gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MAP 30: a new inhibitor of HIV‐1 infection and replication (1990)

A new inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been isolated and purified to homogeneity from the seeds and fruits of the Momordica charantia. This compound, MAP 30 (Momordica Anti-HIV Protein), is a basic protein of about 30 kDa. It exhibits dose-dependent inhibition of cell-free HIV-1 infection and replication as measured by: (i) quantitative focal syncytium formation on CEM-ss monolayers; (ii) viral core protein p24 expression; and (iii) viral-associated reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in HIV-1 infected H9 cells. The doses required for 50% inhibition (ID50) in these assays were 0.83, 0.22 and 0.33 nM, respectively. No cytotoxic or cytostatic effects were found under the assay conditions. These data suggest that MAP 30 may be a useful therapeutic agent in the treatment of HIV-1 infections. The sequence of the N-terminal 44 amino acids of MAP 30 has been determined.
Cloud Storage: Adoption, Practice and Deployment (2011)

Note: The information and recommendations made by Storage Strategies NOW, Inc. are based upon public information and sources and may also include personal opinions both of Storage Strategies NOW and others, all of which we believe are accurate and reliable. As market conditions change however and not within our control, the information and recommendations are made without warranty of any kind. All product names used and mentioned herein are the trademarks of their respective owners. Storage Strategies NOW, Inc. assumes no responsibility or liability for any damages whatsoever (including incidental, consequential or otherwise), caused by your use of, or reliance upon, the information and recommendations presented herein, nor for any inadvertent errors which may appear in this document.
Morphological filter for lossless image subsampling (2002)

We present a morphological filter for lossless image subsampling for a given downsampling-upsampling strategy. This filter is applied in a multiresolution decomposition and results in a more efficient scheme for image coding purposes than other lossy sampling schemes. Its main advantage is a greatly reduced computational load compared to multiresolution schemes performed with linear filters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>
Discovery of a novel type of autophagy targeting RNA (2013)

Regulated degradation of cellular components by lysosomes is essential to maintain biological homeostasis. In mammals, three forms of autophagy, macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), have been identified. Here, we showed a novel type of autophagy, in which RNA is taken up directly into lysosomes for degradation. This pathway, which we term "RNautophagy," is ATP-dependent, and unlike CMA, is independent of HSPA8/Hsc70. LAMP2C, a lysosomal membrane protein, serves as a receptor for this pathway. The cytosolic tail of LAMP2C specifically binds to almost all total RNA derived from mouse brain. The cytosolic sequence of LAMP2C and its affinity for RNA are evolutionarily conserved from nematodes to humans. Our findings shed light on the mechanisms underlying RNA homeostasis in higher eukaryotes.
The role of CAMPATH-1 antibodies in the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. (1999)

Certain features that make an antigen a good candidate for antibody therapy have been defined. CD52 is a 21- to 28-kd nonmodulating cell surface glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked glycoprotein that is abundantly expressed (up to 5 x 10(5) molecules per cell) on most normal and malignant lymphocytes and monocytes. Its functions are unknown. CD52 is an excellent target for complement-mediated lysis and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. A series of rat and genetically reshaped human CD52 antibodies has been assessed for the ability to deplete lymphocytes in vivo to induce immunosuppression and for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. CD52 antibodies that activate both complement and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity consistently deplete lymphocytes from blood, spleen, and bone marrow but are less effective against lymph node disease or extranodal masses. CD52 antibodies provide effective therapy for chronic leukemias, such as T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia and some subtypes of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, that may be resistant to conventional chemotherapy. For example, most patients with T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia, including those with large tumor burdens and high peripheral white blood cell counts, will enter complete remission using the antibody CAMPATH-1H without any evidence of tumor lysis. In contrast, in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CD52 antibodies may be more effective in the setting of minimal residual disease and may allow harvesting of uncontaminated stem cells. Further experiments to enhance the activity of CD52 antibodies in sites refractory to antibody alone are currently being undertaken.
Nearly hyperuniform network models of amorphous silicon (2013)

We introduce the concept of nearly hyperuniform network (NHN) structures as alternatives to the conventional continuous random network (CRN) models for amorphous tetrahedrally coordinated solids, such as amorphous silicon (a-Si). A hyperuniform solid has a structure factor $S(k)$ that approaches zero as the wavenumber $k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. We define a NHN as an amorphous network whose structure factor $S(k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$ is smaller than the liquid value at the melting temperature. Using a novel implementation of the Stillinger-Weber potential for the interatomic interactions, we show that the energy landscape for a spectrum of NHNs includes a sequence of local minima with an increasing degree of hyperuniformity [smaller $S(k\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0)$] that is significantly below the frozen-liquid value and that correlates with other measurable features in $S(k)$ at intermediate and large $k$ and with the width of the electronic band gap.
A Shortened Life Span of EKLF−/− Adult Erythrocytes, Due to a Deficiency of β-Globin Chains, Is Ameliorated by Human γ-Globin Chains (1997)

