gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Isolated Rat Liver Hepatocytes (2003)

The bulk volume (about 85%) of the mammalian liver parenchyma is contributed by the hepatocytes, whereas at least four other types of cells constitute the remainder (1). Procedures for the isolation of all five cell types have been described, although not from the same liver. However, the isolation of hepatocytes has clearly been the most widely used preparation and has proved extremely valuable for a wide variety of experiments, spanning fields like pharmacokinetics, drug metabolism, and metabolic functions of the liver.
On the gravitational displacement of three-dimensional fluid droplets from inclined solid surfaces (1999)

The yield conditions for the gravitational displacement of three-dimensional fluid droplets from inclined solid surfaces are studied through a series of numerical computations. The study considers both sessile and pendant droplets and includes interfacial forces with constant surface tension. An extensive study is conducted, covering a wide range of Bond numbers B d , angles of inclination β and advancing and receding contact angles, θ A and θ R . This study seeks the optimal shape of the contact line which yields the maximum displacing force (or B T ≡ B d sin β) for which a droplet can adhere to the surface. The yield conditions B T are presented as functions of ( B d or β, θ A , Δθ) where Δθ = θ A − θ R is the contact angle hysteresis. The solution of the optimization problem provides an upper bound for the yield condition for droplets on inclined solid surfaces. Additional contraints based on experimental observations are considered, and their effect on the yield condition is determined. The numerical solutions are based on the spectral boundary element method, incorporating a novel implementation of Newton's method for the determination of equilibrium free surfaces and an optimization algorithm which is combined with the Newton iteration to solve the nonlinear optimization problem. The numerical results are compared with asymptotic theories (Dussan V. &amp; Chow 1983; Dussan V. 1985) and the useful range of these theories is identified. The normal component of the gravitational force B N ≡ B d cos β was found to have a weak effect on the displacement of sessile droplets and a strong effect on the displacement of pendant droplets, with qualitatively different results for sessile and pendant droplets.
Involvement of Oxidative Stress on Corneal Epithelial Alterations in a Blink-Suppressed Dry Eye (2007)

These results suggest a relationship between the accumulation of oxidative stress and the etiology of corneal epithelial alterations in blink-suppressed dry eye.
Clinical evaluation of a DNA probe assay for the Philadelphia (Ph1) translocation in chronic myelogenous leukemia. (1988)

We report the clinical evaluation of an improved DNA probe assay for the characteristic genetic marker of human CML, observed by cytogenetics and designated the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph1). The Ph1 chromosome results from the fusion of c-abl proto-oncogene sequences from chromosome 9 to phl gene sequence on chromosome 22. (The phl gene is often referred to as bcr. However, for clarity we prefer to reserve the designation "bcr" for the region within the phl gene in which translocation breakpoints have been found to occur. We also find it useful to distinguish between two such regions in phl, bcr-210 and bcr-190, named after the 210- and 190-kDa phl/abl fusion proteins resulting from translocations with breakpoints in the respective regions. We refer to the corresponding chromosomal translocations as Ph1(bcr-210) and Ph1(bcr-190).) DNA, extracted from peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM) and digested with restriction endonuclease BglII, is hybridized with a probe (phl/bcr-3) spanning a breakpoint cluster region within phl. Rearrangements are revealed by the presence of one or two novel junction fragments. Clinical specimens from leukemic patients with active disease were compared by cytogenetic and DNA probe analysis at seven centers in the United States and Europe. The probe assay identified the phl rearrangement in 190 of 191 cases of Ph1-positive CML, as well as in 12 of 27 clinically diagnosed CML specimens lacking a typical Ph1 chromosome. DNA rearrangements also were seen in two of six cases of Ph1-positive ALL. No false positive results were obtained among 93 non-leukemic controls. Mixing experiments showed that the DNA probe assay can detect as few as 1% leukemic cells in a specimen. A preliminary study of CML patients in remission after allogeneic BM transplantation revealed a small fraction of residual Ph1-positive leukemic cells in a significant number of such patients.
Prevention of primary transfusion‐associated cytomegalovirus infection in bone marrow transplant recipients by the removal of white cells from blood components with high‐affinity filters (1994)

