gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum-well heterostructure lasers (1980)

The various features peculiar to the operation of quantum-well semiconductor lasers are described and illustrated with data on single- and multiple-quantum-well Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As-GaAs heterostructures grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MO-CVD). Photo-pumped and p-n diode lasers (injection lasers) are described that are capable of continuous room temperature (CW 300 K) operation. The basic problems of carrier collection, thermalization, and quantum-well band filling are considered and have made clear the limits on single quantum-well laser operation and how these can be overcome with multiple quantum-well active regions. The idea that the steplike density-of-states of a quantum-well heterostructure can improve the operation of a semiconductor laser is shown to be valid. Also, it is shown that phonon participation in the operation of a quantum-well laser, which was not anticipated, is a major (even dominant) effect, with perhaps the phonon emission itself in the compact active region being stimulated. Besides the obvious freedom that quantum-well layers offer in how the active region of a semiconductor laser can be designed, quantum-well lasers are shown to exhibit a lesser sensitivity of the threshold current density on temperature, which is explained in terms of the step-like density-of-states and the disturbed electron and phonon distributions in the quantum-well active regions. Values as high as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sim437\deg</tex> C have been obtained for T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> in the usual expression <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">J_{th}(T) = J_{th}(0) \exp (T/T_{0})</tex> . Since photopumped multiple-quantum-well MO-CVD Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As-GaAs heterostructures have operated as CW 300 K lasers with only 5-10 mW of photoexcitation (uncorrected for focusing and window losses, <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda \sim 5145</tex> Å), it is suggested that quantum-well laser diodes can be made that will operate at ∼1 mA or even less excitation.
Polarization-sensitive perfect absorbers at near-infrared wavelengths (2012)

Three different types of polarization-sensitive perfect absorbers are designed and numerically investigated. The bottle-like and the cup-like absorbers are narrowband absorbers, which strongly absorb light of a specific polarization and reflect almost all light of another polarization. By varying the geometric parameters, their absorption peaks can be tuned from 1300 nm to 2300 nm and 700 nm to 1400 nm, respectively. The broadband absorber is polarization-sensitive as well, exhibiting an average absorption efficiency of 88% over a wide range of wavelength (700-2300 nm). The proposed absorbers may have potential applications in polarization detectors, polarizers etc.
Translating basic mechanisms of IgG effector activity into next generation cancer therapies. (2012)

Monoclonal antibodies of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) isotype have become a well-established therapeutic tool for the targeting of malignant cells in tumor patients. Despite tremendous success in the treatment of lymphoma and breast cancer, it has also become clear that we may not be able to further improve antibody therapy of cancer by simply generating more tumor-specific antibodies with a higher affinity. Instead, the work of many groups in the past years suggests that optimizing the recruitment of effector functions provided by the adaptive and innate immune systems via engineering of the IgG constant domain may hold great promise to achieve enhanced therapeutic activities. A major goal in cancer therapy would be to initiate adaptive immune responses to the patient's tumor that would result in long-term protection against recurrence. The use of immunostimulatory antibodies shows great promise in stimulating adaptive immune responses. Surprisingly, recent studies also implicate an important role for the antibody constant domain in the activity of these molecules in vivo, opening up new possibilities to further improve the activity of immunomodulatory antibodies by Fc engineering.
Relationships between hydrophobicity, reactivity, accumulation and peripheral nerve toxicity of a series of platinum drugs (2000)