Using homologous recombination, both EKLF alleles in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells were inactivated. These EKLF-/- ES cells were capable of undergoing in vitro differentiation to form definitive erythroid colonies that were similar in size and number to those formed by wild-type ES cells. However, the EKLF-/- colonies were poorly hemoglobinized and enucleated erythrocytes in these colonies contained numerous Heinz bodies. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses revealed that adult and embryonic globin genes were appropriately regulated, with the exception of beta h1-globin, which continued to be expressed at a very low level. The ratio of adult beta-globin/alpha-globin mRNA in the mutant ES cells was 1/15 of that in wild-type ES cells. When the EKLF-/- cells were injected into blastocysts, they did not contribute at a detectable level to the mature erythrocyte compartment of the chimeric animals, based on analysis of glucose phosphate isomerase-1 (GPI-1) isozymes and hemoglobins that distinguish ES cell-derived erythrocytes from host blastocyst-derived erythrocytes. In contrast, semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis of RNA from reticulocytes of the same chimeric animals suggested that the ES cell-derived reticulocytes were present at a level of 6% to 8%. This indicated that the EKLF-/- erythrocytes in adult animals must be short-lived, apparently due to the imbalance of beta-versus alpha-globin chains, leading to the precipitation of excess alpha-globin chains to form Heinz bodies. Consistent with this hypothesis, the short life span was ameliorated by introduction into the EKLF-/- ES cells of a human LCR/gamma-globin gene, as evidenced by the presence of ES cell-derived reticulocytes as well as mature erythrocytes in the blood of the chimeric animals.
Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells by protein-based reprogramming without genetic manipulation (2010)

The concept of reprogramming of somatic cells has opened a new era in regenerative medicine. Transduction of defined factors has successfully achieved pluripotency. However, during the generation process of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, genetic manipulation of certain factors may cause tumorigenicity, which limits further application. We report that that a single transfer of embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived proteins into primarily cultured adult mouse fibroblasts, rather than repeated transfer or prolonged exposure to materials, can achieve full reprogramming up to the pluripotent state without the forced expression of ectopic transgenes. During the process, gene expression and epigenetic status were converted from somatic to ES-equivalent status. We verified that protein-based reprogramming was neither by the contamination of protein donor ES cell nor by DNA/RNA from donor ES cell. Protein-iPS cells were biologically and functionally very similar to ES cells and differentiated into 3 germ layers in vitro. Furthermore, protein-iPS cells possessed in vivo differentiation (well-differentiated teratoma formation) and development (chimeric mice generation and a tetraploid blastocyst complementation) potentials. Our results provide an alternative and safe strategy for the reprogramming of somatic cells that can be used to facilitate pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy.
Changing the Face of the Law: How Women's Advocacy Groups Put Women on the Federal Judicial Appointments Agenda (2002)

Given the significant involvement of women judges and members of women's advocacy groups in the Women, Justice, and Authority conference, I thought it fitting to pursue some legal history for this occasion on the impact of women's advocacy groups on women's judicial appointments, looking in particular at Article III judgeships.Like Linda Kerber, I focus here on the transformative moment of the 1970s, specifically the years of the Carter presidency, 1977-81, when women's advocacy groups first exercised significant influence over women's federal judicial appointments.Before Carter, only eight women had been named to Article III courts of general jurisdiction. 1During Carter's one term, forty women were appointed-a 500% increase.This article addresses how and why this occurred, and what lessons we can learn from it.
Environmental regulation of virulence in group A streptococci: transcription of the gene encoding M protein is stimulated by carbon dioxide (1992)

We have found that different atmospheres can have significant effects on the transcription of emm, the gene that encodes M protein, the major virulence factor of the group A streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Expression of emm was monitored by constructing a transcriptional fusion of the promoter for emm6.1 from S. pyogenes JRS4 to a promoterless chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene. Transcription, as measured by determining chloramphenicol acetyltransferase specific activity, was stimulated by as much as 25-fold by increased carbon dioxide tension. Expression was greater in the latter stages of growth and was not affected by growth at 30 instead of 37 degrees C. Insertional inactivation of mry, a gene encoding a positive regulator of emm6.1, reduced chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity below the detectable level. We conclude that expression of emm is influenced by environmental factors and that the level of carbon dioxide is one signal that may influence expression of M protein during infection.
Resolution improvement in optical coherence tomography by optimal synthesis of light-emitting diodes (2001)

