gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Doxorubicin in TAT peptide-modified multifunctional immunoliposomes demonstrates increased activity against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant ovarian cancer models (2013)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a hallmark of cancer cells and a crucial factor in chemotherapy failure, cancer reappearance, and patient deterioration. We have previously described the physicochemical characteristics and the in vitro anticancer properties of a multifunctional doxorubicin-loaded liposomal formulation. Lipodox(®), a commercially available PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin, was made multifunctional by surface-decorating with a cell-penetrating peptide, TATp, conjugated to PEG 1000-PE, to enhance liposomal cell uptake. A pH-sensitive polymer, PEG 2000-Hz-PE, with a pH-sensitive hydrazone (Hz) bond to shield the peptide in the body and expose it only at the acidic tumor cell surface, was used as well. In addition, an anti-nucleosome monoclonal antibody 2C5 attached to a long-chain polymer to target nucleosomes overexpressed on the tumor cell surface was also present. Here, we report the in vitro cell uptake and cytotoxicity of the modified multifunctional immunoliposomes as well as the in vivo studies on tumor xenografts developed subcutaneously in nude mice with MDR and drug-sensitive human ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3). Our results show the ability of multifunctional immunoliposomes to overcome MDR by enhancing cytotoxicity in drug-resistant cells, compared with non-modified liposomes. Furthermore, in comparison with the non-modified liposomes, upon intravenous injection of these multifunctional immunoliposomes into mice with tumor xenografts, a significant reduction in tumor growth and enhanced therapeutic efficacy of the drug in both drug-resistant and drug-sensitive mice was obtained. The use of "smart" multifunctional delivery systems may provide the basis for an effective strategy to develop, improve, and overcome MDR cancers in the future.
Plasmonically-Enhanced Localization of Light into Photoconductive Antennas (2010)

We present plasmonically-enhanced photoconductive antenna arrays and experimentally demonstrate enhanced light localization into device dimensions less than one-tenth of the wavelength. We present the fabrication and characterization of the device.
18F-THK523: a novel in vivo tau imaging ligand for Alzheimer's disease (2011)

While considerable effort has focused on developing positron emission tomography β-amyloid imaging radiotracers for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, no radiotracer is available for the non-invasive quantification of tau. In this study, we detail the characterization of (18)F-THK523 as a novel tau imaging radiotracer. In vitro binding studies demonstrated that (18)F-THK523 binds with higher affinity to a greater number of binding sites on recombinant tau (K18Δ280K) compared with β-amyloid(1-42) fibrils. Autoradiographic and histofluorescence analysis of human hippocampal serial sections with Alzheimer's disease exhibited positive THK523 binding that co-localized with immunoreactive tau pathology, but failed to highlight β-amyloid plaques. Micro-positron emission tomography analysis demonstrated significantly higher retention of (18)F-THK523 (48%; P < 0.007) in tau transgenic mice brains compared with their wild-type littermates or APP/PS1 mice. The preclinical examination of THK523 has demonstrated its high affinity and selectivity for tau pathology both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that (18)F-THK523 fulfils ligand criteria for human imaging trials.
Natural odor ligands for olfactory receptor neurons of the female mosquito Aedes aegypti: use of gas chromatography-linked single sensillum recordings (2008)

Female Aedes aegypti are vectors of dengue and yellow fever. Odor volatiles are the predominant cues that drive the host-seeking behavior of Ae. aegypti. Odorant molecules are detected and discriminated by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in sensory hairs, sensilla, located on the antennae and maxillary palps. In a previous study, we used odor volatiles that are behaviorally and/or electrophysiologically active for Ae. aegypti and other mosquito species to show that antennal ORNs of female Ae. aegypti are divided into functionally different classes. In the present study, we have, for the first time, conducted gas chromatography-coupled single sensillum recordings (GC-SSR) from antennal trichoid and intermediate sensilla of female Ae. aegypti in order to screen for additional putative host attractants and repellents. We used headspace collections from biologically relevant sources, such as different human body parts (including feet, trunk regions and armpit), as well as a plant species used as a mosquito repellent, Nepeta faassenii. We found that a number of ORN types strongly responded to one or more of the biological extracts. GC-SSR recordings revealed several active components, which were subsequently identified through GC-linked mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Electrophysiologically active volatiles from human skin included heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal.
A ureteric bud cell line induces nephrogenesis in two steps by two distinct signals (1996)

