticipated server failures within a local system. In this paper, the high-availability of the OpenFlow controller is investigated, and a redundant method considering both local and global (i.e., inter data-center) recoveries is proposed by using the multiple-controllers functionality that is defined in OpenFlow switch specification version 1.2 and later. The proposed redundant scheme eliminates frontend server causing limitation of performance scalability, while it achieves competitive role change and failover times. Keywords-OpenFlow; controller; redundancy. I.
A comprehensive classification system for lipids (2005)

Lipids are produced, transported, and recognized by the concerted actions of numerous enzymes, binding proteins, and receptors. A comprehensive analysis of lipid molecules, "lipidomics," in the context of genomics and proteomics is crucial to understanding cellular physiology and pathology; consequently, lipid biology has become a major research target of the postgenomic revolution and systems biology. To facilitate international communication about lipids, a comprehensive classification of lipids with a common platform that is compatible with informatics requirements has been developed to deal with the massive amounts of data that will be generated by our lipid community. As an initial step in this development, we divide lipids into eight categories (fatty acyls, glycerolipids, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, sterol lipids, prenol lipids, saccharolipids, and polyketides) containing distinct classes and subclasses of molecules, devise a common manner of representing the chemical structures of individual lipids and their derivatives, and provide a 12 digit identifier for each unique lipid molecule. The lipid classification scheme is chemically based and driven by the distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic elements that compose the lipid. This structured vocabulary will facilitate the systematization of lipid biology and enable the cataloging of lipids and their properties in a way that is compatible with other macromolecular databases.
Design and Synthesis of Conformationally Constrained Glucagon Analogues (2000)

Glucagon was systematically modified by forming lactam bridges within the central region of the molecule to give conformationally constrained cyclic analogues. Six cyclic glucagon analogues have been designed and synthesized. They are c[Asp9,Lys12][Lys17,18,Glu21]glucagon-NH2 (1), c[Asp9,Lys12]glucagon-NH2 (2), c[Lys12,Asp15]glucagon-NH2 (3), c[Asp15,Lys18]glucagon-NH2 (4), [Lys17-c[Lys18,Glu21]glucagon-NH2 (5), and c[Lys12,Asp21]glucagon-NH2 (6). The receptor binding potencies and receptor second messenger activities were determined by radio-receptor binding assays and adenylate cyclase assays, respectively, using rat liver plasma membranes. Most interestingly, analogues 1, 2, 3, and 4 were antagonists of glucagon stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, whereas analogues 5 and 6 were partial agonists in the functional assay. All of the cyclic analogues were found to have reduced binding potencies relative to glucagon. The structural features that might be responsible for these effects were studied using circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular modeling. These results demonstrated the significant modulations of both receptor binding affinity and transduction (adenylate cyclase activity) that can accompany regional conformational constraints even in larger polypeptide ligands. These studies suggest that the entire molecular conformation, including the flexible middle portion, is important for molecular recognition and transduction at the hepatic glucagon receptor.
Approach to the Patient: The Adult With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (2013)

The most common form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD). When the nonclassical (mild) form is included, 21OHD is the most common genetic disease in human beings. With the advent of pharmaceutical preparation of glucocorticoids starting in the 1960s and newborn screening starting in the 1990s, the majority of children with 21OHD are reaching adulthood, which has yielded a cohort of patients with, in essence, a new disease. Only recently have some data emerged from cohorts of adults with 21OHD, and in some centers, experience with the management of these patients is growing. These patients suffer from poor health, infertility, characteristic tumors in the adrenal glands and gonads, and consequences of chronic glucocorticoid therapy. Their care is fragmented and inconsistent, and many stop taking their medications out of frustration. Internal medicine residents and endocrinology fellows receive little training in their care, which further discourages their seeking medical attention. Adults with 21OHD have a different physiology from patients with Addison's disease or other androgen excess states, and their needs are different than those of young children with 21OHD. Consequently, their care requires unorthodox treatment and monitoring strategies foreign to most endocrine practitioners. Our goal for this article is to review their physiology, complications, and needs in order to develop rational and effective treatment and monitoring strategies.
Hypertext : concepts, systems and applications : proceedings of the First European Conference on Hypertext, INRIA, France, November 1990 (1990)

Preface Keynote address 1. Toolkits for hypermedia applications 2. Formal models and query languages 3. Databases, 4. Indices and normative knowledge 5. Argumentation, design and knowledge acquisition 6. Turning text into hypertext 7. Designing and reading hyperdocuments 8. Navigation and browsing 9. Building hypertext applications 10. Panels Appendix List of authors Index.
Genetically Encoded Tetrazine Amino Acid Directs Rapid Site-Specific in Vivo Bioorthogonal Ligation with trans-Cyclooctenes (2012)

