gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Technology (2000)

Undifferentiated human embryonic stem (ES) cells can be cultured indefinitely and yet maintain the potential to form almost every cell in the adult human body. Therefore ES cells provide a model for understanding the differentiation and function of human tissue, offer new strategies for drug discovery and testing, and have the potential to provide new transplantation therapies for the treatment of a wide variety of human diseases. In this article, we describe the origin and properties of human ES cells, distinguish ES cells from other pluripotent stem cell lines, and discuss their implications for basic research and human medicine.
Angiogenesis - Research Frontiers. A Basic Science Conference of the New York Academy of Medicine (2000)

Angiogenesis, the development of new blood vessels, is essential for both tumour growth and metastasis. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the angiogenic process and its regulation have led to the discovery of a variety of targets for therapeutic intervention. The potential application of these angiogenic inhibitors is currently under intense preclinical and clinical investigation. Compelling evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their receptors play critical roles in tumour-associated angiogenesis. Tumour homing factors will drive the growth of new vessels, neoangiogenesis, to satisfy the demands of the growing tumour. By attacking the angiogenic process the tumour will he starved for oxygen and nutrients, thus impairing its growth. This has been demonstrated in a variety of animal tumour models in which disabling the function of VEGF or its receptor was shown to inhibit both tumour growth and metastasis. The New York Academy of Medicine organised a day-long meeting to discuss emerging ideas, currently available in vitro and animal models and evaluation of these therapies during their preclinical development and in clinical trials.
Solid-Phase Catch, Activate, and Release Synthesis of Cyanine Dyes (2002)

[reaction: see text] Trimethine cyanine dye was synthesized by capture and activation of a hemicyanine intermediate on sulfonyl chloride resin followed by reaction and concomitant cleavage by a heterocyclic carbon nucleophile. A small array of dyes were synthesized and characterized to demonstrate the versatility of this chemistry for a number of hemicyanines and heterocyclic nucleophiles.
Structural and Functional Analysis of Interhelical Interactions in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 gp41 Envelope Glycoprotein by Alanine-Scanning Mutagenesis (2001)

Membrane fusion by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is promoted by the refolding of the viral envelope glycoprotein into a fusion-active conformation. The structure of the gp41 ectodomain core in its fusion-active state is a trimer of hairpins in which three antiparallel carboxyl-terminal helices pack into hydrophobic grooves on the surface of an amino-terminal trimeric coiled coil. In an effort to identify amino acid residues in these grooves that are critical for gp41 activation, we have used alanine-scanning mutagenesis to investigate the importance of individual side chains in determining the biophysical properties of the gp41 core and the membrane fusion activity of the gp120-gp41 complex. Alanine substitutions at Leu-556, Leu-565, Val-570, Gly-572, and Arg-579 positions severely impaired membrane fusion activity in envelope glycoproteins that were for the most part normally expressed. Whereas alanine mutations at Leu-565 and Val-570 destabilized the trimer-of-hairpins structure, mutations at Gly-572 and Arg-579 led to the formation of a stable gp41 core. Our results suggest that the Leu-565 and Val-570 residues are important determinants of conserved packing interactions between the amino- and carboxyl-terminal helices of gp41. We propose that the high degree of sequence conservation at Gly-572 and Arg-579 may result from selective pressures imposed by prefusogenic conformations of the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. Further analysis of the gp41 activation process may elucidate targets for antiviral intervention.
Natural killing target antigens as inducers of interferon: studies with an immunoselected, natural killing-resistant human T lymphoblastoid cell line. (1985)

The human T lymphoblastoid cell line CEM was subjected to immunoselection by co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) for resistance to natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis. The NK susceptibility of the resulting subline, CEM.NKR, was 8.4 to 20.6% of that of CEM when PBMC or adherent cell-depleted PBMC were used as effector cells, and -7.1 to 12.1% of that of CEM when Percoll gradient-enriched large granular lymphocytes (LGL) were used. However, CEM and CEM.NKR exhibited comparable sensitivity to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Unlabeled CEM was eight- to 32-fold more effective than unlabeled CEM.NKR in inhibiting the NK lysis of labeled CEM target cells, and CEM bound 1.9 to 3.9-fold more Percoll gradient-enriched LGL than CEM.NKR in single cell-binding assays, suggesting that the NK-resistant variant has lost the expression of NK target antigens. However, CEM.NKR was comparable to CEM in its ability to induce interferon (IFN)-alpha production by PBMC in vitro, and the NK-resistant variant maintained its susceptibility to the antiproliferative effects of IFN-alpha, indicating that these phenomena may be mediated by molecules other than NK target structures. Comparison of CEM and CEM.NKR by indirect immunofluorescence with monoclonal antibodies specific for leukocyte antigens and the transferrin receptor, and by microcytotoxicity typing for HLA-A and B specificities, revealed no major differences.
Computer-aided diagnostic tool for early detection of prostate cancer (2016)