Nephrons develop from mesenchymal cells that have contacted the ureteric bud (UB). To determine whether cell associated or secreted ureteric molecules induce the mesenchyme, we have isolated UB cell lines from mice transgenic for T antigen. These cells express epithelial and ureteric (Dolichos lectin staining, c-ret, c-met without hepatocyte growth factor) specific markers, which identifies them as authentic UB cells. Medium conditioned by our cells rescues mesenchyme from apoptosis without inducing the appearance of epithelial aggregates. The same was found by culturing mesenchymes upon the apical surface of a UB monolayer. In contrast, tubules were induced in mesenchymes contacting trypsinized pellets of UB cells. As revealed by staining for T antigen and Dolichos lectin or by prelabeling UB cells with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), we found that our cells encapsulated the mesenchyme but did not incorporate in the tubules. These data demonstrate that nephrogenesis is stimulated by two distinct ureteric signals, secreted molecules rescue the mesenchyme from apoptosis, whereas diffusion-limited basolateral molecules trigger mesenchymal/epithelial conversion.
Reduction of hot electron degradation in metal oxide semiconductor transistors by deuterium processing (1996)

We report experimental results that replacing hydrogen with deuterium during the final wafer sintering process greatly reduces hot electron degradation effects in metal oxide semiconductor transistors due to a new giant isotope effect. Transistor lifetime improvements by factors of 10–50 are observed. A plausible physical theory suggests that the benefits of deuterium use may be general and also applicable to other areas of semiconductor device processing and fabrication.
In Situ ATRP‐Mediated Hierarchical Formation of Giant Amphiphile Bionanoreactors (2008)

Functional giants: Amphiphilic bioconjugates can be synthesized in situ by grafting polystyrene from a protein (see scheme). The resulting giant amphiphiles display low polydispersities and the characteristic aggregation properties of amphiphilic biomacromolecules. A second, catalytically active guest protein can also be included within the superstructures.
Comprehensive Assessment of Human Pharmacokinetic Prediction Based on In Vivo Animal Pharmacokinetic Data, Part 1: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (2012)

The authors present a comprehensive analysis on the estimation of volume of distribution at steady state (VD(ss) ) in human based on rat, dog, and monkey data on nearly 400 compounds for which there are also associated human data. This data set, to the authors- knowledge, is the largest publicly available, has been carefully compiled from literature reports, and was expanded with some in-house determinations such as plasma protein binding data. This work offers a good statistical basis for the evaluation of applicable prediction methods, their accuracy, and some methods-dependent diagnostic tools. The authors also grouped the compounds according to their charge classes and show the applicability of each method considered to each class, offering further insight into the probability of a successful prediction. Furthermore, they found that the use of fraction unbound in plasma, to obtain unbound volume of distribution, is generally detrimental to accuracy of several methods, and they discuss possible reasons. Overall, the approach using dog and monkey data in the íie-Tozer equation offers the highest probability of success, with an intrinsic diagnostic tool based on aberrant values (<0 or >1) for the calculated fraction unbound in tissue. Alternatively, methods based on dog data (single-species scaling) and rat and dog data (íie-Tozer equation with 2 species or multiple regression methods) may be considered reasonable approaches while not requiring data in nonhuman primates.
Comprehensive Survey of Combinatorial Library Synthesis:  2005 (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEReviewNEXTComprehensive Survey of Combinatorial Library Synthesis: 2005Roland E. Dolle, Bertrand Le Bourdonnec, Guillermo A. Morales, Kevin J. Moriarty, and Joseph M. SalvinoView Author Information Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, Telik Inc., 3165 Porter Drive, Palo Alto, California 94304, Johnson & Johnson, PRDUS, LLC, Springhouse, Pennsylvania 19477, and Cephalon, Inc., 383 Phoenixville Pike, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355 Cite this: J. Comb. Chem. 2006, 8, 5, 597–635Publication Date (Web):August 23, 2006Publication History Received11 July 2006Published online23 August 2006Published inissue 1 September 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cc060095mhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cc060095mreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1723Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Amines,Antagonists,Organic polymers,Peptides and proteins,Reagents Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Block Copolymers by Redox Macro Initiators (1995)

Redox systems in block copolymer synthesis are reviewed, especially those methods that lead to well-defined structures: poly (ethylene oxide), azo, macroazo, peroxy or hydroperoxy redox macro initiators from vinyl monomers.
Synthetic Approaches to Metallic Nanomaterials (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Wet Chemical Preparations Reducing Agents Electrochemical Synthesis Decomposition of Low-Valency Transition Metal Complexes Particle Size Separations Potential Applications in Materials Science
Mandel's problem revisited (1996)

