gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The maternal gene nanos has a central role in posterior pattern formation of the Drosophila embryo (1991)

A group of maternal genes, the posterior group, is required for the development of the abdominal region in the Drosophila embryo. We have used genetic as well as cytoplasmic transfer experiments to order seven of the posterior group genes (nanos, pumilio, oskar, valois, vasa, staufen and tudor) into a functional pathway. An activity present in the posterior pole plasm of wild-type embryos can restore normal abdominal development in posterior group mutants. This activity is synthesized during oogenesis and the gene nanos most likely encodes this activity. The other posterior group genes have distinct accessory functions: pumilio acts downstream of nanos and is required for the distribution or stability of the nanos-dependent activity in the embryo. Staufen, oskar, vasa, valois and tudor act upstream of nanos. Embryos from females mutant for these genes lack the specialized posterior pole plasm and consequently fail to form germ-cell precursors. We suggest that the products of these genes provide the physical structure necessary for the localization of nanos-dependent activity and of germ line determinants.
A Sequencing Method for RNA Oligonucleotides Based on Mass Spectrometry (1997)

Synthetic oligoribonucleotides up to 22 bases have been sequenced by observing different kinetics in exonuclease-induced phosphodiester bond hydrolysis and detecting the fragments by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Common mass spectrometric sequencing methods have disadvantages concerning read length, cost, and specialist instrumentation using RNA as the target molecule because uridine and cytidine have similar masses. Now we are in the position to distinguish U and C by different peak intensities. The method proposed has been verified using specific endonucleases and 13C-labeled nucleotides. This new nongel-based and nonlabeling sequencing strategy offers first RNA sequencing data using the advantages of fast and accurate MALDI-TOF-MS. Preparation steps and measurements are performed in less than 1 h.
A VLIW architecture for a trace scheduling compiler (1987)

Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW) architectures were promised to deliver far more than the factor of two or three that current architectures achieve from overlapped execution. Using a new type of compiler which compacts ordinary sequential code into long instruction words, a VLIW machine was expected to provide from ten to thirty times the performance of a more conventional machine built of the same implementation technology.Multiflow Computer, Inc., has now built a VLIW called the TRACE TM along with its companion Trace Scheduling TM compacting compiler. This new machine has fulfilled the performance promises that were made. Using many fast functional units in parallel, this machine extends some of the basic Reduced-Instruction-Set precepts: the architecture is load/store, the microarchitecture is exposed to the compiler, there is no microcode, and there is almost no hardware devoted to synchronization, arbitration, or interlocking of any kind (the compiler has sole responsibility for runtime resource usage).This paper discusses the design of this machine and presents some initial performance results.
Hot-Pressed Silicon Nitride with Various Lanthanide Oxides as Sintering Additives (1983)

Si3N4の焼結に及ぼす (a) 各種ランタニド酸化物及び (b) それらとY2O3を組み合わせた系の添加の影響について検討した. いずれの場合にも, 1800℃, 300-400kg/cm2, 60分のホットプレスによりち密化は促進される. (b) の場合, イットリウム系及びランタニド系シリコン酸窒化物が結晶化し, その結果, 曲げ強度が室温で82kg/mm2, 1300℃で84kg/mm2の耐熱性の高いSi3N4焼結体が得られた. Y2O3+La2O3系について, La2O3の比率が高いほど高温強度は高く, また硬度も高いことが分った. 焼結時間としては90分焼結で最も高強度で耐熱性の高い焼結体を得た.
Integrated four-channel Mach-Zehnder multi/demultiplexer fabricated with phosphorous doped SiO/sub 2/ waveguides on Si (1988)

An analysis and the device performance of an integrated optical 4-channel multi/demultiplexer based on Mach-Zehnder interferometers elements are presented. The channel spacing is 77 AA. Single-mode channel waveguides are made from P-doped SiO/sub 2/ core layers. Waveguide losses as low as 0.05 dB/cm and fiber-to-waveguide butt coupling as low as 0.5 dB for lambda =1.5 mu m have been obtained. The multiplexer transfers power from four input channels into a common output channel with an average fiber-to-fiber loss of 2.6 dB per channel. The average crosstalk of the demultiplexer is -16 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Microlens arrays (1991)

