gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular size of recombinant alpha1beta1 and alpha1beta1gamma2 GABAA receptors expressed in Sf9 cells. (1998)

The present study examines the physical properties of recombinant human GABAA receptors. The baculovirus/Sf9 cell system was used to express combinations of human GABAA receptor subunits: alpha 1 alone, alpha 1 with beta 1, and alpha 1 with beta 1 and gamma 2. Receptors were solubilized using 1% Triton X-100. In sucrose density gradients containing 150mM NaCl, alpha 1 beta 1 receptor-detergent complexes sedimented more slowly than alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2 constructs (sedimentation coefficient = 7.00 +/- 0.32 and 8.63 +/- 0.48 S, respectively). Stokes' radii for the two receptor-detergent complexes were determined by gel filtration in Sephacryl S-300. These experiments were performed in the presence of 1 M sodium chloride to prevent aggregation. The Stokes' radii for alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2 receptor-detergent complexes were 9.06 +/- 0.23 and 7.91 +/- 0.19 nm, respectively. Sedimentation experiments in 1 M NaCl revealed similar sedimentation coefficients for alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2 receptor-detergent complexes (8.79 +/- 0.59 and 8.46 +/- 0.72 S, respectively). The molecular weight of the alpha 1 beta 1 receptor excluding detergent was estimated to be 281 +/- 19 kDa, that of the alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2 receptor, 247 +/- 21 kDa. This difference is not statistically significant. Given subunit molecular weights which are close to 50 kDa, this suggested a pentameric structure for the majority of alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 2 receptors, and that alpha 1 beta 1 receptors are not"assembly intermediates" with fewer subunits.
Beam Forming Network for a Multibeam Antenna at 20 GHz (1984)

A multibeam antenna, which generates 115 Area Beams for European Continuous Coverage and 12 City Beams to cover 12 main ground stations, has been defined. Area and City Beams are generated by the same array of feeds and are isolated through polarization discrimination. On both, frequency reuse, through spatial separation, is applied. Furthermore, the central ground station provides a 27 GHz beacon signal for RF Sensing. For the isolation objectives (30dB) achievement, each City Beam is generated by a cluster of seven feed elements, part of which is shared between two adjacent beams. The feeding of the cluster and the sharing are performed by a Beam Forming Network (B.F.N.), in rectangular waveguide. The paper describes the B.F.N. components and their computed electrical performance, compared with the results measured on a partial B.F.N. breadboard. A good agreement and a flat behaviour of the B.F.N., in more of 10% bandwidth, is shown.
Ability of cecropin B to penetrate the enterobacterial outer membrane (1994)

The cationic amphipathic insect peptide cecropin B was almost as active on wild-type enteric bacteria as it was on their lipopolysaccharide and lipid A mutants that have very defective outer membrane. The polymyxin-resistant strains, which elaborate altered, less anionic lipopolysaccharide, were completely susceptible to cecropin B. No synergism was found between cecropin B and hydrophobic antibiotics. Throughout the study, the activity of cecropin B resembled that of quaternary detergents.
Mr contrast due to intravascular magnetic susceptibility perturbations (1995)

A particularly powerful paradigm for functional MR imaging of microvascular hemodynamics incorporates paramagnetic materials that create significant image contrast. These include exogenous (lanthanide chelates) and endogenous (deoxygenated hemoglobin) agents for mapping cerebral blood volume and neuronal activity, respectively. Accurate interpretation of these maps requires an understanding of the biophysics of susceptibility-based image contrast. The authors developed a novel Monte Carlo model with which the authors quantified the relationship between microscopic tissue parameters, NMR imaging parameters, and susceptibility contrast in vivo. The authors found vascular permeability to water and the flow of erythrocytes to be relatively unimportant contributors to susceptibility-induced delta R2. However, pulse sequence, echo time, and concentration of contrast agent have profound effects on the vessel size dependence of delta R2. For a model vasculature containing both capillaries and venules, the authors predicted a linear volume fraction dependence for physiological volume changes based on recruitment and dilation, and a concentration dependence that is nonlinear and pulse sequence dependent. Using the model, the authors demonstrated that spin echo functional images have greater microvascular sensitivity than gradient echo images, and that the specifies of the volume fraction and concentration dependence of transverse relaxivity change should allow for robust mapping of relative blood volume. The authors also demonstrated excellent agreement between the predictions of their model and experimental data obtained from the serial injection of superparamagnetic contrast agent in a rat model.
Endothelial Proliferation and Increased Blood–Brain Barrier Permeability in the Basal Ganglia in a Rat Model of 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-l-Alanine-Induced Dyskinesia (2006)