A prospective study was carried out to determine whether use of cytomegalovirus (CMV) unscreened red blood cells and platelet concentrates, white blood cell (WBC) depleted with high-efficiency filters, would prevent transfusion-associated (TA) CMV infection in CMV seronegative bone marrow transplant recipients. Blood components were filtered in the bloodcentre under quality control and after filtration residual WBC counts were always below 5 x 10(6) cells/U. Since 1990, 23 consecutive allogeneic and 37 autologous CMV seronegative marrow transplant recipients, have been transfused with filtered blood components and followed for 6 months for evidence of CMV infection by monitoring culture and CMV serology. None of the patients showed clinical symptoms of CMV infection, and CMV cultures during episodes of fever were always negative. IgM anti-CMV antibodies were negative during the study in all patients. Low titres of IgG anti-CMV antibodies (5-12 relative ELISA units) were found in 24/60 patients during the first month after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), probably due to passive transfer of IgG administered with the platelet transfusions. 3 and 6 months after BMT, 56 and 48 patients respectively were still alive; and CMV serology was negative in all patients. The results show that TA-CMV infection is preventable by filtration of blood through high-efficiency filters in patients undergoing autologous and allogeneic BMT.
Current Management Strategy of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (2010)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is an unique head and neck cancer. It is common among the southern Chinese and is closely associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). To diagnose the disease in its early stage is infrequent as the symptoms are usually trivial and patients only present in late stages. Testing the blood for elevated EBV DNA has now become a screening test for the high risk group of patients, aiming to diagnose the disease in its early stages. Imaging studies, positron emission tomography scans in addition to clinical examination provide information on the extent of the disease. The confirmation of the disease still depends on endoscopic examination and biopsy. Radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy has been the primary treatment modality. The application of intensity modulated radiotherapy and the use of concomitant chemoradiation have improved the control of nasopharyngeal carcinoma together with the reduction of long term side effects. The early detection of residual or recurrence tumor in the neck or at the primary site has allowed delivery of salvage treatment. The choice of the optimal surgical salvage, either for neck disease or primary tumor depends on the extent of the residual or recurrent disease. The outcome of these patients have improved with the application of the appropriate surgical salvage.
Active Vibration Control and Isolation for Micromachined Devices (2009)

Some harsh environments contain high frequency, high amplitude mechanical vibrations. Unfortunately some very useful components, such as micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes, can be very sensitive to these high frequency mechanical vibrations. Passive micromachined silicon low-pass filter structures (spring-mass-damper) have been demonstrated in recent years. However, the performance of these filter structures is typically limited by low damping. This is especially true if operated in low pressure environments, which is often the optimal operating environment for the attached device that requires vibration isolation. An active micromachined vibration isolator can be realized by combining a state sensor, and electrostatic actuator and feedback electronics with the passive isolator. Using this approach, a prototype active micromachined vibration isolator is realized and used to decrease the filter Q from approximately 135 to approximately 60, when evaluated in a low pressure environment. The physical size of these active isolators is suitable for use in or as packaging for sensitive electronic and MEMS devices, such as MEMS vibratory gyros.
Field-activated structural traps at organic pigment/metal interfaces causing photocurrent multiplication phenomena (1998)

Carrier traps at the perylene pigment/metal interface, which give rise to a large photocurrent multiplication phenomenon showing a gain of more than 104-fold, were investigated. The energetic depth of these traps increased with applied electric field, contrary to the behavior of usual electronic traps. To explain this, a model of field-activated structural traps was proposed; that is, dead ends at an imperfect organic/metal contact capture holes more tightly under a stronger electric field. Estimated values of five trapped holes per 10 nm2 and dead ends of the order of 1 nm long suggest that the proposed structural traps are closely related to the molecular-sized roughness at the pigment surface.
A Novel Sinorhizobium meliloti Operon Encodes an α-Glucosidase and a Periplasmic-Binding-Protein-Dependent Transport System for α-Glucosides (1999)

