gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the equilibrium pH in a multiple-buffered aqueous solution based on partitioning of proton buffering: a new predictive formula (2009)

Upon the addition of protons to an aqueous solution containing multiple buffers, the final H+ concentration ([H+]) at equilibrium is determined by the partitioning of added H+ among the various buffer components. In the analysis of acid-base chemistry, the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the Stewart strong ion formulation can only describe (rather than predict) the equilibrium pH following a proton load since these formulas calculate the equilibrium pH only when the reactant concentrations at equilibrium(1) 1The term "equilibrium" refers to the steady state proton and reactant concentrations when the buffering of excess protons by the various buffers is complete. are already known. In this regard, it is simpler to directly measure the equilibrium pH rather than measure the equilibrium reactant concentrations to calculate the equilibrium pH. As these formulas cannot predict the final equilibrium [H+] following a proton load to a multiple-buffered aqueous solution, we developed a new quantitative approach for predicting the equilibrium [H+] that is based on the preequilibrium(2)2 The term "preequilibrium" refers to the initial proton and reactant concentrations immediately upon addition of protons and before the buffering of excess protons by the various buffers. concentrations of all buffers in an aqueous solution. The mathematical model used to derive our equation is based on proton transfer buffer equilibria without requiring the incorporation of electroneutrality considerations. The model consists of a quartic polynomial equation that is derived based solely on the partitioning of H+ among the various buffer components. We tested the accuracy of the model using aqueous solutions with various buffers and measured the equilibrium pH values following the addition of HCl. Our results confirmed the accuracy of our new equation (r2 = 1; measured pH vs. predicted pH), indicating that it quantitatively accounts for the underlying acid-base phenomenology.
Cholesterol esters as growth regulators of lymphocytic leukaemia cells (2011)

Decreased levels of HDL-C were observed in plasma of leukaemic patients, levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, triglycerides and phospholipids were unchanged or only slightly increased. As compared to normal lymphocytes, freshly isolated leukaemic cells showed increased levels of cholesterol esters and reduction in free cholesterol. Growth stimulation of ALL and CLL cells with phytohemagglutinin led to further increase in levels of cholesterol esters. Conversely, treatment with an inhibitor of cell proliferation such as the mTOR inhibitor, RAD, caused decline in population growth rate of leukaemia cells, which was preceded by sharp reduction in rate of cholesterol esterification. On the other hand, exposure of leukaemic cells to two inhibitors of cholesterol esterification, progesterone and SaH 58-035, caused 60% reduction in their proliferation rate. In addition to demonstrating tight correlation between cell number expansion and cholesterol esterification in leukaemic cells, these results suggest that pathways that control cholesterol esterification might represent a promising targets for novel anticancer strategies.
DNA Sequences Mediating Class Switching in α-Immunoglobulins (1980)

Immunoglobulin class switching involves specific DNA rearrangements of the gene segments coding for heavy chain constant regions (CH) during B lymphocyte differentiation. In two different cases of C mu to C alpha switching examined here (T15 and M603) and one taken from the literature (MC101), three different sites on the 5' side of C mu and three different sites on the 5' side of C alpha are joined together in the process of CH switching. The sequences surrounding the three germ-line C alpha sites of recombination are highly conserved blocks of 30 nucleotides that may serve as recognition sequences for CH switching to the C alpha gene. This putative recognition sequence is repeated 17 times in approximately 1400 nucleotides of the germ-line Calpha 5' flanking sequence. The lack of homology between this C alpha sequence and sequences reported for the C gamma 1 and C gamma 2b switch sites suggests that heavy chain switching is mediated by class-specific recognition sequences and, presumably, class-specific regulatory mechanisms. In addition, it appears that in one example (MC101) CH switching progressed from C mu to C alpha to C gamma 1. This switching pathway may present difficulties for the simple deletional model of CH switching.
Electron-Beam Guiding and Phase-Mix Damping by a Laser-Ionized Channel (1985)

An ultraviolet-laser-ionized channel in low-pressure benzene has been successfully used to guide and focus a 7-kA relativistic electron beam over distances up to 4 m. In addition, phase-mix damping of coherent, transverse beam motion has been demonstrated. A simple analytical model of the equilibrium beam profile is presented which is in reasonable agreement with the data.
Enzymes in industry: production and applications. (1990)

Catalytic activity of enzymes general production methods industrial uses of enzymes enzymes in analysis and medicine enzymes in genetic engineering economic aspects safety and environmental aspects.
Crystal clear: visualizing the intervention mechanism of the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction by two cancer therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (2016)

Antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies have taken center stage in immunotherapies for cancer, with multiple clinical successes. PD-1 signaling plays pivotal roles in tumor-driven T-cell dysfunction. In contrast to prior approaches to generate or boost tumor-specific T-cell responses, antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade targets tumor-induced T-cell defects and restores pre-existing T-cell function to modulate antitumor immunity. In this review, the fundamental knowledge on the expression regulations and inhibitory functions of PD-1 and the present understanding of antibody-based PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapies are briefly summarized. We then focus on the recent breakthrough work concerning the structural basis of the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction and how therapeutic antibodies, pembrolizumab targeting PD-1 and avelumab targeting PD-L1, compete with the binding of PD-1/PD-L1 to interrupt the PD-1/PD-L1 interaction. We believe that this structural information will benefit the design and improvement of therapeutic antibodies targeting PD-1 signaling.
Atomic force microscope integrated with a scanning electron microscope for tip fabrication (1994)

In a new combined atomic force microscope/scanning electron microscope, we have been able to fabricate and test electron-beam-deposited tips (e-beam tips). With this instrument it was possible to test newly grown e-beam tips within a few minutes of their formation, without ever breaking vacuum. Typical results on oxide-sharpened conventional tips showed that the radius of curvature could be reduced by a factor of 2.5 with the e-beam tips.
Systolic time-integrating acoustooptic binary processor (1984)

A time-integrating acoustooptic systolic processor for matrix–vector multiplication is described. The system is based on the twos complement arithmetic, which offers both high accuracy and bipolar number handling. Product formation is achieved via the integration constant of a detector array. Different products are summed via the integration property of a cylindrical lens. The processor's throughput rate and power consumption are discussed along with other system issues.
Manipulation of organoactinide coordinative unsaturation. Synthesis, structures, and reactivity of thorium hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) ancillary ligands (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTManipulation of organoactinide coordinative unsaturation. Synthesis, structures, and reactivity of thorium hydrocarbyls and hydrides with chelating bis(tetramethylcyclopentadienyl) ancillary ligandsCarol M. Fendrick, Larry D. Schertz, Victor W. Day, and Tobin J. MarksCite this: Organometallics 1988, 7, 8, 1828–1838Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00098a021https://doi.org/10.1021/om00098a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2382Altmetric-Citations124LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Synthesis and biological activity of atrial natriuretic factor analogs: effect of modifications to the disulfide bridge (1990)

A series of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) analogues with modifications to the disulfide bridge and lacking the exocyclic N-terminal sequence was synthesized. The native cystine residue was substituted by isofunctional deamino carba, beta,beta-dimethyl carba and dehydro dicarba spanners that bridge residues 106 and 120. The compounds were prepared by segment condensation coupling using the base-labile (9-fluorenylmethyl)carboxyl protecting group. Biological evaluation revealed that the exocyclic N-terminal segment of ANF is not necessary for expression of high biological activity. The compounds retained high affinity for ANF receptors in bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa cells and were found to be potent antihypertensive and diuretic agents, indicating that the native disulfide bridge can be mimicked by isosteric spanning residues. It was noted that the reported analogues, unlike the endogenous hormone, show marked reduced inhibitory activity on PGE1-stimulated aldosterone secretion from adrenal zona glomerulosa cells. This lack of inhibition may be a contributing element to the low saluresis in spite of the high level of diuresis observed with some analogues.
Importance of pre-analytical steps for transcriptome and RT-qPCR analyses in the context of the phase II randomised multicentre trial REMAGUS02 of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients (2011)

Our data showed that strict quality criteria for RNA integrity assessment and well calibrated and standardized RT-qPCR allows multicentre analysis of genes transcripts with high accuracy in the clinical context. More stringent criteria are needed for transcriptome analysis for clinical applications.
Optoelectronic hybrid integrated laser diode moduleusing planar lightwave circuit platform (1994)

A planar lightwave circuit platform (PLC platform) for optoelectronic hybrid integration has been developed. This platform is a silica-on-terraced-silicon (STS) structure which consists of a silica PLC, silicon terraces for device assembly and high-speed electrical circuits. This PLC platform has been successfully applied to a 2.5 Gbit/s laser diode (LD) module.
cDNA sequence of adrenodoxin reductase (1989)