Bioorthogonal ligation methods with improved reaction rates and less obtrusive components are needed for site-specifically labeling proteins without catalysts. Currently no general method exists for in vivo site-specific labeling of proteins that combines fast reaction rate with stable, nontoxic, and chemoselective reagents. To overcome these limitations, we have developed a tetrazine-containing amino acid, 1, that is stable inside living cells. We have site-specifically genetically encoded this unique amino acid in response to an amber codon allowing a single 1 to be placed at any location in a protein. We have demonstrated that protein containing 1 can be ligated to a conformationally strained trans-cyclooctene in vitro and in vivo with reaction rates significantly faster than most commonly used labeling methods.
Dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review (2010)

The dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors are a new class of antihyperglycaemic agents which were developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes by rational drug design, based on an understanding of the underlying mechanism of action and knowledge of the structure of the target enzyme. Although they differ in terms of their chemistry, they are all small molecules which are orally available. There are some differences between them in terms of their absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as in their potency and duration of action, but their efficacy, both in terms of inhibiting plasma DPP-4 activity and as antidiabetic agents, appears to be similar. They improve glycaemic control, reducing both fasting and postprandial glucose levels to lower HbA1c levels, without weight gain and with an apparently benign adverse event profile. At present, there seems to be little to distinguish between the different inhibitors in terms of their efficacy as antidiabetic agents and their safety. Long-term accumulated clinical experience will reveal whether compound-related characteristics lead to any clinically relevant differences.
Induction of increased benzpyrene hydroxylase activity by 2-phenylbenzothiazoles and related compounds. (1968)

SUMMARY A study of the relationships between structure of 2phenylbenzothiazoles and related compounds and their ca pacity to induce increased benzpyrene hydroxylase activity in the liver and lung of the rat has been carried out. Thirty-three compounds have been studied. It has been found that intro duction of an appropriate halogen into the 4'-phenyl position approximately doubles inducing activity compared to unsub stituted 2-phenylbenzothiazole. Other substitutions and modi fications of the molecule result in either lesser increases in inducing activity or, in some instances, reduction or total loss of inducing activity. Most compounds show similar inducing effects on both lung and liver. Some, however, do not. Of the more potent inducers, the compound showing this selective effect to the greatest degree is 2-(4'-cyanophenyl)-benzo thiazole, which has more than double the inducing effect on lung as on liver.
Glossy15, an APETALA2-like gene from maize that regulates leaf epidermal cell identity. (1996)

Vegetative development in many plants progresses through distinct juvenile and adult phases. In maize, the transition from juvenile to adult shoot development affects a variety of leaf epidermal cell traits. These include epicuticular waxes, leaf hairs, and cell wall characteristics. Previous genetic and phenotypic analyses have shown that the maize Glossy15 (Gl15) gene is required for the expression of juvenile epidermal traits after leaf 2. We report here the molecular cloning of the Gl15 gene using a defective Suppressor-Mutator (dSpm) element insertion as a transposon-tag. Consistent with the gl15 mutant phenotype, the pattern of Gl15 mRNA expression was correlated with a juvenile leaf epidermal cell identity and was regulated by upstream factors such as Corngrass1. The Gl15 gene encodes a putative transcription factor with significant sequence similarity to the Arabidopsis regulatory genes APETALA2 and AINTEGUMENTA, which act primarily to regulate floral organ identity and ovule development. This finding expands the known functions of APETALA2-related genes to include the control of both vegetative and reproductive lateral organ identity and provides molecular support for the hypothesis that leaves and floral organs are related structures derived from a common growth plan.
Aristolochic Acid in the Etiology of Renal Cell Carcinoma (2016)

The current study offers compelling evidence implicating AA in a significant fraction of the RCC arising in Taiwan and illustrates the power of integrating epidemiologic, molecular, and genetic data in the investigation of cancer etiology. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 1600-8. ©2016 AACR.
Passivate SiNx halftone phase shifting mask for deep ultraviolet exposure (1996)

Halftone phase shift masks with a single-layer SiNx absorption film whose stoichiometric ratio x was controlled were developed at 365 and 248 nm, respectively. Because this stoichiometric ratio x was smaller than 1.33 (Si3N4), the SiNx halftone films were unstable, especially during 248 nm exposure, causing a transmittance error. In this article, we show how to get stable SiNx film for 248 nm exposure.
<title>Liquid crystal technology development for telecommunication applications</title> (2000)