The most abundant carbon source transported into legume root nodules is photosynthetically produced sucrose, yet the importance of its metabolism by rhizobia in planta is not yet known. To identify genes involved in sucrose uptake and hydrolysis, we screened a Sinorhizobium meliloti genomic library and discovered a segment of S. meliloti DNA which allows Ralstonia eutropha to grow on the alpha-glucosides sucrose, maltose, and trehalose. Tn5 mutagenesis localized the required genes to a 6.8-kb region containing five open reading frames which were named agl, for alpha-glucoside utilization. Four of these (aglE, aglF, aglG, and aglK) appear to encode a periplasmic-binding-protein-dependent sugar transport system, and one (aglA) appears to encode an alpha-glucosidase with homology to family 13 of glycosyl hydrolases. Cosmid-borne agl genes permit uptake of radiolabeled sucrose into R. eutropha cells. Analysis of the properties of agl mutants suggests that S. meliloti possesses at least one additional alpha-glucosidase as well as a lower-affinity transport system for alpha-glucosides. It is possible that the Fix+ phenotype of agl mutants on alfalfa is due to these additional functions. Loci found by DNA sequencing to be adjacent to aglEFGAK include a probable regulatory gene (aglR), zwf and edd, which encode the first two enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, pgl, which shows homology to a gene encoding a putative phosphogluconolactonase, and a novel Rhizobium-specific repeat element.
Morphological Origin of High Mobility in Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors (1996)

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated using vacuum deposited pentacene as the semiconductor. Field-effect mobilities as high as 0.4 cm2 V-1 s-1 were obtained, which were attributed to the single-crystal nature of the deposited films.
Travel Time Estimation on the San Francisco Bay Area Network Using Cellular Phones as Probes (2000)

Current traffic travel time estimates are largely based on road sensors embedded in the pavement. Today technical developments in cellular positioning and the spread of wireless phones provide the opportunity to track cell phone equipped drivers as traffic probes. The Federal Communication Commission Phase II mandate for Enhanced-911 (E-911) requires that wireless carriers must provide the location of a 911 wireless call by October 1, 2001 to the Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP), within approximately 125 meters, or under one-tenth of a mile in the majority of situations. The motivation of this research is to evaluate the feasibility of using cell phones as traffic probes for the Bay Area network. A review of cellular positioning techniques, an analytical model, as well as a simulation model show that accurate travel times estimates can be obtained. Assuming that at least 5% of freeways travelers are equipped with a cell phone, one can predict a 95% accuracy in freeway link travel time estimates. The E-911 mandate will be the driving force to implement such cellular positioning. However, the production, or adaptation, and warehousing of traffic information from the cell-phones-as-probes can be tailored for the requirements of traffic authorities and information service providers and may become an important business opportunity. The report also advocates the joint field evaluation of GPS, cellular and conventional systems, to allow the identification of the best mix of technology for future implementations. The possible institutional role of the PATH organization to foster a quicker deployment of these technologies in California is also presented in this report.
Carbon Nanotube Wools Directly from CO2 By Molten Electrolysis Value Driven Pathways to Carbon Dioxide Greenhouse Gas Mitigation (2017)

A climate mitigation comprehensive solution is presented through the first high yield, low energy synthesis of macroscopic length carbon nanotubes (CNT) wool from CO2 by molten carbonate electrolysis, suitable for weaving into carbon composites and textiles. Growing CO2 concentrations, the concurrent climate change and species extinction can be addressed if CO2 becomes a sought resource rather than a greenhouse pollutant. Inexpensive carbon composites formed from carbon wool as a lighter metal, textiles and cement replacement comprise a major market sink to compactly store transformed anthropogenic CO2. 100x-longer CNTs grow on Monel versus steel. Monel, electrolyte equilibration, and a mixed metal nucleation facilitate the synthesis. CO2, the sole reactant in this transformation, is directly extractable from dilute (atmospheric) or concentrated sources, and is cost constrained only by the (low) cost of electricity. Today's $100K per ton CNT valuation incentivizes CO2 removal.
A Controlled Stepwise Oxidation of Ethyl 2-Oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylate to the Corresponding 2-Hydroxythiazole (1995)