Adrenodoxin reductase is an NADP dependent flavoenzyme which functions as the reductase of mitochondrial P 450 systems. We sequenced two adrenodoxin reductase cDNAs isolated from a bovine adrenal cortex cDNA library. The deduced amino acid sequence shows no similarity to the sequence of the microsomal P 450 systems or other known protein sequences. Nonetheless, by sequence analysis and c comparisons with known sequences of dinucleotide-binding folds of two NADP-binding flavoenzymes, two regions of adrenodoxin reductase sequence were identified as the FAD- and NADP-binding sites. These analyses revealed a consensus sequence for the NADP-binding dinucleotide fold (GXGXXAXXXAXXXXXXG, in one-letter amino acid code) that differs from FAD and NAD-binding dinucleotide-fold sequences. In the data base of protein sequences, the NADP-binding-site sequence appears solely in NADP-dependent enzymes, the binding sites of which were not known to date. Thus, this sequence may be used for identification of a certain type of NADP-binding site of enzymes that show no significant sequence similarity.
Pattern of fluoride-containing dentifrice use and associated factors in preschool children from Ijuí, South Brazil. (2010)

Oral health interventions should reinforce the importance of early introduction of fluoride-containing dentifrice, especially in less-educated mothers. Furthermore, the amount of dentifrice should be reduced to maximise the caries-preventive effect while minimising dental fluorosis.
A phase I trial and pharmacokinetic study of 9-cis-retinoic acid (ALRT1057) in pediatric patients with refractory cancer: a joint Pediatric Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, and Children's Cancer Group study. (2001)

The dose-limiting toxicity of 9cRA in pediatric patients was neurotoxicity, primarily pseudotumor cerebri. Younger children tolerate significantly lower doses of 9cRA than older children. Similar to all-trans-retinoic acid, the pharmacokinetics of 9cRA demonstrated a wide degree of interpatient variability and decreased over time when administered on a daily basis. The recommended Phase II dose of 9cRA in patients < or =12 and >12 years of age is 35 and 85 mg/m(2)/day, respectively.
Synthesis and characterization of poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate. II. Synthesis of <scp>D</scp>‐poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate and the mechanism of ring‐opening polymerization of β‐butyrolactone (1971)

Abstract Synthesis of the naturally occurring polyester, D ‐poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) was accomplished by using an optically active monomer. Polymerization of D ‐(+)‐β‐butyrolactone (β‐BL) of 73% optical purity with a catalyst system of Et 3 Al–H 2 O produced a polymer with a similar optical activity and essentially identical to the natural polymer as isolated from bacterial cells. This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of this optically active polyester along with a suggested mechanism to account for the observed stereospecific polymerization of β‐BL with this catalyst system.
Characterization of Canine Renal Receptors for the Parathyroid Hormone-like Protein Associated with Humoral Hypercalcemia of Malignancy (1989)

Parathyroid hormone-like proteins (PTHLP) display actions in the kidney which are similar to those of parathyroid hormone (PTH). We compared the binding properties of PTHLP and PTH in canine renal cortical membranes to determine if they interacted with the same or different receptors. Radioiodination to high specific activity (greater than 400 microCi/micrograms) of [Nle8,18,Tyr34]human PTH-(1-34)amide and [Tyr36]PTHLP-(1-36)amide was performed using the lactoperoxidase method. Complete enzymatic digestion of both radioligands demonstrated that the peptides were monoiodinated. Both radioligands retained full biological activity in the renal adenylate cyclase assay, and neither was significantly degraded during incubation with highly purified canine renal membranes under binding assays conditions. Specific binding reached equilibrium by 20 min at 20 degrees C. Competition binding studies using unlabeled [Nle8,18,Tyr34]human PTH-(1-34)amide, [Tyr36] PTHLP-(1-36)amide, and bovine PTH-(1-34) with either radioligand revealed similar binding affinities for all three peptides. Biologically inactive PTHLP fragments did not show significant displacement. In contrast to its similar binding affinity, [Tyr36]PTHLP-(1-36)amide was 6-15-fold less potent than bovine PTH-(1-34) in the renal adenylate cyclase assay, suggesting less efficient receptor-effector coupling. Photoaffinity cross-linking using either radioligand in canine renal membrane labeled indistinguishable 70,000-dalton proteins. In the presence of multiple protease inhibitors, binding to an 85-kDa component was observed. Labeling of both receptor forms was specifically abolished by an excess of either cold peptide and dose-response curves using affinity cross-linked membranes corroborated the apparent binding affinities determined by conventional radioligand binding assays. We conclude that PTHLP-(1-36) and amino-terminal PTH analogues bind to indistinguishable receptors in canine renal cortical membranes, but display differential coupling to post-receptor events.
Susceptibility of commodity systems and software to memory soft errors (2004)