For more than two decades, liquid crystal (LC) technology has proved to be highly reliable in information display, military, and medical applications. The unique characteristics of liquid-crystal-based components make them ideally suited for application to the telecommunications industry where they are currently being developed for high-bit-rate optical switches and other novel products. Previous application of liquid crystal components tended to focus on the visible part of the optical spectrum. This paper focuses on the electro-optic properties and applicability of the LC twisted nematic mode for optical switching components in the near IR.
First steps towards mutually-immersive mobile telepresence (2002)

Mutually-Immersive Mobile Telepresence uses a teleoperated robotic surrogate to visit remote locations as a substitute for physical travel. Our goal is to recreate to the greatest extent possible, both for the user and the people at the remote location, the sensory experience relevant for business interactions of the user actually being in the remote location. The system includes multi-channel bidirectional video and audio on a mobile platform as well as haptic feedback. This paper describes our first system prototypes and initial experiences using them.
Purification of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes by Selective Microwave Heating of Catalyst Particles (2002)

A new scalable method for purification of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) by using microwave heating in air is developed. The microwaves couple to the residual metal catalyst, raising significantly the local temperature leading to both the oxidation and rupturing of the carbon passivation layer over the metal catalyst particles. With this protective carbon coating weakened or removed, a mild acid treatment is then sufficient to remove most of the metal in the sample, leaving the nanotubes in tact. Using microwave processing and 4 M HCl acid reflux for 6 h we were able to remove residual metal (Ni, Y) in arc-discharge SWNTs to a level lower than 0.2 wt % (∼0.04 at. %). Results from transmission and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric studies were discussed.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Expressing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation for the Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction (2005)

This combined strategy of cell transplantation with gene therapy could be a useful therapy for the treatment of acute MI.
Liver Abscess Caused by Clostridium difficile (2001)

We report the first case of an infected cyst and liver abscess caused by Clostridium difficile. It recurred 11 months later, despite therapy with vancomycin and percutaneous drainage. Administration of metronidazole following percutaneous drainage achieved a favorable outcome.
Impaired Energy Homeostasis in C/EBPα Knockout Mice (1995)

Mice homozygous for the targeted deletion of the c/ebp alpha gene, which expresses the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBP alpha), did not store hepatic glycogen and died from hypoglycemia within 8 hours after birth. In these mutant mice, the amounts of glycogen synthase messenger RNA were 50 to 70 percent of normal and the transcriptional induction of the genes for two gluconeogenic enzymes, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, was delayed. The hepatocytes and adipocytes of the mutant mice failed to accumulate lipid and the expression of the gene for uncoupling protein, the defining marker of brown adipose tissue, was reduced. This study demonstrates that C/EBP alpha is critical for the establishment and maintenance of energy homeostasis in neonates.
A New Precoder Design for Blind Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems (2014)

A new precoder for precoding-based blind channel estimation for MIMO-OFDM systems is proposed. In the proposed scheme, only a small number of data symbols, commensurate with the channel length, are linearly precoded prior to transmission to induce the signal correlation needed for the scheme to blindly estimate the channels. Similar to how pilot symbols are transmitted, the subcarriers carrying these linearly precoded data symbols are equi-spaced across the frequency band. The other subcarriers carry data symbols in the standard way, enabling MLD per subcarrier and also allowing for MIMO linear precoding across antennas at each subcarrier. This is in contrast to previous precoding-based blind channel estimation schemes which precode all of the data symbols so that every subcarrier carries a linear combination of symbols, aking the resulting joint MLD problem infeasible. In addition, this also makes it infeasible to employ MIMO precoding per subcarrier across the transmit antennas. The proposed precoder is designed via a multi-stage optimization process that seeks to minimize both channel estimation error and symbol estimation error. For channel estimation purposes, the resulting optimal design offers low-cost features such as sign change and FFT while providing reasonable channel estimation performance for low mobility applications.
Advanced obstacles detection and tracking by fusing millimeter wave radar and image sensor data (2010)

Reliable object detection and recognition for Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) by multi-sensor and multi-algorithm have attracted much attention recently. Aiming at the calibration complexity problem, a novel calibration method is proposed to calibrate the millimeter wave radar data and the CCD camera data using a homography. The proposed method does not require estimation of rotation and translation between them or intrinsic parameters of the camera. And the calibration can be done without any manual manipulation. Tracking of the detected object by radar is done in image plane as the radar is insensitive to object size and has a low object recognition rate as well. A new tracking algorithm based on Mean Shift(MS) algorithm with Unscented Kalman filter (UKF)is proposed to track the detected objects in the image plane, in which UKF is used to predict the initial position of iteration for MS algorithm. Then MS is applied to find out the accurate position of the object and positions of objects are mapped to radar plane to judge it is a new object or old one. We demonstrated the validity of the proposed methods through experiments.
Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrices for Skeletal Tissue Engineering: State-of-the-Art and Novel Application in Organ Printing (2007)