Methyl 2-hydroxythiazole-4-carboxylate was obtained via a controlled stepwise oxidative procedure from the corresponding 2-oxothiazolidine.A series of intermediates have been isolated and characterized, supporting the ionic and radical mechanisms already proposed in the literature.During the last decade, a wide range of stmcturally novel natural products containing thiazole, thiazoline andlor thiazolidiie rings, with very interesting biological activity, have been isolated from marine organisms.'
The role of paclitaxel in the treatment of head and neck cancer. (1995)

Current chemotherapeutic approaches to recurrent head and neck cancer have routinely yielded response rates of 10% to 30% (for single agents) and 30% to 50% (for combination chemotherapy). However, median survival times for patients with metastatic and/or recurrent disease have stagnated at around 6 months since the 1970s. The investigation of new drugs and treatment approaches thus continues to be a high priority. One such agent, paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), has shown good single-agent activity and is also believed to potentiate the effects of radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer. We have focused on the addition of paclitaxel to the previously established combination of 5-fluorouracil, hydroxyurea, and radiation therapy. The study goals are to establish the maximum tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicity of paclitaxel when added to this combination as a 5-day continuous infusion on a biweekly schedule. Preliminary results of this ongoing study have demonstrated activity in patients with poor-prognosis head and neck cancer. Major dose-limiting toxicities have consisted of neutropenia and mucositis, and definition of a recommended phase II dose is in progress.
Differential proteomic analysis of synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients (2014)

We report here the largest identification of proteins from the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients using a quantitative proteomics approach. The novel proteins identified from our study needs to be explored further for their role in the disease pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.Sartaj Ahmad and Raja Sekhar Nirujogi contributed equally to this article.
IL-10 enhances NK cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and production of IFN-γ when combined with IL-18 (1999)

Previous studies have shown that IL-10 inhibits the accessory cell functions required for production of IFN-gamma by T cells and NK cells. Our results show that although IL-10 did not induce the production of IFN-gamma by NK cells, it did enhance the ability of IL-18 to stimulate NK cell production of IFN-gamma. In addition, IL-10 augmented NK cell proliferation and cytotoxic activity when combined with IL-18. However, IL-10 did not affect the ability of IL-12 to stimulate NK cells to produce IFN-gamma or proliferate, but there was an additive effect with IL-12 to increase NK cell cytotoxic activity. Interestingly, the type I IFN, whose receptors (R) are related to the IL-10R, also enhanced the effects of IL-18 on NK cell production of IFN-gamma and NK cell cytotoxicity. The ability of IL-10 to elevate the production of IFN-gamma appeared to be specific for NK cells since IL-10 had no effect on the production of IFN-gamma by Th1 clones stimulated with IL-18 or IL-12 in the presence of a monoclonal antibody specific for CD3. These latter results correlated with lower mRNA levels for the alpha and beta chains of the IL-10R in Th1 cells than observed in NK cells. Thus, the ability of IL-10 and IL-18 to up-regulate NK cell function, but not Th1 cell activity, appears to be based on expression of the IL-10R.
Is kidney injury a reversible process? (2008)

The future for therapy belongs to systems that mediate simultaneously proliferation, fibrosis and inflammation. Inhibitors of this kind of mediator will provide valuable assistance to 'classical' therapy with angiotensin II blockers, in order to achieve regression of renal fibrosis and reversal of renal failure.
Synthesis Optimization of Mesoporous MCM-41 Materials in Acidic Media (1996)