Previous work has shown platinum drugs to differ in their effects on the peripheral nervous system. To test whether their differential toxicity was due to differences in their partitioning into the peripheral nervous system, we correlated the hydrophobicity, reactivity, tissue accumulation and neurotoxicity of a series of eight platinum analogues. Neurotoxicity was detected by measuring sensory nerve conduction velocity (SNCV) in Wistar rats treated twice per week at the maximum tolerated dose. Tissue platinum concentrations were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Hydrophobicity (log P) was measured using an octanol-aqueous shake-flask method. The half-life of platinum drug binding to plasma proteins in vitro was determined. The cumulative dose causing altered SNCV ranged from 15 to > 2050 micromol kg(-1). Ranking of the compounds by their neurotoxic potency in rats (oxaliplatin > R,R-(DACH)PtC4 > ormaplatin > S,S-(DACH)PtCl4 > S,S-(DACH)Pt oxalato > cisplatin > carboplatin > JM216) correlated with the frequency of neurotoxicity in patients (r> 0.99; P < 0.05). Ranking the compounds by their peripheral nerve accumulation was cisplatin > carboplatin > oxaliplatin > R,R-(DACH)PtCl4 = S,S-(DACH)PtCl4 and did not correlate with neurotoxicity. Log P ranged from - 2.53 to -0.16 but did not correlate with neurotoxicity. Log P correlated inversely with platinum accumulation in dorsal root ganglia (r2 = 0.99; P = 0.04), sural nerve (r2 = 0.85; P = 0.025), sciatic nerve (r2 = 0.98; P= 0.0012), spinal cord (r2 = 0.97, P= 0.018) and brain (r2 = 0.98, P= 0.001). Reactivity correlated with neurotoxicity potency in rats (r2 = 0.89, P = 0.0005) and with the frequency of neurotoxicity in patients (r2 = 0.99, P = 0.0002). The hydrophilicity of platinum drugs correlates with platinum sequestration in the peripheral nervous system but not with neurotoxicity. Differences in the reactivity of platinum complexes accounts for some of the variation in their neurotoxicity.
Nuclear receptors: coactivators, corepressors and chromatin remodeling in the control of transcription (1999)

A contemporary view of hormone action at the transcriptional level requires knowledge of the transcription factors including the hormone receptor that may bind to promoters or enhancers, together with the chromosomal context within which these regulatory proteins function. Nuclear receptors provide the best examples of transcriptional control through the targeted recruitment of large protein complexes that modify chromosomal components and reversibly stabilize or destabilize chromatin. Ligand-dependent recruitment of transcriptional coactivators destabilizes chromatin by mechanisms including histone acetylation and contacts with the basal transcriptional machinery. In contrast, the recruitment of corepressors in the absence of ligand or in the presence of hormone antagonists serves to stabilize chromatin by the targeting of histone deacetylases. Both activation and repression require the action of other chromatin remodeling engines of the switch 2/sucrose non-fermentable 2 (SWI2/SNF2) class. Here we summarize this information and integrate hormone action into a chromatin context.
A plant glutamate decarboxylase containing a calmodulin binding domain. Cloning, sequence, and functional analysis. (1993)

Molecular procedures have been applied to isolate plant calmodulin-binding proteins. A petunia cDNA expression library was screened with 35S-labeled recombinant calmodulin as a probe, and a cDNA coding for a Ca(2+)-dependent calmodulin-binding protein was isolated. The deduced amino acid sequence of the petunia protein (500 amino acid residues, 58 kDa) has 67% overall amino acid sequence similarity to glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) from Escherichia coli (466 amino acid residues, 53 kDa). The recombinant protein expressed in E. coli cells displays GAD activity, i.e. catalyzes the conversion of glutamic acid to gamma-aminobutyric acid and binds calmodulin, whereas E. coli GAD does not bind calmodulin. The calmodulin binding domain in the petunia GAD was mapped by binding truncated forms of GAD immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes to recombinant petunia 35S-calmodulin as well as to biotinylated bovine calmodulin and by binding truncated forms of GAD to calmodulin-Sepharose columns. The calmodulin binding domain in petunia GAD is part of a carboxyl end extension that is not present in E. coli GAD. Polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant petunia GAD detect a single protein band from plant extracts of gel mobility identical to that of the recombinant GAD. Moreover, the plant protein binds calmodulin in vitro. This is the first report of the isolation of a GAD gene from plants and of a calmodulin-binding GAD from any organism. Our results raise the possibility that intracellular Ca2+ signals via calmodulin are involved in the regulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesis in plants.
High VEGFR-3–positive Circulating Lymphatic/Vascular Endothelial Progenitor Cell Level Is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer (2009)

