gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Value of biomarkers in osteoarthritis: current status and perspectives (2013)

Osteoarthritis affects the whole joint structure with progressive changes in cartilage, menisci, ligaments and subchondral bone, and synovial inflammation. Biomarkers are being developed to quantify joint remodelling and disease progression. This article was prepared following a working meeting of the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis convened to discuss the value of biochemical markers of matrix metabolism in drug development in osteoarthritis. The best candidates are generally molecules or molecular fragments present in cartilage, bone or synovium and may be specific to one type of joint tissue or common to them all. Many currently investigated biomarkers are associated with collagen metabolism in cartilage or bone, or aggrecan metabolism in cartilage. Other biomarkers are related to non-collagenous proteins, inflammation and/or fibrosis. Biomarkers in osteoarthritis can be categorised using the burden of disease, investigative, prognostic, efficacy of intervention, diagnostic and safety classification. There are a number of promising candidates, notably urinary C-terminal telopeptide of collagen type II and serum cartilage oligomeric protein, although none is sufficiently discriminating to differentiate between individual patients and controls (diagnostic) or between patients with different disease severities (burden of disease), predict prognosis in individuals with or without osteoarthritis (prognostic) or perform so consistently that it could function as a surrogate outcome in clinical trials (efficacy of intervention). Future avenues for research include exploration of underlying mechanisms of disease and development of new biomarkers; technological development; the 'omics' (genomics, metabolomics, proteomics and lipidomics); design of aggregate scores combining a panel of biomarkers and/or imaging markers into single diagnostic algorithms; and investigation into the relationship between biomarkers and prognosis.
Reissert Compounds Studies. III. Nature of the Isoquinoline1,2 (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReissert Compounds Studies. III. Nature of the Isoquinoline1,2Frank D. Popp and William BlountCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 1, 297–298Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01048a512RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (239 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Surface enhanced laser desorption ionization spectrometry reveals biomarkers for drug treatment but not dose (2006)

Here we describe the use of SELDI-MS to detect dose-dependent peptide changes in plasma from mice treated with vehicle or rosiglitazone at one of two doses (10 and 30 mg/kg). SELDI features differentiating spectra from the three conditions were found and used to train classifiers. Samples treated with vehicle could be reliably distinguished from samples treated with either dose, but samples treated with the different doses could not be reliably distinguished from one another. We conclude that while SELDI-TOF mass spectra can be used to distinguish treated from untreated samples, the reproducibility and information content of SELDI-TOF are currently not sufficient as a pharmacodynamic readout to distinguish between mice treated with 10 or 30 mg/kg of rosiglitazone. This raises more general questions about whether SELDI's sensitivity is sufficient for detecting dose-dependent changes in plasma.
Function and cancer genomics of FAT family genes (2012)

FAT1, FAT2, FAT3 and FAT4 are human homologs of Drosophila Fat, which is involved in tumor suppression and planar cell polarity (PCP). FAT1 and FAT4 undergo the first proteolytic cleavage by Furin and are predicted to undergo the second cleavage by γ‑secretase to release intracellular domain (ICD). Ena/VAPS‑binding to FAT1 induces actin polymerization at lamellipodia and filopodia to promote cell migration, while Scribble‑binding to FAT1 induces phosphorylation and functional inhibition of YAP1 to suppress cell growth. FAT1 is repressed in oral cancer owing to homozygous deletion or epigenetic silencing and is preferentially downregulated in invasive breast cancer. On the other hand, FAT1 is upregulated in leukemia and prognosis of preB‑ALL patients with FAT1 upregulation is poor. FAT4 directly interacts with MPDZ/MUPP1 to recruit membrane‑associated guanylate kinase MPP5/PALS1. FAT4 is involved in the maintenance of PCP and inhibition of cell proliferation. FAT4 mRNA is repressed in breast cancer and lung cancer due to promoter hypermethylation. FAT4 gene is recurrently mutated in several types of human cancers, such as melanoma, pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma. FAT1 and FAT4 suppress tumor growth via activation of Hippo signaling, whereas FAT1 promotes tumor migration via induction of actin polymerization. FAT1 is tumor suppressive or oncogenic in a context‑dependent manner, while FAT4 is tumor suppressive. Copy number aberration, translocation and point mutation of FAT1, FAT2, FAT3, FAT4, FRMD1, FRMD6, NF2, WWC1, WWC2, SAV1, STK3, STK4, MOB1A, MOB1B, LATS1, LATS2, YAP1 and WWTR1/TAZ genes should be comprehensively investigated in various types of human cancers to elucidate the mutation landscape of the FAT‑Hippo signaling cascades. Because YAP1 and WWTR1 are located at the crossroads of adhesion, GPCR, RTK and stem‑cell signaling network, cancer genomics of the FAT signaling cascades could be applied for diagnostics, prognostics and therapeutics in the era of personalized medicine.
Structural Effects of Carbohydrate-Containing Polycations on Gene Delivery. 1. Carbohydrate Size and Its Distance from Charge Centers (2002)

