gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sol−Gel Transition Temperature of PLGA-g-PEG Aqueous Solutions (2002)

Aqueous solutions of poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid)-g-poly(ethylene glycol) copolymers exhibited sol-to-gel transition with increasing temperature. Further increase in temperature makes the system flow and form a sol phase again. Subcutaneous injection of a copolymer aqueous solution (0.5 mL) resulted in a formation of a hydrogel depot by temperature-sensitive sol-to-gel transition in a rat model. The reliable determination and control of sol-to-gel transition temperatures are the most important issues for this kind of sol-gel reversible hydrogel. The sol-to-gel transition temperature determined by the test tube inverting method, falling ball method, and dynamic mechanical analysis coincided within 1-2 degrees C. Fine tuning of the sol-to-gel transition temperature was achieved by varying the ionic strength of the polymer solutions and by mixing two polymer aqueous solutions with different sol-to-gel transition temperatures. The sol-to-gel transition temperature of polymer mixture aqueous solutions was well described by an empirical equation of miscible blends, indicating miscibility of the two polymer systems in water on the molecular level.
CMOS on FZ-high resistivity substrate for monolithic integration of SiGe-RF-circuitry and readout electronics (1997)

The choice of a highly resistive substrate for silicon millimeter-wave integrated circuits (SIMMWIC) imposed by the requirement of low RF-substrate losses requires the adaptation of a CMOS process on float zone silicon (FZ). A comparison of n- and p-channel devices realized on high resistivity substrate (p-type, 5000 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm) and standard CMOS substrates (CZ, n-type, 4-6 /spl Omega//spl middot/cm) is given. Using careful process design, we obtained device characteristics on FZ-substrates that are closely similar to those on standard material, thus allowing direct transfer of existing circuit designs.
Pathogen-inspired drug delivery to the central nervous system (2014)

For as long as the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) has been evolving to exclude bloodborne agents from the central nervous system (CNS), pathogens have adopted a multitude of strategies to bypass it. Some pathogens, notably viruses and certain bacteria, enter the CNS in whole form, achieving direct physical passage through endothelial or neuronal cells to infect the brain. Other pathogens, including bacteria and multicellular eukaryotic organisms, secrete toxins that preferentially interact with specific cell types to exert a broad range of biological effects on peripheral and central neurons. In this review, we will discuss the directed mechanisms that viruses, bacteria, and the toxins secreted by higher order organisms use to enter the CNS. Our goal is to identify ligand-mediated strategies that could be used to improve the brain-specific delivery of engineered nanocarriers, including polymers, lipids, biologically sourced materials, and imaging agents.
The Bacillus subtilis cysP gene encodes a novel sulphate permease related to the inorganic phosphate transporter (Pit) family (2000)

Sulphate permeases in the plasma membrane are responsible for uptake of environmental sulphate used in the sulphate assimilation pathway in bacteria and plants. Here it is reported that the ORF designated cysP, located on the Bacillus subtilis chromosome between cysH and five putative genes involved in sulphate assimilation, encodes a sulphate permease. cysP is able to complement Escherichia coli cysteine auxotrophs with mutations affecting either the membrane or periplasmic components of the sulphate-thiosulphate permease. Transport studies with cell suspensions of a cysA97 E. coli strain transformed with a plasmid expressing the B. subtilis cysP gene indicated that CysP catalyses sulphate uptake. Analysis of the primary sequence showed that CysP (354 amino acids, estimated molecular mass 24 kDa) is a highly hydrophobic protein which has 11 putative transmembrane helices. Sequence comparisons revealed that CysP, together with the phosphate permease of Neurospora crassa, Pho-4, and E. coli PitA, belongs to the family of related transporters, the inorganic phosphate transporter (Pit) family. Among the putative phosphate permeases, CysP shows a similar size and the same domain organization as the archaeal transporters. This is the first report of a sulphate permease in a Gram-positive organism.
Die Synthese von β‐Phenyl‐isoserinen durch Ammonolyse von β‐Phenylglycidestern, I (1974)