Peripheral blood levels of bone marrow-derived LVEPCs are significantly increased in patients with SCLC and correlate with lymphatic involvement and prognosis. This is the first study that shows evidence of increased numbers of circulating LVEPC in patients with a malignant tumor.
Mapping and characterization of the epitope(s) of Sch 55700, a humanized mAb, that inhibits human IL-5 (1999)

mAb against human IL-5 inhibit pulmonary eosinophilia, tissue damage and airway hyper-reactivity in allergic animal models. Sch 55700 is a humanized, neutralizing anti-IL-5 antibody. To better understand the molecular mechanism by which Sch 55700 blocks IL-5 bioactivity, we have mapped its epitope by scanning IL-5 with synthetic peptides. Those peptides containing a region, ERRRV, corresponding to amino acids 89-93 of IL-5 specifically interact with both Sch 55700 and its parental rat IgG, 39D10. Among the five residues of this region, all three arginine residues were particularly critical for interaction of these peptides with Sch 55700. We further characterized this region by alanine scanning using site-directed mutagenesis. Examination of COS-expressed IL-5 mutants by Western blot showed that single mutations of E(89), R(90), R(91) or R(92) to alanine caused a loss of IL-5 binding to both Sch 55700 and 39D10. We further demonstrated in surface plasmon resonance studies using a BIAcore biosenosor that E(89), R(90) or R(91) are involved in the interaction between IL-5 and its receptor alpha subunit. Based upon the findings here and previously reported structures of the IL-5 and 39D10 variable region, we propose a model suggesting that the molecular interactions between the IL-5 and Sch 55700 mainly involve several ion pair interactions. We conclude that Sch 55700 occupies a region, ERRR, on IL-5 that is essential for its interaction with the receptor and thereby blocks IL-5 bioactivity.
A one pot, metathesis–hydrogenation sequence for the selective formation of carbon–carbon bonds (2005)

A combination of homogeneous hydrogenation and metathesis reactions allows highly efficient, stepwise chemo- and stereoselective formation of three separate 2,7-diaminosuberic acid derivatives in a single pot without isolation of intermediates.
FIP200 is Involved in Murine <b><i>Pseudomonas</i></b> Infection by Regulating HMGB1 Intracellular Translocation (2014)

Collectively, these findings elucidate that FIP200 may regulate expression and translocation of HMGB1 during PAO1 infection, which may indicate novel therapeutic targets to control pulmonary infection.
Applications of Bioluminescence in the Dairy Industry (1993)

Several applications of ATP bioluminescence of relevance to the dairy industry have been proposed. This paper reviews some of the major benefits of the technology. New developments in bioluminescence research have made the simple, rapid, sensitive detection of foodborne pathogens a distinct possibility.
Adaptation of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptors following Antidepressant Treatment: Implications for the Pharmacotherapy of Depression (1996)

NMDA antagonists mimic the effects of clinically effective antidepressants in both preclinical tests predictive of antidepressant action and procedures designed to model aspects of depressive symptomatology. These findings led to experiments demonstrating that chronic administration of NMDA antagonists to rodents results in a downregulation of cortical beta-adrenoceptors, a phenomenon also observed following chronic treatment with many antidepressants. These neurochemical and behavioral similarities between antidepressants and NMDA antagonists prompted us to examine the impact of chronic antidepressant treatment on NMDA receptors. Chronic (14 days) but not acute (1 day) administration of seventeen different antidepressants to mice produced adaptive changes in radioligand binding to NMDA receptors. Detailed studies with three antidepressants (imipramine, citalopram, and electroconvulsive shock) show that these changes develop slowly, persist for some time after cessation of treatment, and (for imipramine and citalopram) are dose dependent. Moreover, following chronic treatment with imipramine, these changes in radioligand binding to NMDA receptors appear restricted to the cerebral cortex. Based on the consistency of these effects across antidepressant treatments, we propose that adaptive changes in NMDA receptors may be the final common pathway for antidepressant action. The recent demonstration (Nowak et al., 1995) that radioligand binding to NMDA receptors is altered in frontal cortex of suicide victims (compared to age and post-mortem interval matched controls) is consistent with the hypothesis (Trullas and Skolnick, 1990) that this family of ligand gated ion channels is involved in the pathophysiology of depression.
Leukocyte and fibroblast interferon genes are located on human chromosome 9. (1981)