3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl-L-alanine (L-DOPA)-induced dyskinesia is associated with molecular and synaptic plasticity in the basal ganglia, but the occurrence of structural remodeling through cell genesis has not been explored. In this study, rats with 6-hydroxydopamine lesions received injections of the thymidine analog 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) concomitantly with L-DOPA for 2 weeks. A large number of BrdU-positive cells were found in the striatum and its output structures (globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus, and substantia nigra pars reticulata) in L-DOPA-treated rats that had developed dyskinesia. The vast majority (60-80%) of the newborn cells stained positively for endothelial markers. This endothelial proliferation was associated with an upregulation of immature endothelial markers (nestin) and a downregulation of endothelial barrier antigen on blood vessel walls. In addition, dyskinetic rats exhibited a significant increase in total blood vessel length and a visible extravasation of serum albumin in the two structures in which endothelial proliferation was most pronounced (substantia nigra pars reticulata and entopeduncular nucleus). The present study provides the first evidence of angiogenesis and blood-brain barrier dysfunction in an experimental model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. These microvascular changes are likely to affect the kinetics of L-DOPA entry into the brain, favoring the occurrence of motor complications.
Dynamical Systems Approach to Turbulence (1998)

This book, first published in 1998, treats turbulence from the point of view of dynamical systems. The exposition centres around a number of important simplified models for turbulent behaviour in systems ranging from fluid motion (classical turbulence) to chemical reactions and interfaces in disordered systems.The modern theory of fractals and multifractals now plays a major role in turbulence research, and turbulent states are being studied as important dynamical states of matter occurring also in systems outside the realm of hydrodynamics, i.e. chemical reactions or front propagation. The presentation relies heavily on simplified models of turbulent behaviour, notably shell models, coupled map lattices, amplitude equations and interface models, and the focus is primarily on fundamental concepts such as the differences between large and small systems, the nature of correlations and the origin of fractals and of scaling behaviour. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers interested in turbulence, from physics and applied mathematics backgrounds.
The value of rheumatoid factor and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies as predictors of response to infliximab in rheumatoid arthritis: an exploratory study (2011)

Presence as well as the titres of RF and IgM ACPA at baseline are significantly correlated with better response to infliximab treatment. However, this correlation is not strong enough to allow a reliable prediction in individual patients. Trial Registration. ISRCTN Register, http://www.controlled-trials.com/isrctn/, ISRCTN36847425.
Electrochemistry of Iodide in Propylene Carbonate: I . Cyclic Voltammetry Monitored by Optical Spectroscopy (1987)

The electrochemistry of iodide in propylene carbonate (PC) was investigated using cyclic voltammetry. In an anodic sweep, iodide is oxidized sequentially to triiodide and then to iodine according to
Review of Selected Adjuvants Used in Antibody Production (1995)