In this paper, we propose a novel non-invasive framework for the early diagnosis of prostate cancer from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). The proposed approach consists of three main steps. In the first step, the prostate is localized and segmented based on a new level-set model. In the second step, the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the segmented prostate volume is mathematically calculated for different b-values. To preserve continuity, the calculated ADC values are normalized and refined using a Generalized Gauss-Markov Random Field (GGMRF) image model. The cumulative distribution function (CDF) of refined ADC for the prostate tissues at different b-values are then constructed. These CDFs are considered as global features describing water diffusion which can be used to distinguish between benign and malignant tumors. Finally, a deep learning auto-encoder network, trained by a stacked non-negativity constraint algorithm (SNCAE), is used to classify the prostate tumor as benign or malignant based on the CDFs extracted from the previous step. Preliminary experiments on 53 clinical DW-MRI data sets resulted in 100% correct classification, indicating the high accuracy of the proposed framework and holding promise of the proposed CAD system as a reliable non-invasive diagnostic tool.
Resistance of Cotton Lines Containing a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin to Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and other Insects (1992)

Resistance of Cotton Lines Containing a Bacillus thuringiensis Toxin to Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and other Insects Get access Douglas F. Wilson, Douglas F. Wilson Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hollis M. Flint, Hollis M. Flint Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Randy W. Deaton, Randy W. Deaton Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar David A. Fischhoff, David A. Fischhoff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Frederick J. Perlak, Frederick J. Perlak Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Toni A. Armstrong, Toni A. Armstrong Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Roy L. Fuchs, Roy L. Fuchs Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Sharon A. Berberich, Sharon A. Berberich Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nancy J. Parks, Nancy J. Parks Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Benny R. Stapp Benny R. Stapp Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 4, 1 August 1992, Pages 1516–1521, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.4.1516 Published: 01 August 1992 Article history Received: 13 August 1991 Accepted: 11 March 1992 Published: 01 August 1992
Targeted Delivery of the ErbB2/HER2 Tumor Antigen to Professional APCs Results in Effective Antitumor Immunity (2005)

Activation of T cells by professional APCs that present peptide epitopes of tumor-associated Ags is critical for the induction of cell-mediated immunity against tumors. To facilitate targeted delivery of the ErbB2 (HER2, neu) tumor Ag to APCs in vivo, we have generated chimeric proteins that contain the extracellular domain of CTLA-4 for binding to B7 molecules on the APC surface, which is genetically fused to a human ErbB2 fragment as an antigenic determinant. Bacterially expressed CTLA-4-ErbB2 fusion protein and a similar molecule harboring in addition the translocation domain of Pseudomonas exotoxin A as an endosome escape function displayed specific binding to B7-expressing cells, followed by protein internalization and intracellular degradation. Vaccination of BALB/c mice with the fusion proteins resulted in the induction of ErbB2-specific CD8(+) T cells and CTL-dependent protection from subsequent challenge with ErbB2-expressing but not ErbB2-negative murine renal carcinoma cells. In a therapeutic setting, injection of CTLA-4-ErbB2 protein vaccines caused rejection of established ErbB2-expressing tumors. Thereby, immunological memory was induced, leading to long-term systemic immunity and protection against rechallenge several months later. Our results demonstrate that these chimeric protein vaccines are effective tools for the induction of ErbB2-specific, T cell-mediated immunity.
PI3Kγ Is a Key Regulator of Inflammatory Responses and Cardiovascular Homeostasis (2007)

Class I phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways regulate several important cellular functions, including cellular growth, division, survival, and movement. Class IB PI3K (also known as PI3Kgamma) links heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors to these pathways. Activation of class IB PI3K results in the rapid synthesis of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] and its dephosphorylation product PtdIns(3,4)P2 in the plasma membrane. These two lipid messengers bind to pleckstrin homology domain-containing effectors that regulate a complex signaling web downstream of receptor activation. Characteristic features of this pathway are the regulation of protein kinases and the regulation of small guanosine triphosphatases that control cellular movement, adhesion, contraction, and secretion. Most of the ligands that activate class IB PI3K are involved in coordinating the body's response to injury and infection, and recent studies suggest that small molecule inhibitors of this enzyme may represent a novel class of anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
Autoimmune Acquired Form of Angioedema that Responded to Danazol Therapy. (2002)