Cationic polymers have the ability to bind plasmid DNA (pDNA) through electrostatic interactions and condense it into particles that can be readily endocytosed by cultured cells. The effects that polycation structure has on toxicity and gene delivery efficiency are investigated here by synthesizing a series of amidine-based polycations that contain the carbohydrates d-trehalose and beta-cyclodextrin (CD) within the polycation backbone. The carbohydrate size (trehalose vs CD) and its distance from the charge centers affect the gene delivery behavior in BHK-21 cells. It is found that as the charge center is further removed from the carbohydrate unit, the toxicity is increased. Also, as the size of the carbohydrate moiety is enlarged from trehalose to beta-cyclodextrin, the toxicity is reduced. The absence of a carbohydrate in the polycation produces high toxicity. All carbohydrate polycations transfect BHK-21 cells to approximately the same level of gene expression.
Availability performance comparisons of combined Loran-C/GPS and standalone GPS approach navigation systems (2002)

Operational air navigation systems not only must provide adequate position estimates, but they also must be available to the user when needed, and able to warn the user in a timely manner when the system becomes unusable. The paper addresses the availability of a combination Loran-C and GPS radionavigation system during nonprecision approach (NPA). Also, GPS by itself cannot meet the sole means integrity requirements for NPA. Simulation models were developed to quantify statistically the availability of the Loran-C/GPS system and to compare it with GPS alone. The results presented in the paper show that the combination Loran-C/GPS navigation system enhances the availability of either standalone system by at least a factor of ten. Loran-C also enhances the integrity of GPS. Loran-C can use the same approach geometry and cockpit display instruments now allowed for GPS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Oxygen Distribution in the Human Eye: Relevance to the Etiology of Open-Angle Glaucoma after Vitrectomy (2010)

Oxygen metabolism by the lens and cornea establishes oxygen gradients in the anterior segment. Vitrectomy and cataract surgery increase pO(2) in the anterior chamber angle, potentially damaging trabecular meshwork cells. We propose that oxygen levels in the anterior chamber angle are strongly influenced by oxygen derived from the ciliary body circulation.
Sequential Phenolate Oxidations in Octahedral Cobalt(III) Complexes with [N2O3] Ligands (2012)

Abstract Three six‐coordinate cobalt(III) complexes containing electron‐rich phenolato pentadentate [N 2 O 5 ] ligands were synthesized and characterized, namely, [Co III (L 1 )(MeOH)] ( 1 ), [Co III (L 2 )(MeOH)] ( 2 ) and [Co III (L 3 )(MeOH)] ( 3 ), where L 1 , L 2 and L 3 are the triply deprotonated, triply negative form of( E )‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐ tert ‐butylphenol), ( E )‐6,6′‐[({3‐[(3,5‐di‐ tert ‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]naphthalen‐2‐yl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐ tert ‐butylphenol) and ( E )‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐ tert ‐butylphenol), respectively. Crystal structures were obtained for 1 – 3 and reveal a hexacoordinate cobalt(III) ion bound to the [N 2 O 3 ] donors of each ligand and a methanol molecule occupying the sixth position. The complexes exhibited comparable electronic behavior dominated by phenolate→cobalt charge transfer processes and four redox‐accessible states involving three distinct phenolato/phenoxyl radical couples and a fourth process associated with the Co II /Co III couple. The redox processes were cycled 30 times without major decomposition at the surface of the electrode for 1 and 2 , indicating that the oxidized species should be substitutionally inert and do not degrade significantly upon cycling. Electronic‐structure DFT calculations on models 1′ and 2′ favor the generation of localized phenoxyl radicals and suggest distinctive oxidation sequences associated to the nature of the ligands.
Ways to Reduce Debt and Save Money (2002)