Abstract Durch Ammonolyse von trans‐Phenylglycidester entsteht in einer S N2 ‐Reaktion erythro‐ß‐Phenyl‐isoserin‐amid, aus cis‐β‐Phenylglycidester die entsprechende threo‐Verbindung. Da cis‐β‐Phenylglycidester in reiner Form schwer zugänglich sind, wurde für threo‐β‐Phenyl‐isoserin eine zweite, eindeutig verlaufende Synthese entwickelt.
Future of Personalized Medicine in Oncology: A Systems Biology Approach (2010)

The development of cost-effective technologies able to comprehensively assess DNA, RNA, protein, and metabolites in patient tumors has fueled efforts to tailor medical care. Indeed validated molecular tests assessing tumor tissue or patient germline DNA already drive therapeutic decision making. However, many theoretical and regulatory challenges must still be overcome before fully realizing the promise of personalized molecular medicine. The masses of data generated by high-throughput technologies are challenging to manage, visualize, and convert to the knowledge required to improve patient outcomes. Systems biology integrates engineering, physics, and mathematical approaches with biologic and medical insights in an iterative process to visualize the interconnected events within a cell that determine how inputs from the environment and the network rewiring that occurs due to the genomic aberrations acquired by patient tumors determines cellular behavior and patient outcomes. A cross-disciplinary systems biology effort will be necessary to convert the information contained in multidimensional data sets into useful biomarkers that can classify patient tumors by prognosis and response to therapeutic modalities and to identify the drivers of tumor behavior that are optimal targets for therapy. An understanding of the effects of targeted therapeutics on signaling networks and homeostatic regulatory loops will be necessary to prevent inadvertent effects as well as to develop rational combinatorial therapies. Systems biology approaches identifying molecular drivers and biomarkers will lead to the implementation of smaller, shorter, cheaper, and individualized clinical trials that will increase the success rate and hasten the implementation of effective therapies into the clinical armamentarium.
A recombinant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin directed at the epidermal growth factor receptor that is cytotoxic without requiring proteolytic processing. (1992)

Pseudomonas exotoxin A is composed of three structural domains that mediate cell recognition (I), membrane translocation (II), and ADP-ribosylation (III). Within the cell, the toxin is cleaved within domain II to produce a 37-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragment, containing amino acids 280-613, which is translocated to the cytosol and causes cell death. In this study, we constructed a mutant protein (PE37), composed of amino acids 280-613 of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, which does not require proteolysis to translocate. PE37 was targeted specifically to cells with epidermal growth factor receptors by inserting transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) after amino acid 607 near the carboxyl terminus of Pseudomonas exotoxin A. PE37/TGF-alpha was very cytotoxic to cells with epidermal growth factor receptors. It was severalfold more cytotoxic than a derivative of full-length Pseudomonas exotoxin A containing TGF-alpha in the same position, probably because the latter requires intracellular proteolytic processing to exhibit its cytotoxicity, and proteolytic processing is not 100% efficient. Deletion of 2, 4, or 7 amino acids from the amino terminus of PE37/TGF-alpha greatly diminished cytotoxic activity, indicating the need for a proper amino-terminal sequence. In addition, a mutant containing an internal deletion of amino acids 314-380 was minimally active, indicating that other regions of domain II are also required for the cytotoxic activity of Pseudomonas exotoxin A.
The role of movement and tissue interactions in the development and growth of bone and secondary cartilage in the clavicle of the embryonic chick (1986)