Immunologic adjuvants are agents that nonspecifically increase immune responses to specific antigens that are weakly immunogenic. The purpose of this article is to inform investigators and research staff about three commonly used and commercially available adjuvants for antibody production in laboratory animals and to briefly cover other adjuvants that may be used for this purpose. The three adjuvants that will be emphasized in this article are Freund's-type mineral oil adjuvant emulsions, Ribi Adjuvant System®, and TiterMax®. Other reports have studied these adjuvants, or combinations thereof, when administered with specific antigens (Lipman et al., 1992; Smith et al., 1992; Johnston et al., 1991). The objective of using adjuvants differs greatly, whether in research, antisera production, or vaccine development. Adjuvants intended for production of antisera need to induce high titers of high avidity antibody within a short time. Adjuvants intended for vaccine use need only induce protective titer, although the duration of the response and induction of immunologic memory are critical for maintaining protection. Induction of cell-mediated immunity is a requirement for protection against many etiologic agents, but is also partly responsible for side effects of adjuvants. Adjuvants or immunopotentiators were initially thought of as agents capable of promoting an augmented and more sustained antibody response. However, new evidence has shown that adjuvants influence titer, duration, isotype, and avidity of antibody, as well as affect properties of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) (Table 1) (Hunter et al., 1995). For example, adjuvants have been shown to induce class I-restricted CD8-positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes and modulate the specificity of antibody among available epitopes on protein antigens (Takahashi et al., 1990; Kenney et al., 1989). Adjuvants can be categorized according to their origins (whether they are derived from mineral; bacterial; plant; synthetic; or host product, such as Interleukin 1 and 2), and according to their proposed mechanism of action. Certain adjuvants such as alum, oil emulsions, liposomes, and synthetic polymers act through the effect of antigen localization (depot effect), which leads to slow delivery of the antigen. Most adjuvants also induce complex cell interactions between macrophages and lymphocytes.
Stable and versatile active acridinium esters I (2000)

The synthesis of acridinium esters with a linking group directly attached to the acridine nucleus is described. This strategy will allow the widest possible choice of variously substituted phenyl esters without restricting them to those structures bearing linking groups on the phenol. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Corticosteroids for Acute Optic Neuritis on the Subsequent Development of Multiple Sclerosis (1993)

In patients with acute optic neuritis, treatment with a three-day course of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone (followed by a short course of prednisone) reduces the rate of development of multiple sclerosis over a two-year period.
Destination address block location on handwritten Chinese envelope (1999)

Handwritten Chinese envelopes have three obvious characteristics: handwritten text lines are the main part of the envelope image; there is no distinct border between the destination address block (DAB) and sender address block (SAB); and handwritten Chinese characters are composed of complicated strokes with more freedom. A method for segmenting the envelope image into several candidate DABs and selecting the best one as the DAB is not yet suitable for handwritten Chinese envelopes. This paper presents a new method of DAB location on envelopes based on extraction of text lines, according to the characteristics of handwritten Chinese envelopes. Our method divides the DAB location problem into several simpler sub-problems and solves them respectively. Experimental results of extraction rate for DAB and average processing time on 500 samples directly sampled from mail sorting machines shows that this method is effective and takes less CPU time.
Historical recall and precision: summarizing generated hypotheses (2005)

Document recognition involves many kinds of hypotheses: segmentation hypotheses, classification hypotheses, spatial relationship hypotheses, and so on. Many recognition strategies generate valid hypotheses, which are eventually rejected, but current evaluation methods consider only accepted hypotheses. As a result, we have no way to measure errors associated with rejecting valid hypotheses. We propose describing hypothesis generation in more detail, by collecting the complete set of generated hypotheses and computing the recall and precision of this set: we call these the 'historical recall' and 'historical precision.' Using table cell detection examples, we demonstrate how historical recall and precision along with the complete set of generated hypotheses assist in the evaluation, debugging, and design of recognition strategies.
α-Ketoisocaproate-induced hypersecretion of insulin by islets from diabetes-susceptible mice (2005)

