gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The chemistry of endocannabinoids. (2006)

Over the last two decades a new biochemical/physiological system, now known as the endocannabinoid system, was discovered. Two receptors, cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1 receptor) and cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor), have been well characterized and numerous additional ones are in various stages of characterization. Two major endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), have been identified and an enormous amount of research has been reported on them. A few additional endocannabinoids have been identified, but at present our understanding of their physiological roles is limited. The biosynthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoids have been explored, but considerable gaps exist in our knowledge of these processes. In view of the plethora of physiological roles of the endocannabinoid system, numerous academic and industrial labs are making a considerable effort to develop novel drugs, both agonists and antagonists to the endocannabinoid receptors. In the present review, we shall try to give an overview of the chemistry of the endocannabinoids as well as of some synthetic molecules that affect the endocannabinoid system.
Specificity of human cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by a human papillomavirus type 16 E7-derived peptide. (1997)

In order to establish tumour-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) cell lines, T cells from a human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16-positive patient with a cervical carcinoma in situ and from a healthy volunteer were stimulated in vitro with autologous dendritic cells loaded with peptides derived from the viral transforming proteins E6 and E7 and corresponding to potential HLA-A*0201-restricted T cell epitopes. From each donor a small number of low-affinity CTL lines against the peptide E7/86-93 was obtained, which specifically lysed HLA-A*0201-expressing B-lymphocytes (cell line 721) loaded with this peptide. Cytotoxicity was also observed against two HLA-A*0201-E7-positive epithelial cell lines, the cervical carcinoma cell line CaSki and the HPV-16-immortalized foreskin-keratinocyte cell line HPK IA. However, since none of the CTL recognized both cell lines, and E7-expressing 721 transfectants were never lysed, it was concluded that the reactivity against CaSki and HPK IA cells was due to cross-reactivity on allogeneic HLA molecules rather than to E7 recognition, which emphasizes that the specificity of tumour cell lysis by peptide-induced CTL has to be interpreted with caution.
Purification and Properties of a d‐Galactose/N‐Acetyl‐d‐ galactosamine‐Specific Lectin from Erythrina cristagalli (1982)

The lectin from the seeds of Erythrina cristagalli has been isolated in high yield (75 %) and homogeneous form by affinity chromatography on a column of D‐galactose‐derivatised Sepharose. It is a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 56800±900 and s 20.w , = 3.9 S, composed of two subunits (apparent molecular weights of 28000 and 26000 respectively) both of which are glycosylated. The total carbohydrate content is 4.5% and it is comprised of mannose, N ‐acetylglucosamine, fucose and xylose in amounts corresponding to 7, 4, 2 and 2 mo1/56800 Da respectively. The amino acid composition of the lectin is characterised by a high content of acidic and hydroxy amino acids, low content of methionine and absence of cysteine. Valine is the only N‐terminal amino acid detected. The lectin is a metalloprotein in that it contains 0.093% Mn and 0.13percnt; Ca (1 mol and 1.9 mo1/56 800 Da respectively), both of which are tightly bound to the protein. E. cristagalli lectin agglutinates untreated human erythrocytes of all blood types, as well as rabbit erythrocytes, at a concentration of 5‐10 μg/ml. It is mitogenic for human peripheral blood T lymphocytes at an optimal concentration of about 100 pμg/ml, but is not mitogenic for mouse thymocytes or splenocytes. d ‐GahtOSe and various d ‐galactosides inhibit the hemagglutinating activity of the lectin. N ‐Acetyllactosarnine is most potent, completely inhibiting four agglutinating units of the lectin at 0.4 mM concentration. Lactose, N ‐acetyl‐ d ‐galactosamine and d ‐galactose are 5, 16 and 35 times less active respectively. Lactose specifically perturbs the ultraviolet spectrum of the lectin in the aromatic region. The difference spectrum obtained upon binding of the disaccharide to the lectin shows maxima at 291 nni and 282‐284 nm, indicating a change in the environment of tryptophan residues of the protein upon binding of sugar.
Effects of transplantation on the primitive immunohematopoietic stem cell. (1990)

