gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography : Physical principles and biohazards (1995)

In planar projected images of the patient, important details may be hidden by over-laying tissues. By using slice-imaging techniques (tomography), selective demonstration of morphologic properties, layer by layer, may be performed. Computerised tomography, CT, is an ideal form of tomography yielding sequence images of thin consecutive slices of the patient and providing the opportunity to localise in three dimensions. Unlike conventional, classical tomography, computerised tomography does not suffer from interference from structures in the patient outside the slice being imaged. This is achieved by irradiating only thin slices of the patient with a fan-shaped beam. Transaxial images (tomograms) of the patient’s anatomy can give more selective information than conventional planar projection radiographs. Compared to planar radiography, CT images have superior contrast resolution, i.e., they are capable of distinguishing very small differences in tissue-attenuation (contrasts), but have inferior spatial resolution. An attenuation difference of 0.4% can be visualised but the smallest details in the image that can be resolved must be separated at least 0.5 mm. In conventional planar radiography, the lowest detectable contrast is larger but details of smaller size can be separated.
Transgenesis techniques : principles and protocols (2002)

The past decade has witnessed a spectacular explosion in both the development and the use of transgenic technologies. In Transgenesis Techniques: Principles and Protocols, Second Edition, authoritative researchers-including members of the Dolly team-take stock of these exciting developments to present a collection of readily reproducible techniques for the generation and analysis of transgenic animals, focusing on the manipulation of the mammalian genome. This second edition devotes much space to the creation of genetically modified murine strains, providing access to the germline both by conventional pronuclear injection and by retroviral and adenoviral infection. Extensive coverage is also given to the generation, maintenance, and manipulation of embryonic stem cell lineages, with protocols for both constitutive and conditional (Cre-lox or the Flp-frt systems) gene targeting. Additional chapters provide cutting-edge techniques for the cryopreservation of both male and female germlines, for the generation of transgenic sheep by nuclear transfer, and for the basic analysis of transgenic organisms. Comprehensive and highly practical, this second edition of Transgenesis Techniques: Principles and Protocols updates and expands the acclaimed first edition with a wealth of easy-to-follow cutting-edge protocols and practical tips for producing transgenic animals and analyzing their integrated transgenes
Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase in plasma lipoproteins from patients with ischemic stroke. (1992)

The increased plasma platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in stroke patients is primarily attributable to the increased binding to low density lipoprotein, and this increase may be an adaptation to the augmented generation of platelet-activating factor in ischemic stroke.
Acute kidney injury during pregnancy leads to increased sFlt-1 and sEng and decreased renal T regulatory cells in pregnant rats with HELLP syndrome (2020)

The findings in this study suggest that AKI during pregnancy contributes to increased blood pressure and biochemical markers for HELLP syndrome, creates an anti-angiogenic imbalance, and exacerbates kidney injury as shown on histopathology, GFR, and kidney injury markers.
The alphaslider (1994)

Research has suggested that rapid, serial, visual presentation of text (RSVP) may be an effective way to scan and search through lists of text strings in search of words, names, etc. The Alphaslider widget employs RSVP as a method for rapidly scanning and searching lists or menus in a graphical user interface environment. The Alphaslider only uses an area less than 7 cm x 2.5 cm. The tiny size of the Alphaslider allows it to be placed on a credit card, on a control panel for a VCR, or as a widget in a direct manipulation based database interface. An experiment was conducted with four Alphaslider designs which showed that novice Alphaslider users could locate one item in a list of 10,000 film titles in 24 seconds on average, an expert user in about 13 seconds.
Neural prostheses (2001)