A 51-year-old man with recurrent episodes of angioedema was diagnosed as having autoimmune acquired angioedema, based on adult onset, lack of apparent family history, decreased activity of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1 INH) and CH50, decreased levels of serum C4 and Clq and the presence of autoantibodies to C1 INH. The danazol treatment relieved the symptoms of angioedema and increased the C1 INH activity and concentration with the normalization of CH50, C1q and C4 levels. To our knowledge, this is the first case of autoimmune acquired angioedema in Japan.
Posttranslational Regulation of Acid Sphingomyelinase in Niemann-Pick Type C1 Fibroblasts and Free Cholesterol-enriched Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (2000)

Niemann-Pick type C disease is characterized by the accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids within the lysosomal compartment, a process that is often accompanied by a reduction in acid sphingomyelinase activity. These studies demonstrate that a CHO cell mutant (CT-60), which accumulates lysosomal cholesterol because of a defective NP-C1 protein, has approximately 5-10% of the acid sphingomyelinase activity of its parental cell line (25-RA) or wild type (CHO-K1) cells. The cholesterol-induced reduction in acid sphingomyelinase activity can be reproduced in CHO-K1 cells by incubation in the presence of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and progesterone, which impairs the normal egress of LDL-derived cholesterol from the lysosomal compartment. Kinetic analysis of sphingomyelin hydrolysis in cell extracts suggests that the CT60 cells have a reduced amount of functional acid sphingomyelinase as indicated by a 10-fold reduction in the apparent V(max). Western blot analysis using antibodies generated to synthetic peptides corresponding to segments within the carboxyl-terminal region of acid sphingomyelinase demonstrate that both the CT60 and the LDL/progesterone-treated CHO-K1 cells possess near normal levels of acid sphingomyelinase protein. Likewise, Niemann-Pick type C fibroblasts also displayed normal acid sphingomyelinase protein but negligible levels of acid sphingomyelinase activity. These data suggest that cholesterol-induced inhibition is a posttranslational event, perhaps involving cofactor mediated modulation of enzymatic activity or alterations in acid sphingomyelinase protein trafficking and maturation.
Carbon dioxide removal from fossil fuel power plants by refrigeration under pressure (2003)

The authors present a model process for carbon dioxide removal from the flue gases of a hard-coal-fired power plant by pressure-assisted refrigeration. The basic physics, the single process steps, and the total energy requirement are discussed. The energy requirement for carbon dioxide removal by refrigeration is comparable to the energy requirement for chemical carbon dioxide separation with the help of Alkalonamin (MEA process) and subsequent liquefaction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Organ-Specific Regulation of the CD8 T Cell Response to Listeria monocytogenes Infection (2001)

The intestinal mucosal CD8 T cell response to infection with Listeria monocytogenes was measured using MHC class I tetramers and was compared with the response in peripheral blood, secondary lymphoid tissue, and liver. To assess the vaccination potential of Listeria and to analyze responses in C57BL/6 mouse strains, a recombinant Listeria expressing OVA (rLM-ova) was generated. The response peaked at 9 days postinfection with a much larger fraction of the intestinal mucosa and liver CD8 T cell pool OVA specific, as compared with the spleen. However, these differences were not linked to bacterial titers in each site. The higher responses in lamina propria and liver resulted in a larger CD8 memory population in these tissues. Furthermore, the level of memory induced was dependent on infectious dose and inversely correlated with the magnitude of the recall response after oral challenge. Recall responses in the tissues were most robust in the lamina propria and liver, and reactivated Ag-specific T cells produced IFN-gamma. Infection of CD40- or MHC class II-deficient mice induced poor CD8 T cell responses in the intestinal mucosa, but only partially reduced responses in the spleen and liver. Overall, the results point to novel pathways of tissue-specific regulation of primary and memory antimicrobial CD8 T cell responses.
Frontal lobe dysfunction in secondary depression (1994)

Depression is common in patients with neurological disease, particularly with diseases involving the basal ganglia. Although the mechanisms of mood disorders in these patients are poorly understood, selective neural pathways affected directly and indirectly by basal ganglia injury provide a strategy for examining these patients with functional imaging techniques. Studies of regional cerebral glucose metabolism by use of positron-emission tomography are reviewed. These studies demonstrate bilateral hypometabolism of orbital-inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior temporal cortex in depressed subjects, independent of disease etiology. This pattern is similar to that seen in patients with primary unipolar depression. These findings suggest that disruption of paralimbic pathways linking frontal cortex, temporal cortex, and striatum may contribute to both primary depression and depression associated with basal ganglia disease. The findings support the evolving concept of a neuroanatomical locus for mood regulation.
Large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous speech recognition using HMM (2003)