We present a new approach to improving the longitudinal resolution of optical coherence tomography by optimal synthesis of several LED's. The search for an optimal synthesis of several low-coherence sources involves solution of an inverse problem, and an optimization algorithm is introduced that is used to arrange the parameters of light sources to effectively reduce the width of the center peak and inhibit the sidelobes simultaneously. Good coincidence between the experimental result and theoretical expectation is found.
Exciton and Charge-Transfer Interactions in Nonconjugated Merocyanine Dye Dimers:  Novel Solvatochromic Behavior for Tethered Bichromophores and Excimers (1999)

A series of merocyanine dye dimers tethered at different sites with spacers ranging from 0 to 5 methylene groups and the corresponding monomer have been synthesized. The formation, structure, and excited-state properties of the consequent merocyanine dye "aggregates" in solutions and in rigid glass have been studied by UV/visible absorption spectra, steady-state fluorescence, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. The dimers with 0 and 1 methylene spacers must exist in more-or-less extended conformations; consequently, they show a very weak and distance-dependent "J"-type exciton coupling, evident in both absorption and fluorescence spectra. For the dimers with 2, 3, and 5 methylene spacers, absorption spectra in nonpolar solvents are consistent with a largely extended configuration and little or no evident exciton coupling. However, for more polar solvents, a blue-shifted absorption spectrum is observed, suggesting a folded configuration resulting in an "H" dimer. For the latter dimers, fluorescence spectra in a variety of solvents show a pronounced red-shift, which is attributed to a folded "excimer". As anticipated from its structure, the merocyanine monomer shows a weak positive solvatochromic effect that may be correlated using the Taft−Kamlet π* parameter. Remarkably, both the "J" coupled dimer (n = 0) and the dimers having 2−5 methylene groups show a much stronger solvatochromic behavior than the monomer. The strong solvatochromic effects in these tethered dimers may be attributed to interchromophoric charge-transfer interactions in both ground and excited states.
Rapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET- recombination (1999)

We present a method to modify bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) resident in their host strain. The method is based on homologous recombination by ET-cloning. We have successfully modified BACs at two distinct loci by recombination with a PCR product containing homology arms of 50 nt. The procedure we describe here is rapid, was found to work with high efficiency and should be applicable to any BAC modification desired.
Protein kinase C isoform levels in normal and sodium dodecyl sulphate-irritated mouse skin (1998)

Protein kinase C (PKC) comprises a family of related phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine protein kinases. PKC is important in signal transduction, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Recently, it has also been suggested that PKC may play a part in the pathogenesis of contact dermatitis. However, the expression of PKC isoforms in the skin of mice with irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) has not been examined. In this study, ICD was induced in mouse skin by applying 5%, 10% and 20% sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) in Finn chambers on the backs of mice and fixing with surgical dressings for 24 h. Depending upon the SDS concentration, mild to strong skin irritant reactions were observed 24 h after removal of the irritant patches. The intensity of the reactions increased with the increasing concentration of SDS. PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta were all detected in normal mouse skin by Western immunoblotting. The specificity of the PKC isoforms detected was identified further by competitive Western immunoblotting. Compared with normal mouse skin treated with double-distilled water, the levels of PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta in the SDS-irritated mouse skin was decreased by 24.8-75.8%. These results suggest that, in SDS-ICD, mouse skin PKC isoforms alpha, beta, gamma and delta are down-regulated. The significance of this decrease is under further investigation.
Reinforcing Self-expressive Representation with Constraint Propagation for Face Clustering in Movies (2019)

The ability to robustly cluster faces in movies is a necessary step in understanding media content representations of people along dimensions such as gender and age. Building upon the successes of sparse subspace clustering (SSC) in uncovering the underlying structure of the data, in this paper we propose an algorithm called Constraint Propagation Sparse Subspace Clustering (CP-SSC) for applications such as face clustering in videos where pairwise sample constraints (must-link and cannot-link sample pairs) are available in the processing pipeline since detected faces can be tracked locally in time. We learn the subspace structure while simultaneously incorporating the pairwise constraints to construct a similarity matrix needed for clustering. Our joint formulation uses low-rank matrix completion to propagate the initial pairwise constraints, that are used to reinforce the subspace representation during optimization. We evaluate CP-SSC for clustering faces in movies with pre-trained neural network embeddings as features. We first analyze CP-SSC with synthetic data and then show that it can be effectively used to cluster faces in movie videos. We evaluate our method for two movies annotated in-house and two benchmark movies released publicly. We also compare the performance of our algorithm with other clustering approaches that use pairwise constraint information.
Chemical and enzymatic biotin-labeling of oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1985)

Biotin has been converted to 2-(biotinylamido)ethanol and condensed to phosphorylated oligonucleotides in a solid phase synthesis. The 5'-biotinylated oligonucleotides were enzymatically coupled to other DNA fragments by T4 DNA ligase or T4 RNA ligase. The hybridization properties of such biotin-labeled oligonucleotide probes were studied.
Design, verification and applications of a new read-write lock algorithm (2012)