At least eight leukocyte interferon genes (IFL) and the single fibroblast interferon gene (IFF) have been located on chromosome 9 in humans. In somatic cell hybrids of human and mouse cells containing a normal complement of mouse parental cell chromosomes but reduced numbers of human chromosomes, the human leukocyte and fibroblast interferon DNA sequences were present only when human chromosome 9 was also present.
Enhanced Gene Expression Conferred by Stepwise Modification of a Nonprimate Lentiviral Vector (2007)

The practical application of gene transfer as a treatment for genetic diseases such as cystic fibrosis or hemophilia has been hindered, in part, by low efficiencies of vector delivery and transgene expression. We demonstrated that a feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-based lentiviral vector pseudotyped with the envelope glycoprotein from the baculovirus Autographa californica (GP64) efficiently transduces and persistently expresses a reporter gene in respiratory epithelium in the absence of agents that disrupt cellular tight junction integrity. GP64-pseudotyped FIV also efficiently transduced murine hepatocytes after tail vein delivery. To improve the FIV-based vector, we tested the contribution of a series of modifications to luciferase expression in vitro and in vivo. These modifications included the addition of spleen necrosis virus U5 (SNV U5) and mutation of the major splice donor and gag start codon located in the packaging region of the FIV transgene plasmid. After vector modification, we observed significantly enhanced expression of luciferase in respiratory epithelia after nasal application and in the liver after tail vein delivery. In addition, we observed significantly enhanced human factor VIII production after tail vein delivery. These sequential modifications provide an improved FIV lentivirus platform for gene therapy applications and may be applied to other retroviral vectors.
Structure-activity relationships of retinoids in hamster tracheal organ culture. (1980)

Structure-activity relationships are summarized for 87 retinoids, using reversal of keratinization in the hamster tracheal organ culture system to measure biological activity. Classes of compounds evaluated include all-trans-retinoic acid and its esters, ring-modified analogs of all-trans-retinoic acid and its esters, side-chain-modified analogs of all-trans-retinoic acid and its esters, analogs in which both ring and side chain have been modified, all-trans-retinol and derivatives, all-trans-retinyl amine derivatives, all-trans-retinal derivatives, all-trans-retinoic acid amides, 13-cis-retinoic acid and derivatives, and 5,6-epoxyretinoids. the activity of many synthetic amide derivatives of all-trans- or 13-cis-retinoic acid approaches that of the parent compounds. No metabolite of all-trans- or 13-cis-retinoic acid has yet been identified which has greater activity than the parent compounds in this assay. New synthetic derivatives with a gem-dimethyl group at position 4 in the cyclohexenyl ring and two aromatic rings in the side chain have activity equal to or greater than that of all-trans- or 13-cis-retinoic acid, with some activity detectable in the 10(-11) M range.
Topiramate in Migraine Prevention: A Double‐Blind, Placebo‐Controlled Study (2001)

Preventative therapy with topiramate significantly reduced migraine frequency. Larger multicenter clinical studies may further delineate the role of topiramate in migraine prevention.
A Simple Self‐Report Diary for Assessing Psychosexual Function in Hypogonadal Men (2003)