SPHINX, the first large-vocabulary speaker-independent continuous-speech recognizer is described. SPHINX is a hidden-Markov-model (HMM)-based recognizer using multiple codebooks of various LPC-derived features. Two types of HMMs are used in SPHINX: context-independent phone models and function-word-dependent phone models. On a 997-word task using a bigram grammar, SPHINX achieved a word accuracy of 93%. This demonstrates the feasibility of speaker-independent continuous-speech recognition, and the appropriateness of hidden Markov models for such a task.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Effects of oxidized and reduced forms of methylthioninium in two transgenic mouse tauopathy models (2015)

Given the repeated failure of amyloid-based approaches in Alzheimer's disease, there is increasing interest in tau-based therapeutics. Although methylthioninium (MT) treatment was found to be beneficial in tau transgenic models, the brain concentrations required to inhibit tau aggregation in vivo are unknown. The comparative efficacy of methylthioninium chloride (MTC) and leucomethylthioninium salts (LMTX; 5-75 mg/kg; oral administration for 3-8 weeks) was assessed in two novel transgenic tau mouse lines. Behavioural (spatial water maze, RotaRod motor performance) and histopathological (tau load per brain region) proxies were applied. Both MTC and LMTX dose-dependently rescued the learning impairment and restored behavioural flexibility in a spatial problem-solving water maze task in Line 1 (minimum effective dose: 35 mg MT/kg for MTC, 9 mg MT/kg for LMTX) and corrected motor learning in Line 66 (effective doses: 4 mg MT/kg). Simultaneously, both drugs reduced the number of tau-reactive neurons, particularly in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex in Line 1 and in a more widespread manner in Line 66. MT levels in the brain followed a sigmoidal concentration-response relationship over a 10-fold range (0.13-1.38 μmol/l). These data establish that diaminophenothiazine compounds, like MT, can reverse both spatial and motor learning deficits and reduce the underlying tau pathology, and therefore offer the potential for treatment of tauopathies.
Design of a laser beam line expander (1987)

The design of an optical element for laser beam line expansion is described. The element which bears some resemblance to a prism with a small radius at its apex expands the laser beam in one direction only. The technique for designing such a lens is given together with examples of lenses having different rates of divergence.
Numerical Simulation of Effect on Billet Casting Q235 under Inner-Out Cooler (2011)

There is a new idea on the billet casting Q235 with size of 165mm×165 mm,It involves a couple technology to cool molten steel both from inside and outside, namely: to emplace an inner cooler -a pipe with the shape of letter U in the mould. It aims to increase the thermal conductivity and improve the inner structure of the billet. With the help of Fluent -a kind of CFD business soft ware, a numerical simulation is undertaken to testify the condition of the molten steel in the inner-outer cooling mould coupled by flow field and temperature field.
Development of Pulse Transfer Circuits for Serially Biased SFQ Circuits Using the Nb 9-Layer 1-$\mu\hbox{m}$ Process (2012)

Serial biasing is a promising technology to reduce the total bias current of single flux quantum (SFQ) circuits. In this technique, each circuit block is placed on separated floating ground planes and biased serially. In this study, we developed a new coupling structure of SFQ pulse transfer circuits between the different ground planes using the Nb 9-layer ISTEC advanced process (ADP2.3). By using thick insulating and shielding layers, the pulse transfer circuit became robust to external magnetic fields with enough bias margins. The high-speed operation of serially biased SFQ circuits was demonstrated by on-chip high-speed tests.
Cell movements during epiboly and gastrulation in zebrafish (1990)

Beginning during the late blastula stage in zebrafish, cells located beneath a surface epithelial layer of the blastoderm undergo rearrangements that accompany major changes in shape of the embryo. We describe three distinctive kinds of cell rearrangements. (1) Radial cell intercalations during epiboly mix cells located deeply in the blastoderm among more superficial ones. These rearrangements thoroughly stir the positions of deep cells, as the blastoderm thins and spreads across the yolk cell. (2) Involution at or near the blastoderm margin occurs during gastrulation. This movement folds the blastoderm into two cellular layers, the epiblast and hypoblast, within a ring (the germ ring) around its entire circumference. Involuting cells move anteriorwards in the hypoblast relative to cells that remain in the epiblast; the movement shears the positions of cells that were neighbors before gastrulation. Involuting cells eventually form endoderm and mesoderm, in an anterior-posterior sequence according to the time of involution. The epiblast is equivalent to embryonic ectoderm. (3) Mediolateral cell intercalations in both the epiblast and hypoblast mediate convergence and extension movements towards the dorsal side of the gastrula. By this rearrangement, cells that were initially neighboring one another become dispersed along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo. Epiboly, involution and convergent extension in zebrafish involve the same kinds of cellular rearrangements as in amphibians, and they occur during comparable stages of embryogenesis.