Most patients at risk for developing type 2 diabetes are hyperinsulinemic. Hyperinsulinemia may be a response to insulin resistance, but another possible abnormality is insulin hypersecretion. BTBR mice are insulin resistant and hyperinsulinemic. When the leptin(ob) mutation is introgressed into BTBR mice, they develop severe diabetes. We compared the responsiveness of lean B6 and BTBR mouse islets to various insulin secretagogues. The transamination product of leucine, alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC), elicited a dramatic insulin secretory response in BTBR islets. The KIC response was blocked by methyl-leucine or aminooxyacetate, inhibitors of branched-chain amino transferase. When dimethylglutamate was combined with KIC, the fractional insulin secretion was identical in islets from both mouse strains, predicting that the amine donor is rate-limiting for KIC-induced insulin secretion. Consistent with this prediction, glutamate levels were higher in BTBR than in B6 islets. The transamination product of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, elicited insulin secretion equally from B6 and BTBR islets. Thus formation of alpha-ketoglutarate is a requisite step in the response of mouse islets to KIC. alpha-Ketoglutarate can be oxidized to succinate. However, succinate does not stimulate insulin secretion in mouse islets. Our data suggest that alpha-ketoglutarate may directly stimulate insulin secretion and that increased formation of alpha-ketoglutarate leads to hyperinsulinemia.
Androgen receptor activation in prostatic tumor cell lines by insulin-like growth factor-I, keratinocyte growth factor, and epidermal growth factor. (1994)

Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor (AR) may be one of the mechanisms which contribute to progression of prostatic carcinoma to an androgen-independent stage. We investigated effects of growth factors on stimulation of the AR-mediated gene transcription in human prostatic tumor cell lines. DU-145 cells, which do not contain endogenous AR, were cotransfected with an androgen-inducible chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and an AR expression vector. The reporter gene (CAT) was driven either by artificial promoters consisting of one or two androgen-responsive elements in front of a TATA box or by the promoter of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene, a naturally occurring androgen-inducible promoter. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, stimulated AR-mediated reporter gene transcription to the same extent as the synthetic androgen methyltrienolone. This growth factor was effective irrespective of the nature of the androgen-inducible promoter. Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), at concentrations of 50 ng/ml, activated CAT reporter gene transcription only in experiments in which the artificial promoter with two androgen-responsive elements was used. Insulin-like growth factor-II and basic fibroblast growth factor displayed no effect on AR-mediated gene transcription. None of the growth factors stimulated reporter gene activity in control experiments when added to cells cotransfected with the CAT gene and an empty expression vector. AR activation by IGF-I, KGF, and EGF was completely inhibited by the pure AR antagonist casodex, showing that these effects are AR mediated. Activation of endogenous AR by growth factors was studied in the LNCaP cell line by determination of PSA secretion. IGF-I, at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, increased the PSA level in the supernatant of this cell line 5-fold. Again, the IGF-I effect on PSA secretion was blocked by casodex. Our results provide evidence that IGF-I, KGF, and EGF directly activate the AR in the absence of androgens, which means that the androgen-signaling chain may be activated by growth factors in an androgen-depleted environment. These findings may have implications for endocrine therapy for metastatic prostatic carcinoma.
POTENTIAL MARKET IMPACTS OF SOYBEAN RUST (2005)

Paper and PowerPoint Presentation
P‐type doping and devices based on ZnO (2004)

Abstract Both n‐type and p‐type ZnO will be required for development of homojunction light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser diodes (LDs). It is easy to obtain strong n‐type ZnO, but very difficult to create consistent, reliable, high‐conductivity p‐type material. The most natural choice of an acceptor dopant is N, substituting for O, and indeed several groups have been able to obtain p‐type material by such doping. Surprisingly, however, other groups have also been successful with P and As, elements with much larger ionic radii than that of O. Although ZnO substrates are now available, most of the epitaxial p‐type layers so far have been grown on sapphire, or other poorly‐matched materials. The lowest p‐type resistivity obtained up to now is about 0.5 Ω‐cm, which should be sufficient for LED fabrication. In spite of the present availability of p‐type ZnO, very few homojunction LEDs have been reported so far, to our knowledge; however, several good heterojunction LEDs have been demonstrated, fabricated with p‐type layers composed of other materials. One such structure, with fairly strong 389‐nm emission at 300 K, involves n‐type ZnO and p‐type AlGaN, grown on an SiC substrate. Also, an N + ‐ion implanted ZnO layer, deposited by chemical vapor deposition on Al 2 O 3 , exhibits 388‐nm emission at 300 K and could be economical to produce. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &amp; Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Demo Abstract: Transforming the Social Networking Experience with Sensing Presence from Mobile Phones (2008)