Ways To Reduce Debt-Put income tax return toward debt.-Obtain personal loans/gifts from family.-Pay off then cancel credit, charge, gas, and store cards.-Set up a spending plan to find money being wasted that could be paid toward debt.-Once one debt is paid off, apply the payment toward the next highest interest debt.Continue the process until all debts are paid. Ways To Save Money-Have a yard sale.-Trade with others for goods and services.-Rent out a room (cannot do this with some loans or in certain areas of the community).-Temporally find a second job.-Pack lunches instead of buying lunches.-Shop around for less expensive auto, homeowners, health, and life insurance.-Increase insurance deductibles.-Shop around for cheaper checking/ATM accounts.-Shop for lower interest, auto, and credit card loans.-Compare at least three stores for major purchases.-Reduce number of times eating out.-Un-subscribe to cable.-Reduce magazine and newspaper subscriptions.They may be at the library.-Sell the "extra" car.-Get a less expensive car (this saves in insurance also).-Do not use car, walk or ride the bus instead.-Learn how to do household repairs yourself.-Lower the temperature a few degrees on the heater in winter.-Shop for seasonal products after the season (swim suits in the fall).-Prepare and follow grocery and other shopping lists (only buy what is needed).-Buy generic prescriptions.
Cell-Free, De Novo Synthesis of Poliovirus (1991)

Cell-free translation of poliovirus RNA in an extract of uninfected human (HeLa) cells yielded viral proteins through proteolysis of the polyprotein. In the extract, newly synthesized proteins catalyzed poliovirus-specific RNA synthesis, and formed infectious poliovirus de novo. Newly formed virions were neutralized by type-specific antiserum, and infection of human cells with them was prevented by poliovirus receptor-specific antibodies. Poliovirus synthesis was increased nearly 70-fold when nucleoside triphosphates were added, but it was abolished in the presence of inhibitors of translation or viral genome replication. The ability to conduct cell-free synthesis of poliovirus will aid in the study of picornavirus proliferation and in the search for the control of picornaviral disease.
Diffuse optical monitoring of hemodynamic changes in piglet brain with closed head injury (2009)

We used a nonimpact inertial rotational model of a closed head injury in neonatal piglets to simulate the conditions following traumatic brain injury in infants. Diffuse optical techniques, including diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), were used to measure cerebral blood oxygenation and blood flow continuously and noninvasively before injury and up to 6 h after the injury. The DCS measurements of relative cerebral blood flow were validated against the fluorescent microsphere method. A strong linear correlation was observed between the two techniques (R=0.89, p<0.00001). Injury-induced cerebral hemodynamic changes were quantified, and significant changes were found in oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, total hemoglobin concentration, blood oxygen saturation, and cerebral blood flow after the injury. The diffuse optical measurements were robust and also correlated well with recordings of vital physiological parameters over the 6-h monitoring period, such as mean arterial blood pressure, arterial oxygen saturation, and heart rate. Finally, the diffuse optical techniques demonstrated sensitivity to dynamic physiological events, such as apnea, cardiac arrest, and hypertonic saline infusion. In total, the investigation corraborates potential of the optical methods for bedside monitoring of pediatric and adult human patients in the neurointensive care unit.
The molecular organization of collagen and its role in determining the biophysical properties of the connective tissues1 (1980)

Crosslinking of collagen is a prerequisite for the collagen fibers to withstand the physical stresses to which they are exposed. Significant progress has been made in understanding the functional groups on the molecule which are involved in the forma
Practical Procedures for the Preparation of N-tert-Butyldimethylsilylhydrazones and Their Use in Modified Wolff−Kishner Reductions and in the Synthesis of Vinyl Halides and gem-Dihalides (2004)

In this work we develop practical chemistry for the preparation of N-tert-butyldimethylsilylhydrazone (TBSH) derivatives from carbonyl-containing compounds and show that these products serve as superior alternatives to simple hydrazones in Wolff-Kishner-type reduction reactions, in the Barton vinyl iodide preparation, in the synthesis of vinyl bromides, and in the synthesis of gem-diiodides, gem-dibromides, and gem-dichlorides. In our new procedure for silyl hydrazone synthesis, aliphatic and aromatic ketones and aldehydes are shown to undergo highly efficient coupling (typically >95% yield) to form the corresponding TBSH derivatives when combined with equimolar amounts of 1,2-bis(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)hydrazine (BTBSH) and a catalytic quantity of scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (typically, 0.01 mol %), neat, or in solvent. Optimized procedures are provided for the use of TBSH derivatives in a Wolff-Kishner-type reduction protocol that proceeds at low temperature (23-100 degrees C) and in a single reaction flask. Similarly, protocols for the use of TBSH derivatives as precursors to vinyl halides and gem-dihalides are described in detail.
Treatment of inflamed ferret dental pulps with recombinant bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (2000)