There has been debate in the literature concerning whether the clavicle arises by intramembranous ossification, i.e. is a membrane bone, and whether secondary cartilage develops from its periosteal cells. A histological study of carefully staged embryos revealed that pre-clavicular mesenchyme undergoes condensation at H.H. stage 31-32, bone forms by H.H. stage 33 and that a transitory secondary cartilage appears late in H.H. stage 35, only to disappear by H.H. stage 36. Except for the transitory nature of the secondary cartilage, this histogenetic sequence is as seen in craniofacial membrane bones. Enzymic removal of the epithelium overlying clavicular mesenchyme from embryos of H.H. stages 26-34 and chorioallantoic grafting of the isolated mesenchyme, revealed an epithelial requirement for initiation of intramembranous ossification during H.H. stages 26-29, again similar to initiation of craniofacial osteogenesis. Secondary chondrogenesis was initiated neither in embryos paralysed with decamethonium iodide nor when clavicular mesenchyme (H.H. stages 29-33.5) was grafted to the chorioallantoic membranes of paralysed embryos, but did form in a small percentage (16-23%) of clavicles grafted to the membranes of mobile embryos. Failure of chondrogenesis in the former was attributed to a requirement for movement as a proximate chondrogenic stimulus and the low incidence of chondrogenesis in the latter to the stimulus provided by amniotic movements which persist in paralysed embryos. Secondary cartilage did form when clavicles were organ cultured, either submerged, or at the air-medium interface. This stands in contrast to craniofacial membrane bone such as the quadratojugal, which only forms secondary cartilage in vitro when cultured submerged. Growth of the clavicle was shown to increase 53-fold between 10 and 11 days of incubation, an increase which was diminished but not eliminated in paralysed embryos, and which correlated closely with the dramatic increase in embryonic movement which occurs between 10 and 11 days of incubation. Thus, the clavicle of the embryonic chick shares all of the features and epigenetic requirements of the craniofacial the embryonic chick shares all of the features and epigenetic requirements of of the craniofacial membrane bones, but is more dependent upon biomechanical factors for its growth.
Synthesis and Structure−Activity Relationships of 2-Pyridones:  A Novel Series of Potent DNA Gyrase Inhibitors as Antibacterial Agents (1996)

Two novel series of 2-pyridones were synthesized by transposition of the nitrogen of 4-quinolones to the bridgehead position. This subtle interchange of the nitrogen atom with a carbon atom yielded two novel heterocyclic nuclei, pyrido[1,2-alpha]pyrimidine and quinolizine, which had not previously been evaluated as antibacterial agents and were found to be potent inhibitors of DNA gyrase. Quinolizines with a methyl group at the 9-position such as (S)-45a (ABT-719) demonstrate exceptional broad spectrum antibacterial activity. Most notably, they are active against resistant bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant strains of enterococci, and ciprofloxacin-resistant organisms. In addition, 2-pyridones also possess favorable physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. These 2-pyridones were synthesized from the commercially available starting materials by 10-17 linear transformations. The structure of an adduct yielded by this sequence, (S)-45a (ABT-719), was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Oral immunization with the dodecapeptide repeat of the serine-rich Entamoeba histolytica protein (SREHP) fused to the cholera toxin B subunit induces a mucosal and systemic anti-SREHP antibody response (1995)

The intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery, a major cause of morbidity worldwide. The induction of a mucosal antibody response capable of blocking amebic adhesion to intestinal cells could represent an approach to preventing E. histolytica infection and disease. Here we describe the expression of a chimeric protein containing an immunogenic dodecapeptide derived from the serine-rich E. histolytica protein (SREHP), fused to the cholera toxin B subunit (CtxB). The CtxB-SREHP-12 chimeric protein was purified from Escherichia coli lysates and retained the critical GM1 ganglioside-binding activity of the CtxB moiety. Mice fed the CtxB-SREHP-12 fusion protein along with a subclinical dose of cholera toxin developed mucosal immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G and systemic antibody responses that recognized recombinant and native SREHP. Our study confirms the feasibility of inducing mucosal immune responses to immunogenic peptides by their genetic fusion to the CtxB subunit and identifies the CtxB-SREHP-12 chimeric protein as a candidate oral vaccine to prevent E. histolytica infection.
Revelation in the Present Tense: On Rethinking Theological Interpretation in the Light of the Prophetic Office of Jesus Christ (2012)