Transplantation has strong deleterious effects on the primitive immunohematopoietic stem cells (PSC) from which circulating lymphocytes and erythrocytes are descended. We studied these effects over 300-400 d, testing whether PSC numbers, repopulating abilities, or both, were reduced. Equivalent PSC numbers were estimated in recipients of mixtures of genetically different cells, using the binomial model with covariance. Percentages of lymphocyte and erythrocyte types were closely correlated, as were percentages of either type sampled at intervals of several months. This suggests that the same PSC produced lymphoid and myeloid cells, and that most circulating cells were descended from the same PSC over hundreds of days. Equivalent PSC concentrations were approximately 1/10(5) fresh marrow cells, and were about twofold lower using previously transplanted marrow. However, such marrow repopulated only one-seventh to one-eighth as well as fresh marrow. Apparently, transplantation not only reduces PSC concentrations, but also reduces the repopulating ability per PSC. This may result from excessive stimuli to differentiate that overbalance the stimuli for PSC to replenish themselves.
Hypoxia Stimulates Degradation of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A Reductase through Accumulation of Lanosterol and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-mediated Induction of Insigs (2007)

Endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase represents one mechanism by which cholesterol synthesis is controlled in mammalian cells. The key reaction in this degradation is binding of reductase to Insig proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is stimulated by the cholesterol precursor lanosterol. Conversion of lanosterol to cholesterol requires removal of three methyl groups, which consumes nine molecules of dioxygen. Here, we report that oxygen deprivation (hypoxia) slows demethylation of lanosterol and its metabolite 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, causing both sterols to accumulate in cells. In addition, hypoxia increases the amount of Insig-1 and Insig-2 in a response mediated by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha. Accumulation of lanosterol together with increased Insigs accelerates degradation of reductase, which ultimately slows a rate-determining step in cholesterol synthesis. These results define a novel oxygen-sensing mechanism mediated by the combined actions of methylated intermediates in cholesterol synthesis and the hypoxia-activated transcription factor HIF-1alpha.
Karyotypic Stability, Genotyping, Differentiation, Feeder-Free Maintenance, and Gene Expression Sampling in Three Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines Derived Prior to August 9, 2001 (2004)

The number of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines available to federally funded U.S. researchers is currently limited. Thus, determining their basic characteristics and disseminating these lines is important. In this report, we recovered and expanded the earliest available cryopreserved stocks of the BG01, BG02, and BG03 hESC lines. These cultures exhibited multiple definitive characteristics of undifferentiated cells, including long-term self-renewal, expression of markers of pluripotency, maintenance of a normal karyotype, and differentiation to mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm. Each cell line exhibited a unique genotype and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) isotype, confirming that they were isolated independently. BG01, BG02, and BG03 maintained in feederfree conditions demonstrated self-renewal, maintenance of normal karyotype, and gene expression indicative of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells. A survey of gene expression in BG02 cells using massively parallel signature sequencing generated a digital read-out of transcript abundance and showed that this line was similar to other hESC lines. BG01, BG02, and BG03 hESCs are therefore independent, undifferentiated, and pluripotent lines that can be maintained without accumulation of karyotypic abnormalities.
High‐grade prostate cancer is associated with low serum testosterone levels (2001)

Patients with high Gleason score prostate cancer have lower testosterone and estradiol serum levels. The fact that gonadotropins were lower in parallel suggests a tumor-mediated suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormone axis particularly in men with high Gleason score tumours.
An investigation of nonlinear adaptive output feedback control for robotic manipulators (2004)

In this paper we present a nonlinear adaptive output feedback control algorithm. The algorithm is for model reference adaptive control of robotic manipulators. This algorithm uses model signals in the regressor and the linearization law and hence, does not require an observer. We show via various simulations that this algorithm has a region of convergence. We also show that the region of convergence can be increased if a normalizing factor is used in the adaptation law.
Two-Component Signal Transduction (1995)

Global perspective Cross regulation and the phosphate regulon Complex phosphate regulation by sequential switches in B subtilis Antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces Genetic switches controlling sporulation in B subtilis The mechanism of the EnvZ-OmpR response to osmotic stress Two-component switches in the caulobacter cell cycle Nitrogen regulation in E coli Hexosephosphate uptake in E coli The mechanism of NtrC stimulation of transcription Mechanism of transcription activation and repression by Spo0A Control of Salmonella typhimurium virulence Regulation of Agrobacterium tumifaciens virulence Control of nitrogen fixation The nitrate reductase system of E coli Degradative enzyme synthesis in B subtilis The vancomycin resistance story Alginate production in Pseudomonas Regulation of anaerobiosis in E coli Regulation of gene transfer in E coli Communication modules in signal transducing genetic switches The structure of response regulator modules The mechanism of the phosphotransfer reaction Control of chemotaxis Myxococcus frizzy genes Conjugal DNA transfer in Bacteriodes
Generalization of the Lyot filter and its application to snapshot spectral imaging (2010)