The classic Mandel solution associated with the well-known Mandel–Cryer effect is re-examined. Using Biot theory of poroelasticity, the solution of the Mandel problem is extended to include material transverse isotropy, as well as the compressibility of the pore fluid and the solid constituents of the soil–rock skeleton. Le résultat classique de Mandel, associé à l'effet bien comnnu de Mandel—Cryer, est réexamineé. En utilisant la théorie poro-é1astique de Blot, la solution du probléme de Mandel est étendue afin d'introduire l'anisotropie transverse du matériau, ainsi que la compressibilité des fluides présents dans les pores et celle des constituants solides du squelette du sol ou de la roche.
Do Neural Networks Show Gestalt Phenomena? An Exploration of the Law of Closure. (2019)

The Gestalt laws of perceptual organization, which describe how visual elements in an image are grouped and interpreted, have traditionally been thought of as innate despite their ecological validity. We use deep-learning methods to investigate whether natural scene statistics might be sufficient to derive the Gestalt laws. We examine the law of closure, which asserts that human visual perception tends to close the gap by assembling elements that can jointly be interpreted as a complete figure or object. We demonstrate that a state-of-the-art convolutional neural network, trained to classify natural images, exhibits closure on synthetic displays of edge fragments, as assessed by similarity of internal representations. This finding provides support for the hypothesis that the human perceptual system is even more elegant than the Gestaltists imagined: a single law---adaptation to the statistical structure of the environment---might suffice as fundamental.
<title>Optical Disk Memory System</title> (1982)

An Optical Disc Memory System has been developed. This system is designed for document storage and retrieval by analysing the memory system parameters, including data format and signal processing, linear actuator and access sequence, statistical error characteristics in the storage medium, and so on. The storage capacity is more than 10,000 letter-size documents on one side of a 300 mmØ disc. Every document can be randomly accessed in less than 0.7 second. System erorr rate is on the 10 -8 level.
Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans: Disease and Healthy States (2009)

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that can be metabolised through different pathways, a major route being the kynurenine pathway. The first enzyme of the pathway, indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, is strongly stimulated by inflammatory molecules, particularly interferon gamma. Thus, the kynurenine pathway is often systematically up-regulated when the immune response is activated. The biological significance is that 1) the depletion of tryptophan and generation of kynurenines play a key modulatory role in the immune response; and 2) some of the kynurenines, such as quinolinic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and kynurenic acid, are neuroactive. The kynurenine pathway has been demonstrated to be involved in many diseases and disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, AIDS dementia complex, malaria, cancer, depression and schizophrenia, where imbalances in tryptophan and kynurenines have been found. This review compiles most of these studies and provides an overview of how the kynurenine pathway might be contributing to disease development, and the concentrations of tryptophan and kynurenines in the serum, cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissues in control and patient subjects.
Grain refinement of high purity aluminium by asymmetric rolling (2000)

For the purpose of grain refinement, development of the microstructure of coarse grain, high purity aluminium during cold asymmetric rolling has been studied by electron backscatter pattern (EBSP) analysis, as well as optical and transmission electron microscopy, and compared with that developed during conventional rolling. In 91.3% asymmetrically rolled sheet, new fine equiaxed grains with an average size of ∼2 µm are evolved almost uniformly throughout the thickness. On the other hand, in conventionally rolled sheet, the coarse fibrous structure is predominant. A change of grain boundary misorientation distribution with an increase in reduction shows that the fraction of sub-boundaries below 10° decreases linearly, and that of the high angle boundaries above 15° increases linearly. The fine grain evolution during asymmetric rolling seems to result from the development of sub-boundaries into high angle boundaries promoted by a simultaneous action of two deformation modes, namely compression and additional shear deformation. Fine grains evolved during asymmetric rolling are stable at temperatures below 423 K. Annealing at temperatures above 473 K results in remarkable grain growth.
Hydroxamate Anchors for Improved Photoconversion in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2013)

We present the first analysis of performance of hydroxamate linkers as compared to carboxylate and phosphonate groups when anchoring ruthenium-polypyridyl dyes to TiO2 surfaces in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). The study provides fundamental insight into structure/function relationships that are critical for cell performance. Our DSSCs have been produced by using newly synthesized dye molecules and characterized by combining measurements and simulations of experimental current density-voltage (J-V) characteristic curves. We show that the choice of anchoring group has a direct effect on the overall sunlight-to-electricity conversion efficiency (η), with hydroxamate anchors showing the best performance. Solar cells based on the pyridyl-hydroxamate complex exhibit higher efficiency since they suppress electron transfer from the photoanode to the electrolyte and have superior photoinjection characteristics. These findings suggest that hydroxamate anchoring groups should be particularly valuable in DSSCs and photocatalytic applications based on molecular adsorbates covalently bound to semiconductor surfaces. In contrast, analogous acetylacetonate anchors might undergo decomposition under similar conditions suggesting limited potential in future applications.
NKT Cells Stimulated by Long Fatty Acyl Chain Sulfatides Significantly Reduces the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2012)

