gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasma Pyrolysis of Methane to Hydrogen and Carbon Black (2002)

The plasma-driven gas-phase thermal decomposition of methane yielding hydrogen and solid-phase carbon has been suggested as an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional methods of producing hydrogen from natural gas. The advantage of the process is that hydrogen is obtained directly from methane without producing CO2 as a byproduct. The process was experimentally examined using a modified version of a dc plasma reactor originally developed for the conversion of methane to acetylene. Carbon yields of 30%, a factor of 6 increase, with a corresponding decrease in acetylene yield were obtained by simply increasing the residence or reaction time. A detailed kinetic model that includes the reaction mechanisms resulting in the formation of acetylene and heavier hydrocarbons through benzene is described. A model for solid carbon nucleation and growth is included. The model is compared to experimental results and is used to examine process optimization.
Effect of Iodine and Cobalt on MOCVD Cu Film Growth (2003)

The effect of iodine and cobalt on metallorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) Cu metallization process was studied. Iodine was used as a catalyst, whereas cobalt was used as a seed layer. Iodine and cobalt increased the growth rate of the Cu film and influenced the Cu grain sizes that were related to the resistivity of the Cu film. Iodine and cobalt enhanced the growth rate and nucleation rate of the Cu grains, respectively. Their effects on Cu deposition are shown on a micrograph of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Kinase (MKK) 3 and MKK6 by Type I Interferons (2005)

There is accumulating evidence that the p38 MAP kinase pathway plays important roles in Type I interferon (IFN) signaling, but the mechanisms regulating p38 activation during engagement of the Type I IFN receptor remain to be defined. We sought to identify the events that lead to activation of the p38 MAP kinase in response to Type I IFNs. Our data demonstrate that treatment of sensitive cell lines with IFNalpha results in activation of both MAP kinase kinase 3 (MKK3) and MAP kinase kinase 6 (MKK6). Such IFN-inducible activation of MKK3 and MKK6 is essential for downstream phosphorylation and activation of the p38 MAP kinase, as shown by studies using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) with targeted disruption of the Mkk3 and Mkk6 genes (MKK3-/- MKK6-/-). Similarly, IFN-dependent activation of the downstream effectors of p38, MAPKAPK-2 and MAPKAPK-3, is not detectable in cells lacking Mkk3 and Mkk6, demonstrating that the function of these MAP kinase kinases is required for full activation of the p38 pathway. To define the functional relevance of MKK3/6 engagement in Type I IFN signaling, IFN-inducible gene transcription was evaluated in the MKK3/MKK6 double knock-out cells. IFNalpha- and IFNbeta-dependent transcription via either interferon-stimulated response element or IFNgamma activated site elements was defective in MKK3 -/-/MKK6 -/- MEFs in luciferase reporter assays. In addition, IFN-dependent induction of two genes known to be of importance in the generation of IFN responses, Isg15 and Irf-9, was diminished in the absence of Mkk3 and Mkk6. The effects of Mkk3 and Mkk6 on IFN-dependent transcription were unrelated to any effects on the phosphorylation and activation of STAT proteins, indicating the presence of a STAT-independent mechanism. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that MKK3 and MKK6 are rapidly activated during engagement of the Type I IFN receptor and play important roles in Type I IFN signaling and the generation of IFN responses.
Biosynthesis of yeast mannan. Properties of a mannosylphosphate transferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1978)

A homogenate of mechanically broken, freshly grown Saccharomyces cerevisiae X2180 cells catalyzes the transfer of mannosylphosphate units from guanosine diphosphate mannose to reduced alpha1 leads to 2-[3H]mannotetraose to yield reduced mannosylphosphoryl [3H]-mannotetraose. The product is analogous in structure to the phosphorylated mannan side chains, which suggests that the enzymic activity is involved in mannoprotein biosynthesis in the intact cell. The mannosylphosphate transferase activity, localized in a membrane fraction obtained by differential centrifugation at 100,000 x g, was solubilized by Triton X-155 and purified 250-fold by ammonium sulfate precipitation and by ion exchange and gell filtration chromatographies. The enzyme requires MN2+ OR Co2+ ions for activity and is stimulated by various detergents. The mnn2 and mnn3 mannan mutants of S. cerevisiae possess normal levels of mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn4 mutant cells contain very low, if any, activity. This is consistent with a previous conclusion that the mnn4 mutation affects the mannosylphosphate transferase activity, whereas the mnn2 and mnn3 strains possess phosphate-deficient mannans because they are unable to synthesize the appropriate side chain precursors. A new mannan mutant class with the mnn4 chemotype was isolated, but the mutation proved to be recessive and nonallelic with the mnn4 locus. This new locus is designated mnn6.
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR PROMOTES PROLIFERATION AND MIGRATION OF CAVERNOUS SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS (2001)

Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages secreted different amounts of VEGF and showed different abilities to respond to VEGF. Cavernous smooth muscle cells responded to VEGF in terms of cell proliferation and migration. Cavernous smooth muscle cells from rats of different ages expressed different levels of VEGFR-1 but did not express VEGFR-2.
The influence of thermal inertia on Mars' seasonal pressure variation and the effect of the weather component (1993)

Using a Leighton-Murray type diurnal and seasonal Mars thermal model, we found that it is possible to reproduce the seasonal variation in daily-averaged pressures (approximately 680-890 Pa) measured by Viking Lander 1 (VL1), during years without global dust storms, with a standard deviation of less than 5 Pa. In this simple model, surface CO2, frost condensation, and sublimation rates at each latitude are determined by the net effects of radiation, latent heat, and heat conduction in subsurface soil layers. An inherent assumption of our model is that the seasonal pressure variation is due entirely to the exchange of mass between the atmosphere and polar caps. However, the results of recent Mars GCM modeling have made it clear that there is a significant dynamical contribution to the seasonal pressure variation. This 'weather' component is primarily due to large-scale changes in atmospheric circulation, and its magnitude depends somewhat on the dust content of the atmosphere. The overall form of the theoretical weather component at the location of VL1, as calculated by the AMES GCM, remains the same over the typical range of Mars dust opacities.
Recombination of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms on silica: kinetics and mechanism (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRecombination of oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms on silica: kinetics and mechanismYoung C. Kim and Michel BoudartCite this: Langmuir 1991, 7, 12, 2999–3005Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00060a016https://doi.org/10.1021/la00060a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1427Altmetric-Citations304LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Serum and salivary IgA antibodies against a defined epitope of the Epstein‐Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA) are elevated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (1990)

The Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen I (EBNA I) is the only latent EBV antigen consistently expressed in malignant tissues of the nasopharynx. A 20-amino-acid synthetic peptide, p107 contains a major epitope of EBNA I. We tested sera from 210 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and from 128 normal individuals (NHS) for IgA antibodies to p107 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Whereas 191/210 (91%) of NPC patients had IgA antibodies to p107, only 17/128 (13.3%) of NHS had such antibodies and only 6/57 (10.5%) of sera from patients with malignancies other than NPC had IgA-p107 reactivity. Thirty-nine salivary samples from 46 NPC patients (84.8%) also contained IgA-p107 antibodies whereas only 3/42 (7.1%) of normal saliva samples were IgA-p107 positive. The results suggest that IgA antibodies to EBNA I may become a useful, easily measurable, marker for NPC.
On the theoretical prediction of protein antigenic determinants from amino acid sequences. (1987)

The applicability range of a modified version of the Hopp-Woods model for the determination of protein antigenic determinants is estimated by comparing experimental data based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. The results indicate a close correlation between the hydrophilicity of protein regions and their antigenicity. The efficiency of various hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity scales for the amino acid side chains is tested. A comment on the recognition factor concept of Fraga is given.
Evidence that Tobacco Smoking Increases the Density of (−)‐[3H]Nicotine Binding Sites in Human Brain (1988)

In a postmortem study of nicotinic receptors in human brain, cigarette smoking was found to be associated with increased (-)-[3H]nicotine binding to membranes prepared from gyrus rectus (Brodmann area 11) (p less than 0.001), hippocampal neocortex (Brodmann area 27), cerebellar cortex (p less than 0.01), hippocampal formation (Ammon's horn + subiculum), and the median raphe nuclei of the midbrain (p less than 0.05) but not the medulla oblongata. Analysis of the binding data suggested that the increased binding reflected an increase in the density of the receptors rather than a change in their affinity for (-)-nicotine. The effects of smoking were not influenced significantly by either the sex or age of the subject. It is concluded that smoking evokes an increase in high-affinity nicotine binding similar to that observed previously in animals treated chronically with nicotine and that the effect of smoking on these sites is probably caused by the nicotine present in the tobacco smoke.
Causes of Death in the Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant (1999)

Infection of the amniotic fluid leading to pneumonia was the major cause of death in the extremely low birth weight infant. Accurate cause of death can not be reliably ascertained without an autopsy accompanied by examination of the placenta in the early deaths. Antibiotic treatment of the mother and infant may have reduced the deaths from infection. Early failure to respond to neonatal intensive care may well indicate presence of a congenital pneumonia.
A two-vector system for the production of recombinant polyketides in Streptomyces (2000)