To examine the performance of a self-report diary to assess psychosexual function in hypogonadal men, 2 groups of eugonadal men and 2 groups of hypogonadal men were asked to record and score parameters for sexual desire, sexual enjoyment, sexual performance, sexual activity, and positive and negative moods daily for 7 days before a clinic visit (data set 1 and 2). The hypogonadal men were also assessed after testosterone replacement and some of the eugonadal men were studied while they were on placebo treatment. In this retrospective analysis, sexual function parameters (sexual desire, performance, and activity score) in the diary discriminated between the hypogonadal and eugonadal men with all measures significantly lower in hypogonadal men (all parameters P <.0001). Significant improvements in sexual desire and performance as well as sexual activity scores (P <.0001 for all parameters) in hypogonadal men after testosterone treatment were readily detected within 30 days. Mood and functional parameters did not show any change over time in eugonadal men on placebo treatment. The mood parameters assessed by the diary showed an excellent correlation with those assessed by the Profile of Mood States. Mood parameters were not clearly different between eugonadal and hypogonadal men at baseline. With testosterone treatment positive mood parameters were significantly increased (P <.0028 and.0001 set in data 1 and 2, respectively), and negative mood parameters improved in hypogonadal men (P <.0003 in data set 2). We conclude that this simple self-report diary is useful in assessing the sexual function and mood profile of hypogonadal subjects in clinical research.
Diving response and apneic time in humans. (1998)

The aim of this study was to compare apneic time with the human diving response, defined as heart rate (HR) reduction and reduced skin blood flow, in groups with varying degrees of breath-hold diving experience. Apneic time and HR reduction at apneas in air and apneas with face immersion in cold water were thus recorded in nine groups. Skin capillary blood flow was recorded in six of the groups. All subjects received the same information on maximizing apneic duration, and no information about their progress during the apneas. The longest apneas and the most pronounced cardiovascular adjustments were found in the young, trained divers. It was found that apneic time was significantly correlated to HR reduction among the nine groups (r = 0.94, P < 0.001), and to skin capillary blood flow reduction among the six groups where the parameter was measured (r = 0.82, P < 0.05). The correlation between HR reduction and skin capillary blood flow reduction was also significant (r = 0.85, P < 0.05). When the difference in HR reduction and apneic time between apneas in air and apneas with face immersion were compared in the nine groups, it was found that all groups reacted with a more pronounced HR reduction during apneas with face immersion. All groups without prior breath-hold diving experience were found to perform shorter apneas with face immersion than apneas in air, or apneas of the same duration in both conditions, which has been reported in other studies. However, in all groups with diving experience, the apneic time was prolonged during apneas with face immersion. The results of this study suggest an oxygen-conserving effect of the diving response in trained apneic divers.
Haemostatic changes and acquired activated protein C resistance in normal pregnancy (2007)

Influence of changes in levels of coagulation factors and anticoagulants on acquired activated protein C (APC) resistance were studied in 40 healthy women during normal pregnancy. Factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag), free protein S (FPS) and protein C were determined at 5-13, 14-26 and 27-40 weeks gestation and more than 6 weeks postpartum. APC anticoagulant activity was determined by measuring the activated partial thromboplastin time before and after adding human APC, expressed as the APC-sensitivity ratio (APC-SR). During the second and third gestation trimesters a significant increase (P < 0.05) in FVIII and VWF:Ag levels and a decrease in FPS levels were seen compared with the first trimester. Postpartum FVIII and VWF:Ag levels significantly decreased and FPS levels increased compared with the third trimester. Protein C levels remained unchanged during pregnancy and postpartum. Between increased FVIII and lowered APC-SR a trend of inverse correlation (r = -0.329; P = 0.076) occurred in the second trimester. No correlation was found between APC-SR and FPS or VWF:Ag levels. A remarkable finding is the strong inverse relationship between APC-SR and protein C levels (r <or= -0.392; P < 0.05) during pregnancy and postpartum. This may indicate that anticoagulant activity of added human APC measured by activated partial thromboplastin time is diminished in the presence of high endogenous protein C levels. A possible hypothesis is steric hindrance by sample protein C of APC binding sites on target activated factor V and/or cofactor protein S. The clinical significance of this finding should be determined because it complicates the interpretation of lowered APC-SR.
Proteome Analysis of Highly Immunoreactive Proteins of Helicobacter pylori (2002)

These results suggest that within a tightly defined region on the H. pylori proteome map there are five groups of proteins that are highly reactive to both IgG and IgA. Our analysis suggests it is unlikely that the highly immunoreactive clusters harbour any significant proteins other than isoforms of HspB, UreB, EF-Tu and FlaA, and that, with the partial exception of FlaA, these clusters are strongly conserved across all seven strains.