A snapshot multi-spectral imaging technique is described which employs multiple cascaded birefringent interferometers to simultaneously spectrally filter and demultiplex multiple spectral images onto a single detector array. Spectral images are recorded directly without the need for inversion and without rejection of light and so the technique offers the potential for high signal-to-noise ratio. An example of an eight-band multi-spectral movie sequence is presented; we believe this is the first such demonstration of a technique able to record multi-spectral movie sequences without the need for computer reconstruction.
Single dipole source localization from conventional EEG using BP neural networks (2002)

Brain source localization is an important inverse problem for brain diagnosis and functional analysis. The usefulness of BPNN (back propagation neural network) to solve this problem has been reported. The purpose of the study is to examine the practical effectiveness of NN for single dipole source localization from EEG based on conventional 18 electrodes of a 10-20 system, and to investigate estimation accuracy in relation to EEG references, dipole positions and network training.
Polymeric micellar paclitaxel phosphorylates Bcl-2 and induces apoptotic regression of androgen-independent LNCaP prostate tumors (2000)

The polymeric micellar paclitaxel formulation is water-soluble and capable of inducing complete response in mice bearing androgen-independent LNCaP tumors. The lack of toxicity of polymeric micellar paclitaxel permits in vivo preclinical testing of paclitaxel-based combination regimens.
A Microfluidic Device for Mixing of Capillary-Driven Liquids (2003)

In this paper, a novel microfluidic device for mixing liquids is described. Main feature of this device is that the liquids are passively pumped through microchannels only by capillary action, and therefore no external power is required for the pumping. This feature brings extremely simple hardware setup and easy operation. In this device, a pneumatically-actuated, normally-closed microvalve regulates capillary-driven flow. The device has been fabricated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomer, and tested using fluorescent dye and fluorescent particle solutions. A simple method for controlling the mixing ratio is also demonstrated.
Synthesis and metabolism of uracil-containing deoxyribonucleic acid in Escherichia coli (1981)

Significant amounts of uracil were found in the deoxyribonucleic acids (DNAs) of Escherichia coli mutants deficient in both uracil-DNA glycosylase (ung) and deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dut) activities, whereas little uracil was found in the DNAs of wild-type cells and cells deficient in only one of these two activities. The amounts of uracil found in the DNAs of dut ung mutants were directly related to the growth temperature of the cultures, apparently because the deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase synthesized by dut mutants was temperature sensitive. The dut mutant used failed to grow exponentially, became filamentous at temperatures above 25 degrees C, and exhibited a hyperrec phenotype; however, the ung mutation suppressed all of these effects. Although the dut ung mutants grew exponentially at all temperatures, their growth rates were always slower than the growth rate of the wild type. Since pool size measurements indicated that both deoxyuridine triphosphate and deoxythymidine triphosphate pools were markedly elevated in dut mutants, the reduced growth rate of dut ung cells apparently was due to the actual presence of uracil in the DNA, rather than to a deficiency of deoxyuridine triphosphate and deoxyribosylthymine triphosphate for DNA synthesis. The presence of uracil in E. coli donor DNA also markedly reduced the recombination frequency when the recipient cells were ung+, indicating that DNA repair commenced before the entering DNA could be replicated.
Video communications using rapidly reconfigurable hardware (1995)

Video coding has been implemented by using rapid reconfiguration to time share hardware for several sequential stages. This allows the chip area to be reduced by a factor proportional to the number of coding stages at the expense of some reconfiguration overhead and the added memory and control needed to implement reconfiguration. The results of this work suggest that run-time reconfiguration is a powerful technique with potential for a wide range of video applications in which temporal algorithm partitioning and rapid adaptivity are feasible and desired.
eNpHR: a Natronomonas halorhodopsin enhanced for optogenetic applications (2008)

Temporally precise inhibition of distinct cell types in the intact nervous system has been enabled by the microbial halorhodopsin NpHR, a fast light-activated electrogenic Cl(-) pump. While neurons can be optically hyperpolarized and inhibited from firing action potentials at moderate NpHR expression levels, we have encountered challenges with pushing expression to extremely high levels, including apparent intracellular accumulations. We therefore sought to molecularly engineer NpHR to achieve strong expression without these cellular side effects. We found that high expression correlated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) accumulation, and that under these conditions NpHR colocalized with ER proteins containing the KDEL ER retention sequence. We screened a number of different putative modulators of membrane trafficking and identified a combination of two motifs, an N-terminal signal peptide and a C-terminal ER export sequence, that markedly promoted membrane localization and ER export defined by confocal microscopy and whole-cell patch clamp. The modified NpHR displayed increased peak photocurrent in the absence of aggregations or toxicity, and potent optical inhibition was observed not only in vitro but also in vivo with thalamic single-unit recording. The new enhanced NpHR (eNpHR) allows safe, high-level expression in mammalian neurons, without toxicity and with augmented inhibitory function, in vitro and in vivo.
Multilayer waveguide-grating filters (1995)