A two-vector system was developed for heterologous expression of the three genes comprising the 6-deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) polyketide gene cluster. Individual DEBS genes and pairwise combinations of two such genes were each cloned downstream of the actinorhodin (actI) promoter in two compatible Streptomyces vectors: the autonomously replicating vector, pKAO127Kan, and the integrating vector, pSET152. The resulting plasmids were either simultaneously or sequentially transformed into Streptomyces lividans K4-114. Efficient trans-complementation of modular polyketide synthase subunit proteins occurred when the respective genes were transcribed from the two vectors and resulted in production of the erythromycin precursor 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB).
Antibody Engineering: Methods And Protocols (2008)

With 10 recent FDA approvals of therapeutic antibody drugs and hundreds more in the biotechnology pipeline, it is clear that engineered antibodies will play a major role in treating human diseases in the 21st century. In Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols, leading researchers and clinicians present a core collection of cutting-edge techniques for the generation, expression, optimization, and characterization of recombinant antibodies. Readily reproducible protocols for lead generation range from the cloning of human immunoglobulin genes to the generation of human recombinant antibodies by humanization approaches, molecular display technologies, and transgenic animals. The techniques for antibody expression and optimization utilize not only bacterial and mammalian cell cultures, but also insect cell cultures and transgenic plants. State-of-the-art technologies are described for the characterization of antigen-binding affinity and specificity with novel applications in radioimmunotargeting, cancer immunotherapy, drug abuse, and proteomics. Each fully tested protocol is described in step-by-step detail and includes background material, equipment and reagent lists, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding pitfalls. Comprehensive and up-to-date, Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols provides both laboratory and clinical investigators with a diverse array of the fundamental techniques upon which new and imaginative drug technologies can be successfully developed
Very high efficiency photovoltaic cells based on fully organic multiple quantum wells. Quarterly technical progress report, 15 February 1995--15 May 1995 (1997)

The principal project objective is to demonstrate relatively high solar conversion efficiency using extremely low-cost, thin-film technology based on crystalline organic multiple quantum well (MQW) photovoltaic cells. The authors base their work on recent observations both in the laboratory and elsewhere that have indicated the quantum efficiency of organic photoconductors based on vacuum-deposited thin films can be increased by at least two orders of magnitude (to at least 10%) if the organic films are grown in a highly ordered manner, and if organic multiple quantum wells are used in the absorption region. The authors are investigating the physical origin of this phenomenon, and they are growing thin-film MQW cells that demonstrate relatively high quantum efficiencies to determine the practicality of crystalline organic thin-film cells for solar power applications. The investigations are based on a unique, ultrahigh-vacuum organic molecular beam deposition system in the laboratory.
Isolation, characterization, and expression of a cDNA encoding N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (1993)

A cDNA clone for the complete coding sequence for alpha-1,3(6)-mannosylglycoprotein beta-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GlcNAc-T V, EC 2.4.1.155) was isolated and expressed in COS-7 cells. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers for polymerase chain reaction were synthesized based on the amino acid sequence of three tryptic peptides isolated from affinity-purified GlcNAc-T V. Polymerase chain reaction amplimers were isolated from rat and mouse mRNA. A cDNA-encoding full-length enzyme was isolated from a rat 1 cell (EJ-ras-transformed) library and sequenced. Transient expression of this clone in COS-7 cells, followed by enzymatic activity assays, demonstrated that this cDNA sequence encodes GlcNAc-T V. Northern analysis of rat kidney mRNA revealed a single band corresponding to a length of about 7 kilobases. Sequence analysis of the cDNA clone demonstrated an open reading frame that encoded a type II membrane protein of 740 amino acids.
1-D layered media; Part 2, Layer-based waveform inversion (1995)

Abstract We are interested here in the inversion of multioffset data to determine 1-D medium properties. The forward modeling technique accounts for 3-D wave propagation effects. The inversion is performed by minimizing the difference between modeled and reference data using a least-squares technique. The gradient is computed by the adjoint state technique adapted to the first-order hyperbolic system and to the Hankel transform. To reduce the number of optimization parameters and to optimize along reflected events from some selected interfaces, we propose a layer-oriented reparameterization in the full-waveform inversion. Then we discuss the effect on the inversion results of an incorrect number of layers. The local minima of the least-squares functional are experimentally investigated and physically interpreted. This sensitivity study has shown that it is necessary to have an accurate initial model for the position of the layer interfaces. In principle, seismic data give access directly to this information. This is why we have formulated the inverse problem in one-way vertical traveltime as opposed to depth. Using an example, we show that with this parameterization the variation of the least-squares misfit function when we change the interval velocity for a given layer tends to a quasi quadratic form.In practice, a layer-based waveform inversion (LBWI) procedure is proposed to overcome the inherent problem of local minima. The procedure attempts to determine interval velocities, impedance contrasts, and interface positions for a limited number of layers to explain the major seismic events. The LBWI procedure is based on four key elements: traveltime formulation, layer-based reparameterization, progressive enrichment of the model, and interpretative approach. This procedure is evaluated for a large-scale acoustic synthetic example.
Environmental Effects on Bonded Graphite/Bismaleimide Structural Joints (2001)

There are many advantages to using adhesively bonded joints for aerospace applications, but their potential is not yet realized because not enough is known about the long-term durability of the polymeric adhesives. This paper focuses on the long-term durability of a toughened epoxy used to bond graphite/bismaleimide composites. Double cantilever beam (DCB), end-notched flexure (ENF), and cracked lap shear (CLS) tests were conducted to determine the fracture toughness of the adhesive system before and after environmental exposure. These specimens were exposed to either a hot/dry environment or thermal cycles between -54°C (-65°F) and 104°C (220°F). Unexposed and exposed specimens were tested at room temperature and it was found that the hot/dry environment lowered the fracture toughness of the joints. For the DCB and CLS geometry, unexposed specimens were tested at reduced and elevated temperatures. For some of the DCB and all of the CLS specimens, it was found that the cold temperature reduced the fracture toughness. In order to determine if the environment and temperature combined affect the toughness, the environmentally exposed DCB and CLS specimens were tested at the cold temperature. This combination of cold temperature and environmental exposure significantly lowered the fracture toughness of the material in all adhesive joints tested.
Persubstituted Cyclodextrin-Based Glycoclusters as Inhibitors of Protein−Carbohydrate Recognition Using Purified Plant and Mammalian Lectins and Wild-Type and Lectin-Gene-Transfected Tumor Cells as Targets (2003)

Multivalent glycoclusters have the potential to become pharmaceuticals by virtue of their target specificity toward clinically relevant sugar receptors. Their application can also provide fundamental insights into the impact of two spatial factors on binding, i.e., topologies of ligand (branching mode, cluster presentation) and carbohydrate recognition domains in lectins. Persubstituted macrocycles derived from nucleophilic substitution of iodide from heptakis 6-deoxy-6-iodo-beta-cyclodextrin by the unprotected sodium thiolate of 3-(3-thioacetyl propionamido)propyl glycosides (galactose, lactose and N-acetyllactosamine) were prepared. The produced glycoclusters were first tested as competitive inhibitors in solid-phase assays. A plant toxin from mistletoe and an immunoglobulin G fraction from human serum were markedly susceptible. A nearly 400-fold increase in inhibitory potency of each galactose moiety in the heptavalent form relative to free lactose (217-fold relative to free galactose) was detected. Thus, these glycoclusters can efficiently interfere, for example, with xenoantigen-dependent hyperacute rejection. Among the tested galectins selected from this family of adhesion- and growth-regulatory endogenous lectins, the substituted beta-cyclodextrins acted as sensors to delineate topological differences between the two dimeric prototype proteins. The relatively strong reactivity with chimera-type galectin-3, a mediator of tumor metastasis, disclosed selectivity for glycocluster binding among galectins. Equally important, the geometry of ligand display (maxiclusters, bi- or triantennary N-glycans) made its mark on the inhibitory potency. To further determine the sensitivity of a distinct galectin presented on the cell surface and not in solution, we established a stably transfected tumor cell clone. We detected a significant response to presence of the multivalent inhibitor. This type of chemical scaffold with favorable pharmacologic properties might thus be exploited for the design of galectin- and ligand-type-selective glycoclusters.
Er3+ doping of CaF2 layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (1993)

Molecular beam epitaxy of CaF2 monocrystalline layers Er3+ doped up to a concentration of 5 wt % is demonstrated on CaF2 substrates. Separated effusion cells containing CaF2 and ErF3 were used. The photoluminescence spectra of the samples show emissions from centers of different symmetry identified by reference to published results obtained on CaF2:Er3+ bulk crystals. No influence of the substrate orientation—(100) or (111)—on the luminescence characteristics was observed.
Device physics and design of germanium tunneling field-effect transistor with source and drain engineering for low power and high performance applications (2008)

The device physics and electrical characteristics of the germanium (Ge) tunneling field-effect transistor (TFET) are investigated for high performance and low power logic applications using two dimensional device simulation. Due to the high band-to-band tunneling rate of Ge as compared to Si, the Ge TFET suffers from excessive off-state leakage current Ioff despite its higher on-state current Ion. It is shown for the first time that the high off-state leakage due to the drain-side tunneling in the Ge TFET can be effectively suppressed by controlling the drain doping concentration. A lower drain doping concentration reduces the electric field and increases the tunneling barrier width in the drain side, giving a significantly reduced off-state leakage. To increase Ion with a steeper subthreshold swing S, source doping concentration is increased to reduce the bandgap and narrow the tunneling width. Device design and physics detailing the impact of drain and source engineering on the performance of Ge TFET are discussed.