Abstract Revelation is often assumed to be what God does, and interpretation what persons do in response. The latter is a matter of making the former real or relevant in relation to a new situation. But what if revelation, understood as Christ's self-attestation, were present to and active in our interpretation of itself? This article deploys the munus propheticum Jesu Christi in conversation with John's Gospel so as to disrupt the usual construal of the objective/subjective relationship as regards revelation and interpretation. This is undertaken in order to advance an account of revelation in the present tense and thus of interpretation as being a human hearing of and correspondence to what Christ says and does. Such an emphasis strengthens the theological interpretation of Scripture by yielding to the written Word as the locus of Christ's prophetic presence and activity. Interpretation is thus a matter of becoming transparent to the humanizing presence and contemporaneity of the risen One who speaks himself by the power of the Spirit in the prophetic and apostolic writings.
DNA-like duplexes with repetitions. III. Efficient template-guided chemical polymerization of d(TGGCCAAGCTp) (1981)

Self-association of a decanucleotide d(TGGCCAAGCTp) in an aqueous solution is shown by UV spectroscopy, CD and sedimentation analysis to yield a pseudopolymeric (concatemeric) duplex having a geometry similar to that of DNA B-type. It is demonstrated that in conditions when the concatemeric duplex is stable a water-soluble carbodiimide induces efficient polymerization of the 3'- or 5'-phosphorylated decanucleotide, and the resulting polymers d(TGGCCAAGCTp)2-10 contain only natural phosphodiester bonds. In conditions optimal for template-guided polymerization of d(TGGCCAAGCTp) the overall yield of 20-100-member polynucleotides exceeds 90%. The obtained polymeric duplexes are cleaved by restriction endonuclease Alu II, Bsu RI, and Hind III to corresponding decamers which were isolated and sequenced.
Activation-Driven Programmed Cell Death and T Cell Receptor ζη Expression (1989)

Activation of spontaneously dividing T cell hybridomas induces interleukin-2 (IL-2) production, a cell cycle block, and programmed cell death. T cell hybridomas that express the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) zeta homodimer (zeta 2), but not the TCR zeta eta heterodimer, were studied. The zeta eta- cells produced little or no inositol phosphates (IP) when stimulated with antigen. In most cases the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides was also impaired after stimulation with antibody to CD3, although one zeta eta- cell produced normal concentrations of IP. The zeta eta- cells slowed their growth and secreted IL-2 in response to both stimuli. However, the zeta eta- cells did not die after activation with antigen. Since activated thymocytes also undergo programmed cell death, these results may have important implications for the role of the zeta eta.TCR in negative selection.
The epidemiology of influenza (2002)

Influenza remains a globally important cause of febrile respiratory illness. Influenza virus activity in the community results in significant mortality, morbidity and economic disruption, particularly in those at high risk of developing complications, such as the elderly and those with underlying chronic medical conditions, including pulmonary disease and diabetes mellitus. The occurrence in Hong Kong in 1997 of avian influenza H5N1 in man, which resulted in six deaths, served to remind us of the importance of continuing surveillance and preparation for the next pandemic.
A Supervised Framework for Keyword Extraction From Meeting Transcripts (2010)

This paper presents a supervised framework for extracting keywords from meeting transcripts, a genre that is significantly different from written text or other speech domains such as broadcast news. In addition to the traditional frequency- or position-based clues, we investigate a variety of novel features, including linguistically motivated term specificity features, decision-making sentence-related features, prosodic prominence scores, as well as a group of features derived from summary sentences. To generate better system summaries, we propose a feedback loop mechanism under a supervised framework to leverage the relationship between keywords and summary sentences. Experiments are performed on the ICSI meeting corpus using both human transcripts and automatic speech recognition (ASR) outputs. Results have shown that our proposed supervised framework is able to outperform both unsupervised term frequency inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting and a supervised keyphrase extraction system which is known for its satisfying performance on written text. We conduct extensive analysis to demonstrate the effectiveness of the newly proposed features and the feedback mechanism used to generate summaries. Furthermore, we show promising results using n-best recognition output to address the problems of recognition errors.
Dealing with the family: CD147 interactions with cyclophilins (2005)