ABSTRACT The synthesis of MCM-41 in a highly acidic medium has been optimised. It was found that the relatively low-cost synthesis gave a material with extremely high surface areas (more than 1500 m 2 /g) compared to that obtained in conventional alkaline synthesis (ca 1100 m 2 /g). Judged by the short synthesis time, high yield, enhanced adsorption capacity, large particle size and thermal stability, the acid route to MCM-41 appears promising from an industrial point of view. Additional cost-reducing steps, such as the recycling of the “acid matrix” and the reduction of the volume of the water/acid mixture were successfully applied.
10.1: Digital Paper™ for Reflective Displays (2002)

Abstract Iridigm has produced the first color MEMS based reflective display. With dimensions of 240 × 160 pixels at 100 dpi, it exhibits good contrast and high brightness. Response times of 35 microseconds have been achieved at exceptionally low power consumption, and there is no active matrix. The status of this technology will be discussed.
Trans-chromosomal recombination within the Ig heavy chain switch region in B lymphocytes (1998)

Somatic DNA rearrangements in B lymphocytes, including V(D)J gene rearrangements and isotype switching, generally occur in cis, i. e., intrachromosomally. We showed previously, however, that 3 to 7% of IgA heavy chains have the VH and Calpha regions encoded in trans. To determine whether the trans-association of VH and Calpha occurred by trans-chromosomal recombination, by trans-splicing, or by trans-chromosomal gene conversion, we generated and analyzed eight IgA-secreting rabbit hybridomas with trans-associated VH and Calpha heavy chains. By ELISA and by nucleotide sequence analysis we found that the VH and Calpha regions were encoded by genes that were in trans in the germline. We cloned the rearranged VDJ-Calpha gene from a fosmid library of one hybridoma and found that the expressed VH and Calpha genes were juxtaposed. Moreover, the juxtaposed VH and Calpha genes originated from different IgH alleles. From the same hybridoma, we also identified a fosmid clone with the other expected product of a trans-chromosomal recombination. The recombination breakpoint occurred within the Smicro/Salpha region, indicating that the trans-association of VH and Calpha genes occurred by trans-chromosomal recombination during isotype switching. We conclude that trans-chromosomal recombination occurs at an unexpectedly high frequency (7%) within the IgH locus of B lymphocytes in normal animals, which may explain the high incidence of B-cell tumors that arise from oncogene translocation into the IgH locus.
Design of active middleware protocols for coordination of distributed resources (2003)

In this research, collaboration-based information exchange among autonomous agents in a distributed environment is investigated. This research explains a conceptual model of networked enterprises' active middleware and addresses the significance of coordination in everyday business activities. Active middleware provides fundamental functions for integrating high-level services in large, distributed organizations with local autonomy, and individual system platforms and processes. The focus of this research is on a coordination protocol that is a major component in active middleware. The coordination protocol is critical to enable rational collaboration among the users who rely on a network of independent information systems, e.g., multi-ERP systems, extended supply networks, and virtual enterprises. The scope of this research is to develop a methodology to model, quantify, and analyze the impact of a coordination protocol in distributed manufacturing systems in order to establish a principle for coordination protocol selection. The focus problem in this research is the allocation of distributed resources solved through associating agents with resources and activities. Agents associated with activities (task agents) request agents at resources (resource agents) for the resource they require. The task agents and resource agents communicate using coordination protocols to exchange information and decisions. To improve coordination network performance, e.g., multi-agent systems where centralized authority is not available, the application of agent's viability measure involved in the agent's decision mechanism during the coordination process is proposed. This research also develops a simulation tool using a parallel computer for coordination protocol evaluation, called Teamwork Integration Evaluation/Protocol (TIE/Protocol). It accommodates the independent interactions and decision behaviors of independent individual entities. The experimental results show that the coordination protocol, which is designed based on the coordination principle, performs better than a general-purpose protocol. In addition, with viability of agents and system monitored during the coordination process, a protocol considering the viability performs better than a protocol ignoring the viability.