Assuming that neural regeneration after spinal cord injury (SCI) will eventually become a clinical reality, functional recovery will probably remain incomplete. Assistive devices will therefore continue to play an important role in rehabilitation. Neural prostheses (NPs) are assistive devices that restore functions lost as a result of neural damage. NPs electrically stimulate nerves and are either external or implanted devices. Surface stimulators for muscle exercise are now commonplace in rehabilitation clinics and many homes. Regarding implantable NPs, since 1963 over 40 000 have been implanted to restore hearing, bladder control and respiration. Epidural spinal cord stimulators and deep brain stimulators are routinely implanted to control pain, spasticity, tremor and rigidity. Implantable NPs have also been developed to restore limb movements using electrodes tunnelled under the skin to muscles and nerves. Spinal cord microstimulation (SC[mu]stim) is under study as an alternative way of restoring movement and bladder control. Improvement in bladder and bowel function is a high priority for many SCI people. Sacral root stimulation to elicit bladder contraction is the current NP approach, but this usually requires dorsal rhizotomies to reduce reflex contractions of the external urethral sphincter. It is possible that the spinal centres coordinating the bladder-sphincter synergy could be activated with SC[mu]stim. Given the large and growing number of NPs in use or development, it is surprising how little is known about their long-term interactions with the nervous system. Physiological research will play an important role in elucidating the mechanisms underlying these interactions.
Interfering with Different Steps of Protein SynthesisExplored by Transcriptional Profiling of Escherichia coli K-12 (2003)

Escherichia coli responses to four inhibitors that interfere with translation were monitored at the transcriptional level. A DNA microarray method provided a comprehensive view of changes in mRNA levels after exposure to these agents. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCRanalysis served to verify observations made with microarrays, and a chromosomal grpE::lux operon fusion was employed to specifically monitor the heat shock response. 4-Azaleucine, a competitive inhibitor of leucyl-tRNA synthetase, surprisingly triggered the heat shock response. Administration of mupirocin, an inhibitor of isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase activity, resulted in changes reminiscent of the stringent response. Treatment with kasugamycin and puromycin (targeting ribosomal subunit association as well as its peptidyl-transferase activity) caused accumulation of mRNAs from ribosomal protein operons. Abundant biosynthetic transcripts were often significantly diminished after treatment with any of these agents. Exposure of a relA strain to mupirocin resulted in accumulation of ribosomal protein operon transcripts. However, the relA strain's response to the other inhibitors was quite similar to that of the wild-type strain.
Etching of Si by SF6 in a radio frequency double cathode (1987)

Experimental measurements in a modified reactive-ion etching system using SF6 show that the inclusion of an electrode connected to the cathode dramatically reduces the self-bias voltage and peak-to-peak radio frequency (rf) voltage on the cathode. Etch rates with silicon of 0.3 μm min−1 were obtained at pressures of 0.1 Pa with a self-bias voltage of around 100 V. The variation of etch rates, self-bias, and peak-to-peak voltages are presented for a pressure range of 0.1 to 10 Pa and various cathode configurations.
Organ-Specific Binding of a Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone-Diphtheria Toxin Complex after Intravenous Administration to Rats* (1983)

We have previously demonstrated that a hybrid protein consisting of TRH linked to CRM45, a fragment of diphtheria toxin which lacks its native cell-binding moiety, specifically binds to TRH receptors in vitro. In this study we have examined its in vivo binding and shown that after iv injection, this complex labeled with 125I is selectively concentrated in the normal anterior pituitary and that concomitant administration of cold TRH reduces its uptake. Displaceable uptake was also demonstrated in the hypothalamus and testis, whereas nondisplaceable binding exceeding that of CRM45 alone was shown in the ovary and the breast parenchyma of lactating rats. Similar experiments with tritiated TRH were performed. We found that although there was uptake of the material by many tissues, almost all of the radioactivity was in the form of TRH degradation products. Therefore, we conclude that TRH linked to a large carrier like CRM45 may be a more revealing indicator of in vivo binding affinities than native TRH.
Gas cell correlation spectrometer: GASPEC (1975)