Social networking sites such as Facebook and MySpace connect millions of people worldwide through a range of features including fairly static profile information, such as job history and likes/dislikes, and more dynamic content
The Continuing Importance of Bile Acids in Liver and Intestinal Disease (1999)

Bile acids, the water-soluble, amphipathic end products of cholesterol metabolism, are involved in liver, biliary, and intestinal disease. Formed in the liver, bile acids are absorbed actively from the small intestine, with each molecule undergoing multiple enterohepatic circulations before being excreted. After their synthesis from cholesterol, bile acids are conjugated with glycine or taurine, a process that makes them impermeable to cell membranes and permits high concentrations to persist in bile and intestinal content. The relation between the chemical structure and the multiple physiological functions of bile acids is reviewed. Bile acids induce biliary lipid secretion and solubilize cholesterol in bile, promoting its elimination. In the small intestine, bile acids solubilize dietary lipids promoting their absorption. Bile acids are cytotoxic when present in abnormally high concentrations. This may occur intracellularly, as occurs in the hepatocyte in cholestasis, or extracellularly, as occurs in the colon in patients with bile acid malabsorption. Disturbances in bile acid metabolism can be caused by (1) defective biosynthesis from cholesterol or defective conjugation, (2) defective membrane transport in the hepatocyte or ileal enterocyte, (3) defective transport between organs or biliary diversion, and (4) increased bacterial degradation during enterohepatic cycling. Bile acid therapy involves bile acid replacement in deficiency states or bile acid displacement by ursodeoxycholic acid, a noncytotoxic bile acid. In cholestatic liver disease, administration of ursodeoxycholic acid decreases hepatocyte injury by retained bile acids, improving liver tests, and slowing disease progression. Bile acid malabsorption may lead to high concentrations of bile acids in the colon and impaired colonic mucosal function; bile acid sequestrants provide symptomatic benefit for diarrhea. A knowledge of bile acid physiology and the perturbations of bile acid metabolism in liver and digestive disease should be useful for the internist.
Coumarin–phalloidin: A new actin probe permitting triple immunofluorescence microscopy of the cytoskeleton (1988)

7-Diethylamino-3-(4-isothiocyanotophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin (CPITC) was coupled to amino-methyldithiolanophalloidin to produce a new phalloidin derivative, coumarin-phalloidin, fluorescent in the blue region of the spectrum. Coumarin-phalloidin binds to actin with around 100-fold less affinity than unconjugated phalloidin, but with enough avidity to make it a useful stain for actin filaments. Appropriate filter combinations permit triple immunofluorescence microscopy of the cytoskeleton with fluorescein and rhodamine conjugates together with coumarin-phalloidin.
Characterization and variation of a human inwardly‐rectifying K‐channel gene (KCNJ6): a putative ATP‐sensitive K‐channel subunit (1995)

The ATP-sensitive K-channel plays a central role in insulin release from pancreatic beta-cells. We report here the cloning of the gene (KCNJ6) encoding a putative subunit of a human ATP-sensitive K-channel expressed in brain and beta-cells, and characterisation of its exon-intron structure. Screening of a somatic cell mapping panel and fluorescent in situ hybridization place the gene on chromosome 21 (21q22.1-22.2). Analysis of single-stranded conformational polymorphisms revealed the presence of two silent polymorphisms (Pro-149: CCG-CCA and Asp-328: GAC-GAT) with similar frequencies in normal and non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients.