gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparing for Chemical Terrorism: Stability of Injectable Atropine Sulfate (2004)

Objective: A massive nerve agent attack may rapidly deplete in‐date supplies of atropine. The authors considered using atropine beyond its labeled shelf life. The objective was to determine the stability of premixed injectable atropine sulfate samples with different expiration dates. Methods: This was an in‐vitro study using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Four atropine solutions (labeled concentration of 400 μ g/mL) ranging from in date to 12 years beyond expiration (exp) and an additional sample of atropine sulfate (labeled concentration of 2,000 μ g/mL) obtained from a World War II era autoinjector were assayed for atropine stability. Standards of atropine sulfate and tropine were prepared and quantified by GC/MS. Study samples were prepared by adding a buffer solution to free the base, extracting with an isopropanol/methylene chloride mixture and followed by evaporating the organic layer to dryness. Pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol were then added as derivatization reagents. Study samples were heated, the derivitization reagents were evaporated, and the remaining compound was reconstituted in ethyl acetate for injection into the GC/MS. Results: All solutions were clear and colorless. Atropine concentrations were as follows: in date, 252 μ g/mL; 2001 exp, 290 μ g/mL; 1999 exp, 314 μ g/mL; 1990 exp, 398 μ g/mL; and WW II specimen, 1,475 μ g/mL. Tropine was found in concentrations of &lt;10 μ g/mL in all study samples. Conclusions: Significant amounts of atropine were found in all study samples. All samples remained clear and colorless, and no substantial amount of tropine was found in any study sample. Further testing is needed to determine clinical effect.
The Metabolic Syndrome: Perhaps an Etiologic Mystery but Far From a Myth -- Where Does the International Diabetes Federation Stand? (2005)

Summary The IDF, and clearly many other international groups, regard the metabolic syndrome as a viable and useful concept in clinical medicine. Debate is always welcomed as a stimulus to new understanding, but criticism should have a valid platform, something that is not always apparent in the ADA/EASD statement [2,3] and the supporting editorial in Diabetologia . [19] The IDF report does raise a series of questions that need more research. The IDF's new clinically oriented definition of the metabolic syndrome [4] is an important new approach that health professionals can employ to facilitate detection and intervention for risk reduction in one common pattern of multifactorial risk for both CVD and type 2 diabetes. Most important is the need to promote lifestyle interventions to reduce long-term risk. But at the same time, absolute risk assessment is required to assist clinicians in making decisions about drug therapies for prevention in higher risk patients. It is important to note that the American Heart Association and National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute have just published a scientific statement on the metabolic syndrome that contains an updated ATP III classification.
Effect of a New Antithrombotic Agent (Defibrotide) in Acute Renal Failure Due to Thrombotic Microangiopathy (1985)

8 patients with thrombotic microangiopathy were treated with a new antithrombotic agent, defibrotide. This drug displays considerable fibrinolytic and antithrombotic activity, and induces generation and release of a prostacyclin-like substance from vascular tissue. At admission all patients presented severe renal involvement and coagulation abnormalities. Neurological manifestations were present in 6. Defibrotide administration was followed by recovery of renal function in 6, disappearance of neurological symptoms and coagulation abnormalities in all patients. The use of defibrotide was not associated with side effects. On the basis of the results obtained in these patients, we suggest that defibrotide might be considered as a valuable drug in the management of patients with thrombotic microangiopathy.
The Efficacy and Tolerability of Duloxetine in the Treatment of Anxious Versus Non-Anxious Depression: A Post-Hoc Analysis of an Open-Label Outpatient Study (2007)

Duloxetine's efficacy in anxious depression was somewhat superior to non-anxious depression; tolerability was comparable between groups.
Thermal colorization using deep neural network (2018)

Visual and thermal cameras have large modality gap while providing different information of the same scene. The spectral mapping of thermal imagery into color imagery is a challenging task due to inherit nonlinear relationship. This paper deals with the automatic colorization of thermal imagery into color images using deep encoder-decoder convolutional neural network architecture. The presented approach is trained and evaluated on an online thermal/color dataset, where the network is trained on the spectral mapping of thermal to color images. The training is automatic without requiring user intervention. Extensive experimentation is carried out on the online available dataset, demonstrating consistent and harmonious appearance of generated colorized images from input thermal images.
Neem—An Omnipotent Plant: A Retrospection (2004)

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) has universally been accepted as a wonder tree because of its diverse utility. Multidirectional therapeutic uses of neem have been known in India since the Vedic times. Besides its therapeutic efficacies, neem has already established its potential as a source of naturally occurring insecticide, pesticide and agrochemicals. Safe and economically cheaper uses of different parts of neem in the treatment of various diseases and in agriculture are discussed in this article. It further deals with the active chemical constituents of various neem formulations. Commercially available neem products are also mentioned along with their respective applications. Furthermore, evaluation of safety aspects of different parts of neem and neem compounds along with commercial formulations are also taken into consideration. Systematic scientific knowledge on neem reported so far is thus very useful for the wider interests of the world community.
A Novel Targeted Inhibitor of the Alternative Pathway of Complement and Its Therapeutic Application in Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (2008)

Bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of soluble Crry, a mouse inhibitor of all complement activation pathways, is significantly enhanced when linked to a fragment of complement receptor 2 (CR2), a receptor that targets C3 activation products. In this study, we characterize alternative pathway-specific inhibitors consisting of a single or dimeric N-terminal region of mouse factor H (fH; short consensus repeats 1-5) linked to the same CR2 fragment (CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH). Both CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH were highly effective at inhibiting the alternative pathway in vitro and demonstrated a higher specific activity than CR2-Crry. CR2-fH was also more effective than endogenous serum fH in blocking target deposition of C3. Target binding and complement inhibitory activity of CR2-fH/CR2-fHfH was dependent on CR2- and C3-mediated interactions. The alternative pathway of complement plays a role in intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, serum fH fails to provide protection against intestine ischemia/reperfusion injury although it can bind to and provide cell surfaces with protection from complement and is present in plasma at a high concentration. In a mouse model, CR2-fH and CR2-fHfH provided complete protection from local (intestine) and remote (lung) injury. CR2-fH targeted to the site of local injury and greatly reduced levels of tissue C3 deposition. Thus, the targeting mechanism significantly enhances alternative pathway-specific complement inhibitory activity of the N-terminal domain of fH and has the potential to reduce side effects that may be associated with systemic complement blockade. The data further indicate alternative pathway dependence for local and remote injury following intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in a clinically relevant therapeutic paradigm.
Prevention of dystrophic pathology in mdx mice by a truncated dystrophin isoform (1994)

The C-terminal domain of dystrophin is alternatively spliced to produce a variety of tissue and developmental stage-specific isoforms. Recent studies suggest that the C-terminal domain binds to the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex (DGC) in muscle, but little is known about the functional significance of the alternative splicing or what role individual isoforms may play in specific tissues. The major dystrophin transcript in brain lacks exons 71-74, and encodes an isoform not observed in skeletal muscle. To explore the capacity of this truncated isoform to function in muscle, we have generated transgenic mice expressing a murine dystrophin mini-gene missing exons 71-74. Uniform expression of this construct on a mutant mdx mouse background results in normal muscle morphology and physiology, and prevents the development of muscular dystrophy. These mice also display normal expression and localization of the DGC, suggesting that the alternatively spliced exons are not required for dystrophin function in skeletal muscle. An additional line of mice was analyzed that had a mosaic pattern of expression. These mice display a markedly milder phenotype than mdx mice, despite the expression of dystrophin in only half the muscle fibers. These results indicate that viral delivery of dystrophin to a simple majority of fibers in a muscle group would greatly reduce the dystrophic pathology associated with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Molecular Diagnosis of Prader–Willi and Angelman Syndromes by Methylation-Specific Melting Analysis and Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification (2006)

MS-MA appears to be an efficient primary method to diagnose PWS/AS, and use of the quantitative MS-MLPA method provides detailed information about deletions, rare duplications, and possibly UPD.
An ovalbumin-IL-12 fusion protein is more effective than ovalbumin plus free recombinant IL-12 in inducing a T helper cell type 1-dominated immune response and inhibiting antigen-specific IgE production (1997)

Optimal treatment of allergic diseases requires that the cytokine profile of allergen-specific T cells be redirected, with the conversion of Th2 profiles into Th1 cytokine profiles. This conversion, however, is difficult, since Th2 effector cells have relatively fixed cytokine profiles. To more effectively redirect the cytokine profiles of T cells, we constructed a cytokine fusion protein that contained the Ag OVA, fused to IL-12. Immunization with the OVA-IL-12 fusion protein induced anti-OVA IgG2a Ab and large quantities of OVA-specific IFN-gamma production. The Ag specificity of this response was dependent upon covalent linkage of Ag and IL-12, since immunization of mice with OVA alone induced little or no IFN-gamma, while immunization with OVA and free rIL-12 enhanced T cell production of IFN-gamma, but the IFN-gamma production was not OVA specific. To examine the effects of OVA-IL-12 in reversing ongoing Th2-dominated immune responses, BALB/c mice previously primed with OVA in alum to induce a Th2-dominated response, were vaccinated with the OVA-IL-12 protein. In such mice, OVA-IL-12 was much more effective than OVA plus free rIL-12 in significantly increasing Ag-specific IFN-gamma production and significantly decreasing Ag-specific IL-4 production. Moreover, OVA-IL-12 increased serum anti-OVA IgG2a and decreased anti-OVA IgE. These studies indicate that OVA-IL-12 can convert immune responses characterized by high IL-4 and high IgE synthesis into Th1-dominated responses in an Ag-specific manner.
The energy blocker inside the power house: mitochondria targeted delivery of 3-bromopyruvate (2014)

A key hallmark of many aggressive cancers is accelerated glucose metabolism. The enzymes that catalyze the first step of glucose metabolism are hexokinases. High levels of hexokinase 2 (HK2) are found in cancer cells, but only in a limited number of normal tissues. Metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells using the energy blocker, 3-bromopyruvate (3-BP) that inhibits HK2 has the potential to provide tumor-specific anticancer agents. However, the unique structural and functional characteristics of mitochondria prohibit selective subcellular targeting of 3-BP to modulate the function of this organelle for therapeutic gain. A mitochondria targeted gold nanoparticle (T-3-BP-AuNP) decorated with 3-BP and delocalized lipophilic triphenylphosphonium cations to target the mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ<i>ψ</i><sub>m</sub>) was developed for delivery of 3-BP to cancer cell mitochondria by taking advantage of higher Δ<i>ψ</i><sub>m</sub> in cancer cells compared to normal cells. <i>In vitro</i> studies demonstrated enhanced anticancer activity of T-3-BP-AuNPs compared to the non-targeted construct NT-3-BP-AuNP or free 3-BP. The anticancer activity of T-3-BP-AuNP was further enhanced upon laser irradiation by exciting the surface plasmon resonance band of AuNP and thereby utilizing a combination of 3-BP chemotherapeutic and AuNP photothermal effects. The less toxic behavior of T-3-BPNPs in normal mesenchymal stem cells indicated that these NPs preferentially kill cancer cells. T-3-BP-AuNPs showed enhanced ability to modulate cancer cell metabolism by inhibiting glycolysis as well as demolishing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Our findings demonstrated that concerted chemo-photothermal treatment of glycolytic cancer cells with a single NP capable of targeting mitochondria mediating simultaneous release of a glycolytic inhibitor and photothermal ablation may have promise as a new anticancer therapy.
A non-divergent estimation algorithm in the presence of unknown correlations (1997)

This paper addresses the problem of estimation when the cross-correlation in the errors between different random variables are unknown. A new data fusion algorithm, the covariance intersection algorithm (CI), is presented. It is proved that this algorithm yields consistent estimates irrespective of the actual correlations. This property is illustrated in an application of decentralised estimation where it is impossible to consistently use a Kalman filter.
A Flexible and Accurate Genotype Imputation Method for the Next Generation of Genome-Wide Association Studies (2009)

Genotype imputation methods are now being widely used in the analysis of genome-wide association studies. Most imputation analyses to date have used the HapMap as a reference dataset, but new reference panels (such as controls genotyped on multiple SNP chips and densely typed samples from the 1,000 Genomes Project) will soon allow a broader range of SNPs to be imputed with higher accuracy, thereby increasing power. We describe a genotype imputation method (IMPUTE version 2) that is designed to address the challenges presented by these new datasets. The main innovation of our approach is a flexible modelling framework that increases accuracy and combines information across multiple reference panels while remaining computationally feasible. We find that IMPUTE v2 attains higher accuracy than other methods when the HapMap provides the sole reference panel, but that the size of the panel constrains the improvements that can be made. We also find that imputation accuracy can be greatly enhanced by expanding the reference panel to contain thousands of chromosomes and that IMPUTE v2 outperforms other methods in this setting at both rare and common SNPs, with overall error rates that are 15%-20% lower than those of the closest competing method. One particularly challenging aspect of next-generation association studies is to integrate information across multiple reference panels genotyped on different sets of SNPs; we show that our approach to this problem has practical advantages over other suggested solutions.
In vitro Test Systems for Cancer Chemotherapy. II. Correlation of in vitro Inhibition of Dehydrogenase and Growth with in vivo Inhibition of Ehrlich Ascites Tumor. (1963)

Chemotherapeutic compounds of clinical values as well as those of wide effectiveness in animal tumor systems are shown to give varying responses in vitro. The extent of inhibition caused by any one compound in vitro ranges from none to significant, depending upon the exact in vitro conditions. The dehydrogenase enzyme inhibition test was the most successful on the basis of correlation with extension of survival time of mice bearing the same tumor used in the in vitro studies.
Simian immunodeficiency virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response in acutely infected rhesus monkeys (1993)

To assess the possible role of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in containing the spread of human immunodeficiency virus in acutely infected individuals, the temporal evolution of the virus-specific CD8+ lymphocyte response was defined in simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques (SIVmac)-infected rhesus monkeys. A brief period of SIVmac plasma antigenemia was seen 9 to 16 days following intravenous infection with SIVmac, ending as the absolute number of CD8+ peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) increased. In a prospective assessment of the ability of CD8+ lymphocytes of these monkeys to suppress SIVmac replication in autologous PBLs, inhibitory activity was detected as early as 4 days, with a more pronounced effect 12 to 16 days following infection. SIVmac Gag- and Nef-specific CD8+ effector cell activities were demonstrable in PBLs of animals by 2 weeks following virus inoculation. In fact, SIVmac-specific CTL precursors were documented in the PBLs of rhesus monkeys 4 to 6 days after SIVmac infection. These studies indicate that AIDS virus-specific CD8+ CTLs are present in PBLs within days of infection and may play an important role in containing the early spread of virus.
Biological Interactions of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials: An Interdisciplinary Review (2011)

Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. Related materials include few-layer-graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). This review proposes a systematic nomenclature for this set of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials (GFNs) and discusses specific materials properties relevant for biomolecular and cellular interactions. We discuss several unique modes of interaction between GFNs and nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and conjugated small molecule drugs and dyes. Some GFNs are produced as dry powders using thermal exfoliation, and in these cases, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. Some GFNs have aerodynamic sizes that can lead to inhalation and substantial deposition in the human respiratory tract, which may impair lung defense and clearance leading to the formation of granulomas and lung fibrosis. The limited literature on in vitro toxicity suggests that GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, and it is hypothesized that the biological response will vary across the material family depending on layer number, lateral size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, and dose. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in target cells is a potential mechanism for toxicity, although the extremely high hydrophobic surface area of some GFNs may also lead to significant interactions with membrane lipids leading to direct physical toxicity or adsorption of biological molecules leading to indirect toxicity. Limited in vivo studies demonstrate systemic biodistribution and biopersistence of GFNs following intravenous delivery. Similar to other smooth, continuous, biopersistent implants or foreign bodies, GFNs have the potential to induce foreign body tumors. Long-term adverse health impacts must be considered in the design of GFNs for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and fluorescence-based biomolecular sensing. Future research is needed to explore fundamental biological responses to GFNs including systematic assessment of the physical and chemical material properties related to toxicity. Complete materials characterization and mechanistic toxicity studies are essential for safer design and manufacturing of GFNs in order to optimize biological applications with minimal risks for environmental health and safety.
Determination of gasoline octane numbers from chemical composition (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of gasoline octane numbers from chemical compositionMark E. Myers, Janis. Stollsteimer, and Andrew M. WimsCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 13, 2301–2304Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60363a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60363a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views950Altmetric-Citations48LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transparent Conductive Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks with Precisely Tunable Ratios of Semiconducting and Metallic Nanotubes (2008)

We present a comprehensive study of the optical and electrical properties of transparent conductive films made from precisely tuned ratios of metallic and semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotubes. The conductivity and transparency of the SWNT films are controlled by an interplay between localized and delocalized carriers, as determined by the SWNT electronic structure, tube-tube junctions, and intentional and unintentional redox dopants. The results suggest that the main resistance in the SWNT thin films is the resistance associated with tube-tube junctions. Redox dopants are found to increase the delocalized carrier density and transmission probability through intertube junctions more effectively for semiconductor-enriched films than for metal-enriched films. As a result, redox-doped semiconductor-enriched films are more conductive than either intrinsic or redox-doped metal-enriched films.
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of mutual prodrugs of some nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs with glucosamine (2004)

Mutual prodrugs of ibuprofen and diclofenac with glucosamine were synthesized by reacting their acid chlorides with glucosamine with an aim to reduce gastrointestinal side effects possessed by these drugs. In vitro hydrolysis of these prodrugs in HCI buffer (pH 1.2) indicated that they were quite stable in gastric acid whereas in phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) undergo hydrolysis following first order kinetics, releasing free drug and glucosamine. These compounds were characterized by analytical and spectral data. The amides were evaluated for analgesic and antiinflammatory activity, Fruend's adjuvant-induced arthritis assay and ulcerogenic potential. They showed better to comparable analgesic and antiinflammatory activity with excellent antiarthritic activity and negligible ulcerogenicity.