Organ printing, a novel approach in tissue engineering, applies layered computer-driven deposition of cells and gels to create complex 3-dimensional cell-laden structures. It shows great promise in regenerative medicine, because it may help to solve the problem of limited donor grafts for tissue and organ repair. The technique enables anatomical cell arrangement using incorporation of cells and growth factors at predefined locations in the printed hydrogel scaffolds. This way, 3-dimensional biological structures, such as blood vessels, are already constructed. Organ printing is developing fast, and there are exciting new possibilities in this area. Hydrogels are highly hydrated polymer networks used as scaffolding materials in organ printing. These hydrogel matrices are natural or synthetic polymers that provide a supportive environment for cells to attach to and proliferate and differentiate in. Successful cell embedding requires hydrogels that are complemented with biomimetic and extracellular matrix components, to provide biological cues to elicit specific cellular responses and direct new tissue formation. This review surveys the use of hydrogels in organ printing and provides an evaluation of the recent advances in the development of hydrogels that are promising for use in skeletal regenerative medicine. Special emphasis is put on survival, proliferation and differentiation of skeletal connective tissue cells inside various hydrogel matrices.
Stat5 Expression Is Required for IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Function (2006)

The mast cell (MC) inflammatory response is now linked not only to atopy, but also to arthritis, multiple sclerosis, heart disease, and resistance to bacterial infection. In the current study, we demonstrate that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (Stat5) is rapidly activated by IgE cross-linkage, and that its expression is critical to the MC response. Stat5-deficient (Stat5KO) MC demonstrated a significant decrease in IgE-mediated degranulation, leukotriene B4 production, cytokine secretion, and survival signals. The defect in cytokine production may be caused by decreased cytokine mRNA stability. Stat5KO MC-induced cytokine mRNAs normally following IgE cross-linkage, but these mRNAs were not sustained over time and were degraded at twice the rate observed in WT cells. Interestingly, the RNA destabilizing protein tristetraprolin was induced following IgE cross-linkage in Stat5KO but not wild-type cells. Moreover, reducing tristetraprolin expression via short hairpin RNA transfection significantly increased IL-13 production in Stat5KO MC. Our work demonstrates that Stat5 is a critical factor in IgE-induced MC activation, acting in part via posttranscriptional control of cytokine mRNA stability. These data have a direct impact on MC-associated inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
Half-lives in plasma and bioavailability of ethinylestradiol in laboratory animals. (1986)

The pharmacokinetics of 19-nor-17 alpha-pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne-3,17-diol (ethinylestradiol, Progynon C) (EE2) has been studied after intravenous administration of 0.1 or 0.01 mg/kg and after intragastric administration of 1 mg/kg in female rats, rabbits, beagle dogs, rhesus monkeys and baboons. After intravenous administration disposition of unchanged drug in the plasma was biphasic with initial half-lives between 0.3 and 0.5 h and terminal half-lives between 2.3 and 3.0 h. Total plasma clearance was of the same magnitude as total plasma liver flow or even higher rat) indicating a rapid biotransformation of the estrogen in the liver. Systemic availability of intragastric EE2 amounted to 3% in the rat, 0.3% in the rabbit, 9% in the dog, 0.6% in rhesus monkeys and 2% in the baboon and was considerably lower than in humans (40%). Differences in the pharmacokinetics and in the systemic availability of EE2 between laboratory animals and man should be taken into account in the retrospective interpretation of pharmacological and toxicological data and in the design of new studies.
Enzymatic Methods for in Situ Cell Entrapment and Cell Release (2003)

We report an enzyme-based method for the in situ entrapment of cells within a biopolymeric hydrogel matrix. Specifically, we used a calcium-independent microbial transglutaminase that is known to cross-link proteins and observed that it catalyzes the formation of gels from a pre-gel solution containing 10% gelatin and E. coli cells. Hydrogel formation occurs 2-3 h after adding transglutaminase, and no additional external intervention is required to initiate gel formation. The in situ entrapped cells grow rapidly and to high cell densities within the gelatin hydrogel. Additionally, the entrapped cells respond to isopropylthiogalactoside induction. The cross-linked gelatin network can be rapidly hydrolyzed (within 1 h) by the protease, proteinase K. Treatment of the network by this protease releases the entrapped E. coli cells. These cells appear unharmed by proteinase K; they can grow and be induced after protease treatment. The ability to in situ entrap, grow, and release cells under mild conditions provides unique opportunities for a range of applications and should be especially useful for microfluidic biosensor systems.