A new gas filter correlation spectrometer (GASPEC), for the remote detection of trace vapors in the atmosphere by means of natural emission in the ir, is described. Unique optical features of the GASPEC include two detectors using a single focal plane chopper plus an optical reference for electronic gain balancing. Continuous sensor balance and calibration are achieved along with the source radiometric and target gas information. Several GASPEC instruments have been built and tested including devices to sense CH(4), C(2)H(6), HCI, and CO. Some preliminary data taken with these sensors are presented.
A Fully Synthetic Vaccine Consisting of a Tumor‐Associated Glycopeptide Antigen and a T‐Cell Epitope for the Induction of a Highly Specific Humoral Immune Response (2005)

On target: With the fully synthetic vaccine 1 consisting of a tumor-associated sialyl-Tn glycopeptide antigen from the epithelial mucin MUC1 and a T-cell epitope from ovalbumin, a strong, highly specific immune response (IgG) directed against the glycopeptide antigen was induced in a mouse thereby realizing the most important requirement for the development of synthetic vaccines for the initiation of the body's own immune defense against tumors.
Role of tranexamic acid in management of dysfunctional uterine bleeding in comparison with medroxyprogesterone acetate (2006)

Currently, tranexamic acid (TXA) is used as 4 g/day in menorrhagia This prospective randomised study included 100 cases to assess efficacy and safety of 2 g/day TXA in dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) vs cyclical 10 mg twice-daily medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for 3 cycles. Follow-ups were made monthly for 3 months during therapy, then 3 months after. Mean pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBAC) score decreased from 356.9 to 141.6 in the TXA group and from the pre-treatment 370.9 to 156.6 with MPA and mean reduction of blood loss was 60.3% with TXA and 57.7% with MPA after 3 months (p < 0.005 in both groups). Lack of response during treatment was seen in three patients (6.1%) TXA and in 13 patients (28.9%) with MPA (p = 0.003). In patients who reported 3 months after stopping the treatment, 66.7% in TXA group and 50% in MPA had recurrence of menorrhagia, (p = 0.155). During the 6 months study period more hysterectomies were performed in the MPA than in the TXA group (17.8% vs 4%; p = 0.002). We conclude that TXA in 2 g/day dosage is an effective and safe option in DUB.
Only a Small Fraction of Purified Hepatitis C RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase Is Catalytically Competent:  Implications for Viral Replication and in Vitro Assays (2000)

The enzymatic activity of a C-terminally truncated form of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, termed NS5B(Delta21), of the hepatitis C virus (strain BK) has been investigated using both homopolymeric and heteropolymeric RNA templates. Incorporation of nucleotides into a heteropolymeric RNA template as catalyzed by NS5B(Delta21) is characterized by biphasic reaction time courses. At high concentrations of nucleoside triphosphate in reactions allowing a preincubation of NS5B(Delta21) and RNA template, an initial rapid phase of the reaction is followed by a slower linear phase. The amplitude of the first phase of the reaction varies directly with the concentration of the enzyme in the reaction. It is shown here that full-length copies of the template are produced during the first phase of the reaction. Our results reveal that NS5B(Delta21) is processive but only a small fraction, less than 1%, of the purified enzyme present participates productively in the reaction. Most importantly, the turnover number for the hepatitis C NS5B(Delta21) is comparable to those observed for other polymerases such as the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. The combined results reconcile in part the apparent discrepancy of the low, observed specific activity of the purified enzyme and the rapid generation of HCV in vivo.
MESOMARK™: A Potential Test for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma (2007)

The MESOMARK assay is analytically robust and may be useful for the detection and management of mesothelioma.
Outbreak in Alberta of community-acquired (USA300) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in people with a history of drug use, homelessness or incarceration (2006)

People with histories of illicit drug use, homelessness or recent incarceration were at highest risk for infection with CA-MRSA. The emergence and spread of this virulent strain has important implications for treatment and public health in Canada.
Oriented tooth localization for periapical dental X-ray images via convolutional neural network (2016)