The properties of guided-mode resonance reflection filters constructed with multiple thin-film layers are addressed. Greatly improved filter characteristics are shown to follow by the incorporation of multiple homogeneous layers with the spatially modulated layer. Calculated results for single-layer, double-layer, and triple-layer filter structures are presented. Whereas good filter characteristics are obtainable with single layers that are half-resonance-wavelength thick, there remains a residual reflection in the sidebands unless the cover and the substrate permittivities are equal. With double-layer and triple-layer designs, extensive wavelength ranges with low sideband-reflectance values are shown to be possible without requiring equal cover and substrate permittivities. The antireflection properties of the layer stack can be understood if the modulated layer is modeled as a homogeneous layer characterized by its average relative permittivity. However, as the grating-modulation index increases, this approximation deteriorates. In particular it is found that, for a given high modulation index, the double-layer antireflection thin-film approximation fails, whereas for the same modulation in a triple-layer system it holds firmly. Multilayer designs can thus have significantly large filter passbands, as they may contain heavily modulated resonant gratings without corruption of the ideal filter characteristics.
Functional analogs of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins incorporating the 9a-(chloromethyl)-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (C2BI) alkylation subunit: synthesis and preliminary DNA alkylation studies (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFunctional analogs of CC-1065 and the duocarmycins incorporating the 9a-(chloromethyl)-1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benz[e]indol-4-one (C2BI) alkylation subunit: synthesis and preliminary DNA alkylation studiesDale L. Boger and Moorthy S. S. PalankiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 24, 9318–9327Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00050a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00050a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views917Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on life scientists (2020)

We will not know the long-term impact of the SARS-CoV-2 viral outbreak for some time yet, but many of us have already begun to feel the effects—not only on our daily lives but also on our work as life scientists. With partial or complete institutional shutdowns in countries worldwide, the global COVID-19 health crisis has rapidly impacted the life science landscape, including our patterns of work. Some life scientists may today feel essentially “stuck,” unable to carry out experiments because of COVID-19-related working restrictions or because they need to look after children in connection with the closure of schools and kindergartens. This can be a frightening feeling, especially for young life scientists, who usually have short-term contracts and may worry about their future careers.
Immunization with tumor‐derived ER chaperone grp170 elicits tumor‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses and reduces pulmonary metastatic disease (2003)

Glucose-regulated protein (grp) 170 is a molecular chaperone localized in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which has been demonstrated to interact with the peptides translocated by transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP). In our study, we have evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of tumor-derived grp170 against the highly metastatic and poorly immunogenic murine melanoma B16F10. Immunization of mice with grp170 preparations from autologous tumor significantly delayed progression of the primary cancer and reduced established pulmonary metastases, which was associated with the prolonged survival of metastases-bearing mice. However, grp170 from normal liver or antigenically distinct tumor failed to exhibit therapeutic effect. In addition, tumor-derived grp170 elicited a potent cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response specific for B16F10 tumor, which correlates with in vivo protective effects. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes obtained from B16F10-grp170-primed animals remarkably suppressed pulmonary metastases. Depletion of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells in priming phase significantly abrogated the tumor immunity induced by the B16F10-grp170. However, the vaccine activity was intact when CD4(+), not CD8(+), T cells were depleted in effector phase. It suggests that CD4(+) T helper cells play an important role in the generation of effective antitumor response, whereas CD8(+) T cells are predominantly involved in direct killing of tumor cells. These observations have strong clinical implications for using tumor-derived grp170 as a therapeutic vaccine against metastatic diseases.
Adaptive blood pressure estimation from wearable PPG sensors using peripheral artery pulse wave velocity measurements and multi-channel blind identification of local arterial dynamics (2006)

A method for estimating pulse wave velocity (PWV) using circulatory waveform signals derived from multiple photoplethysmograph (PPG) sensors is described. The method employs two wearable in-line PPG sensors placed at a known distance from one another at the ulnar and digital artery. A technique for calibrating the measured pulse wave velocity to arterial blood pressure using hydrostatic pressure variation is presented. Additionally, a framework is described for estimating local arterial dynamics using PPG waveforms and multi-channel blind system ID. Initial results implementing the method on data derived from a human subject at different arterial pressures is presented. Results show that the method is capable of measuring the changes in arterial PWV that result from fluctuations in mean arterial pressure.