CD147 is a widely expressed plasma membrane protein that has been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological activities. It is best known for its ability to function as extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (hence the other name for this protein, EMMPRIN), but has also been shown to regulate lymphocyte responsiveness, monocarboxylate transporter expression and spermatogenesis. These functions reflect multiple interacting partners of CD147. Recently, interaction of CD147 with proteins of the cyclophilin family has been demonstrated and activity of CD147 as a signalling receptor to extracellular cyclophilins A and B has been shown. Given that extracellular cyclophilins are potent chemotactic agents for various immune cells, further studies of the role of cyclophilin-CD147 interaction in inflammation followed. They demonstrated that agents targeting CD147 or cyclophilin had a significant anti-inflammatory effect in animal models of acute or chronic lung diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the current knowledge about interactions between CD147 and cyclophilins.
Preparation of Levodopa-2, 6-Dimethyl-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion by Saturation Solution Process (2008)

Levodopa-2,6-Dimethyl-beta-Cyclodextrin inclusion was prepared by saturation solution process for nasal administration. The best inclusion technology was screened out with orthogonal design by the alteration of the experimental conditions, such as temperature, stir speed, and ratio of levodopa to 2,6-Dimethyl-beta-Cyclodextrin. The yield and content of levodopa inclusion complex prepared by the saturation solution method were 76.76% and 16.83%, respectively; the inclusion condition involved that the mol ratio of levodopa to 2,6-Dimethyl-beta-Cyclodextrin was 1:1, stir temperature was 40 degrees C, inclusion time was 4 hours, and stir speed was 300 rpm. This method is simple and easy to operate.
Isolation and characterization of two sialoproteins present only in bone calcified matrix (1985)

Two different sialoproteins were isolated from the mineralized matrix of bovine bone by using extraction with guanidinium chloride first without and then with EDTA. The sialoproteins were purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose eluted with a sodium acetate gradient in 7 M-urea, pH 6. Two sialoproteins (I and II) were then separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose eluted with a sodium chloride gradient in 7 M-urea, pH 4. The ratio between recovered sialoprotein I and II was 1:5. The chemical analysis of the two sialoproteins showed that they differed. Both, however, had very high contents of aspartic acid/asparagine and glutamic acid/glutamine though they differed markedly in contents of leucine and glycine. Both sialoproteins contained phosphate, sialoprotein I more than sialoprotein II. Content of sialic acid was substantially higher in the more prominent sialoprotein II (13.4% of dry weight) than in sialoprotein I (4.8% of dry weight). The peptide patterns produced by trypsin digests of [125I]iodinated sialoproteins I and II showed both structural similarities and structural differences. Sialoprotein II, being the major component, was characterized further. Its molecular mass was 57300 Da determined by sedimentation-equilibrium centrifugation in 6 M-guanidinium chloride, and its sedimentation coefficient (S0(20),w) was 2.53 S. Upon rotary shadowing, sialoprotein II appeared as an extended rod, having a core with an average length of 40 nm. Two types of oligosaccharides, N-glycosidically and O-glycosidically linked to the core protein, were isolated from sialoprotein II. Contents of mannose and sialic acid in the O-linked oligosaccharide were surprisingly high. Antibodies against sialoprotein II were raised in rabbits and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed. Antigenicity of sialoprotein II was not affected by reduction and alkylation, was only partially lost upon trypsin digestion and was completely lost upon fragmentation of the core protein by alkaline-borohydride treatment, indicating that all antigenic sites were located in the protein portion. Sialoprotein I expectedly showed only partial immunological cross-reactivity with sialoprotein II. The quantity of sialoprotein II in bone extracts was found to be about 1.5 mg/g wet wt. of bone, but the protein was not detected in extracts of a number of other bovine tissues i.e. aorta, cartilage, dentine, kidney, liver, muscle, sclera, skin and tendon.