It is widely understood that most system downtime is accounted for by programming errors and administration time. However, a growing body of work has indicated an increasing cause of downtime may stem from transient errors in computer system hardware due to external factors, such as cosmic rays. This work indicates that moving to denser semiconductor technologies at lower voltages has the potential to increase these transient errors. In this paper, we investigate the susceptibility of commodity operating systems and applications on commodity PC processors to these soft-errors and we introduce ideas regarding the improved recovery from these transient errors in software. Our results indicate that, for the Linux kernel and a Java virtual machine running sample workloads, many errors are not activated, mostly due to overwriting. In addition, given current and upcoming microprocessor support, our results indicate that those errors activated, which would normally lead to system reboot, need not be fatal to the system if software knowledge is used for simple software recovery. Together, they indicate the benefits of simple memory soft error recovery handling in commodity processors and software.
Optical–digital detection of dents and scratches on specular metal surfaces (1982)

An optical-digital approach to the problem of automatic detection of dents and scratches on specular or semispecular surfaces is presented. The method uses the optical reflecting properties of dents and scratches to locate and detect them. Dents are found by a grid projection and encoding technique; scratches are found by using the property that diffuse reflectors scatter over a wider angle (Lambert's law) than specular ones and, therefore, seem brighter when viewed at certain angles. The procedure for finding dents and scratches was found to be very robust: dents as small as 1% of the viewed field and 0.0053 cm (0.0021 in.) deep and scratches as small as 0.003 cm (0.001 in.) wide and 0.00064 cm (0.00025 in.) deep and of variable minimum length were easily detected using nonspecially prepared samples.
Modification of Paracetamol Hepatotoxicity by Anti-Oxidants (1976)

Introduction The mechanism of paracetamol* hepatotoxicity is incompletely understood (Editorial, Lancet 1975) and there is no agreement as to the most satisfactory way of treating patients who take an overdose of this drug. A wide variety of substances has been used in attempts to prevent or reduce the severity of the hepatotoxicity both in man and experimental animals. These include cysteamine (Prescott et al 1974, Douglas, Hamlyn & James 1976), methionine and cysteine (Strubelt, Siegers & Schiitt 1974, McLean & Day 1975), dimercaprol (Mitchell et a/1974), glutathione (Benedetti et al 1975), selenium (McLean & Day 1973) and vitamin E (Walker et al 1974). Varying degrees of protection have been reported with these compounds though the mechanism is not always understood. Under certain circumstances all of these compounds can act as anti-oxidants and one possibility is that this is the common mechanism by which hepatotoxicity is reduced. If this is true then it would be expected that other anti-oxidants would also provide protection. We have therefore assessed the effect of a variety of anti-oxidants upon paracetamol hepatotoxicity in the rat, in an attempt both to modify the resulting damage and to give further insight into its mechanism.
Schottky barrier on <i>n</i>-type GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (1993)

A Schottky barrier on unintentionally doped n-type GaN grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy was obtained and characterized. Using vacuum evaporated gold as the Schottky barrier contact and aluminum for the ohmic contact, good quality diodes were obtained. The forward current ideality factor was n∼1.03 and the reverse bias leak current below 1×10−10 A at a reverse bias of −10 V. The barrier height φBn was determined to be 0.844 and 0.94 eV by current-voltage and capacitance measurements, respectively.
Co-regulation of melanin precursors and tyrosinase in human pigment cells: roles of cysteine and glutathione. (1999)

Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (CysH) have both been implicated in the biogenesis of the pheomelanin precursor 5-S-cysteinyldopa (5-S-CD). However, recent studies have shown that only CysH is transported across the membrane of isolated melanosomes, and that the positive regulation of CysH in pigment cells leads to an increased production of 5-S-CD. In the present study, the question was examined as to whether melanin precursors and tyrosinase could be coregulated by cellular thiols. To address this issue, the levels of CysH and GSH were varied in normal melanocytes and melanoma cells using buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis. Treatment with 50-100 microM BSO decreased GSH levels to less than 10% of control, and increased CysH levels between two- and five-fold in both cell types. Concomitant with this, an increase in the ratio of 5-S-CD to DOPA and a decrease in the pigment content of the cells were observed. The decrease in cell pigmentation was associated with strong decreases in tyrosine hydroxylase activity and 14C-melanin production. Only melanoma cells showed a modified tyrosinase isozyme pattern on Western immunoblots in response to BSO, while the mRNA expression of tyrosinase and TRP-1 were unchanged in both cell types. These results suggest that the balance between CysH and GSH, which is partly determined by the rate of utilization of CysH for GSH biosynthesis, regulates not only the levels of 5-S-CD and DOPA but also the melanogenic activity of pigment cells. Since DOPA functions as a cofactor in the monophenolase reaction of tyrosinase, it is proposed that the ratio of 5-S-CD to DOPA may be an important factor in the regulation of tyrosinase activity in situ.