Sulfatide-reactive type II NKT cells have been shown to regulate autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. Although, two major isoforms of sulfatide, C16:0 and C24:0, are enriched in the pancreas, their relative role in autoimmune diabetes is not known. Here, we report that sulfatide/CD1d-tetramer(+) cells accumulate in the draining pancreatic lymph nodes, and that treatment of NOD mice with sulfatide or C24:0 was more efficient than C16:0 in stimulating the NKT cell-mediated transfer of a delay in onset from T1D into NOD.Scid recipients. Using NOD.CD1d(-/-) mice, we show that this delay of T1D is CD1d-dependent. Interestingly, the latter delay or protection from T1D is associated with the enhanced secretion of IL-10 rather than IFN-g by C24:0-treated CD4(+) T cells and the deviation of the islet-reactive diabetogenic T cell response. Both C16:0 and C24:0 sulfatide isoforms are unable to activate and expand type I iNKT cells. Collectively, these data suggest that C24:0 stimulated type II NKT cells may regulate protection from T1D by activating DCs to secrete IL-10 and suppress the activation and expansion of type I iNKT cells and diabetogenic T cells. Our results raise the possibility that C24:0 may be used therapeutically to delay the onset and protect from T1D in humans.
Endothelium in health and disease. (2008)

The endothelium, which forms the inner lining of blood vessels and lymphatics, participates in many physiological functions. Endothelial cell phenotypes vary in structure and function, in space and time, and in health and disease. The goal of this review is to underscore the importance of phenotypic heterogeneity as a core property of the endothelium.
Drug management of ulcerative colitis. (1992)

Ulcerative colitis is a common disease affecting about 1 in 1000 of the population in the United Kingdom.' Recent therapeutic advances have improved our management of this condition, even though the aetiology remains unknown.
Expression and localization of urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in human gliomas. (1994)

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptors (uPARs) play an important role in tumor invasion by localizing degradative enzymes at the invasive zone. In the present study, we examined the presence and distribution of uPARs in human gliomas in vivo. The amounts of uPARs were measured by radioreceptor assays and Northern blotting and were significantly higher in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas than they were in normal brain tissues and low-grade gliomas. In situ hybridization was performed to investigate the cellular source of uPAR mRNA in various types of astrocytomas and normal brain tissues. uPAR mRNA was localized in astrocytoma cells and endothelial cells within tumor tissue, especially near sites of vascular proliferation and at the leading edges of tumors. uPAR mRNA was also expressed in tumor cells near necrotic areas. Expression was barely detectable in low-grade astrocytomas and normal brain tissues. These results suggest that expression of uPAR in the invading astrocytoma cells may play a significant role in the invasive behaviors of glioblastomas.
Role of the Domain Name System (DNS) (2003)

This document reviews the original function and purpose of the domain name system (DNS). It contrasts that history with some of the purposes for which the DNS has recently been applied and some of the newer demands being placed upon it or suggested for it. A framework for an alternative to placing these additional stresses on the DNS is then outlined. This document and that framework are not a proposed solution, only a strong suggestion that the time has come to begin thinking more broadly about the problems we are encountering and possible approaches to solving them.
Effects of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition on Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (1995)

Changes in mucosal defense have been implicated as important factors affecting infections complications in critically ill patients. To study the effects of nutrient administration on gut-associated lymphatic tissue (GALT), ICR mice were randomized to receive chow plus intravenous saline, intravenous feeding of a total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution, or enteral feeding of the same TPN solution. In a second series of experiments, a more complex enteral diet (Nutren) was compared with chow feeding and enteral TPN. After 5 days of feeding with experimental diets, lymphocytes were harvested from the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), Peyer's patches (PPs), lamina propria (LP) cells, and intraepithelial (IE) spaces of the small intestine to determine cell yields and phenotypes. Small intestinal washings, gallbladder contents, and sera were collected and analyzed for immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels. In both series of experiments, there were no significant changes within the MLNs. There were significant decreases in total cell yields from the PPs, IE spaces, and LP in animals fed with TPN solution, either enterally or parenterally, as compared with chow-fed mice. Total T cells were decreased in both TPN-fed groups in the PPs and LP, whereas total B cells were decreased in the PP, IE, and LP populations. Total cell numbers remained normal in the Nutrenfed group, except for a decrease in LP T cells. CD4+ LP cells decreased significantly with a reduction in the CD4/CD8 ratio in mice fed TPN solution either intravenously or enterally, whereas IgA recovery from small intestinal washings was significantly decreased in the same groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)