Recombinant human BMP-7 (bone morphogenetic protein-7, osteogenic protein-1) is osteogenic, dentinogenic and cementogenic when implanted into the appropriate tissue in vivo. However, most studies characterizing the induction of these tissues have implanted BMP-7 into freshly surgerized, clinically healthy tissues. To determine if BMP-7 is dentinogenic in inflamed dental pulps, we applied BMP-7 to inflamed ferret pulps. A single application of 5 microg of a commercial preparation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella typhimurium directly to the coronal pulp induced a reversible mixed inflammatory exudate of moderate intensity within 3 d. Treatment with a single application of 2.5, 7.5 or 25 microg recombinant human BMP-7/mg collagen (2 mg total mass/tooth) induced reparative dentinogenesis in controls but not LPS treated dental pulps. These data reveal that a single application of up to 50 microg/tooth of exogenous recombinant BMP-7 is insufficient to induce reparative dentinogenesis in ferret teeth with reversible pulpitis. Given that pulp cells in the inflamed tissues likely retain the capacity to respond to exogenous BMP-7, it is possible that insufficient active recombinant protein is available to induce tissue formation in experimentally inflamed dental pulps.
Functional and Metabolic Consequences of Sarcopenia (1997)

The capacity of older men and women to adapt to regularly performed exercise has been demonstrated by many laboratories. Aerobic exercise results in improvements in functional capacity and reduced risk of developing type II diabetes in the elderly. High intensity resistance training (above 60% of the 1 repetition maximum) causes large increases in strength in the elderly, and resistance training significant increases muscle size. Resistance training also significantly increases energy requirements and insulin action of the elderly. We recently demonstrated that resistance training has a positive effect on multiple risk factors for osteoporotic fractures in previously sedentary post-menopausal women. Because the sedentary lifestyle of individuals in a long-term care facility may exacerbate losses of muscle function, we applied this same training program to frail, institutionalized elderly men and women. In a population of 100 nursing home residents, a randomly assigned high intensity strength training program resulted in significant gains in strength and functional status. In addition, spontaneous activity, measured by activity monitors, increased significantly in those participating in the exercise program; there was no change in the sedentary control group. Before the strength training intervention, the relationship of whole-body potassium and leg strength was relatively weak (r2 = 0.29, P < 0.001), indicating that in very old persons muscle mass is an important but not the only determiner of functional status. Thus exercise may minimize or reverse the syndrome of physical frailty prevalent among very old individuals. Because of their low functional status and high incidence of chronic disease, there is no segment of the population that can benefit more from exercise training than the elderly.
Bump-less interconnect for next generation system packaging (2002)

A concept of bump-less interconnect for the next generation system packaging was proposed previously. Here the bump-less interconnect is defined as an interconnect of a size below 10 /spl mu/m pitch between chip and substrate, or between chip and chip. Such ultra-fine pitch interconnection will be necessary to realize high speed systems such as chip on chip or 3-D configuration for highly integrated multi-chip system in packaging. Two requirements are considered: Firstly, a transmission structure called stacked-pair line will be adopted in the bus-line in boards, and secondly, the surface activated bonding, SAB, is used to enable such ultra-high dense interconnection. A model, which is called IMSI-model 2000, is presented as an example of high speed CPU-memory.
Effects of L- Arginine Supplementation on Antioxidant Status and Body Composition in Obese Patients with Pre-diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial (2014)

3gr/day L-Arginine supplementation increased TAC level in obese patients with prediabetes.
Amnion autografts, permanent structure. (1975)

Autografts of amniotic membrane were used to form tubes or conduits in lambs. These conduits survived for periods up to 9 months. The possibility of a clinical application has been explored.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Synthesis of 1,2,4‐ and 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Impact of illumination coherence and polarization on the imaging of attenuated phase-shift masks (2001)

Attenuated phase shift masks (PSM) have been widely used in photolithography to enhance resolution and process margin. The advantage of attenuated PSM is further enhanced when it is combined with off-axis illumination (OAI) and optical proximity correction (OPC). This combination results in better performance than when attenuated PSM or OAI is used separately. However, the performance of isolated features is still a limiting factor to improve process margin. One result of such resolution enhancement techniques is conjunction with high numerical aperture imaging systems is an increase in the angles of the light used to form the images. Polarization mismatching among interacting beams becomes worse as the incident angle increases. In this paper we use contact hole patterning as an example to demonstrate how polarization plays a role with different partial coherence factors. PROLITH/3D simulation was used to compare and explain experimental results.