Microlenses have been in existence for a long time. Many early lenses, including those made by Hooke and Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century, were small. A number of the applications for arrays of microlenses are also well established. Lippmann's work on integral photography at the turn of the century needed lens arrays and stimulated an interest that is very much alive today. Lens arrays played an important part in high-speed photography and various schemes have attempted to take advantage of the compact imaging properties of combinations of lens arrays. The fact that many of these ingenious schemes have not been developed fully is to a large degree due to the absence of lens arrays of a suitable quality and cost.
A LysM Receptor-Like Kinase Plays a Critical Role in Chitin Signaling and Fungal Resistance in Arabidopsis (2008)

Chitin, a polymer of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, is found in fungal cell walls but not in plants. Plant cells can perceive chitin fragments (chitooligosaccharides) leading to gene induction and defense responses. We identified a LysM receptor-like protein (LysM RLK1) required for chitin signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. The mutation in this gene blocked the induction of almost all chitooligosaccharide-responsive genes and led to more susceptibility to fungal pathogens but had no effect on infection by a bacterial pathogen. Additionally, exogenously applied chitooligosaccharides enhanced resistance against both fungal and bacterial pathogens in the wild-type plants but not in the mutant. Together, our data indicate that LysM RLK1 is essential for chitin signaling in plants (likely as part of the receptor complex) and is involved in chitin-mediated plant innate immunity. The LysM RLK1-mediated chitin signaling pathway is unique, but it may share a conserved downstream pathway with the FLS2/flagellin- and EFR/EF-Tu-mediated signaling pathways. Additionally, our work suggests a possible evolutionary relationship between the chitin and Nod factor perception mechanisms due to the similarities between their potential receptors and between the signal molecules perceived by them.
Glycosylation of a VH residue of a monoclonal antibody against alpha (1----6) dextran increases its affinity for antigen. (1988)

We have observed that antidextran hybridomas with potential N-linked glycosylation sites in VH have higher affinity for polymeric dextran and for isomaltoheptaose than those lacking potential glycosylation sites. In these studies we have used gene transfection and expression techniques to verify that the carbohydrate addition sites in VH were used. The carbohydrate of the VH region was accessible for binding by the lectin Con A. By ELISA analysis it was demonstrated that the aKa of the antibody for dextran was influenced by the presence of carbohydrate in VH, with the aglycosylated antibody having an aKa 15-fold lower than its untreated counterpart. The aKa for antigen of antibodies that contain carbohydrate only in their constant region was unaffected by lack of carbohydrate. Thus, not only the amino acid sequence of the variable region but also its carbohydrate moieties can determine the magnitude of the antigen-antibody interaction.
DNA triple-helix specific intercalators as antigene enhancers: Unfused aromatic cations (1993)

Triple-helical structures involving the interaction of an oligonucleotide third strand with a duplex nucleic acid sequence have recently gained attention as a therapeutic strategy in the "antigene" approach [cf. Helene, C. (1991) Eur. J. Cancer 27, 1466-1471]. This method utilizes the triple helix formed from the cellular duplex and an added third strand to directly regulate the activity of a selected gene. The limited stability of nucleic acid triple-helical interactions, particularly if the third strand has backbone modifications such as methylphosphonate or phosphorothioate substitutions, is a limiting condition for the use of this approach. We have designed and synthesized compounds, on the basis of the following three criteria, that we feel should provide selective interactions and significant stabilization of triplexes: appropriate aromatic surface area for stacking with triplex bases in an intercalation complex, positive charge, and limited torsional freedom in the aromatic system to match the propeller twist of the triple-base interactions in the triplex. A series of quinoline derivatives with an alkylamine side chain at the 4-position and with different aryl substituents at the 2-position has been synthesized as our first compounds. A 2-naphthyl derivative provides significant and selective stabilization of the triplex. In a 0.2 M NaCl buffer, the naphthyl derivative increased the Tm for the triplex (triplex to duplex and third strand transition) by approximately 30 degrees C more than the Tm increase for the duplex (duplex to single strands transition). Spectral changes and energy-transfer results indicate that the naphthyl compound and related derivatives bind to the triplex by intercalation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Further study of hepatitis C virus RNA detection in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded liver tissues by ligation‐dependent polymerase chain reaction (1998)

Ligation-dependent polymerase chain reaction (LD-PCR) is a novel, simple and sensitive PCR assay that could be useful for the molecular diagnosis of various viral infections. This assay uses two capture probes for RNA isolation and two hemiprobes for the subsequent PCR. To investigate its usefulness in the field of pathological diagnosis, further study of this new PCR technology to detect hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA was carried out in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) liver tissues and the results compared with those obtained by the reverse transcription (RT)-PCR method. We analyzed routinely processed FFPE liver specimens of surgical origin from 13 anti-HCV-seropositive Japanese patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As a result, HCV-RNA was detected in FFPE liver specimens in 12 of the tested patients (92.3%) by the LD-PCR method without the use of reverse transcription. In contrast, HCV-RNA was detectable in eight out of 13 cases (61.5%) by the RT-PCR method. These results indicated that LD-PCR was useful for HCV-RNA detection in routinely processed FFPE liver specimens.
Determination of coagulation factor VIII activity by a chromogenic substrate method on STA, an automated coagulation analyzer (1999)

This study was aimed at evaluating the performance of a chromogenic factor VIII assay on STA, an automated coagulation analyzer. Additionally, a correlation study was conducted with an aPTT-based one-stage factor VIII clotting assay. Throughout the study the performance of the chromogenic assay was tested in two ranges of factor VIII activity: a high range with activity between 20% and 150% and a low range with activity below 20%. Inter-assay coefficient of variation ranged from 1.9% to 8.9% and intra-assay coefficient of variation from 0.5% to 11.4%, depending on factor VIII concentration. Day-to-day reproducibility was tested over a 5-day period; between-day imprecision ranged from 7.1% to 9.4%. The chromogenic factor VIII assay showed a good correlation with the clotting assay in both ranges. The correlation coefficients were 0.924 and 0.792 for the high and low range, respectively. A statistically significant difference in mean values was observed in the high range (p < 0.0001). Comparison between the chromogenic assay on STA versus on microplates showed a high correlation (0.991), which was highly significant (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the chromogenic assay for factor VIII on STA shows good analytical performance. It correlates well with the one-stage factor VIII clotting assay, although significant differences between individual samples occur. Probably these are partly related to differences in measurement principle and standardization. Altogether, this precise and rapid assay is suitable for determination of factor VIII by an automated procedure.
Mechanisms and Activity of PPARγ-Active Triterpenoids CDDO and CDDO-Me in Leukemias. (2005)

Abstract First-line therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) consists of combinations of cytarabine and an anthracycline. While initial complete remissions are frequent, most patients succumb to resistant disease underlining the need for novel, more effective agents. The most striking progress in AML therapy was achieved by targeting the nuclear receptor RARα with ATRA. Research in our laboratory has demonstrated that the novel synthetic triterpenoid CDDO (2-cyano-3,12- dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid) and its more active C28 methyl ester derivative CDDO-Me inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in a variety of cancers including AML, CLL and blast crisis CML. CDDO and to a much higher degree CDDO-Me are potent activators of the nuclear transcription factor Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ). In a mammalian two-hybrid assay, the CDDO and CDDO-Me induced activation of PPARγ was associated with a marked increase in multiple coactivator recruitment (SRC-1, SRC-2, SRC-3, TRAP220/DRIP205, CARM-1 and PGC-1) that is qualitatively different from that induced by other PPARγ ligands. CDDO induced a higher degree of myelo-monocytic differentiation in DRIP205-overexpressing HL-60 cells suggesting that high cellular levels of DRIP205 co-activator modulate differentiation response to PPARγ ligation. CDDO induced p21 mRNA and protein in leukemic cells and transactivation of the p21 promoter in a p53-independent fashion. We have recently identified the PPARγ-independent depletion of mitochondrial glutathione (GSHm) as a novel mechanism of action resulting in redox disbalance and mitochondrial damage as mechanisms of pro-apoptotic effects of CDDO and CDDO-Me. Gene expression studies using cDNA arrays demonstrate that CDDO induces genes involved in the antioxidant response (AR) including phase II detoxifying enzymes (glutamate cysteine ligase, GSH transferase, etc.) and antioxidant enzymes (heme oxygenase 1, thioredoxin reductase). Cotreatment with the GSH precursor, n-acetyl cystein prevented apoptosis and loss of viability induced by CDDOs, whereas alkylation of intracellular thiols by diethylmaleate decreased the accumulation of a biotinylated derivative of CDDO, TP-301, in U937 leukemic cells suggesting that intracellular reduced thiols are functional targets of CDDO and its derivatives. The in vivo studies using liposomal CDDO-Me in a conditional leukemia model demonstrated significant reduction of leukemia burden as measured by bioluminescence imaging and prolongation of survival. Based on the ample pre-clinical evidence of anti-leukemia effects and on the favorable PK/toxicity profile of the parental compound, CDDO will enter Phase I clinical trials in hematologic malignancies in 3Q 2005 and CDDO-Me in 1Q 2006.
Differential Response to Anti-VEGF Regimens in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Patients with Early Persistent Retinal Fluid (2016)

In patients with early persistent fluid, 2q4 may provide additional clinical benefit over 2q8 or Rq4.
Photorefractive effect in annealed proton-exchanged LiTaO/sub 3/ waveguides (1993)

Quantitative measurements of the photorefractive effect in annealed proton-exchanged (APE) LiTaO/sub 3/ waveguides have been measured for the first time. In particular, photorefractive measurements at 488 nm in waveguides fabricated on both surface acoustic wave (SAW) grade and optical grade LiTaO/sub 3/ substrates are reported and compared with that in optical grade APE LiNbO/sub 3/. The results show that while the dark conductivity and the saturated refractive index change of both APE LiTaO/sub 3/, samples remain the same at very high irradiation levels, the photoconductivity of the SAW grade is much higher than that of the optical grade. The large photorefractive charge may be due primarily to increased absorption by Fe/sup 2+/ impurity ions. Furthermore, as expected, optical grade APE LiTaO/sub 3/ exhibits a smaller photorefractive effect than that of LiNbO/sub 3/ at high intensities.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Difference gel electrophoresis. A single gel method for detecting changes in protein extracts (1997)

We describe a modification of two-dimensional (2-D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that requires only a single gel to reproducibly detect differences between two protein samples. This was accomplished by fluorescently tagging the two samples with two different dyes, running them on the same 2-D gel, post-run fluorescence imaging of the gel into two images, and superimposing the images. The amine reactive dyes were designed to insure that proteins common to both samples have the same relative mobility regardless of the dye used to tag them. Thus, this technique, called difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE), circumvents the need to compare several 2-D gels. DIGE is reproducible, sensitive, and can detect an exogenous difference between two Drosophila embryo extracts at nanogram levels. Moreover, an inducible protein from E. coli was detected after 15 min of induction and identified using DIGE preparatively.
Signal improvement effect in O/E-E/O conversion using an electro-absorption (EA) modulator (1997)

O/E-E/O conversion using an electro-absorption (EA) modulator is described from the viewpoint of noise transfer characteristics, where input optical signals are converted to electrical signals and the EA modulator is driven by the inversely amplified electrical signals. A threshold property in the EA modulation characteristic suppresses signal fluctuation in the input "on"-state, provided that the "on"-level voltage supplied to the modulator exceeds a threshold. Experiments in which amplifier ASE light was intentionally imposed on the signal light showed improvement in allowable ASE level, and confirmed the noise suppression effect.
Highly Chemoselective Hydrogenation with Retention of the Epoxide Function Using a Heterogeneous Pd/C-Ethylenediamine Catalyst and THF (2000)

In general, palladium-carbon (Pd/C) catalyzed hydrogenation of epoxides affords the corresponding primary and secondary alcohols as a mixture. It has been found that the catalytic activity of a Pd/C -ethylenediamine complex catalyst [Pd/C(en)] in the hydrogenolysis of epoxide functions is drastically reduced. Herein we describe a mild and chemoselective method for the hydrogenation of olefin, nitro, and azide functions with retention of the epoxide function. The chemoselectivity was accomplished by using a combination of 5% Pd/C(en) and THF as solvent. A significant drop in the chemoselectivity of the hydrogenation is observed with 5% Pd/C(en) in MeOH. These results reinforce the utility of epoxides as important precursors of alcohols in synthetic chemistry.
Caveolin-1 controls cell proliferation and cell death by suppressing expression of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin (2006)