In studies using dental X-ray images, tooth localization is essential to produce accurate results. In this paper, we propose a tooth localization method that tightly localize diverse teeth in periapical dental X-ray images. Oriented tooth proposals are generated by using teeth separation lines (TSLs) and a tooth top line, which are reliable and tight to teeth. To classify each tooth proposal into either a tooth or a non-tooth, we utilize a convolutional neural network (CNN). Our CNN model is trained with three classes, i.e., one negative and two positives, for better classification. In addition, we propose scale based non-maximum suppression by integrating scale confidence with non-maximum suppression to efficiently eliminate multiple tooth localizations.
Arthritis and anti-inflammatory agents as possible protective factors for Alzheimer's disease (1996)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) lesions are characterized by the presence of numerous inflammatory proteins. This has led to the hypothesis that brain inflammation is a cause of neuronal injury in AD and that anti-inflammatory drugs may act as protective agents. Seventeen epidemiologic studies from nine different countries have now been published in which arthritis, a major indication for the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, or anti-inflammatory drugs themselves have been considered as risk factors for AD. Both factors appear to be associated with a reduced prevalence of AD. The small size of most studies has limited their individual statistical significance, but similarities in design have made it possible to evaluate combined results. We have used established methods of statistical meta-analysis to estimate the overall chance of individuals exposed to arthritis or anti-inflammatory drugs developing AD as compared with the general population. Seven case-control studies with arthritis as the risk factor yielded an overall odds ratio of 0.556 (p < 0.0001), while four case-control studies with steroids yielded odds ratios of 0.656 (p = 0.049) and three case-control studies with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) yielded an odds ratio of 0.496 (p = 0.0002). When NSAIDs and steroids were combined into a single category of anti-inflammatory drugs, the odds ratio was 0.556 (p < 0.0001). Population-based studies were less similar in design than case-control studies, complicating the process of applying statistical meta-analytical techniques. Nevertheless, population-based studies with rheumatoid arthritis and NSAID use as risk factors strongly supported the results of case-control studies. These data suggest anti-inflammatory drugs may have a protective effect against AD. Controlled clinical trials will be necessary to test this possibility.
Synthesis of fat in response to alterations in diet: Insights from new stable isotope methodologies (1996)

Synthesis of fatty acids, or de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is an intensively researched metabolic pathway whose functional significance and metabolic role have nevertheless remained uncertain. Methodologic problems that limited previous investigations of DNL in vivo and recent methodologic advances that address these problems are discussed here. In particular, deuterated water incorporation and mass isotopomer distribution analysis techniques are described. Recent experimental results in humans based on these techniques are reviewed, emphasizing dietary and hormonal factors that modulate DNL and quantitative significance of DNL under various conditions, including carbohydrate overfeeding. The somewhat surprising finding that DNL appears not to be a quantitatively major pathway even under conditions of surplus carbohydrate energy intake, at least in normal adults on typical Western diets, is discussed in depth. Nutritional and metabolic implications of these results are also noted, and some speculations on possible functional roles of DNL in normal physiology and disease states are presented in this context. In summary, methodologic advances have added to our understanding of DNL and its regulation, but many questions concerning quantitation and function remain unanswered.
cw high-power single-mode operation of constricted double-heterojunction AlGaAs lasers with a large optical cavity (1980)

A new type of constricted double-heterojunction (CDH) injection laser is presented: a single-mode laser with a large optical cavity (CDH-LOC) and leaky lateral waveguide. Single-mode cw operation (spatially and longitudinally) is achieved in a large lasing spot (1.7×6.5 μm) up to 40 mW output power (one facet) and 2.5 times above threshold. cw thresholds as low as 75 mA and external quantum efficiencies as high as 35% from one facet are obtained for diodes with reflectors on the back facet. The antiguiding nature of these devices is confirmed in the lateral far-field patterns. As opposed to positive-index lateral guiding structures, in CDH devices heating can be beneficial for single-mode selection at high powers.
Melanoma Computer-Aided Diagnosis (2004)

In conclusion, our study suggests that computer-aided differentiation of melanoma from benign pigmented lesions obtained with DB-Mips is feasible and, above all, reliable. In fact, the same instrumentations used in different units provided similar diagnostic accuracy. Whether this would improve early diagnosis of melanoma and/or reducing unnecessary surgery needs to be demonstrated by a randomized clinical trial.
Cloning and characterization of the ALG3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1996)

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae alg3-1 mutant is described as defective in the biosynthesis of dolichol-linked oligosaccharides (Huffaker and Robbins, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 7466-7470, 1983). Man5GlcNAc2-PP-Dol accumulates in alg3 cells and Endo H resistant carbohydrates are transferred to protein by the oligosaccharyltransferase complex. In this study, we describe the cloning of the ALG3 locus by complementation of the temperature sensitive growth defect of the alg3 stt3 double mutant. The isolated ALG3 gene complements both the defect in the biosynthesis of lipid-linked oligosaccharides of the alg3-mutant and the under-glycosylation of secretory proteins. The inactivation of the nonessential ALG3 gene results in the accumulation of lipid-linked Man5GlcNac2 and protein-bound carbohydrates which are completely Endo H resistant. The ALG3 locus encodes a potential ER-transmembrane protein of 458 amino acids (53 kDa) with a C-terminal KKXX-retrieval sequence.
Covalent Adduct Formation in 1,2,4-Thiadiazolo Activated Pyrimidinones. (1988)

Synthese d'alcoxy-4 chloro-5 tetrahydro-1,2,3,4 [oxo-3 thiadiazole-1,2,4ine-4yl-5]-1 pyrimidones-2 a partir de chloro-5 thiadiazole-1,2,4ine-4ones-3 et de chloro-5 pyrimidinolate dans des solvants alcanols-1
Large-Scale Data Processing (2010)

Contents 5.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................90 5.2MapReduce................................................................................................93
Image-Guided Robotic Surgery (2004)

Medical image processing leads to an improvement in patient care by guiding the surgical gesture. Three-dimensional models of patients that are generated from computed tomographic scans or magnetic resonance imaging allow improved surgical planning and surgical simulation that offers the opportunity for a surgeon to train the surgical gesture before performing it for real. These two preoperative steps can be used intra-operatively because of the development of augmented reality, which consists of superimposing the preoperative three-dimensional model of the patient onto the real intraoperative view. Augmented reality provides the surgeon with a view of the patient in transparency and can also guide the surgeon, thanks to the real-time tracking of surgical tools during the procedure. When adapted to robotic surgery, this tool tracking enables visual servoing with the ability to automatically position and control surgical robotic arms in three dimensions. It is also now possible to filter physiologic movements such as breathing or the heart beat. In the future, by combining augmented reality and robotics, these image-guided robotic systems will enable automation of the surgical procedure, which will be the next revolution in surgery.
Light‐stimulated protein movement in rod photoreceptor cells of the rat retina (1987)

We examined the intracellular distribution of three proteins involved in the cyclic GMP cascade of visual transduction; cGMP phosphodiesterase, the alpha-subunit of G-protein and arrestin. In adult rats, light-induced changes in the amounts of G and arrestin in the photoreceptor cell outer segments were observed both by polyacrylamide gel analysis of purified ROS and by immunocytochemical localization on retinal sections. In dark conditions, G was concentrated in the outer segments of photoreceptor cells while in the light G alpha was seen in the inner segments and the outer nuclear layer. Arrestin had the opposite distribution, appearing in the inner segments and outer nuclear layer under dark conditions and in the ROS under light conditions. In contrast, PDE, the enzyme which is activated by G and inhibited by arrestin showed no light-stimulated movement. In both light- and dark-adapted retinas, PDE was localized primarily in the outer segments of the photoreceptor cells.