Coordination and synchronization of parallel tasks is a major source of complexity in parallel programming. These constructs take many forms in practice including directed barrier and point-to-point synchronizations, termination detection of child tasks, and mutual exclusion in accesses to shared resources.
The Recognition of Intravascular Clotting (1970)

The plasma protamine paracoagulation (3P) test for demonstrating fibrin monomer in citrated blood plasma has been useful in identifying diffuse intravascular coagulation in eight patients when evaluated in the light of clinical and other laboratory findings. The result of the 3P test is also postitive in some patients after open-heart surgery. Only two such patients, both children having repair of congenital heart defects, had evidences of a consumptive coagulopathy. Patients with venous thrombosis, possible pulmonary embolism, or both inconsistently had a positive 3P test result without other evidences of consumptive coagulopathy. The 3P test result was negative in one case each of primary fibrinolysis and of malignant hypertension.
Cycloaddition Reactions of [1,2]Dithiolo[1,2]dithiole Derivatives with Dimethyl Acetylenedicarboxylate: Formation of New Bi-, Tri- and Tetracyclic Thiopyran Derivatives (1994)

By cycloaddition reactions of the title compounds 1, new spiro[1,3-dithiole-thiopyran] derivatives 3 and 5 are available. Their cleavage with mercury(II) acetate leads to the corresponding bicyclic thiopyran-4-ones 9 and 10. Starting from 3H,6H-[1,2]dithiolo[4,3-c][1,2]dithiole- 3,6-dithione (1d), besides 4H,8H-2,3,6,7,4′,5′,4″,5″- octa-(methoxycarbonyl)thiopyrano[3,2-b]thiopyran-4-spiro-2′-(1′,3′- dithiole)-8-spiro-2″-(1″,3″-dithiole) (5), the tetra(5′,6′- methoxycarbonyl-1′,4′-dithiino)[2,3-c][2,3-e][2,3-i] [2,3-k]-1,2,7,8-tetrathiacyclododeca-3,5,9,11-tetraene (8) is formed.
Compatible simultaneous lower confidence bounds for the Holm procedure and other Bonferroni‐based closed tests (2008)

We consider the problem of simultaneously testing multiple one-sided null hypotheses. Single-step procedures, such as the Bonferroni test, are characterized by the fact that the rejection or non-rejection of a null hypothesis does not take the decision for any other hypothesis into account. For stepwise test procedures, such as the Holm procedure, the rejection or non-rejection of a null hypothesis may depend on the decision of other hypotheses. It is well known that stepwise test procedures are by construction more powerful than their single-step counterparts. This power advantage, however, comes only at the cost of increased difficulties in constructing compatible simultaneous confidence intervals for the parameters of interest. For example, such simultaneous confidence intervals are easily obtained for the Bonferroni method, but surprisingly hard to derive for the Holm procedure. In this paper, we discuss the inherent problems and show that ad hoc solutions used in practice typically do not control the pre-specified simultaneous confidence level. Instead, we derive simultaneous confidence intervals that are compatible with a certain class of closed test procedures using weighted Bonferroni tests for each intersection hypothesis. The class of multiple test procedures covered in this paper includes gatekeeping procedures based on Bonferroni adjustments, fixed sequence procedures, the simple weighted or unweighted Bonferroni procedure by Holm and the fallback procedure. We illustrate the results with a numerical example.
High levels of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) expression are associated with poor outcome in invasive bladder cancer. (1996)

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) have been associated with tumor invasion and metastasis in many human cancers. Immunohistochemical studies were performed on frozen tumor samples from 42 patients with invasive bladder cancer treated by cystectomy with monoclonal antibodies against the Mr 72,000 gelatinase A (MMP-2), Mr 92,000 gelatinase B (MMP-9), and TIMP-2 to evaluate their significance in bladder cancer. Immunoreactivity for the gelatinases was predominantly tumor cell-associated, whereas strong TIMP-2 staining was mostly detected in the stroma. Tumor cells demonstrated moderate to strong reactivity for MMP-2 and MMP-9 in 71 and 71% of cases, respectively, which did not correlate with stage, grade, or outcome. Tumor cells were positive for TIMP-2 in 26 (62%) of 42 cases, and this correlated with a worse outcome (69 versus 25% died of disease; P < 0.05). In 31 (74%) of 42, there was moderate to strong stromal staining for TIMP-2; this also was associated with a poor outcome (65 versus 25% died of cancer; P < 0.05). Tumor basement membrane (BM) status was investigated using an antibody to type IV collagen. In 9 cases, the invasive tumor nests were surrounded by an intact BM; in 7 of these, stromal staining for TIMP-2 was absent. None of these 9 patients (0%) died of tumors compared with 7 (100%) of 7 with complete loss of BM staining (P < 0.001). These results suggest a potential role for TIMP-2 and BM staining as prognostic indicators in invasive bladder cancer.