Caveolin-1 is suggested to act as a tumor suppressor. We tested the hypothesis that caveolin-1 does so by repression of survivin, an Inhibitor of apoptosis protein that regulates cell-cycle progression as well as apoptosis and is commonly overexpressed in human cancers. Ectopic expression of caveolin-1 in HEK293T and ZR75 cells or siRNA-mediated silencing of caveolin-1 in NIH3T3 cells caused downregulation or upregulation of survivin mRNA and protein, respectively. Survivin downregulation in HEK293T cells was paralleled by reduced cell proliferation, increases in G0-G1 and decreases in G2-M phase of the cell cycle. In addition, apoptosis was evident, as judged by several criteria. Importantly, expression of green fluorescent protein-survivin in caveolin-1-transfected HEK293T cells restored cell proliferation and viability. In addition, expression of caveolin-1 inhibited transcriptional activity of a survivin promoter construct in a beta-catenin-Tcf/Lef-dependent manner. Furthermore, in HEK293T cells caveolin-1 associated with beta-catenin and inhibited Tcf/Lef-dependent transcription. Similar results were obtained upon caveolin-1 expression in DLD1 cells, where APC mutation leads to constitutive activation of beta-catenin-Tcf/Lef-mediated transcription of survivin. Taken together, these results suggest that anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties of caveolin-1 may be attributed to reduced survivin expression via a mechanism involving diminished beta-catenin-Tcf/Lef-dependent transcription.
CdSe Nanocrystal Rods/Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Composite Photovoltaic Devices (1999)

Photovoltaic devices remain an important aim for thin films of conjugated polymers. Here is reported the construction of devices with improved photovoltaic performance, which is achieved by blending elongated CdSe nanocrystals (see Figure) with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene). Improved transport arising from denser aggregation between the elongated particles is a probable source of the enhanced energy conversion.
Assessing iPSC reprogramming methods for their suitability in translational medicine (2012)

The discovery of the ability to induce somatic cells to a pluripotent state through the overexpression of specific transcription factors has the potential to transform the ways in which pharmaceutical agents and cellular transplantation therapies are developed. Proper utilization of the technology to generate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) requires that researchers select the appropriate reprogramming method for generating iPSCs so that the resulting iPSCs can be transitioned towards clinical applications effectively. This article reviews all of the currently available reprogramming techniques with a focus on critiquing them on the basis of their utility in translational medicine.
OFDM burst frequency synchronization by single carrier training data (1997)

We propose a burst frequency synchronization procedure which is based on the usage of single-carrier training data and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) payload modulation. The payload modulation format is similar to the one that is used in the DAB standard, whereas training data are chosen as simple CAZAC sequences. It is shown that the resulting modulation and transmission scheme is suitable for burst transmission and single-burst demodulation. Performance degradation due to synchronization errors is shown to be small.
Synthesis of Thiohydantoins, Thiazolidones and Their Derivatives from N1-(4'-Aryl Thiazole 2'-YL) Thioureas (1973)

Department of Chemistry, G. M. College, Sambalpur and P. G. Department of Chemistry, Sambalpur University, Burla, Sambalpur <em>Manuscript received 6 April 1972; revised 16<strong> </strong>March 1973; accepted 21<strong> </strong>June 1973</em> Some new heterocyclic substituted thiohydantoins(III) and thiazolidones (VI) have been syn­thesised from N'-(4'-aryl thiazole 2'-yl) thioureas(II) with monochioro acetic acid in the medium of pyridine and alcohol with anhydrous sodium acetate respectively. Both the keto-methylene compounds (thiohydantoin and thiazolidone) have been used to prepare several arylidene deri­vatives and dibromo compounds. The thioureas have also been used to prepare 5,5-diphenyl 3-(4'-aryl thiazole 2'-yl) thiohydantoins (IX) with benzil. These mixed thiohydantoins have been coupled with diazotised sulphanilamide to get the diazo compounds (X).